Two Tier Authentication

There can be provided a complete and flexible multi-tier article authentication system. A number of different authentication systems are applied to a given article in order to allow multiple levels of authentication to be performed by different persons throughout the supply chain, and using different levels of equipment to perform the authentication. By using such a flexible approach, authenticity can be verified to one or more different levels, depending upon the interest, capability and equipment of an individual. A corresponding method and apparatus can be provided. A tracking system based upon similar principles can additionally or alternatively be provided.