Mixing calciner

An object of this invention is to provide a mixing calciner that can separate and recover CO 2 gas in a high concentration, which is generated when a to-be-calcined cement material is mixed with a superheated calcined portion and calcined, by employing a fluidized-bed type or a spouted-bed type. The invention provides a mixing calciner ( 12 ) which mixes the calcined cement material with the superheated calcined portion to cause a calcination reaction, wherein the mixing calciner is the fluidized-bed type or the spouted-bed type, and is provided with a plurality of feed lines ( 25 ) for feeding the to-be-calcined cement material. In addition, this invention provides a mixing calciner which easily fluidizes or spouts a cement material even when a heat medium has a particle diameter larger than that of the cement material, and can separate and recover CO 2 gas generated in a cement-manufacturing facility in a high concentration.

Fluid Bed Reactor with Staged Baffles

The invention relates to a process of alkylating aromatic hydrocarbons, and more particularly a process of making paraxylene by alkylation of benzene and/or toluene with methanol and/or dimethyl ether, and to an apparatus for carrying out said process, the improvement comprising staged injection of one of the reactants, with the stages separated by structured packing so as to minimize at least one of gas phase back-mixing, by-pass phenomena, and gas bubble size.

PROCESS FOR THE OLIGOMERIZATION OF ETHYLENE WITH STIRRED GAS/LIQUID REACTOR AND PLUG-FLOW REACTOR SEQUENCE

Reaction device which makes possible the oligomerization of olefins to give linear olefins and preferably linear α-olefins, comprising a gas/liquid reactor and a reactor of plug-flow type. The reaction device is also employed in an oligomerization process. 1. Device comprising:{'b': '1', 'a gas/liquid reactor (), of elongated shape along the vertical axis, comprising a liquid phase and a gas phase located above the said liquid phase,'}{'b': '3', 'a means for introduction of the olefin () into the gas/liquid reactor employing a means for injection of the olefin within the said liquid phase of the gas/liquid reactor,'}{'b': '14', 'a means for introduction of the catalytic system () into the gas/liquid reactor,'}{'b': 13', '1, 'a recirculation loop () comprising withdrawal means in the gas/liquid reactor for the withdrawal and the dispatch of a fraction of withdrawn liquid to a heat exchanger capable of cooling the said liquid fraction, and means for introduction of the said cooled liquid, exiting from the heat exchanger, into the upper part of the gas/liquid reactor (),'}{'b': '11', 'a reactor of plug-flow type () comprising withdrawal means in the gas/liquid reactor for the withdrawal and the dispatch of a fraction of withdrawn liquid to the reactor of plug-flow type and means for recovery of a reaction effluent, at the outlet of the reactor of plug-flow type.'}2. Device according to claim 1 , in which the reactor of plug-flow type is located outside the gas/liquid reactor.3. Device according to claim 1 , in which the reactor of plug-flow type comprises a heat exchanger.4. Olefin oligomerization process employing the device according to claim 1 , at a pressure between 1.0 and 10.0 MPa and at a temperature between 0° C. and 200° C. claim 1 , comprising the following stages:{'b': '1', 'a) a catalytic oligomerization system comprising at least one metal precursor and at least one activating agent is introduced into a gas/liquid reactor () comprising a liquid phase and a ...

METHOD FOR FLUIDIZING COPPER SILICIDE AND PROCESS FOR PREPARING A HALOSILANE USING THE METHOD

A method is useful for maintaining a uniformly fluidized bed in a fluidized bed apparatus. The method includes the steps of charging a mixture of particles including copper silicide particles and fluidization additive particles into the fluidized bed apparatus, and uniformly fluidizing the particles at a temperature of at least 400° C. in the fluidized bed apparatus. 1. A method maintaining a uniformly fluidized bed in a fluidized bed apparatus comprises:(A) heating, at a temperature of at least 400° C., a mixture of particles comprising greater than 80 weight % to less than 100% copper silicide particles and greater than 0 to 20 weight % fluidization additive particles in the fluidized bed apparatus, and(B) feeding a fluid into the fluidized bed apparatus at a velocity sufficient to maintain uniform fluidization.2. The method of claim 1 , where the copper silicide particles have a particle size of 10 μm to 150 μm.3. The method of claim 1 , where the additive particles are present in an amount of greater than 0 weight % to 10 weight % claim 1 , based on total weight of the mixture.4. The method of claim 1 , where the copper silicide particles are present in an amount of 95 weight % to 98 weight % of the mixture claim 1 , and the fluidization additive particles are present in an amount of 2 weight % to 5 weight % of the mixture.5. The method of claim 1 , where the copper silicide is selected from the group consisting of (i) CuSi claim 1 , (ii) CuSi claim 1 , (iii) CuSi claim 1 , and (iv) CuSi claim 1 , and a mixture of two or more of (i) claim 1 , (ii) claim 1 , (iii) claim 1 , (iv).6. The method of claim 1 , where the copper silicide comprises CuSi.7. The method of claim 1 , where the copper silicide has empirical formula CuSiCrCoFeIrNiPdPtReRu claim 1 , where subscripts b claim 1 , c claim 1 , d claim 1 , e claim 1 , f claim 1 , g claim 1 , h claim 1 , i claim 1 , j claim 1 , k claim 1 , and m represent the molar amounts of each element present claim 1 , and b>0 ...

Process for the Positioning of a Corrosion-Resistant Coating on a Wall of an Item of Equipment of a FCC Unit

The invention relates to a process for the positioning of a corrosion-resistant coating on an internal or external metal wall ( 20 ) of a fluid catalytic cracking unit chamber, comprising: (i) the shaping of a metal anchoring structure ( 10 ) formed from a plurality of strips ( 12 ) assembled in pairs by joining assembly portions ( 121, 122 ) so as to form a plurality of cells ( 14 ), the anchoring structure comprising a plurality of fastening tabs ( 16 ) integral with strip portions other than assembly portions, (ii) the fastening of said anchoring structure ( 10 ) by welding the free edge ( 18 ) of a part at least of the fastening tabs to the metal wall ( 20 ), defining a space between a longitudinal edge ( 12 b ) of an anchoring structure and the metal wall, (iii) the insertion of a composite material into the cells ( 14 ) from the metal wall ( 20 ) and at least up to the upper longitudinal edge ( 12 a ) of each strip.

GAS DISTRIBUTION PLATE FOR THERMAL DEPOSITION

Apparatus and methods for providing high velocity gas flow showerheads for deposition chambers are described. The showerhead has a faceplate in contact with a backing plate that has a concave portion to provide a plenum between the backing plate and the faceplate. A plurality of thermal elements is within the concave portion of the backing plate and extends to contact the faceplate. 1. A gas distribution plate comprising:a faceplate having a front surface and a back surface defining a thickness and a plurality of apertures extending through the thickness; anda backing plate having a front surface and a back surface defining a thickness, the front surface in contact with the back surface of the faceplate, the front surface of the backing plate including a concave portion to form a plenum bounded by the concave portion and the back surface of the faceplate, and a plurality of thermal elements extending from a concave surface the concave portion and contacting the back surface of the faceplate.2. The gas distribution plate of claim 1 , wherein each of the thermal elements independently extends a length from the concave surface of the concave portion to a front surface of the thermal element.3. The gas distribution plate of claim 2 , wherein the front surfaces of the thermal elements are substantially coplanar.4. The gas distribution plate of claim 2 , wherein each of the thermal elements has a tapered profile with a flared base at the concave surface of the concave portion and a narrower end at the front surface.5. The gas distribution plate of claim 2 , wherein the backing plate has an outer peripheral edge and the concave portion has an outer peripheral edge.6. The gas distribution plate of claim 5 , wherein an outer front face ring defined as the front surface of the backing plate between the outer peripheral edge of the concave portion and the outer peripheral edge of the backing plate is substantially flat.7. The gas distribution plate of claim 6 , wherein the ...

BIOMASS DIGESTER WITH TWO LIQUID PHASES AND DRAFT TUBE CIRCULATION

A method comprises introducing biomass solids to a digester comprising a reactor, a circulation system including a first injector; providing a catalyst-containing digestion medium and an organic solvent layer floating thereon; circulating the medium through the circulation system; flowing gas through the medium; keeping the medium hot enough to digest the solids; and operating the digester such a headspace exists above the solvent. The digester includes a first eductor having an inlet in the headspace, a second eductor having an inlet in the organic layer, and a downdraft tube having an inlet in the digestion medium. A motive fluid flowing from the first injector draws gas from the headspace into the first eductor, a motive fluid flowing from the first eductor draws fluid from the organic layer into the second eductor, and a motive fluid flowing from the second eductor draws fluid from the digestion medium into the downdraft tube. 1. A method comprising: i) a reactor;', 'ii) a gas feed line for providing gas to the reactor;', 'iii) a biomass feed system for feeding biomass into the reactor;', 'iv) a fluid circulation system including a fluid inlet, a pump, and at least one fluid injector, wherein at least said fluid inlet and said fluid injector are in fluid communication with said pump and are within said reactor; and', 'v) a screen positioned within the reactor and defining a lower zone therebelow;, 'a) introducing cellulosic biomass solids to a hydrothermal digestion unit comprisingb) providing a liquid phase digestion medium containing a slurry catalyst in the hydrothermal digestion unit, the slurry catalyst being capable of activating molecular hydrogen;c) providing a layer of organic solvent in the hydrothermal digestion unit, said organic solvent being less dense than and substantially immiscible with said digestion medium, whereby said organic solvent forms an organic layer floating on said digestion medium;d) circulating said liquid phase digestion medium ...

JOINT DESIGN FOR SEGMENTED SILICON CARBIDE LINER IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

Segmented silicon carbide liners for use in a fluidized bed reactor for production of polysilicon-coated granulate material are disclosed, as well as methods of making and using the segmented silicon carbide liners. Non-contaminating bonding materials for joining silicon carbide segments also are disclosed. One or more of the silicon carbide segments may be constructed of reaction-bonded silicon carbide. 1. A segmented silicon carbide liner for a fluidized bed reactor for production of polysilicon-coated granulate material , comprising:a first silicon carbide segment having a first segment upper edge surface defining one of an upwardly opening first segment depression or an upwardly extending first segment protrusion;a second silicon carbide segment located above and abutted to the first silicon carbide segment, the second silicon carbide segment having a second segment lower edge surface defining a downwardly opening second segment depression if the first segment upper edge surface defines an upwardly extending first segment protrusion or a downwardly extending second segment protrusion if the first segment upper edge surface defines an upwardly opening first segment depression, the protrusion being received within the depression and having smaller dimensions than the depression such that the surface of the depression is spaced apart from the surface of the protrusion and a space is located between the protrusion and the depression; anda volume of bonding material comprising a lithium salt, the bonding material disposed within the space between the protrusion and the depression.2. The segmented silicon carbide liner of claim 1 , wherein:the first silicon carbide segment comprises a first tubular wall having an annular upper surface, the first segment upper edge surface being at least a portion of the annular upper surface, and the first segment depression is a groove that is defined by and extends along at least a portion of the first segment upper edge surface or ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PREPARING HIGH PURITY VANADIUM ELECTROLYTE

A system and method for preparing a high-purity vanadium electrolyte, comprising preparing a low-valence vanadium oxide with vanadium oxytrichloride by ammonium salt precipitation and fluidization reduction, and preparing the high-purity vanadium electrolyte at a low temperature by adding a sulfuric acid solution and clean water under the conditions of ultrasound-assisted dissolution and activation. Efficient utilization of heat is achieved through heat exchange between the ammonium salt and the reduction tail gas and heat exchange between the reduction product and fluidized nitrogen gas. Ammonia gas in the reduction tail gas is recovered for precipitation of vanadium to achieve the recycling of ammonia gas. An internal member is arranged in the reduction fluidized bed to realize the precise regulation of the valence state of the reduction product. Furthermore, ultrasound-assisted dissolution and activation are employed to prepare the vanadium electrolyte at a low temperature, thereby improving the activity of the electrolyte. 1. A system for preparing a high-purity vanadium electrolyte , comprising: a vanadium oxytrichloride storage tank , an ammonium salt precipitating device , an ammonium salt feeding device , a preheating system , a reduction fluidized bed , a cooling system , a secondary cooling device , a low-valence vanadium oxide feeding device , and a dissolution and activation reactor;wherein the ammonium salt precipitating device comprises an ammonium salt precipitating reaction tank and a washing filter;the ammonium salt feeding device comprises an ammonium salt hopper and an ammonium salt screw feeder;the preheating system comprises a primary cyclone preheater, a venturi preheater, a secondary cyclone preheater, and a first cyclone separator;the reduction fluidized bed comprises a feeder, a bed body, a discharger, a gas heater, a gas purifier, and an ammonium chloride settling tower;the cooling system comprises a venturi cooler, a cyclone cooler, and a ...

FLUIDIZED BED REACTORS INCLUDING CONICAL GAS DISTRIBUTORS AND RELATED METHODS OF FLUORINATION

Embodiments of a fluidized bed fluorination reactor are provided, as are embodiments of a fluidized bed reactor and embodiments of a fluorination method carried-out utilizing a fluidized bed fluorination reactor. In one embodiment, the fluidized bed fluorination reactor includes a source of fluorine gas, a reaction vessel, a windbox fluidly coupled to the source of fluorine gas, and a conical gas distributor fluidly coupled between the reaction vessel and the windbox. The conical gas distributor has a plurality of gas flow openings directing fluorine gas flow from the windbox into the fluorination reaction vessel during the fluorination process. 1. A fluidized bed fluorination reactor , comprising:a source of fluorine gas;a reaction vessel;a windbox fluidly coupled to the source of fluorine gas; anda conical gas distributor fluidly coupled between the reaction vessel and the windbox, the conical gas distributor having a plurality of gas flow openings directing fluorine gas flow from the windbox and into the reaction vessel during the fluorination process.2. A fluidized bed fluorination reactor according to further comprising a solids drain pipe fluidly coupled to the reaction vessel through the conical gas distributor to remove solid aggregates from the reaction vessel during the fluorination process.3. A fluidized bed fluorination reactor according to wherein the conical gas distributor has a solids opening formed in a central portion thereof to which the solids drain pipe is fluidly coupled.4. A fluidized bed fluorination reactor according to wherein the conical gas distributor comprises a conical support wall through which the plurality of gas flow openings is formed claim 2 , the conical support wall converging toward the inlet of the solids drain pipe.5. A fluidized bed fluorination reactor according to wherein the conical support wall forms an angle with the longitudinal axis of reaction vessel between about 30 degrees and 75 degrees claim 4 , as taken in ...

Method and Device for Using Oxygen in the Steam Reforming of Biomass

A device is presented and described for the use of oxygen for the thermochemical gasification of biomass in at least one fluidised bed reactor, a heater being arranged in the fluidised bed of the fluidised bed reactor and the fluidised bed reactor being heatable by at least partial oxidation of a combustible gas with oxygen.

MICROWAVE ENHANCEMENT OF CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Gas streams may be effectively processed using microwave energy in such a way as to significantly reduce processing cost and plant complexity. In the first instance, microwave energy is used to generate a self-catalytic, non-equilibrium plasma, resulting in essentially complete gas reaction at industrial scales of operation. In the second instance, microwave energy is used in combination with conventional catalyst materials to significantly enhance their performance by enabling operation at reduced gas temperatures. In this second instance, the microwave energy may be used either to generate a non-equilibrium plasma or to selectively and directly heat the catalyst material. 1. A system for processing gaseous materials through the use of microwave non-equilibrium plasmas , said system comprisinga) a microwave source connected to a waveguide,b) a means of coupling said microwave energy from the waveguide to a vessel acting as a gas containment reactor vessel in which the plasma is generated and maintained,c) a first means of directing reagent gas into the said reactor vessel by means of supersonic nozzle gas expansion,d) a second means of directing reagent gas tangentially into the said reactor vessel in such a way as to generate a vortex flow which first is directed counter to the supersonic flow direction, is reflected from the top of the said reactor vessel and thereafter is directed in the same direction as the supersonic flow, ande) a means of allowing the post-plasma gas products stream pressure to be adjusted suitably for further processing or discharge.2. The system according to in which the gas containment reactor vessel is constructed of a microwave-transparent material and is located within the said waveguide.3. The system according to in which the gas containment reactor vessel is a metallic cavity which is coupled to the said waveguide by means of an aperture.4. The system according to in which the gas containment reactor vessel is a metallic cavity which ...

Small scale production of methoxy compounds

A method includes receiving a base raw material at a system. The base raw material is converted to synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is conditioned to remove moisture and carbon dioxide. One or more methoxy compounds are produced from methanol when the methanol is produced from the conditioned synthesis gas at operational temperatures below 205° C.

PROCESS AND PLANT FOR REFINING RAW MATERIALS CONTAINING ORGANIC CONSTITUENTS

A plant for refining raw materials containing organic constituents includes a reactor configured to receive raw materials; a furnace configured to receive solids and fuel from the reactor; a return conduit configured to recirculate hot solids generated in the furnace to the reactor; and a sealing device configured to separate an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor. The sealing device includes: a downpipe disposed between the furnace and the reactor, the downpipe being configured to withdraw a stream of solids from the furnace; a rising pipe disposed near a bottom of the downpipe and branching off there from to a top, the rising pipe being configured to transport a fluidized stream of solids to the reactor; and a conveying gas supply disposed below the rising pipe, the conveying gas supply being configured to fluidize a stream of solids withdrawn from the furnace. 1. A plant for refining raw materials containing organic constituents , the plant comprising:a reactor configured to receive raw materials;a furnace configured to receive solids and fuel from the reactor;a return conduit configured to recirculate hot solids generated in the furnace to the reactor; a downpipe disposed between the furnace and the reactor, the downpipe being configured to withdraw a stream of solids from the furnace,', 'a rising pipe disposed near a bottom of the downpipe and branching off therefrom to a top, the rising pipe being configured to transport a fluidized stream of solids to the reactor, and', 'a conveying gas supply disposed below the rising pipe, the conveying gas supply being configured to fluidize a stream of solids withdrawn from the furnace., 'a sealing device configured to separate an oxidizing atmosphere of the furnace from an atmosphere of the reactor, the sealing device including2. The plant as recited in claim 1 , wherein the reactor is a fluidized-bed reactor.3. The plant as recited in claim 1 , further comprising at least one of a drier ...

A process for reacting oxygen carrying regenerated catalyst prior to use in a fluidized bed reactor

A process to react an oxygen containing regenerated catalyst stream prior to use in a fluidized bed reactor comprising providing a regenerated catalyst stream which comprises at least 0.001 wt % oxygen; reacting the regenerated catalyst stream with a fuel source thereby forming oxides and reducing the amount of oxygen in the regenerated catalyst stream to produce a usable regenerated catalyst stream; and injecting the usable regenerated catalyst stream into a hydrocarbon fluidized bed reactor is provided.

FEED GAS REFORMING SYSTEM AND METHOD OF CONTROLLING THE SAME

A feed gas reforming system is provided. The system includes a reformer configured to receive feed gas and supply water and to produce and discharge mixed gas including hydrogen, a pressure swing absorber (PSA) configured to receive the mixed gas and to refine and discharge hydrogen gas, a feed gas supply unit configured to control the supply amount of feed gas, a supply water supply unit configured to control the supply amount of supply water, a hydrogen gas supply unit configured to control the amount of hydrogen gas, and a control unit configured to control the flow rate of hydrogen gas, to control the feed gas supply unit based on the pressure of the discharged hydrogen gas, and to control the supply water supply unit based on the flow rate of feed gas. 1. A feed gas reforming system comprising: receive feed gas and supply water; and', 'produce and discharge mixed gas including hydrogen;, 'a reformer configured to receive the mixed gas from the reformer; and', 'refine and discharge hydrogen gas;, 'a pressure swing absorber (PSA) configured toa feed gas supply unit configured to control a supply amount of the feed gas;a supply water supply unit configured to control a supply amount of the supply water;a hydrogen gas supply unit configured to control an amount of the hydrogen gas discharged from the PSA; and control a flow rate of the hydrogen gas discharged through the hydrogen gas supply unit;', 'control the feed gas supply unit based on a pressure of the discharged hydrogen gas; and', 'control the supply water supply unit based on a flow rate of the feed gas discharged through the feed gas supply unit., 'a control unit configured to2. The feed gas reforming system according to claim 1 , wherein the control unit further comprises: control the hydrogen gas supply unit based on a flow rate or pressure of the hydrogen gas discharged from the PSA; and', 'control the hydrogen gas supply unit according to a signal transmitted from outside., 'a hydrogen gas controller ...

Process and Apparatus for Production of a Granular Cannabinoid Material Essentially Soluble in Aqueous Medium

A process and to an apparatus for production of a granular cannabinoid material essentially soluble in aqueous medium, wherein a matrix liquid composed of a first liquid that dissolves a cannabinoid or composed of a first liquid that dissolves a cannabinoid and a second liquid that forms an emulsion with the first liquid and a cannabinoid dissolved in the first liquid or emulsion is produced. The matrix liquid is dried by convection, and wherein the apparatus has a vessel system having an inlet and a matrix liquid outlet for production of the matrix liquid and a drying apparatus fluidically connected to the matrix liquid outlet of the vessel system. 1. A method for manufacturing a cannabinoid granulate which is essentially soluble in an aqueous environment , wherein a matrix liquid is manufactured from a first liquid which dissolves a cannabinoid or from a first liquid which dissolves a cannabinoid and a second fluid which with the first liquid forms an emulsion and from a cannabinoid which is dissolved in the first liquid or in the emulsion , wherein the matrix liquid is convectively dried.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the matrix liquid is spray dried or is convectively dried in a fluidisation apparatus by way of spray granulation claim 1 , spray agglomeration or spray encapsulation claim 1 , into a cannabinoid granulate.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein firstly a cannabinoid is dissolved in a first liquid and the first liquid subsequently mixed with the second liquid for forming the emulsion.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first liquid is firstly mixed with the second liquid for forming the emulsion and a cannabinoid is subsequently dissolved in the emulsion.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first liquid consists of the group of lipids claim 1 , alcohols claim 1 , oils and/or an arbitrary mixture of these.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second liquid is an aqueous solution or water.7. The ...

DENSE PHASE RISER TO MAXIMIZE LIGHT OLEFINS YIELDS FOR NAPHTHA CATALYTIC CRACKING

Systems and methods for producing light olefins via catalytic cracking of naphtha are disclosed. A naphtha feed stream and lift gas stream are fed into a dense phase riser reactor operated with a high solid volume fraction, a high superficial velocity, minimum back mixing. The effluent stream from the dense phase riser reactor is further separated, in a secondary reactor, to form a gaseous product stream and a catalyst stream. The catalyst stream is stripped to remove the hydrocarbons adsorbed on the catalyst particles. The stripped catalyst is regenerated in a regenerator. 1. A method of producing light olefins; the method comprising:contacting, in a dense phase riser reactor, naphtha with catalyst particles under reaction conditions sufficient to produce a first product comprising one or more olefins, wherein the reaction conditions comprise a solid volume fraction of 0.06 to 0.12 in the dense phase riser reactor;flowing a mixture of the first product, the catalyst particles, and unreacted naphtha to a cyclone system disposed in a secondary reactor, wherein the secondary reactor is stacked on top of a catalyst regenerator.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction conditions comprise a contact time between naphtha and catalyst particles in a range of 1 to 2 seconds.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction conditions comprise a superficial gas velocity in the dense phase riser reactor in a range of 12 to 21 m/s.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction conditions further comprise a reaction temperature in a range of 670 to 730° C. claim 1 , a reaction pressure in a range of 1 to 3 bar claim 1 , and a weight hourly space velocity in a range of 0.3 to 3 hr.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dense phase riser reactor is operated such that there is substantially no back mixing of materials in the dense phase riser reactor.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dense phase riser reactor is operated such that reaction kinetics in the dense phase ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD OF PRODUCING A COMPOSITE PRODUCT

A method of producing a composite product is provided. The method includes providing a fluidized bed of metal oxide particles in a fluidized bed reactor, providing a catalyst or catalyst precursor in the fluidized bed reactor, providing a carbon source in the fluidized bed reactor for growing carbon nanotubes, growing carbon nanotubes in a carbon nanotube growth zone of the fluidized bed reactor, and collecting a composite product comprising metal oxide particles and carbon nanotubes. 1. A system for use in producing a composite product , said system comprising:a fluidized bed reactor comprising an amount of metal oxide particles contained therein, the fluidized bed including an outlet;a catalyst or catalyst precursor source in fluid communication with the fluidized bed reactor to provide a flow of catalyst or catalyst precursor in the fluidized bed reactor; anda carrier gas source in fluid communication with the fluidized bed to carry a composite product comprising metal oxide particles and carbon nanotubes grown in the fluidized bed.2. The system in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising a first injector coupled in fluid communication with the catalyst or catalyst precursor source claim 1 , and extending such that the flow of the catalyst or catalyst precursor is discharged into a nanotube growth zone in the fluidized bed reactor.3. The system in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising a second injector coupled in fluid communication with the carrier gas source claim 1 , and extending such that the flow of carrier gas discharged therefrom transports the carbon nanotubes grown in the nanotube growth zone toward the outlet.4. The system in accordance with claim 1 , further comprising a metal oxide particle source coupled in operable communication with an inlet of the fluidized bed reactor claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particle source is configured to selectively replenish the metal oxide particles in the fluidized bed reactor.5. The system in ...

Gas Injection Element for a Fluid Catalytic Cracking Unit and Gas Distribution System Equipped with this Injection Element

The invention relates to a gas injection element () for a system for distributing as gas inside a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit. This injection element comprises a passage () passing right through it in a longitudinal direction (X), and —a metallic internal element () of which an internal surface () defines part of the through-passage () passing through in a longitudinal direction (X), —a hollow metal sleeve () accepting one end () of the internal element () and attached thereto, —a hollow metal support () having an internal surface () defining the remainder of the through-passage passing through in the longitudinal direction (X), the said sleeve also being attached to one end of the support (). 114.-. (canceled)15. A gas injection element for a system for distributing gas inside a chamber of a fluid catalytic cracking unit , said injection element comprising a passage passing through said element from one end to the other and extending in a longitudinal direction (X) , an internal metal element, an internal surface of which defines part of the through-passage in the longitudinal direction (X);', 'a hollow metal sleeve, receiving an end of the internal element and fixed thereto;', 'a hollow metal support having an internal surface defining the rest of the through-passage in the longitudinal direction (X), said sleeve also being fixed to an end of the support., 'characterized in that it comprises16. The gas injection element of claim 15 , wherein the sleeve is in abutment against the end of the support to which it is fixed in said longitudinal direction (X).17. The gas injection element of claim 16 , wherein a predetermined clearance is provided between an end of the proximal internal element of the support and said support in said longitudinal direction (X).18. The gas injection element of claim 15 , further comprising at least one of the following features:the sleeve is shrunk-fit on the internal element;the sleeve is soldered to the internal element; ...

GAS DISSOLVING SYSTEM WITH DOUBLE MIXERS

A gas dissolving system using double mixers to generate a higher gas concentration in liquid is disclosed. The gas dissolving system includes two gas mixers, a degassing device, pressure valves, a pressure sensor, and a pump. Liquid flows through mixers to entrain gas therein, and it thus contains dissolved gas and undissolved gas. The liquid subsequently flows into the degassing device so that undissolved gas is released to the outside environment, and dissolved gas remains in the liquid. The liquid with dissolved gas combines with raw liquid and is diluted so that it becomes liquid with a desired gas concentration as the output. A high gas concentration of liquid is obtained after more cycles of fluid flow through the mixers to dissolve gas without combining raw liquid. 1. A gas dissolving system with double mixers , comprising:{'b': 10', '11', '12', '13', '11', '10', '2', '4', '12', '10', '34', '101', '6', '4, 'a first mixer () having a liquid inlet (), a liquid outlet (), and a throat inlet (), wherein the liquid inlet () of the first mixer () is connected to a raw liquid source () through a pressure valve (), and the liquid outlet () of the first mixer () is connected to a dosaged liquid output () through a pipe line () installed with a pressure sensor () electrically coupled to the pressure valve ();'}{'b': 20', '21', '22', '23', '21', '20', '101', '12', '10', '6', '23', '33', '8, 'a second mixer () having a liquid inlet (), a liquid outlet (), and a throat inlet (), wherein the liquid inlet () of the second mixer () is connected to the pipe line () at a point between the liquid outlet () of the first mixer () and the pressure sensor (), and the throat inlet () is connected to a gas source () through a valve ();'}{'b': 4', '41', '42', '43', '41', '4', '22', '20', '103', '42', '13', '10', '45', '32, 'a degassing device () having an input (), an output (), and a gas vent (), wherein the input () of the degassing device () is connected to the liquid outlet () of ...

Method and synthesis reactor for producing carbon nanotubes

A synthesis reactor for producing carbon nanotubes. The reactor includes a main reactor, a feeder, a settler, an air inlet device, and a product outlet. The main reactor communicates with the settler in the form of a communicating vessel. The feeder communicates with the settler via a catalyst inlet. The air inlet device is disposed under the settler. The wall of the main reactor is provided with a heat exchanger. The product outlet is disposed at the lower part of the main reactor. A method for producing a carbon nanotube, includes: 1) drying red mud for 1 to 4 hour(s) at the temperature of between 101° C. and 109° C.; 2) smashing and sieving the red mud through a 200-mesh sieve to yield a catalyst; and 3) adding the catalyst to a synthesis reactor.

APPARATUSES FOR MIXING OF STAGED METHANOL INJECTION

This present disclosure relates to apparatuses for methylation of aromatics in an aromatics complex for producing a xylene isomer product. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to apparatuses for producing para-xylene by the selective methylation of toluene and/or benzene in an aromatics complex using processed toluene instead of crude toluene. 1. A riser reactor , comprising:a cylindrical riser comprising an outer wall and an inner wall;at least one baffle affixed to the inner wall extending into the riser; andat least one distributor configured to inject methanol into the riser, wherein the at least one distributor is located above the at least one baffle, below the at least one baffle, extends through the at least one baffle and into a different radial location within the riser reactor, or a combination thereof2. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle extends around the entire inner wall of the riser reactor.3. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one distributor is angled from 30 degrees to 120 degrees relative to the inner wall.4. The riser reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a second distributor claim 1 , wherein the distributors are located at two different axial locations within the riser reactor.5. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein there are at least two rows of baffles.6. The riser reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of baffles and wherein the baffles are arranged symmetrically around the inner wall of the riser.7. The riser reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of baffles and wherein baffles cover substantially a circumference of the riser.8. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the riser reactor is a toluene methylation riser reactor. This application is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 15/849,529 filed on Dec. 20, 2017, the entirety of which is incorporated herein by reference.This present disclosure relates to apparatuses for methylation of aromatics in an ...

Device for producing nanocarbon

Using a device for producing nanocarbon, a fluidized bed is formed by supplying a low hydrocarbon and oxygen to a fluid catalyst, and nanocarbon and hydrogen are produced by a decomposition reaction of the low hydrocarbon accompanied by a self-combustion of the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen. The device includes: a fluidized bed reactor for containing the fluid catalyst and for causing the self-combustion thereof while being supplied with the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen; a gas supplying unit connected to the fluidized bed reactor for supplying the low hydrocarbon and the oxygen to the fluidized bed reactor; an exhaust gas path connected to the fluidized bed reactor for exhausting an exhaust gas in the fluidized bed reactor to outside; and a supplying unit connected to the fluidized bed reactor for supplying the fluid catalyst to the fluidized bed reactor.

Biomass Upgrading System

Aspects provide for volatilizing a biomass-based fuel stream, removing undesirable components from the resulting volatiles stream, and combusting the resulting stream (e.g., in a kiln). Removal of particles, ash, and/or H2O from the volatiles stream improves its economic value and enhances the substitution of legacy (e.g., fossil) fuels with biomass-based fuels. Aspects may be particularly advantageous for upgrading otherwise low-quality biomass to a fuel specification sufficient for industrial implementation. A volatilization reactor may include a fluidized bed reactor, which may comprise multiple stages and/or a splashgenerator. A splashgenerator may impart directed momentum to a portion of the bed to increase bed transport via directed flow.

GAS DECOMPOSITION REACTOR FEEDBACK CONTROL USING RAMAN SPECTROMETRY

A gas decomposition reactor for the decomposition of a gas into a mixture of solid and gaseous by-products is disclosed. The gas decomposition reactor includes a reactor vessel, a Raman spectrometer, and a processor. The reactor vessel has an inlet for receiving inlet gas and an exhaust outlet for releasing exhaust gas. The Raman spectrometer is connected with the exhaust outlet for determining a chemical conversion within the reactor chamber and generating a corresponding signal. The processor is connected with the Raman spectrometer to receive the signal from the Raman spectrometer. The processor is capable of comparing the signal with a set of values and calculating differences between the signal and the set of values. The processor is connected with the inlet to regulate a flow of the inlet gas. 1. A gas decomposition reactor for the decomposition of a gas into a mixture of solid and gaseous by-products , the gas decomposition reactor comprising:a reactor vessel having an inlet for receiving an inlet gas and an exhaust outlet for releasing an exhaust gas;a Raman spectrometer connected with the exhaust outlet for determining a chemical conversion within the reactor vessel and generating a corresponding signal; anda processor connected with the Raman spectrometer to receive the signal from the Raman spectrometer, the processor being capable of comparing the signal with a set of values and calculating differences between the signal and the set of values, the processor is connected with the inlet to regulate a flow of the inlet gas.2. The gas decomposition reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a feeder tube for providing particles to the reactor vessel.3. The gas decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the Raman spectrometer is connected with the inlet for determining a chemical composition of the inlet gas and generating a corresponding inlet signal.4. The gas decomposition reactor of claim 3 , wherein the set of values used by the processor to calculate ...

FLUID INJECTION NOZZLE FOR FLUID BED REACTORS

A feed injector for a circulating fluid bed reactor is fitted with a discharge nozzle with a circular, radially notched discharge orifice to improve the surface-to-volume ratio of the spray pattern formed by the nozzle. The feed injector is useful for injecting fluids into various types of circulating fluid bed reactors in which good contact between the components of the fluidized bed and the injected fluid is required. It is particularly useful in fluid coking reactors. 1. A feed injector for a circulating fluid bed comprising an inlet for a heavy oil feed , at least one inlet for atomizing steam , a flow conduit for conducting the oil and the steam to a discharge nozzle having a central flow passage of circular cross-section extending from the flow conduit to a radially notched discharge orifice.2. A feed injector according to in which the central flow passage of discharge nozzle extends to an end face having radially opposed notches.3. A feed injector according to in which the radially opposed notches are v-shaped notches.4. A feed injector according to in which the radially opposed notches are notches of rectangular cross-section.5. A feed injector according to in which the notches extend from the central flow passage of the nozzle radially outwards to the edge of the nozzle.6. A circulating fluid bed reactor having a reactor wall of circular cross section about a vertical axis claim 2 , a lower inlet for fluidizing gas and feed injectors for a liquid heavy oil feed and atomizing steam around the reactor wall and above the lower fluidizing gas inlet claim 2 , the feed injectors each extending through the reactor wall into the reactor with a discharge nozzle within the reactor and an inlet for the liquid heavy oil feed at the end remote from the discharge nozzle; each feed injector comprising:a flow conduit for conducting the oil and the steam to a discharge nozzle having a central flow passage of circular cross-section extending from the flow conduit to a ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR INDIRECT CATALYST HEATING IN A REGENERATOR

A process and apparatus for heating catalyst is presented. Cooler catalyst is removed from a reactor and heated with a hot gas in a riser, heated in a heating tube or heated in a heating chamber. Heated catalyst is disengaged from the hot gas if necessary and returned to the reactor. The process and apparatus can be used for producing light olefins. The hot gas may be a flue gas from an FCC regenerator or a combustion gas from a heater. 1. A reactor apparatus comprising:a reactor vessel comprising a feed inlet, a catalyst inlet to the reactor vessel and a catalyst outlet in the reactor vessel;a catalyst outlet conduit in direct communication with the catalyst outlet;a heating tube in downstream communication with said catalyst outlet conduit, said heating tube positioned in a catalyst regenerator; and the catalyst inlet in downstream communication with said heating tube.2. The reactor apparatus of wherein said catalyst inlet to the reactor vessel is above the catalyst outlet.3. The reactor apparatus of further comprising a riser in communication with said heating tube.4. The reactor apparatus of wherein said riser is in direct claim 3 , downstream communication with said catalyst outlet conduit and said heating tube is downstream communication with said riser.5. The reactor apparatus of wherein said heating tube is in direct downstream communication with said catalyst outlet conduit and said riser is in downstream communication with said heating tube.6. The reactor apparatus of further comprising a disengager at a top end of said riser for disengaging hot gas from said catalyst stream.7. The reactor apparatus of wherein said regenerator has two chambers and said heating tube is in said upper chamber or said lower chamber.8. The reactor apparatus of wherein said heating tube is positioned within the wall of the regenerator.9. The reactor apparatus of wherein said heating tube comprises a coil that winds around the interior of the regenerator.10. A reactor apparatus ...

GAS DISTRIBUTION NOZZLE

The invention relates to a gas distributor nozzle () comprising a gas feed () directed vertically upwards and a float () with which an outlet orifice out of the gas feed () may be closed if no gas is flowing, wherein the float () has a center of gravity which is below a point of force application of the gas flow. The invention further comprises a reactor with a solid bed and at least one gas distributor nozzle (). 1113113. A gas distributor nozzle comprising a gas feed () directed vertically upwards and a float () with which an outlet orifice out of the gas feed () may be closed if the gas velocity falls below a given value , no gas is flowing or a pressure reversal occurs , wherein the float () has a center of gravity which is below a point of force application of the gas flow.2131. The gas distributor nozzle according to claim 1 , wherein the float () has a constantly narrowing diameter on the side facing towards the gas feed ().313. The gas distributor nozzle according to or claim 1 , wherein the float () comprises a cavity on its side remote from the gas feed.413171917. The gas distributor nozzle according to one of to claim 1 , wherein the float () takes the form of a hollow cone () claim 1 , the tip () of the cone () being solid.51315. The gas distributor nozzle according to one of to claim 1 , wherein the float () comprises a guide rod ().6151917. The gas distributor nozzle according to and claim 1 , wherein the guide rod () is formed at the tip () of the hollow cone ().7157. The gas distributor nozzle according to or claim 1 , wherein the guide rod () is guided in a guide ring ().821157. The gas distributor nozzle according to claim 7 , wherein a guide stop () is provided on the guide rod () which comes to a stop against the guide ring () in the open state.9133331131313. The gas distributor nozzle according to one of to claim 7 , wherein the float () is guided in a sleeve () claim 7 , said sleeve () comprising a limit stop () on which the float () rests in ...

Continuous production of titanium tetrachloride from titanium-bearing slags

This disclosure relates to an improved method to produce titanium tetrachloride continuously from titanium-bearing materials containing high concentrations of alkaline earth metal impurities through fluidized-bed carbochlorination. Agglomerated heavy particles in a reaction are taken out continuously from a chlorination reactor without clogging and stopping. The reactors and related methods disclosed apply to the chlorination of titanium slag containing high content of alkaline earth metal oxides of up to 15% by weight.

PROCESS FOR START-UP OF A MULTIZONE CIRCULATING REACTOR

A process for starting a multizone circulating reactor containing no polyolefin particles, comprising the steps of conveying gas through the reactor and the gas recycle line, feeding a particulate material comprising a polymerization catalyst and optionally polyolefin into the reactor, controlling the gas flow in a vertical reactor zone equipped with a throttling valve at the bottom so that the upwards gas velocity in the bottom part of this reaction zone is lower than the terminal free-fall velocity of the particulate material fed into the reactor, and, after the weight of the particulate polyolefin in this reactor zone is higher than the drag force of the upward moving gas, controlling the circulation rate of the polymer particles within the multizone circulating reactor by adjusting the opening of the throttling valve and adjusting the flow rate of a dosing gas. 1. A process for starting a gas-phase olefin polymerization reaction for producing a particulate polyolefin by polymerizing one or more olefins in a multizone circulating reactor , a vertical first reactor zone and', 'a vertical second reactor zone, which is equipped with a throttling valve at the bottom, a line for discharging polymer, and, in the upper part, means which allow measuring the level of a settled bed of polyolefin particles into the second reactor zone, and', 'the upper region of the first reactor zone is connected with the upper region of the second reactor zone by a first connecting part and', 'the lower region of the second reactor zone is connected with the lower region of the first reactor zone by a second connecting part; and, 'wherein the multizone circulating reactor comprises'} a gas recycle line, which is equipped with a compressor and a heat exchanger for removing the heat of polymerization and which connects the top of the first reactor zone, the top of the second reactor zone or the first connecting part with at least', 'a riser gas introduction point for feeding a riser gas at ...

Gas decomposition reactor feedback control using raman spectrometry

A gas decomposition reactor for the decomposition of a gas into a mixture of solid and gaseous by-products is disclosed. The gas decomposition reactor includes a reactor vessel, a Raman spectrometer, and a processor. The reactor vessel has an inlet for receiving inlet gas and an exhaust outlet for releasing exhaust gas. The Raman spectrometer is connected with the exhaust outlet for determining a chemical conversion within the reactor chamber and generating a corresponding signal. The processor is connected with the Raman spectrometer to receive the signal from the Raman spectrometer. The processor is capable of comparing the signal with a set of values and calculating differences between the signal and the set of values. The processor is connected with the inlet to regulate a flow of the inlet gas.

CATALYTIC CRACKING SYSTEM WITH PIPE FORMED NOZZLE BODY

A catalytic cracking system having a spray nozzle assembly adapted for more economical manufacture and efficient performance. The spray nozzle assembly includes an elongated pipe formed nozzle body formed of one or more lengths of cylindrical pipes which define a mixing zone and an elongated barrel extension zone that extends through a wall of the riser of the catalytic cracking system. The spray nozzle assembly includes an elongated liquid deflection member supported by the pipe formed nozzle body within the mixing zone which defines an impingement surface against which pressurized liquid hydrocarbon directed through a liquid hydrocarbon inlet impinges and is transversely directed from the impingement surface into the mixing zone for atomization and direction through the barrel extension zone by a stream of pressurized steam. 1. A catalytic cracking system comprising:a riser;a spray nozzle assembly supported within a wall of the riser for discharging atomized liquid into the riser;said spray nozzle assembly including an elongated pipe formed nozzle body, said pipe formed nozzle body being made of one or more lengths of cylindrical pipe, said pipe formed nozzle body defining a mixing zone and an elongated barrel extension zone longer in length than the mixing zone downstream and in communication with the mixing zone extending through the riser wall,a liquid hydrocarbon supply,a liquid hydrocarbon inlet supported by said elongated pipe formed nozzle body through which a pressurized liquid hydrocarbon stream from said liquid hydrocarbon supply is directed into said mixing zone,an elongated liquid deflection member supported by said pipe formed nozzle body within said mixing zone and defining an impingement surface against which pressurized liquid hydrocarbon directed into and through said liquid hydrocarbon inlet impinges and is transversely directed from said impingement surface in said mixing zone;a steam supply,a steam inlet supported by said elongated pipe formed ...

SPENT CATALYST STANDPIPES

A catalyst standpipe comprising a horizontal section, a sloped section, and vertical section, wherein the vertical section comprises one or more ring portions and associated methods and systems. 1. A catalyst standpipe comprising a horizontal section , a sloped section , and vertical section , wherein the horizontal section , the sloped section , and/or the vertical section comprises one or more ring portions.2. The catalyst standpipe of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ring portions comprise catalyst standpipe inserts.3. The catalyst standpipe of claim 2 , wherein the catalyst standpipe inserts comprise a beveled or tapered inner surface.4. The catalyst standpipe of claim 2 , wherein the catalyst standpipe inserts have an inner diameter in the range of from 0.25 meters to 0.5 meters and an outer diameter in the range of from 0.5 meters to 1 meter.5. The catalyst standpipe of claim 2 , wherein the catalyst standpipe inserts have a height in the range of from 0.05 meters to 0.1 meters.6. The catalyst standpipe of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ring portions comprise protrusions of a tubular wall of the vertical section.7. The catalyst standpipe of claim 6 , wherein the protrusions extend into a hollow interior of the vertical section a distance in the range of from 0.2% to 10% of the radius of the hollow interior.8. The catalyst standpipe of claim 6 , wherein the protrusions have a length in the range of from 0.1 meters to 0.15 meters.9. The catalyst standpipe of claim 6 , wherein the protrusions cover an entire inner circumference of the catalyst standpipe.10. The catalyst standpipe of claim 1 , wherein the vertical section comprise the one or more ring portions11. The catalyst standpipe of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst standpipe comprises three or more ring portions.12. The catalyst standpipe of claim 10 , wherein the one or more ring portions are spaced at least 0.2 riser diameters from each other.13. The catalyst standpipe of claim 10 , wherein the one or ...

APPARATUSES FOR MIXING OF STAGED METHANOL INJECTION

This present disclosure relates to apparatuses for methylation of aromatics in an aromatics complex for producing a xylene isomer product. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to apparatuses for producing para-xylene by the selective methylation of toluene and/or benzene in an aromatics complex using processed toluene instead of crude toluene. 1. A riser reactor , comprising:a cylindrical riser comprising an outer wall and an inner wall;at least one baffle affixed to the inner wall extending into the riser; andat least one distributor configured to inject methanol into the riser.2. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle extends around the entire inner wall of the riser.3. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one distributor is located above the at least one baffle.4. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one distributor is located below the at least one baffle.5. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one distributor extends through the at least one baffle and into a different radial location within the riser.6. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one distributor is angled from 30 degrees to 120 degrees relative to the inner wall.7. The riser reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of distributors claim 1 , wherein the distributors are located at two different axial locations within the riser.8. The riser reactor of claim 1 , further comprising at least two rows of baffles.9. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle is arranged non-symmetrically around the inner wall of the riser.10. The riser reactor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle covers substantially the entire circumference of the riser.11. (canceled)12. A riser reactor claim 1 , comprising:a cylindrical riser comprising an outer wall and an inner wall;at least one baffle affixed to the inner wall and extending inward into the riser covering substantially the entire ...

High efficiency/low pressure catalytic cracking spray nozzle assembly

A gas assisted liquid spray nozzle assembly having a nozzle body that defines a mixing zone, a liquid inlet communicating with the mixing zone from an end, and a pressurized gas inlet communicating with the mixing chamber from an upstream side. The liquid inlet includes a liquid injector extending into the nozzle body having a liquid inlet extension passage and a plurality of discharge orifices adjacent a closed downstream end which define an impingement surface for directing liquid into the mixing zone in transverse relation to a central axis of the mixing zone. The nozzle body and liquid injector define a plurality of concentrating gas discharge passages at respective locations of the injector liquid discharge orifices for causing individual pressurized gas to directly interact with transversely directed liquid into the mixing zone for enhanced atomization and ultimate discharge from a downstream spray tip.

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR FLUIDIZING A CATALYST BED

A process and apparatus for fluidizing a catalyst cooler with fluidization gas fed to the cooler below the catalyst bed is disclosed. Fluidization headers extend through an outlet manifold and deliver fluidization gas through distributors protruding through an outlet tube sheet defining said outlet manifold. The outlet manifold collects heated water vapor from the catalyst cooler and discharges it from the catalyst cooler. 1. A process for fluidizing a bed of catalyst in a catalyst cooler comprising internals and said bed of catalyst:passing water from a water manifold to an inner tube;heating water in said inner tube by indirect heat exchange with said bed of catalyst to vaporize at least some of the water;passing vaporized water to an outer tube nested around said inner tube;collecting said vaporized water in an outlet manifold;feeding fluidizing gas to said catalyst cooler through an inlet located below said bed of catalyst and distributing said fluidizing gas to said bed of catalyst to fluidize said bed of catalyst.2. The process of further comprising a plurality of inner tubes and a plurality of outer tubes are respectively nested around a respective inner tube and water is passed from the water manifold to said plurality of inner tubes and vaporized water is passed from said outer tubes to said outlet manifold.3. The process of further comprising feeding said fluidizing gas to said catalyst cooler through a header that supplies fluidization distributors.4. The process of further comprising passing fluidizing gas from said header to said bed of catalyst between said outer tubes.5. The process of further comprising feeding said fluidizing gas through said header in said outlet manifold.6. The process of further comprising heating said fluidizing gas by indirect heat exchange with said vaporized water in said outlet manifold.7. The process of further feeding water to said water manifold and vaporized water exits from said outlet manifold.8. The process of further ...

Process and apparatus for fluidizing a catalyst bed

A process and apparatus is disclosed for gradually starting fluidization in a bed of particulate from the top down so as to avoid thrusting the entire mass of particulates upwardly in the bed at the same time which may damage internals in the bed. The particulate bed may comprise a catalyst cooler for an FCC unit containing internals such as cooling, fluidization and support equipment.

FLUID DISTRIBUTION IN A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

A fluid distribution cap () for a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a tunnel shaped structure having two opposing walls for attaching to a fluid distribution plate (), and at least one opening at an end of the tunnel shaped structure. The tunnel shaped structure has an inner surface () and an outer surface (), wherein the inner surface () has a curved cross section, and wherein the outer surface () has a substantially V-shaped cross section. A fluid distribution plate () for a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a plate having a plurality of fluid vent holes (), a plurality of fluid distribution caps (), wherein for each fluid vent hole () a fluid distribution cap () is mounted over said hole (). At least two mutually neighboring fluid distribution caps () are positioned with an opening of a first of the two neighboring fluid distribution caps facing a side of the second of the two neighboring fluid distribution caps. A fluidized bed reactor having a fluid distribution plate () and a fluid distribution cap (). 1. A fluid distribution cap for a fluidized bed reactor or a fluidized bed reactor used in a polymerization process , comprisinga tunnel shaped structure having two opposing walls for attaching to a fluid distribution plate; andat least one opening at an end of the tunnel shaped structure, wherein the tunnel shaped structure has two openings at opposing ends of the structure;the tunnel shaped structure having an inner surface and an outer surface, wherein the inner surface has a curved cross section, and wherein the outer surface has a substantially V-shaped cross section.2. The fluid distribution cap according to claim 1 , wherein the inner surface has a substantially semicircular cross section.3. The fluid distribution cap according to claim 1 , wherein the tunnel shaped structure is a one-piece object.4. The fluid distribution cap according to claim 1 , wherein the structure comprises an angle profile forming the V-shaped outer surface and a pipe segment ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING CATALYST

A process and apparatus for cooling catalyst in a catalyst cooler is disclosed. Nested tubes in the catalyst cooler have an undulating wall for improving heat transfer from the catalyst bed across the wall to the water inside the tubes. The outer tubes have an end wall at an inlet end opposed to an outlet end of a respective inner tube. The helical wall improves the efficiency of heat transfer to increase cooler duty for heavy feed stocks. 1. A process for cooling a bed of catalyst in a catalyst cooler comprising:passing water from a water manifold to an inner tube;heating water in said inner tube by indirect heat exchange with heated water in an outer tube across an inner wall to vaporize at least some of the water in the inner tube;passing vaporized water to an outer tube nested around said inner tube;passing heat from said catalyst bed across an outer wall of said outer tube to said water in said outer tube;collecting said vaporized water in an outlet manifold;fluidizing said catalyst in said catalyst bed; wherein at least one of said inner wall and said outer wall comprises an undulating wall.2. The process of further comprising a plurality of inner tubes and a plurality of outer tubes are respectively nested around a respective inner tube and passing water from the water manifold to said plurality of inner tubes claim 1 , transferring heat from said catalyst bed across a helical wall of a respective one of said outer tubes to water in said respective one of said outer tubes and passing vaporized water from said outer tubes to said outlet manifold; wherein each of said outer tubes have a helical wall.3. The process of further comprising discharging said water from said inner tubes against an end wall of said outer tubes and reversing direction of said water in said outer tubes.4. The process of wherein said outer tubes have undulating outer walls.5. The process of wherein said inner tubes have undulating inner walls.6. An apparatus for cooling a bed of catalyst ...

HIGH CONVERSION AND SELECTIVITY ODH PROCESS

Ethane may be catalytically oxidatively dehydrogenated to ethylene at high conversions and high selectivity in a circulating fluidized bed (CFB) reactor in the presence of oxygen in the feed in an amount above the flammability limit. The reactor has an attached regeneration reactor to regenerate the catalyst and cycle back to the CFB. 2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the oxidative dehydrogenation reactor comprises a riser and the regeneration reactor is a separate fluidized bed reactor claim 1 , said regeneration reactor being connected with said riser to flow oxidized catalyst back to said riser.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the top of said riser comprises a distributor system.4. The process according to claim 3 , further comprising passing one or more of low temperature steam and atomized water into said catalyst flow into said riser to cool the catalyst to control the heat balance of the of the oxidative dehydrogenation reactor.5. The process according to claim 3 , wherein there is a downcomer between said oxidative dehydrogenation reactor and said regeneration reactor to flow reduced catalyst from said oxidative dehydrogenation reactor to said regeneration reactor.6. The process according to claim 5 , further comprising passing low temperature steam counter current to the flow of oxygen depleted catalyst through said downcomer to strip entrained alkane feed and product.7. The process according to claim 6 , further comprising passing air or a mixture of air and nitrogen through the regeneration reactor in an amount to substantially extract the oxygen from the air or a mixture of air and nitrogen and generating a gas product stream comprising not less than 80-100% of nitrogen.8. The process according to claim 7 , further comprising recycling a portion of the oxygen reduced effluent stream from the regenerator reactor and optionally cooling it and recycling it to the regenerator reactor.9. The process according to claim 7 , further ...

SPRAY, JET, AND/OR SPLASH INDUCED CIRCULATION AMONG INTEGRATED BUBBLING ZONES IN A BUBBLING FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

Various aspects provide for a fluidized bed reactor comprising a container having a bed of bed solids and a splashgenerator configured to impart a directed momentum to a portion of the bed solids. A bedwall may separate the bed solids into first and second reaction zones, and the directed momentum may be used to transfer bed solids from one zone to the other. A return passage may provide for return of the transferred bed solids, providing for circulation between the zones. A compact circulating bubbling fluidized bed may be integrated with a reactor having first and second stages, each with its own fluidization gas and ambient. A multistage reactor may comprise a gaswall separating at least the gas phases above two different portions of the bed. A gaslock beneath the gaswall may provide reduced gas transport while allowing bed transport, reducing contamination. 1400400410410420500700. A fluidized bed reactor ( , ′ , , ′ , , , ) configured to react a fuel in a fluidized bed of bed solids , the reactor comprising:{'b': '303', 'claim-text': [{'b': '312', 'claim-text': [{'b': 314', '312, 'a LowOx gas inlet () disposed at a first portion of a bottom of the container and configured to fluidize the bed solids in the LowOx reaction zone () to create a first bubbling fluidized bed; and'}, {'b': 311', '314, 'a LowOx gas supply () configured to supply an inert and/or less-oxidizing gas to the LowOx gas inlet () to volatilize the fuel to yield a volatiles stream and char; and'}], 'a LowOx reaction zone () comprising, {'b': '332', 'claim-text': [{'b': 334', '332, 'an oxidant inlet () disposed at a second portion of the bottom of the container configured to fluidize the bed solids in the HiOx reaction zone () to create a second bubbling fluidized bed;'}, {'b': 331', '334', '311, 'a HiOx gas supply () configured to supply the oxidant inlet () with a gas that is more oxidizing than that supplied by the LowOx gas supply (), the HiOx gas supply and oxidant inlet configured to combust ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PROCESSING A MIXTURE OF RECYCLED POLYESTER MATERIAL AND A POLYESTER PREPOLYMER FROM A POLYESTER MANUFACTURING PROCESS

A method for processing a mixture of recycled polyester material and a polyester prepolymer from a polyester manufacturing process, wherein a recycled polyester material is mixed with a polyester prepolymer, from a polyester manufacturing process, and treated in a bulk thermal treatment reactor () with a process gas which flows in a counter-current or a cross-current flow direction to the flow direction of the mixture. In this process, the process gas, before entering a catalyst vessel (), is passed through a protective bed () containing a solid adsorbent material that removes high-boiling organic substances or organic substances, with a high combustion temperature, from the process gas stream. 115.-. (canceled)16. A method for processing a mixture of recycled polyester material and a polyester prepolymer from a polyester manufacturing process , comprising the following steps:blending said recycled polyester material with said polyester prepolymer from the polyester manufacturing process to produce a mixture of solids;treating this mixture of solids in a reactor for thermal treatment of bulk materials with a process gas in counter-current or cross-current to a flow direction of the mixture;introducing the process gas, containing organic impurities, into at least one heat exchanger to heat the process gas, and heating the process gas in said heat exchanger,controlling supply of an oxygen-containing gas to the process gas,introducting the process gas mixed with the oxygen-containing gas into a catalyst vessel with at least one catalyst bed arranged therein, through which the process gas flows from an inlet side to an outlet side of said catalyst vessel,combusting the organic impurities in the process gas in the at least one catalyst bed,at least partial recirculation of the process gas,wherein before entering the catalyst vessel, passing the process gas through a protective bed containing a solid adsorbent material, arranged upstream of the heat exchanger for heating ...

System and Method for Producing High Purity Particulate Graphite

A reactor vessel is provided having a solids feed opening for particulate graphite and a product outlet for purified particulate graphite. The vessel has an interior volume for containing the graphite particles, with a plurality of gas feed openings at the bottom of the interior volume, near the centre-line, for feeding of chlorine-containing gas, wherein the chlorine-containing gas passes through the particulate graphite, fluidizing the particulate graphite. Electrodes are provided which function to heat the particulate graphite, as it is carried upwards under the fluidizing effect of the centrally injected chlorine-containing gas. When the heated graphite particles react with the chlorine gas, purified particulate graphite is formed and may be extracted through the product outlet. 1. A reactor for the purification of fluidizable particulate graphite comprising:a reaction vessel comprising an interior volume for containing the particulate graphite, a solids feed inlet to feed particulate graphite into the interior volume of the vessel, a product outlet for withdrawal of purified particulate graphite from the vessel, a plurality of gas feed openings formed in the bottom of the reaction vessel for feeding chlorine-containing fluidizing gas into the interior volume of the vessel to fluidize the particulate graphite and an off-gas outlet for withdrawal of process off-gases from the vessel; andat least two electrodes that extend into the interior volume of the vessel so as to be submerged in fluidized particulate graphite in the vessel, said electrodes being adapted to heat the particulate graphite.2. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes are vertically oriented.3. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the bottom of the vessel comprises downwardly slanted edges and the plurality of gas feed openings are formed in the slanted edges near the centre of the vessel bottom.4. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the electrodes comprise high purity graphite.5. The reactor of ...

Synthesis of Methyl Carbamate and Dimethyl Carbonate (DMC) in Presence of Stripping with Inert Gas or Superheated Vapours and a Reactor for the Same

The invention relates to synthesis of methyl carbamate (MC) and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) in presence of stripping inert gas or superheated methanol vapors using packed column reactor and bubble column reactor. 1. A horizontal sectionalized bubble column reactor for synthesis of methyl carbamate and dimethyl carbonate (DMC) comprising:a. a cylindrical bubble column reactor with single or multiple compartments to receive liquid reactant feed comprising of urea and methanol or methyl carbamate and methanol through inlet ports for a reaction to occur;b. a gas distributor chamber located within the cylindrical bubble column reactor comprising a plate intersecting a cylinder of the cylindrical bubble column reactor with or without an angle to an axis of the cylinder;c. single or multiple inlet ports fitted to the gas distributor chamber for distributing gas;d. single or multiple inlet ports fitted with a constant pressure regulator, single or multiple gas/vapor outlet ports fitted with a back pressure regulator for gaseous phase, wherein, a pressure difference of 10 psi is maintained to ensure positive flow of inert gas into the cylindrical bubble column reactor;e. single or multiple liquid outlet ports with an in-line filter fitted to the cylindrical bubble column reactor for liquid phase withdrawal;f. a heat transfer device fitted to the cylindrical bubble column reactor for maintaining temperature of the reaction;g. a condenser and a gas-liquid separator fitted to the outlet port(s) wherein a product in vapor form is condensed and separated from liquid components;h. an outlet for condensate and an outlet for non-condensate connected to the gas-liquid separator.2. The horizontal sectionalized bubble column reactor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the cylindrical bubble column reactor further comprises an expanded slurry bed of solid catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid or in a packed bed of solid catalyst.3. The horizontal sectionalized bubble column ...

FLUID CATALYTIC CRACKING PROCESS FOR CRACKING MULTIPLE FEEDSTOCKS

A fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) process for cracking multiple feedstocks in a FCC apparatus comprising a first set of feed distributors having first distributor tips and a second set of feed distributors having second distributor tips is provided. A first feed is injected into the riser from first distributor tips. A second feed is injected into the riser from second distributor tips. The first distributor tips and the second distributor tips are positioned at different radii in the riser. The first feed and the second feed are cracked in the riser in the presence of an FCC catalyst to provide a cracked effluent stream. The first distributor tips and the second distributor tips are located into a region of lower catalyst density and a region of higher catalyst density respectively in the riser. 1. A fluid catalytic cracking process for cracking multiple feedstocks in a fluid catalytic cracking apparatus comprising a riser , the riser comprising a first set of feed distributors having first distributor tips and a second set of feed distributors having second distributor tips positioned around the perimeter of the riser , the process comprising:injecting from the first distributor tips of the first set of feed distributors, a first feed into the riser;injecting from the second distributor tips of the second set of feed distributors, a second feed into the riser,wherein the first distributor tips are positioned at a first radius in the riser and the second distributor tips are positioned at a second radius with respect to a center point of the riser; andcracking the first feed and the second feed in the riser in the presence of a fluid catalytic cracking catalyst to provide a cracked effluent stream.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the second distributor tips are spaced apart from the first distributor tips at a vertical distance of no more than about an inner diameter of the riser.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first distributor tips are located into a ...

SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING POLYETHYLENE

Systems and processes for generating polyethylene are provided. A process includes performing a first reaction with methane and oxygen to produce a first product; performing a second reaction with the first product to produce a second product; separating components from the second product; returning ethane from the second product and performing a reaction simultaneous to the first reaction; performing a third reaction to produce a third product including polyethylene and vented methane; and returning the vented methane to a feed to the first reaction. 1. A process for producing polyethylene from methane , comprising:receiving a first feed comprising methane and oxygen;performing a first reaction in the presence of a first oxidation catalyst to produce a first product comprising methane, ethylene, hydrogen, ethane, propane, propylene, carbon monoxide, carbon dioxide, and water;performing a second reaction in the presence of a second catalyst to produce a second product comprising methane, ethylene, ethane, propane, propylene, carbon dioxide, and water;separating off ethane, propane, propylene, carbon dioxide, and water from the second product;receiving a second feed comprising ethane separated from the second product and oxygen and performing a reaction simultaneous to the first reaction;performing a third reaction to produce a third product comprising polyethylene and vented methane; andreturning the vented methane to the first feed.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the performing a first claim 1 , second claim 1 , and third reactions takes place in different reaction chambers.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the performing a first reaction comprises maintaining a temperature of about 700° C. to about 950° C.4. (canceled)5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first oxidation catalyst comprises a sodium-manganese oxide-based mixed silicon dioxide compound.6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the performing a second reaction comprises maintaining a temperature of ...

Novel Processing Scheme for Production of Low Sulfur Bunker Fuel

This invention describes a novel and efficient processing scheme that can be used to transform a vacuum residue feedstock into 0.5 wt % sulfur bunker fuel that fulfills the specifications required by the International Maritime Organization (IMO). 2. The process of wherein said fixed-bed or ebullated-bed hydrodesulfurization unit from step (d) operates at a pressure of between 100 to 230 bar (1450 to 3335 psi) claim 1 , an LHSV of 0.05 to 5 h claim 1 , an H/Hydrocarbon ratio of 50 to 5000 Nm/mof feed claim 1 , and at a temperature between 300 to 450° C. (572 to 842° F.).3. The process of wherein claim 1 , said fixed-bed or ebullated-bed hydrodesulfurization unit from step (d) operates at a pressure of between 160 to 200 bar (2320 to 2900 psi) claim 1 , an LHSV of 0.05 to 5 h claim 1 , an H/Hydrocarbon ratio of 50 to 5000 Nm/mof feed claim 1 , and a temperature of between 400 to 430° C. (752 to 806° F.).4. The process of wherein the said fixed-bed or ebullated-bed hydrodesulfurization unit generally operates at pressure of between 35 to 75 bar (508 to 1088 psi) claim 1 , a LHSV of 0.5 to 5 h claim 1 , a H/Hydrocarbon ratio of 100 to 5000 Nm/mof feed claim 1 , a temperature of between 200 to 400° C. (392 to 752° F.) and a minimum hydrogen partial pressure of 25 bar (362 psi) and wherein sulfur is removed to a level of between 10-1000 wppm and further wherein the aromatics saturation is below 40%.5. The process of wherein the said fixed-bed or ebullated-bed hydrodesulfurization unit generally operates pressure of about between 40 to 55 bar (580 to 798 psi); a LHSV of 0.5 to 5 h claim 1 , a H/Hydrocarbon ratio of 100 to 5000 Nm/mof feed claim 1 , a temperature of between 300 to 400° C. (572 to 752° F.) claim 1 , a minimum hydrogen partial pressure of 25 bar (362 psi) and wherein sulfur is removed to a level of between 100-500 wppm and further wherein the aromatics saturation is below 40%.6. The process of wherein the catalyst utilized in step d) is chosen from a group ...

Process and apparatus for distributing fluidizing gas to an fcc riser

A process and apparatus described is for distributing fluidizing gas to a riser. Fluidizing gas is delivered to a plenum below the riser. A first stream of fluidizing gas is distributed from the plenum into a chamber in a riser and a second stream of fluidizing gas is distributed from the plenum into the riser outside of the chamber. First nozzles in the plenum have a first outlet in the chamber and second nozzles in the plenum have a second outlet outside of the chamber. Streams of regenerated catalyst and carbonized catalyst may be passed to the riser and mixed around the chamber in a lower section of a riser.

Fluidized Bed Reactor and Method for Preparing Polyoxymethylene Dimethyl Ethers from Dimethoxymethane and Paraformaldehyde

The invention belongs to energy chemical technical field, especially relates to a fluidized bed reactor and a method for preparation of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from dimethoxymethane and paraformaldehyde. The fluidized bed reactor comprises a gas inlet, a gas distributor, a catalyst inlet, a gas outlet, a fluid inlet, a catalyst outlet, a bottom component and an interstage component, a bottom component related gas upward channel, an interstage component related gas upward channel, a fluid outlet, a bottom downcorner and an interstage downcorner. A process for preparation of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers comprises the steps of: fluidizing gas is introduced into a bottom bed from the gas inlet via the bottom component related gas upward channel through the gas distributor; the fluidizing gas goes upwards and flows out of the reactor via the gas outlet; paraformaldehyde and dimethoxymethane are introduced into a bed through the fluid inlet; the fluid goes downwards and leaves the reactor via the fluid outlet. Compared with a conventional cannula reactor, the fluidized bed reactor improves the dispersion uniformity of catalyst and conversion of formaldehyde. 1. A fluidized bed reactor for preparation of polyoxymethylene dimethyl ethers from dimethoxymethane and paraformaldehyde ,{'b': 107', '207', '307', '211', '311', '1', '311', '2', '107', '207', '307', '107', '207', '307, 'wherein the reactor is single-stage or multi-stage, and equipped with a bottom component (, , ); when the reactor is a multi-stage fluidized bed reactor, one or more interstage components (, -, -) are installed inside the reactor above the bottom component (, , ), thus dividing the space between the bottom component (, , ) and the top of the reactor into two or more stages;'}{'b': 103', '203', '1', '203', '2', '303', '1', '303', '2', '303', '3', '108', '208', '1', '208', '2', '308', '1', '308', '2', '308', '3', '102', '202', '1', '202', '2', '302', '1', '302', '2', '302', '3, 'in each ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CARBON NANOTUBES

A CNT production apparatus provided by the present invention includes a cylindrical chamber and a control valve provided to a gas discharge pipe The chamber includes a reaction zone provided in a partial range of the chamber in the direction of the cylinder axis, a deposition zone which is provided downstream of the reaction zone and a deposition state detector that detects a physical property value indicating a deposition state of carbon nanotubes in the deposition zone The apparatus is configured to close the control valve and deposit carbon nanotubes in the deposition zone when the physical property value detected by the deposition state detector is equal to or less than a predetermined threshold value, and configured to open the control valve and recover the carbon nanotubes deposited in the deposition zone when the physical property value exceeds the predetermined threshold value. 1. Apparatus for producing carbon nanotubes;comprising:a cylindrical chamber;a carbon source supply unit having a carbon source supply port opening to the chamber, the carbon source supply unit supplying a carbon source from the carbon source supply port to the chamber;a gas supply unit having a gas supply port opening to the chamber, the gas supply unit supplying a non-oxidizing gas from the gas supply port to the chamber;a gas discharge pipe having a gas release port, the gas discharge pipe being configured to be capable of discharging gas in the chamber from the gas release port; anda control valve provided to the gas discharge pipe, whereinthe chamber hasa reaction zone is provided in a part of a range along a cylinder axis direction inside the chamber, and be heated to a temperature at which carbon nanotubes are generated; anda deposition zone provided downstream of the reaction zone inside the chamber and upstream of the gas release port and in which the generated carbon nanotubes are deposited; andthe chamber comprises a deposition state detector that detects a physical ...

Apparatuses and risers for reacting feedstock in the presence of catalyst and methods for installing baffles in risers

Embodiments of apparatuses and risers for reacting a feedstock in the presence of a catalyst and methods for installing a baffle in such risers are provided. In one example, a riser comprises a sidewall that defines a cylindrical housing surrounding an interior. A plurality of baffle assemblies is releasably coupled to the sidewall and each comprises a baffle section. The baffle sections together define a segmented baffle ring extending inwardly in the interior.

FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM HAVING SPARGER CAPABLE OF MINIMIZING BLOCKAGE BY SOLIDS AND CONTROLLING METHOD THEREOF

The present invention relates to a fluidized bed system having a sparger capable of minimizing a blockage by solids and controlling method thereof. And, more specifically, the present invention relates to a fluidized bed system having a sparger capable of minimizing a blockage by solids comprising a fluidized bed reactor to store a solid layer with a certain height and to fluidize the solid layer by using fluidization gases; a sparger having a pipe shape submerged in the solid layer and having a plurality of gas-discharging holes to spray fluidization gases onto the solid layer; and a gas-supplying line having its one end contacting a gas-supplying source and the other end connected to the sparger, wherein fluidization gases are introduced through the gas-supplying line into the sparger by driving the gas-supplying source, the fluidization gases are sprayed through the gas-discharging holes onto the solid layer, the gas-supplying source is placed higher than the sparger and the height difference (H) between the gas-supplying source and the sparger is greater than the height of the solid layer. 1. A fluidized bed system having a sparger ,the fluidized bed system having a sparger capable of minimizing a blockage by solids comprising:{'sub': 's', 'a fluidized bed reactor to store a solid layer with a certain height (H) inside of it and to fluidize the solid layer via injected fluidization gases;'}a sparger having a pipe shape submerged in the solid layer in the fluidized bed reactor and having a plurality of gas-discharging holes to spray fluidization gases onto the solid layer;a gas-supplying line having its one end contacting a gas-supplying source and the other end connected to the sparger;wherein fluidization gases flow through the gas-supplying line into the sparger and are sprayed through the gas-discharging holes onto the solid layer,{'sub': g', 's, 'wherein the gas-supplying source is placed higher than the sparger and the height difference (H) between the gas- ...

Electrospray Device for Fluidized Bed Apparatus, Fluidized Bed Apparatus and Method

The electrospray device comprises a sprayer comprising a sprayer body and nozzle, and a partition positioned vertically and coaxially with the sprayer. The sprayer body is provided with a swirl generator for generating a swirling air stream, and a power supply connected between the nozzle and the partition, to apply voltage to the nozzle and the partition. The electrospray device may be part of a fluidized bed apparatus comprising a product container, a lower plenum base, an air distribution plate resided therebetween. When the power supply applies voltage in opposite polarities to the nozzle and the partition, the fluidized bed apparatus is used for coating particles; and when the power supply applies voltage of the same, the fluidized bed apparatus is used for spray-drying a solution. The electrospray device uses an electromagnetic hydrodynamic method to improve the performance of the fluidized bed apparatus and optimize the process of product.

FEED NOZZLE ASSEMBLY FOR A CATALYTIC CRACKING REACTOR

Reactor vessel and a feed nozzle assembly for feeding a gas and a liquid into such reactor vessel. The feed nozzle assembly comprises an outer tube supplying a first liquid feed, such as oil, an inner tube supplying a dispersion gas, such as steam, a third tube supplying a second liquid feed, such as biomass, and a nozzle end. A catalytic cracking process wherein two or more hydrocarbon liquids are jointly dispersed into a dispersion gas and jetted via the same feed nozzle assembly into a catalytic cracking reactor. 1. A feed nozzle assembly for feeding a gas and a liquid into a reactor vessel which feed nozzle assembly comprises:an outer tube extending between a first liquid feed inlet and a nozzle outlet;an inner tube with a downstream section having a gas outlet, the downstream section of the inner tube being arranged within the outer tube to define an annular conduit, wherein the nozzle outlet of the outer tube is downstream in line with the gas outlet of the inner tube;a third tube with one end connected to a second liquid feed inlet and an opposite end with an outlet, at least the outlet being positioned within the annular conduit upstream the gas outlet.2. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the third tube is parallel to the inner tube.3. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the third tube is connected to a tube bend crossing the wall of the outer tube.4. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the third tube is part of an array of parallel tubes in the annular conduit.5. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the inlet of the third tube is operatively connected to a supply of a hydrocarbon feed.6. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the inlet of the third tube is operatively connected to a supply of a fluid biomass containing feed.7. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the inlet of the third tube is operatively connected to a supply of sour water.8. A feed nozzle assembly according to wherein the inner tube is ...

Material processing system and method

The present invention presents a system for and method of processing a particulate material, for example carbonaceous materials, food products or minerals, to produce a processed material having more desirable properties. The method comprises the steps of: introducing the particulate material into a chamber; providing a flow of fluid into said chamber for entraining the particulate material via inlets at a lower end of the chamber; and providing an exhaust of fluid out of the chamber via an outlet at an upper end of the chamber. The chamber comprises a processing zone having a substantially circular transverse cross-section, the fluid flow being introduced into the processing zone at a non-perpendicular angle with respect to a tangent of the substantially circular transverse cross-section of the processing zone to establish a fluid flow following a substantially helical path in the processing chamber. Said processing zone is provided in a central region of said chamber. Individual particulate material during processing in the processing zone is entrained by the fluid flow exceeding the terminal velocity of the particulate material, exits the processing zone in a radially outward direction, circulates to a base of the chamber and then returns to the processing zone in a repeated cycle. Individual particulate material can increase in mass or aggregate to form a mass of particulate material with larger mass during processing until its terminal velocity exceeds the fluid flow and thereby exits the processing zone by descending through an opening at the base of the chamber under gravity. A toroidal bed reactor is also provided.

Synthesis of methyl carbamate and dimethyl carbonate (dmc) in presence of stripping with inert gas or superheated vapours and a reactor for the same

The invention relates to synthesis of methyl carbamate (MC) and dimethyl carabonate (DMC) in presence of stripping inert gas or superheated methanol vapors using packed column reactor and bubble column reactor.

METHOD FOR THERMAL PRECONDITIONING OF NATURAL GRAPHITE FLAKES USING ELECTROMAGNETIC WAVES

An apparatus for processing graphite particles is disclosed. The apparatus may comprise an electromagnetic radiation emitting device including a microwave device coupled to the reaction chamber for the creation of electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves. The apparatus may also comprise an inlet attached to the reaction chamber for introducing graphite particles, and an outlet attached to the reaction chamber for allowing processed graphite particles to exit the reaction chamber. The graphite particles in the reaction chamber thermally altered by exposure to the electromagnetic radiation such that the graphite particles are heated 1. An apparatus for processing graphite particles , the apparatus comprising:a reaction chamber;an electromagnetic radiation emitting device comprising a microwave device coupled to the reaction chamber for creating electromagnetic waves, the electromagnetic waves comprising microwaves;an inlet attached to the reaction chamber for introducing graphite particles; andan outlet attached to the reaction chamber for allowing processed graphite particles to exit the reaction chamber,wherein the graphite particles in the reaction chamber thermally altered by exposure to the electromagnetic radiation such that the graphite particles are heated.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus further comprises:a dispersion device coupled to the reaction chamber to disperse the graphite particles; anda process gas dispersion device coupled to the reaction chamber to disperse process gas.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the microwave device provides microwaves of one or more fixed frequencies.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the microwave device provides tunable microwaves or microwaves with sweeping frequencies.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reaction chamber varies in cross section along a length of the reaction chamber.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reaction chamber varies in cross ...

FLUIDIZED BED SYSTEM

A fluidized bed system is a single unitary modular system that packages a circulation fan, a fluidized bed, and a dust collection system within a same structure. The structure is formed to include internal ducts to provide fluid communication between the circulation fan, the fluidized bed, and the dust collection system. The fan provides a flow of air via a pressure duct to the fluidized bed. Particulate is separated from particles included on the fluidized bed by the flow of air being uniformly distributed to the fluidized bed. Particulate separated in a disengagement area and suspended in the flow of air is conducted through a particulate clearance space surrounding the dust collection system. The particulate is captured by the dust collection system and conveyed to a location external to the system. 1. A fluidized bed system comprising:an enclosure having an inner chamber positioned below a dust hopper;a fluidized bed positioned in the inner chamber below the dust hopper and configured to process particles and remove particulate;a fan included in a plenum, the fan configured to provide a flow of air through the fluidized bed toward the dust hopper; anda wall defining the inner chamber, the dust hopper moveably positioned vertically within the inner chamber at a predetermined height above the fluidized bed to separate a predetermined size of particulate from the particles within the flow of air toward the dust hopper, the dust hopper at least partially surrounded by the wall to provide a particulate clearance space between the wall and the dust hopper, an entrance to the particulate clearance space configured to receive only the predetermined size of the particulate separated from the particles within the flow of air due to the predetermined height.2. The fluidized bed system of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure duct at an outlet of the fan and a suction duct at an inlet of the fan claim 1 , the suction duct having heated air that is in thermal communication ...

FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR PRODUCING POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON GRANULES AND METHOD FOR THE ASSEMBLY OF SUCH A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

Assembly of a fluidized bed reactor for the preparation of polycrystalline silicon granules by chemical vapor deposition of silicon onto seed particles and removal of polycrystalline silicon granules is facilitated without breakage and with gas tightness by a specific assembly sequence. 19.-. (canceled)10. A method for assembling a fluidized bed reactor for producing polycrystalline silicon granules , comprising the steps hereinafter in the stated sequence:a) provide a base plate and connect the base plate to gas supply lines for fluidizing gas and reaction gas and a product take-off line;b) equip the base plate with at least one fluidizing nozzle and with at least one reaction gas nozzle;c) insert a bottom reactor tube seal into the base plate;d) position a reactor tube on the bottom reactor tube seal;e) position a reactor section with heater, electrodes and insulation sections over the reactor tube;f) provide an upper reactor tube clamp with an upper reactor tube seal;g) assemble the reactor head;h) assemble a seed feed appliance and off-gas pipeline. This application is the U.S. National Phase of PCT Appln. No. PCT/EP2015/075507 filed Nov. 3, 2015, which claims priority to German Application No. 10 2014 222 865.4 filed Nov. 10, 2014, the disclosures of which are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.The invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor for producing polycrystalline silicon granules and a method for assembling such a fluidized bed reactor.Polycrystalline silicon granules are produced in a fluidized bed or fluid bed reactor. This is achieved by fluidizing silicon particles by means of a gas flow in a fluidized bed, wherein the fluidized bed is heated to high temperatures by a heating device. By adding a silicon-containing reaction gas, a deposition reaction proceeds on the hot particles surfaces. In this case, elemental silicon is deposited on the silicon particles and the individual particles grow in diameter. Through regular withdrawal of ...

Process and System for Processing Petroleum Feed

A novel process/system for flexibly producing chemicals and fuels from a petroleum feed such as crude comprise a flashing drum, a first cracker (e.g., a fluidized bed pyrolysis cracker or an oxidative cracker), and an olefin-to-gasoline reaction zone. The process/system can also include a steam cracker and a hydrotreater. The process/system can convert crude oil into hydrogen, C2-C4 olefins, gas oil and distillates with various amounts by adjusting the cut point of the bottoms effluent exiting the flashing drum. 1. A process for processing a petroleum feed to produce a plurality of hydrocarbon products , the process comprising:(I) feeding the petroleum feed to a flashing drum;(II) obtaining a liquid bottoms effluent comprising bottoms hydrocarbons and a vapor overhead effluent comprising overhead hydrocarbons from the flashing drum, wherein the bottoms hydrocarbons optionally comprise a non-volatile component;(III) feeding at least a portion of the bottoms effluent to a first cracker through a first inlet on the first cracker;(IV) converting at least a portion of the bottoms hydrocarbons under a first set of cracking conditions in the first cracker to produce a first cracker product mixture comprising olefins;(V) feeding at least a portion of the first cracker product mixture into an olefin-to-gasoline (“OTG”) reaction zone;(VI) converting at least a portion of the first cracker product mixture into gasoline in the presence of an OTG catalyst in the OTG reaction zone; and(VII) obtaining an OTG product mixture from the OTG reaction zone.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the flashing drum is operated at a cutpoint of the liquid bottoms effluent in the range from 371 to 482° C. (700 to 900° F.) at an absolute pressure in the range from 280 to 1850 kilopascal.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first set of cracking conditions comprise a residence time in the first cracker of no greater than 1 second claim 1 , preferably no greater than 0.4 second.4. The process ...

FEED NOZZLE ASSEMBLY FOR A CATALYTIC CRACKING REACTOR

Reactor vessel and a feed nozzle assembly for feeding a gas and a liquid into such reactor vessel. The feed nozzle assembly comprises an outer tube supplying a first liquid feed, such as oil, an inner tube supplying a dispersion gas, such as steam, a third tube supplying a second liquid feed, such as biomass, and a nozzle end. A catalytic cracking process wherein two or more hydrocarbon liquids are jointly dispersed into a dispersion gas and jetted via the same feed nozzle assembly into a catalytic cracking reactor. 1. A catalytic cracking reactor comprising one or more feed nozzle assemblies , wherein at least one of the feed nozzle assemblies comprises:an outer tube extending between a first liquid feed inlet and a nozzle outlet;an inner tube comprising purging orifices in an upstream half of the inner tube and with a downstream section having a gas outlet, the downstream section of the inner tube being arranged within the outer tube to define an annular conduit, wherein the nozzle outlet of the outer tube is downstream in line with the gas outlet of the inner tube;a third tube with one end connected to a second liquid feed inlet and an opposite end with an outlet, at least the outlet being positioned within the annular conduit upstream the gas outlet.2. A catalytic cracking reactor according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the feed nozzle assemblies is a side entry feed nozzle assembly.3. A catalytic cracking process wherein a first liquid hydrocarbon fraction is dispersed into a dispersion gas and jetted via one or more feed nozzle assemblies into a catalytic cracking reactor claim 1 , wherein one or more further hydrocarbon fractions are also fed to the feed nozzle assembly and jointly dispersed with the first hydrocarbon fraction.4. A catalytic cracking process according to claim 3 , wherein the first liquid hydrocarbon feed is oil and the one or more further hydrocarbon fractions include at least one biomass fraction. This application is a divisional of ...

METHOD FOR FLUIDIZING SPENT CATALYST

A method is disclosed for fluidizing a spent catalyst in a regenerator during a combustion process. The combustor includes a vessel and an air distributor. The air distributor includes an air grid and a plurality of first nozzles extending from the air grid. Spent catalyst is introduced into the vessel. Air is provided to the vessel via the plurality of first nozzles at a base combustion air rate. Additional air is provided to the vessels via a plurality of second nozzles of a fluffing air distributor at a fluffing air rate that is between 0.5 wt % and 10 wt % of the base combustion air rate to fluidize the catalyst. The second nozzles have outlets that are disposed below the air grid and above a bottom head of the vessel. 1. A method for fluidizing a spent catalyst in a regenerator during a combustion process , the regenerator including a vessel and an air distributor , the air distributor including an air grid disposed at a bottom of the vessel and a plurality of first nozzles extending from the air grid , the method comprising:introducing the spent catalyst into the vessel;providing air to the vessel via the plurality of first nozzles at a base combustion air rate; andproviding additional air to the vessels via a plurality of second nozzles of a fluffing air distributor at a fluffing air rate that is between 0.5 wt % and 10 wt % of the base combustion air rate to fluidize the spent catalyst, the plurality of second nozzles having outlets that are disposed below the air grid and above a bottom head of the vessel.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluffing air rate is between 1 wt % and 5 wt % of the base combustion air rate.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outlet of at least one of the plurality of second nozzles is disposed at a height distance from a lower tangent line of the vessel that is between 50% and 70% of the height distance between the lower tangent line and the bottom head of the vessel.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outlets of the ...

Staged fluid catalytic cracking processes incorporating a solids separation device for upgrading naphtha range material

Processes and systems for the conversion of hydrocarbons herein may include separating an effluent from a moving bed reactor, the effluent including reaction product, first particulate catalyst, and second particulate catalyst. The separating may recover a first stream including the reaction product and first particulate catalyst and a second stream including second particulate catalyst. The second stream may be admixed with a regenerated catalyst stream including both first and second particulate catalyst at an elevated temperature. The admixing may produce a mixed catalyst at a relatively uniform temperature less than the elevated regenerated catalyst temperature, where the temperature is more advantageous for contacting light naphtha and heavy naphtha within the moving bed reactor to produce the effluent including the reaction product, the first particulate catalyst, and the second particulate catalyst.

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING POLY(METH)ACRYLATE IN POWDER FORM

The invention relates to an apparatus for producing pulverulent poly(meth)acrylate, comprising a reactor for droplet polymerization having an apparatus for dropletization of a monomer solution for the preparation of the poly(meth)acrylate having holes through which the monomer solution is introduced, an addition point for a gas above the apparatus for dropletization, at least one gas withdrawal point on the circumference of the reactor and a fluidized bed, the reactor comprising a reactor shell between the apparatus for dropletization and the gas withdrawal point and having, above the fluidized bed, a region having decreasing hydraulic diameter toward the fluidized bed and having a maximum hydraulic diameter greater than the mean hydraulic diameter of the reactor shell, and the reactor shell projecting into the region having decreasing hydraulic diameter, so as to form an annular duct between the outer wall of the reactor shell and the wall by which the region having decreasing hydraulic diameter is bounded, and the at least one gas withdrawal point being disposed in the annular duct, wherein the ratio of the horizontal area of the annular duct to the horizontal area enclosed by the reactor shell is in the range from 0.3 to 5. 110.-. (canceled)1115135191111355191193535921359192139214135. An apparatus for producing pulverulent poly(meth)acrylate , comprising a reactor () for droplet polymerization having an apparatus () for dropletization of a monomer solution for the preparation of the poly(meth)acrylate having holes through which the monomer solution is introduced , an addition point () for a gas above the apparatus () for dropletization , at least one gas withdrawal point () on the circumference of the reactor () and a fluidized bed () , the reactor () comprising a reactor shell () between the apparatus for dropletization () and the gas withdrawal point () and having , above the fluidized bed () , a region () having decreasing hydraulic diameter toward the ...

METHOD FOR FEEDING A FLUID TO A GAS PHASE POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

A fluid is fed into a polymer bed of a fluidized bed gas phase polymerization reactor by introducing the fluid into the polymer bed through a distributor protruding into the fluidized bed zone of the reactor and terminating with a discharge end positioned so that the following equation is fulfilled: 1. A method for feeding a fluid into a polymer bed of a fluidized bed gas phase polymerization reactor comprising the step of: {'br': None, 'i': 'd/D>', '0.002'}, 'introducing a controlled and continuous flow rate of the fluid into the polymer bed through a distributor protruding into the fluidized bed zone of the reactor and terminating with a discharge end positioned so that the following equation is fulfilledwherein d is the distance of the distributor's discharge end from the wall of the reactor, and D is the diameter of the reactor in the fluidized bed zone.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a head loss is generated through orifices in the distributor such that a Reynolds number (Re) of from 10000 to 700000 is achieved.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the fluid is an antistatic composition comprising (with respect to the total weight of the antistatic composition):(a) from 0.5 to 50% by weight of a compound of formula R—OH wherein R represents hydrogen or a linear or branched, saturated alkyl group having from 1 to 15 carbon atoms; and{'sup': '2', '(b) from 50 to 99.5% by weight of an oligomeric or polymeric organic compound having one or more terminal hydroxyl groups and a viscosity at 40° C. of at least 20 mm/sec (DIN 51562).'}4. The method according to further comprising the step of feeding the antistatic composition or individual components thereof to the polymerization reactor in a flow of saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon having from 2 to 6 carbon atoms.5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the compound (a) of formula R—OH is water.6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the oligomeric or polymeric organic compound (b) is ...

APPARATUS FOR DISTRIBUTION OF CATALYST IN FLUIDIZED CATALYTIC CRACKING UNIT

According to an embodiment, a spent catalyst distributor for distributing spent catalyst in a catalyst regenerator vessel housing a dense phase catalyst bed and a dilute phase catalyst bed is disclosed. The spent catalyst distributor comprises a conduit comprising a proximal end and a distal end. The conduit projects horizontally or horizontally and downwardly into the regenerator vessel and includes an opening located at the distal end for introducing the spent catalyst at a first location inside the regenerator vessel. The conduit further includes a plurality of orifices located along a length of the conduit between the distal end and an inner wall of the regenerator vessel for introducing the spent catalyst at a plurality of locations inside the regenerator vessel. 1. A spent catalyst distributor for distributing spent catalyst in a catalyst regenerator vessel housing a dense phase catalyst bed and a dilute phase catalyst bed , the spent catalyst distributor comprising: a proximal end;', 'a distal end;', 'an opening located at the distal end for introducing the spent catalyst at a first location inside the catalyst regenerator vessel; and', 'a plurality of orifices located along a length of the conduit between the distal end and an inner wall of the catalyst regenerator vessel for introducing the spent catalyst at a plurality of locations inside the catalyst regenerator vessel., 'a conduit projecting horizontally or horizontally and downwardly into the catalyst regenerator vessel, the conduit comprising2. The spent catalyst distributor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the conduit is located above an interface of the dense phase catalyst bed and below an interface of the dilute phase catalyst bed.3. The spent catalyst distributor as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the opening located at the distal end for introducing the spent catalyst at the first location is located above an interface of the dense phase catalyst bed and below an interface of dilute phase catalyst ...

METHODS OF CHANGING POLYOLEFIN PRODUCTION CONDITIONS TO MITIGATE SMALL GELS IN A POLYOLEFIN ARTICLE

The number of small gels that form in polyolefin thin films may be reduced by altering certain production parameters of the polyolefin. In some instances, the number of small gels may be influenced by the melt index of the polyolefin. However, in many instances, melt index is a critical part of the polyolefin product specification and, therefore, is not manipulated. Two parameters that may be manipulated to mitigate small gel count while maintaining the melt index are polyolefin residence time in the reactor and ICA concentration in the reactor. 1. A method comprising:contacting in a fluidized bed gas phase reactor an olefin monomer with a catalyst system in the presence of an induced condensing agent (ICA) and optionally hydrogen to produce a first polyolefin having a first melt index;increasing by 10% or less (1) a concentration of the ICA in the reactor, (2) a residence time of the first polyolefin in the reactor, or (3) both to produce a second polyolefin having a second melt index, wherein the second melt index is within 10% of the first melt index; andwherein a first thin film formed of the first poly olefin has a larger count of a small gel than a second thin film formed of the second poly olefin, wherein the first and second thin film are produced by a same procedure, and wherein the small gel is a gel particle having a diameter of 201 microns to 600 microns and counting the small gel is determined by surface inspection of a 50 micron±5 micron thin film using optoelectronic analysis.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst system comprises hafnium metallocene catalyst.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of ICA in the reactor during production of the second polyolefin is about 6 mol % to about 30 mol % of total reactor gas.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the residence time of the second polyolefin in the reactor is about 1 hours to about 6 hours.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of ICA in the reactor during ...

METHODS OF CONTROLLING POLYOLEFIN MELT INDEX WHILE INCREASING CATALYST PRODUCTIVITY

The catalyst productivity of a polyolefin catalyst in the methods disclosed herein may be increased by increasing the concentration of an induced condensing agent (ICA) in the reactor system. The effect the increased ICA concentration may have on a melt index may be counteracted, if necessary, in various ways. 1. A method comprising:contacting in a fluidized bed gas phase reactor an olefin monomer with a catalyst system in the presence of an induced condensing agent (ICA) to produce a first polyolefin having a first melt index, the catalyst system comprising a metallocene catalyst;increasing a partial pressure of the ICA in the reactor to produce a second polyolefin having a second melt index;wherein increasing the partial pressure of the ICA results in a higher catalyst productivity for producing the second polyolefin when compared to the catalyst productivity for producing the first polyolefin.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst productivity for producing the second polyolefin is at least 10% higher than the catalyst productivity for producing the first polyolefin.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst productivity for producing the second polyolefin is at least 15% higher than the catalyst productivity for producing the first polyolefin.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second melt index is within 10% of the first melt index.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second melt index is more than 10% different from the first melt index.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second melt index is within 1 dg/minute of the first melt index.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second melt index is more than 1 dg/minute different from the first melt index.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of a partial pressure of olefin monomer in the reactor claim 1 , a partial pressure of hydrogen in the reactor claim 1 , or a partial pressure comonomer in the reactor is altered the change the second melt index.9. The method of claim 1 , ...

Process and apparatus for treating waste comprising mixed plastic waste

A process for treating waste comprising Mixed Plastic Waste is disclosed. The process includes feeding the waste to a pyrolysis reactor, pyrolysing the waste in the pyrolysis reactor to produce a fuel and using the fuel to run a generator to produce electricity.

WIRELESS MONITORING AND PROFILING OF REACTOR CONDITIONS USING PLURALITY OF SENSOR-ENABLED RFID TAGS AND MULTIPLE TRANSCEIVERS

Disclosed is a system and method for wirelessly monitoring 5 process conditions within a reactor vessel. A plurality of sensor-enabled radio frequency identification (RFID) tags are disposed at unspecified or random locations throughout a catalyst bed of a vessel and are used to measure various conditions within the vessel. The sensor-enabled RFID tags are encoded with individual identification codes and are wirelessly linked to multiple 10 transceivers. The use of multiple transceivers allows for the application of triangulation methods to identify the location of each of the sensor-enabled RFID tags in threedimensional space and for the interrogation of each sensor-enabled RFID tag to receive responsive transponder signals that carry information representative of the sensed condition within the reactor. 1. A system for wirelessly monitoring and profiling process conditions within a reactor vessel , wherein said system comprises:said reactor vessel that defines a reaction zone, wherein within said reaction zone is a catalyst bed, comprising catalyst particles;a plurality of sensor-enabled RFID tags disposed within said catalyst bed;a first RFID transceiver antenna wirelessly linked to each said sensor-enabled RFID tag of said plurality and that is capable of transmitting a first interrogation signal and receiving a first RFID transponder signal that is transmitted responsive to said first interrogation signal;a second RFID transceiver antenna wirelessly linked to each said sensor-enabled RFID tag of said plurality and that is capable of transmitting a second interrogation signal and receiving a second RFID transponder signal that is transmitted responsive to said second interrogation signal; anda third RFID transceiver antenna wirelessly linked to each said sensor-enabled RFID tag of said plurality and that is capable of transmitting a third interrogation signal and receiving a third RFID transponder signal that is transmitted responsive to said third interrogation ...

INDUCTION HEATER SYSTEM FOR A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR

A system for the production of a polycrystalline silicon product is disclosed. The system includes a reaction chamber, a susceptor, an induction unit, and a plurality of energy sources. The reaction chamber has a reactor wall, and the susceptor encircles the reactor wall. The induction heater surrounds the susceptor, and has multiple induction coils for producing heat in the susceptor. The coils are grouped into a plurality of zones. The plurality of energy sources supply electric current to the coils. Each energy source is connected with the coils of at least one zone. 1. A system for producing a polycrystalline silicon product , the system comprising:a reaction chamber having a reactor wall;a susceptor encircling the reactor wall;an induction unit surrounding the susceptor, the induction unit having multiple induction coils for producing heat in the susceptor, the coils grouped into a plurality of zones; anda plurality of energy sources for supplying an electric current to the coils, each energy source connected with the coils of at least one zone.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising insulation between the induction unit and the susceptor for preventing heat loss from the susceptor to ambient.3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a high-pressure fluidized bed reactor.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor wall has a diameter of at least 20 inches.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the coils of each zone being divided into multiple sub-zones claim 1 , at least one sub-zone from each zone connected with the same energy source.6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an enclosure surrounding the induction unit for masking a stray magnetic field generated by the coils.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the coils have passages therethrough for circulating deionized water to cool the coils.8. A method for producing a polycrystalline silicon product in a reactor having multiple induction coils grouped into multiple zones and a plurality of ...

A method for returning polymer to a fluidised bed reactor

The present invention deals with a process of polymerising at least one olefin in a fluidised bed in a fluidised bed polymerisation reactor comprising a top zone, a middle zone in direct contact and below, a bottom zone in direct contact with and below the middle zone and wherein the reactor does not comprise a fluidisation grid. The process comprises passing a stream comprising the fluidisation gas and polymer particles into a separation step and withdrawing a stream comprising the polymer particles from the separation step and returning it to the polymerisation reactor. The process comprises adding a support gas stream to the stream comprising the polymer particles downstream of the separation step.

METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR HEAT RECOVERY IN FLUIDISED BED GRANULATION

A process for producing granulated fertilizer by fluidized-bed granulation in a fluidized-bed granulator may involve drawing in and heating air used for fluidization in the fluidized bed via a conduit before entry into the fluidized-bed granulator. Hot exhaust air exiting the fluidized-bed granulator may be obtained, and a substream of the hot exhaust air may be recirculated and used for fluidization. Such recirculation creates the possibility of utilizing heat energy present in the exhaust air and decreasing heat energy necessary for heating the fresh air for fluidization. The recirculated air can be, for example, purified by way of a cyclone precipitator to separate off solid particles before the purified exhaust air is combined with the fresh air. 122.-. (canceled)23. A process for producing granulated fertilizer by fluidized-bed granulation in a fluidized-bed granulator , the process comprising:drawing in and heating air used for fluidization in a fluidized bed before the air enters the fluidized-bed granulator;obtaining heated exhaust air exiting the fluidized-bed granulator; andrecirculating a substream of the heated exhaust air to heat the air that is drawn in and used for fluidization.24. The process of comprising mixing the substream of the heated exhaust air that is recirculated with the air that is drawn in to form mixed air that is used for fluidization.25. The process of comprising feeding the substream of the heated exhaust air that is recirculated and the air that is drawn in to a heat exchanger claim 23 , wherein the heating of the air that is drawn in occurs at least partially in the heat exchanger via the substream of the heated exhaust air that is recirculated.26. The process of comprising at least one ofpartially mixing with the air that is drawn in or replacing the air that is drawn in by an exhaust gas stream from a plant;preheating the air that is drawn in via heat of a fluid stream that originates from a plant; ormixing exhaust gas streams ...

THERMOLYTIC FRAGMENTATION OF SUGARS

A process for large scale and energy efficient production of oxygenates from sugar is disclosed in which a sugar feedstock is introduced into a thermolytic fragmentation reactor including a fluidized stream of heat carrying particles. The heat carrying particles may be separated from the fluidized stream prior to cooling the fragmentation product and may be directed to a reheater to reheat the particles and recirculate the heated particles to the fragmentation reactor. 1. A process for thermolytic fragmentation of a sugar into C-Coxygenates , said process comprising the steps of:a. providing particles carrying heat and suitable for fluidization;b. providing a fluidized bed fragmentation reactor comprising a riser and suitable for conducting thermolytic fragmentation and suitable for fluidizing a stream of particles;c. providing a feedstock solution comprising a sugar;d. introducing the particles into the reactor at a rate sufficient to maintain a temperature of at least 250° C., such as at least 300 350, 400 or 450° C., after the thermolytic fragmentation has taken place, and sufficient to obtain a fluidized stream of particles;e. introducing the feedstock into the fluidized stream of particles to obtain thermolytic fragmentation of the sugar to produce a particle dense fragmentation product; thenf. separating a fraction of the particles from the particle dense fragmentation product to produce a particle lean fragmentation product;g. quenching the particle lean fragmentation product at least 50° C. such that from introducing the feedstock into the particle containing fluidization stream to the quench is performed, the mean residence time of the gas is maximum 5, such as maximum 3 seconds, such as maximum 2, 1, 0.8 or 0.6 seconds;h. recovering the crude fragmentation product,i. transferring the particles separated in step f) to a reheater for heating; andj. recirculating the heated particles to the fragmentation reactor. The present application is a continuation of U ...

Feed distribution apparatus for moving bed reactor

A feed distribution apparatus and method of using such an apparatus are provided for introducing a three-phase flow into a moving bed reactor that is operated under co-current flow conditions. The feed distribution apparatus can allow for separate introduction of liquid and solids in a manner that allows for even distribution of liquid within the solids. The gas portion of the flow can be introduced in any of a variety of convenient manners for distributing gas into a liquid or solid flow.

DISTILLATE PRODUCTION FROM OXYGENATES IN MOVING BED REACTORS

Systems and methods are provided for conversion of oxygenate feeds to distillate boiling range products using multiple moving bed reactor stages. The systems and methods allow for multiple stages to be used while avoiding the need for distillation or other boiling point based separation as the mixture of feed and effluent is passed between stages. Instead, a stripping gas is used to disengage the feed and effluent from the catalyst solids. In combination with an improved moving bed reactor design, this can allow substantially all of the feed and effluent from a first moving bed reactor stage to be passed into a second moving bed reactor stage, even when the feed and effluent include both vapor and liquid phase portions. 1. A method for upgrading a feed to form distillate boiling range compounds , comprising:passing a catalyst flow comprising a catalyst into a first moving bed reactor of a plurality of serially connected moving bed reactors, the first moving bed reactor comprising a first reactor feed inlet and a first reactor effluent outlet, the catalyst comprising at least one of oxygenate conversion catalyst and olefin oligomerization catalyst;exposing a feed to the catalyst flow in the first moving bed reactor under first reaction conditions comprising at least one of oxygenate conversion conditions and oligomerization conditions, to form a first partially reacted effluent, a temperature differential between the first reactor feed inlet and the first reactor effluent outlet being 85° C. or less;stripping the catalyst flow with a first stripping fluid to separate at least a portion of the first partially reacted effluent from the catalyst flow, the at least a portion of the first partially reacted effluent comprising a liquid phase effluent portion and a vapor phase effluent portion;passing the stripped catalyst flow into a second moving bed reactor of the plurality of serially connected moving bed reactors;passing the liquid phase effluent portion into the ...

Verfahren zur verabreichung von katalysatoren für popylenpolymerisation

Methods for cleaning the distributor plate in a fluidized bed reactor system

Multi-reactor slurry polymerization process

A slurry polymerization process for the preparation of polyethylene in a reactor cascade of two or more polymerization reactors wherein monomers are polymerized in the polymerization reactors which include a reactor outlet arranged in each reactor bottom for feeding a reactor slurry to a subsequent polymerization reactor and for emptying the polymerization reactor.

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

A polymerization process and a catalyst delivery system are provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet located downstream of the catalyst inlet, and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel, introducing a catalyst to the conduit through the catalyst inlet, and passing the catalyst through the conduit to the polymerization vessel. The process may further include introducing a first propylene stream to the conduit to provide a mixed catalyst stream downstream of the catalyst inlet. The process may additionally include stopping the flow of the catalyst passing through the conduit, introducing a second propylene stream to the conduit through the second propylene stream inlet, removing a section of the conduit, and replacing the removed section of the conduit with a different conduit section. The catalyst delivery system may include a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel and having a removable portion, the second propylene stream inlet being configured to prevent polymer from passing from the polymerization vessel into the conduit during conduit maintenance.

Process for the polymerization of olefins

Process for the polymerization of olefins

Multi-zone reactor for continuous polymerization of alpha olefin monomers

The invention relates to a multi-zone reactor suitable for the continuous fluidized bed polymerization of one or more α-olefin monomers of which at least one is ethylene or propylene, which multi-zone reactor is operable in condensed mode, which multi-zone reactor comprises a first zone, a second zone, a third zone, a fourth zone and a distribution plate, wherein the first zone is separated from the second zone by the distribution plate, wherein the multi-zone reactor is extended in the vertical direction wherein the second zone of the multi-zone reactor is located above the first zone and wherein the third zone of the multi-zone reactor is located above the second zone, and wherein the fourth zone of the multi-zone reactor is located above the third zone wherein the second zone contains an inner wall, wherein at least part of the inner wall of the second zone is either in the form of a gradually increasing inner diameter or a continuously opening cone, wherein the diameter or the opening increases in the vertical direction towards the top of the multi-zone reactor wherein the third zone contains an inner wall, wherein at least part of the inner wall of the third zone is either in the form of a gradually increasing inner diameter or a continuously opening cone, wherein the diameter or the opening increases in the vertical direction towards the top of the multi-zone reactor wherein the largest diameter of the inner wall of the third zone is larger than the largest diameter of the inner wall of the second zone.

Methods of delivering catalyst systems for propylene polymerization

A polymerization process is provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a catalyst slurry having a metallocene catalyst and a first oil, providing a transport medium including a second oil and combining the transport medium and the catalyst slurry to form a catalyst mixture. The process may further include introducing the catalyst mixture to a polymerization reactor and contacting olefin monomers with the catalyst mixture to polymerize the olefin monomers and form polyolefins.

Methods of delivering catalyst systems for propylene polymerization

A polymerization process is provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a catalyst slurry having a metallocene catalyst and a first oil, providing a transport medium including a second oil and combining the transport medium and the catalyst slurry to form a catalyst mixture. The process may further include introducing the catalyst mixture to a polymerization reactor and contacting olefin monomers with the catalyst mixture to polymerize the olefin monomers and form polyolefins.

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

A polymerization process and a catalyst delivery system are provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet located downstream of the catalyst inlet, and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel, introducing a catalyst to the conduit through the catalyst inlet, and passing the catalyst through the conduit to the polymerization vessel. The process may further include introducing a first propylene stream to the conduit to provide a mixed catalyst stream downstream of the catalyst inlet. The process may additionally include stopping the flow of the catalyst passing through the conduit, introducing a second propylene stream to the conduit through the second propylene stream inlet, removing a section of the conduit, and replacing the removed section of the conduit with a different conduit section. The catalyst delivery system may include a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel and having a removable portion, the second propylene stream inlet being configured to prevent polymer from passing from the polymerization vessel into the conduit during conduit maintenance.

Methods of delivering catalyst systems for propylene polymerization

A polymerization process is provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a catalyst slurry having a metallocene catalyst and a first oil, providing a transport medium including a second oil and combining the transport medium and the catalyst slurry to form a catalyst mixture. The process may further include introducing the catalyst mixture to a polymerization reactor and contacting olefin monomers with the catalyst mixture to polymerize the olefin monomers and form polyolefins.

Apparatus and its use for oxychlorination

The preparation of 1,2-dichloroethane from ethylene, hydrogen chloride and oxygen or an oxygen-containing gas (oxychlorination) advantageously proceeds in a reactor having a lower delimitation for a catalyst fluid bed, a first gas inlet (distributor tubes) being arranged above the delimitation and within the catalyst fluid bed, which gas inlet contains nozzles distributed over the entire cross section of the reactor, these nozzles opening into tubes which conduct the exiting gas stream essentially in the opposite direction to the gas stream which fluidizes the catalyst, this gas stream being fed through a second gas inlet beneath the delimitation.

多区循环反应器的启动方法

一种用于启动不含聚烯烃颗粒的多区循环反应器的方法，包括以下步骤：输送气体通过反应器和气体再循环管线，将包括聚合催化剂和任选的聚烯烃的颗粒材料进料至反应器中，控制在底部配备有节流阀的垂直反应器区中的气流，使得在该反应器区的底部向上的气体速度低于进料至反应器中的颗粒材料的最终自由下落速度，并且在反应器区中的颗粒聚烯烃的重量高于向上移动的气体的拖曳力后，通过调节节流阀的开口和调节定量给料气体的流速来控制聚合物颗粒在多区循环反应器内的循环速率。

Methods of changing polyolefin production conditions to mitigate small gels in a polyolefin article

The number of small gels that form in polyolefin thin films may be reduced by altering certain production parameters of the polyolefin. In some instances, the number of small gels may be influenced by the melt index of the polyolefin. However, in many instances, melt index is a critical part of the polyolefin product specification and, therefore, is not manipulated. Two parameters that may be manipulated to mitigate small gel count while maintaining the melt index are polyolefin residence time in the reactor and ICA concentration in the reactor.

Vorrichtung zum Einspritzen von fluiden Medien in den Prozeßraum eines Wirbelschichtbehälters

Bei einer Vorrichtung zum Einspritzen von fluiden Medien in den Prozeßraum eines Wirbelschichtbehälters mit einem wenigstens eine seitlich ausgerichtete Einspritzdüse aufweisenden Düsenstock sowie wenigstens einem an einer Behälteröffnung des Wirbelschichtbehälters festsetzbaren Durchlaßteil zur formschlüssigen Aufnahme des Düsenstockes sind das Durchlaßteil und der Düsenstock als Kolbenführung mit in Durchlaßrichtung verlaufenden Gleitflächen ausgebildet. Dabei weist der Düsenstock wenigstens eine die Einspritzdüse vollständig aufnehmende Vertiefung, und das Durchlaßteil wenigstens ein in seine Durchlaßöffnung integriertes Absperrorgan auf.

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

A polymerization process and a catalyst delivery system are provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet located downstream of the catalyst inlet, and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel, introducing a catalyst to the conduit through the catalyst inlet, and passing the catalyst through the conduit to the polymerization vessel. The process may further include introducing a first propylene stream to the conduit to provide a mixed catalyst stream downstream of the catalyst inlet. The process may additionally include stopping the flow of the catalyst passing through the conduit, introducing a second propylene stream to the conduit through the second propylene stream inlet, removing a section of the conduit, and replacing the removed section of the conduit with a different conduit section. The catalyst delivery system may include a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel and having a removable portion, the second propylene stream inlet being configured to prevent polymer from passing from the polymerization vessel into the conduit during conduit maintenance.

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

METHOD FOR INJECTING CATALYST INTO A POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

A polymerization process and a catalyst delivery system are provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet located downstream of the catalyst inlet, and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel, introducing a catalyst to the conduit through the catalyst inlet, and passing the catalyst through the conduit to the polymerization vessel. The process may further include introducing a first propylene stream to the conduit to provide a mixed catalyst stream downstream of the catalyst inlet. The process may additionally include stopping the flow of the catalyst passing through the conduit, introducing a second propylene stream to the conduit through the second propylene stream inlet, removing a section of the conduit, and replacing the removed section of the conduit with a different conduit section. The catalyst delivery system may include a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel and having a removable portion, the second propylene stream inlet being configured to prevent polymer from passing from the polymerization vessel into the conduit during conduit maintenance.

METHOD FOR INJECTING CATALYST INTO A POLYMERIZATION REACTOR

Methods for injecting catalyst into a polymerization reactor

A polymerization process and a catalyst delivery system are provided. For example, a polymerization process is described, including providing a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet located downstream of the catalyst inlet, and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel, introducing a catalyst to the conduit through the catalyst inlet, and passing the catalyst through the conduit to the polymerization vessel. The process may further include introducing a first propylene stream to the conduit to provide a mixed catalyst stream downstream of the catalyst inlet. The process may additionally include stopping the flow of the catalyst passing through the conduit, introducing a second propylene stream to the conduit through the second propylene stream inlet, removing a section of the conduit, and replacing the removed section of the conduit with a different conduit section. The catalyst delivery system may include a conduit having a catalyst inlet, a first propylene stream inlet and a second propylene stream inlet located downstream of the first propylene stream inlet, the conduit being operably connected to a polymerization vessel and having a removable portion, the second propylene stream inlet being configured to prevent polymer from passing from the polymerization vessel into the conduit during conduit maintenance.

Methods for Cleaning the Distributor Plate in a Fluidized Bed Reactor System

A method for cleaning a distributor plate in a fluidized bed polymerization reactor system according to one embodiment includes, in a first mode, operating with about a normal, baseline value of superficial gas velocity in a fluidized bed polymerization reactor system having a reactor vessel, a recycle line, and a distributor plate in the reactor vessel near an inlet of the reactor vessel. In a second mode, the superficial gas velocity is increased above the baseline value of the first mode to a level sufficient to raise the temperature of the cycle gas at the inlet above an average temperature of the cycle gas at the inlet in the first mode, and to a level sufficient to dislodge foulant from holes in the distributor plate.

METHOD FOR THE ADMINISTRATION OF CATALYSTS FOR POPYLENE POLYMERIZATION