Verfahren zur reduktion eines rastmoments einer elektrischen maschine

[0001] The invention concerns a procedure for the reduction of one rest moment of an electrical machine, in particular a synchronous machine, with a rotor/an actuator, with by a gap to the rotor/actuator beabstandeten stator, with at least at the stator and/or at the rotor/actuator intended armature winding and with at the stator and/or at the rotor/actuator intended exciter part, which produces a Erregerfeld, exhibiting a primary wave, in the gap. The reduction of unwanted forces with synchronous machines, which can lead in particular at small numbers of revolutions to strong torque fluctuations, as well as in the stop and within the starting range as a rest moment effectively, are most diverse measures become well-known, in which always unfavorably a reduction of the middle drive moment must be taken in purchase. Thus among other things one suggests, which shifts slots at the stator diagonally or to implement (DE19652796A1), to irregularly arrange the permanent magnets for the Erregerfeld (DE4133723A1), as well as at the rotor in the range of the embedded magnets flattenings to plan (JP2000152534A), in order to increase the air gap there. Such measures are well-known not only with synchronous machines with rotors but also with other electrical machines, in particular linear drives with actuators. Straight one with flattenings and the enlargement exerted by it of the air gap comes it however to the weakening of the Erregerfelds, which can cause reduced drive moments deviating from rechteckförmigen exciter field processes in negative way. In addition it is well-known from the JP2007-209186A to decrease with a sinusoidal or also an approximately sinusoidal organization of a gap between rotor and stator, the harmonious induced tension or the harmonious rest moment. It is from there the task of the invention to create on the basis of the initially described conditions of the technology, a procedure with which without a weakening of the middle moment of the engine groove slots can be reduced. In addition the procedure is to be fast and simply applicable. The invention solves the task posed regarding the procedure by the fact that to the reduction of the rest moment for the Erregerfeld a selection at least a harmonious wave, by which harmonious waves referred to the primary wave, is met, which leads with overlay with the primary wave to a at least partial reduction of the rest moment, and which is overlaid selected wave or selected waves with the primary wave and/or becomes. If a selection becomes at least a harmonious wave the reduction of the rest moment for the Erregerfeld, by which harmonious waves, meet, referred to the primary wave, which leads with overlay with the primary wave to a at least partial reduction of the rest moment, then first a simple procedure regulation can be given, on the basis which one rest moment can be affected an electrical machine, without thereby obligatorily a decrease of the middle drive moment of the engine must be taken in purchase, if the selected wave or selected waves with the primary wave is overlaid and/or becomes. For this purpose such must be only met a selection from the harmonious wave or the harmonious waves, on the basis which the portion component of the rest moment can be affected decreased, which is to be added to the primary wave. Thus this portion component can be reduced, which can lead to a special decrease of the rest moment and/or the total rest moment. For this the harmonious one and/or the modulation of individual harmonious ones must exhibit only a portion component, which agrees in the frequency with the portion component of the rest moment of the primary wave, so that an existing Gegenphasigkeit can be used to reduce the portion components of the rest moment of the primary wave. In order to avoid that now the harmonious one and/or the harmonious wave or harmonious also influence on the induced has tension and/or to have, further suggested that the topology of the synchronous machine must fulfill the condition, i.e. that the largest ge Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 of 2012-05-15 meinsame divisors of the number of grooves (LV) and number of pairs of poles (pz) equal to number of grooves (LV) by m is (ggT (LV, pz) =Ns/m). It was shown that with fulfillment of this condition and a concentrated coil execution an image the harmonious in the induced tension, if such is selected a harmonious one their Wicklungsfaktor infinitesimal small, modulated on the primary wave, can be avoided in particular zero, is. It needs to be mentioned not further that the Erregerfeld can be coined/shaped by other waves, in particular by groove effects, eccentricities, tolerances and so on. For the reduction of the rest moment it is crucial that at least one overlay with at least a selected harmonious wave and the primary wave is accomplished. Simplified procedural conditions can be further created, if the primary wave with at least a selected harmonious wave is overlaid, which harmonious wave and/or harmonious waves produced and/or produces a portion component of the groove rest moment of same order for of the primary wave for other portion component of the groove rest moment produced. If harmonious ones with same order and/or phase position essentially moving in opposite directions exist in their portion component for the portion component of the primary wave, which for example due to the engine topology the case can be, then influence can be taken without special modulation measures on the rest moment, as this wave is consulted for the overlay with the primary wave. In order to be able to make a special reduction possible of the rest moment, it is suggested that the amplitude and/or the phase angle of the primary wave and at least a selected harmonious wave or the selected harmonious waves are to each other stopped. Preferably the amplitude of the harmonious ones is stopped in relation to the amplitude of the primary wave and/or the amplitude of the harmonious ones is selected in such a manner that thereby the rest moment is reduced. In addition influence on an attainable middle moment the synchronous machine can be exerted in a simple manner, in order to avoid thereby for example a decrease over this adjusting. In addition the phase shift of the portion component of the groove rest moment of the selected harmonious ones can be stopped for the phase of the portion component of the groove rest moment of the primary wave for example to a value between 90 ° and 270 °, preferably to 180°. At least if one of the selected waves exhibits a smaller Wicklungsfaktor than the primary wave, then an influence of the overlay of more harmonious can and primary wave the induced tension to be kept small. In particular thereby particularly run-calm electrical machines can be created, if the Wicklungsfaktor is smaller equivalent 0,25, preferably 0. In order to be able to take on the middle moment of the synchronous machine particularly influence, it is suggested that the overlay of the primary wave with at least one of the selected harmonious waves produces a Erregerfeld with an amplitude smaller equal the amplitude of the primary wave. Contrary to the state of the art thereby even a remaining alike middle moment at decreased rest moment - partly even a increased moment can to be made possible. From the state of the art well-known losses are balancable by increased parameters at the Erregerfeld in a simple manner, which can ensure reduced groove slots in relation to the state of the art despite invariably high middle moments. In particular as favourable turned out, if the primary wave with at least a harmonious wave of odd ordinal number, in particular the harmonious wave of third order is overlaid. Surprisingly it could be stated in particular that the straight third harmonious wave can be used ideally for the decrease of the rest moment, because this harmonious one showed on the one hand frequently a portion component of same order compared to the portion component of the primary wave to groove slots produced on the other hand frequently also no influence on the induced tension of the machine, and thus with the computation of the synchronous machine must be not further considered. At least if a selected harmonious wave with the primary wave exhibits at least Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 a zero crossover, in particular at least a selected harmonious wave at least a common zero crossover, neighbouring in the range of tolerance of of one quarterly period related to the respective harmonious wave, then the rest momentary parts can be used improved, in order to make possible a particularly reduced total rest moment. Simplified procedural conditions can result further, if the amplitude of the primary wave is stopped smaller directly 127% of the amplitude of the Erregerfelds. This range limitation could be confirmed by attempts, as with amplitude values lain more highly an unfavorable influencing control adjusted itself to the turning behavior of the rotor of the electrical machine. On the basis the upper limit of 127% thus a simple rule of procedure is given, on the basis which groove slots of an electrical machine, in particular synchronous machine can be reduced. In a simple manner the overlay of primary wave and selected harmonious wave can be trained at least over a stage with the help of the process at least one to each other turned Statorund rotor/actuator boundary surfaces. For example the boundary surface of the permanent magnets can be designed according to the desired exciter field process with rotors with surface-installed magnets. With rotors with embedded magnets for example those can be trained the stator turned boundary surface according to the desired exciter field process. In addition, a such Erregerfeld can be produced, by being trained with the help of a local distribution and/or the local process of the direction of magnetization and/or the local process of the magnetization strength by permanent magnetic materials. For example for this permanent magnets know used and with their local distribution and/or their local different magnetization can the Erregerfeld be trained accordingly. The invention placed itself in addition the task to change an electrical machine of the initially described kind in such a manner on constructional way that despite a high middle moment on small is to be only counted groove slots, in particular groove slots to be extinguished can. The invention solves the task posed regarding the device by the fact that the construction of the rotor/actuator and/or stator is trained according to a production of a Erregerfelds, exhibiting an overlay of the primary wave with at least a harmonious wave, which leads with overlay with the primary wave to a at least partial reduction of the rest moment selected from the harmonious waves referred to the primary wave. If the construction of the rotor/actuator and/or stator is exhibiting according to a production of a Erregerfelds, an overlay of the primary wave with at least a harmonious wave selected from the harmonious waves referred to the primary wave, which leads with overlay with the primary wave to a at least partial reduction of the rest moment, trained, then a particularly run-calm electrical machine can be created. The rest moment such a machine can fail comparatively small, without on a such construction on a reduction of the middle moment of the machine must be counted. In addition thus a economically producible and stable machine can be created. If the Erregerfeld exhibits a dependence on constructional training at least one boundary surface, in particular from gap-lateral permanent magnetic and/or ferrousmagnetic materials, then a construction can be created in a simple manner for the training of a Erregerfelds. Such boundary surfaces can be formed for example between air and material and/or even between the sequential materials. In constructionally simple way also a Erregerfeld can be created, which exhibits Austrian patent office an RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 dependence on at least a local distribution at least one material and/or at least a local distribution at least one material property. The construction can be still further simplified, if the local distribution of the magnetic material properties exhibits a homogeneous at least in subranges or toward and/or amplitude locally differently distributed magnetization. Thus a Erregerfeld can be produced in a simple manner, on whose basis with a decreased rest moment can be counted. A such reduction can be made possible also in constructionally simple way, as the rotor/actuator and/or stator at least exhibit a saturation zone, in particular in the form of saturation bars for example with embedded permanent magnets. If the amplitude corresponds at least to one of the selected of harmonious waves the amount with a possible fluctuation margin from up to +25 to -25 per cent, preferably from up to +10 to -10 per cent, which maximum amplitude of the Erregerfelds, by which the amplitude of the primary wave is increased in relation to the maximum amplitude of the Erregerfelds, then can be counted with a decreased rest moment. By it the portion components of the waves can compensate themselves on the rest moment favourably. If the height of H (phi) follows the pole training essentially proportionally the process of the amplitude of the Erregerfelds with an essentially radial withdrawal of the air gap field, in particular during ferrousmagnetic pole piece organization and/or permanent magnetic pole piece organization, then can be decreased in a simple manner groove slots with such electrical machines. Generally it is mentioned that one can stop the process of the outline of the boundary surface with electrical machines in a far range on the basis of a function H (phi) by the formula: H (phi) = C (phi) + p * [A, * sin (phi + alpha,) + {aù * sin (n * (phi + alpha ù))} l n C (phi) P at alpha1 alphan phi offset; a porportionality factor, assistance its is standardized the term in the rectangular brackets on a maximum value of 1; the Amplitucle of the primary wave; the Amplitucle of the selected nth harmonious ones; the Verschiebungswinkel of the primary wave; the Verschiebungswinkel of the selected nth harmonious ones; the electrical angle; In particular the third harmonious Al and a3 can be adjusted in such a way with selection that Al is increased in relation to the value 1 by an amount x and a3 the value of x exhibits. Favourably this amount x can be selected smaller directly 0,47. Simplified procedural conditions can be created, as the offset C (phi) is made angleindependent, in the special one if the offset C (phi) for example with permanent magnets to zero are continued to set. In contrast to it can if the air gap field essentially not radially withdraws, in particular during permanent magnetic pole piece organization with essentially not radial magnetization, which the Polausbilclung follows height of H (phi) essentially proportionally the process of the angledependent amplitude of the Erregerfelds with a angledependent process correction, whereby thereby groove slots can be also reduced in a simple manner. A process correction can be solved for example constructionally, as the process of the outline of the boundary surface, which with essentially radial withdrawal of the magnetic field from to each other turned boundary surfaces usually by H (phi) can be described, by L (phi) to be expressed can: Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 L (phi) = H (phi) /Korrektur (phimech); phimech represents the mechanical angle, this is for the organization of each pole piece for the pole center to 0 to be always set; Correction (phimech) = 1/cos (phimech); In order to consider a tolerance volume, it is suggested that the angledependent outline K (phi) follows the pole training of the height of H (phi) or the height of H (phi) with angledependent process correction with a fluctuation margin of up to +25 to -25 per cent, preferably from up to +10 to -10 per cent, related to the maximum value of height of H (phi) or from height of H (phi) with angledependent process correction. In the figures the invention article is for example represented on the basis of remark examples. Fig show. 1 a cutaway view on a synchronous machine after the state of the art, Fig. 2 an increased cutout of the cutaway view of the Fig. 1, Fig. 3 a cutaway view on a synchronous machine according to invention, Fig. 4 an increased cutout of the cutaway view of the Fig. 3, Fig. 5a and 5b a representation to the process of Erregerfeldern, Fig. 6 moment processes of the synchronous machines after the figures 1 and 3, Fig. 7a, 7b, and 7c an increased cutaway view on a further execution form of the invention with reduced rest moment Fig. 8 an alternative arrangement of a tooth of the stator after Fig. 1, Fig. 9 and 10 different magnetization of permanent magnets and Fig. 11 a representation to pole training H exhibiting a fluctuation margin (phi). After Fig. 1 a cutaway view of one shown represented synchronous machine 1 from the state of the art admitted and only partly, which exhibits a rotor 2 and one in a gap 3 and/or air gap 3 beabstandeten stator 4. In the slots 5 of the stator 4 alternating current-prominent windings 6, 6 are intended ', 6 " etc. as armature winding, which produce a rotary field not represented more near. The rotor 2 exhibits permanent magnet 8, which is embedded intended in the rotor 2. Like in particular the Fig. 2 to be taken can do, is between rotor 2 and stator 4 in radial direction running an air gap 3 with constant width planned, only in the range of the slots 5 comes it by the slots 5 to changes the width of the air gap 3. the embedded permanent magnets 8 is in such a manner laid out that these after Fig. 5a shown idealizes represented rechteckförmiges Erregerfeld 9 to produce can. In the Fourierzerlegung exhibits this Erregerfeld 9 a primary wave 10 and several harmonious waves 11, 12, etc., whereby of it the third harmonious one 11 and the fifth harmonious 12 was for the sake of simplicity only represented. Other Erregerfelder 9 are conceivable, for example sinusoidally running, as this is often suggested for the reduction of the rest moment. Rechteckförmige of Erregerfelder 9 could produce the advantage, thereby a high middle moment, however opposite other Erregerfelclern so that these are frequently considered in the arrangement of the engine topology by synchronous machines 1. If one regards now primary wave 10 and the harmonious ones 11, 12 regarding their influences on the rest moment, then one recognizes that everyone of these waves 10, 11, 12 leads to a portion component on the entire rest moment, whereby these portion components are likewise coined/shaped by the engine topology. To reduce according to invention now suggested the rest moment, as Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 sonderes attention to these portion components 11, 12, etc. is put. Thus the overlay is used by primary wave 10 and at least a harmonious wave 11. to reduce the rest moment although straight can lead this well-known Uberlagerung after the state of the art to increased rest moment. The realization could be attained that by a selection of a harmonious one and/or by harmonious influence on the rest moment can be taken. So it is to be taken from the figure 5b that the Erregerfeld 13 in relation to the rectangular Erregerfeld 9 after Fig. 5b is changed formed out. The Erregerfeld 13 is created by a Uberlagerung by a harmonious wave 14 and its primary wave 15. This modulation leads to a Erregerfeld 13, in the surface smaller than the Erregerfeld the 9 after Fig. 5a is, which has a special influence however contrary to this Erregerfeld 9 on the rest moment, like this the Fig. 6 to be taken can do. In these Fig. 6 is represented the standardized moment processes 16 and 17, which can result on basis of the two Erregerfelder 9 and 13. So clearly a harmonic wave is to be recognized in the moment process 16, which forms out itself in relation to the datum line 18. According to invention an extinction of this harmonic wave could be created in the moment process 17, so that a moment process 17 essentially adjusts itself without moment fluctuation due to one rest moment. The Erregerfeld according to invention 13 can be trained for example by a flattening 19 at the rotor 20 of the synchronous machine 21, like this after Fig. 3 and 4 represented is and itself thereby of after Fig. 1 and 2 represented synchronous machine differentiates. This flattening 19 increases the air gap 3 between rotor 20 and stator 4, which however as in Fig. 6 represented influence on the middle moment of the machine does not have - on the contrary, by those overlay according to invention of primary wave 15 and harmonious 14 the middle moment is even improved, which on the basis the moment process 17 after Fig, increased to the moment process 16. 6 to be recognized can do. The primary wave with at least a harmonious wave 14 is overlaid favourably, the one portion component of the groove rest moment with same order is produced for the portion component of the groove rest moment produced by the primary wave. For this the third harmonious 14 as favourably out placed itself. The portion component of the groove rest moment of the third harmonious 14 agrees for most engine topologies with the portion component of the primary wave 15 in the order, so that simple Verfahrensbeclingungen can be created. After the Fig. 5a and 5b a increased suppression of the rest moment can be recognized, by the amplitude of the primary wave 15 and the overlaid harmonious wave 14 are adjusted to each other. In this case the amplitude of the harmonious 14 is the Fig. 5b reduces in relation to the amplitude of the harmonious ones 11 after Fig. 5a, which can be recognized by the reference symbol 22. Attempts pointed that an increase of the primary wave of up to 18% as favourable to the decrease of the rest moment be used can. In accordance with the figures 7a, 7b and 7c for example the procedure according to invention for the Uberlagerung is described by primary wave 15 and harmonious wave 14 using the process of the rotor side 2 and/or the surface-installed permanent magnets 8 ', 8 ", 8 " '. First on basis of the mechanical and constructional conditions the topology of the synchronous machine is specified, whereby following permanent magnets 8 ' at the rotor 2 are planned for example together, like this in Fig. 7a is represented. By those together ' is to be produced for following permanent magnet 8 an almost rectangular Erregerfeld 9 for a comparatively high middle moment. Such a Erregerfeld 9 became for example already in Fig. 5a represented. Other Erregerfelder are not impossible thereby. In the next step now the primary wave 10 from this Erregerfeld 9 is extracted, as in Fig. 5a represented. The illustration becomes after Fig. 7b an execution for the production of a basic Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 waves 10 represented. Magnetized but radially constantly over their magnet range are 8 ", as in Fig. 7b represented to only change and in the rotor 2 plan in such a way in their process. The original process of the permanent magnets 8 ' became in Fig. 7b and 7c for better illustration registered. This execution after Fig. 7b suffers however even like the execution after Fig. 7a on a comparatively high rest moment. In a further step now at least a harmonious one 11, 12 of the Erregerfelds 9 is determined and examined for its suitability to the reduction of the rest moment, by being overlaid with the primary wave 10. Voices the portion components of the harmonious ones 11 and/or 12 and the primary wave 15 on rest moment in such a manner that a at least partial mutual extinction can be used, then this harmonious one 11 and/or 12 can be consulted for the reduction of the total rest moment. The result of this overlay harmonious 11 and primary wave selected of can for example in Fig. 5b to be recognized. Primary wave 15 and selected harmonious 14 leads then to a Erregerfeld 13. This Erregerfeld 13 can be copied by the process of the permanent magnets 8 ", like this in Fig. 7c is represented. Here an increased upper flattening is clear opposite 24 after the Fig. to recognize 7b represented process of the permanent magnets 8 " and/or its flattening 24, whereby this difference was clarified on the basis the reference symbol 25. Thus a comparatively simply manageable procedure for the reduction of one rest moment is creative with synchronous machines. In accordance with Fig. an alternative arrangement of a tooth 26 of the stator 4 is represented to 8 after the figures 1, 2, 3 and 4. The tooth 26 trains a lip-shaped process on its boundary surface 27, on the basis its a Erregerfeld 13, as for example after Fig. 5b to be represented, for the reduction of the rest moment be produced can do. After the figures 9 and 10 is represented different magnetizations by permanent magnets 28 and 29. Thus the permanent magnet 28 exhibits a radial magnetization, whereby essentially radially from the boundary surface 30 an air gap field 31 withdraws. Around here the Erregerfeld 13 to produce the boundary surface 30 of the outline of the Uberlagerung of follows primary wave 15 and harmonious wave 14. In contrast becomes after Fig. 10 a parallel magnetized permanent magnet 29 represented, whereby essentially an air gap field 33 radially from the boundary surface 32 does not withdraw. In order to be able to produce also in this case special Erregerfeld 13, must be considered for the outline of the overlay by primary wave 15 and harmonious wave 14 and/or harmonious waves of a process correction. A favourable reduction of the rest moment can, as in Fig. 5b to be represented, reached, if the harmonious wave 14 with the primary wave 15 a common zero crossover 34 as well as at their turning points exhibits 34 a maximum in against set direction. In accordance with Fig. 11 a representation is pointed to a fluctuation margin 35 exhibiting pole training H (phi). So essentially is in Fig. 11 represented that with an essentially radial withdrawal of the air gap field 31 during a permanent magnetic pole piece organization the height of H (phi) follows the pole training 30 essentially proportionally the process of the amplitude of the Erregerfelds 13. Likewise it is represented that the angledependent outline K (phi) of the pole training 30 of the height of H (phi) or the height of H (phi) with angledependent process correction with a fluctuation margin 35 of up to +25 to -25 per cent, preferably from up to +10 to -10 per cent, related to which maximum value of height of H (phi) follows or from height of H (phi) with angledependent process correction. Like that it is dash-dotted with K (phi) represented that the outline K (phi) within the right range H (phi) runs deviating, however within the fluctuation margin 35. In addition corresponds after Fig. 5b the amplitude at least one the selected Austrian patent office RK 509,968 B1 2012-05-15 harmonious waves 14 the amount x, by which the amplitude 37 of the primary wave 15 is increased in relation to the maximum amplitude 36 of the Erregerfelds 13. A fluctuation 38 is here suggested, whereby with the amount x a fluctuation 38 from up to +25 to -25 per cent, preferably from up to +10 to -10 per cent, which becomes certified maximum amplitude 36 of the Erregerfelds 13. Generally it is continued to mention that with machines the periodicity of the groove rest moment can be computed concerning that the power transmission helpful movement, caused by any, individual harmonious wave, by the harmonious waves referred to the primary wave, assistance of the following formula: 2Æ, numerical control = r/m ggT (N, thereby designates NO the periodicity of the groove resting related to the periodicity of the primary wave, both periodicities related to those the power transmission helpful movement, LV the number of stator slots, Pz the Polpaarzahl of the exciter part and Nm the periodicity of the regarded harmonious wave referred to the periodicity of the process of the primary wave. For example would be to be set for the view of the primary wave Nm equal 1 and for the view of the third harmonic wave Nm referred to the primary wave equal 3. From it Polpaarzahlen Pz the following periodicities of the groove rest moment result for different number of stator slots LV and: LV 3Z Nm 3 I6 4 9 I 12,112 21 3 I4 15 16 4 15 I7 periodicity of the groove rest moment NO for selected wave Nm and appropriate machine topology 1 6 6 6 6 6 18 18 6 6 12 12 3 6 6 6 6 6 18 18 6 6 12 12 30 30 30 30 30 90 90 30 30 60 7 42 42 42 42 42 126,126 42 42 84 84 9 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 18 36 36