УСТРОЙСТВО И ПРОЦЕСС, ПРИМЕНЯЕМЫЙ ДЛЯ ВОССТАНОВЛЕНИЯ ФТОРА ИЗ ДЫМА ПОСЛЕ АБСОРБЦИИ ФОСФОРА ПУТЕМ ГИДРАТАЦИИ В ПРОЦЕССЕ ОБЖИГА В ПЕЧИ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ФОСФОРНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ

Изобретение относится к химической промышленности и охране окружающей среды и может быть использовано при получении фосфорной кислоты и очистке газов от фтора. Установка содержит одинаковые колонны 5 и 6 двух ступеней абсорбции, являющиеся противоточными скрубберами, предназначенными для очистки от фтора дымового газа, поступающего из башни гидратации фтора. Абсорбционные колонны 5 и 6 обеих ступеней оснащены отбойными газожидкостными сепараторами 52 и 62 кремнефтористой кислоты и промывными трубками 51 и 61 декапировки кремнефтористой кислоты. В верхних частях отбойных газожидкостных сепараторов 52 и 62 имеются выходные отверстия 12 дымового газа и установлены слои пеноотделения. Выходные отверстия кремнефтористой кислоты абсорбционных колонн 5 и 6 посредством трубопроводов с циркуляционными насосами 2 сообщены с соплами промывных трубок 51 и 61. Кроме того, выходное отверстие 53 кремнефтористой кислоты колонны 6 второй ступени сообщено с отбойным газожидкостным сепаратором 52 колонны ...

СПОСОБ УСТРАНЕНИЯ ЗАБИВАНИЯ ФИЛЬТРА И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение предназначено для устранения забивания фильтра в установке для производства оксида урана. Установка содержит реактор, в котором проводят конверсию гексафторида урана UF6 в его оксифторид UO2F2, образующийся в виде порошка, с получением газообразной фтористоводородной кислоты, отводимой из реактора через фильтрующую стенку, как правило, цилиндрической формы с вертикальной осью трубчатых фильтрующих элементов, закрепленных в верхней части корпуса реактора. Фильтрующие элементы обеспечивают отделение порошкообразного оксифторида урана из отводимых газов. Забивание стенки фильтрующих элементов устраняют периодическим вдуванием струи инертного газа внутрь цилиндрической стенки каждого трубчатого фильтрующего элемента. Инертный газ вдувают по оси цилиндрической стенки фильтрующего элемента в виде струи со скоростью более 300 м/с в течение менее 1 с. Предпочтительно вдувать нейтральный, предназначенный для устранения забивания газ в корпус фильтрующего элемента с помощью сопла, предусмотренного ...

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ФТОРОВОДОРОДА

Изобретение относится к способам производства фтороводорода взаимодействием фторида кальция с серной кислотой. В соответствии с первым способом производства фтороводорода осуществляют следующие стадии: (a) стадию смешивания частиц источника фторида кальция со средним диаметром 1-40 мкм с серной кислотой, в молярном отношении серная кислота/фторид кальция 0,9-1,1 при температуре 0-40°С и затем нагревания полученной смеси до более высокой температуры, чем при смешивании исходных материалов, но не выше 70°С, с целью осуществления реакции и получения реакционной смеси в твердом состоянии; и (b) стадию нагревания реакционной смеси в твердом состоянии до температуры 100-200°С с целью получения фтороводорода в газовой фазе. Второй вариант способа производства фтороводорода включает следующие стадии: (c) стадию смешивания и осуществления реакции частиц источника фторида кальция со средним диаметром 1-40 мкм с серной кислотой в молярном отношении серная кислота/фторид кальция 1,1-2,2 при температуре ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ГИДРОКСИДА ЛИТИЯ ВЫСОКОЙ ЧИСТОТЫ И СОЛЯНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности для получения кристаллического моногидрата гидроксида лития, применяемого в аккумуляторных батареях, и карбоната лития. Способ производства кристаллов моногидрата гидроксида лития и соляной кислоты включает очищение рассола, содержащего литий, посредством ионообмена для уменьшения концентраций ионов кальция и магния. Рассол подвергают электролизу для образования раствора гидроксида лития, содержащего меньше чем 150 частей на миллиард общего количества кальция и магния, с получением в качестве побочных продуктов газообразного хлора и водорода. Соляную кислоту производят посредством сжигания полученного газообразного хлора с избыточным водородом. Раствор гидроксида лития концентрируют и кристаллизуют для получения кристаллов моногидрата гидроксида лития. Изобретение позволяет получить высокочистый водный раствор гидроксида лития, из которого легко может быть выделен кристаллический моногидрат гидроксида лития, а также в качестве ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ HCl-СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ГАЗОВОГО ПОТОКА

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности. Для получения HCl из HCl-содержащего газового потока указанный HCl-содержащий газовый поток с температурой от -20°C до 25°C подают в установку адиабатической абсорбции, где его приводят в контакт с водой, взятой в качестве абсорбента. При этом образуется головной газовый поток и водный раствор продукта HCl. Температура головного газового потока составляет по меньшей мере 70°C и не более 95°C. Концентрация HCl в водном растворе продукта HCl находится в диапазоне 5-20 мас.%. HCl-содержащий газовый поток получают в качестве побочного продукта стадии гидрирования, на которой подаваемое сырье, содержащее монохлоруксусную кислоту (MCA) и дихлоруксусную кислоту (DCA), вступает в реакцию с водородом с образованием HCl-содержащего газового потока и потока продукта, содержащего MCA и уменьшенное количество DCA. Изобретение позволяет снизить содержание органических загрязнителей в HCl-содержащем газовом потоке. 2 н. и 9 з.п. ф-лы, 2 ...

СПОСОБ СИНТЕЗА ГИДРОФТОРАЛКАНА

Изобретение относится к способу синтеза гидрофторалкана, в котором по меньшей мере один хлорсодержащий или хлор- и фторсодержащий предшественник гидрофторалкана, имеющий атомное отношение F/Cl менее 1, вводят в реакцию в жидкой фазе с фтористым водородом в жидкой среде, причем в указанной среде постоянно поддерживается весовое содержание, большее или равное 50% фторсодержащих или хлор- и фторсодержащих органических соединений, имеющих среднее атомное отношение F/Cl по меньшей мере 1. Технический результат - повышение выхода продукта. 10 з.п.ф-лы, 4 ил., 1 табл.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ СИНТЕЗА HCl (ХЛОРОВОДОРОДА) С ВЫРАБОТКОЙ ПАРА

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности. Устройство для синтеза хлороводорода из хлора и водорода или из хлора и углеводородов с интегрированной регенерацией тепла обеспечивает получение водяного пара. В паровом барабане котла 11 с большим водяным объемом расположены жаровая труба или, соответственно, топочная камера 12, реверсивная камера 8 и кожухотрубный теплообменник 4, встроенный в корпус котла 11. У устьевого отверстия жаровой трубы находится горелка 1 для синтеза HCl. Изобретение позволяет получить водяной пар при использовании тепла экзотермической реакции синтеза хлороводорода. 10 з.п. ф-лы, 2 ил.

СИНТЕТИЧЕСКИЙ ФЛЮОРИТ ВЫСОКОЙ ЧИСТОТЫ, СПОСОБ ЕГО ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ И УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ СПОСОБА

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности. Способ получения синтетического флюорита CaFвключает приготовление раствора NHF путем основного гидролиза фторкремниевой кислоты HSiFводным раствором NH. Проводят фильтрование указанного раствора NHF с образованием по существу не содержащего диоксида кремния водного раствора NHF. Обрабатывают отфильтрованный раствор NHF гидроксидом кальция, взятым в избыточном количестве, с образованием дисперсии. В качестве альтернативы может быть проведена обработка отфильтрованного раствора NHF карбонатом кальция, взятым в избыточном количестве, с образованием дисперсии. Еще одной альтернативой является перегонка полученного после фильтрации раствора NHF при пониженном давлении, чтобы преобразовать фторид аммония в бифторид аммония. Затем осуществляют реакцию полученного бифторида аммония с карбонатом кальция или с гидроксидом кальция. Раствор, полученный в результате проведения вышеуказанных стадий, фильтруют с получением синтетического ...

АЗЕОТРОПНЫЕ КОМПОЗИЦИИ, СОДЕРЖАЩИЕ 3,3,3-ТРИФТОРПРОПЕН И ФТОРОВОДОРОД, И СПОСОБ ИХ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к способам разделения 3,3,3-трифторпропена и фтороводорода с помощью азеотропной дистилляции как с, так и без добавленного соединения азеотропообразователя. Также раскрываются способы отделения 1,1,1,2-тетрафторпропана и/или 1,1,1,3-тетрафторпропана, и 3,3,3-трифторпропена от фтороводорода с помощью азеотропной дистилляции как с, так и без добавленного азеотропообразователя. Один из вариантов способа разделения смеси, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1243zf, где указанный способ включает этапы, на которых: а) подают композицию, содержащую HF и ГФУ-1243zf, в первую дистилляционную колонну; b) удаляют азеотропную композицию, содержащую HF и ГФУ-1243zf в качестве первого дистиллята, и либо i) HF, либо ii) ГФУ-1243zf в качестве композиции кубовых остатков первой колонны; с) конденсируют первый дистиллят для образования 2 жидких фаз, являющихся i) фазой, обогащенной HF, и ii) фазой, обогащенной ГФУ-1243zf; и d) возвращают первую жидкую фазу, обогащенную тем же соединением, которое удаляют ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЙОДА ИЗ МИНЕРАЛИЗОВАННЫХ ПРИРОДНЫХ ВОД

Изобретение относится к способу извлечения йода из минерализованных природных вод, используемого в медицине, сельском хозяйстве, фармацевтической и химической промышленности. Предложен cпособ получения йода из минерализованных природных вод, включающий окисление иодид-иона в минерализованной воде озоновоздушной смесью, отличающийся тем, что процесс проводится при рН 5-7, а стабилизация молекулярного йода и предотвращение его переокисления обеспечиваются мольным отношением хлорид- и иодид-ионов 1500:1 - 2500:1 путём коррекции содержания хлорид-ионов добавлением хлорида натрия или хлорида калия. Технический результат - способ позволяет удешевить процесс окисления иодид-ионов за счёт отказа от введения солей железа и снижения дозировки подкисляющего агента. 1 табл.

СПОСОБЫ ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ 2,3,3,3-ТЕТРАФТОРПРОПЕНА ОТ ФТОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА СПОСОБОМ АЗЕОТРОПНОЙ ДИСТИЛЛЯЦИИ

Изобретение относится к ряду вариантов разделения смеси, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf. Один из вариантов включает: а. подачу композиции, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf, в первую дистилляционную колонну; b. удаление азеотропной композиции, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf, в виде первого дистиллята и либо i) HF, либо ii) ГФУ-1234yf в виде композиции первых кубовых остатков; с. конденсацию первого дистиллята с образованием двух жидких фаз, представляющих собой i) фазу, обогащенную HF, и ii) фазу, обогащенную ГФУ-1234yf; и d. рециркуляцию первой жидкой фазы, обогащенной тем же соединением, которое удаляют в виде кубовых остатков первой колонны, при этом указанная жидкая фаза представляет собой либо i) фазу, обогащенную HF, либо ii) фазу, обогащенную ГФУ-1234yf, обратно в первую дистилляционную колонну. Предлагаемое изобретение предоставляет новый способ разделения HF и ГФУ-1234yf. 7 н. и 7 з.п. ф-лы, 9 пр., 9 табл., 8 ил.

СПОСОБ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ ХЛОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА И ТЕТРАФТОРЭТИЛЕНА

Использование: мономер для полимерных материалов. Сущность изобретения: разделение ведут экстракционной перегонкой в колонне в присутствии экстрагента, который существенно изменяет относительные летучести хлористого водорода и тетрафторэтилена, являясь экстрагентом тетрафторэтилена, при этом выделяют верхнюю фракцию, состоящую преимущественно из хлористого водорода, и нижнюю фракцию, состоящую в основном из тетрафторэтилена и зкстрагента, такого как пергалоидированный углеводород, в частности перфторциклобутан, гексафторпропилен или 1,1,1-трифтор-1,2,2-трихлорэтан. 11 з.п. ф-лы, 3 табл.

СПОСОБ КОНЦЕНТРИРОВАНИЯ ФТОРИСТОВОДОРОДНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ

Изобретение относится к технологии неорганических веществ и может быть использовано для переработки возвратной фтористоводородной (плавиковой) кислоты, образующейся при переработке, например, руд и концентратов, содержащих ниобий и тантал, или других технологий, в которых образуется фтористоводородная кислота, нуждающаяся в концентрировании для повторного использования. Представлен способ концентрирования фтористоводородной кислоты, являющейся отходом промышленного производства, ректификацией с получением в дистилляте воды и кубового продукта в виде фтористоводородной кислоты, характеризующийся тем, что ректификацию проводят при содержании фтористого водорода в растворе, поступающем на концентрирование, в пределах 1-30 % масс. при давлении в кубе колонны от 1,01 до 1,20 атм, равновесной температуре, выбранной из диапазона от 113,0 до 118,5°С, и оптимальном флегмовом числе, выбранном из диапазона от 1 до 5,5. Изобретение обеспечивает создание технологии концентрирования фтористоводородной ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БРОМИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА ЭЛЕКТРОННОГО КЛАССА И КАТАЛИЗАТОР ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к получению бромистого водорода электронного класса, используемого в микроэлектронике. Для получения бромистого водорода с его последующей очисткой бром предварительно подогревают с дальнейшей его полной газификацией и смешивают с водородом. Бром поступает в реактор для проведения реакции каталитического сжигания с получением бромистого водорода, продукт реакции извлекают из верхней части реактора. Реакцию каталитического сжигания осуществляют на катализаторе в реакторе. Катализатор представляет собой кремнийсодержащий носитель с нанесенным на него методом пропитки в жидкой фазе составом, содержащим платину, иридий и родий. В качестве кремнийсодержащего носителя используют силикат с открытыми порами. Платина, иридий, родий находятся в виде наночастиц, размещенных в устьях пор на внешней поверхности носителя в количествах 0,7-1,0%, 0,5-1%, 0,1-0,3%, соответственно, от массы катализатора. Продукт реакции – бромистый водород направляют в холодильник, подключенный к криостату ...

Способ получения фторида водорода из смеси дифторида кальция и диоксида кремния

Изобретение относится к способу получения фторида водорода из смеси дифторида кальция и диоксида кремния. Способ заключается в том, что проводят сернокислотное разложение указанной смеси в соотношении 1-1,2 моля H2SO4на 1 моль CaF2, обработку смеси HF, SiF4и воды аммиакосодержащим агентом с получением водного раствора фторида аммония, последующее выделение бифторида аммония или смеси бифторида аммония, фторида аммония и воды из водного раствора фторида аммония, его последующую обработку в пламени топлива, представляющего собой метан, и окислителя, представляющего собой кислород, конденсацию фторида водорода и воды с последующим отделением фторида водорода. Технический результат: фторид водорода получают при использовании в качестве фторсодержащего сырья смеси дифторида кальция и диоксида кремния, в которой концентрация диоксида кремния не лимитирована, а фтор в виде фторида водорода из дифторида кальция регенерируется практически полностью. 1 ил., 1 пр.

СПОСОБ УДАЛЕНИЯ ВЛАГИ ИЗ ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО ХЛОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА

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... 1. Способ концентрирования и отделения хлоридов металлов в/из содержащего хлорид железа (III) раствора соляной кислоты, отличающийся тем, что из указанного раствора осаждают железо в виде его оксида, предпочтительно, гематита, и отфильтровывают его в фильтрующем устройстве и тем, что концентрированные, не гидролизуемые хлориды металлов удаляют из по меньшей мере части фильтрата соляной кислоты.2. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что не гидролизуемые хлориды металлов удаляют посредством избирательной экстракции растворителем из по меньшей мере части железосодержащего раствора соляной кислоты и тем, что хлориды металлов обратно экстрагируют из органической фазы в процессе реэкстракции.3. Способ по п. 2, отличающийся тем, что для каждого экстрагируемого хлорида металла последовательно осуществляют предназначенный для него процесс экстрагирования растворителем.4. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что присутствующий в железосодержащем фильтрате соляной кислоты хлорид железа (III) непосредственно ...

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СПОСОБ ОКИСЛЕНИЯ ХЛОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА КИСЛОРОДОМ

... 1. Способ проведения процесса окисления хлористого водорода а) кислородом которое может протекать в присутствии катализатора, с б) одностадийным или многостадийным охлаждением газообразных продуктов реакции, с выделением в) из газообразных продуктов реакции непрореагировавшего хлористого водорода и образовавшейся в реакции воды, с сушкой г) газообразных продуктов реакции и с выделением д) хлора из смеси, отличающийся тем, что окисление хлористого водорода а) проводят в реакторе, у которого контактирующие с реакционной смесью элементы конструкции изготовлены из никеля или из содержащего никель сплава, причем содержание никеля составляет не менее 60 мас.%, в частности конструкционный материал выбирают из ряда: С-типы Hastelloy®, В-типы Hastelloy®, Inconel® 600, Inconel® 625. ! 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, что охлаждение б) реакционных газов проводят в первом теплообменнике, начиная от температуры на выходе из реактора до температуры от 140 до 250°C, в предпочтительном случае от 160 ...

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... 1. Способ получения органических изоцианатов, который включает стадии ! a) получение фосгена посредством взаимодействия СО с Cl2, ! b) взаимодействие фосгена с органическими аминами с образованием органического изоцианата, ! c) отделение органического изоцианата, ! d) отделение монооксида углерода из HCl-содержащего отходящего газа изоцианатного синтеза путем взаимодействия с хлором с образованием фосгена, ! e) отделение образовавшегося фосгена, ! f) при необходимости возврат образовавшегося фосгена в изоцианатный синтез, и ! g) при необходимости проведение с HCl-содержащим, обедненным СО газом HCl-окисления перед или после отделения е) фосгена. ! 2. Способ по п.1, в котором HCl-содержащий отходящий газ содержит 0,5 - 15 об.% монооксида углерода. ! 3. Способ по п.1, в котором HCl-содержащий отходящий газ содержит 20 - 99,5 об.% хлористого водорода. ! 4. Способ по п.1, в котором взаимодействие монооксида углерода с хлором с образованием фосгена в стадии d) происходит на катализаторе, предпочтительно ...

Система и способ для производства порошка высокочистого пентоксида ванадия

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Фтороводород (HF) эффективно удаляется из смеси, состоящей из фтороводорода, дихлорметана, хлорфторметана и/или дифторметана, путем дистилляции смеси для удаления двухкомпонентных азеотропных смесей фтороводорода и дихлорметана, фтороводорода и хлорфторметана, фтороводорода и дифторметана или путем разделения смеси на верхнюю жидкую фазу, обогащенную фтороводородом, и нижнюю жидкую фазу, обедненную фтороводородом, и дистилляции соответствующих фаз, как описано выше. Способ эффективен и прост. 6 с. и 4 з.п. ф-лы, 2 ил., 7 табл.

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... 1. Способ получения фторгидроолефина, включающий дегидрофторирование фторсодержащего углеводорода, который имеет у соседних атомов углерода, по крайней мере, один атом водорода и, по крайней мере, один атом фтора, с образованием смеси продуктов, содержащей указанный фторгидроолефин, не прореагировавший фторсодержащий углеводород и фторид водорода, где, по крайней мере, один из указанного фторгидроолефина и указанного фторсодержащего углеводорода присутствует в указанной смеси продуктов в виде азеотропной композиции с фторидом водорода. ! 2. Способ по п.1, который включает также стадию дистилляции указанной смеси продуктов с образованием композиции дистиллята, представляющей собой азеотропную композицию, которая содержит указанный фторгидроолефин и фторид водорода. ! 3. Способ по п.2, который включает также стадию получения композиции кубовых остатков, представляющих собой указанный фторсодержащий углеводород, который практически не содержит фторид водорода. ! 4. Способ отделения фторгидроолефина ...

АЗЕОТРОПНЫЕ КОМПОЗИЦИИ, СОДЕРЖАЩИЕ 2,3,3,3-ТЕТРАФТОРПРОПЕН И ФТОРИСТЫЙ ВОДОРОД, И ИХ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ

... 1. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция, содержащая примерно от 64,6 мол.% примерно до 92,4 мол.% HFC-1234yf и фтористого водорода. ! 2. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п.1, содержащая примерно от 64,6 мол.% примерно до 92,4 мол.% HFC-1234yf и примерно от 35,4 мол.% примерно до 7,6 мол.% фтористого водорода. ! 3. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п.1, содержащая примерно от 64,6 мол.% примерно до 92,4 мол.% HFC-1234yf и примерно от 35,4 мол.% примерно до 7,6 мол.% фтористого водорода, где давление паров составляет примерно от 23,2 фунт/кв.дюйм (160 кПа) примерно до 453 фунт/кв.дюйм (3123 кПа) при температуре примерно от -20°C примерно до 80°C. ! 4. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п.1, где указанная композиция состоит по существу из примерно от 64,6 мол.% примерно до 92,4 мол.% HFC-1234yf и примерно от 35,4 мол.% примерно до 7,6 мол.% фтористого водорода, где давление паров составляет примерно от 23,2 фунт/кв.дюйм (160 ...

АЗЕОТРОПНЫЕ КОМПОЗИЦИИ, СОДЕРЖАЩИЕ Е-1,3,3,3-ТЕТРАФТОРПРОПЕН И ФТОРОВОДОРОД, И ИХ ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

... 1. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция, содержащая Е-HFC-1234ze и фтороводород. ! 2. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п. 1, содержащая Е-HFC-1234ze и эффективное количество фтороводорода. ! 3. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п. 1, содержащая от примерно 62,4 молярных процента до примерно 89,4 молярных процента Е-HFC-1234ze и фтороводород. ! 4. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п. 1, содержащая от примерно 62,4 молярных процента до примерно 89,4 молярных процента Е-HFC-1234ze и от примерно 37,6 молярных процента до примерно 10,6 молярных процента фтороводорода. ! 5. Азеотропная или близкая к азеотропной композиция по п. 1, содержащая от примерно 62,4 молярных процента до примерно 89,4 молярных процента Е-HFC-1234ze и от примерно 37,6 молярных процента до примерно 10,6 молярных процента фтороводорода, в которой давление пара равно от примерно 2,8 фунт/кв. дюйм (19 кПа) до примерно 518 фунт/кв. дюйм (3571 кПа) при температуре ...

СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ АЛЮМИНИЙСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО СЫРЬЯ

Изобретение относится к способу переработки алюминийсодержащего сырья и может быть использовано при получении глинозема. Способ включает обжиг алюминийсодержащего сырья, обработку обожженного материала соляной кислотой, разделение полученной пульпы на осветленный хлоридный раствор и сиштоф, промываемый водой перед отправкой в отвал, высаливание хлорида алюминия путем насыщения осветленного хлоридного раствора газообразным хлороводородом, кальцинацию хлорида алюминия для получения оксида алюминия и пирогидролиз маточного раствора с возвратом хлороводорода на стадии кислотной обработки и высаливания, осажденный в процессе высаливания гексагидрат хлорида алюминия обрабатывают водным аммиаком, полученный осадок направляют на кальцинацию, раствор хлорида аммония смешивают с алюминийсодержащим сырьем перед его обжигом или в процессе обжига, выделяемый при обжиге аммиак растворяют в воде, полученный при этом водный аммиак направляют на обработку гексагидрата хлорида алюминия, а обожженный материал ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ХЛОРА ИЗ ХЛОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА И КИСЛОРОДА

... 1. Способ получения хлора путем ! а) термического взаимодействия хлористого водорода с кислородом с использованием катализаторов и/или путем нетермического активированного взаимодействия хлористого водорода с кислородом, при котором ! б) образующуюся при взаимодействии а) газовую смесь, содержащую по крайней мере целевые продукты хлор и воду, непрореагировавший хлористый водород и кислород, а также такие другие побочные составляющие, как диоксид углерода, азот и в соответствующих случаях фосген, охлаждают для конденсации соляной кислоты, ! в) полученную жидкую соляную кислоту отделяют от газовой смеси, отличающийся тем, что при взаимодействии а) используют содержащий кислород газ с содержанием кислорода не более 99 об.% и на стадии ! г) из полученной на стадии в) содержащей хлор газовой смеси способом мембранного газоразделения отделяют хлор от кислорода, диоксида углерода и азота и в дополнение к этому от других побочных составляющих, если они присутствуют. ! 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся ...

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... 1. Способ получения хлора термическим взаимодействием хлористого водорода с кислородом с использованием катализаторов и/или нетермическим активированным взаимодействием хлористого водорода с кислородом, в котором ! a) образованную при взаимодействии газовую смесь, состоящую, по меньшей мере, из целевых продуктов - хлора и воды, не прореагировавшего хлористого водорода и кислорода, а также побочных компонентов, таких как двуокись углерода и азот, и при необходимости фосгена, охлаждают для конденсации соляной кислоты; ! b) образованную жидкую соляную кислоту отделяют от газовой смеси; ! c) находящиеся в газовой смеси остатки воды удаляют, в особенности, промывкой концентрированной серной кислотой; ! отличающийся тем, что ! d) образованную хлорсодержащую газовую смесь освобождают от кислорода посредством газового проникновения и при необходимости дополнительно от побочных компонентов, особенно, от двуокиси углерода и/или азота. ! 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, что газовое проникновение ...

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СПОСОБЫ ОТДЕЛЕНИЯ 2,3,3,3-ТЕТРАФТОРПРОПЕНА ОТ ФТОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА СПОСОБОМ АЗЕОТРОПНОЙ ДИСТИЛЛЯЦИИ

... 1. Способ разделения смеси, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf, включающий: ! a. подачу композиции, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf, в первую дистилляционную колонну; ! b. удаление азеотропной композиции, содержащей HF и ГФУ-1234yf, в виде первого дистиллята и либо i) HF, либо ii) ГФУ-1234yf в виде композиции первых кубовых остатков; ! c. конденсацию первого дистиллята с образованием двух жидких фаз, представляющих собой i) фазу, обогащенную HF, и ii) фазу, обогащенную ГФУ-1234yf; и ! d. рециркуляцию первой жидкой фазы, обогащенной тем же соединением, которое удаляют в виде кубовых остатков первой колонны, при этом указанная жидкая фаза представляет собой либо i) фазу, обогащенную HF, либо ii) фазу, обогащенную ГФУ-1234yf, обратно в первую дистилляционную колонну. ! 2. Способ по п.1, дополнительно включающий подачу во вторую колонну дистилляции второй жидкой фазы без рециркуляции на ступени (d), причем указанная вторая жидкая фаза представляет собой либо i) фазу, обогащенную HF, либо ii) фазу, обогащенную ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО ФТОРА

... 1. Способ получения газообразного фтора, включающий стадию (1) генерирования газообразного фтора путем разделения на секции внутреннего пространства оборудованного нагревающими средствами контейнера для генерирования газообразного фтора с помощью проницаемого для газа конструктивного элемента, заполнения каждой секции фторидом металла с высокой валентностью и нагревания фторида металла с высокой валентностью.2. Способ получения газообразного фтора, включающий стадию (1) генерирования газообразного фтора путем разделения на секции внутреннего пространства оборудованного нагревающими средствами контейнера для генерирования газообразного фтора с помощью теплопроводящего конструктивного элемента, включающего проницаемый для газа конструктивный элемент и теплопроводящий элемент, заполнения каждой секции фторидом металла с высокой валентностью и нагревания фторида металла с высокой валентностью.3. Способ получения газообразного фтора по п.1 или 2, где проницаемый для газа конструктивный элемент ...

УДАЛЕНИЕ ДИОКСИДА УГЛЕРОДА ИЗ ПОТОКОВ ОТХОДЯЩЕГО ГАЗА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ СОВМЕСТНОГО ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ КАРБОНАТНЫХ И/ИЛИ БИКАРБОНАТНЫХ МИНЕРАЛОВ

... 1. Способ удаления первоначального количества диоксида углерода из газового потока, содержащий: ! получение гидроксида в водной смеси; ! получение хлора; ! смешивание гидроксида с газовым потоком, чтобы получить карбонатные продукты, бикарбонатные продукты или смесь карбонатных и бикарбонатных продуктов в образованной смеси; ! отделение указанных карбонатных и/или бикарбонатных продуктов от смеси, посредством чего удаляется часть первоначального количества диоксида углерода из газового потока; ! объединение хлора с водой с образованием хлорноватистой кислоты; ! разложение хлорноватистой кислоты с образованием хлористоводородной кислоты и кислорода; и ! объединение хлористоводородной кислоты с карбонатом кальция с образованием хлорида кальция и уменьшенного количества диоксида углерода. ! 2. Способ по п.1, также содержащий: ! получение водорода; и ! сжигание водорода на электростанции. ! 3. Способ по п.1, в котором уменьшенное количество диоксида углерода является половиной от первоначального ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ИЗОЦИАНАТА

... 1. Способ получений изоцианата, содержащий: а) взаимодействие, по меньшей мере, одного амина с фосгеном, при необходимости в присутствии растворителя, с получением соответствующего изоцианата и потока, содержащего хлористый водород, фосген и, при необходимости, растворитель, низкокипящие соединения и инертные вещества, б) разделение потока, содержащего хлористый водород, фосген и, при необходимости растворитель, низкокипящие соединения и инертные вещества, в, по меньшей мере, двухстадийной последовательности стадий абсорбции, содержащих (1), по меньшей мере, одну стадию изотермической абсорбции и (2), по меньшей мере, одну стадию адиабатической абсорбции с получением (i) потока хлористого водорода, содержащего фосгена не более 0,5% в расчете на общий вес потока хлористого водорода, и (ii) потока жидкого фосгена, и в) рециркуляцию потока жидкого фосгена (ii) на стадию а). 2. Способ по п.1, в котором реакцию на стадии а) проводят в газовой фазе. 3. Способ по п.2, в котором поток жидкого фосгена ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ФТОРИДА МАРГАНЦА

... 1. Способ получения фторида марганца, включающий стадию (1) взаимодействия соединения марганца с фторирующим агентом при температуре от 50 до 250°С и стадию (2) дальнейшего взаимодействия полученного на стадии (1) продукта с фторирующим агентом при температуре от 250 до 450°С.2. Способ получения фторида марганца по п.1, включающий до стадии (1) стадию сушки соединения марганца при температуре не ниже 100°С.3. Способ получения фторида марганца по п.1, где стадия (1) для контактирования фторирующего агента с соединением марганца включает стадию подачи фторирующего агента с постоянной скоростью в заполненный соединением марганца контейнер до тех пор, пока давление в контейнере из пониженного не станет постоянным.4. Способ получения фторида марганца по п.1, где стадия (2) для контактирования фторирующего агента с соединением марганца включает стадию подачи фторирующего агента с постоянной скоростью в заполненный соединением марганца контейнер до тех пор, пока давление в контейнере из пониженного ...

СПОСОБ КОНЦЕНТРИРОВАНИЯ ВОДНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ ГАЛОГЕНОВОДОРОДОВ

... 1. Способ концентрирования исходного водного раствора галогеноводорода, в частности, соляной кислоты, который включает следующие стадии:- экстракционную дистилляцию исходного водного раствора галогеноводорода в присутствии экстрагента в дистилляционном устройстве (12),- выведение содержащего галогеноводород пара и/или газообразного галогеноводорода из верхней секции дистилляционного устройства (12),- выведение содержащего экстрагент раствора из нижней секции дистилляционного устройства (12),- концентрирование выведенного из нижней секции дистилляционного устройства (12) содержащего экстрагент раствора в выпарном устройстве (14) и- возвращение сконцентрированного в выпарном устройстве (14) содержащего экстрагент раствора в дистилляционное устройство (12),причем выводимый из нижней секции дистилляционного устройства (12) содержащий экстрагент раствор концентрируют в выпарном устройстве (14) выпариванием при давлении, превышающем атмосферное давление.2. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, чтоконцентрирование ...

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА СЛОЖНОГО ЭФИРА ФТОРУКСУСНОЙ КИСЛОТЫ

Изобретение относится к химической промышленности, конкретно к методу получения сложных эфиров фторуксусной кислоты, применяемых в качестве исходных материалов для фармацевтических препаратов и агрохимикатов. Способ получения соединения, представленного формулой (1): включает стадию взаимодействия соединения с формулой (2): с соединением с формулой MFn, где R представляет собой углеводородную группу, необязательно имеющую один или несколько заместителей, X представляет собой галоген, отличный от фтора, алкилсульфонилоксигруппу, галоалкилсульфонилоксигруппу или арилсульфонилоксигруппу, MFn представляет собой фторид, выбранный из HF, NaF, KF, CsF и CaF2, или их комбинации. Фторид используют в количестве 0,8 моля или менее на моль соединения, представленного формулой (2). Техническим результатом изобретения является предоставление способа получения сложного эфира фторуксусной кислоты с высокой производительностью и качеством. 10 з.п. ф-лы, 3 табл., 2 пр.

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Изобретение относится к химической технологии, в частности к способам высокотемпературной переработки фторсодержащих материалов с получением растворимых фтористых соединений. В исходный фторсодержащий материал вводят шихтующие добавки, содержащие соединения магния и алюминия, до отношения Α=CA/(MG+AL)≤2, поддерживая связность структуры Y=2,7-3,1 моль/моль. Шихту подвергают пирогидролизу при парциальном давлении паров воды 20-100 кПа при 1350-1400°*С в течение 30 мин до образования стекольного расплава, выделяющиеся фтористые газы подвергают водной абсорбции, а полученный стекольный расплав направляют на дальнейшую переработку в стекольные изделия. В качестве исходного фторосодержащего материала используют фторконцентрат - осадок разложения чилисайского фосфорита растворами гексафторсиликата аммония, содержащий, %:F 20,4 CAO 33,33 MGO 0,75 AL2O31,99 FE2O31,73 SIO243 (NA, K)2O 1,15 P2O53,7 (Y=3,14 Α=10,51).Изобретение позволяет повысить степень извлечения фтора до 92-97% и, кроме того, обеспечить ...

Способ выделения мышьяка из солянокислых технологических растворов

Изобретение относится к неорганической химии, в частности к способам выделения мышьяка из кислых сточных вод. В отходы производства треххлористого мышьяка, содержащего 5,53% мышьяка, погружают цилиндр с кусками природного известняка рамером 20-40 мм (количество известняка на 20% больше теоретического), диаметр отверстия цилиндра 4 мм. Раствор постоянного перемешивают, а цилиндр время от времени встряхивают. Через 3 ч цилиндр с оставшимся известняком вынимают, а осадок фильтруют и сушат на воздухе до постоянной массы. Для полного обезвреживания фильтрат обрабатывают негашеной известью и фильтруют. В полученном фильтрате наличие мышьяка не обнаружено. Выход мышьяковистого ангидрида 92,4%. Содержание основного вещества ≥98,0%. Изобретение позволяет упростить процесс за счет исключения стадии окисления, а также удешевить его за счет использования природного известняка вместо дорогостоящих солей железа (III). 1 табл.

Способ переработки хлорида натрия

Способ получения сухого фтористого водорода

Способ получения парафиновых и олефиновых углеводородов

Способ получения хлора и окиси железа

Способ разложения раствора комплекса ксилолов с фтористым водородом и трехфтористым бором

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON FLUORWASSERSTOFF AUS FLUORNEBENPRODUKTEN

HF-ABTRENNUNG AUS ORGANISCHEN VERBINDUNGEN

VERFAHREN ZUR REINIGUNG VON CHLORWASSERSTOFF FUER DIE HERSTELLUNG VON 1,2-DICHLORAETHAN

REINIGUNGSVERFAHREN FÜR HEXAFLUORETHANPRODUKTE

Verfahren zur thermischen Entsorgung von chlorhaltigen Schadstoffen

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON CHLOR.

Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Chlorwasserstoff und Alkoxysilanen aus Mischungen von Chlor enthaltenden Silizium-Verbindungen

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Brom aus der Mutterlauge der Kalisalzgewinnung

DESTILLATIONSVERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG.

Elektrostatischer Nassabscheider zum Reinigen von feuchtem Chlorgas oder Chlorgas enthaltenden Abgasen

VERFAHREN ZUR ZERSETZUNG HALOGENIERTER ORGANISCHER VERBINDUNGEN

Reactor has line sending headspace gas to separator for byproduct separation before return through hollow stirrer shaft re-introducing gas into liquid

An external line (40) is led off from the head space (26) of the reactor vessel (12), and returned back to the vessel. In this line, a unit (42) separates and removes a byproduct. The byproduct, e.g. steam, condenses, and the separation unit is a condenser. Near the top of the drive shaft (14), a pipe section (30) extends from the cover (32) of the reactor, through its headspace and into the liquid (24). The recycling line is led back to the pipe and discharges into it. The pipe is coaxial with the drive shaft.

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON CHLORIERTEN AETHYLENDERIVATEN

VERFAHREN ZUR ZERSETZUNG VON JODWASSERSTOFF

Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Brom und Chlorwasserstoff

Verfahren zur Handhabung von aetzenden, insbesondere gasfoermigen Stoffen

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor

Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur Konzentration radioaktiver Fluoranionen

Eine Vorrichtung zur Konzentration radioaktiver Fluoranionen mit: einer Durchflusszelle, die ein Paar von Plattenelektroden, die einander parallel gegenüberliegen und von denen zumindest eine eine Kohlenstoffplattenelektrode ist, und einen Strömungskanal aufweist, der zwischen den Plattenelektroden vorgesehen ist, die 500 μm oder weniger voneinander beabstandet sind, um zu ermöglichen, dass eine18F–-Ionen enthaltende [18O]H2O-Lösung durch denselben fließt; eine Leistungsquelle, die zwischen die Plattenelektroden geschaltet ist, um eine Gleichspannung zwischen den Plattenelektroden anzulegen, und die in der Lage ist, die Gleichspannung umzupolen; und eine Flüssigkeitssendevorrichtung zum Senden der Lösung an den Strömungskanal.

Kupfer enthaltender Katalysator fuer die Oxydation von Chlorwasserstoff

Verfahren zur Herstellung von geträgertem Ruthenium auf siliciumdioxid-modifiziertem Titandioxid, und Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor

Eine Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines geträgerten Rutheniumoxids bereitzustellen, wobei Siliciumdioxid effektiv auf einen Titandioxid-Träger geträgert werden kann, und ein geträgertes Rutheniumoxid mit überlegener thermischer Stabilität und Lebensdauer des Katalysators erhalten wird. Eine andere Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung ist es, ein Verfahren zur stabilen Herstellung von Chlor für einen längeren Zeitraum unter Verwendung des geträgerten Rutheniumoxids, das mit dem vorstehend beschriebenen Verfahren erhalten wurde, bereitzustellen. Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines geträgerten Rutheniumoxids, in dem Rutheniumoxid und Siliciumdioxid auf einen Titandioxid-Träger geträgert werden, wobei ein Titandioxid-Träger mit einer Alkoxysilanverbindung in Kontakt gebracht wird, gefolgt von Trocknen unter einem Strom Wasserdampf enthaltenden Gases, dann einem ersten Kalzinieren unter einer Atmosphäre eines oxidierenden Gases unterzogen wird ...

VERFAHREN ZUR ENTBROMUNG VON SALZLOESUNGEN NACH DEM HEISS-ENTBROMUNGSVERFAHREN

Urankatalysator und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung sowie dessen Verwendung

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft einen neuen Urankatalysator, ein Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung durch Fällung aus einer Lösung sowie dessen Verwendung im Zuge von Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor aus Chlorwasserstoff.

Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Brom

Verfahren zur Abtrennung von Chlorwasserstoff

Verfahren zur Aufarbeitung einer Ätzmischung, die bei der Herstellung von hochreinem Silicium anfällt

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Säurerückgewinnung aus einer zur Reinigung von polykristallinem Silizium gebrauchten wässrigen Ätzmischung, enthaltend HF, HNO₃, H₂SiF₆ und HNO₂, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die gebrauchte Ätzmischung derart absatzweise destilliert wird, dass in einer ersten Fraktion ca. 20-50 Gew.-% der gebrauchten Ätzmischung als verdünnte Säure abdestilliert werden, wobei die verdünnte Säure über 90 Gew.-% des als Hexafluorokieselsäure gelösten Siliziums enthält und der Wassergehalt in der gebrauchten Ätzmischung um ca. 10-30 Gew.-% sinkt und die wasserärmere Mischung bis auf einen Rückstand von ca. 1-5 Gew.-% der Ausgangsmenge an gebrauchter wässriger Ätzmischung eingedampft wird und die dabei abdestillierte zweite Fraktion in einem Behälter aufgefangen wird und der Rückstand anschließend entsorgt wird.

Preparation of trifluoramine, useful as etchant, oxidant and for cleaning apparatus used for chemical vapor deposition, by reacting ammonia and fluorine in fluidized bed of ammonium hydrogendifluoride

Method for preparing trifluoramine (I) by reacting ammonia and fluorine in presence of ammonium hydrogendifluoride (X), where (X) is present in a fluidized bed, in solid form.

Reinigung von Salzsäure, Nebenprodukt der Methansulfonsäureherstellung

Erzeugung von gebrauchsfertigen Lösungen

Verfahren zur Herstellung chemisch reiner Salzsaeure

VERDAMPFER ZUM UMWANDELN VON VERFLUESSIGTEM GAS IN ERHITZTES GAS FUER DIE VERSORGUNG EINES GASVERTEILUNGSSYSTEMS

Vorrichtung zur gleichmaessigen Entwicklung von Salzsaeuregas

Burning waste chlorinated hydrocarbons - with recovery of hydrochloric acid and heat

Waste chlorinated hydrocarbons are burnt in excess O2 in special burners; the residual organic matter is additionally burnt in an after-burning chamber; the combustion gases are used for heating a boiler; HCl is absorbed from the cooled gas mixt. by means of acid-resistant refractory stones; HCl is then eluted in the form of azeotropic mixt. with water using steam from the boiler. Thus combustion heat is partly utilised, and HCl is recovered. There is no excessive corrosion of the appts.

Verfahren zum Reinigen von Abgasen

Exhaust gas polluted with at least SO2 and nitrogen oxides, in particular from waste incineration plants, flows through an adsorber filled with active coal capable of being regenerated. The active coal is regenerated from time to time and the thus produced SO2-rich gas is further treated. In order to reduce the costs and simplify the equipment required to remove nitrogen during such an exhaust gas cleaning process, the exhaust gas is subjected to a denox treatment before entering the adsorber by admixture of ammonia at high temperature, excess ammonia is adsorbed together with SO2 in the adsorber, the SO2-rich gas produced during regeneration of active coal is scrubbed in order to remove ammonia or ammonium compounds, and the SO2-rich gas produced during the scrubbing process is further processed.

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Halogenen

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor durch Gasphasenoxidation

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Chlor durch katalytische Gasphasenoxidation von Chlorwasserstoff mit Sauerstoff, worin der Katalysator mindestens eine Trägersubstanz und mindestens ein Katalysator-Metallsulfid umfasst, sowie neue Katalysatoren, die mindestens eine Trägersubstanz und mindestens ein Katalysator-Metallsulfid umfassen.

Preparation of chlorine involves oxidation of hydrogen chloride and gas stream comprising molecular oxygen in presence of fixed-bed catalyst is carried out in reactor having annular and disk-shaped deflection plates between catalyst tubes

Preparation of chlorine involves passing hydrogen chloride and molecular oxygen in a reactor (1) having parallel catalyst tubes (2) charged with fixed-bed catalyst aligned in longitudinal direction of reactor; and alternatively arranged annular and disk-shaped deflection plates (6 and 7) which leave annular passage (9) free. A liquid heat transfer medium circulates between tubes.

Removal of hydrogen fluoride and silicon from waste gas

Removal of HF and/or Si during the recovery of waste gas comprises adding a fluoride-binding and/or silicon-binding substance in the fist scrubbing stage (quenching stage) of a multi-stage scrubbing tower.

Verfahren zur selektiven Entfernung von Zinkionen aus stark salzsauren Eisenbeizen

Verfahren zur Gewinnung von Fluorverbindungen aus geringe Mengen Fluor enthaltenden Abgasen

Trennverfahren

Production of chlorine from a feed gas containing hydrogen chloride and hydrocarbons and/or chlorohydrocarbons comprises removing (chloro)hydrocarbons from the feed gas and oxidizing the hydrogen chloride

Production of chlorine from a feed gas containing hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrocarbons and/or chlorohydrocarbons comprises removing at least part of the (chloro)hydrocarbons from the feed gas and oxidizing the HCl to chlorine in the presence of a catalyst Production of chlorine from a feed gas containing hydrogen chloride (HCl) and hydrocarbons and/or chlorohydrocarbons comprises: (a) removing at least part of the (chloro)hydrocarbons from the feed gas; (b) feeding the gas into an oxidation zone and oxidizing the HCl to chlorine in the presence of a catalyst; (c) separating HCl and water from the product gas; (d) optionally recycling the HCl to the oxidation zone; (e) drying the product gas; (f) separating an oxygen-containing gas from the product gas and optionally recycling the oxygen-containing gas to the oxidation zone; and (g) optionally purifying the product stream.

Process for the production of hydrofluoric acid

In a process in which HF is prepared by reacting fluorite with conc. H2SO4 (in 1) and the HF containing gases produced are washed with condensates from the same, the HF gases produced as above are passed through a first device (2) for separating suspended solid matter from the gas, some of the high-boiling impurities (mainly H2SO4 and HSO3F) of the gas being condensed and separated by contact with a counterflow of condensates from a fifth device (7). The so treated gases then pass through a second device (4) which causes the gas to partially condense to form condensate and to further condense by the gas being directed against the liquid surface of the said condensate, then pass to a third device (5) for separating sulphur from the gas by means of an iron-catalyzed reaction (e.g. iron mesh) between SO2 and H2S impurities, then to an indirect cooling device (6) for cooling with a counterflow of water. The condensates from the second, third and fourth devices are then combined ...

Improvement in gas supply apparatus for the chlorination or similar treatment of liquids and gases

... 501,178. Float - actuated valves; purifying water; mixing fluids in flow. PEET, G. D. March 2, 1938, No. 6589. [Class 135] [Also in Groups I and II] Apparatus for supplying gas for chlorination or like treatment of.- liquids and gases comprises flow-controlling means, means for supplying gas at a constant substantially atmospheric pressure thereto, a suction device for drawing the gas through the flow-controlling means, an adjustable restriction in the flow passage between the flow-controlling means and the suction device, and means for maintaining the negative pressure at the discharge side of the restriction substantially constant, the restriction being automatically adjusted to maintain the suction head transmitted to the flow-controlling means constant. As applied to apparatus for chlorinating water, a Venturi aspirator 15 in a water pipe 30 create suction in pipes 23, 22, a float chamber 20 and a pipe 21 supplied with gas at atmospheric pressure, the flow of gas being kept constant ...

УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ И ПОДГОТОВКИ ХЛОРИСТОГО ВОДОРОДА И ХЛОРСИЛАНОВ ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЛИНИИ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ПОЛИКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО КРЕМНИЯ

Установка для разделения и подготовки хлористого водорода и хлорсиланов технологической линии производства поликристаллического кремния, содержащая ректификационную колонну, верхняя часть которой сообщена через дефлегматор со сборником флегмы, на выходе из которого установлен насос, выход которого сообщается с верхней частью ректификационной колонны и с накопителем хлористого водорода, а также систему трубопроводов с запорно-регулирующей арматурой, отличающаяся тем, что установка снабжена испарителем хлористого водорода и двумя конденсаторами хлористого водорода, первый из которых сообщен с накопителем хлористого водорода, а второй сообщен с испарителем хлористого водорода, при этом нижняя часть испарителя соединена посредством трубопровода с накопителем хлористого водорода и дополнительными трубопроводами со входом насоса и с дефлегматором. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (51) МПК C01B 33/02 C01B 33/03 B01D 3/00 B01D 5/00 B01D 53/00 C01B 7/07 ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА C30B 29/06 ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ F25J 3/06 (12) ОПИСАНИЕ (21)(22) Заявка: (13) 126 325 U1 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ 2012127081/05, 28.06.2012 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 28.06.2012 27.06.2012 UA U201207943 (73) Патентообладатель(и): ЧАСТНОЕ АКЦИОНЕРНОЕ ОБЩЕСТВО "ЗАВОД ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКОВ" (UA) (45) Опубликовано: 27.03.2013 Бюл. № 9 1 2 6 3 2 5 R U Формула полезной модели Установка для разделения и подготовки хлористого водорода и хлорсиланов технологической линии производства поликристаллического кремния, содержащая ректификационную колонну, верхняя часть которой сообщена через дефлегматор со сборником флегмы, на выходе из которого установлен насос, выход которого сообщается с верхней частью ректификационной колонны и с накопителем хлористого водорода, а также систему трубопроводов с запорно-регулирующей арматурой, отличающаяся тем, что установка снабжена испарителем хлористого водорода и двумя ...

РЕАКТОР ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ РАСТВОРА ДИОКСИДА ХЛОРА И ХЛОРА

1. Реактор для получения раствора диоксида хлора и хлора, включающий корпус с крышкой, внутри которого размещены две реакционные камеры, патрубок ввода хлорат-хлоридного раствора натрия, патрубок ввода серной кислоты, патрубок ввода воздуха и патрубок ввода воды, выполненные в крышке и патрубок вывода конечного продукта, отличающийся тем, что реакционные камеры установлены осесимметрично, причем внутренняя реакционная камера выполнена проточной и расположена на дне внешней реакционной камеры на ножках, патрубок ввода хлорат-хлоридного раствора натрия соединен с нижним распылительным устройством, установленным на боковой поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры, патрубок ввода серной кислоты соединен с верхним распылительным устройством, также установленным на боковой поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры, патрубок ввода воздуха и патрубок ввода воды объединены в один патрубок, который соединен с донным распылительным устройством, патрубок вывода готового продукта выполнен в днище внешней реакционной камеры, причем верхний конец его достигает пространства в непосредственной близости от крышки корпуса. 2. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что нижнее распылительное устройство выполнено в виде шайбы, внутри которой выполнен кольцевой проточный канал, которая закреплена на внешней поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры в нижней ее части, так, чтобы оси проточного канала и форсунок нижнего пояса, выполненных в боковой поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры были на одном уровне. 3. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что верхнее распылительное устройство выполнено в виде шайбы, внутри которой выполнен кольцевой проточный канал, которая закреплена на внешней поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры в верхней ее части, так, чтобы оси проточного канала и форсунок верхнего пояса, выполненных в боковой поверхности внутренней реакционной камеры были на одном уровне. 4. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что донное распылительное устройство выполнено внутри днища внешней ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ КРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО ЙОДА С МИНИМАЛЬНЫМ СОДЕРЖАНИЕМ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ПРИМЕСЕЙ

Способ получения кристаллического йода с минимальным содержанием органических примесей из йода-сырца, включающий сублимацию йода в потоке атмосферного воздуха при температуре 114-184С в присутствии карбоната натрия в количестве, обеспечивающем pH конденсата воды не ниже 4,0, и снижение парциального давления паров йода в йодовоздушной смеси перед десублимацией за счет разбавления воздухом до давления ниже давления насыщенных паров йода в тройной точке, отличающийся тем, что сублимацию йода проводят в две стадии: на первой стадии йод сублимируют в потоке атмосферного воздуха в присутствии серной или ортофосфорной кислоты, на второй стадии полученный йод сублимируют в потоке атмосферного воздуха в присутствии воды и щелочного реагента (карбоната натрия, бикарбоната натрия или гидроксида натрия). РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (51) МПК C01B 7/00 (13) 151 965 U1 (2009.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ Государственная регистрация полезной модели осуществлена по заявлению о признании действия исключительного права на территории Российской Федерации на основании статьи 13¹ Федерального закона от 18 декабря 2006 года № 231-ФЗ «О введении в действие части четвертой Гражданского кодекса Российской Федерации» (21)(22) Заявка: 2014154650/93, 24.12.2014 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Приоритет(ы): Дата приоритета: 09.02.2009 Патент № 41611 (UA) (45) Опубликовано: 20.04.2015 Бюл. № 11 Адрес для переписки: 296500, Республика Крым, г. Саки, ул. Заводская, 86, ООО "Технойод" при температуре 114-184оС в присутствии карбоната натрия в количестве, обеспечивающем pH конденсата воды не ниже 4,0, и снижение парциального давления паров йода в йодовоздушной смеси перед десублимацией за счет разбавления воздухом до давления ниже давления насыщенных паров йода в тройной точке, отличающийся тем, что сублимацию йода проводят в две стадии: на первой стадии йод сублимируют в потоке атмосферного воздуха в ...

УСТРОЙСТВО КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОГО СИНТЕЗА HCl ИЗ ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО H И Cl

Устройство каталитического синтеза HCl из газообразного Н и Сl, содержащее реакционную камеру и трубку вывода синтезированного HCl, отличающееся тем, что состоит из амортизирующего и каталитического отсеков; к амортизирующему отсеку подсоединены трубки подвода газообразного хлора и водорода; каталитический отсек содержит в себе платиновый катализатор, к которому подведены провода для обеспечения электроэнергией. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 157 597 U1 (51) МПК C01B 7/01 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ (21)(22) Заявка: ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ 2015132417/05, 03.08.2015 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 03.08.2015 (72) Автор(ы): Куденко Юрий Абрамович (RU), Тихомиров Александр Аполлинарьевич (RU) (45) Опубликовано: 10.12.2015 Бюл. № 34 R U 1 5 7 5 9 7 Формула полезной модели Устройство каталитического синтеза HCl из газообразного Н2 и Сl2, содержащее реакционную камеру и трубку вывода синтезированного HCl, отличающееся тем, что состоит из амортизирующего и каталитического отсеков; к амортизирующему отсеку подсоединены трубки подвода газообразного хлора и водорода; каталитический отсек содержит в себе платиновый катализатор, к которому подведены провода для обеспечения электроэнергией. Стр.: 1 U 1 U 1 (54) УСТРОЙСТВО КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОГО СИНТЕЗА HCl ИЗ ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО H2 И Cl2 1 5 7 5 9 7 Адрес для переписки: 660100, г. Красноярск, а/я 28746, Центр обработки корреспонденции, Патентное бюро "ГлобалПатент" R U (73) Патентообладатель(и): Федеральное государственное бюджетное учреждение науки Институт биофизики Сибирского отделения Российской академии наук (RU) Приоритет(ы): (22) Дата подачи заявки: 03.08.2015 RU 5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 157 597 U1 Полезная модель относится к устройству, катализирующему окисление водорода хлором в газовой фазе, приводящее к получению соляной кислоты (HCl), и может быть использовано в качестве физико-химического звена космических и других систем жизнеобеспечения человека, для ...

System for In-Situ Mixing and Diluting Fluorine Gas

[Task] It is a task to provide a fluorine gas supply system which can stably supply fluorine gas generated by a fluorine gas generation device to a semiconductor processing device in a large quantity and in a precise concentration. [Means for solving task] In the fluorine gas supply system, a mixed gas stored in a buffer tank is introduced into a gas introducing piping before the mixed gas is adjusted in the buffer tank to circulate the mixed gas and a monitoring device is disposed which measures a fluorine gas concentration within the mixed gas so that, in response to the obtained fluorine gas concentration, a flow quantity of inert gas supply source can be adjusted.

Method of processing liquid chlorine containing nitrogen trichloride

A method of processing a stream of liquid chlorine containing nitrogen trichloride from a chloralkali plant. The liquid stream is received into a vaporizer in which it is evaporated 1O1 chlorine gas and nitrogen trichloride gas. The gas stream is processed by destroying the nitrogen trichloride gas, for example in a superheater or a catalytic bed. The processed gas stream is recycled to the chlorine production train of the chloralkali plant. The process avoids the use of organic solvents to decompose the nitrogen trichloride and the creation of a waste stream requiring further handling.

Process of making a chlorinated hydrocarbon

A process of making a chlorinated hydrocarbon through a thermal dehydrochlorination step in which an unsaturated compound represented by the following general formula (2) is obtained by thermally decomposing a saturated compound represented by the following general formula (1). CCl 3 —CCl 2-m H m —CCl 3-n H n   (1) CCl 2 ═CCl 2-m H m-1 —CCl 3-n H n   (2) (in the above formulas, m is 1 or 2, and n is an integer of 0 to 3.)

Fluorspar/Iodide process for reduction,purificatioin, and crystallization of silicon

Method and apparatus for producing molten purified crystalline silicon from low-grade siliceous fluorspar ore, sulfur trioxide gas, and a metallic iodide salt. Method involves: (1) initially reacting silicon dioxide-bearing fluorspar ore and sulfur trioxide gas in sulfuric acid to create silicon tetrafluoride gas and fluorogypsum; (2) reacting the product gas with a heated iodide salt to form a fluoride salt and silicon tetraiodide; (3) isolating silicon tetraiodide from impurities and purifying it by washing steps and distillation in a series of distillation columns; (4) heating the silicon tetraiodide to its decomposition temperature in a silicon crystal casting machine, producing pure molten silicon metal ready for crystallization; and pure iodine gas, extracted as liquid in a cold-wall chamber. The system is batch process-based, with continuous elements. The system operates largely at atmospheric pressure, requiring limited inert gas purges during batch changes.

Fluorine Gas Generation Device

A fluorine gas generation device includes an electrolytic cell that electrolyzes hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic bath constituted of a molten salt containing hydrogen fluoride. The fluorine gas generation device liquefies and circulates a hydrogen fluoride gas vaporized from the molten salt and mist derived from the molten salt which is entrained on the gases generated by using a circulating device connected to a pipe on an upper portion of the electrolytic cell, thereby returning the hydrogen fluoride gas and the mist derived from the molten salt to the electrolytic cell.

Galvanic waste sludge treatment and manufacturing of nano-sized iron oxides

The invention enables processing waste sludge after galvanic treatment of metals, and particularly recycling spent pickling acids after pickling. Provided is an environmentally friendly process, which yields acids for reuse, and pure nano-sized iron pigments as a side product.

Sugar mixtures and methods for production and use thereof

A sugar mixture comprising: monosaccharides; oligosaccharides in a ratio ≧0.06 to total saccharides; disaccharides in a ratio to total saccharides ≧0.05; pentose in a ratio to total saccharides ≧0.05; at least one alpha-bonded di-glucose; and at least one beta-bonded di-glucose. Also disclosed are methods to make and/or use such mixtures.

Methods for the recovery of hcl and for the production of carbohydrates

The invention provides an organic phase composition comprising: a. a first component selected from the group consisting of quaternary amines; b. a second component selected from: b1. The group consisting of category B organic acids; b2. The group consisting of a mixtures of category B organic acids and category C organic acids at a B/C molar ratio of RB/C; and b3. The group consisting of a mixtures of category A organic acids and category C organic acids at an A/C molar ratio of RA/C; c. a third component selected from the group consisting of solvents for said first component and for said second component, wherein (i) all three components are oil-soluble and water-insoluble; (ii) the molar concentration of each of said first component and said second component is greater than 0.6 mol/Kg; (iii) the molar ratio between said second component and said first component is greater than 0.9; (iv) RB/C and RA/c are greater than 2; (v) category A organic acids are selected from the group consisting of poly-aromatic sulfonic acids, naphthalene sulfonic acids and acids with a pKa in the range within +/−0.5 pKa units of that of naphthalene sulfonic acid; (vi) category B organic acids are selected from the group consisting of mono-aromatic sulfonic acids, benzene sulfonic acids, and acids with a pKa in the range within +/−0.5 pKa units of that of benzene sulfonic acid; and (vii) category C organic acids are selected from the group consisting of phosphoric acid esters and acids with a pKa in the range within +/−0.5 pKa units of that of di-octyl esters of phosphoric acid.

Fluorine container

A tube trailer containing a gas comprising from 35 to 92.5 vol % of molecular fluorine. A semiconductor manufacturing plant having a gas supply system wherein such tube trailer is connected to the gas supply system of the semiconductor manufacturing plant. A method for supplying a gas comprising using such tube trailer to transport gas from a gas manufacturing site to a user site.

Method for the purification of fluorine

Elemental fluorine is often manufactured electrochemically from a solution of KF in hydrogen fluoride and contains varying amounts of entrained electrolyte salt in solid form as impurity. The invention concerns a process for the purification of such impure elemental fluorine by contact with liquid hydrogen fluoride, e.g., in a jet gas scrubber or by bubbling the raw fluorine through liquid hydrogen fluoride. After this purification step, any entrained hydrogen fluoride is removed by adsorption, condensing it out or both. After passing through a filter with very small pores, the purified fluorine is especially suited for the semiconductor industry as etching gas or as chamber cleaning gas in the manufacture of semiconductors, TFTs and solar cells, or for the manufacture of micro-electromechanical systems (“MEMS”). 1. A process for the manufacture of purified fluorine wherein , comprising subjecting fluorine which contains solid impurities to a solid-removing treatment wherein the solid-removing treatment comprises at least one step of contacting the fluorine with liquid hydrogen fluoride; subsequently subjecting the fluorine to a purification treatment comprising at least one step of removing hydrogen fluoride from the fluorine after contact with liquid hydrogen fluoride; and optionally , subjecting the fluorine to a step of contacting said fluorine with an adsorbent for HF; and optionally , subjecting the fluorine to a step of passing said fluorine through a particle filter for the removal of entrained solids.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the solid-removing treatment claim 1 , the fluorine is contacted with liquid hydrogen fluoride in a jet gas scrubber.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the solid-removing treatment claim 1 , the fluorine is contacted with liquid HF by bubbling said fluorine through liquid HF in a vessel.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the at least one step of removing hydrogen fluoride is a low temperature ...

Azeotrope-like compositions of (z)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene and hydrogen fluoride

Disclosed are azeotropic and azeotrope-like mixtures of (Z)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (1233zd(Z)) and hydrogen fluoride. Such compositions are useful as an intermediate in the production of 1233zd(Z). The latter compound is useful as a nontoxic, zero ozone depleting fluorocarbon useful as a solvent, blowing agent, refrigerant, cleaning agent, aerosol propellant, heat transfer medium, dielectric, fire extinguishing composition and power cycle working fluid.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR REDUCING INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS

The invention relates to a method adapted for integration with a carbonate absorption/stripping process for removal of carbon dioxide, the method and system including the steps of: converting a source of alkali from a first industry to a non-carbonate alkali; feeding the non-carbonate alkali as makeup to a carbonate absorption system for stripping carbon dioxide from emissions from a second industry; recovering an output from the system for stripping carbon dioxide, and in the process of conversion of the alkali from the first industry, utilising energy from the second industry. 1. A method adapted for integration with a carbonate absorption/stripping process for removal of carbon dioxide , the method and system including the steps of:converting a source of alkali from a first industry to a non-carbonate alkali;feeding the non-carbonate alkali as makeup to a carbonate absorption system for stripping carbon dioxide from emissions from a second industry;recovering an output from the system for stripping carbon dioxide, and in the process of conversion of the alkali from the first industry, utilising energy from the second industry.2. The method according to wherein the source of the alkali is potassium chloride and the non-carbonate alkali is potassium hydroxide.3. The method according to wherein outputs are chosen from the group comprising potassium sulphate claim 1 , potassium nitrate claim 1 , chlorine gas claim 1 , hydrogen and hydrogen chloride and combinations thereof.4. A method adapted for integration with a carbonate absorption process for stripping carbon dioxide claim 1 , the method including the steps of:converting a source of potassium chloride from a first industry to potassium hydroxide, chlorine, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride; recovering at least some of one or more of the chlorine, hydrogen and hydrogen chloride;feeding the potassium hydroxide as makeup to a carbonate absorption system for stripping carbon dioxide from emissions from a second ...

Processes and Systems for Oxidizing Aqueous Metal Bromide Salts

Processes and systems that include use of a packed wet oxidation reactor for oxidizing aqueous metal bromide salts in a bromine-based process for converting lower molecular weight alkanes to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons. A stream comprising a dissolved metal bromide salt may be oxidized in a wet oxidation reactor comprising a packed section to produce at least a partially oxidized liquid stream comprising oxidized products of the metal bromide salt and a gaseous bromine stream comprising elemental bromine. 1. A process comprising:oxidizing a stream comprising a dissolved metal bromide salt in a wet oxidation reactor comprising a packed section to produce at least a partially oxidized liquid stream comprising oxidized products of the metal bromide salt and a gaseous bromine stream comprising elemental bromine.2. The process of further comprising adding a make-up water stream to the wet oxidation reactor to maintain a water-to-Fe molar ratio of about 4 to about 10 in the partially oxidized liquid stream.3. The process of wherein the water-to-Fe molar ratio is maintained at about 4 to about 6.4. The process of wherein the make-up water stream is combined with the stream prior to addition to the wet oxidation reactor.5. The process of wherein the metal bromide salt comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Fe(II) claim 1 , Cu(I) claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.6. The process of wherein the oxidized products of the metal bromide salt comprise at least one product selected from the group consisting of a metal hydroxide claim 1 , a metal oxide claim 1 , and a combination thereof.7. The process of wherein the wet oxidation reactor is operated at a temperature of about 140° C. to about 190° C. and a pressure of about 3 bars to about 20 bars.8. The process of wherein the dissolved metal bromide salt comprises ferrous bromide claim 1 , the stream comprising about 40 weight percent to about 60 weight percent ferrous bromide.9. The process of wherein about ...

Catalyst and method for the production of chlorine by gas phase oxidation

The present invention relates to a catalyst for preparation of chlorine by catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, in which the catalyst comprises calcined tin dioxide as a support and at least one halogen-containing ruthenium compound, and to the use thereof.

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND APPARATUS FOR IODINE REMOVAL FROM HIGH VOLUME DILUTE BRINE

This disclosure describes systems, methods, and apparatus for recovery and purification of iodine from strong brine solutions having low concentrations of iodine. This can involve acidifying and oxidizing the strong brine solution to produce a solution of processed brine and elemental iodine. This solution can then be passed through a countercurrent sorber causing the elemental iodine to adsorb onto a solid sorbent such as GAC. The iodine-loaded sorbent is separated and regenerated, for instance via heating, producing regenerated sorbent and iodine vapor. The vapor can be condensed thus leaving solid elemental iodine. 1. A method for recovering solid iodine from brine solutions , said method comprising:acidifying a strong brine solution, the strong brine solution having ionic iodine species in solution;adding an oxidant to the strong brine solution;forming elemental iodine from the strong brine solution;sorbing the elemental iodine onto a regenerated solid sorbent to form an iodine-loaded solid sorbent;heating the iodine-loaded solid sorbent to generate an iodine vapor and the regenerated sorbent; andcondensing the iodine vapor to form the solid iodine.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the elemental iodine is sorbed onto the solid sorbent via counter current contact with the solid sorbent.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the regenerated sorbent is continuously cycled through the sorbing and heating steps.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the condensing involves cooling the iodine vapor to form the solid iodine.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the iodine vapor is condensed by direct contact with cool water.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the iodine vapor is condensed by contact with a cold surface.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein carbon dioxide is added to the strong brine solution in the acidifying.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein acid is added to the strong brine solution in the acidifying.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidant is ozone.10. A ...

Method for Obtaining or Recovering Nitric Acid and Hydrofluoric Acid from Solutions of Stainless Steel Pickling Systems

A method for obtaining or recovering acids, in particular nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid, from solutions and/or metal salts of these acids containing solutions, comprising the steps of: a) spray-drying the solutions at temperatures below the decomposition temperature of the acids, the requisite energy for which is introduced via a gaseous heat-transfer medium, in order to obtain dry metal salts and gaseous acids; b) absorbing the gaseous acids formed in step a); c) separating out the dry metal salts formed in step a); optionally d) roasting the dry metal salts obtained in step a) at temperatures in the range from 400 to 900° C., in order to obtain metal oxides and gaseous acids; and e) absorbing the gaseous acids formed in step d). 1. A method for obtaining or recovering acids , in particular nitric acid and hydrofluoric acid , from solutions and/or metal salts of these acids containing solutions , comprising the steps of:a) spray-drying the solutions at temperatures below the decomposition temperature of the acids, the requisite energy for which is introduced via a gaseous heat-transfer medium, in order to obtain dry metal salts and gaseous acids;b) absorbing the gaseous acids formed in step a);c) separating out the dry metal salts formed in step a); optionallyd) roasting the dry metal salts obtained in step a) at temperatures in the range from 400 to 900° C., in order to obtain metal oxides and gaseous acids; ande) absorbing the gaseous acids formed in step d).2. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that wherein the temperature of the gaseous heat transfer medium in method step a) is in the range from 180 to 500° C.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the gaseous heat-transfer medium in method step a) is air.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature in method step d) is in the range from 500 to 800° C.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the absorbing of the gaseous acids obtained in method steps b) or e) takes ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HIGH-PURITY HYDROGEN CHLORIDE

The present invention provides a method for producing high-purity hydrogen chloride, comprising the steps of: purifying each of crude hydrogen and crude chlorine as raw materials to a purity of 99.999% or higher; reacting an excessive molar amount of the purified hydrogen with the purified chlorine at a temperature ranging from 1,200° C. to 1,400° C. to synthesize hydrogen chloride; converting the hydrogen chloride to a liquid state by compression; and purifying the hydrogen chloride and separating unreacted hydrogen by fractional distillation. The invention also provides a system for carrying out the method. According to the method and system, an environmentally friendly production process can be provided, which can easily produce a large amount of hydrogen chloride having a purity of 3 N (99.9%)-6 N (99.9999%) in a cost-effective manner and enables energy consumption to be significantly reduced. 1. A method for producing high-purity hydrogen chloride , comprising the steps of:purifying crude hydrogen to produce purified hydrogen by removing water and oxygen from the crude hydrogen;purifying crude chlorine to produce purified chlorine by removing water and oxygen from the crude chlorine;reacting the purified hydrogen with the purified chlorine to synthesize hydrogen chloride; andcompressing and cooling the synthesized hydrogen chloride.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein purifying the crude hydrogen is performed by removing water and oxygen from the crude hydrogen using a catalyst and an adsorbent claim 1 , and purifying the crude chloride is performed by subjecting the crude chlorine gas to a first adsorption process to remove water claim 1 , subjecting the crude chlorine to a first low-temperature distillation process to remove metal components claim 1 , and then subjecting the crude chlorine to a second low-temperature distillation process to remove gas components other than chlorine.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the purified hydrogen is used in an amount ...

APPARATUS FOR HCL SYNTHESIS WITH STEAM RAISING

An apparatus for synthesizing hydrogen chloride from chlorine and hydrogen or from chlorine and hydrocarbons with integrated heat recovery. The combustion chamber and the heat exchanger are arranged in the steam drum of a shell boiler that works according to the waste heat boiler principle. 112-. (canceled)13. An apparatus for synthesizing hydrogen chloride from chlorine and hydrogen or from chlorine and hydrocarbons with integrated heat recovery , the apparatus comprising:a combustion chamber and a heat exchanger disposed in a steam drum of a shell boiler configured to operate according to the waste heat boiler principle.14. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the shell boiler comprises a flame tube or combustion chamber claim 13 , reversing chambers and following tube-bundle heat exchangers claim 13 , which are installed in a boiler body.15. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein said combustion chamber and said heat exchanger are made from a metallic material.16. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein said combustion chamber and said heat exchanger are made of steel.17. The apparatus according to claim 14 , which comprises an HCL synthesis burner disposed at a mouth opening of said flame tube.18. The apparatus according to claim 13 , which comprises a coating on a silazane base disposed to protect said combustion chamber against corrosion.19. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein steam is used for heating or gas firing in order to prevent corrosion.20. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein the apparatus is configured to cool HCL product gas down to 300-400° C.21. The apparatus according to claim 20 , wherein the apparatus is configured to cool HCL product gas down to 200-300° C.22. The apparatus according to claim 20 , wherein the apparatus is configured to cool HCL product gas down to 250-280° C.23. The apparatus according to claim 13 , wherein said combustion chamber claim 13 , said heat exchanger and said steam drum are ...

Method for producing hydrogen chloride or an aqueous solution thereof using untreated salt water, thus produced product, use of the product and electrodialysis system

A method of producing hydrogen chloride, or an aqueous solution thereof, includes the steps: a) furnishing a first electrolyte containing chloride ions; b) carrying out an electrodialysis, wherein the first electrolyte is subjected to a cathodic reduction resulting in a catholyte, wherein the concentration of chloride ions drops in the first electrolyte, the concentration of hydroxide ions increases in the first electrolyte, and a product in the form of hydrogen chloride or an aqueous solution thereof is produced; c) processing of at least a partial quantity of the catholyte, resulting in the first electrolyte, wherein an untreated saline water is used, the concentration of chloride ions increases in the catholyte and the concentration of hydroxide ions drops in the catholyte; and d) at least partial reuse of the catholyte processed according to step c) as the first electrolyte in step b). 122-. (canceled)23. A method of producing hydrogen chloride or an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride by using an untreated saline water , the method comprising the steps of:furnishing a first electrolyte, wherein the first electrolyte contains chloride ions having an initial concentration of chloride ions; the first electrolyte is subjected to a first cathodic reduction from which results a first catholyte;', 'the concentration of chloride ions drops in the first electrolyte;', 'a concentration of hydroxide ions increases in the first electrolyte; and', 'a first product in a form of hydrogen chloride or an aqueous solution of hydrogen chloride is produced;, 'carrying out a first electrodialysis, wherein the untreated saline water is used;', 'the concentration of chloride ions increases in the first catholyte; and', 'the concentration of hydroxide ions drops in the first catholyte;, 'processing at least a partial quantity of the first catholyte, from which results a second electrolyte, whereinfurnishing a third electrolyte, wherein the third electrolyte contains chloride ions, ...

METHOD FOR INHIBITING FOULING IN VAPOR TRANSPORT SYSTEM

Elimination and/or mitigation of fouling in a vapor transport systems, such as vent lines and scrubber feed lines may be accomplished using an antifouling additive. The method for employing the antifouling additive includes introducing into the vapor transport system an additive including a polar solvent and corrosion inhibitor wherein: the vapor transport system is substantially water free; the vapor transport system is used to transport acidic materials; the additive is a liquid at vapor transport system operating conditions; and the additive is stable at the vapor transport system operating conditions. 1. A method for the production of chemical compositions comprising transporting anhydrous vapor through metal pipes and introducing into the vapor transport system an additive comprising a polar solvent and corrosion inhibitor wherein:the vapor transport system is substantially water free;the vapor transport system is used to transport at least one acidic material;the additive is a liquid at vapor transport system operating conditions; andthe additive is stable at the vapor transport system operating conditions;wherein the polar solvent is: an aliphatic amide selected from the group consisting of N, N-dimethylacrylamide, N-isopropylacrylamide, N-methacrylamide, N,N-diethylacrylamide, and combinations thereof; or the polar solvent is N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone.2. The method of wherein the at least one acidic material is also a source of fouling3. The method of wherein the additive is introduced into the vapor transport system continuously.4. The method of wherein the continuous introduction of the additive functions to prevent or mitigate deposition of fouling deposits.5. The method of wherein the additive is introduced into the vapor transport system intermittently.6. The method of wherein the intermittent introduction of the additive functions to at least partially remove existing fouling deposits.7. A method for the production of chemical compositions comprising ...

Removal of Bromine From Gaseous Hydrogen Bromide

A new, highly selective way of removing bromine contamination from a gaseous stream comprised of hydrogen bromide and bromine is described. Such process technology involves non-catalyzed free radical (benzylic) bromination of an alkylene-bridged aromatic hydrocarbon and/or certain alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons and recovering the purified gaseous HBr. Because of the high selectivity of the bromination on the aliphatic bridges or side-chains, virtually no ring bromination occurs, and this enables recovery of the bromine values in the form of HBr. Thus preferably, the bromine is recovered as HBr from the scrubbing liquid by subjecting the scrubbing liquid to thermal or catalytic dehyrobromination. In plant operations, the gaseous HBr purified in the process can then be introduced into a compressor to produce either liquid or gaseous HBr for storage under pressure. Alternatively, the purified gaseous HBr can be fed directly into one or more reactions in which HBr is used as a reactant. 1. A process for selectively removing bromine from a vapor phase mixture of gaseous hydrogen bromide and gaseous bromine , which process comprises subjecting said mixture to free radical (benzylic) liquid phase bromination in a medium comprised of (1) one or more alkylene-bridged aromatic hydrocarbons , (2) one or more aryl-substituted linear alkanes having in the range of 2 to about 6 aryl groups per molecule , (3) one or more primary or secondary alkyl-substituted aromatic hydrocarbons in which the alkyl substituents each contain in the range of 2 to 6 carbon atoms , or (4) a mixture comprised of any two or all three of (1) , (2) , (3) and recovering gaseous HBr from said medium.2. A process as in wherein said medium is composed completely of one or more hydrocarbons of or including (1) claim 1 , (2) claim 1 , (3) claim 1 , or (4) except for hydrocarbon species formed by bromination therein.3. A process as in wherein said medium is comprised of (1) one or more alkylene-bridged ...

METHOD FOR PURIFYING A CHLORINE SUPPLY

This invention provides a method for purifying a chlorine supply that includes a chlorine component, a bromine component, and nitrogen trichloride. The method includes the steps of introducing the chlorine supply into a vaporizer, heating the chlorine supply in the vaporizer to form a vapor, and introducing the vapor into a distillation system to provide purified chlorine gas, a distillate that includes liquid chlorine and the bromine component, and a bottoms component including the nitrogen trichloride. The method also includes the steps of condensing the vapor in a reflux condenser, heating the condensate in a reboiler, removing the purified chlorine gas from the distillation system, and removing the distillate from the distillation system. 124-. (canceled)25. A distillation system for purifying a chlorine supply comprising a chlorine component , a bromine component , and nitrogen trichloride , said distillation system forming purified chlorine gas having less than 20 parts by weight of said bromine component per one million parts by weight of said purified chlorine gas and forming a distillate comprising liquid chlorine and said bromine component , said system fluidly connected to a vaporizer and comprising:A. a distillation tower that has an upper end, a lower end, a vertical axis extending through said upper and lower ends, wherein said upper end has a diameter that is greater than a diameter of said lower end, and wherein said distillation tower comprises a plurality of horizontal trays to provide a vapor-liquid interface between a vapor and a condensate,B. a reflux condenser disposed above said distillation tower, in fluid communication with said upper end of said distillation tower, and sharing the vertical axis with said distillation tower andC. a reboiler disposed below said distillation tower and in fluid communication with said lower end of the distillation tower, wherein said reflux condenser, said reboiler, and a vapor input to said distillation tower ...

Method for the preparation of anhydrous hydrogen halides, inorganic substances and/or inorganic hydrides by using as reactants inorganic halides and reducing agents

A method for completely reducing an inorganic halide to obtain a non-halogen inorganic substance and/or hydride thereof and preferably anhydrous hydrogen halide fluid using inorganic halide substances, such as sulfur hexafluoride, nitrogen trifluoride, tungsten hexafluoride, uranium hexafluoride and others by reduction with a reducing agent at a proper temperature. The reducing agents may be molecular hydrogen, inorganic hydrides and inorganic metallic elements; molecular hydrogen is preferable, but in certain instances the inorganic hydrides are used, as well as inorganic metallic elements such as calcium and magnesium.

DESULFURIZATION ABSORPTION TOWER

A desulfurization absorption tower, a method for setting up the same and a method for operating the same. The tower may include an internal anti-corrosion layer that may be used for contacting the flue gas and the desulfurization absorption liquid, may define the tower chamber, and may include stainless steel plate whose thickness is 1.0 mm to 6.0 mm. The tower body may include an external supporting layer that may be used for supporting the anti-corrosion layer and may include carbon steel. The supporting layer and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to jointly bear a load, wherein the supporting layer may be designed to bear a large part of the load, and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to bear a small part of the load. 128-. (canceled)29. A method for cleaning flue gas , the method comprising:introducing flue gas into an interior region defined by a stainless steel plate interior layer of a desulfurization absorption tower;flowing the flue gas up through the tower;receiving in the interior, through the interior layer, a desulfurization absorption liquid;transferring chloride ion from the flue gas to the desulfurization absorption liquid;contacting the chloride ion with the interior layer; andguiding the chloride ion out of the interior layer, in a desulfurization absorption liquid with a predetermined content of ammonium sulfate, to an ammonium sulfate after-treatment system.30. The method of wherein the contacting comprises:contacting the absorption liquid with the interior layer at a first location, where steel plate includes steel of a first grade; and, then,contacting the absorption liquid with the interior layer at a second location, where the steel plate includes steel of a second grade; the absorption liquid in the first contacting has a first chloride ion concentration;', 'the absorption liquid in the second contacting has a second chloride ion concentration;', 'the first grade is preselected for the first concentration; and', 'the second ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING CATALYST USED FOR PREPARING CHLORINE, CATALYST AND METHOD FOR PREPARING CHLORINE

The present invention relates to a method for preparing catalyst used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride. The method is mixing a slurry mainly containing boron and chromium with a slurry mainly containing copper, boron, alkali-metal elements, rare-earth elements, aluminum sol, silica sol, carrier and optionally other metal elements, the mixing temperature being not more than 100° C., and the residence time being not more than 120 minutes, the mixed slurry is successively treated with spray drying, high temperature calcination, so that the catalyst is obtained. The present invention also relates to the catalyst prepared through the method, use of the catalyst used in the process of preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride and a method for preparing chlorine by using the catalyst. The catalyst is used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride with oxygen or air in fluidized bed reactor. 1. A method for preparing catalysts used for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride , comprising the steps of:mixing a slurry A with a slurry B under the condition of a mixing temperature being >X° C. and ≦100° C., and a residence time being ≦120 minutes to obtain a mixed slurry;treating the mixed slurry with spray drying to obtain catalyst precursor particles; andcalcining the catalyst precursor particles to obtain the catalysts,wherein, X° C. is the highest value among the solidifying points of slurry A, slurry B and the mixed slurry; slurry A is acidic and contains boron and chromium; slurry B contains copper, boron, alkali-metal elements, rare-earth elements, aluminum sol, silica sol, carrier and optionally at least one of other metal elements selected from the group consisting of magnesium, calcium, barium, manganese, ruthenium and titanium.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein slurry A is formed by mixing boron-containing compound claim 1 , chromium-containing compound and water; based on the weight of slurry A claim 1 , ...

DESULFURIZATION ABSORPTION TOWER

A desulfurization absorption tower, a method for setting up the same and a method for operating the same. The tower may include an internal anti-corrosion layer that may be used for contacting the flue gas and the desulfurization absorption liquid, may define the tower chamber, and may include stainless steel plate whose thickness is 1.0 mm to 6.0 mm. The tower body may include an external supporting layer that may be used for supporting the anti-corrosion layer and may include carbon steel. The supporting layer and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to jointly bear a load, wherein the supporting layer may be designed to bear a large part of the load, and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to bear a small part of the load. 2. The apparatus of wherein the carbon steel support bears more of the load than does the steel plate.3. The apparatus of wherein the stainless steel plate has a thickness in the range 1.0 mm to 6.0 mm.4. The apparatus of wherein the thickness is about 2.0 mm.5. The apparatus of wherein the thickness is about 3.0 mm.6. The apparatus of wherein the thickness is about 4.0 mm.7. The apparatus of wherein the thickness is about 5.0 mm.8. The apparatus of wherein the steel plate comprises a plurality of steel plates connected together to form an interior layer of a tower.9. The apparatus of wherein the steel plate: a first desulfurization absorption liquid having, after application to the flue gas, a first chloride ion concentration; and', 'a second desulfurization absorption liquid having, after application to the flue gas, a second chloride ion concentration that is different from the first chloride ion concentration;, 'is included in an interior layer of a tower that is configured to apply to the flue gas a first composition; and', 'a second composition; and, 'includes the first liquid with the first composition; and', 'the second liquid with the second composition., 'defines a flue gas guide path that is configured to contact10. The ...

COMPOSITION COMPRISING HF AND 2,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPENE

An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and one or more (hydro)halogen-carbon compounds including between 1 and 3 carbon atoms. Also a azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and one or more organic compounds selected from among 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, E-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, Z-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene, trifluoropropyne, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene, Z-1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro,1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane. 1. An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition comprising hydrogen fluoride , 2 ,3 ,3 ,3-tetrafluoropropene , and one or more (hydro)halocarbon compounds comprising between 1 and 3 carbon atoms.2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene and one or more organic compounds chosen from 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,2-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , E-1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , Z-1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene claim 1 , E-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , 2-chloro claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2-tetrafluoropropane claim 1 , trifluoropropyne claim 1 , Z-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene and 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene.3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene and one or more organic compounds chosen from 1 claim 1 , ...

PRODUCTION DEVICE AND PRODUCTION METHOD OF ELECTRONIC GRADE HYDROFLUORIC ACID

Disclosed is a production device and production method of electronic grade hydrofluoric acid. The method includes vaporizing the raw material industrial anhydrous hydrogen fluoride by an evaporator, transporting the vaporized hydrogen fluoride to a purification tower, obtaining a high purity hydrogen fluoride gas through rectification, transporting the high purity hydrogen fluoride gas to an absorption tower for absorption by a certain concentration of hydrofluoric acid in the liquid phase, obtaining the crude electronic grade hydrofluoric acid, and obtaining the electronic grade hydrofluoric acid product through ultrapure filtration. The disclosure overcomes the technical problems of small yield and low purity of the prior art. The production process meets the requirements of environmental protection. The disclosure is suitable for industrialized large-scale production. 1. A production device of electronic grade hydrofluoric acid , comprising a purification system; wherein the purification system comprises a raw material tank , an evaporator with an inlet connected to a bottom of the raw material tank , a purification tower with a bottom connected to an outlet of evaporator , an absorption tower with a bottom connected to a top of the purification tower , an absorption tower kettle storage tank connected to a bottom of the absorption tower; a bottom of the absorption tower kettle storage tank is sequentially connected with a first delivery pump , an ultrapure filtration device and a filling device; and a raffinate storage tank is connected to a bottom of the purification tower.2. The production device of claim 1 , further comprising a reabsorption system; wherein the reabsorption system comprises a second delivery pump and a first cooler connected sequentially; the second delivery pump is connected to the bottom of the absorption tower kettle storage tank; and the first cooler is connected to a top of the absorption tower.3. The production device of claim 1 , ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PREPARING HYDROGEN CHLORIDE AND AMMONIA GAS BY USING AMMONIUM CHLORIDE

Disclosed is a system and method for preparing hydrogen chloride and ammonia gas by using ammonium chloride. The system includes a decomposition reactor and at least one regeneration reactor, or includes a reactor that may serve as the decomposition reactor and the regeneration reactor; ammonium chloride in particle form is continuously added to the decomposition reactor via a solid particle feed apparatus, and reacts with molten-state ammonium hydrogen sulfate to generate hydrogen chloride gas and an intermediate material; the intermediate material is discharged to the regeneration reactor, and heated therein to decompose into ammonium hydrogen sulfate and ammonia gas; and the ammonium hydrogen sulfate is returned to the decomposition reactor for recycling. The present disclosure provides an industrial feasible implementation solution for continuous decomposition of ammonium chloride, lowers volatilization of ammonium chloride by continuously and slowly adding ammonium chloride in particle form, and improves utilization rate of the ammonium chloride. 1. A system for preparing hydrogen chloride gas and ammonia gas by using ammonium chloride , whereinthe system comprises at least one reactor;the ammonium chloride and ammonium hydrogen sulfate are subjected to a decomposition reaction in the at least one reactor to output the hydrogen chloride gas and obtain an intermediate material;the intermediate material is subjected to a regeneration reaction to output the ammonia gas and obtain the ammonium hydrogen sulfate; andthe decomposition reaction and the regeneration reaction take place in different working stages of a same reactor of the at least one reactor, or take place in multiple reactors of the at least one reactor which can be communicated, and the ammonium chloride is continuously added to the at least one reactor in solid particle form.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the ammonium hydrogen sulfate is in a molten state.3. The system according to ...

Purification Process

A process is described for removing halogen compounds, particularly chlorine compounds, from a process fluid, comprising the steps of (i) passing a process fluid containing hydrogen halide over a first sorbent to remove hydrogen halide and generate a hydrogen halide depleted process fluid and then, (ii) passing the hydrogen halide depleted process fluid over a second different sorbent to remove organic halide compounds therefrom. A purification system suitable for removing hydrogen halide and organic halide compounds from process fluids is also described. 1. A process for removing a halogen compound from a process fluid , comprising the steps of:(i) passing a process fluid containing hydrogen halide over a first sorbent comprising an alkalized alumina to remove hydrogen halide and generate a hydrogen halide depleted process fluid; and(ii) passing the hydrogen halide depleted process fluid over a second sorbent comprising zeolite 13X to remove an organic halide compound.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process fluid is a hydrogen gas stream comprising 50% vol or greater of hydrogen.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process fluid is a liquid stream comprising a hydrocarbon or a gas stream comprising a hydrocarbon.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process fluid is a liquid stream comprising a hydrocarbon.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the halogen compound is a bromine compound or a chlorine compound.6. The process of claim 5 , wherein the halogen compound is a chlorine compound.7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen halide content of the process fluid fed to the first sorbent is in the range of from 0.1 to 20 ppm.8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first sorbent comprises acidic sites that form one or more organic halide compounds.9. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process fluid from step (ii) is passed over a third sorbent to remove residual or formed hydrogen halide.10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the third sorbent is ...

A method for purification of circulating leaching solutions from phosphates and fluorides

The present invention relates to a method for purification of acidic solutions of salts, in particularly those formed in the course of complex apatite processing yielding rare-earth metal (REM) concentrate from phosphorus, fluorine and alkali metals impurities comprising precipitation of phosphorus and fluorine in the form of calcium phosphates and fluorides and alkali metals in the form of silicofluorides of alkali metals. In some embodiments before the precipitation of calcium phosphates and fluorides and silicofluorides of alkali metals, acid is selectively extracted into an organic extractant, and after the precipitation of calcium phosphates and fluorides and silicofluorides of alkali metals the acid is may be re-extracted from the extractant into an aqueous solution. Methods allow for the removal of phosphorus, fluorine and alkali metals impurities and regeneration of the acid.

Method for purifying contaminated gaseous hydrogen chloride

Impure gaseous hydrogen chloride from organochlorosilane hydrolysis is freed of impurities by first scrubbing with an organochlorosilane, which may be the same or different from the organochlorosilane(s) hydrolyzed, and then further scrubbing with chloromethane. The purified gaseous hydrogen chloride is preferably used in chlorosilane synthesis.

COMPOSITION COMPRISING HF AND E-3,3,3-TRIFLUORO-1-CHLOROPROPENE

An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene and optionally one or more (hydro)halogen-carbon compounds including between 1 and 3 carbon atoms. Also, a preferred azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene, and optionally one or more compounds selected from among 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, trifluoropropyne, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro,1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane. 1. An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition comprising hydrogen fluoride , E-3 ,3 ,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene and optionally one or more (hydro)halocarbon compounds comprising between 1 and 3 carbon atoms.2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , in which the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , E-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene claim 1 , and optionally one or more compounds chosen from 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,2-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , trifluoropropyne claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2-tetrafluoropropane.3. The composition claim 1 , in which the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , E-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene and optionally at least one or more organic compounds chosen from 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 ...

RECOVERING BROMINE FROM SOLID WASTE CONTAINING BROMINE COMPOUNDS, AND APPLICATIONS THEREOF

Recovering bromine from solid waste containing bromine compounds, and applications thereof, such as for recovering bromine in a form suitable for reuse, or for manufacturing bromine salt (for example, calcium bromide). Bromine recovery method and system include: providing and mixing (i) solid waste containing bromine compounds and (ii) solid calcium hydroxide; heating the mixture in a chemical reducing (non-oxidizing) environment, thereby forming heated product consisting essentially of only solid calcium bromide (salt); and processing the heated product, to form bromine. Calcium bromide manufacturing method and system include: providing and mixing (i) solid waste containing bromine compounds and (ii) solid calcium hydroxide; heating the mixture in a chemical reducing (non-oxidizing) environment, thereby forming solid calcium bromide (salt). Applicable to processes of, or involving, manufacturing bromine-based flame (fire) retardant materials. 1. A method for recovering bromine from solid waste containing bromine compounds , the method comprising:providing the solid waste containing the bromine compounds;providing a supply of solid calcium hydroxide;mixing the solid waste and said solid calcium hydroxide, thereby forming a mixture thereof;heating said mixture in a chemical reducing (non-oxidizing) environment, for forming a heated product comprising solid calcium bromide; andprocessing said heated product, so as to form bromine.23-. (canceled)4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said heating is performed with an operating temperature in a range of between about 400° C. and about 800° C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said heating is performed with an operating pressure in a range of between about 0.1 atmosphere (atm) [76.0 mm Hg] claim 1 , and about 2 atmospheres (atm) [1520 mm Hg].6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said heating includes removing gases formed therefrom.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said heating includes forcibly transferring and moving said ...

CATALYST AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CHLORINE BY MEANS OF GAS PHASE OXIDATION

The invention relates to known catalysts which contain cerium or other catalytically active components for producing chlorine by means of a catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen. A catalyst material is described for producing chlorine by means of a catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride with oxygen, wherein the catalyst comprises at least oxide compounds of the cerium as active components and zirconium dioxide microparticles as the carrier components, and the catalyst is characterized by a particularly high yield, measured in kg/kgT·h, based on the mass of the catalyst. 117.-. (canceled)18. A catalyst material composed of a porous catalyst support and a catalytic coating for a process for thermocatalytic production of chlorine from hydrogen chloride and oxygen-containing gas , wherein the catalyst material at least comprises: at least one oxide compound of cerium as the catalytic coating and spherical zirconium dioxide microparticles as the support component.19. The catalyst material as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the catalyst has a bulk density of at least 700 kg/mmeasured in a DN100 graduated cylinder having a fill height of 250 mm.20. The catalyst material as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the catalyst support consists of zirconium dioxide to an extent of at least 90% by weight.21. The catalyst material as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the catalyst support consists of spherical particles claim 18 , wherein the principal dimension of the particles is on average from 0.1 mm to not more than 1.0 mm.22. The catalyst material as claimed in claim 21 , wherein the average particle size of the catalyst support is from 0.1 mm to not more than 1.0 mm claim 21 , and the Dand Dvalues of the particle size distribution deviate from the Dvalue by not more than 10% claim 21 , in particular measured by laser diffraction.23. The catalyst material as claimed in claim 18 , wherein the catalyst material is subjected to a high temperature ...

Composition comprising hf and 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene

An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene and one or more (hydro)halogen-carbon compounds including between 1 and 3 carbon atoms. Also, a preferred azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition comprising hydrogen fluoride, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, and one or more compounds selected from among 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene, trifluoropropyne, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR DISINFECTING A SURFACE OF AN OBJECT WITH IODINE-LADEN GAS

In a system and method for disinfecting a surface of an object with iodine-laden gas, a carrier gas generation means generates a gas stream, which is then directed into a chamber that includes an iodine source. As the gas stream enters and passes through the chamber, iodine is drawn and absorbed into the gas stream, creating an iodine-laden gas that exits the chamber. In some embodiments, the iodine-laden gas then travels from the chamber and is directed into an enclosure when it interacts with microbes contained on a surface of an object housed within the enclosure or otherwise engaged by the enclosure. In other embodiments, as the iodine-laden gas exits the chamber, it is directed to a nozzle, via which the iodine-laden gas is applied to the surface of the object to be disinfected. 110-. (canceled)11. A system for disinfecting a surface of an object , comprising:a carrier gas generation means, which generates a carrier gas;a negative ion generator, which receives the carrier gas and ionizes molecules of the carrier gas;a chamber including an iodine source, which receives the carrier gas after it has exited the negative ion generator, such that the carrier gas interacts with the iodine source and an iodine-laden gas exits the chamber; andan enclosure having an open side which is placed over or engages the surface of the object, the enclosure receiving the iodine-laden gas from the chamber, such that the iodine-laden gas interacts with microbes contained on the surface of the object.12. The system as recited in claim 11 , and further comprising:a heater, which raises the temperature of the carrier gas.13. (canceled)14. The system as recited in claim 11 , wherein the carrier gas is selected from the group consisting of air claim 11 , carbon dioxide (CO) claim 11 , oxygen (O) claim 11 , nitrogen (N) claim 11 , and argon (Ar).15. The system as recited in claim 11 , wherein the iodine source is an iodine resin.16. The system as recited in claim 11 , and further ...

SUGAR MIXTURES AND METHODS FOR PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF

A sugar mixture comprising: monosaccharides; oligosaccharides in a ratio≥0.06 to total saccharides; disaccharides in a ratio to total saccharides≥0.05; pentose in a ratio to total saccharides≥0.05; at least one alpha-bonded di-glucose; and at least one beta-bonded di-glucose. Also disclosed are methods to make and/or use such mixtures. 161-. (canceled)62. A method comprising:(a) hydrolyzing a lignocellulosic material in a medium containing an acid to form a hydrolyzate; monosaccharides;', 'a ratio of higher oligosaccharides to total saccharides of ≤0.2 weight/weight;', 'a ratio of pentose to total saccharides of ≥0.05 weight/weight;', 'at least one alpha-bonded di-glucose;', 'at least one beta-bonded di-glucose; and', 'a ratio of acid to total saccharides of ≤0.03 weight/weight., '(b) de-acidifying the hydrolyzate to form a de-acidified hydrolyzate comprising63. The method of claim 62 , wherein the hydrolyzing is conducted in a counter-current mode of operation.64. The method of claim 62 , wherein the hydrolyzing is conducted at a temperature of less than 50° C.65. The method of claim 62 , wherein the ratio of the acid to total acid and water in the medium is ≥0.37 by weight.66. The method of claim 62 , wherein the acid is HCl.67. The method of claim 62 , wherein the de-acidifying is conducted at a temperature of less than 80° C.68. The method of claim 62 , wherein the de-acidifying comprises:(i) extracting the hydrolyzate with a first extractant comprising an S1 solvent to form an acid-carrying first extract and an acid-depleted sugar solution, and (ii-a) chromatographic separation, and', '(ii-b) extraction with a second extractant comprising the S1 solvent and an S2 solvent;, '(ii) removing residual acid in the acid-depleted sugar solution by at least one of{'sup': 1/2', '1/2, "wherein the S1 solvent is an organic solvent with a water solubility of less than 15% and is characterized by one or more of a polarity related component of Hoy's cohesion parameter (delta- ...

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

A method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl includes the steps of providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C., withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing an HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor. The magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor may be a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 60 wt. % of MgCl.4HO. 1. Method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl , said method comprising the steps of:providing a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C.; and,withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing an HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor,{'sub': 2', '2, 'wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 60 wt. % of MgCl.4HO.'}2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least 80 wt. % of the magnesium chloride compound is MgCl.4HO.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of magnesium chloride hexahydrate.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 40 wt. % of the total of magnesium chloride anhydrate claim 1 , magnesium chloride monohydrate and magnesium chloride dihydrate.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of the total of magnesium chloride anhydrate claim 4 , magnesium chloride monohydrate and magnesium chloride dihydrate.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of magnesium chloride hexahydrate and less than 40 wt. % of the total of magnesium ...

METHOD FOR REMOVING FLUORIDE FROM A ZINC-CONTAINING SOLUTION OR SUSPENSION, DEFLUORIDATED ZINC SULFATE SOLUTION AND USE THEREOF, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ZINC AND HYDROGEN FLUORIDE OR HYDROFLUORIC ACID

Embodiments of the invention relate to a process for removing fluoride from a solution or suspension containing zinc, in particular a solution of zinc sulfate, a defluoridated solution of zinc sulfate obtainable by such a process, its use as well as processes for producing zinc and hydrogen fluoride or hydrofluoric acid. The process for removing fluoride comprises (i) providing a solution or suspension A containing zinc, wherein the solution or suspension A containing zinc further contains fluoride ions; (ii) adding a solution B containing a dissolved salt of a rare earth element to the solution or suspension A containing zinc, wherein a solid comprising a rare earth element fluoride and a solution C containing zinc are formed; and (iii) separating the solid from the solution C containing zinc, wherein the solution C containing zinc has a lower concentration of fluoride ions than the solution or suspension A containing zinc. 115.-. (canceled)17. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the solution or suspension A containing zinc is formed by at least partly dissolving a composition containing zinc oxide claim 16 , in particular waelz oxide claim 16 , wherein the composition containing zinc oxide is at least partly dissolved to form the solution or suspension A containing zinc.18. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the solution B contains a dissolved sulfate of a rare earth element.19. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the rare earth element is selected from the group consisting of lanthanum (La) claim 16 , cerium (Ce) claim 16 , praseodymium (Pr) and neodymium (Nd).20. The process according to claim 16 , wherein in step (ii) an amount of substance of the dissolved salt of a rare earth element is added claim 16 , the amount being adapted to an estimated or previously determined amount of substance of fluoride ions in the solution or suspension A containing zinc.21. The process according to claim 16 , wherein claim 16 , after adding the solution ...

AQUEOUS SOLUTION AND METHOD FOR USE THEREOF

An aqueous solution includes HCl present in an amount exceeding 37% by weight. The solution further includes a fixing agent that is urea and/or a urea derivative. The fixing agent is present in the solution in a molar ratio of between 0.25 and 2.0 of fixing agent to HCl, inclusive. 1. An aqueous solution , comprising:HCl in an amount exceeding 37% by weight;an HCl fixing agent (FA) present in a molar ratio of FA:HCl between 0.25 and 2.0 inclusive, wherein the FA comprises at least one of urea and a urea derivative; andwater present in an amount sufficient to dissolve the HCl and the FA.2. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , wherein the FA comprises urea claim 1 , and wherein the HCl is further present in an amount up to 45.7% by weight inclusive.3. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , wherein the FA comprises at least one of 1 claim 1 ,3-dimethyl urea and ethylene urea claim 1 , and wherein the HCl is further present in an amount up to 41.1% by weight inclusive.4. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , wherein the FA further comprises at least one molecular species claim 1 , and wherein each of the at least one molecular species comprises a molecule having a molecular weight below 100 g/mol.5. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution comprises a density greater than 1.2 g/mL.6. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution is present at a substantially atmospheric pressure.7. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , further comprising HF in an amount of at least 0.25%.8. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , further comprising a second FA claim 1 , wherein the second FA comprises an amount of high surface area particles.9. The aqueous solution of claim 8 , wherein the amount of high surface area particles comprises an amount of a metal-organic framework material.10. The aqueous solution of claim 1 , further comprising the water present in an amount between 0.3 and 1.3 times the mass of the FA claim 1 , inclusive.11. A method claim 1 , comprising: ...

If7-derived iodine fluoride compound recovery method and recovery device

An IF 7 -derived iodine fluoride compound recovery method includes putting gas containing IF 7 into contact with a material to be fluorinated, thereby converting the IF 7 into IF 5 ; and cooling gas containing the IF 5 , thereby trapping the IF 5 as an IF 7 -derived iodine fluoride compound. The recovered IF 5 may be reacted with fluorine to generate IF 7 , which may be reused for a semiconductor production process.

Process of Producing Chlorine Gas by Catalytic Oxidation of Hydrogen Chloride

A process of producing chlorine gas by catalytic oxidation of hydrogen chloride including: incorporating an oxidizing agent such as ozone, hydrogen peroxide solution etc. into a gas stream of hydrogen chloride containing impurities, conducting oxidation pretreatment of the gas stream under the action of ultrasonic wave, such that the impurities contained in the gas stream are oxidized; wherein the oxidizing agent does not generate additional or new impurities in the reaction system, where the gas stream obtained after the oxidation pretreatment is allowed to pass through a separating device wherein the oxidized impurities in the form of liquid and/or the oxidized impurities in the form of solid are removed from the gas stream so as to obtain a purified gas stream of hydrogen chloride, and thereafter the purified gas stream of hydrogen chloride is well mixed with a gas stream containing molecular oxygen, the resultant gas mixture is preheated to a reaction temperature, and then catalytically oxidized to produce chlorine gas, thus by means of oxidation pretreatment and separation, the process can remove efficiently the sulfur-containing impurities, the halogen-containing impurities, hydrocarbon impurities and the like from the gas stream of hydrogen chloride, and does not generate additional impurities.

Zeolite Composite Containing Iodine or Bromine Confined Pores, and Use Thereof

The present invention relates to an iodine (I) or bromine (Br) adsorbent including a zeolite having a Si/Al ratio of 15 or greater; an Ior Brcarrier including the Ior Bradsorbent; a column filled with the Ior Bradsorbent; a article composed of the Ior Bradsorbent or having the Ior Bradsorbent attached thereto; a method for adsorbing or removing Ior Brusing the Ior Bradsorbent; an iodine- or bromine-containing zeolite composite including a porous zeolite and iodine (I) or bromine (Br) confined in the pores of the zeolite; a semiconductor material including the iodine- or bromine-containing zeolite composite; and a method for preparing an iodine- or bromine-containing product using the iodine- or bromine-containing zeolite composite. 1. An iodine (I) or bromine (Br) adsorbent containing a zeolite having a Si/Al ratio of 15 or greater.2. The Ior Bradsorbent according to claim 1 , wherein the zeolite has a Sanderson partial negative charge on oxygen)(−δ) of 0.2 or lower.3. The Ior Bradsorbent according to claim 1 , wherein the zeolite is SL-1F claim 1 , Si-BEA claim 1 , SL-1 claim 1 , ZSM-5 claim 1 , MTW claim 1 , silica MTW claim 1 , silica DDR claim 1 , high-silica DDR (ZSM-58 claim 1 , Si/Al=190) claim 1 , silica SSZ-73 claim 1 , an all-silica clathrasil DD3R claim 1 , a silica ferrierite claim 1 , silica TON claim 1 , silica LTA claim 1 , silica ITQ-1 claim 1 , silica ITQ-2 claim 1 , silica ITQ-3 claim 1 , silica ITQ-4 claim 1 , silica ITQ-7 claim 1 , silica ITQ-29 claim 1 , silica ITQ-32 claim 1 , a silica zeolite having CHA claim 1 , STT claim 1 , ITW claim 1 , or SVR topology claim 1 , silica FAU claim 1 , silica AST claim 1 , a silica zeolite YNU-2 having MSE topology claim 1 , silica RUB-41 claim 1 , silica ZSM-22 claim 1 , silica MEL claim 1 , a zeolite analogue having a Si/Al ratio of 15 or greater claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.4. The Ior Bradsorbent according to claim 1 , wherein the adsorbed iodine (I) comprises radioactive iodine.5. The Ior Bradsorbent ...

SUPERCONDUCTOR COMPRISING MAGNESIUM DIBORIDE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

The present disclosure relates to a superconductor including magnesium diboride and a production method therefor. A superconductor having a high critical current density at a certain temperature and under a certain magnetic field may be obtained by doping magnesium diboride with liquid chloroform during the production of the superconductor. 1. A superconductor comprising: carbon-doped magnesium diboride; and chlorine atoms present in grains of the carbon-doped magnesium diboride.2. The superconductor of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-doped magnesium diboride comprises more than 0 wt. % and 2 wt. % or less of carbon atoms.3. The superconductor of claim 1 , wherein the superconductor comprises 0.05 at. % to 0.11 at. % of chlorine atoms.4. A method for producing the superconductor according to claim 1 , the method comprising:mixing boron powder with a liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon compound to form an amorphous carbon layer on the surface of the boron powder;mixing magnesium powder with the boron powder having the amorphous carbon layer formed thereon to produce mixture;press shaping the mixture; andsintering a product resulting from the press shaping,wherein the liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon compound is mixed with the boron powder in an amount of 0.03 mL to 0.4 mL per mg of the boron powder.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the liquid chlorinated hydrocarbon compound is chloroform or carbon tetrachloride.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the mixing of magnesium powder comprises mixing the magnesium powder with the boron powder having the amorphous carbon layer formed thereon at a stoichiometric ratio.7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the amorphous carbon layer has a thickness of 1 nm to 10 nm.8. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sintering is performed at a temperature of 600° C. to 1 claim 4 ,000° C.9. The method of claim 4 , wherein the sintering is performed for 10 minutes to 10 hours. The present disclosure relates to a superconductor including magnesium ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING BROMINE

To provide a method that enables production of bromine in good yield. 1. A method for producing bromine , comprisinga step of supplying a gas containing a bromine compound and a gas containing oxygen to a reactor that includes a catalyst packed bed, and oxidizing the bromine compound to obtain a gas containing bromine, [{'br': None, 'i': '≤a≤', '0.300.55\u2003\u2003Inequality (1)'}, {'br': None, 'i': '≤L', '0.401≤6.0\u2003\u2003Inequality (2)'}], 'wherein the step satisfies the following Inequality (1) and Inequality (2) {'br': None, 'i': L', 'L', 'V', 'P', 'aV+b', 'T+, '1=2/(())×(273.14)/273.14\u2003\u2003Formula (3)'}, 'where “a” represents porosity [-] of the catalyst packed bed, and “L1” is defined by the following Formula (3)L2: Superficial velocity of reaction gas [m/s]P: Reaction pressure [atm]T: Reaction temperature [° C.]V: Reactor volume corresponding to catalyst packed bed [L]a: Porosity of catalyst packed bed [-]b: Pore volume of catalyst packed bed [L].2. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein the bromine compound is hydrogen bromide.3. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein the bromine compound in an outlet of the reactor has a conversion of 90% or more.4. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein a temperature at an outlet of the reactor is 250° C. to 400° C.5. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is at least one type of metal or metal compound selected from the group consisting of ruthenium claim 1 , a compound of ruthenium claim 1 , copper claim 1 , a compound of copper claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , and a compound of titanium.6. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor is an adiabatic reactor.7. The method for producing bromine according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor includes two or more catalyst packed beds connected in series.8. The method for producing bromine according to claim 7 , wherein a ...

COMPOSITION COMPRISING HF AND 3,3,3-TRIFLUOROPROPENE

An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene and one or more (hydro)halogen-carbon compounds including between 1 and 3 carbon atoms. Also, a preferred azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, and one or more compounds selected from among 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-l-chloropropene, trifluoropropyne, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro, 1,1,1,2-tetrafluoropropane. 1. An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition comprising hydrogen fluoride , 3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropene and one or more (hydro)halocarbon compounds comprising between 1 and 3 carbon atoms.2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , in which the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene claim 1 , and at least one or more compounds chosen from 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,2-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene claim 1 , E-3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene claim 1 , trifluoropropyne claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropane claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,2-tetrafluoropropane.3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , in which the composition comprises hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , 3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-trifluoropropene and at least one or more organic compounds chosen from E-1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoropropene claim 1 , Z-1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 ...

AZEOTROPIC COMPOSITIONS COMPRISING HYDROGEN FLUORIDE AND FLUOROCARBONS

The present application discloses compositions comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluorinated compounds (e.g., hydrochlorofluorocarbons), wherein the fluorinated compound is present in the composition in an amount effective to form an azeotrope composition or azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride. 16-. (canceled)7. A composition comprising ,i) hydrogen fluoride, andii) a compound selected from the group consisting of:2,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene;(E)-2,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene; and(Z)-2,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene;wherein the compound is present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the compound is (E)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene claim 7 , wherein the (E)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene is present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the composition has a boiling point of from about 0° C. to about 130° C. at a pressure of from about 5 psia to about 1000 psia.10. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the compound is (Z)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene claim 7 , wherein the (Z)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene is present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the composition has a boiling point of from about 0° C. to about 130° C. at a pressure of from about 5 psia to about 1000 psia.12. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the compound is a mixture of (E)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene and (Z)-2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene isomers claim 7 , wherein the mixture of 2 claim 7 ,3-dichlorohexafluoro-2-butene are present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.13. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the ...

CARBON DIOXIDE SEQUESTRATION WITH MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE AND REGENERATION OF MAGNESIUM HYDROXIDE

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed to systems and methods of removing carbon dioxide from a gaseous stream using magnesium hydroxide and then regenerating the magnesium hydroxide. In some embodiments, the systems and methods can further comprise using the waste heat from one or more gas streams to provide some or all of the heat needed to drive the reactions. In some embodiments, magnesium chloride is primarily in the form of magnesium chloride dihydrate and is fed to a decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydrochloride, which is in turn fed to a second decomposition reactor to generate magnesium hydroxide. 1. A method for producing magnesium hydroxide from magnesium chloride-containing material comprising:a first stage comprising the steps of introducing said material into a first reactor, passing a steam mixture into the first reactor with the magnesium chloride-containing material at the approximate temperature of 250 to 400° C., to form magnesium hydroxychloride and HCl, anda second stage of conveying the magnesium hydroxychloride into a second reactor, introducing therewith steam to form magnesium hydroxide and HCl,where the magnesium chloride-containing material comprises a water to magnesium chloride ratio of about 2:1.2. The method of claim 1 , where a portion of a steam mixture exiting the second reactor is the steam mixture introduced into the first reactor.3. The method of claim 1 , where at least a portion of the HCl exits the second reactor in the steam mixture that then passes through the first reactor.4. The method of claim 1 , where the magnesium chloride-containing material substantially comprises magnesium chloride dihydrate.5. The method of claim 1 , where a portion of HCl formed in the first reactor exits the first reactor with the steam mixture.6. The method of claim 1 , where the first reactor is at a temperature of 250-350° C.7. The method of claim 6 , transferring heat from a hot gas stream to the first recycling ...

SEPARATION OF A PHOSGENE- AND HYDROGEN CHLORIDE-COMPRISING STREAM

The invention relates to a method of separating a phosgene- and hydrogen chloride-comprising stream (), wherein said method comprises conveying the hydrogen chloride- and phosgene-comprising stream () into a distillation column (), withdrawing at the bottom of the distillation column () a phosgene-comprising stream () and withdrawing at the top of the column an essentially hydrogen chloride-comprising stream (). At least a portion of the stream () withdrawn at the top is compressed and at least partially condensed and at least a portion of the liquid and compressed essentially hydrogen chloride-comprising stream is decompressed and recycled into the top of distillation column () as reflux. 1. A method of separating a phosgene- and hydrogen chloride-comprising stream comprising:conveying the hydrogen chloride- and phosgene-comprising stream into a distillation column,withdrawing at the bottom of the distillation column a phosgene-comprising stream, andwithdrawing at the top of the distillation column an essentially hydrogen chloride-comprising stream,wherein at least a portion of the stream withdrawn at the top is compressed and at least partially condensed and at least a portion of the liquid and compressed essentially hydrogen chloride-comprising stream is decompressed and recycled into the top of the distillation column as reflux.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the stream is withdrawn at the top at a pressure in the range of from 1 to 10 bar and is compressed to a pressure in the range of from 5 to 25 bar before condensation.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the distillation column comprises a rectifying section and a stripping section and the phosgene- and hydrogen chloride-comprising stream is supplied as a side feed between the rectifying section and the stripping section.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein after compression the essentially hydrogen chloride-comprising stream withdrawn from the top is supplied to a rectifying ...

Method for Purifying Fluorine Gas

Disclosed is a purification method for removing a metal component from a fluorine gas containing hydrogen fluoride and a metal component. This method includes a removing step for removing the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component therefrom by bringing the fluorine gas into contact with a solid metal fluoride to adsorb the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component on the metal fluoride. The content of the hydrogen fluoride in the fluorine gas before the removing step is 50 volume ppm to 1 volume %, relative to the total volume of the fluorine gas, the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component. The metal fluoride is preferably an alkali metal fluoride or an alkali earth metal fluoride. Surprisingly, the presence of hydrogen fluoride in a fluorine gas makes it possible to remove a metal component therefrom as an impurity as a result of adsorption thereof by a metal fluoride. 1. A method for purifying a fluorine gas by removing a metal component from a fluorine gas that contains hydrogen fluoride and the metal component , the method comprising the step of:removing the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component by bringing the fluorine gas into contact with a solid metal fluoride to adsorb the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component on the metal fluoride,wherein the content of the hydrogen fluoride in the fluorine gas before the removing step is 50 volume ppm or greater to 1 volume % or less, relative to a total volume of the fluorine gas, the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component.2. The method for purifying the fluorine gas according to claim 1 , wherein before the removing step claim 1 , a concentration adjusting step is performed for adjusting a content of the hydrogen fluoride contained in the fluorine gas to be 50 volume ppm or greater to 1 volume % or less claim 1 , relative to a total volume of the fluorine gas claim 1 , the hydrogen fluoride and the metal component.3. The method for purifying the fluorine gas according to claim 2 , wherein the ...

SUBSTRATE PROCESSING GAS, STORAGE CONTAINER, AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD

A substrate processing gas of the present invention contains IF; and IF, in which a content of the IFis equal to or more than 1 ppm and equal to or less than 2% on a volume basis with respect to a total amount of the IFand the IF. 1. A substrate processing gas comprising:{'sub': '5', 'IF; and'}{'sub': '7', 'IF,'}{'sub': 5', '5', '7, 'wherein a content of the IFis equal to or more than 1 ppm or more and equal to or less than 2% on a volume basis with respect to a total amount of the IFand the IF.'}2. The substrate processing gas according to claim 1 ,{'sub': 5', '5', '7, 'wherein the content of the IFis equal to or less than 1% on a volume basis with respect to the total amount of IFand IF.'}3. The substrate processing gas according to claim 1 ,{'sub': '7', 'wherein a content of the IFis equal to or more than 50% on a volume basis with respect to an entirety of the substrate processing gas.'}4. The substrate processing gas according to claim 1 , further comprising:one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Fe, Cr, Mn, Co, Ti, Mo, Cu, and Ni, wherein a content of each of the metals contained is equal to or less than 100 ppb on a mass basis, with respect to an entirety of the substrate processing gas.5. The substrate processing gas according to claim 1 ,wherein the substrate processing gas is used as an etching gas.6. A storage container filled with the substrate processing gas according to .7. A substrate processing method comprising: dry-etching silicon without plasma claim 1 , using the substrate processing gas according to .8. The substrate processing method according to claim 7 ,wherein in a case where the dry-etching of the silicon is performed 10 times,an average value of etching rates is equal to or more than 100 nm/min, anda standard deviation of the etching rates is equal to or less than 10.9. The substrate processing gas according to claim 2 ,{'sub': '7', 'wherein the content of the ifs is equal to or more than 10 ppm on a volume basis with ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GROWTH OF GRAPHENE NANOSTRIPES BY PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

A method of forming vertical graphene nanostripes comprising one or several monolayers and characterized by a thickness normal to the one or several monolayers, a length orthogonal to the thickness, and a width orthogonal to the thickness includes providing a substrate, subjecting the substrate to a reduced pressure environment in a processing chamber, and providing methane gas and C-containing precursor. The method also includes flowing the methane gas and the C-containing precursor into the processing chamber, establishing a partial pressure ratio of the C-containing precursor to methane gas in the processing chamber, and generating a plasma. The method further includes exposing at least a portion of the substrate to the methane gas, the C-containing precursor, and the plasma and growing the vertical graphene nanostripes coupled to the at least a portion of the substrate, wherein the thickness of the vertical graphene nanostripes extends parallel to the substrate. 1. A method of forming vertical graphene nanostripes comprising one or several monolayers and characterized by a thickness normal to the one or several monolayers , a length orthogonal to the thickness , and a width orthogonal to the thickness , the method comprising:providing a substrate consisting of copper foil or nickel foam;subjecting the substrate to a reduced pressure environment in a processing chamber;{'sub': '6', 'providing methane gas and C-containing precursor;'}{'sub': '6', 'flowing the methane gas and the C-containing precursor into the processing chamber;'}{'sub': '6', 'establishing a partial pressure ratio of C-containing precursor to methane gas in the processing chamber, wherein the partial pressure ratio is between 0 and 3;'}generating a plasma;{'sub': '6', 'thereafter, exposing the at least a portion of the substrate to the methane gas, the C-containing precursor, and the plasma; and'}growing the vertical graphene nanostripes coupled to the at least a portion of the substrate, wherein ...

Evaporative gas generating device, method for producing evaporative gas, hydrogen bromide production device, and method for producing hydrogen bromide

An evaporative gas generating device and a method for producing evaporative gas. A hydrogen bromide production device and a method for producing hydrogen bromide are also disclosed. The hydrogen bromide production device is provided with an evaporative gas generating device ( 1 ) that generates bromine gas, and a reactor ( 3 ) that reacts the bromine gas with hydrogen gas to form hydrogen bromide. The evaporative gas generating device ( 1 ) is provided with a container ( 10 ) that accommodates liquid bromine (B), and heating jackets ( 35, 36 ) that supply heat to a wall surface of the container ( 10 ), and heat and evaporate the liquid bromine (B) within a liquid accommodating part ( 15 ) of the container ( 10 ) to raise the temperature of the bromine gas within the evaporative gas accommodating part ( 16 ).

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING RUTHENIUM OXIDE-SUPPORTED CATALYST FOR PREPARING CHLORINE AND CATALYST MANUFACTURED THEREBY

The present invention relates to a method for manufacturing a ruthenium oxide-supported catalyst for preparing chlorine, and more particularly, to a method for manufacturing a catalyst and a catalyst manufactured thereby, wherein the catalyst includes a ruthenium ingredient of which a support level on an outer surface of a support is significantly improved, and the use of the catalyst in preparing chlorine can provide a high conversion rate of chlorine even at a low reaction temperature. According to an embodiment of the present invention, the method for manufacturing a ruthenium oxide-supported catalyst for preparing chlorine may include the steps of: (a) dissolving a ruthenium compound in an organic solvent to prepare a solution and supporting the same on at least one support selected from titania and alumina; (b) performing drying thereon after the supporting; and (c) performing calcining thereon after the drying. According to an embodiment of the present invention, in particular, it is possible to provide a simplified process by manufacturing a catalyst including ruthenium oxide only at each outer surface layer of a titania support without alkali pretreatment, thereby exhibiting an advantageous effect in terms of scale-up. 1. A method for manufacturing a ruthenium oxide-supported catalyst for preparing chlorine , the method comprising the steps of:(a) dissolving a ruthenium compound in an organic solvent to prepare a solution and supporting the same on at least one support selected from titania and alumina;(b) performing drying thereon after the supporting; and(c) performing calcining thereon after the drying.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic solvent in the step (a) is monoalcohol.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the monoalcohol is a primary alcohol of C3 or higher.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanium support in the step (a) has a specific surface area of 5-300 m/g.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the drying in the step (b) is ...

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE LOOP FUEL REACTION

A hydrogen chloride loop fuel reaction is designed and configured for turbine/generator combination which can be used for automotive propulsion or as a standalone electrical generation or for auxiliary equipment. A method for providing a hydrogen chloride loop fuel reaction includes creating hydrogen chloride fuel in a sealed furnace vessel, wherein at start up, the sealed furnace vessel is vacuumed out and hydrogen and chlorine are injected into a burner and ignited resulting in the hydrogen chloride fuel in an exhaust stream of the sealed furnace vessel; and looping the hydrogen chloride fuel leaving the sealed furnace vessel in the exhaust stream of the sealed furnace vessel. 1. A method for providing a hydrogen chloride loop fuel reaction comprising:creating hydrogen chloride fuel in a sealed furnace vessel, wherein at start up, the sealed furnace vessel is vacuumed out and hydrogen and chlorine are injected into a burner and ignited resulting in the hydrogen chloride fuel in an exhaust stream of the sealed furnace vessel;{'claim-text': ['super heating the hydrogen chloride fuel through a super heater coil in direct line of an injection nozzle in the exhaust stream;', 'routing the superheated hydrogen chloride fuel through the injection nozzle;', 'subjecting the superheated hydrogen chloride fuel to light while the superheated hydrogen chloride fuel is in the injection nozzle and in a combustion chamber, whereby bonds of the hydrogen and the chlorine are momentarily separated;', 'combusting the hydrogen and the chlorine while momentarily separated in the combustion chamber, wherein momentarily separated bonds of the hydrogen and the chlorine provide spontaneous combustion of the hydrogen and the chlorine in the combustion chamber; and', 'cooling the hydrogen and the chlorine thereby forming new bonds between the hydrogen and the chlorine for recreating the hydrogen chloride fuel.'], '#text': 'looping the hydrogen chloride fuel leaving the sealed furnace vessel ...

SEPARATION OF (Z)-1-CHLORO-3,3,3-TRIFLUOROPROPENE (HCFO-1233zd(Z)) AND 1-CHLORO-1,3,3,3-TETRAFLUOROPROPANE (HCFC-244fa) BY ADDING A THIRD COMPONENT

A method for separating halocarbons and, in particular, a method for separating (Z)-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd(Z), or simply 1233zd(Z)) and 1-chloro-1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa, or simply 244fa) via distillation by adding a third component, hydrogen fluoride (HF), forming a binary azeotrope of 1233zd(Z) and HF. The binary 1233zd(Z)/HF azeotrope may then be recovered from the distillation column as an overhead stream which includes only a relatively minor amount of 244fa, while the 244fa may be recovered from the distillation column as a bottoms stream which includes only relatively minor amounts of 1233zd(Z) and HF. 1. A method of separating (Z)-1-chloro-3 ,3 ,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd(Z)) and 1-chloro-1 ,3 ,3 ,3-tetrafluoropropane (HCFC-244fa) , comprising the steps of:providing a mixture of 1233zd(Z) and 244fa to a distillation column;adding an amount of hydrogen fluoride (HF) to the distillation column to form an azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture consisting essentially of 1233zd(Z) and HF;distilling the 244fa and the azeotrope-like mixture of 1233zd(Z) and HF; andrecovering the azeotropic or azeotrope-like mixture of 1233zd(Z) and HF in an overhead stream.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising claim 1 , after said distilling step claim 1 , the additional step of recovering 244fa in a bottoms stream.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step of providing a mixture of 1233zd(Z) and 244fa further comprises providing a mixture of 1233zd(Z) and 244fa having between 5.0 wt. % and 98.0 wt. % 1233zd(Z) and between 2.0 wt. % and 95.0 wt. % 244fa claim 1 , based on a combined weight of 1233zd(Z) and 244fa.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step of adding an amount of hydrogen fluoride (HF) further comprises adding between 1.0 wt. % and 34.3 wt. % HF claim 1 , based on a combined weight of 1233zd(Z) claim 1 , 244fa claim 1 , and HF.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said distilling step is conducted at a pressure between 1 ...

FEEDING PROCESS OF CHLORINE FLUORIDE

A chlorine fluoride feeding device and feeding process are provided that can stably generate industrially applicable chlorine fluoride (ClF), control flow rate, and provide continual feed. 1. A feeding process of chlorine fluoride that feeds chlorine fluoride generated by loading a gas that contains fluorine atoms and a gas that contains chlorine atoms as starting materials into a flow-type reactor , the process comprising:adjusting a flow rate of the gas that contains fluorine atoms and the gas that contains chlorine atoms, which are starting materials, to adjust a flow rate of chlorine fluoride to be fed.2. The feeding process according to claim 1 , wherein the flow-type reactor is at least one type selected from a group consisting of a flow-type heat reactor and a flow-type reactor equipped with a plasma generation device.3. The feeding process according to provided with: a storage mechanism claim 1 , situated downstream of the reactor claim 1 , for storing a generated chlorine fluoride by liquefying the generated chlorine fluoride through cooling; a pressure adjustment mechanism claim 1 , situated further downstream claim 1 , for adjusting pressure of gas; and a flow rate control mechanism claim 1 , situated even further downstream claim 1 , for controlling a gas flow rate claim 1 , the process comprising:temporarily liquefying the generated chlorine fluoride; andheating the storage mechanism when feeding chlorine fluoride to gasify chlorine fluoride; andfeeding chlorine fluoride stably by use of the pressure adjustment mechanism and the flow rate control mechanism.4. A feeding process of chlorine fluoride that feeds chlorine fluoride generated by loading a gas that contains chlorine atoms into a heat reactor which is loaded with a metal salt that contains fluorine atoms or metal fluorides claim 1 , which are starting materials claim 1 , the process comprising:adjusting a flow rate of the gas that contains chlorine atoms to be loaded to the reactor to adjust a ...

Method for Recovering HCl from a HCl Containing Gas Stream

The invention relates to a needle assembly () comprising: —a needle hub () adapted to be connected to a distal end of a medicament cartridge or cartridge holder (), —a hollow needle () attached to the needle hub (), the hollow needle () comprising a distal pointed tip (), —a needle catch arm () attached to the needle hub () and adapted to be tilted toward the needle () for covering the distal pointed tip (). 1. A method for recovering HCl from a HCl containing gas stream wherein a HCl containing gas stream with a temperature of −20 to 25° C. is provided to an adiabatic absorption unit where it is contacted with water as an absorbent , resulting in the formation of a top gas stream and a aqueous HCl product solution , wherein the temperature of the top gas stream is at least 70° C. and at most 95° C. and wherein the aqueous HCl product solution has a HCl concentration in the range of 5-20 wt. %.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the absorbent provided to the unit generally has a HCl concentration of below 1 wt. %.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the HCl-containing gas stream is obtained as a by-product of a hydrogenation step wherein a feed comprising monochloroacetic acid (MCA) and dichloroacetic acid (DCA) is reacted with hydrogen to form a HCl-containing gas stream and a product stream comprising MCA and a reduced amount of DCA.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein steam is added to the adiabatic absorption unit claim 1 , at a pressure of above 1 to 12 bar (absolute).5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the top gas stream has a temperature of at least 77° C.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the HCl-containing gas stream provided to the absorption unit is in the range of −5 to 20° C.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous HCl product solution has a HCl concentration in the range of 10-20 wt. %.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the HCl product solution is diluted to a ...

LOW VOLATILITY, HIGH EFFICIENCY GAS BARRIER COATING FOR CRYO-COMPRESSED HYDROGEN TANKS

A method includes depositing graphene into a hardener, mixing the hardener and the graphene to produce a homogenous composite mixture, adding a resin material to the composite mixture to produce an epoxy graphene material, coating a structure with the epoxy graphene material, aligning the graphene sheets in the in-plane orientation, and curing the epoxy graphene material. 1. A method , comprising:depositing graphene into a hardener;mixing the hardener and the graphene to produce a homogenous composite mixture;adding a resin material to the composite mixture to produce an epoxy graphene material;coating a structure with the epoxy graphene material;aligning the graphene sheets in the in-plane orientation; andcuring the epoxy graphene material.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exfoliating the graphene prior to depositing the graphene into a hardener.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein mixing comprises using a high shear mixer.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein using a high shear mixer comprises using an acoustic mixer.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein coating a structure with the epoxy graphene material comprises using a robotic arm with a dispensing nozzle.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein coating a structure comprises coating a structure with a layer of the epoxy graphene material having a thickness between 10 and 200 micrometers.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein coating a structure comprises coating a carbon-fiber reinforced polymer tank.8. A cured composition of matter manufactured using the method of claim 1 , the cured composition comprising horizontally aligned graphene sheets dispersed in a NASA-approved low outgassing epoxy.9. The composition of matter of claim 8 , wherein the epoxy is a NASA approved low outgassing epoxy and the cured layer has a gas permeability of less than 0.01 cc·mil/100 in/24 h/atm.10. The coated composition of matter of claim 8 , wherein the gas comprises of at least one of methane claim 8 , ethane claim 8 , higher ...

DESULFURIZATION ABSORPTION TOWER

A desulfurization absorption tower, a method for setting up the same and a method for operating the same. The tower may include an internal anti-corrosion layer that may be used for contacting the flue gas and the desulfurization absorption liquid, may define the tower chamber, and may include stainless steel plate whose thickness is 1.0 mm to 6.0 mm. The tower body may include an external supporting layer that may be used for supporting the anti-corrosion layer and may include carbon steel. The supporting layer and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to jointly bear a load, wherein the supporting layer may be designed to bear a large part of the load, and the anti-corrosion layer may be designed to bear a small part of the load. 126-. (canceled)27. A method for constructing a desulfurization reactor for a flue gas to be cleaned , the method comprising:selecting, based on parameters of the flue gas that include an amount of the flue gas, a pressure of the flue gas, a sulfur dioxide concentration of the flue gas, and a chloride ion concentration of the flue gas, two or more stainless steel grades;assembling on a desulfurization tower base a first reactor section including a first of the stainless steel grades; andplacing contiguous with the first reactor section a second reactor section including a second of the stainless steel grades.28. The method of further comprising:assembling a carbon steel support outside the reactor; andfixing the first and second reactor sections to the carbon steel support.2930-. (canceled)31. The method of wherein the selecting the two or more stainless steel grades corresponds to setting anti-corrosion properties of an interior layer of the reactor contacting the flue gas and defining a flue gas guide path.32. The method of wherein the selecting includes obtaining claim 27 , according to the parameters of the flue gas:a first chloride ion concentration of a first desulfurization absorption liquid expected during operation of the ...

HYDROGEN CHLORIDE OXIDATION REACTION CATALYST FOR PREPARING CHLORINE, AND PREPARATION METHOD TEREFOR

The present invention relates to a catalyst for obtaining chlorine (Cl) through an oxidation reaction of hydrogen chloride (HCl), and more particularly, to an oxidation reaction catalyst for preparing Clfrom HCl by addition of a second heterogeneous material to a RuO-supported catalyst using TiOas a support, and a preparation method therefor. According to an embodiment of the present invention, a hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst for use in a method for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride includes a support and a heterogeneous material in an active ingredient. The catalyst according to the present invention has both increased catalytic activity at a low temperature and enhanced thermal stability, and thus a catalyst having improved durability such as thermal stability at a high temperature is provided. Therefore, since thermal stability is secured, the performance of the catalyst is maintained for a long time even at a high temperature. 1. A hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst for use in a method for preparing chlorine by oxidizing hydrogen chloride , wherein the catalyst includes 0.5-10 parts by weight of a heterogeneous material , 1-10 parts by weight of ruthenium oxide as an active ingredient , and 80-99 parts by weight of a support , based on 100 parts by weight of the total catalyst after drying.2. The hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the heterogeneous material includes at least one selected from ceria claim 1 , alumina claim 1 , and silica.3. The hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the support includes at least one selected from alumina claim 1 , titania claim 1 , and zirconia.4. The hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the support has a specific surface area of 5-300 m/g.5. The hydrogen chloride oxidation reaction catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is at least one selected from a powder form claim 1 , a particle form claim ...

Three component polyurethane binder system

An organic binder system is mixed with molding material for sand casting in the metals industry. The organic binder system has three parts, the first two of which are conventional and are used in the cold box or no bake process. The third part, which is combined with the first two parts at the time of use, contains at least an alkyl silicate and, optionally, a bipodal aminosilane. In some embodiments, an amount of hydrofluoric acid is included in one or both of the first two parts. Use of the organic binder system provides improved tensile strength in the mold, especially in high relative humidity.

Method for chlorination and dehydrogenation of ethane

The present invention relates to a method for chlorination and dehydrogenation of ethane, comprising: mixing and reacting a low-melting-point metal chloride with C 2 H 6 , such that the low-melting-point metal chloride is reduced to a liquid-state low-melting-point metal, and the C 2 H 6 is chlorinated and dehydrogenized to give a mixed gas containing HCl, C 2 H 6 , C 2 H 4 , C 2 H 2 and C 2 H 3 Cl. In the method, the low-melting-point metal chloride is used as a raw material for chlorination and dehydrogenation, and the low-melting-point metal produced after the reaction is used as an intermediate medium. The method has the characteristics of simple process, low cost and high yield. Moreover, some acetylene and vinyl chloride can be produced as by-products at the same time when the ethylene is produced, by controlling the ratio of ethane to the chloride as desired in production.

Process to separate phosgene and hydrogen chloride from a fluid stream comprising phosgene and hydrogen chloride

A process according to the invention is a process to separate an initial fluid stream comprising phosgene and hydrogen chloride in at least a first and a second fluid stream, said first fluid stream being a hydrogen chloride enriched and phosgene depleted gaseous stream, said second fluid stream being a hydrogen chloride depleted and phosgene enriched stream. The separation is performed by feeding said initial fluid stream to a membrane separation unit, said membrane separation unit separating said initial fluid stream in a first and a second fluid stream 1. A process to separate an initial fluid stream comprising phosgene and hydrogen chloride in at least a first and a second fluid stream , said first fluid stream being a hydrogen chloride enriched and phosgene depleted gaseous stream , said second fluid stream being a hydrogen chloride depleted and phosgene enriched stream , wherein the separation is performed by feeding said initial fluid stream to a membrane separation unit , said membrane separation unit separating said initial fluid stream in said first and said second fluid stream.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said initial fluid stream is a gaseous stream.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said second fluid stream is a gaseous stream.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said initial fluid stream is a liquid stream.5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein said second fluid stream is a liquid stream.6. A process for the conversion of an amine to the corresponding isocyanate component by phosgenation of said amine claim 4 , the process comprising the steps ofProviding a reaction mixture comprising an amine and phosgene to a phosgenation reactor;at least partially converting the amine and the phosgene in said reaction mixture into the corresponding isocyanate component and hydrogen chloride, thereby providing a liquid isocyanate stream comprising said isocyanate component, phosgene and hydrogen chloride;removing at least ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING POTASSIUM SULFATE FROM POTASSIUM CHLORIDE AND SULFURIC ACID

A process is provided for producing potassium sulfate from potassium chloride and sulfuric acid. The process entails mixing potassium chloride with the water to form a potassium chloride slurry which is mixed with recycled sulfuric acid to form a K, Ct′, SO″ acid mixture. This mixture is subjected to a crystallization process that produces potassium sulfate crystals and a hydrochloric acid-water vapor. The hydrochloric acid is separated from the hydrochloric acid-water vapor to form a hydrochloric acid solution. 129-. (canceled)30. A method for producing potassium sulfate and hydrochloric acid comprising:mixing water with potassium chloride to form a potassium chloride slurry or solution;{'sup': +', '−', '2−, 'sub': '4', 'mixing the potassium chloride slurry or solution with recycled sulfuric acid to form a K, Cl, SO acid mixture;'}{'sup': +', '−', '2−, 'sub': '4', 'subjecting the K, Cl, SO acid mixture to an evaporative crystallization process and producing a concentrate containing potassium sulfate crystals and a hydrochloric acid-water vapor;'}directing the concentrate containing the potassium sulfate crystals to a solids-liquid separator and separating the potassium sulfate crystals from the concentrate and yielding a filtrate;washing the potassium sulfate crystals with water; andwherein after separating the potassium sulfate crystals from the concentrate, mixing the filtrate with a source of sulfuric acid to produce a hydrochloric acid-rich vapors and a stream of sulfuric acid that forms at least a part of the recycled sulfuric acid mixed with the potassium chloride slurry or solution; and mixing the hydrochloric acid-rich vapors with the hydrochloric acid-water vapor produced by the crystallization process and wherein the hydrochloric acid-rich vapors and the hydrochloric acid-water vapor are directed to an adsorption unit which produces a hydrochloric acid solution having a concentration of 20-35% hydrochloric acid by wt.31. The method of wherein the filtrate ...

A METHOD AND AN APPARATUS FOR SEPARATING CHLORINE GAS FROM A GASEOUS ANODE OUTLET STREAM OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR

The invention relates to a method for separating chlorine from a gaseous anode outlet stream mass flow of an electrochemical cell reactor. In a first aspect, the method makes use of an absorption step, wherein an anode outlet stream mass flow of the electrochemical cell reactor is exposed to an organic solvent being essentially immiscible with water for achieving an exergy-efficient separation of chlorine and hydrogen chloride. In a further aspect, the method makes use of absorption step, wherein the anode outlet stream mass flow is exposed to an ionic liquid, wherein the hydrogen chloride is dissolved in said ionic liquid, thereby forming a gas flow containing essentially chlorine and a solution mass flow comprising the ionic liquid and the hydrogen chloride. The hydrogen chloride is desorbed from the solution mass flow in a desorption step. In another aspect, the method makes use of a distillation step, wherein the anode outlet stream mass flow is separated at a static pressure of at least 2 bar for an exergy-efficient separation. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for separating chlorine from a gaseous anode outlet stream mass flow of an electrochemical cell reactor , said anode outlet stream mass flow essentially comprising chlorine and anhydrous hydrogen chloride , comprising the following steps: a solution mass flow comprising the organic solvent containing the chlorine and a part of the hydrogen chloride, the chlorine and the part of hydrogen chloride being both dissolved in said organic solvent', 'and', 'a gas flow containing essentially hydrogen chloride,, 'a) an absorption step, wherein the anode outlet stream mass flow is exposed to an organic solvent, thereby forming'} an aqueous hydrogen chloride mass flow comprising essentially the water mass flow and hydrogen chloride extracted from said solution', 'and', 'a purified solution mass flow composed of the organic solvent and the chlorine,, 'b) an extraction step, wherein the solution mass flow obtained in a) is ...

Azeotropic Compositions Comprising Hydrogen Fluoride and Fluorocarbons

The present application discloses compositions comprising hydrogen fluoride and fluorinated compounds (e.g., hydrofluorocarbons), wherein the fluorinated compound is present in the composition in an amount effective to form an azeotrope composition or azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride. 2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ris H claim 1 , halo claim 1 , or Cfluoroalkyl.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ris H claim 1 , chloro claim 1 , fluoro claim 1 , or trifluoromethyl.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ris H or Cfluoroalkyl.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein Ris H or trifluoromethyl.10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula I is (E)-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene claim 1 , wherein the (E)-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene is present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.11. The composition of claim 10 , wherein the composition comprises from about 52 to about 76 mole percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 48 to about 24 mole percent (E)-1 claim 10 ,1 claim 10 ,1 claim 10 ,4 claim 10 ,4 claim 10 ,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene.12. The composition of claim 11 , wherein the composition has a boiling point of from about −30° C. to about 110° C. at a pressure of from about 3 psia to about 812 psia.13. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound of Formula I is (Z)-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene claim 1 , wherein the (Z)-1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluorobut-2-ene is present in an amount effective to form an azeotrope or an azeotrope-like composition with the hydrogen fluoride.14. The composition of claim 13 , wherein the composition comprises from about 59 to about 92 mole percent hydrogen fluoride and from about 41 to about 8 mole percent (Z)-1 claim 13 ,1 claim 13 ,1 claim 13 ,4 ...

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE USING A CERIUM OXIDE CATALYST IN AN ADIABATIC REACTION CASCADE

A process for the production of chlorine by thermo-catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride and oxygen is described, the process comprising at least (1) a cerium oxide catalyst and (2) an adiabatic reaction cascade, containing at least two adiabatic stages connected in series with intermediate cooling, wherein the molar O/HCl-ratio is equal or above 0.75 in any part of the cerium oxide catalyst beds. 115-. (canceled)16. A process for the production of chlorine by thermo-catalytic gas phase oxidation of hydrogen chloride gas with oxygen in the presence of a catalyst , and separation of the chlorine from the reaction products comprising chlorine , hydrogen chloride , oxygen and water , whereina) a cerium oxide is used as catalytically active component in the catalyst andb) the reaction gases are converted at the cerium oxide catalyst in an adiabatic reaction cascade, comprising at least two adiabatic reaction zones with catalyst beds and which are connected in series by an intermediate cooling zone for cooling the reaction products,{'sub': '2', 'wherein the molar ratio of O/HCl is at least 1.5 in any part of the catalyst beds comprising cerium oxide.'}17. Process according to claim 16 , wherein 3 to 7 adiabatic reaction stages are provided.18. Process according to claim 16 , wherein an additional hydrogen chloride gas stream is mixed with the reaction products in the intermediate cooling zones claim 16 , preferred before entering the next adiabatic reaction zone.19. Process according to claim 16 , wherein the temperature of the cerium oxide catalyst is kept in the range of 200-600° C. in any reaction zone of the adiabatic reaction cascade claim 16 , in particular by keeping the inlet gas temperature of any reaction zone at a temperature of at least 200° C. and keeping the outlet temperature of the reaction gases of each reaction zone at a temperature of at least 600° C. claim 16 , particular preferred by controlling the temperature of each catalyst bed via ...

STORAGE MEDIUM AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING, STORING AND TRANSPORTING CHLORINE FROM CHLORINE-CONTAINING GASES

The invention relates to a storage medium and to a method for using a storage medium based on ionic compounds, which can reversibly absorb and store chlorine and chlorine from process gases, and which can release the same again by changing the ambient conditions, wherein the storage medium can be reused for this task after discharge. 118.-. (canceled)19. A storage medium serving as a chlorine store for the reversible absorption of chlorine from chlorine-containing gas , comprising at least one ionic compound of the general formula (I) and/or (II) ,{'br': None, 'sub': m', 'n', 'o', 'r, 'sup': +', '−, 'N—R1R2R3Cl\u2003\u2003(I)'}{'br': None, 'sub': p', 'q', 's, 'sup': +', '−, 'P—R4R5Cl\u2003\u2003(II)'}in which the radicals R1, R2, R3, R4, and R5 are independently identical or different alkyl radicals selected from the following group: methyl, ethyl, n-propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, isobutyl, and 2-methylpropyl, wherein at least one radical R1, R2 or R3 is different from the respective other radicals R1, R2, and R3 and that the radicals R4 and R5 are different from one another,where m, n, o, p, and q are independently an integer in the series from 0 to 3 and where the sum m+n+o and the sum p+q must result in a value of 4,r and s are independently an odd number from 1 to 7,and where the storage medium is liquid within the working range of loading with chlorine and unloading of chlorine, at a temperature of 25° C. and a pressure of 1000±100 hPa.20. The storage medium as claimed in claim 19 , wherein claim 19 , in the compound of general formula (I) claim 19 , m and n are 1 claim 19 , 2 claim 19 , 3 and o is 0.21. The storage medium as claimed in claim 19 , wherein the ionic compound (I) or (II) is selected from at least one compound of the following series: NEtMeCl claim 19 , NEtMeCl claim 19 , NEtMeCl claim 19 , NBuEtMeCl claim 19 , NMePrCl claim 19 , NBuMeCl claim 19 , PEtMeCl claim 19 , where r and s are independently an odd number from 1 to 7 and r and s are ...

ACID/SALT SEPARATION

The invention provides a method for preparing a carboxylic acid, which method includes the steps of providing magnesium carboxylate, wherein the carboxylic acid corresponding with the carboxylate has a solubility in water at 20 ° C. of 80 g/100 g water or less; acidifying the magnesium carboxylate with HCl, thereby obtaining a solution comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride (MgCl2); optionally a concentration step, wherein the solution comprising carboxylic acid and MgCl2 is concentrated; precipitating the carboxylic acid from the solution comprising the carboxylic acid and MgCl2, thereby obtaining a carboxylic acid precipitate and a MgCl2 solution. 1. Method for the recovery of a carboxylic acid , comprising the steps of:providing an aqueous solution or suspension of magnesium carboxylate, wherein the carboxylic acid corresponding with the carboxylate has a solubility in water at 20° C. of 80 g/100 g water or less;{'sub': '2', 'obtaining solid magnesium carboxylate from said solution or suspension and acidifying the magnesium carboxylate with a solution of hydrogen chloride (HCl), thereby obtaining a solution comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride (MgCl);'}{'sub': '2', 'optionally a concentration step, wherein the solution comprising carboxylic acid and MgClis concentrated; and,'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'precipitating carboxylic acid from the solution comprising carboxylic acid and MgCl, thereby obtaining a carboxylic acid precipitate and a MgClsolution.'}2. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid has a solubility in water at 20° C. that is lower than that of MgCl.3. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid has a solubility in water of less than 30g /100g water.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of adipic acid claim 1 , itaconic acid claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,5-furandicarboxylic acid claim 1 , fumaric acid claim 1 , oxalic acid claim 1 , maleic acid claim 1 , ...

PROCESS FOR PURIFYING RAW-MATERIAL GASES BY FRACTIONATION

The present invention relates to a process for purifying raw-material gases by fractionation. In particular, the present invention relates to a process for cleansing chlorine gas of bromine. 1. A process for cleansing a raw material of contaminants by fractionation , with which a raw material is split up into a stream of gas with a high purity and a stream of gas with a low purity , the contaminants having a higher boiling-point than the raw material , and at least one of the contaminants being an explosive substance , comprising:I. evaporating the raw material in a first evaporator to yield the raw-material gas, or making available a raw-material gas from a supply source,II. introducing the raw-material gas into a wash column in which a washing liquid for diminishing the content of contaminants trickles towards said gas,III. removing and partially condensing the raw-material gas purified in this way at the head of the wash column, the condensate being conducted back as washing liquid towards the head of the wash column, and the remaining raw-material gas issuing from the wash column, said gas exhibiting a lower content of contaminants than the raw-material gas in step I,IV. issuing of the washing liquid as a stream of liquid at the bottom of the wash column, the washing liquid exhibiting a higher content of contaminants than in step II,V. introducing the washing liquid from above into the shell side of a second evaporator with horizontal tubes, the washing liquid entering there a tube bundle of the evaporator and being evaporated before it reaches the bottom of the evaporator,VI. guiding of the vapour generated from the washing liquid and of the not yet evaporated washing liquid in co-current flow, andVII. issuing the vapour generated from the washing liquid from the second evaporator as a stream of gas, said gas exhibiting a higher content of contaminants than the raw-material gas in step I.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the raw material is evaporated ...

AQUEOUS HYDROGEN FLUORIDE COMPOSITIONS

A composition is provided including aqueous hydrogen fluoride; and a cross-linked copolymer comprising acrylamide units cross-linked with an acrylic acid salt. The cross-linked polymer has an average liquid aqueous hydrogen fluoride absorption capacity of less than 40 grams aqueous hydrogen fluoride per gram of cross-linked polymer. 1. A composition comprising:aqueous hydrogen fluoride; anda cross-linked copolymer comprising acrylamide units cross-linked with an acrylic acid salt, wherein the cross-linked polymer has an average liquid aqueous hydrogen fluoride absorption capacity of less than 40 grams aqueous hydrogen fluoride per gram of cross-linked polymer.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprises from 0.06 wt. % to 99.9 wt. % hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , based on the total weight of hydrogen fluoride and water in the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprises from 1 wt. % to 30 wt. % hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , based on the total weight of hydrogen fluoride and water in the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the wherein the aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprises from 50 wt. % to 99.9 wt. % hydrogen fluoride claim 1 , based on the total weight of hydrogen fluoride and water in the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acrylamide units are polyacrylamide units.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acrylate acid salt is selected from the group consisting of potassium acrylate claim 1 , sodium acrylate claim 1 , and ammonium acrylate.7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acrylate acid salt is potassium acrylate.8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the cross-linked polymer is a cross-linked acrylamide/potassium acrylate copolymer.9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition is in the form of a solid or a gel.10. A method of forming an aqueous hydrogen fluoride composition claim 1 , ...

PROCESS TO RECOVER HYDROGEN FLUORIDE FROM HYDROGEN FLUORIDE-POLYMER COMPOSITIONS

A method of preparing aqueous hydrogen fluoride is provided. The method includes providing a composition including a cross-linked polymer with absorbed hydrogen fluoride. The cross-linked copolymer includes acrylamide units and acrylic acid salt units. The method further includes contacting the composition with water to release at least a portion of the hydrogen fluoride from the composition to the water to form the aqueous hydrogen fluoride. 1. A method of preparing aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprising:providing a composition including a cross-linked polymer with absorbed hydrogen fluoride, the cross-linked copolymer including acrylamide units and acrylic acid salt units; andcontacting the composition with water, to release at least a portion of the hydrogen fluoride from the composition to the water to form the aqueous hydrogen fluoride.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the absorbed hydrogen fluoride comprises anhydrous hydrogen fluoride.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing anhydrous hydrogen fluoride and the cross-linked copolymer to form the composition including the cross-linked polymer with absorbed hydrogen fluoride.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing aqueous hydrogen fluoride and the cross-linked copolymer to form the composition including the cross-linked polymer with absorbed hydrogen fluoride.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprises about 30 wt. % hydrogen fluoride or less based on the weight of water and hydrogen fluoride.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous hydrogen fluoride comprises about 3 wt. % to about 12 wt. % hydrogen fluoride or less based on the weight of water and hydrogen fluoride.7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:pretreating the cross-linked copolymer with hydrogen fluoride by contacting the cross-linked copolymer with hydrogen fluoride to absorb at least a portion of the hydrogen fluoride with the cross-linked copolymer and recovering at least a ...

Process for the Recovery of Hydrochloric Acid

Hydrochloric acid is recovered from a lignin composition in a process, comprising providing a particulate lignin composition that comprises lignin, water and hydrochloric acid; contacting the particulate lignin composition with a stream of stripping gas comprising an aprotic gas to obtain an acidified vapor stream that comprises water vapor, hydrochloric acid and aprotic gas; and recovering hydrochloric acid from the acidified vapor stream. 1. A method for the recovery of hydrochloric acid from a lignin composition , comprising:providing a particulate lignin composition that comprises lignin, water, and hydrochloric acid;contacting the particulate lignin composition with a stream of stripping gas comprising an aprotic gas to obtain an acidified vapor stream that comprises water vapor, hydrochloric acid, and aprotic gas; andrecovering the hydrochloric acid from the acidified vapor stream.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the particulate lignin composition has been obtained from a hydrolysis of lignocellulosic material with hydrochloric acid.3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the particulate lignin composition is contacted with the stream of stripping gas at a temperature in the range of 150 to 280° C. claim 1 , preferably in the range of 180 to 250° C.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the stream of stripping gas is at a temperature in the range of 20 to 150° C. before it is contacted with the particulate lignin composition.5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the stream of stripping gas is contacted counter-currently with the particulate lignin composition.6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the aprotic gas is selected from the group consisting of air claim 1 , nitrogen claim 1 , carbon monoxide claim 1 , carbon dioxide claim 1 , noble gases and combinations thereof.7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein the aprotic gas is a combustion gas.8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the aprotic gas comprises an organic vapor. ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GROWTH OF GRAPHENE NANOSTRIPES BY PLASMA ENHANCED CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION

A method of forming graphene nanostripes includes providing a substrate comprising at least one of copper foil or nickel foam and subjecting the substrate to a reduced pressure environment in a processing chamber. The method also includes providing methane gas and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) gas, flowing the methane gas and the 1,2-DCB into the processing chamber, and establishing a partial pressure ratio of 1,2-DCB gas to methane gas in the processing chamber. The partial pressure ratio is between 0 and 3. The method further includes generating a plasma, thereafter, exposing the at least a portion of the substrate to the methane gas, the 1,2-DCB gas, and the plasma, and growing the graphene nanostripes coupled to the at least a portion of the substrate. 1. A method of forming vertical graphene nanostripes , the method comprising:providing a substrate comprising at least one of copper foil or nickel foam;subjecting the substrate to a reduced pressure environment in a processing chamber;providing methane gas and 1,2-dichlorobenzene (1,2-DCB) gas;flowing the methane gas and the 1,2-DCB into the processing chamber;establishing a partial pressure ratio of 1,2-DCB gas to methane gas in the processing chamber, wherein the partial pressure ratio is between 0 and 3;generating a plasma;thereafter, exposing the at least a portion of the substrate to the methane gas, the 1,2-DCB gas, and the plasma; andgrowing the vertical graphene nanostripes coupled to the at least a portion of the substrate, wherein one or more of the vertical graphene nanostripes extend from the substrate by a width and extend along the substrate by a length.2. The method of wherein the partial pressure ratio is between 1 and 2.3. The method of further comprising generating Cradicals in the processing chamber concurrently with:exposing the at least a portion of the substrate to the methane gas, the 1,2-DCB gas, and the plasma; andgrowing the vertical graphene nanostripes.4. The method of further ...

Acid/salt separation

The invention provides a method for preparing a carboxylic acid, which method includes the steps of providing magnesium carboxylate, wherein the carboxylic acid corresponding with the carboxylate has a solubility in water at 20° C. of 80 g/100 g water or less; acidifying the magnesium carboxylate with HCl, thereby obtaining a solution comprising carboxylic acid and magnesium chloride (MgCl 2 ); optionally a concentration step, wherein the solution comprising carboxylic acid and MgCl 2 is concentrated; precipitating the carboxylic acid from the solution comprising the carboxylic acid and MgCl 2 , thereby obtaining a carboxylic acid precipitate and a MgCl 2 solution.

Processes useful in the manufacture of cyclododecasulfur

Methods for producing cyclododecasulfur are disclosed, that include the steps of: oxidizing a bromide in aqueous solution to produce a mixture of molecular bromine, tribromide, and bromide; reducing water to produce hydrogen and a hydroxide; and reacting a metallasulfur derivative with the molecular bromine, to produce cyclododecasulfur and a metallabromide derivative.

Method for separating hf from hf/halogenated hydrocarbon mixtures using ionic liquids

The present invention relates to an ionic liquid comprised of a salt, the anion of which is Cl − , F − , and (HF) n F − (n=1.0−4.0), or combination thereof. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a process of separating HF from a first mixture comprised of at least one halogenated hydrocarbon and HF which comprises contacting the mixture with an ionic liquid comprised of a salt, the anion of which is Cl − , F − , and (HF) n F − where n is a positive number ranging from 1 to 4, inclusive 4.0), to form a second mixture comprised of HF, halogenated hydrocarbon and said ionic liquid, extracting a solution comprising HF therefrom, and recovering HF therefrom.

HIGH PURITY SYNTHETIC FLUORITE, PROCESS FOR PREPARING THE SAME AND APPARATUS THEREFOR

The present invention relates to a high purity synthetic fluorite (CaF). The present invention further relates to a process and an apparatus for preparing said high purity synthetic fluorite (CaF), classified as acid grade, starting from fluorosilicic acid HSiF(FSA) and calcium carbonate (CaCO). Finally, the present invention relates to the use of said high purity synthetic fluorite (CaF) in the industrial production of hydrofluoric acid. 1. A process for preparing a synthetic fluorite CaFcomprising the following steps:{'sub': 4', '2', '6', '3, 'preparing a solution of NHF, having a concentration comprised from 15 to 30% by weight, by basic hydrolysis, at a pH value comprised from 8.5 to 9.5, of HSiFwith an aqueous solution of NHhaving a concentration comprised from 10 to 25% by weight;'}{'sub': 4', '4, 'filtering said solution of NHF so as to yield a substantially silica-free aqueous solution of NHF;'}{'sub': '4', 'treating said substantially silica-free aqueous solution of NHF with calcium hydroxide in an excess amount comprised from 0.01 to 0.5%, relative to the stoichiometric amount, so as to yield a dispersion which is maintained under stirring for a time comprised from 10 to 60 minutes at a temperature comprised from 40 to 90° C.;'}filtering the latter solution so as to obtain the synthetic fluorite in the form of a slurry having a moisture content comprised from about 30% to about 50% by weight;{'sub': '2', 'subjecting said slurry to a drying-granulation step so as to yield an acid grade synthetic fluorite CaFin the form of granules with an average particle size greater than 1 mm for at least the 50% of the same.'}2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said solution of NHF obtained after the first step is treated with an amount of iron nitrate (III) comprised from 0.01 g to 0.10 g per 1 g of Si0present in said solution of NHF and/or with an amount of magnesium nitrate comprised from 0.01 g to 0.10 g per 1 g of Si0present in said solution of NHF claim 1 ...

TECHNOLOGY OF IODINE EXTRACTING FROM FORMATION AND ASSOCIATED WATER OF OIL AND GAS FIELDS

The present invention relates to a reactor system for extracting iodine from an aqueous brine, including: 22. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the water heater () is configured to operate at a temperature from 45 to 50° C.3. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the oxidizing agent is chlorine or chlorine water.4. (canceled)5. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the desorber packing is propeller shaped with crevices.610-. (canceled)1115. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein sorbent in the absorption column () is sodium hydroxide and/or iodine-hydrogen and sulfuric acids.1215. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the absorption column () is configured to provide sorbent in an amount of 50 to 200 g/dmwith respect to the total volume of the aqueous brine in the absorption column.1315. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the absorption column () has a height from 9 to 10 m.1421. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the iodine melting node () is configured to operate at a temperature of 100 to 160° C.1521. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the iodine melting node () is positioned under a layer of sulfuric acid.165. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein a store of an acid is provided upstream of the desorber for being added to the aqueous brine to arrive at a pH value from 2 to 4 before the aqueous brined enters the desorber ().17. Reactor system according to claim 1 , wherein the desorber is configured such that an amount of the desorbed iodine contained in the gas and blown through the vertical column apparatus is at least 95% with respect to a total amount of iodine contained in the aqueous brine added into the vertical column apparatus. The present application is a division of and claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 120 to co-pending, commonly owned U.S. application Ser. No. 16/662,458, filed 24 Oct. 2019, the entirety of which is hereby incorporated herein by reference in its ...

Composition, fluorinating reagent, and method for producing fluorinated organic compound

An object of the present invention is to provide a method for producing a fluorinated organic compound with a high yield without using carbon tetrachloride in view of the fact that the production of a fluorinated organic compound with a sufficient yield was impossible for a hitherto-known method that uses a fluorinating agent that contains IF 5 -pyridine-HF alone. Another object of the present invention is to provide a fluorinating reagent that is capable of achieving this object. The present invention provides a composition comprising (1) IF 5 and (2) an aprotic solvent (with the proviso that carbon tetrachloride is excluded), wherein the aprotic solvent is contained in an amount within a range of 50 mass ppm to 20 mass %.

PROCESS AND PLANT FOR THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF ALUMINIUM CHLORIDE HYDRATE INTO ALUMINIUM OXIDE

A process and its relating plant for thermal conversion of aluminum chloride hydrate into aluminum oxide and gaseous hydrogen chloride. In a first step, aluminum chloride hydrate is fed into a decomposition reactor where it is heated to a temperature between 120 and 400° C. Afterwards, the partially decomposed aluminum chloride hydrate is finally calcined to aluminum oxide at a temperature between 850 and 1200° C. in a second reactor. The aluminum chloride hydrate is admixed with aluminum oxide in an intensive mixer with a mass ratio between 1:1 and 10:1 aluminum chloride hydrate to aluminum oxide for using a fluidized bed reactor as a decomposition reactor. 116.-. (canceled)17. A process for thermal conversion of aluminum chloride hydrate into aluminum oxide and gaseous hydrogen chloride by partially decomposing the aluminum chloride hydrate into a decomposition reactor by heating to a temperature between 120 and 400° C. and then calcining the partially decomposed aluminum chloride hydrate in the calcining reactor to aluminum oxide at a temperature between 850 and 1200° C. , wherein the aluminum chloride hydrate is admixed with aluminum oxide in an intensive mixer with a mass ratio between 1:1 and 10:1 aluminum chloride hydrate to aluminum oxide and that the resulting mixture is fed into the decomposition reactor which is a fluidized bed reactor.18. The process according to claim 17 , wherein at least parts of the aluminum oxide from the calcination is recirculated into the decomposition.19. The process according to claim 18 , wherein the recirculated aluminum oxide features a temperature between 600 and 1100° C. into the decomposition reactor.20. The process according to claim 17 , wherein at least parts of the aluminum oxide from the decomposition is recirculated into the decomposition.21. The process according to claim 20 , wherein the recirculated aluminum oxide for the admixing in the mixer has a temperature below 100° C.22. The process according to claim 17 , ...

Electrochemical reactor and process

The electrochemical reactors disclosed herein provide novel oxidation and reduction chemistries and employ increased mass transport rates of materials to and from the surfaces of electrodes therein.

Method and apparatus for making stable acidic chlorinated solutions

A method of manufacturing and an apparatus for making an aqueous chlorine solution having a pH between 3.0 and 6.5 and a stability such that after 6 weeks storage at 20 degrees Celsius the pH remains in the range 3.0 to 6.5 and the amount of chlorine lost from the solution is less than 10%, such that the method includes: (a) Providing a source of water having an electrical conductivity at 20 degrees Celsius of no more than 50 (and preferably no more than 4.3) μScm- 1 (b) Reacting the water with solid calcium hypochlorite having a purity of at least 60%; and (c) Adjusting the pH to between 3.0 and 6.5.

THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF MAGNESIUM CHLORIDE

A method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl, comprising the steps of 1. Method for conversion of magnesium chloride into magnesium oxide and HCl , comprising the steps ofproviding a magnesium chloride compound to a thermohydrolysis reactor, the reactor being at a temperature of at least 300° C.,{'sub': 2', '2, 'withdrawing MgO from the thermohydrolysis reactor in solid form, and withdrawing a HCl containing gas stream from the thermohydrolysis reactor, wherein the magnesium chloride compound provided to the thermohydrolysis reactor is a solid magnesium chloride compound which comprises at least 50 wt. % of MgCl.4HO.'}2. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound consists for at least 60 wt. % of MgCl.4HO.3. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the magnesium chloride compound comprises less than 30 wt. % of magnesium chloride hexahydrate and/or less than 40 wt. % of the total of magnesium chloride anhydrate claim 1 , magnesium chloride monohydrate claim 1 , and magnesium chloride dihydrate.4. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is at a temperature of at least 350° C. and/or at a temperature below 1000° C.5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the themohydrolysis is carried out in the presence of a gas stream.6. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the thermohydrolysis reactor is a tube reactor wherein the magnesium chloride compound enters the reactor at or near one end of the reactor claim 1 , further indicated as the feed end claim 1 , and product magnesium oxide is withdrawn at or near the other end of the reactor claim 1 , further indicated as the product end claim 1 , while a gas stream enters the reactor at or near the product end claim 1 , and a gas stream comprising HCl is withdrawn at or near the feed end.7. Method according to claim 1 , comprising the steps of{'sub': 2', '2, 'subjecting a magnesium chloride solution to a drying step at a temperature of 100-160° C. ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF HYDROBROMIC ACID

A process has been disclosed for preparation of hydrobromic acid from bromine, sulfur dioxide and water, which involves in situ generation of bromine from bittern for the production of hydrobromic acid and separation thereof from co-products, viz., sulfuric and hydrochloric acids. The invented process obviates the need for double distillation or precipitation step for removal of sulfate impurities. The concentration of the product obtained by the disclosed process is about 48% and it contains <15 ppm sulfate and chloride impurities. 15-. (canceled)6. A continuous process for manufacturing hydrobromic acid by treatment of bittern with chlorine to generate bromine which is reacted in situ with SOand water to produce a mixture of hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid , wherein hydrobromic acid is separated from sulfuric acid and concentrated by steps comprising:(i) filling the mixture of hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid in a flash tank and a re-boiler;(ii) heating the mixture of hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid to 95-100° C. under reduced pressure by heating the re-boiler so as to cause thermo-siphoning of said mixture from the re-boiler to the flash tank;(iii) starting gradual addition of mixture of hydrobromic acid and sulfuric acid from a feed tank to the flash tank, maintaining the temperature at 95-100° C.;(iv) condensing azeotropic mixture of hydrobromic acid and water formed during above step in a heat exchanger and feeding it back to a hollow column which is fitted above the flash tank;(v) allowing hydrobromic acid to drop into a reflux divider which is fitted in the hollow column mentioned above;(vi) allowing hydrobromic acid to flow through a connecting pipe from the reflux divider to re-boiler, said re-boiler maintained at 65-70° C.;(vii) allowing hydrobromic acid to flow from the bottom of the re-boiler to a storage tank via the heat exchanger;(viii) start collection of sulfuric acid from the bottom of the flash tank into tank via the heat exchanger by ...

Method for regenerating a toxified catalyst containing ruthenium or ruthenium compounds

A process is described for regenerating a catalyst comprising ruthenium or ruthenium compounds, which has been poisoned by sulfur compounds, in which the catalyst, optionally at elevated temperature, is subjected to treatment with a hydrogen halide, particularly a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride, under non-oxidative conditions and additionally, optionally at reduced temperature, to an at least two-stage oxidative post-treatment.

Continuous low-temperature process to produce trans-1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene

Disclosed is process for the production of (E) 1-chloro-3,3,3-trifluoropropene (HCFO-1233zd(E)) by conducting a continuous reaction without the use of a catalyst. Also disclosed is an integrated system including one or more reactors for producing hydrofluoro olefins, particularly 1233zd(E). The manufacturing process includes six major unit operations: (1) a fluorination reaction of HCC-240fa (in continuous or semi-batch mode) using HF with simultaneous removal of by-product HCl and the product 1233zd(E); (2) recycle of unreacted HCC-240fa and HF together with under-fluorinated by-products back to (1); (3) separation and purification of by-product HCl; (4) separation of excess HF back to (1); (5) purification of final product, 1233zd(E); and (6) isomerization of by-product 1233zd(Z) to 1233zd(E) to maximize the process yield.

A Process For The Removal Of Metal Contaminants From Fluids

The present disclosure provides a process for removing metal contaminants from a contaminated fluid stream comprising the step of contacting said fluid stream with macroporous alpha alumina to obtain a fluid stream containing less than 50 ppm of metal. The fluid stream can be selected from the group consisting of a stream of mineral acid(s) and a stream of alkylene(s); and the metal contaminant can be at least one of elemental metals and metal oxides. The process further comprises a step of obtaining spent macroporous alpha alumina and regenerating active macroporous alpha alumina therefrom by washing said spent macroporous alpha alumina with at least one purified stream selected from the group consisting of a stream of mineral acid(s) and a stream of alkylene(s).

Composition comprising hf and 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene

An azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene and one or more (hydro)halogen-carbon compounds including between 1 and 3 carbon atoms. Also an azeotropic or quasi-azeotropic composition including hydrogen fluoride, 3,3,3-trifluoro-2-chloropropene, and one or more compounds selected from among 1,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 1,1,1,2,2-pentafluoropropane, 2,3,3,3-tetrafluoropropene, 3,3,3-trifluoropropene, E-3,3,3-trifluoro-1-chloropropene, trifluoropropyne, 1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropane, 1,1,1,3,3-pentafluoropropene, 1,1,1,2,3-pentafluoropropene and 2-chloro,1,1,1,2-1 tetrafluoropropane.

Method for Recovering Hydrochloric Acid from Metal Chloride Solutions with a High Iron Chloride Content

A method for recovering hydrochloric acid from concentrated metal chloride solutions displaying an iron chloride content of more than 50% by weight where the Fe/Feratio is at least 0.2 by a) spray granulation of the metal chloride solution at temperatures of 150° C. to 300° C. where at least part of the iron chloride is converted into iron oxide by hydrolysis, and pellets and HCl-containing gas are produced; b) pyrohydrolysis of the pellets in a reactor at temperatures of more than 550° C. in which context HCl-containing gas is produced; and c) recovery of hydrochloric acid from the HCl-containing gases produced. 1. A method for recovering hydrochloric acid from a metal chloride solution displaying a concentration of at least about 20% by weight , an iron chloride content of more than about 50% by weight , calculated as Fe , and an Fe3+/Fe2+ ratio of at least about 0.2 , comprising the steps:a) Spray granulation of the metal chloride solution at temperatures of about 150° C. to about 300° C. where at least part of the iron chloride is converted into iron oxide by hydrolysis, and pellets and HCl-containing gas are produced;b) Pyrohydrolysis of the pellets produced in Step a) in a reactor at temperatures of more than about 550° C., in which context HCl-containing gas is produced; andc) Recovery of hydrochloric acid from the HCl-containing gases produced in Steps a) and/or b).2. The method of wherein the temperature in step a) is from about 150° C. to about 250° C.;3. The method of wherein the reactor temperature in step b) is more than 800° C. claim 1 ,4. The method of wherein the hydrochloric acid is recovered with a concentration of greater than about 20% by weight.5. The method of wherein the hydrochloric acid is recovered with a concentration of greater than about 25% by weight.6. The method of wherein the hydrochloric acid is recovered with a concentration of greater than about 30% by weight.7. The method of wherein in step c) includes further recovering a ...

METHODS OF HANDLING CHLORINATED COMPOUNDS USED FOR MANUFACTURING HFO-1234yf

This invention provides methods for handling, storing and/or transporting reactive chlorinated compounds such as 1230xa whereby decomposition reactions are reduced or eliminated by employing one or more anti-decomposition techniques selected from the group consisting of: (a) providing a 1230xa supply with little or no moisture, HCl, and/or metallic ions, (b) providing a storage and/or transport tank preferably lined and/or coated with one or more suitable materials, (c) transferring 1230xa, preferably stabilized 1230xa, into a storage and/or transportation tank in such a way that no exposure of the 1230xa to air occurs, (d) handling, storing, and/or transporting 1230xa under the protection of a dried inert gas such as nitrogen, (e) optionally providing a device that can remove any HCl generated during the storage and/or transportation of 1230xa; and (f) combinations of two or more of these anti-decomposition techniques.

Hydrochloric acid purification process and plant

Disclosed is a process for treating a gas stream containing hydrochloric acid, hydrofluoric acid, a fluorinated compound and halogenated organic compounds, wherein the gas stream is subjected to: (a) a step of washing with an acid solution to obtain a washed gas stream; (b) a step of adiabatic absorption in an aqueous solution of the hydrochloric acid contained in said washed gas stream, to collect a solution of hydrochloric acid; (c) a step of adsorption on activated carbon of the impurities present in said hydrochloric acid solution, to obtain a purified hydrochloric acid solution and a gas stream containing said fluorinated compound; and (d) a step of bringing said purified hydrochloric acid solution into contact with a silica gel. Also disclosed is a plant for the implementation of this process, and also a process for preparing a fluorinated compound comprising the catalytic pyrolysis of an organofluorine compound.

Vertical desublimation apparatus for crystalline iodine production

Vertical desublimation apparatus for crystalline iodine production, comprising: a gas intake, through which vapor can be fed into the apparatus, and a gas exhaust, through which residual air can be discharged; at least one downstream duct comprising a downstream duct inlet and a downstream duct outlet, wherein the intake is fluidically connected to the downstream duct inlet; at least one upstream duct comprising an upstream duct inlet and an upstream duct outlet, wherein the exhaust is fluidically connected to the upstream duct outlet; at least one downstream condenser pipe arranged adjacent to the downstream duct and at least one upstream condenser pipe arranged adjacent to the upstream duct, wherein a cooling medium can be fed through the condenser pipes; a collecting receptacle for collecting crystallized iodine and liquid water arranged at the bottom of the apparatus, fluidically connecting the downstream duct outlet and the upstream duct inlet, the collecting receptacle having a bottom outlet.

VERTICAL COLUMN APPARATUS FOR MASS EXCHANGE PROCESSES

The present invention relates to a vertical column apparatus () for mass exchange processes in the chemical, oil or gas industry and in particular, for the production of iodine from formation water of oil and gas fields, comprising: 11. Vertical column apparatus () for mass exchange processes in the chemical , oil or gas industry , comprising:{'b': 2', '3', '1, 'a gas outlet () at the top and a liquid outlet () at the bottom of the column ();'}{'b': 4', '1', '1', '5', '4', '6', '4, 'a packed section () between the top and the bottom of the column (), wherein the column () has a liquid inlet () above the packed section () and a gas inlet () below the packed section (),'}{'b': 7', '1', '4, 'sub': u', 'p, 'wherein an upper portion () of the column () has a larger diameter (d) compared to a diameter (d) of the packed section ().'}21714. Vertical column apparatus () according to claim 1 , wherein the diameter (d) of the upper portion () of the column () is increased by at least 0.1 m claim 1 , compared to the diameter (d) of the packed section ().314. Vertical column apparatus () according to claim 1 , wherein the packed section () has a diameter (d) of 2-4 m.414. Vertical column apparatus () according to claims 1 , wherein the packed section () is filled with a layer of packing material claims 1 , wherein the height of the packing layer is less than 8 m.51848. Vertical column apparatus () according to claim 1 , wherein a lower portion () is arranged below the packed section () claim 1 , the lower portion () having a diameter of 2-5 m.6198484. Vertical column apparatus () according to claim 5 , wherein a tapered section () is arranged between the lower portion () and the packed section () claim 5 , tapering from the diameter of the lower portion () to the diameter of the packed section ().71104747. Vertical column apparatus () according to claim 1 , wherein a widening section () is arranged between the packed section () and the upper portion () claim 1 , widening from ...