Vorrichtung zum Beaufschlagen von Schüttgut mit beschleunigten Elektronen

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung, umfassend mindestens einen Elektronenstrahlerzeuger (301) zum Generieren von beschleunigten Elektronen, mit denen Schüttgutpartikel (303) während des freien Falls beaufschlagbar sind, wobei der Elektronenstrahlerzeuger (301) ringförmig ausgebildet ist, bei dem die von einer ringförmigen Kathode emittierten und beschleunigten Elektronen aus einem Elektronenaustrittsfenster in Richtung Ringachse austreten; wobei der ringförmige Elektronenstrahlerzeuger (301) derart angeordnet ist, dass dessen Ringachse senkrecht oder mit einem Winkel von bis zu 45° abweichend von der Senkrechten ausgerichtet ist und wobei oberhalb des ringförmigen Elektronenstrahlerzeugers eine Einrichtung zum Vereinzeln von Schüttgutpartikeln angeordnet ist, deren Bodenwandung (304) mindestens eine Öffnung aufweist, aus der Schüttgutpartikel (303) heraus- und von dort durch den vom Elektronenstrahlerzeuger (301) geformten Ring hindurchfallen.

Method for production of sugars from biomass

A process for the production of monosaccharides from biomass comprising cellulose and hemicellulose, the process comprising: adjusting pH of a biomass material to a value below pH 5 by adding inorganic acid; converting all cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides by passing alternating electric current through the biomass, wherein the said step occurs in a monosaccharide production reactor. The biomass conversion into monosaccharides is preferably conducted at a pH range of 4.5-1, particularly 4.5-3.5; preferably at a temperature range of 70-160°C; and preferably at a pressure of 1-6 bara. The frequency of the alternating electric current is preferably in the range of 30-10000 Hz, particularly 50-60 Hz. The inorganic acid is preferably hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The monosaccharide production reactor may be an ohmic heater. A monosaccharides production reactor comprising at least two electrodes contained within a cylindrical vessel having inlet and outlet ports at opposite ends ...

Method and apparatus for plasma processing

A method for treating a sample using glow-discharge plasma comprising one or more steps, wherein the sample is subjected to plasma treatment in a treatment vessel 1 with a temperature control system, wherein the vessel is rotated about an axis to agitate the sample and the temperature control system is used to cool/heat the sample. Preferably the temperature control system is fluid/liquid-based and is used to cool/heat the walls of the vessel and includes at least one vessel heat-transfer line in or on the vessel connected to a heat-transfer input line e.g. through a rotating coupler which can be aligned with the rotation axis of the vessel. The heat-transfer line can be located on or within the exterior walls of the vessel. The vessel can be a drum and the heat-transfer line can extend around its circumference. Preferably, the sample is agitated by rotating the vessel, wherein rotation can be continuous in a given direction, or by rocking the vessel back and forth. The sample can comprise ...

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE TREATMENT OF BULK MATERIAL WITH A PHYSICAL PLASMA WITH ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

A LIQUID PLASMA DISCHARGE DEVICE AND METHOD FOR BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS USING SAME

A process comprises feeding a stream of reactant compounds to a reactor and discharging a liquid plasma into the reactant stream in the reactor, wherein the plasma initiates or accelerates a reaction of the reactant compounds to form a product composition. The reactor can comprise one or more chambers, a high-voltage electrode positioned at a first portion of the one or more chambers, a ground electrode positioned at a second portion of the one or more chambers, and a dielectric plate between the ground electrode and the high-voltage electrode that comprises openings through which the reactant stream can pass from the first portion to the second portion or from the second portion to the first portion. Discharging the plasma can include supplying electrical power to the high-voltage electrode such that plasma is discharged where the reactant stream flows through the openings.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATING NITRIC OXIDE IN CONTROLLED AND ACCURATE AMOUNTS

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

ПЛАЗМЕННЫЙ РЕАКТОР И СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ НИЗКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЧАСТИЦ ВОДОРОДА

A plasma reactor is provided to generate power and novel hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising new forms of hydrogen via the catalysis of atomic hydrogen and to generate a plasma and a source of light such as high energy light, extreme ultraviolet light and ultraviolet light, via the catalysis of atomic hydrogen, the reactor comprising a plasma forming energy cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form novel hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising new forms of hydrogen, a source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of atomic hydrogen to form lower-energy hydrogen and release energy, a source of atomic hydrogen, and a source of intermittent or pulsed power to at least partially maintain the plasma. The power balance is optimized by maximizing the output power from the hydrogen catalysis reaction while minimizing the input power by controlling the parameters of the input power to initiate or at least partially maintain the plasma such as the power density, pulse frequency, duty cycle, and peak and offset electric fields.

ПЛАЗМЕННЫЙ РЕАКТОР И СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ НИЗКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЧАСТИЦ ВОДОРОДА

Предложен плазменный реактор для получения энергии и новых водородных частиц и композиций вещества, содержащих новые формы водорода, путем катализа атомарного водорода и для получения плазмы и источника света, такого как высокоэнергетическое излучение, ультрафиолетовое вакуумное излучение и ультрафиолетовое излучение, путем катализа атомарного водорода. Реактор содержит формирующую плазму энергетическую ячейку для катализа атомарного водорода с образованием новых водородных частиц и композиций вещества, содержащих новые формы водорода, источник катализатора для осуществления каталитической реакции атомарного водорода с образованием низкоэнергетического водорода и выделением энергии, источник атомарного водорода и источник импульсной или периодической энергии, чтобы, по меньшей мере, частично поддерживать плазму. Энергетический баланс оптимизируется путем максимизации энергии выхода в каталитической реакции водорода при минимизации подводимой энергии за счет регулирования параметров подводимой энергии для того, чтобы инициировать или, по меньшей мере, частично поддерживать плазму, таких параметров, как плотность мощности, частота импульсов, коэффициент заполнения импульсной последовательности, пиковое электрическое поле и электрическое поле смещения. A plasma reactor is proposed for generating energy and new hydrogen particles and compositions of a substance containing new forms of hydrogen by catalysis of atomic hydrogen and to produce a plasma and light source such as high-energy radiation, ultraviolet vacuum radiation and ultraviolet radiation by catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The reactor contains a plasma-forming energy cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen with the formation of new hydrogen particles and compositions of a substance containing new forms of hydrogen, a catalyst source for carrying out a catalytic reaction of atomic hydrogen with the formation of low-energy hydrogen and the release of energy, an atomic hydrogen source and a pulse or periodic ...

METHOD FOR UPGRADING AND/OR RECYCLING OF A BITUMINOUS PRODUCT

MULTI-SPARK DISCHARGE GENERATOR AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING NANOPARTICLE STRUCTURE USING SAME

유기하이드라이드 제조장치

... 본 발명의 일 측면에 따른 유기하이드라이드 제조장치(10)는, 전해질막(11)의 한쪽 면에 애노드(12), 전해질막(11)의 다른쪽 면에 캐소드 촉매층(13)과 캐소드확산층(14)을 포함하는 캐소드를 설치한 전기화학셀을 갖는다. 애노드(12)와 전해질막(11)과의 사이에 갭이 형성되어 있다. 애노드(12)가 개구율이 30~70%의 망목구조를 갖고, 또한 전자전도체로 형성된 급전지지재료와 상기 급전지지재료에 유지된 상기 전극촉매를 갖는다.

METHOD USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS TO PRODUCE A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS OR FOSSIL COAL

Apparatus and method for generating nitric oxide in controlled and accurate amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING BULK MATERIAL WITH A PHYSICAL PLASMA AT ATMOSPHERIC PRESSURE

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ НА СЫПУЧИЙ МАТЕРИАЛ УСКОРЕННЫМИ ЭЛЕКТРОНАМИ

FIELD: instrument engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a device for treating a bulk material by accelerated electrons. Device includes an electron beam generator for generating accelerated electrons, with which bulk material particles are impingeable during free fall, wherein the electron beam generator is annular and has a first cathode and a first anode, between which by means of the first supplied electric voltage, which is provided by the first power supply device, a glow discharge plasma is generated in a vacuum chamber, and a second cathode and a second anode, between which a second electrical voltage is applied between the second power supply device, and the electrons, emitted by the annular second cathode and accelerated, exit an electron outlet window in the direction of the ring axis. In this case, the ring electron-beam generator is arranged in such a way, that the axis of its ring is oriented vertically or deviating from the vertical by an angle of up to 45°. There is also a device for isolating bulk material particles, disposed above the ring electron-beam generator, the bottom walls of which have an aperture from which bulk material particles fall out and from there fall through the ring formed by the electron-beam generator. EFFECT: invention provides high throughput of the bulk material being treated, as well as compact overall dimensions of the device. 13 cl, 9 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 646 065 C2 (51) МПК B01J 8/12 (2006.01) B01J 19/08 (2006.01) H01J 37/06 (2006.01) A01C 1/08 (2006.01) A61L 2/08 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК B01J 8/12 (2017.08); B01J 19/08 (2017.08); H01J 37/06 (2017.08); A01C 1/08 (2017.08); A61L 2/08 (2017.08) (21)(22) Заявка: 2016124807, 12.11.2014 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 01.03.2018 09.12.2013 DE 102013113688.5 (43) Дата публикации заявки: 16.01.2018 Бюл. № 2 (45) Опубликовано: 01.03 ...

Method for production of sugars from biomass

Method using solar energy, microwaves and plasmas for producing a liquid fuel and hydrogen from a biomass or fossil coal

The invention relates to a system that uses thermal (heat-generating) solar energy coupled with microwaves and plasma for producing mainly carbon monoxide (CO) and dihydrogen (H2) from carbonated compounds (biomass, domestic waste, sludge from waste water, fossil coal), wherein the obtained gaseous mixture yields, amongst others, hydrocarbon fuels (olefins, paraffin), esters, and alcohols via a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The invention comprises in a first step the roasting and pyrolysis of the carbonated compounds in order to produce char and dry coal on the one hand, and a mixture of superheated gases mainly containing CO2, steam, tars and non-condensable volatile materials; the method comprises in a second step, and from the pyrolyis products (char or coal, gas mixture), generating a syngas substantially containing a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen, said mixture being used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis units. After the Fischer-Tropsch step, the synthesis products are separated ...

Method using solar energy, microwaves and plasmas for producing a liquid fuel and hydrogen from a biomass or fossil coal

DECOMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS OR METHANE USING COLD ARC DISCHARGE

A cold arc discharge is used to decompose natural gas or methane into its gaseous constituents and carbon in the form of solid particles. The gaseous constituents obtained are mainly hydrogen and acetylene and they are produc ed in admixture with unreacted natural gas or methane. The cold arc discharg e is generated by a pulsating high voltage discharge imparted through a capa citor to a high voltage electrode or a plurality of high voltage electrodes or through a high voltage electrode to a plurality of capacitor- connected e lectrodes placed in a reaction zone. The apparatus for performing this proce ss may have a tubular reactor with a cylindrical ground electrode in the mid dle and a cylindrical outer wall through which the high voltage electrode or electrodes extend into the reaction zone. The apparatus may also have a cyl indrical shaft in the middle made of dielectric material in which a pluralit y of electrodes are embedded, this shaft being surrounded by a high voltage tubular ...

METHOD USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS FOR PRODUCING A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM A BIOMASS OR FOSSIL COAL

Cette invention consiste en un système permettant d'utiliser l'énergie thermique (calorifique) d'origine solaire couplée à des micro-ondes et des plasmas pour produire principalement du monoxyde de carbone (CO), du dihydrogène H2 à partir de composés carbonés (biomasse, ordures ménagères, boues provenant des eaux usées, charbon fossile), le mélange gazeux obtenu permet entre autres de produire des carburants de types hydrocarbures (oléfines paraffines), esters, alcools par une synthèse Fischer-Tropsch. L'invention permet dans une première étape la torréfaction et la pyrolyse de composés carbonés, afin de produire d'une part, du char ou du charbon sec et un mélange de gaz surchauffés contenant principalement du CO2, de la vapeur eau, des goudrons et des matières volatiles incondensables; dans une deuxième étape, à partir des produits de la pyrolyse (char ou charbon, mélange de gaz), le procédé permet de produire un syngaz,composé principalement d'un mélange de monoxyde de carbone et de dihydrogène ...

APPARATUS FOR SUBJECTING BULK MATERIAL TO THE ACTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRONS

ПЛАЗМЕННЫЙ РЕАКТОР И СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ НИЗКОЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКИХ ЧАСТИЦ ВОДОРОДА

Предложен плазменный реактор для получения энергии и новых водородных частиц и композиций вещества, содержащих новые формы водорода, путем катализа атомарного водорода и для получения плазмы и источника света, такого как высокоэнергетическое излучение, ультрафиолетовое вакуумное излучение и ультрафиолетовое излучение, путем катализа атомарного водорода. Реактор содержит формирующую плазму энергетическую ячейку для катализа атомарного водорода с образованием новых водородных частиц и композиций вещества, содержащих новые формы водорода, источник катализатора для осуществления каталитической реакции атомарного водорода с образованием низкоэнергетического водорода и выделением энергии, источник атомарного водорода и источник импульсной или периодической энергии, чтобы, по меньшей мере, частично поддерживать плазму. Энергетический баланс оптимизируется путем максимизации энергии выхода в каталитической реакции водорода при минимизации подводимой энергии за счет регулирования параметров подводимой ...

Growing device of carbon nano-tube

Device for generating hydrogen by fuel reforming using electric discharge generating plasma, comprises first cylindrical element within which reactive mixture flows, second element forming electrode tip, and continuous current generator

Dispositif et procédé de génération d'hydrogène par reformage de carburant assisté par au moins une décharge électrique générant un plasma, comprenant un premier élément cylindrique 1 à l'intérieur duquel peut s'écouler un mélange réactif, un deuxième élément 2 formant une électrode en pointe 6 disposée selon l'axe du premier élément 1, un générateur 8 de courant continu capable d'établir une différence de potentiel entre lesdits premier et deuxième éléments. Le premier élément cylindrique 1 comprend au moins une zone conductrice capable de définir avec le deuxième élément 2 une zone propice à l'établissement d'une décharge électrique, et le dispositif comprend des moyens pour faire varier continuellement la distance entre la zone conductrice du premier élément cylindrique 1 et le deuxième élément 2, de façon à faire varier la longueur des décharges électriques en fonction du débit du mélange réactif et/ou de la nature du carburant.

중원자들을 함유하는 화합물들의 플라즈마 저감

... 프로세싱 챔버로부터의, 화합물들을 함유하는 유출물을 저감하기 위한 플라즈마 저감 프로세스가 설명된다. 플라즈마 저감 프로세스는 프로세싱 챔버, 예컨대, 증착 챔버로부터 기체성(gaseous) 포어라인 유출물을 취하고(take), 포어라인 경로에 위치된 플라즈마 챔버 내에서 유출물들에 반응을 일으킨다. 플라즈마는 유출물 내의 화합물들을 해리하여, 유출물을 더 온화한 화합물들로 변환한다. 저감 시약들은 화합물들의 저감을 도울 수 있다. 저감 프로세스는 휘발 또는 응축 저감 프로세스일 수 있다. 대표적인 휘발 저감 시약들은, 예컨대, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, 및 HBr 을 포함한다. 대표적인 응축 저감 시약들은, 예컨대, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, 및 이들의 조합들을 포함한다.

WIDE DYNAMIC RANGE MULTISTAGE PLASMATRON REFORMER SYSTEM

A method and apparatus for a multistage plasmatron fuel reformer system having a wide dynamic operational range. In one aspect, the system includes a plasmatron configured for low flow operation followed by a reaction extension cylinder and then a nozzle section capable of providing additional air and/or fuel inputs. The nozzle section is then followed by another reaction extension region. When high flow rate of the system is needed, the low fuel flow rate provided by the plasmatron followed by the first reaction extension region provides the high temperature used to effectively initiate the partial oxidation reaction in the next section. The initiation of this reaction may also be facilitated by the presence of hydrogen.

Apparatus and method for generating nitric oxide in controlled and accurate amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

LIQUID PROCESSING APPARATUS

A liquid processing apparatus includes a processing tank, a first electrode, an insulator, a liquid introduction port, a discharge portion, a second electrode, an opening portion, and a power supply. The first electrode is disposed at the first end of the processing tank. The insulator covers at least a part of a side surface of the first electrode disposed to protrude from an inner wall of the first end of the processing tank into the processing tank. The liquid introduction port causes a liquid to swirl by introducing the liquid in a tangential direction of the processing tank and generates a gas phase in a swirling flow of the liquid. An outer diameter of the insulator is smaller than an outer diameter of a gas-phase generating space where the gas phase is generated in the processing tank.

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЖИДКОГО ТОПЛИВА И ВОДОРОДА ИЗ БИОМАССЫ ИЛИ ИСКОПАЕМОГО УГЛЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ, МИКРОВОЛН И ПЛАЗМЫ

... 1. Процесс газификации углеродосодержащих соединений для производства синтетического газа, содержащего, главным образом, СО и Н2, отличающийся тем, что содержит ! A) первый этап пиролиза соединений с преобразованием в древесный уголь и пиролизный газ в солнечном микроволновом реакторе, вызванный нагревом соединений, содержащихся в указанном солнечном микроволновом реакторе, под действием синергетической тепловой энергии, образующейся одновременно в результате нагрева стенок реактора благодаря, концентрации солнечного излучения на поверхности указанных стенок вследствие собирания или отражения и в результате действия микроволн, подаваемых непосредственно внутрь реактора и соединений, и ! B) второй этап преобразования древесного угля и пиролизного газа, поступающего из солнечного микроволнового реактора, главным образом, в СО и Н2 посредством химических окислительно-восстановительных реакций, протекающих в циклонном реакторе, причем указанный циклонный реактор обеспечивает формирование газовой ...

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

PROCEDURE FOR THE CLEANING OF WASSERSTOFFVERBINDUNGEN CONTAINING SILICON TETRACHLORIDE OR GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE

PLASMA TREATMENT DEVICE AND - PROCEDURES

PROCEDURE USING SOLAR POWER, MICROWAVES AND PLASMATA FOR THE PRODUCTION OF A LIQUID FUEL AND FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM A BIOMASS OR FROM FOSSIL COAL

DECOMPOSITION OF NATURAL GAS OR METHANE USING COLD ARC DISCHARGE

A cold arc discharge is used to decompose natural gas or methane into its gaseous constituents and carbon in the form of solid particles. The gaseous constituents obtained are mainly hydrogen and acetylene and they are produced in admixture with unreacted natural gas or methane. The cold arc discharge is generated by a pulsating high voltage discharge imparted through a capacitor to a high voltage electrode or a plurality of high voltage electrodes or through a high voltage electrode to a plurality of capacitor- connected electrodes placed in a reaction zone. The apparatus for performing this process may have a tubular reactor with a cylindrical ground electrode in the middle and a cylindrical outer wall through which the high voltage electrode or electrodes extend into the reaction zone. The apparatus may also have a cylindrical shaft in the middle made of dielectric material in which a plurality of electrodes are embedded, this shaft being surrounded by a high voltage tubular electrode ...

SIMULTANEOUS GENERATION OF ELECTRICITY AND CHEMICALS USING A RENEWABLE PRIMARY ENERGY SOURCE

Presented are systems and methods to simultaneously produce and store energy in the form of chemical products such as hydrogen and other chemical products, thereby, reducing or eliminating the need to store energy in lithium-ion batteries. In various embodiments this is accomplished by converting energy from a renewable energy source to generate and accelerate an electron beam so as to generate electromagnetic radiation at frequencies equal to absorption frequencies of chemical reactants in order to produce the desired chemical products.

PROCESS USING THERMAL ENERGY SOLAR COUPLEE HAS PLASMAS TO PRODUCE a LIQUID FUEL AND DIHYDROGENE FROM BIOMASS OR OF FOSSIL COAL (PROCESS P-SL AND P-SH)

A method for gasifying carbon compounds (I) to produce synthesis gas (II) involves: (A) pyrolyzing (I) to give carbon (III) and gas (IV) in a solar-microwave reactor (1), using thermal energy from (i) heating of the reactor wall (1a) by solar radiation and (ii) 1-300 GHz microwaves; and (B) converting (III) and (IV) into (II) by oxidoreductive reactions in a cyclone reactor, with superimposed or nested cyclone units, heated directly by microwaves. A method for gasifying carbon compounds (I) to produce synthesis gas (II) involves: (A) pyrolyzing (I) to give carbon (III) and gas (IV) in a solar-microwave reactor (1), using a synergistic combination of thermal energy from (i) heating of the reactor wall (1a) by solar radiation concentrated, by convergence or reflection, onto the wall surfaces and (ii) 1-300 GHz microwaves directed into the reactor interior and (I); and (B) converting (III) and (IV) into (II) by oxidoreductive reactions in a cyclone reactor, with at least two superimposed or nested cyclone units, in which (i) a gaseous vortex entrains and oxidizes particles of (III) utilizing combustion of (IV) or an additional gas, (ii) heated gas (or gaseous mixture) is injected into the cyclone components and (iii) gas present in the reactor is heated by microwaves directed into the reactor.

REACTOR FOR THE CONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

La présente invention concerne un réacteur pour la conversion du dioxyde carbone ou du monoxyde de carbone en hydrocarbure et/ou en alcool comprenant un support en matériau électriquement et thermiquement conducteur, formant la ou les parois d’au moins un canal longitudinal qui traverse le support et jouant également le rôle de cathode du réacteur, au moins une électrode filaire formant une anode du réacteur, et s’étendant à l’intérieur de chaque canal longitudinal, et étant arrangée à distance de la ou des parois dudit canal longitudinal, chaque électrode filaire étant éventuellement recouverte d’une couche électriquement isolante le long de la partie de l’électrode filaire s’étendant à l’intérieur dudit canal longitudinal, un catalyseur adapté à catalyser une réaction de conversion du dioxyde carbone ou du monoxyde de carbone en hydrocarbure et/ou en alcool, le catalyseur étant situé entre l’électrode filaire et la ou les parois de chaque canal longitudinal. Figure pour l’abrégé : Fig. 1 The present invention relates to a reactor for converting carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and / or alcohol comprising a support of electrically and thermally conductive material, forming the wall or walls of at least one longitudinal channel which passes through the support and also acting as cathode of the reactor, at least one wire electrode forming an anode of the reactor, and extending inside each longitudinal channel, and being arranged at a distance from the wall or walls of said longitudinal channel, each electrode wired possibly being covered with an electrically insulating layer along the part of the wired electrode extending inside said longitudinal channel, a catalyst adapted to catalyze a reaction for converting carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and / or in alcohol, the catalyst being located between the wire electrode and the wall or walls of each longitudinal channel. Figure for the abstract: Fig. 1

Gasifying carbon compounds, e.g. biomass, to produce synthesis gas for conversion into fuels, by pyrolysis in solar-microwave reactor followed by conversion in cyclone reactor

Cette invention consiste en un système permettant d'utiliser l'énergie calorifique d'origine solaire couplée à des plasmas pour produire du monoxyde de carbone (CO), du dihydrogène H2 ou des alcools à partir de biomasse et ou de charbon fossile, afin de produire des carburants de types hydrocarbures (oléfines paraffines), esters et du dihydrogène (H2). L'invention décrit un procédé et des réacteurs combinant des fours solaires, divers procédés de production de plasma (à initiation électrique, optique ou par micro-ondes), des unités de gazéification de char ou de charbon fossile. L'invention permet d'une part la torréfaction et la pyrolyse de matière première (biomasse ou charbon fossile), afin de produire d'une part, du char ou du charbon sec et un mélange de gaz surchauffés contenant principalement du CO2, de la vapeur eau, des goudrons et des matières volatiles incondensables ; d'autre part, à partir des produits de la pyrolyse (char ou charbon, mélange de gaz surchauffés), le procédé ...

Process useful for preparing fullerene solutions, comprises treating an aerosol comprising finely divided carbon by a plasmagen arc in helium, the reaction suspension brought back by a solvent in a nozzle with convergent divergent

Process for the manufacture of fullerene solutions comprises treating an aerosol comprising finely divided carbon by a plasmagen arc under helium at greater than 4000[deg], under a pressure of 20-40 kPa, where the reaction suspension is brought back by a solvent in a convergent divergent nozzle, which is used as helium flow motor in closed circulation and a generator of the required low reaction pressure.

A LIQUID PLASMA DISCHARGE DEVICE AND METHOD FOR BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS USING SAME

FRIABLE-RESISTANT DIELECTRIC PORCELAIN

The present invention relates to a composition for forming a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material. The present invention also relates to a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material formed from the composition of the present invention, a method of making a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material, a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material formed by the method of the present invention, a dielectric porcelain material comprising a particular composition, and a system for producing ozone using the dielectric porcelain material of to the present invention.

Method and apparatus for carbon allotropes synthesis

A method and apparatus for synthesis of fullerenes and nanotubes in large quantities at an economical cost from graphite in electric arc plasma process are presented. Different embodiments of channeled graphite electrodes for both direct current (DC) and alternative current (AC) processes are disclosed. High productivity of the carbon allotropes is achieved by feeding consumable graphitic electrode into hot plasma zone, injecting of feedstock, catalyst and buffer gas flow through the longitudinal inner channel electrodes into the hot plasma zone and creating the radial gas outflow in the gap between electrodes, and following removal of produced carbon and catalytic vapors from the hot plasma zone into an oxygen deprived reaction vessel for quenching and condensing. Deposited after condensation soot containing carbon allotropes is collected and carbon allotropes are recovered by known techniques. The final products of recovering are fullerenes C₆₀, C₇₀ and higher fullerenes ...

APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HIGH YIELDS OF CARBON NANOSTRUCTURES

An apparatus for producing high yields of carbon nanostructures is disclosed. The apparatus includes an electric arc furnace and a feeder that directs solid carbon dioxide into an electrical arc generated by the electric arc furnace. Carbon nanostructures are produced within the electrical arc without producing magnesium oxide (MgO).

Reaktionskammer

Längliche Reaktionskammer (10) für eine Flüssigkeit, enthaltend einerseits Wasser und andererseits schwefelhaltiges Öl, mit einer maximalen Höhe (12) des Innenraums (14) der Reaktionskammer (10) in einem Bereich von 10 bis 5000 mm mit wenigstens einem Zufluss (16) und wenigstens einem Abfluss (18) zur Einstellung eines Pegels der Grenzfläche (20) zwischen Wasser und schwefelhaltigem Öl innerhalb der Reaktionskammer (10) und wenigstens einer Elektrode (22), bei der zwischen dem wenigstens einen Zufluss (16) und dem wenigstens einen Abfluss (18) wenigstens 2 höhenverstellbare Gegenelektroden (24) angeordnet sind, wobei die Spitzen der Gegenelektroden (24) in Richtung der Höhe der Reaktionskammer höhenverstellbar sind.

Enhanced contact electrical discharge plasma reactor for liquid and gas processing

An electrical discharge plasma reactor system for treating a liquid, a gas, and/or a suspension. The reactor system includes a reactor chamber configured to hold the liquid and a gas, a discharge electrode disposed within the gas of the reactor chamber, a non-discharge electrode disposed within the liquid, a gas diffuser disposed within the liquid and configured to induce the generation of a layer of foam on the surface of the liquid in a plasma-contact region, and a power supply connected to the discharge electrode and configured to induce the discharge electrode to generate plasma in the plasma-contact region.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATING NITRIC OXIDE IN CONTROLLED AND ACCURATE AMOUNTS

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ORGANIC HYDRIDE

A device for producing an organic hydride 10 of an aspect of the present invention has an electrochemical cell provided with an anode 12 on a surface of an electrolyte membrane 11 and a cathode including a cathode catalyst layer 13 and a cathode diffusion layer 14 on another surface of the electrolyte membrane 11. A gap is provided between the anode 12 and the electrolyte membrane 11. The anode 12 has a network structure with an aperture ratio of 30 to 70%, and has an electrical supply supporting material formed of an electronic conductor and the electrode catalyst held by the electrical supply supporting material.

PROCESS AND REACTOR FOR THE PLASMA TRANSFORMATION OF POWDERY BY-PRODUCTS OF BAUXITE PROCESSING INTO A SOLID, INERT AND COMPACT PRODUCT

Subject matter of the present invention are a process and a plasma reactor for transformation of red muds, which is a bauxite processing by-product, starting from powdery matrix into a solid, inert and compact residual product, with a remarkably reduced volume, permitting increasing life cycle of dumps using available volumes and from which industrially interesting products can be extracted, e.g. an iron-containing fraction, that can be used in a production cycle of the steel-making sector. A block diagram of the process according to the invention, in one specific embodiment within a transferred arc plasma reactor, is shown in figure 1.

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE QUANTUM DOT USING THERMAL PLASMA

The present application provides a method for manufacturing a graphene quantum dot using thermal plasma, comprising the steps of: forming carbon source beams by injecting carbon sources into a thermal plasma jet and thermally decomposing the carbon sources; and manufacturing the graphene quantum dot by allowing the carbon source beams to flow into a tube connected to an anode.

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse. 1a reaction chamber enclosing two electrodes separated by a gap,a gas inlet port for introducing a gas mixture containing oxygen and nitrogen into said reaction chamber,an electronic control circuit for delivering a pulsed DC electric discharge between the two said electrodes to generate nitric oxide;a magnetic field generator proximate to said gap between the electrodes; anda gas outlet port for delivering the gas mixture from said reaction chamber.. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/229,107, filed Dec. 21, 2018, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/887,246, filed Feb. 2, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/372,552, filed Dec. 8, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,896,337, issued Feb. 20, 2018), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/347,479, filed Mar. 26, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,573,110, issued Feb. 21, 2017), which is a US National stage entry of International Application No. PCT/US2012/058564, which designated the United States and was filed on Oct. 3, 2012, published in English, which claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/542,400, filed on Oct. 3, 2011.This application is also a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/375,410, filed Apr. 4, 2019, which is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/887,246, filed Feb. 2, 2018, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 15/372,552, filed Dec. 8, 2016 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,896,337, issued Feb. 20, 2018), which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/347,479, filed Mar. 26, 2014 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,573,110, issued ...

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЖИДКОГО ТОПЛИВА И ВОДОРОДА ИЗ БИОМАССЫ ИЛИ ИСКОПАЕМОГО УГЛЯ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ, МИКРОВОЛН И ПЛАЗМЫ

FIELD: process engineering. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to system exploiting solar energy along with microwaves and plasma for producing, mainly, carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ) from carbon compounds (biomass, domestic wastes, effluents, fossil coal). At first step, carbon compounds are subjected to drying and pyrolysis to obtain dry charcoal or coal and mix of superheated gases bearing, mainly, CO 2 , steam, pitch and noncondensable volatile matters. At second step, pyrolysis products are used to produce synthetic gas containing, mainly, mix of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to be used at Fischer-Tropsh synthesis plants. Then, synthesis products are separated at distillation column after heating in solar ovens or combined solar-microwave ovens. Electric power required for plasma production is generated by solar cells, windmills, electric generators operating on hydrocarbon gas not processed after distillation, and systems of power reuse at all stages of proposed process. EFFECT: production of fluid fuel, ethers and alcohols. 11 cl, 14 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) 2 481 152 (13) C2 (51) МПК B01J 19/12 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (21)(22) Заявка: 2010118427/05, 14.11.2008 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 14.11.2008 (73) Патентообладатель(и): УГОЛИН Николас (FR) R U Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: 16.11.2007 FR 0708031 25.01.2008 FR 08/00384 (72) Автор(ы): УГОЛИН Николас (FR) (43) Дата публикации заявки: 27.12.2011 Бюл. № 36 2 4 8 1 1 5 2 (45) Опубликовано: 10.05.2013 Бюл. № 13 2 4 8 1 1 5 2 R U (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 16.06.2010 C 2 C 2 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: US 4488935 A, 18.12.1984. WO 2006/048224 A2, 11.05.2006. WO 2004/041974 A1, 21.05.2004. US 6113865 A, 05.09.2000. US 5647877 A, 15.07.1997. US 4229184 A, 21.10.1980. RU 2283289 C2, 10.09.2006. (86) Заявка PCT: FR 2008/001606 ( ...

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

This PCT Application to be published without Abstract.

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING ORGANIC HYDRIDE

An organic-hydride-manufacturing device (10) according to a aspect of the present invention has an electrochemical cell provided with an anode (12) on one surface of an electrolyte film (11) and a cathode on the other surface of the electrolyte film (11), the cathode comprising a cathode catalyst layer (13) and a cathode diffusion layer (14). A gap is formed between the anode (12) and the electrolyte film (11). The anode (12) has a mesh structure with an aperture ratio of 30-70%, and has an electrifying supporting material formed of an electron conductor, and the electrode catalyst, which is held in the electrifying supporting material.

PLASMA GAS THROAT ASSEMBLY AND METHOD

A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled.

Plasma abatement of compounds containing heavy atoms

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, and combinations thereof.

Electrode and method for supplying current to a reactor

Supplying current to a reactor, comprises: connecting at least one electrode (13), which is fed through a wall of the reactor, of an electrical energy network which is galvanically-isolated from ground potential with at least one electrically conductive element such that an operating voltage is applied to at least one electrically conductive element and electrical current flows through the conductive element, where a seal made of an electrically insulating material is provided between the wall of the reactor and at least one electrode. Supplying current to a reactor, comprises: connecting at least one electrode, which is fed through a wall of the reactor, of an electrical energy network which is galvanically-isolated from ground potential with at least one electrically conductive element such that an operating voltage is applied to at least one electrically conductive element and electrical current flows through the conductive element, where a seal made of an electrically insulating material is provided between the wall of the reactor and at least one electrode, where the electrical energy network is monitored for insulation faults and a fall below of a specific insulation resistance, which triggers shutdown of an electrical energy supply. A switching threshold for shutdown of the electrical energy supply is determined by considering at least one parameter including seal geometry, seal material, supply voltage and a maximum possible electrical energy input into the seal immediately before shutdown, which is triggered by a maximum possible leakage current through the seal. Independent claims are also included for: (1) a device for simultaneous monitoring, sealing and electrical insulation of an electrode, comprising a seal containing an electrically conductive core, which comprises an electrical connection facility; and (2) an electrode having an electrically insulating seal for using in current supplies of chemical reactors, where the seal comprises a polymer and is ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Behandlung von Schüttgut mit einem physikalischen Plasma bei Atmosphärendruck

Eine Behandlung von Schüttgut (3), das aus einer Vielzahl einzelner Teilchen (30) besteht, erfolgt mit einem physikalischen Plasma bei Atmosphärendruck, indem das physikalische Plasma mittels dielektrisch behinderter Gasentladungen zwischen zwei Elektroden (7, 8) erzeugt wird und die Teilchen (30) des Schüttguts (3) in vereinzelter Form durch den Bereich der Gasentladungen zwischen den Elektroden (7, 8) hindurchbewegt werden.

Method and apparatus for plasma processing

PLASMA REACTOR AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LOWER-ENERGY HYDROGEN SPECIES

METHOD FOR RECOVERING AND/OR RECYCLING A BITUMINOUS PRODUCT

L'invention concerne un procédé (100) de valorisation et/ ou recyclage d'un produit bitumineux par puissance puisée, le produit bitumineux comprenant du bitume et des éléments à séparer, dans lequel : - on alimente (101) un réacteur (11) à l'intérieur duquel s'étendent au moins deux électrodes (13) avec le produit bitumineux et un milieu liquide dont au moins un composant liquide présente des paramètres de solubilité de Hansen d?, d? et dd tels que le bitume présente au moins une solubilité partielle dans le milieu liquide, les éléments à séparer étant insolubles, - on génère (102) une succession d'impulsions électromagnétiques entre les électrodes (13) dans le réacteur (11) de sorte à produire, du fait de la puissance, de la fréquence et du temps de commutation des impulsions électromagnétiques, au moins une onde de choc et au moins un rayonnement ultraviolet, de sorte à disperser et à dissoudre le bitume dans le milieu liquide, et à séparer le bitume et les éléments insolubles, le milieu ...

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF CORROSIVE GASES

The invention relates to a device for the thermal treatment of corrosive gases, comprising a chamber for heating gases in which there are at least four heating elements or four groups of heating elements consisting of an electrically conductive material, wherein each heating element or each group of heating elements is connected to a separately regulatable and/or controllable subsystem of an electrical energy network and can thereby be heated by direct current flow, wherein each separately regulatable and/or controllable heating element or each separately regulatable and/or controllable group of heating elements can be controlled or regulated with respect to at least one either identical or different value of a parameter in the group consisting of temperature, heating power, current, voltage, resistance or with respect to another process variable, which can be influenced by the device, of the heating element, and wherein at least four regulatable and/or controllable subsystems are DC--isolated from ground potential. The invention also relates to a corresponding method for the thermal treatment of corrosive gases.

Device for implementing a gasification process of a substrate containing carbon to produce a syngas composed of carbon monoxide and hydrogen, comprises a solar microwave reactor for pyrolysis/torrefaction, and a cyclonic reactor

GAS SEPARATION DEVICE FROM CHEMICAL BODIES COMPOSE

Le dispositif objet de l'invention permet à la fois de produire et de séparer des gaz issus de corps chimiques composés ou de mélange de gaz en utilisant des technologies produisant des plasmas thermiques. La séparation des gaz est faite par l'application judicieuse de champs magnétiques agissant sur le plasma de gaz produit par la torche à plasma thermique. L'application préférée de l'invention est représentée par la figure 1. Dans cette figure on injecte dans la torche (1) le gaz composé de molécule complexe ou le mélange de gaz que l'on désire séparer en corps chimiques simple. Ce gaz complexe ou ce mélange de gaz peuvent être vaporisés dans un dispositif annexe (2) appelé vaporisateur. Un dispositif générant un ou des champs magnétiques (4) appelé magnétiseur est disposé en sortie de la torche (1). Un dispositif récupérateur (5) est positionné au dessus de la torche (1), dans le sens de circulation du plasma généré par la torche (1). Les éléments ainsi séparés peuvent être récupérés ...

APPARATUS FOR THE HEAT TREATMENT OF CORROSIVE GAS CAPABLE OF BEING SEPARATED INTO A PLURALITY OF SMALL SUB-SYSTEMS, AND A METHOD FOR THE SAME

PURPOSE: An apparatus for the heat treatment of corrosive gas, and a method for the same are provided to extend the life of a reactor by being separated into a plurality of sub-systems. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for the heat treatment of corrosive gas includes at least four heat emitting elements(8), or heat emitting groups composed of electrically conductive materials. Each heat emitting element or group is heated by the flow of direct currents, by being connected to sub-systems(5) of an electric energy network which is respectively adjustable and/or controllable. Each heat emitting element or group is adjustable or controllable by at least one identical or different parameters of a group including temperatures, caloric value, currents, voltages, and resistance, or by other operational parameters. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2013 ...

FUEL GENERATION USING HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS METHODS

METHOD USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS FOR PRODUCING A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM A BIOMASS OR FOSSIL COAL

DISSOCIATION AND SEPARATION OF WATER MOLECULES IN AN ELECTRIC FIELD

The present invention relates to a process for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field, in particular for producing an H 2 /O 2 mixture or for obtaining hydrogen. The present invention further relates to an apparatus for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field, in particular for producing an H 2 /O 2 mixture or for obtaining hydrogen. The present invention also relates to an electric circuit for operating an apparatus according to the invention for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field, in particular for producing an H 2 /O 2 mixture or for obtaining hydrogen. In addition, the present invention relates to a process for operating an electric circuit according to the invention. The present invention additionally relates to a system for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field, in particular for producing an H 2 /O 2 mixture or for obtaining hydrogen, which consists of at least one apparatus according to the invention for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field and also at least one electric circuit for operating an apparatus according to the invention for the electrical dissociation and separation of water molecules in an electric field, which is advantageously constructed and/or installed downstream of at least one of the processes of the invention for operating an apparatus according to the invention and/or downstream of at least one of the processes for operating an electric circuit according to the invention.

PLASMA REACTOR AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LOWER-ENERGY HYDROGEN SPECIES

Plasma abatement of compounds containing heavy atoms

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, and combinations thereof.

ELECTRODE AND ELECTRODE STRUCTURAL BODY

An electrode structural body includes a first electrode and a second electrode, and further includes a first retainer and a second retainer for fixing the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode and the second electrode are separated from each other, their axial directions being parallel to each other. The first electrode contains a first insulating body having a first hollow portion and a first conducting body located in the first hollow portion. The second electrode contains a second insulating body having a second hollow portion and a second conducting body located in the second hollow portion. At least in the first electrode, at least one end surface of the first conducting body is positioned inside the first hollow portion at a distance from one end surface of the first insulating body. 1. An electrode comprising a cylindrical insulating body having a hollow portion and a conducting body located in the hollow portion of the insulating body , whereinat least one end surface of the conducting body is positioned inside the hollow portion at a distance from one end surface of the insulating body.2. The electrode according to claim 1 , whereina substance, which has a permittivity lower than that of the insulating body, is present between the one end surface of the conducting body and the one end surface of the insulating body in the hollow portion.3. The electrode according to claim 1 , whereinthe substance is air.4. The electrode according to claim 1 , whereinthe insulating body and the conducting body are directly integrated with each other by firing.5. An electrode structural body comprising:a first electrode containing a cylindrical first insulating body having a first hollow portion and a first conducting body located in the first hollow portion of the first insulating body;a second electrode containing a cylindrical second insulating body having a second hollow portion and a second conducting body located in the second hollow portion of ...

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse. 18-. (canceled)9. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide comprising:(i) a plasma chamber;(ii) a pair of electrodes located in the plasma chamber and separated by a gap;(iii) a controller in communication with the electrodes to generate an electric arc discharge across the gap;wherein the electric arc discharge across the gap determines a concentration of nitric oxide generated.10. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising an inlet to provide a reactant gas comprising nitrogen and oxygen to the plasma chamber and an outlet to provide a product gas comprising nitric oxide.11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the plasma chamber arranged between the inlet and the outlet.12. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the controller is configured to control at least one of a frequency of the electric arc discharge and/or a duration of the electric arc discharge independent of the frequency.13. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the product gas containing nitric oxide is generated using a flow of the reactant gas through the plasma chamber.14. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising a flow device to provide flow of the reactant gas through the reaction chamber.15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the flow device is selected from the group consisting of: a flow sensor measuring gas flow from an external regulated source to produce the known gas flow claim 14 , a pump system operating to produce the known gas flow without flow sensing claim 14 , a control valve claim 14 , and a pump system with a flow sensor system providing feedback control of the pump system to produce the known gas flow.16. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the flow ...

Decomposition of natural gas or methane using cold arc discharge

A cold arc discharge is used to decompose natural gas or methane into its gaseous constituents and carbon in the form of solid particles. The gaseous constituents obtained are mainly hydrogen and acetylene and they are produced in admixture with unreacted natural gas or methane. The cold arc discharge is generated by a pulsating high voltage discharge imparted through a capacitor to a high voltage electrode or a plurality of high voltage electrodes or through a high voltage electrode to a plurality of capacitor-connected electrodes placed in a reaction zone. The apparatus for performing this process may have a tubular reactor with a cylindrical ground electrode in the middle and a cylindrical outer wall through which the high voltage electrode or electrodes extend into the reaction zone. The apparatus may also have a cylindrical shaft in the middle made of dielectric material in which a plurality of electrodes are embedded, this shaft being surrounded by a high voltage tubular electrode ...

Efficient circuit in pulsed electrical discharge processing

Disclosed are example efficient circuits that produce spark discharges for hydrocarbon conversion (or treatment of other mixtures) using a high-voltage rectified DC supply to discharge a capacitor (either internal or external) across a two-electrode gap, optimized to minimize waste energy by operating in a constant current, approximately-constant current, or constant power mode. The circuits may operate off of a standard electrical supply line (e.g. 120VAC or 240V AC, 60Hz, single-phase or multi-phase). The disclosed approach is scalable to any number of discharge gaps while maintaining similar pulse characteristics and electrical efficiency.

ELECTRODE AND METHOD FOR SUPPLYING CURRENT TO A REACTOR

Method for supplying current to a reactor, wherein one or more electrodes, which are fed through a wall of the reactor, of an electrical energy network which is DC--isolated from ground potential are respectively connected to an electrically conductive element so that an operating voltage is respectively applied to the at least one electrically conductive element and electrical current flows through it, wherein there is respectively a seal made of an electrically insulating material between the wall of the reactor and the electrode, wherein the electrical energy network is monitored for insulation faults and a fall below a particular insulation resistance triggers shutdown of the electrical energy supply, and wherein the switching threshold is determined by taking into account at least one parameter from the group consisting of seal geometry, seal material, supply voltage and the maximum possible electrical energy input into the seal immediately before shutdown, triggered by the maximum ...

Device for manufacturing organic hydride

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PURIFYING SILICON TETRACHLORIDE OR GERMANIUM TETRACHLORIDE CONTAINING HYDROGEN COMPOUNDS

본 발명은 정제하고자 하는 사염화규소 또는 사염화게르마늄을 표적화된 방법으로 저온 플라즈마에 의하여 처리하고, 정제한 사염화규소 또는 사염화게르마늄을 상기 방법으로 처리한 상으로부터 분리하는 것인, 1 이상의 수소 함유 화합물로 오염된 사염화규소 또는 사염화게르마늄의 처리 방법에 관한 것이다. 본 발명은 사염화규소 또는 사염화게르마늄을 위한 스톡 및 기화 유닛(4.1 또는 5.1)을 포함하며, 상기 스톡 및 기화 유닛은 반응기(4.3 또는 5.3)의 투입부와의 연결 라인에 의하여 제어 유닛(4.4 또는 5.4)과 연결되어 있으며, 상기 제어 유닛은 유전체 힌더드 방전을 생성하기 위한 것으로서, 이의 배출부는 1 이상의 추가의 반응기 유닛(5.5)에 의하여 직접적으로 또는 간접적으로 파이프를 경유하여 응축 유닛(4.5 또는 5.11)에 도달하게 되며, 상기 응축 유닛은 하류 수집 용기(4.6 또는 5.12)에 연결되며, 상기 하류 수집 용기는 유통 라인(4.6.2 또는 5.12.1)을 통하여 증류 유닛(4.8 또는 5.13)에 연결되며, 필요할 경우 공급 라인(4.6.1)이 장착되어 유닛 (4.1)에 연결되는, 본 발명의 방법을 실시하기 위한 장치에 관한 것이다. The present invention is contaminated with one or more hydrogen-containing compounds, wherein the silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride to be purified is treated by a low temperature plasma in a targeted method, and the purified silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride is separated from the phase treated by the above method. It relates to a method for treating silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride. The present invention comprises a stock and vaporization unit (4.1 or 5.1) for silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride, which is connected to the control unit (4.4 or 5.4) by means of a connection line with the input of the reactor (4.3 or 5.3). And the control unit is for generating a dielectric hindered discharge, the discharge of which is via the pipe directly or indirectly by means of one or more additional reactor units (5.5). , The condensation unit is connected to a downstream collection vessel (4.6 or 5.12), which is connected to a distillation unit (4.8 or 5.13) via a distribution line (4.6.2 or 5.12.1), It is directed to an apparatus for carrying out the method of the invention, in which a supply line (4.6.1) is fitted and connected to the unit (4.1), if necessary.

ACTIVE SPECIES IRRADIATION DEVICE, ACTIVE SPECIES IRRADIATION METHOD AND METHOD FOR FORMING OBJECT HAVING BEEN IRRADIATED WITH ACTIVE SPECIES

Provided is an active species irradiation device which enables irradiation with an active species such as active oxygen or active nitrogen at a high efficiency with the use of a plasma source that is not in contact with an object to be irradiated. The active species irradiation device (100) according to the present invention comprises: a chamber (110) into which a plasma-forming gas and an active species-forming gas flow, said chamber (110) being provided with an active species irradiation port (110c) through which the active species is irradiated; an upstream electrode (120) located upstream in the plasma-forming gas flow, said upstream electrode (120) being a part of the chamber (110); and a downstream electrode (130) located downstream of the upstream electrode (120) in the plasma-forming gas flow, said downstream electrode (130) being a part of the chamber (110). In the active species irradiation device (100), the chamber (110) is configured so that the active species-forming gas flows ...

Plasma abatement of compounds containing heavy atoms

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, and combinations thereof.

EFFICIENT CIRCUIT IN PULSED ELECTRICAL DISCHARGE PROCESSING

Disclosed are example efficient circuits that produce spark discharges for hydrocarbon conversion (or treatment of other mixtures) using a high-voltage rectified DC supply to discharge a capacitor (either internal or external) across a two-electrode gap, optimized to minimize waste energy by operating in a constant current, approximately-constant current, or constant power mode. The circuits may operate off of a standard electrical supply line (e.g. 120VAC or 240V AC, 60Hz, single-phase or multi-phase). The disclosed approach is scalable to any number of discharge gaps while maintaining similar pulse characteristics and electrical efficiency.

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF CORROSIVE GASES

The invention relates to a device for the thermal treatment of corrosive gases, comprising a chamber for heating gases in which there are at least four heating elements or four groups of heating elements consisting of an electrically conductive material, wherein each heating element or each group of heating elements is connected to a separately regulatable and/or controllable subsystem of an electrical energy network and can thereby be heated by direct current flow, wherein each separately regulatable and/or controllable heating element or each separately regulatable and/or controllable group of heating elements can be controlled or regulated with respect to at least one either identical or different value of a parameter in the group consisting of temperature, heating power, current, voltage, resistance or with respect to another process variable, which can be influenced by the device, of the heating element, and wherein at least four regulatable and/or controllable subsystems are DC--isolated ...

PROCESS USING THERMAL ENERGY SOLAR COUPLEE HAS PLASMAS TO PRODUCE a LIQUID FUEL AND DIHYDROGENE FROM BIOMASS OR OF FOSSIL COAL (PROCESS P-SL AND PS)

A method for gasifying carbon compounds (I) to produce synthesis gas (II) involves: (A) pyrolyzing (I) to give carbon (III) and gas (IV) in a solar-microwave reactor (1), using thermal energy from (i) heating of the reactor wall (1a) by solar radiation and (ii) 1-300 GHz microwaves; and (B) converting (III) and (IV) into (II) by oxidoreductive reactions in a cyclone reactor, with superimposed or nested cyclone units, heated directly by microwaves. A method for gasifying carbon compounds (I) to produce synthesis gas (II) involves: (A) pyrolyzing (I) to give carbon (III) and gas (IV) in a solar-microwave reactor (1), using a synergistic combination of thermal energy from (i) heating of the reactor wall (1a) by solar radiation concentrated, by convergence or reflection, onto the wall surfaces and (ii) 1-300 GHz microwaves directed into the reactor interior and (I); and (B) converting (III) and (IV) into (II) by oxidoreductive reactions in a cyclone reactor, with at least two superimposed or nested cyclone units, in which (i) a gaseous vortex entrains and oxidizes particles of (III) utilizing combustion of (IV) or an additional gas, (ii) heated gas (or gaseous mixture) is injected into the cyclone components and (iii) gas present in the reactor is heated by microwaves directed into the reactor.

ELEMENTS OF DEVICES FOR a PROCESS USING THERMAL ENERGY SOLAR COUPLEE HAS PLASMAS TO PRODUCE a LIQUID FUEL AND DIHYDROGENE FROM BIOMASS OR OF FOSSIL COAL

FUEL GENERATION USING HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRIC FIELDS METHODS

LIQUID MANIPULATION DEVICE

A liquid manipulation device has an enhanced ability to control liquid, in particular, a droplet, and offers improved fabrication efficiency. The liquid manipulation device according to the present invention includes: a substrate 1, 11 including a sheet shape or a film shape to have flexibility; a plurality of electrodes 2 located on a front surface 1b, 11b of the substrate 1, 11; and an insulating layer located over the front surface 1b, 11b of the substrate 1, 11 to cover the electrodes 2. The liquid manipulation device is configured to move liquid L on a front surface 3b of the insulating layer 3 by using an electrostatic force that is generated when voltage is applied to at least one of the electrodes 2. In the liquid manipulation device, the insulating layer 3 includes dimples 4 that are located in correspondence with the electrodes 2 and are curved concave in a concave direction directed from the front surface 3b of the insulating layer 3 toward the back surface 3a of the insulating ...

LIQUID TREATMENT DEVICE, LIQUID TREATMENT METHOD, AND PLASMA TREATMENT LIQUID

The present disclosure provides a liquid treatment device, a liquid treatment method, and a plasma treatment liquid each capable of efficiently generating plasma and treating a liquid in a short time period. A liquid treatment device according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed in a liquid to be treated, an insulator disposed around the first electrode with a space between the first electrode and the insulator, the insulator has an opening portion in a position in contact with the liquid to be treated, a power supply that applies voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a supply device supplying a liquid to the space before the power source applies the voltage. 1. A liquid treatment device comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode disposed in a liquid to be treated;an insulator disposed around the first electrode with a space between the first electrode and the insulator, wherein the insulator has an opening portion in a position in contact with the liquid to be treated;a power source applying voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode so as to generate plasma in the vicinity of the opening portion of the insulator; anda supply device supplying a liquid to the space through a path which is different from the opening portion before the power source applies the voltage.2. The liquid treatment device of claim 1 , whereinthe supply device supplies the liquid to the space to form a state in which the space is filled with the liquid,the power source applies voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode after the space is filled with the liquid to evaporate the liquid in the space so as to generate a gas, and to discharge in the gas when the gas is released from the opening portion of the insulator into the liquid to be treated so as to generate the plasma.3. The liquid treatment device of claim 1 , further comprising a holding block holding the first electrode ...

WABENSTRUKTUR

Leitende Wabenstruktur, enthaltend:einen säulenförmigen Wabenstrukturteil, dereine äußere Umfangsseitenwand; unddurch die säulenförmige Wabenstruktur von einer ersten Stirnfläche zu einer zweiten Stirnfläche verlaufende Trennwände, die eine Vielzahl von einen Durchgangskanal bildenden Waben definieren;ein Paar an einer äußeren Oberfläche der äußeren Umfangsseitenwand angeordneter Elektrodenteile, wobei ein Elektrodenteil des Paares der Elektrodenteile auf einer Seite angeordnet ist, die dem anderen Elektrodenteil quer über eine Mittelachse des Wabenstrukturteils gegenüberliegt; undein Paar an der äußeren Umfangsseitenwand angeordneter Anschlussteile enthält;wobei jeder des Paares der Elektrodenteile jeweils eine erste Elektrodenschicht, eine zweite Elektrodenschicht und eine dritte Elektrodenschicht aufweist;wobei die erste, die zweite und die dritte Elektrodenschicht jeweils in Form eines in Richtung eines Durchflusswegs der Waben verlaufenden Bandes gebildet sind,wobei die erste, die ...

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR GENERATING NITRIC OXIDE IN CONTROLLED AND ACCURATE AMOUNTS

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

Method using solar energy, microwaves and plasmas for producing a liquid fuel and hydrogen from a biomass or fossil coal

The invention relates to a system that uses thermal (heat-generating) solar energy coupled with microwaves and plasma for producing mainly carbon monoxide (CO) and dihydrogen (H2) from carbonated compounds (biomass, domestic waste, sludge from waste water, fossil coal), wherein the obtained gaseous mixture yields, amongst others, hydrocarbon fuels (olefins, paraffin), esters, and alcohols via a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The invention comprises in a first step the roasting and pyrolysis of the carbonated compounds in order to produce char and dry coal on the one hand, and a mixture of superheated gases mainly containing CO2, steam, tars and non-condensable volatile materials; the method comprises in a second step, and from the pyrolyis products (char or coal, gas mixture), generating a syngas substantially containing a mixture of carbon monoxide and dihydrogen, said mixture being used in Fischer-Tropsch synthesis units. After the Fischer-Tropsch step, the synthesis products are separated ...

For making polycrystalline silicon device

METHOD FOR UPGRADING AND/OR RECYCLING OF A BITUMINOUS PRODUCT

L'invention concerne un procédé (100) de valorisation et/ ou recyclage d'un produit bitumineux par puissance pulsée, le produit bitumineux comprenant du bitume et des éléments à séparer, dans lequel : - on alimente (101) un réacteur (11) à l'intérieur duquel s'étendent au moins deux électrodes (13) avec le produit bitumineux et un milieu liquide dont au moins un composant liquide présente des paramètres de solubilité de Hansen δh, δp et δd tels que le bitume présente au moins une solubilité partielle dans le milieu liquide, les éléments à séparer étant insolubles, - on génère (102) une succession d'impulsions électromagnétiques entre les électrodes (13) dans le réacteur (11) de sorte à produire, du fait de la puissance, de la fréquence et du temps de commutation des impulsions électromagnétiques, au moins une onde de choc et au moins un rayonnement ultraviolet, de sorte à disperser et à dissoudre le bitume dans le milieu liquide, et à séparer le bitume et les éléments insolubles, le milieu ...

ELECTRODE AND A METHOD FOR SUPPLYING A CURRENT TO A REACTOR TO PREVENT SEAL DAMAGE

PURPOSE: An electrode and a method for supplying a current to a reactor are provided to reduce thermal loads on electrode seals by electrically and mechanically reducing the thickness of seal walls. CONSTITUTION: A method for supplying a current to a reactor is as follows: One or more electrodes(13) are fed through a wall of the reactor and connected to electrically conductive devices so that an operating voltage is supplied to each electrically conductive device and a current flows through the electrically conductive devices. A seal(6) composed of electrically insulating materials is located between the reactor wall and the electrodes. An electric energy network is monitored for insulation failures. A shutdown-switching threshold of an electric energy supply unit is determined before shutdown of the electric energy supply unit caused by a leaking current when an insulation resistance is reduced. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2013 ...

중원자들을 함유하는 화합물들의 플라즈마 저감

... 프로세싱 챔버로부터의, 화합물들을 함유하는 유출물을 저감하기 위한 플라즈마 저감 프로세스가 설명된다. 플라즈마 저감 프로세스는 프로세싱 챔버, 예컨대, 증착 챔버로부터 기체성(gaseous) 포어라인 유출물을 취하고(take), 포어라인 경로에 위치된 플라즈마 챔버 내에서 유출물들에 반응을 일으킨다. 플라즈마는 유출물 내의 화합물들을 해리하여, 유출물을 더 온화한 화합물들로 변환한다. 저감 시약들은 화합물들의 저감을 도울 수 있다. 저감 프로세스는 휘발 또는 응축 저감 프로세스일 수 있다. 대표적인 휘발 저감 시약들은, 예컨대, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, 및 HBr 을 포함한다. 대표적인 응축 저감 시약들은, 예컨대, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, 및 이들의 조합들을 포함한다.

PLASMA PROCESSING DEVICE

Plasma abatement of compounds containing heavy atoms

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH4, H2O, H2, NF3, SF6, F2, HCl, HF, Cl2, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H2, H2O, O2, N2, O3, CO, CO2, NH3, N2O, CH4, and combinations thereof.

APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING POLYSILICON

An apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor is provided. The apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon includes: a reaction chamber including a substrate and a reactor cover; at least a pair of electrodes installed through the substrate by an insulating member and connected with a power supply; at least a pair of filaments which are coupled with the pair of electrodes by an electrode chuck and of which upper ends are connected to each other; and a cover assembly including an electrode cover surrounding an upper surface and a side of each of the pair of electrodes on the substrate and a cover shield covering the upper surface of the electrode cover.

Method for production of sugars from biomass

Method and apparatus for plasma processing

PROCESS USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS TO PRODUCE A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS OR COAL

Cette invention consiste en un système permettant d'utiliser l'énergie thermique (calorifique) d'origine solaire couplée à des micro-ondes et des plasmas pour produire principalement du monoxyde de carbone (CO), du dihydrogène H2 à partir de composés carbonés (biomasse, ordures ménagères, boues provenant des eaux usées, charbon fossile), le mélange gazeux obtenu permet entre autres de produire des carburants de types hydrocarbures (oléfines paraffines), esters, alcools par une synthèse Fischer-Tropsch. L'invention permet dans une première étape la torréfaction et la pyrolyse de composés carbonés, afin de produire d'une part, du char ou du charbon sec et un mélange de gaz surchauffés contenant principalement du CO2, de la vapeur eau, des goudrons et des matières volatiles incondensables; dans une deuxième étape, à partir des produits de la pyrolyse (char ou charbon, mélange de gaz), le procédé permet de produire un syngaz,composé principalement d'un mélange de monoxyde de carbone et de dihydrogène ...

Carbon nanotube and method for producing same

There is provided a high-purity carbon nanotube, which can be produced with simple purification by causing graphite to be hardly contained in crude soot obtained immediately after being synthesized by arc-discharge, and a method for producing the same. Soot containing carbon nanotubes produced by arc-discharge using an anode which contains amorphous carbon as a main component is heated at a temperature of not lower than 350° C. to be burned and oxidized, immersed in an acid, heated at a temperature, which is not lower than the heating temperature in the previous burning and oxidation and which is not lower than 500° C., to be burned and oxidized, and immersed in an acid again.

Combination dielectric barrier discharge reactor

A combination dielectric barrier discharge reactor includes a rectangular or cylindrical electrically insulative housing and a plurality of reactor units arranged in a parallel or series manner in the housing in a rectangular or circular array. Each reactor unit includes a hollow cylindrical electrode and a rod electrode extending along the longitudinal axis of the hollow cylindrical electrode and a DC working voltage 6 kv-500 kv applied to each reactor unit between the respective hollow cylindrical electrode and the respective rod electrode. The combination dielectric barrier discharge reactor is a modularized structure constructed subject to actual requirements, practical for decomposing waste lubricating oil, insulation oil, milling oil and smokes discharged from a kitchen, smoking room, motor vehicle or machine.

ACTIVE SPECIES RADIATION DEVICE AND ACTIVE SPECIES RADIATION METHOD

An active species radiation device is for efficiently radiating active species (active oxygen or nitrogen) by using a plasma source not in contact with an irradiated object. An active species radiation device () includes: a chamber () in which flows of plasma generation gas and active species generation gas enter and which has an active species radiation port () through which active species are radiated; an upstream electrode () positioned in a part of the chamber () corresponding to an upstream portion of the flow of the plasma generation gas; and a downstream electrode () positioned in a part of the chamber () corresponding to a more downstream portion of the flow of the plasma generation gas than the upstream electrode (). The chamber () is configured so that the active species generation gas flows into a position between the upstream electrode () and the active species radiation port (). 115-. (canceled)16. An active species radiation device comprising:a chamber in which flows of plasma generation gas and active species generation gas enter and which has an active species radiation port through which active species are radiated;an upstream electrode that is positioned in a part of the chamber corresponding to an upstream portion of the flow of the plasma generation gas; anda downstream electrode that is positioned in a part of the chamber corresponding to a more downstream portion of the flow of the plasma generation gas than where the upstream electrode is positioned, the downstream electrode being configured to cause plasma to be generated from the plasma generation gas in a position between the upstream electrode and the downstream electrode, wherein a first pipe part in which the upstream electrode is positioned and having an inflow port for the plasma generation gas;', 'a second pipe part having an inflow port for the active species generation gas; and', 'a third pipe part in which the downstream electrode is positioned and having the active species ...

Reactor for the Conversion of Carbon Dioxide

The present invention concerns a reactor for the conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol comprising a support made from an electrically and thermally conductive material, forming the wall or walls of at least one longitudinal channel that passes through the support and also acting as the cathode of the reactor, at least one wire electrode forming an anode of the reactor, and extending within each longitudinal channel, and being arranged at a distance from the wall or walls of the longitudinal channel, each wire electrode optionally being covered with an electrically insulating layer along the part of the wire electrode extending within the longitudinal channel, a catalyst capable of catalysing a conversion reaction for the conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol, the catalyst being situated between the wire electrode and the wall or walls of each longitudinal channel. 11. A reactor () for conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol , comprising:{'b': 2', '2', '3', '2', '1, 'a support () made of electrically and thermally conductive material, said support () forming the wall or walls of at least one longitudinal channel () which passes through the support () and also acts as cathode of the reactor ()'}{'b': 4', '1', '4', '3', '3', '3', '4', '5', '4', '3, 'at least one wire electrode () forming an anode of the reactor (), each wire electrode () extending within each longitudinal channel (), along said longitudinal channel (), and being arranged at a distance from the wall or walls of said longitudinal channel (), each wire electrode () being optionally covered by an electrically insulating layer () along the part of the wire electrode () extending within said longitudinal channel (),'}{'b': 6', '6', '4', '3, 'a catalyst () adapted to catalyse a conversion reaction of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol, the catalyst () being ...

PLASMA ABATEMENT OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HEAVY ATOMS

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH, HO, H, NF, SF, F, HCl, HF, Cl, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H, HO, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof. 1. An apparatus for abating effluent from a processing chamber , comprising: a first plate having an outer edge and an inner edge;', 'a second plate parallel to the first plate, wherein the second plate has an outer edge and an inner edge;', 'an outer wall disposed between the outer edges of the first and second plates;', 'an electrode disposed between the inner edges of the first and second plates;', 'a first plurality of magnets disposed on the first plate; and', 'a second plurality of magnets disposed on the second plate; and, 'a plasma source coupled to a foreline of a deposition chamber, the plasma source comprising{'sub': 3', '4', '4', '3', '4', '6', '8', '4', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2', '3', '2', '4, 'a reagent source positioned upstream of the plasma source, wherein the reagent source is coupled with the plasma source, and wherein the reagent source is configured to deliver an abating reagent to the plasma source, the abating reagent selected from the group comprising BCl, CCl, SiCl, NF, SF, SF, SF, a reducing compound, a halogenated etching compound, CH, H, F, HCl, HF, Cl, HBr, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof.'}2. An apparatus for abating effluent from a ...

LIQUID PLASMA DISCHARGE DEVICE AND METHOD FOR BIODIESEL SYNTHESIS USING SAME

A process comprises feeding a stream of reactant compounds to a reactor and discharging a liquid plasma into the reactant stream in the reactor, wherein the plasma initiates or accelerates a reaction of the reactant compounds to form a product composition. The reactor can comprise one or more chambers, a high-voltage electrode positioned at a first portion of the one or more chambers, a ground electrode positioned at a second portion of the one or more chambers, and a dielectric plate between the ground electrode and the high-voltage electrode that comprises openings through which the reactant stream can pass from the first portion to the second portion or from the second portion to the first portion. Discharging the plasma can include supplying electrical power to the high-voltage electrode such that plasma is discharged where the reactant stream flows through the openings. 1. A plasma reactor for the generation of a stable plasma discharge , the plasma reactor comprising:a housing defining one or more interior chambers;a high-voltage electrode positioned at least partially in or proximate to a first portion of the one or more chambers;a first ground electrode positioned at least partially in or proximate to a second portion of the one or more chambers, wherein the second portion is located on a first side of the high-voltage electrode;a first dielectric plate between the first ground electrode and the high-voltage electrode, the first dielectric plate comprising one or more first openings through which a reaction stream can pass from the first portion to the second portion or from the second portion to the first portion;a feed inlet for feeding the reaction am into the one or more chambers; anda product outlet for withdrawing e reaction stream from the one or more chambers.2. A plasma reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the first portion is at a middle position in the one or more chambers and the second port s at a first outer position in the one or more ...

GAS-TO-GAS REACTOR AND METHOD OF USING

A device and a process to propagate molecular growth of hydrocarbons, either straight or branched chain structures, that naturally occur in the gas phase of a first gas to gas phase molecules of a second gas having higher molecular chain lengths than the hydrocarbons of the first gas. According to one embodiment, the device includes a grounded reactor vessel having a gas inlet, a product outlet, and an electrode within the vessel; a power supply coupled to the electrode for creating an electrostatic field within the vessel for converting the first gas to a second gas. 1. A method for synthesizing a hydrocarbon , comprising:providing a first gas phase hydrocarbon; andsubjecting the first gas phase hydrocarbon to a plasma created by an electrostatic field, whereby a second gas phase hydrocarbon is obtained, wherein the second gas phase hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of ethane, propane, butane, pentane, hexane, ethylene, acetylene, propene, propyne, allene, isobutene, 2-butene, 2-methyl-butane, 2,2-dimethyl-butane, 2,3-dimethyl-butane, and 3-methyl-pentane.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrostatic field is an oscillating field.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the field oscillates at a frequency from 60 to 1000 Hz.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the field oscillates at a frequency from 300 to 600 Hz.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrostatic field is from 1000 to 100 claim 1 ,000 volts.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrostatic field is from 10 claim 1 ,000 to 50 claim 1 ,000 volts.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein subjecting to a plasma is conducted at ambient temperature.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein subjecting to a plasma is conducted at a pressure of from atmospheric pressure to 100 PSIG.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein subjecting to a plasma is conducted at atmospheric pressure.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first gas phase hydrocarbon is selected from the group consisting of methane claim 1 , ...

METAL ION DETECTION EQUIPMENT AND METAL ION DETECTION METHOD

A metal ion detection equipment and a metal ion detection method are provided. The metal ion detection equipment includes a porous silicon resonant cavity structure, an electrochemical device and a spectrum detecting device. A sample solution permeates into the porous silicon resonant cavity structure. A to-be-detected metal ion of the sample solution in the porous silicon resonant cavity structure is reduced into a to-be-detected metal by the electrochemical device. The spectrum detecting device detects a spectral variation of a reflective light from the porous silicon resonant cavity structure. 1. A metal ion detection equipment , comprising:a porous silicon resonant cavity structure, wherein a sample solution permeates into the porous silicon resonant cavity structure;an electrochemical device, reducing a to-be-detected metal ion of the sample solution in the porous silicon resonant cavity structure into a to-be-detected metal; anda spectrum detecting device, detecting a spectral variation of a reflective light from the porous silicon resonant cavity structure.2. The metal ion detection equipment according to claim 1 , wherein the porous silicon resonant cavity structure comprises a first bragg reflector claim 1 , a second bragg reflector claim 1 , and a defect layer located between the first bragg reflector and the second bragg reflector claim 1 , wherein the first bragg reflector and the second bragg reflector both comprise a plurality of low refractive index layers and a plurality of high refractive index layers claim 1 , and the low refractive index layer and the high refractive index layer are arranged alternately.3. The metal ion detection equipment according to claim 2 , wherein a thickness of the low refractive index layer is 100 nm to 200 nm.4. The metal ion detection equipment according to claim 2 , wherein a thickness of the high refractive index layer is 50 nm to 100 nm.5. The metal ion detection equipment according to claim 2 , wherein a ratio of a ...

DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANIC HYDRIDE

A device for producing an organic hydride of an aspect of the present invention has an electrochemical cell provided with an anode on a surface of an electrolyte membrane and a cathode including a cathode catalyst layer and a cathode diffusion layer on another surface of the electrolyte membrane . A gap is provided between the anode and the electrolyte membrane . The anode has a network structure with an aperture ratio of 30 to 70%, and has an electrical supply supporting material formed of an electronic conductor and the electrode catalyst held by the electrical supply supporting material. 1. A device for producing an organic hydride comprising:a solid polymer electrolyte membrane having proton conductivity;a cathode that is provided on a surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and contains an electrolytic-hydrogenation catalyst for reducing a substance to be hydrogenated to produce a hydride;a cathode chamber that accommodates the cathode and into which the substance to be hydrogenated is supplied;an anode that is provided on another surface of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane and contains an electrode catalyst for oxidizing water to produce protons; andan anode chamber that accommodates the anode and into which an electrolytic solution is supplied, whereina gap is formed between the anode and the electrolyte membrane.2. The device for producing an organic hydride according to claim 1 , wherein the anode has a network structure with an aperture ratio of 30 to 70% claim 1 , and has an electrical supply supporting material formed of an electronic conductor and the electrode catalyst held by the electrical supply supporting material.3. The device for producing an organic hydride according to claim 1 , wherein the anode has a rhombic aperture shape with a distance between centers in a short direction of 0.1 to 4 mm and a distance between centers in a long direction of 0.1 to 6 mm.4. The device for producing an organic hydride according to claim 1 , ...

NON-THERMAL PLASMA GATE DEVICE

A plasma gate device comprises a housing, a gas inlet, first and second dielectrics, and first, second, and third electrodes. The housing includes an internal reactor chamber. The gas inlet receives a source gas that flows to the reactor chamber. The first and second dielectrics are spaced apart from one another, with each dielectric including an upper surface and a lower surface. The two dielectrics are oriented such that the lower surface of the first dielectric faces the upper surface of the second dielectric. The first and second dielectrics form boundaries of the reactor chamber. The first electrode receives a first electric voltage. The second electrode receives a second electric voltage. The first and second electric voltages in combination generate an electric field in the reactor chamber through which the source gas flows creating a positive ion plasma and a cloud of electrons. The third electrode attracts the electrons. 1. A plasma gate device comprising:a housing including an internal reactor chamber;a gas inlet configured to receive a source gas that flows to the reactor chamber;a first dielectric and a second dielectric spaced apart from one another, each dielectric including an upper surface and a lower surface, the two dielectrics oriented such that the lower surface of the first dielectric faces the upper surface of the second dielectric, wherein the first dielectric forms an upper boundary of the reactor chamber and the second dielectric forms a lower boundary of the reactor chamber;a first electrode in contact with the upper surface of the first dielectric and a second electrode in contact with the lower surface of the second dielectric, the first electrode configured to receive a first electric voltage, the second electrode configured to receive a second electric voltage, the first and second electric voltages in combination generating an electric field in the reactor chamber through which the source gas flows creating a plasma; anda third ...

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse. 1. (canceled)2. A nitric oxide generation system , comprising:a plasma chamber including two electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of a reactant gas through the plasma chamber;a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide generated in the product gas by the two electrodes in the plasma chamber using one or more parameters as input to a control algorithm, at least one of the one or more parameters being related to the flow rate of the reactant gas into the plasma chamber;in input for connection to an external a pressurized reactant gas source to provide reactant gas to the plasma chamber;a control valve positioned between the reactant gas source and the plasma chamber and configured to provide a flow of the reactant gas from the reactant gas source based on a measurement associated with a medical gas into which the product gas flows; and{'sub': '2', 'a filter configured to remove NOfrom the product gas generated by the plasma chamber,'}wherein the concentration of NO in the combined product gas and medical gas is a target value.3. The nitric oxide generation system of claim 2 , wherein the measurement associated with the medical gas is the flow rate of the medical gas such that the air flow of the reactant gas through the plasma chamber is proportional to the flow rate of the medical gas.4. A nitric oxide generation system claim 2 , comprising:a plasma chamber including two electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide using a flow of a reactant gas through the plasma chamber;a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide generated in the ...

Device, system, and method for the treatment of liquid waste waters

A device, a system, and a method for the treatment of liquid effluents by means of electric discharges is provided. The electric discharge that is set up in the treatment device following upon application of voltage pulses has characteristics in terms of amplitude and duration of the pulses such as not to incur in phenomena of dissipation of energy but rather as to emit ultraviolet radiation for further treatment of the effluent.

SYSTEM FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL PROCESSING

A method and apparatus for making carbon black. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region containing at least one, magnetically isolated, plasma torch containing at least one electrode, and forming a plasma. Collecting the plasma formed in a cooled header and flowing the plasma through at least one reaction region to heat the reaction region, and injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the reaction region, resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black. An apparatus for making carbon black is also described including a plasma forming section containing at least one, magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode, in fluid flow communication with at least one carbon black forming reactor section, the plasma section and reactor section separated by a plasma formed collection header. 1. A method of making carbon black comprising , flowing a plasma gas into a plasma forming region containing at least one magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode , and forming a plasma , collecting the plasma formed in a cooled collection header , flowing the plasma formed through at least one reaction region to mix with and heat reactants in the reaction region , injecting carbon black forming feedstock reactants into the reaction region , resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black.2. The method of claim 1 , including multiple electrodes.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrodes are graphite electrodes.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrodes are comprised of copper claim 2 , tungsten claim 2 , aluminum claim 2 , steel or alloys thereof.5. The method of wherein the electrodes possess a sintered metal or metal oxide coating.6. The method of claim 1 , including multiple plasma torches.7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the plasma gas contains hydrogen.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one plasma torch is vertically or substantially vertically oriented.9. The ...

FRIABLE-RESISTANT DIELECTRIC PORCELAIN

The present invention relates to a composition for forming a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material. The present invention also relates to a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material formed from the composition of the present invention, a method of making a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material, a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material formed by the method of the present invention, a dielectric porcelain material comprising a particular composition, and a system for producing ozone using the dielectric porcelain material of to the present invention. 1. A method of making a friable-resistant dielectric porcelain material , said method comprising: (A)', 'feldspar at about 21% to about 27% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the feldspar has a particle size less than about 72 microns and the feldspar has a potash to soda ratio of at least 10 to 1;', 'calcined alumina at about 32% to about 38% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the calcined alumina has a particle size less than about 44 microns; and', 'clay at about 37% to about 43% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the clay has a particle size less than about 22 microns;', '(B)', 'feldspar at about 28% to about 34% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the feldspar has a particle size less than about 72 microns and the feldspar has a potash to soda ratio of at least about 10 to 1;', 'crystalline silica at about 22% to about 28% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the crystalline silica has a particle size less than about 44 microns; and', 'clay at about 41% to about 47% by weight, wherein at least 99.9% of the clay has a particle size less than about 22 microns;, 'providing an aqueous composition comprising water and either (A) or (B) as followsprocessing the aqueous composition to form a homogenous mixture;forming the homogenous mixture into a shaped article; andfiring the shaped article in a kiln at a temperature of about 2012° F. (1100° C.) to about 2462° F. (1350° C.) to form ...

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse. 18-. (canceled)9. An apparatus for generating nitric oxide comprising:(i) a reaction chamber;(ii) an inlet to provide a flow of reactant gas comprising nitrogen and oxygen to the reaction chamber;(iii) a pair of electrodes located in the reaction chamber and separated by a gap;(iv) a flow meter for measuring a gas flow from an external regulated source to determine the flow of the reactant gas through the reaction chamber;(v) an electronic control circuit in communication with the flow meter and the electrodes to generate an electric arc discharge across the gap, wherein the electronic control circuit is configured to control a pulse frequency of the electric arc discharge and a pulse duration of the electric arc discharge independent of the frequency; and wherein the electric arc discharge across the gap determines a concentration of nitric oxide generated in the reactant gas to produce a product gas comprising nitric oxide; and(vi) an outlet for the product gas comprising nitric oxide.10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the electronic control circuit is configured to provide a constant current during the electric discharge.11. The apparatus of claim 9 , further comprising a gas pump.12. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the flow meter is positioned between the inlet and the reaction chamber.13. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the flow meter is configured to provide the flow of the reactant gas based on a measurement associated with a medical gas into which the product gas flows.14. The apparatus of claim 13 , wherein the measurement associated with the medical gas is a flow rate of the medical gas such that the flow of the reactant gas ...

SYSTEM FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE CHEMICAL PROCESSING

A method and apparatus for making carbon black. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region containing at least one, magnetically isolated, plasma torch containing at least one electrode, and forming a plasma. Collecting the plasma formed in a cooled header and flowing the plasma through at least one reaction region to heat the reaction region, and injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the reaction region, resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black. An apparatus for making carbon black is also described including a plasma forming section containing at least one, magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode, in fluid flow communication with at least one carbon black forming reactor section, the plasma section and reactor section separated by a plasma formed collection header. 1. A method of making carbon black comprising , flowing a plasma gas into a plasma forming region containing at least one magnetically isolated plasma torch containing at least one electrode , and forming a plasma , collecting the plasma formed in a cooled collection header , flowing the plasma formed through at least one reaction region to mix with and heat reactants in the reaction region , injecting carbon black forming feedstock reactants into the reaction region , resulting in the formation of at least one grade of carbon black.2. The method of claim 1 , including multiple electrodes.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrodes are graphite electrodes.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electrodes are comprised of copper claim 2 , tungsten claim 2 , aluminum claim 2 , steel or alloys thereof.5. The method of wherein the electrodes possess a sintered metal or metal oxide coating.6. The method of claim 1 , including multiple plasma torches.7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the plasma gas contains hydrogen.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one plasma torch is vertically or substantially vertically oriented.9. The ...

PLASMA GAS THROAT ASSEMBLY AND METHOD

A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled. 1. A method of making carbon black comprising , flowing a plasma gas into a plasma forming region and forming a plasma , flowing the plasma through a throat region which is connected to a carbon black forming region and which is narrower than the plasma forming region causing the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent within the throat region absent turbulence caused in the plasma forming region , injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the throat region , resulting in the formation in the carbon black forming region of a carbon black with increased surface area , reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the throat and/or carbon black forming feedstock injecting region is cooled in the area of the carbon black forming feedstock injection.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the region is cooled by water cooling.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the region is cooled by preheating the gas fed to the plasma chamber.5. The method of wherein the throat region has a center section and the carbon black forming feedstock is injected radially inwards towards the center section.6. The method of wherein the throat region has a center section and the carbon black forming ...

METHODS FOR GENERATING HYDROGEN GAS USING PLASMA SOURCES

Methods of making a fuel fluid are disclosed. A first working fluid and a second working fluid may be provided. The first working fluid may be exposed to a first high voltage electric field to produce a first fluid plasma, and the second working fluid may be exposed to a second high voltage electric field to produce a second fluid plasma. The first fluid plasma and the second fluid plasma may be contacted to form a fluid plasma mixture, which is transported to a heat exchange device. The fluid plasma mixture may be cooled to form a fuel fluid; and the fuel fluid may be collected. 1. A method of making a fuel fluid , the method comprising:providing a first working fluid;exposing the first working fluid to a first high voltage electric field to produce a first fluid plasma;providing a second working fluid;exposing the second working fluid to a second high voltage electric field to produce a second fluid plasma;contacting the second fluid plasma with the first fluid plasma to form a fluid plasma mixture;transporting the fluid plasma mixture to a heat exchange device;cooling the fluid plasma mixture using the heat exchange device to form a fuel fluid; andcollecting the fuel fluid.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first working fluid is oxygen gas.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second working fluid is water vapor.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the first working fluid to a first high voltage electric field comprises:providing an anode surface;providing a cathode surface at a distance from the anode surface to create a gap between the anode surface and the cathode surface;providing a high voltage electric potential between the anode surface and the cathode surface; andcausing the first working fluid to traverse the gap.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the high voltage electric potential is about 5 kV/cm times the distance in centimeters to about 60 kV/cm times the distance in centimeters.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the first high voltage ...

PLASMA ABATEMENT OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HEAVY ATOMS

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH, HO, H, NF, SF, F, HCl, HF, Cl, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H, HO, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof. 1. An apparatus for abating effluent from a processing chamber , comprising: a first plate having an outer edge and an inner edge;', 'a second plate parallel to the first plate, wherein the second plate has an outer edge and an inner edge;', 'an outer wall disposed between the outer edges of the first and second plates;', 'an electrode disposed between the inner edges of the first and second plates;', 'a first plurality of magnets disposed on the first plate; and', 'a second plurality of magnets disposed on the second plate; and, 'a plasma source coupled to a foreline of a deposition chamber, the plasma source comprising{'sub': 3', '4', '4', '3', '4', '6', '8', '4', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2', '3', '2', '4, 'a reagent source positioned upstream of the plasma source, wherein the reagent source is coupled with the plasma source, and wherein the reagent source is configured to deliver an abating reagent to the plasma source, the abating reagent selected from the group comprising BCl, CCl, SiCl, NF, SF, SF, SF, a reducing compound, a halogenated etching compound, CH, H, F, HCl, HF, Cl, HBr, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof.'}2. An apparatus for abating effluent from a ...

HYDROGEN GENERATING APPARATUS AND FUEL CELL SYSTEM PROVIDED WITH HYDROGEN GENERATING APPARATUS

To provide a hydrogen generating apparatus that efficiently generates hydrogen from ammonia, and a fuel cell system that generates power using the efficiently generated hydrogen. [Solution] A hydrogen generating apparatus () is provided with a plasma reactor (), a high-voltage electrode (), a grounding electrode (), and a gas supply means () that supplies a gas containing ammonia to the plasma reactor. The high-voltage electrode () is configured with a hydrogen separation membrane () included therein. Under the conditions of room temperature and atmospheric pressure, the hydrogen separation membrane () of the high-voltage electrode () discharges electricity between the grounding electrode () and the hydrogen separation membrane with power supplied from a high-voltage pulse power supply (), and hydrogen is generated by bringing into the plasma state the ammonia contained in the gas thus supplied. 1. A hydrogen generating apparatus for generating hydrogen from ammonia , comprising:a plasma reactor;a high-voltage electrode located on an inner side of the plasma reactor and connected to a high-voltage pulse power supply;a grounding electrode located at a position on an outer side of the plasma reactor in a manner that faces the high-voltage electrode; anda gas supply unit for supplying an ammonia-containing gas to the plasma reactor,wherein the high-voltage electrode includes a hydrogen separation membrane, and the hydrogen separation membrane discharges electricity between the hydrogen separation membrane and the grounding electrode with power supplied from the high-voltage pulse power supply, inducing the ammonia contained in the gas to transform into plasma to generate hydrogen.2. The hydrogen generating apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the plasma reactor has a cylindrical shape claim 1 ,the high-voltage electrode includes a cylindrical hydrogen separation membrane located concentrically in the plasma reactor,a discharge space is formed between the plasma ...

DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE PLASMA REACTOR COMPRISING MACROPOROUS SILICA AS DIELECTRIC MATERIAL

The present invention relates to a dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor for the preparation of C hydrocarbons from methane, wherein the DBD plasma reactor comprises macroporous silica, as a dielectric material, and optionally a photocatalyst that is impregnated into the pores of the macroporous silica. 1. A dielectric barrier discharge (DBD) plasma reactor for preparing C hydrocarbons from methane , comprising:a dielectric tube;macroporous silica, which is filled into the whole or a part of the dielectric tube;a ground electrode, which encompasses the whole or a part of a region of the dielectric tube into which the macroporous silica is filled; anda powered electrode, which is spaced apart from the inner wall of the dielectric tube at a predetermined interval in parallel, and is inserted so as to penetrate the whole or a part of the macroporous silica layer that is filled into the dielectric tube.2. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein the dielectric tube is made of alumina.3. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein a gas inlet for impregnating methane is connected to one side of the dielectric tube and a gas outlet is connected to the other side of the dielectric tube claim 1 , with respect to the region filled with the macroporous silica.4. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 3 , wherein the methane as a reactant is impregnated as a mixture with an inert gas at a ratio of 1:9 to 7:3.5. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein a non-oxidative coupling reaction of methane is performed at room temperature and ambient pressure.6. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein the macroporous silica has pores with an average size of 1 μm to 10 μm.7. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein the paraffin content in the C hydrocarbon product is increased.8. The DBD plasma reactor of claim 1 , wherein the macroporous silica is in the form of a non-pelletized particle with an average diameter of 100 μm to 1 claim 1 ,000 μm.9. The DBD plasma reactor ...

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse. 18-. (canceled)9. A method for generating nitric oxide comprising: (a) a reaction chamber;', '(b) an inlet to provide the flow of the reactant gas comprising nitrogen and oxygen to the reaction chamber', '(c) a pair of electrodes in the reaction chamber and separated by a gap;', '(d) an electronic control circuit in communication with the electrodes to generate an electric arc discharge across the gap, wherein the electronic control circuit is configured to control a pulse frequency of the electric arc discharge and a pulse duration of the electric arc discharge independent of the frequency;', '(e) an outlet for a product gas comprising nitric oxide;, '(i) providing a flow of a reactant gas comprising nitrogen and oxygen to an apparatus comprising(ii) promoting the electric arc discharge across the electrodes through the gas flow while controlling the pulse frequency of the electric arc discharge and the pulse duration of the electric arc discharge to produce the product gas comprising nitric oxide; and(iii) outputting the product gas comprising nitric oxide.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the electronic control circuit is configured to provide a constant current during the electric discharge.11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the product gas comprising nitric oxide is generated using a flow of the reactant gas through the reaction chamber.12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the apparatus further comprises a flow device to provide the flow of the reactant gas through the reaction chamber.13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the flow device is selected from the group consisting of: a flow sensor for measuring the gas flow from an external ...

Method of manufacturing dispersion liquid and manufacturing apparatus of dispersion liquid

A method of manufacturing a dispersion liquid includes preparing a mixed liquid which contains a first solvent, a second solvent having solubility which is equal to or less than 1% with respect to the first solvent, and a compound having a polymerizable functional group; and microcapsulating and dispersing the first solvent or the second solvent by performing liquid plasma treatment on the mixed liquid while applying ultrasonic waves to the mixed liquid by using an ultrasonic wave generating apparatus.

PLASMA ABATEMENT OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HEAVY ATOMS

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH, HO, H, NF, SF, F, HCl, HF, Cl, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H, HO, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof. 1. A method of abating effluent from a processing chamber , the method comprising:flowing an effluent from a processing chamber into a plasma source, wherein the effluent comprises at least one material to be abated;flowing an abating reagent into the plasma source; andreacting the material in the effluent with the abating reagent in the presence of a plasma formed in the plasma source to convert the material in the effluent to a different material.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the material to be abated in the effluent comprises a heavy atom at least as heavy as an aluminum atom.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising performing a deposition process or an etch process in the processing chamber.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the abating reagent comprises a volatilizing abating reagent.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the material to be abated in the effluent comprises at least one of aluminum claim 4 , silicon claim 4 , tungsten claim 4 , or titanium.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the volatilizing abating reagent comprises at least one of H claim 4 , HO claim 4 , ammonia claim 4 , or methane.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the effluent is substantially free of ...

Apparatus and Method for Generating Nitric Oxide in Controlled and Accurate Amounts

A nitric oxide generator generates nitric oxide from a mixture of nitrogen and oxygen such as air treated by a pulsating electrical discharge. The desired concentration of nitric oxide is obtained by controlling at least one of a frequency of the pulsating electrical discharge and duration of each electrical discharge pulse.

System and Method for Enhanced Chemical Reaction, Dissociation, and Separation by Electrostatic/Microwave and/or Radio Frequency Controlled Resonant Electron Interaction

A system and method for increase chemical reaction rates and/or lower reaction temperatures. The system relates to a chemical reactor including non-electrically conducting support and an electron source in communication with the support. The reactor further includes an electromagnetic source in communication with at least the electron source and the non-electrically conducting support. 1. A chemical reactor comprising;an electrode-support assembly; andan electromagnetic source in communication with at least the electrode support assembly.2. The chemical reactor of wherein the electrode-support assembly comprises a non-electrically conducting support.3. The chemical reactor of wherein the electrode-support assembly comprises at least one cathode and at least one anode coupled to an external circuit permitting electrons to flow between them claim 1 , completing a circuit.4. The chemical reactor of wherein the cathode and anode are spaced claim 3 , one from another enabling gas flow there between.5. The chemical reactor of wherein the electromagnetic source is selected from a group consisting of a microwave source and an rf source.6. The chemical reactor of wherein the electromagnetic source is positioned to interact with a cathode electrode-support assembly and an anode electrode-support assembly opposing the cathode and electromagnetic source claim 3 , allowing for gas flow there between.7. The chemical reactor of wherein the non-electrically conducting support is non-conductive on the order of 1E-09 Sim at 25° C.8. The chemical reactor of wherein the non-electrically conducting support is selected from the group consisting of ionically and non-ionically conducting material.9. The chemical reactor of wherein the non-electrically conducting support is selected from the group comprising Lanthanum claim 8 , Barium Strontium Titanate claim 8 , Aluminate claim 8 , Yttrium Stabilized Zirconia claim 8 , Strontium Titanate claim 8 , and Lanthanum Aluminate.10. The chemical ...

PLASMA ABATEMENT OF COMPOUNDS CONTAINING HEAVY ATOMS

A plasma abatement process for abating effluent containing compounds from a processing chamber is described. A plasma abatement process takes gaseous foreline effluent from a processing chamber, such as a deposition chamber, and reacts the effluent within a plasma chamber placed in the foreline path. The plasma dissociates the compounds within the effluent, converting the effluent into more benign compounds. Abating reagents may assist in the abating of the compounds. The abatement process may be a volatizing or a condensing abatement process. Representative volatilizing abating reagents include, for example, CH, HO, H, NF, SF, F, HCl, HF, Cl, and HBr. Representative condensing abating reagents include, for example, H, HO, O, N, O, CO, CO, NH, NO, CH, and combinations thereof. 1. An apparatus for abating effluent from a processing chamber , comprising:a plasma source coupled to a foreline of the processing chamber; anda reagent source positioned upstream of the plasma source and downstream of the processing chamber, wherein the reagent source is coupled with the plasma source, and wherein the reagent source is configured to deliver an abating reagent to the plasma source.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the abating reagent comprises one or more of BCl claim 1 , CCl claim 1 , SiCl claim 1 , NF claim 1 , SF claim 1 , SF claim 1 , SF claim 1 , a reducing compound claim 1 , a halogenated etching compound claim 1 , CH claim 1 , H claim 1 , F claim 1 , HCl claim 1 , HF claim 1 , Cl claim 1 , HBr claim 1 , O claim 1 , N claim 1 , O claim 1 , CO claim 1 , CO claim 1 , NH claim 1 , NO claim 1 , CH claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:a foreline gas injection kit positioned downstream of the plasma source and coupled to the plasma source, the foreline gas injection kit configured to deliver a gas to the foreline to control a pressure in the foreline.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the gas comprises one or more of N ...

Plasma-arc-through Apparatus and Process for Submerged Electric Arcs with Venting

An application for a recycler includes a pressure and temperature resistant metal vessel that is filled with a liquid. Within the vessel is at least one submerged electric arc between a pair of electrodes (e.g. carbon based electrodes) powered by either a DC or AC current. The electric arc produces a combustible gas as the liquid is pumped through a bore in one or both of the electrodes, delivering the liquid directly to the location of the arc, thereby reducing or eliminating any ignition of the gas by the arc. Should ignition occur, at least one vent in the electrode(s) or electrode holder(s) vents pressure from within the bore to the vessel area outside of the electrode(s). 1. An apparatus for producing usable energy comprising:a pressure and temperature resistant vessel at least partially filled with a liquid;two electrodes held within the vessel and submerged within the liquid, a longitudinal bore passing through a first electrode of the two of electrodes;means for delivering an electric current to each of the two electrodes, forming an arc between the two electrodes; the liquid flows through the bore and exits the bore at the arc; andat least one vent formed through a side of the first electrode, the at least one vent fluidly interfacing the bore and an area outside of the first electrode within the pressure and temperature resistant vessel;wherein a combustible gas is produced by the arc and the combustible gas percolates to the surface of the liquid for collection.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the two electrodes is a carbon-based electrode.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the electric current is a direct electric current.4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the direct electric current pulses at a frequency that is a sub-multiple of a resonating frequency of the liquid.5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the electric current is an alternating electric current.6. The apparatus according to ...

DIELECTRIC BARRIER DISCHARGE REACTOR FOR CATALYTIC NONTHERMAL PLASMA PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM METHANE

A dielectric barrier discharge reactor for catalytic nonthermal plasma production of hydrogen from methane. The dielectric barrier discharge reactor includes two end pieces connected by a dielectric tube, two steam generators, two catalyst cages, two perforated tube center electrodes, a center electrode rod, a grounding electrode. In one aspect, the end pieces and the dielectric tube are fabricated from ceramic and fused quartz respectively. In another aspect, the dielectric barrier discharge reactor further includes catalyst cages. In yet another aspect, the catalyst cages contain catalysts in form of pellets. In an alternate aspect, the dielectric barrier discharge reactor acts to cause a reaction between incoming reactant gases. The reaction is achieved under a plasma which is generated between the perforated tubular center electrode and the ground electrode. In yet another alternate aspect, the dielectric barrier discharge reactor is used at home to generate hydrogen from methane. 1. A catalytic nonthermal plasma apparatus , comprising:a first end piece with a plurality of conduits;a first steam generator connected to the first end piece;a perforated tubular center electrode connected to the first steam generator; and 'wherein the first end piece, the first steam generator, the perforated tubular center electrode and the surrounding ground electrode, in combination, enable catalytic nonthermal plasma production of hydrogen from methane.', 'a surrounding ground electrode,'}2. The catalytic nonthermal plasma apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of catalyst cages.3. The catalytic nonthermal plasma apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of catalyst cages comprise catalysts.4. The catalytic nonthermal plasma apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a second end piece with a plurality of conduits and a second steam generator connected to the second end piece.5. The catalytic nonthermal plasma apparatus of claim 4 , further comprising a ...

METHOD FOR SYNTHESIZING ORGANIC MATTER AND SUBMERGED PLASMA DEVICE

An organic substance synthesis method according to an embodiment of the present invention is carried out using a submerged plasma device (), for example, and the method includes: forming a plasma through discharge in a gas including a carbon dioxide gas in contact with water; and generating an organic substance including performic acid or diformyl peroxide in the water by contact between the plasma and the water. 14.-. (canceled)5. A submerged plasma device for causing dielectric barrier discharge , comprising:a first electrode;a solid dielectric layer in contact with the first electrode;a discharge chamber having an inner space accommodating the first electrode and the solid dielectric layer;a second electrode arranged so as to oppose the first electrode with the solid dielectric layer therebetween and so as to separate the inner space of the discharge chamber from a liquid, the second electrode having a gas phase surface located on a side of the inner space and a liquid phase surface located on a side of the liquid, and the second electrode having a plurality of through holes connecting together the gas phase surface and the liquid phase surface; anda gas introducing device for supplying a gas into the inner space of the discharge chamber so as to form an interface between the gas and the liquid inside each of the through holes of the second electrode.6. The submerged plasma device according to claim 5 , wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are each a flat plate.7. The submerged plasma device according to claim 5 , wherein an opening size of each of the plurality of through holes is smaller than an interelectrode distance defined by the first electrode and the second electrode.8. The submerged plasma device according to claim 5 , wherein an opening size of each of the plurality of through holes is smaller than 0.5 mm.9. The submerged plasma device according to claim 5 , comprising an electrical circuit configured to apply a voltage between the ...

Electrode Assembly for Use in a Plasma Gasifier that Converts Combustible Material to Synthesis Gas

An electrode assembly having a tubular support jacket that defines an internal compartment. The internal compartment is actively cooled by coolant. An electrode tip is coupled to the tubular support jacket. The electrode tip receives electricity through the tubular support jacket. An insulator construct surrounds at least part of the tubular support jacket. The insulator construct includes an insulation base, an insulation tube and an insulation cap. A gas supply conduit is interposed between the tubular support jacket and the insulation tube, wherein the gas supply conduit receives a working gas from a working gas supply. A thermally conductive casing surrounds at least part of the insulator construct. The thermally conductive casing is actively cooled. The thermally conductive casing actively cools the insulator construct, the underlying tubular support jacket, and thus the electrode tip. The active cooling reduces over-heating of the electrode tip and prevents excessive consumption and erosion. 1. An electrode assembly for use in a plasma gasifier that has a coolant supply , a working gas supply and a power supply , said assembly comprising:a tubular support jacket that has a first end and an opposite second end, said tubular support jacket defining an internal compartment, wherein said internal compartment is actively cooled from said coolant supply, and wherein said tubular support jacket is electrically coupled to said power supply;an electrode tip coupled to said second end of said tubular support jacket;an insulator construct surrounding at least part of said tubular support jacket;a thermally conductive casing surrounding at least part of said insulator construct, wherein said thermally conductive casing is actively cooled from said coolant supply, and wherein said insulator construct electrically insulates said thermally conductive casing from said tubular support jacket.2. The electrode assembly according to claim 1 , wherein said insulator construct ...

PLASMA GAS THROAT ASSEMBLY AND METHOD

A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled. 1. A method of making carbon black comprising , flowing a plasma gas into a plasma forming region and forming a plasma , flowing the plasma through a throat region which is connected to a carbon black forming region and which is narrower than the plasma forming region causing the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent within the throat region absent turbulence caused in the plasma forming region , injecting carbon black forming feedstock into the throat region , resulting in the formation in the carbon black forming region of a carbon black with increased surface area , reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the throat and/or carbon black forming feedstock injecting region is cooled in the area of the carbon black forming feedstock injection.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the region is cooled by water cooling.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the region is cooled by preheating the gas fed to the plasma chamber.5. The method of wherein the throat region has a center section and the carbon black forming feedstock is injected radially inwards towards the center section.6. The method of wherein the throat region has a center section and the carbon black forming ...

APPARATUS FOR IMPINGING BULK MATERIAL WITH ACCELERATED ELECTRONS

An apparatus includes at least one electron beam generator for generating accelerated electrons with which bulk material particles are impingeable during free fall. The electron beam generator has an annular design in which the electrons are emitted and accelerated by an annular cathode. The electrons exit from an electron outlet window in the direction of the ring axis. The annular electron beam generator is arranged in such a way that the ring axis of the electron beam generator is oriented perpendicular to, or at an angle of up to 45° from the horizontal. The apparatus may further include a device for separating bulk material particles arranged above the annular electron beam generator, the bottom wall of said device having at least one opening out of which the bulk material particles fall and, from there, fall through the ring which is formed by the electron beam generator. 1. An apparatus comprising at least one electron beam generator for generating accelerated electrons with which bulk material particles are impingeable during free fall , whereinthe at least one electron beam generator is ring-shaped and has a ring axis, wherein the electrons emitted and accelerated by a ring-shaped cathode escape from an electron escape window in a direction of the ring axis;the at least one ring-shaped electron beam generator is disposed such that its ring axis is oriented vertically or with an angle deviating from vertical by up to 45°; andthe apparatus further comprises a device for isolating bulk material particles is disposed above the at least one ring-shaped electron beam generator, a base wall of the device includes at least one opening from which the bulk material particles fall out and, from there, fall through a ring formed by the at least one electron beam generator.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one opening has a size such that always only one bulk material particle after the other falls through the at least one opening.3. The ...

CARBON ALLOTROPE COMPOSITE FIELD EFFECT ARTIFICIAL AURORA GENERATING DEVICE

A carbon allotrope composite field effect artificial aurora generating device includes an extremely low frequency power supply cabinet, a carbon allotrope composite field effect device and a cuboid-shaped water tank. The carbon allotrope composite field effect device is formed by alternately and in parallel superimposing, in a form of parallel capacitors, a plurality of planar electrode plates made of a foamed nickel deposited with a carbon allotrope composite and a plurality of planar separators made of an insulating material. A first output wire of the extremely low frequency power supply cabinet is connected to odd-numbered planar electrode plates of the plurality of planar electrode plates through a first conductive rod, and a second output wire of the extremely low frequency power supply cabinet is connected to even-numbered planar electrode plates of the plurality of planar electrode plates through a second conductive rod. 1. A carbon allotrope composite field effect artificial aurora generating device, comprising an extremely low frequency power supply cabinet, a carbon allotrope composite field effect device and a cuboid-shaped water tank, wherein, the carbon allotrope composite field effect device is formed by alternately and in parallel superimposing, in a form of parallel capacitors, a plurality of planar electrode plates and a plurality of planar separators; each of the plurality of planar electrode plates is made of a foamed nickel deposited with a carbon allotrope composite, and each of the plurality of planar separators is made of an insulating material; a first output wire of the extremely low frequency power supply cabinet is connected to odd-numbered planar electrode plates of the plurality of planar electrode plates through a first conductive rod, and a second output wire of the extremely low frequency power supply cabinet is connected to even-numbered planar electrode plates of the plurality of planar electrode plates through a second conductive ...

Apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon

화학기상증착(CVD) 반응기를 이용한 폴리실리콘 제조 장치를 제공한다. 폴리실리콘 제조 장치는, 기판과 반응기 커버를 포함하는 반응 챔버와, 절연 부재를 매개로 기판에 관통 설치되며 전원에 연결되는 적어도 한 쌍의 전극과, 전극 척에 의해 한 쌍의 전극 각각에 결합되며 상단이 서로 연결되는 적어도 한 쌍의 필라멘트와, 기판 상에서 한 쌍의 전극 각각의 상면과 측면을 둘러싸는 전극 커버 및 전극 커버의 상면을 덮는 커버 쉴드를 구비한 커버 조립체를 포함한다. A polysilicon manufacturing apparatus using a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) reactor is provided. The polysilicon manufacturing apparatus comprises a reaction chamber including a substrate and a reactor cover, at least a pair of electrodes provided through the substrate via an insulating member and connected to a power source, and an electrode chuck A cover assembly having at least a pair of filaments whose upper ends are connected to each other and a cover shield covering an upper surface of the electrode cover and an electrode cover surrounding the upper and side surfaces of each of the pair of electrodes on the substrate.

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

본 발명은 수소 원자의 촉매 작용에 의해 전력, 플라즈마, 광 및 신규한 수소 화합물을 생성하는 반응기에 관한 것이다. 전력 밸런스는, 수소 촉매 작용 반응으로부터 출력 전력을 최대화하는 반면에 전력 밀도, 펄스 주파수, 듀티 사이클(duty cycle) 및 피크 및 오프셋 전기장과 같은 플라즈마를 발생하거나 적어도 부분적으로 유지하도록 입력 전력의 파라미터를 제어하여 입력 전력을 최소화함으로써 최적화된다.

Onion-like carbon and method for producing the same

本発明の課題は、工業的規模で安定的に、オニオンライクカーボンを製造できる方法を提供することである。液体中で炭素電極間にパルスプラズマ放電させるオニオンライクカーボンの製造方法によって上記課題を解決する。 An object of the present invention is to provide a method capable of producing onion-like carbon stably on an industrial scale. The above problem is solved by a method for producing onion-like carbon in which a pulse plasma discharge is performed between carbon electrodes in a liquid.

Honeycomb structure

Apparatus for subjecting bulk material to the action of accelerated electrons

Method using solar energy, microwaves and plasmas to produce a liquid fuel and hydrogen from biomass or fossil coal

본 발명은 탄소화 화합물(바이오매스, 가정의 쓰레기, 폐수로부터의 슬러지, 화석 석탄)로부터 주로 일산화탄소(CO) 및 이수소(H2)를 생성하는 데 마이크로파 및 플라즈마와 함께 태양열 에너지를 사용하는 시스템에 관한 것으로, 여기서 얻어지는 가스 혼합물은 특히 피셔-트롭쉬 합성에 의하여 탄화수소 연료(올레핀, 파라핀), 에스테르 및 알콜을 생성시킨다. 본 발명은 제1 단계에서 탄소화 화합물을 건조 및 열분해하여 목탄 및 건조 석탄 그리고 CO2, 증기, 타르 및 비응축성 휘발성 물질을 함유하는 과열된 가스 혼합물을 생성하는 것을 포함하고, 제2 단계에서 열분해 생성물(목탄 또는 석탄, 가스 혼합물)로부터 피셔-트롭쉬 합성 유닛에 사용되는 실질적으로 일산화탄소 및 이수소의 혼합물을 함유하는 합성 가스를 발생시키는 것을 포함한다. 피셔-트롭쉬 단계 후, 합성 생성물은 혼합로(태양/마이크로파)의 태양로에서의 가열 후 증류 칼럼에 의하여 분리된다. 플라즈마의 생성에 필요한 열에너지는 태양 전지, 풍력 터빈, 증류 후 재생될 수 없는 탄화수소 가스에 대해서 작동하는 발전기 및 전체 방법을 통해 열에너지를 회수하기 위한 시스템에 의하여 생성된다. The present invention relates to a system for using solar energy together with microwaves and plasmas to produce mainly carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H2) from carbonated compounds (biomass, household waste, sludge from wastewater, fossil coal) , Wherein the resulting gas mixture produces hydrocarbon fuels (olefins, paraffins), esters and alcohols, in particular by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The present invention comprises drying and pyrolyzing a carbonized compound in a first step to produce an overheated gas mixture containing charcoal and dry coal and CO2, steam, tar and non-condensable volatiles, wherein in the second step the pyrolysis product And a synthesis gas containing substantially carbon monoxide and a mixture of these hydrogels to be used in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis unit from carbon monoxide (charcoal or coal, gas mixture). After the Fischer-Tropsch step, the synthesis product is separated by a distillation column after heating in a mixing furnace (solar / microwave) sunroof. The thermal energy required to generate the plasma is generated by a solar cell, a wind turbine, a generator operating on hydrocarbon gas that can not be regenerated after distillation, and a system for collecting thermal energy through the entire process.

Process and apparatus for purifying hydrogen-containing silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Reinigung von mit mindestens einer wasserstoffhaltigen Verbindung verunreinigtem Siliciumtetrachlorid oder Germaniumtetrachlorid, indem man das zu reinigende Siliciumtetrachlorid oder Germaniumtetrachlorid gezielt mittels kaltem Plasma behandelt und aus der so behandelten Phase Siliciumtetrachlorid oder Germaniumtetrachlorid gewinnt. DOLLAR A Ferner betrifft die vorliegende Erfindung eine Vorrichtung zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens, wobei eine Bevorratungs- und Verdampfungseinheit für Siliciumtetrachlorid oder Germaniumtetrachlorid (4.1 bzw. 5.1), die über eine Verbindungsleitung mit dem Einlass des Reaktors (4.3 bzw. 5.3) mit Steuereinheit (4.4 bzw. 5.4) zur Durchführung der dielektrischen behinderten Entladungen verbunden ist, dessen Auslass über eine Rohrleitung direkt oder indirekt über mindestens einen weiteren Reaktor (5.5) zu einer Kondensationseinheit (4.5 bzw. 5.11) mit nachgeschaltetem Auffangbehälter (4.6 bzw. 5.12) führt, wobei dieser über eine Entnahmeleitung (4.6.2 bzw. 5.12.1) mit einer Destillationseinheit (4.8 bzw. 5.13) verbunden sowie gegebenenfalls mit einer Zuführung (4.6.1) zur Einheit (4.1) ausgestattet ist. The invention relates to a process for purifying silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride contaminated with at least one hydrogen-containing compound by selectively treating the silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride to be purified by means of cold plasma and extracting silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride from the phase treated in this way. DOLLAR A Further, the present invention relates to an apparatus for performing the method according to the invention, wherein a storage and evaporation unit for silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride (4.1 or 5.1), via a connecting line to the inlet of the reactor (4.3 or 5.3) with control unit ( 4.4 or 5.4) for carrying out the dielectrically impeded discharges, the outlet of which via a pipeline leads ...

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species.

提供了一种等离子体反应器，其通过原子氢的催化反应来产生能量和新的氢物种以及包括新形式的氢的物质的化合物，以及通过原子氢的催化反应产生等离子体和诸如高能光、极紫外光和紫外光的光源。该反应器包括：等离子体形成能量电池，用于对原子氢进行催化，以形成新的氢物种以及下述物质的化合物，该物质包括新形式的氢；用于对原子氢的反应进行催化以形成低能氢并释放能量的催化剂源；原子氢源；和用于至少部分地保持等离子体的间歇或脉冲功率源。通过控制用于初始化或至少部分地保持等离子体的输入功率的参数，例如为功率密度、脉冲频率、占空周期、峰值和偏移电场，使来自氢催化反应的输出功率最大，同时使输入功率最小，来对功率平衡进行优化。

DIELECTRIC BARRIER TYPE PLASMA REACTOR

Un réacteur à plasma (1) de type à barrière diélectrique, pour activer une réaction chimique en phase gazeuse, comprend au moins une conduite tubulaire (11) en matériau diélectrique, une électrode interne (13) et une électrode externe (12). L’électrode interne est limitée à l’entrée d’une zone active (10a) du réacteur, pour que des impulsions de tension électrique qui sont appliquées entre les deux électrodes génèrent des décharges propagatives dans la zone active. Le réacteur produit un contact volumique entre un flux gazeux (F) qui contient des réactifs et un plasma qui est créé par les décharges, permettant un transfert efficace d’énergie d’activation entre le plasma et les réactifs.Figure d’abrégé : Figure 1 A plasma reactor (1) of the dielectric barrier type, for activating a chemical reaction in the gas phase, comprises at least one tubular pipe (11) made of dielectric material, an internal electrode (13) and an external electrode (12). The internal electrode is limited to the entrance of an active zone (10a) of the reactor, so that electrical voltage pulses which are applied between the two electrodes generate propagating discharges in the active zone. The reactor produces volume contact between a gas stream (F) that contains reactants and a plasma that is created by the discharges, allowing efficient transfer of activation energy between the plasma and the reactants.Abstract Figure: Figure 1

Method of manufacturing dispersion liquid and manufacturing apparatus of dispersion liquid

Plasma reactor

Onion-like carbon and method for producing same

Disclosed is a method by which an onion-like carbon can be stably produced on a commercial scale. Specifically disclosed is a method for producing an onion-like carbon, wherein pulse plasma is discharged between carbon electrodes in a liquid.

method to produce fuel

System for generating fuel materials using fischer-tropsch catalysts and plasma sources

In a first processing chamber, a feedstock may be combined with plasma from, for example, three plasma torches to form a first fluid mixture. Each torch may have a working gas including water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The first fluid mixture may be cooled and may contact a first heat exchange device. The output fluid from the first heat exchange device may be separated into one or more components. A syngas may be derived from the one or more components and have a ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen of about 1:2. The syngas may be transferred to a catalyst bed to be converted into one or more fluid fuels.

ISOTHERMAL REACTOR FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION BY PLASMA-CATALYSIS

L’invention concerne un réacteur pour plasma-catalyse par décharge à barrière diélectrique, comprenant un boîtier de réacteur (B) apte à recevoir une pluralité de cellules DBD (C1, C2, C3…) montées de manière amovible à l’intérieur de ce boîtier. (Fig. 6) The invention relates to a reactor for plasma-catalysis by dielectric barrier discharge, comprising a reactor casing (B) able to receive a plurality of DBD cells (C1, C2, C3, etc.) removably mounted inside this housing. (Fig.6)

Apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon

Apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon

提供一種使用化學氣相沉積而用於製造多晶矽的裝置。用於製造多晶矽的裝置包括：包括基底和反應器蓋的反應室；經由絕緣元件穿過基底而設置並與電源連接的至少一對電極；與電極對經由電極夾盤耦合且上端相互連接的至少一對極絲；以及蓋組件，其包括位在基底上圍繞電極對中各自的一側和上表面的電極蓋，與覆蓋電極蓋上表面的遮蓋。

Liquid activation and electrolytic apparatus and liquid activation and electrolytic method

A liquid activation and electrolytic apparatus includes: a liquid activation apparatus that includes a liquid activator with a black radiation sintered body radiating electromagnetic waves and an electromagnetic wave converging body and assembled bodies integrated together with the black radiation sintered body on the outside, the electromagnetic wave converging body on the inside, and a liquid activation region by the electromagnetic waves formed on the inside of the electromagnetic wave converging body and activates, in the above region, a liquid portion of a liquid electrolytic solution; and an electrolytic unit that includes an electrolysis container using a titanium or platinum electrode as a negative electrode and a platinum electrode as a positive electrode and containing the electrolytic solution and a power source applying a variable direct-current voltage to the negative and positive electrodes and performs the electrolysis of the electrolytic solution with the activated liquid portion in the electrolysis container.

METHOD USING PLASMA-COUPLED SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY TO PRODUCE LIQUID FUEL AND DIHYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS OR FOSSIL CHARCOAL (P-SL AND P-SH PROCESS)

Cette invention consiste en un système permettant d'utiliser l'énergie calorifique d'origine solaire couplée à des plasmas pour produire du monoxyde de carbone (CO), du dihydrogène H2 ou des alcools à partir de biomasse et ou de charbon fossile, afin de produire des carburants de types hydrocarbures (oléfines paraffines), esters et du dihydrogène (H2).L'invention décrit un procédé et des réacteurs combinant des fours solaires, divers procédés de production de plasma (à initiation électrique, optique ou par micro-ondes), des unités de gazéification de char ou de charbon fossile. L'invention permet d'une part la torréfaction et la pyrolyse de matière première (biomasse ou charbon fossile), afin de produire d'une part, du char ou du charbon sec et un mélange de gaz surchauffés contenant principalement du CO2, de la vapeur eau, des goudrons et des matières volatiles incondensables ; d'autre part, à partir des produits de la pyrolyse (char ou charbon, mélange de gaz surchauffés), le procédé permet de produire un syngas ,composé principalement d'un mélange de monoxyde de carbone et de dihydrogène, mélange qui sera utilisé dans des unités de synthèse Fischer-Tropsch. Les produits de la synthèse seront séparés par une colonne de distillation après chauffage dans des fours solaires ou des fours mixtes (solaire / micro-ondes). L'énergie électrique nécessaire à la production du plasma sera produite grâce à des panneaux solaires, des éoliennes, des groupes électrogènes fonctionnant à partir de gaz d'hydrocarbures non valorisables après distillation, et des systèmes de récupération de l'énergie thermique sur l'ensemble du procédé. This invention is a system for using solar energy heat coupled with plasmas to produce carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen dihydrogen H2 or alcohols from biomass and / or fossil coal, in order to produce hydrocarbons (olefins paraffins), esters and dihydrogen (H2) fuels .The invention describes a process ...

Liquid treatment device and liquid treatment method

The present disclosure provides a liquid treatment device and a liquid treatment method each capable of efficiently generating plasma and treating a liquid in a short time period. A liquid treatment device according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed in a liquid, an insulator disposed surrounding the first electrode through a space, the insulator having an opening portion at a position in contact with the liquid, and a power supply that applies an AC voltage or a pulse voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

The present disclosure provides for a plasma reactor to generate power and novel hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising new forms of hydrogen via the catalysis of atomic hydrogen and to generate a plasma and a source of light, the reactor comprising: a plasma forming energy cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form novel lower-energy hydrogen species and compositions of matter comprising new forms of lower-energy hydrogen, a source of catalyst for catalyzing the reaction of atomic hydrogen to form the lower-energy hydrogen and release energy, a source of atomic hydrogen, and a source of intermittent or pulsed power to at least partially maintain the plasma.

APPLICATION TO IMPROVE CONTROL APPROVALS WITH ACCELERATED ELECTRONES.

Plasma gas throat assembly and method

A method and apparatus for making carbon black having increased surface area, reduced grit and/or reduced extract levels. A plasma gas is flowed into a plasma forming region to form a plasma. The plasma then flows through a throat region which is narrower than the plasma forming section, which is connected to a separate carbon black forming region. This causes the plasma to accelerate and become turbulent prior to the exit point in the throat region. The carbon black forming feedstock is injected into the turbulence created by the throat region at a point above, at or near the exit point, resulting in the formation of a carbon black in the separate carbon black forming region. The throat region and/or injector region can be cooled, e.g., water plasma gas cooled.

Multi-section plasma cracking carbonaceous material reactor system with hollow cathode

本发明公开了一种具有中空阴极的多段等离子体裂解碳质材料反应器系统，系统每一段包括被冷却介质循环冷却的中空阴极和中空阳极；工作气体入口；碳质材料和载气入料入口；与上述阳极或阴极相连的反应管，此外系统还包括至少一个位于最后一个反应管下部的激冷介质入口；和至少一个位于最后一个反应管底部或下部的激冷产物和气体的出口，其中，第一段的中空阴极和被用作反应管的任何一段的中空阴极和阳极之间形成一个产生等离子体和/或电弧的腔室，等离子体气流在上述腔室最高温度区域或其附近与碳质材料和载气入料和/或热解挥发分进行充分地接触和混合，并发生热解和/或气相反应。本发明反应器系统具有非常优异的热效率和很高的裂解产物产率。

Plasma treatment apparatus and method

Methods for power generation from h2o, co2, o2 and a carbon feed stock

제 1 처리 챔버에서, 공급 원료는 제 1 유체 혼합물을 형성하도록 3개의 플라즈마 토치들로부터의 플라즈마와 결합될 수 있다. 각각의 토치는 수증기, 산소, 및 이산화탄소를 포함하는 작동 가스를 가질 수 있다. 제 1 유체 혼합물은 냉각될 수 있고 제 1 열교환 장치와 접촉할 수 있다. 제 1 열교환 장치 내의 물은 전력을 생성하도록 증기로 전환될 수 있다. 제 1 열교환 장치로부터의 출력된 유체는 하나 이상의 구성 요소들로 분리될 수 있다. 합성 가스는 하나 이상의 구성 요소들로부터 얻을 수 있고 약 1:2의 일산화탄소 대 수소의 비를 가질 수 있다. 합성 가스는 제 2 처리 챔버에서 가열될 수 있고 이어서 제 2 혼합물을 형성하도록 냉각될 수 있다. 제 2 혼합물은 증기가 제 2 전기 발생기를 작동시킬 수 있는 제 2 열교환 장치와 접촉할 수 있다.

Liquid processing apparatus, liquid processing method, and plasma processing liquid

Process for purifying silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride containing hydrogen compounds

The invention relates to a process for the purification's of silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride contaminated with at least one hydrogen-containing compound, in which the silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride to be purified is treated in a targeted manner by means of a cold plasma and purified silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride is isolated from the phase which has been treated in this way. The present invention further relates to an apparatus for carrying out the process of the invention, which comprises a stock and vaporization unit for silicon or germanium tetrachloride (4.1 or 5.1) which is connected via a connecting line with the inlet of the reactor (4.3 or 5.3) with control unit (4.4 or 5.4) for producing the dielectrically hindered discharges whose outlet leads via a pipe either directly or indirectly via at least one further reactor (5.5) to a condensation unit (4.5 or 5.11) with downstream collection vessel (4.6 or 5.12) which is connected via an pfftake line (4.6.2 or 5.12.1) to a distillation unit (4.8 or 5.13) and, if appropriate, is equipped with a feed line (4.6.1) to the unit (4.1).

Method for sequestering heavy metal particulates using H2O, CO2, O2, and a source of particulates

Methods of sequestering toxin particulates are described herein. In a primary processing chamber, a carbon source of toxin particulates may be combined with plasma from three plasma torches to form a first fluid mixture and vitrified toxin residue. Each torch may have a working gas including oxygen gas, water vapor, and carbon dioxide gas. The vitrified toxin residue is removed. The first fluid mixture may be cooled in a first heat exchange device to form a second fluid mixture. The second fluid mixture may contact a wet scrubber. The final product from the wet scrubber may be used as a fuel product.

Active gas generation device

system for synthesizing a fuel fluid

Apparatus for subjecting bulk material to the action of accelerated electrons

Apparatus for subjecting bulk material to the action of accelerated electrons

本发明涉及一种装置，包含至少一个用于生成加速的电子的电子束产生器(301)，利用这些加速的电子能够使散装货物粒子(303)在自由落体期间被加载，其中，所述电子束产生器(301)环形地构造，在该电子束产生器中由环形的阴极放出的且加速的电子从电子排出窗中在环轴线的方向上排出；其中，所述环形的电子束产生器(301)布置成使得其环轴线竖直地或者以与竖直线偏差直至45°的角度取向；且其中，在所述环形的电子束产生器上方布置有用于分开散装货物粒子的机构，该机构的底部壁(304)具有至少一个开口，散装货物粒子(303)从所述至少一个开口中且从那里通过由所述电子束产生器(301)形成的环下落。

Electrode and method for supplying current to a reactor

Method for supplying current to a reactor, wherein one or more electrodes, which are fed through a wall of the reactor, of an electrical energy network which is DC--isolated from ground potential are respectively connected to an electrically conductive element so that an operating voltage is respectively applied to the at least one electrically conductive element and electrical current flows through it, wherein there is respectively a seal made of an electrically insulating material between the wall of the reactor and the electrode, wherein the electrical energy network is monitored for insulation faults and a fall below a particular insulation resistance triggers shutdown of the electrical energy supply, and wherein the switching threshold is determined by taking into account at least one parameter from the group consisting of seal geometry, seal material, supply voltage and the maximum possible electrical energy input into the seal immediately before shutdown, triggered by the maximum theoretically possible leakage current through the seal. Device for the simultaneous monitoring, sealing and electrical insulation of an electrode, characterized in that the seal contains an electrically conductive core which comprises an electrical connection facility. Electrode having an insulating seal for use in current supplies of chemical reactors, wherein the seal consists of a polymer and is shrunk onto the electrode.

REACTOR FOR THE CONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE

La présente invention concerne un réacteur pour la conversion du dioxyde carbone ou du monoxyde de carbone en hydrocarbure et/ou en alcool comprenant un support en matériau électriquement et thermiquement conducteur, formant la ou les parois d’au moins un canal longitudinal qui traverse le support et jouant également le rôle de cathode du réacteur, au moins une électrode filaire formant une anode du réacteur, et s’étendant à l’intérieur de chaque canal longitudinal, et étant arrangée à distance de la ou des parois dudit canal longitudinal, chaque électrode filaire étant éventuellement recouverte d’une couche électriquement isolante le long de la partie de l’électrode filaire s’étendant à l’intérieur dudit canal longitudinal, un catalyseur adapté à catalyser une réaction de conversion du dioxyde carbone ou du monoxyde de carbone en hydrocarbure et/ou en alcool, le catalyseur étant situé entre l’électrode filaire et la ou les parois de chaque canal longitudinal. Figure pour l’abrégé : Fig. 1 The present invention relates to a reactor for the conversion of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol comprising a support made of electrically and thermally conductive material, forming the wall or walls of at least one longitudinal channel which passes through the support and also playing the role of cathode of the reactor, at least one wire electrode forming an anode of the reactor, and extending inside each longitudinal channel, and being arranged at a distance from the wall(s) of said longitudinal channel, each electrode wire electrode being optionally covered with an electrically insulating layer along the part of the wire electrode extending inside said longitudinal channel, a catalyst adapted to catalyze a conversion reaction of carbon dioxide or carbon monoxide into hydrocarbon and/or alcohol, the catalyst being located between the wired electrode and the wall(s) of each longitudinal channel. Figure for the abstract: Fig. 1

Plasma reactor and process for producing lower-energy hydrogen species

This invention relates to a reactor to generate power, plasma, light, and novel hydrogen compounds by the catalysis of atomic hydrogen. The power balance is optimized by maximizing the output power from the hydrogen catalysis reaction while minimizing the input power by controlling the parameters of the input power to initiate or at least partially maintain the plasma such as the power density, pulse frequency, duty cycle, and peak and offset electric fields.

Pulsed gliding arc electrical discharge reactors

A pulsed gliding arc discharge (PGD) reactor includes an ignition coil driven by a pulse generator which is connected to a pair of divergent electrodes fixed by a reactor housing with a fluid inlet and outlet. Hydrogen peroxide and dye degradation can be carried out with a PGD reactor according to the invention with efficiencies that are more than two orders of magnitude greater than a conventional ACG reactor based on the calculated specific energy yield.

Apparatus for manufacturing polysilicon

화학기상증착(CVD) 반응기를 이용한 폴리실리콘 제조 장치를 제공한다. 폴리실리콘 제조 장치는, 기판과 반응기 커버를 포함하는 반응 챔버와, 절연 부재를 매개로 기판에 관통 설치되며 전원에 연결되는 적어도 한 쌍의 전극과, 전극 척에 의해 한 쌍의 전극 각각에 결합되며 상단이 서로 연결되는 적어도 한 쌍의 필라멘트와, 기판 상에서 한 쌍의 전극 각각의 상면과 측면을 둘러싸는 전극 커버 및 전극 커버의 상면을 덮는 커버 쉴드를 구비한 커버 조립체를 포함한다.

Liquid treatment device, liquid treatment method, and plasma treatment liquid

The present disclosure provides a liquid treatment device, a liquid treatment method, and a plasma treatment liquid each capable of efficiently generating plasma and treating a liquid in a short time period. A liquid treatment device according to the present disclosure includes a first electrode, a second electrode disposed in a liquid to be treated, an insulator disposed around the first electrode with a space between the first electrode and the insulator, the insulator has an opening portion in a position in contact with the liquid to be treated, a power supply that applies voltage between the first electrode and the second electrode, and a supply device supplying a liquid to the space before the power source applies the voltage.

Method using solar energy, microwaves and plasmas for producing a liquid fuel and hydrogen from a biomass or fossil coal

Method and device for purifying silicon tetrachloride or germanium tetrachloride containing hydride

本发明涉及一种纯化被至少一种含氢化合物污染的四氯化硅或四氯化锗的方法，其中所要纯化的四氯化硅或四氯化锗，以目标方式，通过冷的等离子体来处理，和，所纯化的四氯化硅或四氯化锗从这样被处理的相中分离。本发明还涉及一种进行本发明方法的装置，其包括四氯化硅或四氯化锗的存储和汽化设备(4.1或5.1)，其通过连接管线与反应器(4.3或5.3)的入口连接，反应器具有控制设备(4.4或5.4)，用于产生介电受阻放电，反应器的出口通过导管，直接或间接通过至少一个另外的反应器(5.5)与冷凝设备(4.5或5.11)连接，冷凝设备的下游是收集容器(4.6或5.12)，其通过排出管线(4.6.2或5.12.1)与蒸馏设备(4.8或5.13)连接，如果适合，配有加料管线(4.6.1)至设备(4.1)。

A liquid plasma discharge device and method for biodiesel synthesis using same

A process comprises feeding a stream of reactant compounds to a reactor and discharging a liquid plasma into the reactant stream in the reactor, wherein the plasma initiates or accelerates a reaction of the reactant compounds to form a product composition. The reactor can comprise one or more chambers, a high-voltage electrode positioned at a first portion of the one or more chambers, a ground electrode positioned at a second portion of the one or more chambers, and a dielectric plate between the ground electrode and the high-voltage electrode that comprises openings through which the reactant stream can pass from the first portion to the second portion or from the second portion to the first portion. Discharging the plasma can include supplying electrical power to the high-voltage electrode such that plasma is discharged where the reactant stream flows through the openings.