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Небесная энциклопедия

Космические корабли и станции, автоматические КА и методы их проектирования, бортовые комплексы управления, системы и средства жизнеобеспечения, особенности технологии производства ракетно-космических систем

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Мониторинг СМИ

Мониторинг СМИ и социальных сетей. Сканирование интернета, новостных сайтов, специализированных контентных площадок на базе мессенджеров. Гибкие настройки фильтров и первоначальных источников.

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Применить Всего найдено 2402. Отображено 100.
12-01-2012 дата публикации

Method and System for Synthesizing Liquid Hydrocarbon Compounds

Номер: US20120010304A1
Автор: Kazuhiko Tasaka
Принадлежит: Cosmo Oil Co Ltd, Inpex Corp, Japan Oil Gas and Metals National Corp, Japan Petroleum Exploration Co Ltd, JX Nippon Oil and Energy Corp, Nippon Steel Engineering Co Ltd

Provided is a method for synthesizing liquid hydrocarbon compounds wherein synthesizing liquid hydrocarbon compounds from a synthesis gas by a Fisher-Tropsch synthesis reaction. The method includes a first absorption step of absorbing a carbon dioxide gas, which is contained in gaseous by-products generated in the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis reaction, with an absorbent, and a second absorption step of absorbing a carbon dioxide gas, which is contained in the synthesis gas, with the absorbent which is passed through the first absorption step.

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Номер записи: 1
08-03-2012 дата публикации

Process and Apparatus for Steam-Methane Reforming

Номер: US20120058028A1
Автор: Clive Derek Lee-Tuffnell, Ian Frederick Zimmerman, Jason Andrew Maude, John William Stairmand, Michael Joseph Bowe
Принадлежит: Clive Derek Lee-Tuffnell, Ian Frederick Zimmerman, Jason Andrew Maude, John William Stairmand, Michael Joseph Bowe

Methane reacts with steam generating carbon monoxide and hydrogen in a first catalytic reactor; the resulting gas mixture undergoes Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a second catalytic reactor. In the steam/methane reforming, the gas mixture passes through a narrow channel having mean and exit temperatures both in the range of 750° C. to 900° C., residence time less than 0.5 second, and the channel containing a catalyst, so that only reactions having comparatively rapid kinetics will occur. Heat is provided by combustion of methane in adjacent channels. The ratio of steam to methane may be about 1.5. Almost all methane will undergo the reforming reaction, almost entirely forming carbon monoxide. After Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the remaining hydrogen may be fed back to the combustion channels. The steam for the reforming step may be generated from water generated by the chemical reactions, by condensing products from Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and by condensing water vapor generated in combustion.

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Номер записи: 2
15-03-2012 дата публикации

Incorporation of catalytic dehydrogenation into fischer-tropsch synthesis to significantly reduce carbon dioxide emissions

Номер: US20120065278A1
Автор: Gerald P. Huffman
Принадлежит: University of Kentucky Research Foundation

A new method of producing liquid transportation fuels from coal and other hydrocarbons that significantly reduces carbon dioxide emissions by combining Fischer-Tropsch synthesis with catalytic dehydrogenation is claimed. Catalytic dehydrogenation (CDH) of the gaseous products (C1-C4) of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) can produce large quantities of hydrogen while converting the carbon to multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT). Incorporation of CDH into a FTS-CDH plant converting coal to liquid fuels can eliminate all or most of the CO 2 emissions from the water-gas shift (WGS) reaction that is currently used to elevate the H 2 level of coal-derived syngas for FTS. Additionally, the FTS-CDH process saves large amounts of water used by the WGS reaction and produces a valuable by-product, MWCNT.

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Номер записи: 3
09-08-2012 дата публикации

Process and System For Producing Liquid Fuel From Carbon Dioxide And Water

Номер: US20120201717A1
Автор: Kim-Chinh Tran, Omar Freyr Sigurbjornsson, Shwetank Singh
Принадлежит: CRI ehf

A process and system for producing high octane fuel from carbon dioxide and water is disclosed. The feedstock for the production line is industrial carbon dioxide and water, which may be of lower quality. The end product can be high octane gasoline, high cetane diesel or other liquid hydrocarbon mixtures suitable for driving conventional combustion engines or hydrocarbons suitable for further industrial processing or commercial use. Products, such as dimethyl ether or methanol may also be withdrawn from the production line. The process is emission free and reprocesses all hydrocarbons not suitable for liquid fuel to form high octane products. The heat generated by exothermic reactions in the process is fully utilized as is the heat produced in the reprocessing of hydrocarbons not suitable for liquid fuel.

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Номер записи: 4
23-08-2012 дата публикации

Process for hydrotreating naphtha fraction and process for producing hydrocarbon oil

Номер: US20120211401A1
Автор: Kazuhiko Tasaka, Marie Iwama, Yuichi Tanaka
Принадлежит: Individual

A process for hydrotreating a naphtha fraction that includes a step of estimating the difference between the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor outlet temperature and inlet temperature, based on the reaction temperature of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction and the ratio of the flow rate of the treated naphtha fraction returned to the naphtha fraction hydrotreating step relative to the flow rate of the treated naphtha fraction discharged from the naphtha fraction hydrotreating step, a step of measuring the difference between the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor outlet temperature and inlet temperature, and a step of adjusting the reaction temperature of the naphtha fraction hydrotreating step so that the measured difference between the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor outlet temperature and inlet temperature becomes substantially equal to the estimated difference between the naphtha fraction hydrotreating reactor outlet temperature and inlet temperature.

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Номер записи: 5
02-05-2013 дата публикации

Diesel fuel production process employing direct and indirect coal liquefaction

Номер: US20130104611A1
Автор: Gerald A. Melin, Kenneth L. Trachte, Richard F. Bauman
Принадлежит: Accelergy Corp

A combined Direct Coal Liquefaction (DCL)/Fischer Tropsch (F-T) process and system for producing high Cetane diesel fuel by converting at least 70% of the feed coal by DCL operating at 50 to 70% conversion and gasifying the bottoms and between 0 and 30% of the feed coal to produce H2 for supply to the DCL and to upgrading and syngas for being converted to diesel by F-T. Diesel blendstocks produced by the DCL and the F-T in a ratio of 3 to 1 to 14 to 1 are blended to produce diesel fuel having a Cetane Number of at least 50.

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Номер записи: 6
02-05-2013 дата публикации

Processes and systems for converting synthesis gas to liquid hydrocarbon product

Номер: US20130109768A1
Автор: Anne HELGESON, Charles L. Kibby, Christine M. PHILIPS, David W. Parham, Gordon R. DEPPE, Kandaswamy Jothimurugesan, Richard SASSON, Robert J. Saxton, Scott Oliver, Tapan K. Das
Принадлежит: Chevron USA Inc

Processes and systems are provided for converting synthesis gas containing a mixture of H 2 and CO to liquid hydrocarbon products having a cloud point less than about 15° C. The systems utilize at least one Fischer-Tropsch reactor containing hybrid Fischer-Tropsch catalyst with cooling and separation of reactor effluent following each reactor. The low cloud point indicates that the amount of wax in the hydrocarbon products is minimized relative to conventional Fischer-Tropsch conversion. Accordingly, more economical systems can be built and operated because equipment associated with wax removal or wax treatment can be reduced or eliminated.

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Номер записи: 7
09-05-2013 дата публикации

FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PROCESS AND SYSTEM

Номер: US20130116348A1
Автор: Bu Yifeng, Gong Lei, Lin Quan, Lv Yijun, Shi Yulin, Wang Hongxue, Wu Xiuzhang
Принадлежит: SHENHUA GROUP CORPORATION LIMITED

The present invention relates to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process and system. The process comprises: a) introducing a feedstock gas containing CO and Hinto a first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor to carry out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; b) separating products of the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, to separate water from the unconverted tail gas and to obtain hydrocarbon products and the unconverted tail gas; c) introducing the unconverted tail gas obtained in Step b) into a second stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor to carry out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; d) separating products of the second stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, to separate water from the unconverted tail gas, with a portion of the unconverted tail gas of the second stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction being returned to the second stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor for recycle reactions. The process and system are suitable for large-scale industrialized production. 1. A two-stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process , comprising the following steps: {'sub': '2', 'introducing a feedstock gas containing CO and Hinto a first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor to carry out a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction under the action of catalysts, to obtain products of the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; wherein the CO conversion rate in the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is controlled at 30%-70%;'}, 'a) a first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction'} 'separating the products of the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, so as to separate water from the unconverted tail gas and to obtain hydrocarbon products and an unconverted tail gas of the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction;', 'b) separation of the products of the first stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction'} 'introducing the unconverted tail gas obtained from Step b) into a second stage Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor to carry out a ...

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Номер записи: 8
23-05-2013 дата публикации

System and process for biomass conversion to renewable fuels with byproducts recycled to gasifier

Номер: US20130131196A1
Автор: Michael Cheiky, Rajashekharam Malyala, Vern S. Traxler
Принадлежит: Cool Planet Biofuels Inc, Cool Planet Energy Systems Inc

This invention relates generally to a method and system for improving the conversion of carbon-containing feed stocks to renewable fuels, and more particularly to a thermal chemical conversion of biomass to renewable fuels and other useful chemical compounds, including gasoline and diesel, via a unique combination of unique processes. More particularly, this combination of processes includes (a) a selective pyrolysis of biomass, which produces volatile hydrocarbons and a biochar; (b) the volatile hydrocarbons are upgraded in a novel catalytic process to renewable fuels, (c) the biochar is gasified at low pressure with recycled residual gases from the catalytic process to produce synthesis gas, (d) the synthesis gas is converted to dimethyl ether in a novel catalytic process, and (e) the dimethyl ether is recycled to the selective pyrolysis process.

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Номер записи: 9
13-06-2013 дата публикации

Mixed oxide based catalyst for the conversion of carbon dioxide to syngas and method of preparation and use

Номер: US20130150466A1
Автор: Aghaddin Mamedov, Clark Rea, Shahid N. Shaikh, Xiankuan Zhang
Принадлежит: Saudi Basic Industries Corp

The invention relates to a catalyst and process for making syngas mixtures including hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide. The process comprises contacting a gaseous feed mixture containing carbon dioxide and hydrogen with the catalyst, where the catalyst comprises Mn oxide and an auxiliary metal oxide selected from the group consisting of La, Ca, K, W, Cu, Al and mixtures or combinations thereof. The process enables hydrogenation of carbon dioxide into carbon monoxide with high selectivity, and good catalyst stability over time and under variations in processing conditions. The process can be applied separately, but can also be integrated with other processes, both up-stream and/or down-stream including methane reforming or other synthesis processes for making products like alkanes, aldehydes, or alcohols.

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Номер записи: 10
27-06-2013 дата публикации

Supplemental fuel to combustor of dual fluidized bed gasifier

Номер: US20130161563A1
Автор: Benjamin H. CARRYER, Bruce E. McComish, Bryan C. Borum, Eric R. ELROD, Harold A. Wright, Mark D. Ibsen, Mark K. Robertson, Sim Weeks, Weibin Jiang
Принадлежит: Rentech Inc

A method of gasification by introducing a feed material to be subjected to gasification into a dual fluidized bed gasifier comprising a pyrolyzer fluidly connected with a combustor such that a circulation stream comprising a heat transfer material can be continuously circulated between the pyrolyzer, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is reduced, and the combustor, in which the temperature of the circulation stream is increased, wherein the pyrolyzer is operable to convert at least a portion of the feed material into a gasifier product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, and wherein the combustor is operable to increase the temperature of the circulation stream via combustion of char introduced thereto with the circulation stream and at least one supplemental fuel. A system for carrying out the method is also provided.

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Номер записи: 11
27-06-2013 дата публикации

System and method for production of fischer-tropsch synthesis products and power

Номер: US20130165534A1
Автор: Benjamin H. CARRYER, Bruce E. McComish, Bryan C. Borum, Eric R. ELROD, Harold A. Wright, Mark D. Ibsen, Mark K. Robertson, Sim Weeks, Weibin Jiang
Принадлежит: Rentech Inc

A method for generation of power and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products by producing synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, producing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the synthesis gas, and generating power from a second portion of the synthesis gas, from at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or from both. The method may also comprise conditioning at least a portion of the synthesis gas and/or upgrading at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products. A system for carrying out the method is also provided.

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Номер записи: 12
27-06-2013 дата публикации

Methanation Of A Syngas

Номер: US20130165535A1
Автор: Siva Ariyapadi
Принадлежит: Kellogg Brown and Root LLC

Systems and methods for producing a synthetic natural gas are provided. A syngas can be separated into a first syngas, a second syngas, and a third syngas. The first syngas can be methanated to produce a first effluent. The first effluent can be mixed with the second syngas to produce a first mixed effluent. The first mixed effluent can be methanated to produce a second effluent. The second mixed effluent can be methanated to produce a third effluent. The third effluent can be cooled to produce a first cooled effluent. The first cooled effluent can be cooled to produce a synthetic natural gas.

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Номер записи: 13
04-07-2013 дата публикации

Reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas

Номер: US20130171040A1
Автор: Du Eil Kim, Gyu In Jung, Jong Wook Bae, Ki Won Jun, Kyoung Su Ha
Принадлежит: Korea Research Institute of Chemical Technology KRICT

Disclosed is a reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, in which hydrocarbons, olefins, oxygenates, etc., are produced over a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by using synthesis gas, so that catalyst particles can easily be from a slurry which is discharged to the outside. That is, the present invention provides a reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, in which an internal filter system for separating particles enlarged due to a agglomeration phenomenon of a catalyst is installed inside the reactor, and an separating device is separately disposed outside, such that it is possible to recirculate only particles having a size appropriate for performing F-T synthesis in the slurry phase, and additionally, it is possible to effectively discharge and process a catalyst aggregated due to a combination of fine catalyst particles, the catalyst chipped off during the operation, etc., liquid hydrocarbon, resulting water, etc., in the slurry phase reactor.

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Номер записи: 14
22-08-2013 дата публикации

Compact fischer tropsch system with integrated primary and secondary bed temperature control

Номер: US20130216448A1
Автор: Joseph J. Hartvigsen, Lyman Joseph Frost, S. Elangovan
Принадлежит: Ceramatec Inc

A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) reactor includes at least one FT tube. The FT tube may include a catalyst that is designed to catalyze an FT reaction, thereby creating a hydrocarbon from syngas. The FT reactor also includes a primary cooling fluid flow path that extends in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal length of the FT tube. A secondary cooling fluid flow path extends in a direction that is different than the direction of the primary cooling fluid flow path.

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Номер записи: 15
24-10-2013 дата публикации

Method for processing fischer-tropsch off-gas

Номер: US20130276630A1
Автор: Desmond Andrew Bungku, Justus Theodorus Gerardus TE BRAAKE, Maarten Bracht, Sivakumar SADASIVAN VIJAYAKUMARI, Wouter David Van De Graaf, Xander Linders
Принадлежит: Shell Oil Co

A method for producing a gas comprising at least 80 vol % carbon monoxide from a Fischer-Tropsch off-gas comprises: (1) feeding Fischer-Tropsch off-gas through a column comprising an adsorbent bed at high pressure and discharging effluent; (2) reducing the pressure in the column and the bed slightly; (3) rinsing the column and the adsorbent bed with methane or a mixture of methane and carbon dioxide; (4) reducing the pressure of the column and adsorbent bed to a low pressure; (5) rinsing the column and adsorbent bed with a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen; (6) pressurizing the column and adsorbent bed to a high pressure using a mixture of hydrogen and nitrogen. The product stream obtained in step (3) comprising at least 80 vol % carbon monoxide can be sent as feed to a Fischer-Tropsch reaction. In an embodiment, a gas comprising at least 80 vol % hydrogen is also produced.

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Номер записи: 16
31-10-2013 дата публикации

Shell-and-tube reactor for carrying out catalytic gas phase reactions

Номер: US20130287652A1
Автор: Bernd Sturmer, Franz Egner, Josef Dachs, Manfred Lehr, Michael Specht, Rolf Bank, Volkmar Frick
Принадлежит: MAN Diesel and Turbo SE

A tube bundle reactor for carrying out catalytic gas phase reactions, particularly methanation reactions, has a bundle of catalyst-filled reaction tubes through which reaction gas flows and around which heat carrier flows during operation. In the region of the catalyst filling, the reaction tubes run through at least two heat carrier zones which are separated from one another, the first of which heat carrier zones extends over the starting region of the catalyst filling. The reaction tubes each have a first reaction tube portion with a first hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling and, downstream thereof in flow direction of the reaction gas, at least a second reaction tube portion with a second hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling that is greater than the first hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling.

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Номер записи: 17
31-10-2013 дата публикации

Conversion of Natural Gas

Номер: US20130289144A1
Автор: Rian Steyn
Принадлежит: Asa Energy Conversions Ltd

A process and apparatus for converting a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons comprising reacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature and pressure in contact with a suitable catalyst in a reactive distillation column is disclosed.

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Номер записи: 18
28-11-2013 дата публикации

Process for generating a synthetic natural gas

Номер: US20130317126A1
Автор: Gordon Edward Wilson, Norman MacLeod, Peter Edward James Abbott
Принадлежит: JOHNSON MATTHEY PLC

A process is described for reducing the thiophene content in a synthesis gas mixture, comprising comprises the steps of (i) passing a synthesis gas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon oxides and containing thiophene over a copper-containing sorbent disposed in a sorbent vessel at an inlet temperature in the range 200-280 oC, (ii) withdrawing a thiophene depleted synthesis gas containing methanol from the sorbent vessel, and (iii) adjusting the temperature of the methanol-containing thiophene-depleted synthesis gas mixture. The resulting gas mixture may be used for production of chemicals, e.g. methanol production or for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis of liquid hydrocarbons, for hydrogen production by using water gas shift, or for the production of synthetic natural gas.

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Номер записи: 19
23-01-2014 дата публикации

Method of removing heavy hydrocarbons

Номер: US20140021094A1
Автор: Fuyuki Yagi, Kenichi Kawazuishi, Shuhei Wakamatsu, Tomoyuki Mikuriya
Принадлежит: Chiyoda Corp, Cosmo Oil Co Ltd, Inpex Corp, Japan Oil Gas and Metals National Corp, Japan Petroleum Exploration Co Ltd, JX Nippon Oil and Energy Corp, Nippon Steel and Sumikin Engineering Co Ltd

Heavy hydrocarbons contained in FT off gas of a GTL process are removed by bringing the FT off gas into contact with absorption oil, by introducing the FT off gas into a distillation tower, by cooling the FT off gas or by driving the FT off gas into an adsorbent. A burner tip for heating a reformer tube, using FT off gas as fuel, is prevented from being plugged by the deposition of heavy hydrocarbons contained in the FT off gas.

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Номер записи: 20
13-03-2014 дата публикации

Generating deoxygenated pyrolysis vapors

Номер: US20140073823A1
Автор: Edgar LOTERO, Johnathan T. Gorke, Mark A. Hughes, Natalie A. Rebacz, Samuel T. Jones, Tie-Pan Shi
Принадлежит: Phillips 66 Co

The present disclosure relates generally to novel biomass pyrolysis processes and systems that decrease entrainment of char and other contaminants with the pyrolysis vapors.

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Номер записи: 21
05-01-2017 дата публикации

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY CONVERSION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM HYDROCARBON FEEDSTOCKS

Номер: US20170002271A1
Автор: Bromberg Leslie, Cohn Daniel R., Surma Jeffrey E.
Принадлежит: INENTEC INC

The present invention includes a method for converting renewable energy source electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel. 1. A method , comprising:generating oxygen in an oxygen separation unit utilizing electricity from wind or solar power;supplying the oxygen from the oxygen separation unit to a synthesis gas generation unit;supplying steam to the synthesis gas generation unit;producing synthesis gas in the synthesis gas generation unit using a combination of steam reformation and partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feedstock in the synthesis gas generation unit; andconverting the synthesis gas into a fuel.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein converting the synthesis gas into the fuel includes converting the synthesis gas into a liquid fuel.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising storing the oxygen generated by the oxygen separation unit prior to supplying the oxygen from the oxygen separation unit to the synthesis gas generation unit.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein storing the oxygen generated by the oxygen separation unit includes cryogenically storing the oxygen generated by the oxygen separation unit.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing electricity to operate the oxygen separation unit from a solar or wind powered renewable energy source.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein producing synthesis gas in the synthesis gas generation unit includes operating one or more plasma electrodes in the synthesis gas generation unit to partially oxidize the hydrocarbon feedstock.7. The ...

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Номер записи: 22
05-01-2017 дата публикации

PROCESS FOR REFORMING HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20170002281A1
Автор: AASBERG-PETERSEN Kim, Christensen Peter Seier, Christensen Thomas Sandahl
Принадлежит:

A process for the production of synthesis gas by the use of autothermal reforming in which tail gas from downstream Fischer-Tropsh synthesis is hydrogenated and then added to the autothermal reforming stage. 1. Process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising:a) passing said hydrocarbon feedstock through an ATR, CPO or POx, and withdrawing a stream of hot effluent synthesis gas from the ATR, CPO or PDX,b) converting the synthesis gas into liquid hydrocarbons via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis,{'b': '1', 'c) passing tail gas from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis stage through a hydrogenation stage to produce a hydrogenated tail gas containing less than mol olefins, and'}d) adding the hydrogenated tail gas directly to said ATR, CPO or Pox;e) optionally recovering the liquid hydrocarbons produced.2. Process according to claim 1 , wherein said hydrocarbon feedstock is a gas that has passed through at least one adiabatic pre-reforming stage.3. Process according to claim 1 , wherein said hydrocarbon feedstock is a gas that has passed through at least one steam reforming stage.4. Process according to claim 1 , wherein said hydrocarbon feedstock is a gas mixture resulting from dividing a raw hydrocarbon feed gas into two streams claim 1 , passing the first stream through at least one steam reforming stage to form a primary reformed gas claim 1 , using the second stream as a by-pass stream to said steam reforming stage claim 1 , and subsequently combining said primary reformed gas with the by-pass stream to form said hydrocarbon feedstock.5. Process according to claim 1 , comprising dividing a raw hydrocarbon feed gas into two streams claim 1 , by which one of the streams becomes said hydrocarbon feedstock claim 1 , and passing the other stream through at least one steam reforming stage to form a reformed gas.6. Process according to claim 3 , wherein the steam reforming stage is heat exchange reforming claim 3 , and where at least a portion ...

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Номер записи: 23
07-01-2016 дата публикации

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PRODUCTS AND POWER

Номер: US20160003480A1
Автор: BORUM Bryan C., CARRYER Benjamin H., ELROD Eric R., IBSEN Mark D., JIANG Weibin, MCCOMISH Bruce E., ROBERTSON Mark K., WEEKS Sim, WRIGHT Harold A.
Принадлежит:

A gasification system including a gasifier operable to produce, from a carbonaceous feedstock, a gasification product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and a Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the gasification product gas, and power production apparatus configured to generate power from a second portion of the gasification product gas, at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or both. A method for operating the system is also provided. 1. A gasification system comprising:a gasifier operable to produce, from a carbonaceous feedstock, a gasification product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide;a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and a Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the gasification product gas; andpower production apparatus configured to generate power from a second portion of the gasification product gas, at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or both.2. The system of optionally comprising conditioning apparatus configured to alter the composition of the gasification product gas claim 1 , and further comprising:(a) a fluid connection between the gasifier and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; a fluid connection between the synthesis gas conditioning apparatus and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; or both; and(b) a fluid connection between the gasifier and the power production apparatus; a fluid connection between the synthesis gas conditioning apparatus and the power production apparatus; or both.3. The system of further comprising product upgrading apparatus configured to alter the composition of at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products.4. The system of wherein the product upgrading apparatus is configured to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of primarily naphtha products and primarily diesel ...

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Номер записи: 24
20-01-2022 дата публикации

PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN AND FT PRODUCTS BY STEAM/CO2 REFORMING

Номер: US20220017826A1
Автор: Galloway Terry R.
Принадлежит: Raven SR, LLC

Process control parameters for production of hydrogen and FT products by steam/CO2 reforming include controlling steam reformer temperature, addition of steam, CO and optionally, biogas. Optimization of parameters have resulted in increased production of H, removal of sulfur and halogen contaminants, and control of the H/CO ratio for efficient generation of Fischer-Tropsch products. 1. A method of generating at least one of Hand Fischer Tropsch liquids , the method comprising:receiving feedstock into an initial reformer;reforming, in the initial reformer, at least a portion of the feedstock with steam to produce an input gas, wherein an amount of the input gas is syngas;transferring the input gas from the initial reformer to a main reformer;reforming, in the main reformer, the input gas with steam to increase the amount of syngas;transferring the syngas from the main reformer to a Fischer Tropsch module;using the syngas in a Fischer Tropsch reaction; and{'sub': '2', 'extracting from the Fischer Tropsch module HO and at least one of Fischer Tropsch liquids generated by the Fischer Tropsch reaction and H2 generated by the Fischer Tropsch reactions.'}2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising transferring CO claim 1 , H claim 1 , and COgenerated by the Fischer Tropsch reaction to the main reformer.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising transferring hydrocarbons containing at least five carbon atoms generated by the Fischer Tropsch reaction to the main reformer.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein transferring the syngas from the main reformer into the Fischer Tropsch module further comprises condensing HO from the syngas prior to the syngas entering the Fischer Tropsch module.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the syngas claim 1 , when transferred into the Fischer Tropsch module claim 1 , has a H/CO ratio between 1.5 to 3.5.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the H/CO ratio is about 2.16.7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the H/CO ratio is about 2.38. The method ...

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Номер записи: 25
14-01-2021 дата публикации

CONVERSION OF FLUE GAS CARBON DIOXIDE TO VALUABLE CARBONS AND HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20210008496A1
Автор: Hago Wilson
Принадлежит: Hago Energetics, Inc.

The present invention relates to the conversion of flue gas to valuable products, in particular to the conversion of carbon dioxide in flue gas to liquid fuels and valuable carbons in a carbon negative manner. 1. A process to convert flue gas to combustible fuels , using biomass and natural gas as additional inputs , comprising: a) Pyrolyzing said biomass to produce biochar and volatile gasesb) Gasifying a portion of said biochar in the presence carbon dioxide obtained from said flue gas to produce carbon monoxide and activated carbon in a first gasification system;c) Gasifying a portion of said biochar in the presence of natural gas to produce hydrogen and carbon black in a second gasification system and;d)Combining the generated carbon monoxide and hydrogen from the first and second gasification systems and inputting this combination in a hydrocarbon synthesis process to produce combustible fuels.2. A process claim 1 , according to claim 1 , wherein the activated carbon has a surface area greater than 300 m/g.3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein some of the biochar is suitable for agricultural applications.4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon black is a powder that is removed with unreacted biochar.5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein activated carbon is produced with the aid of microwave energy.61. A process according to claim claim 1 , wherein the carbon black is produced with the aid of microwave energy.7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the volatile gases are burned to produce energy useful for the first and second gasification systems.8. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the synthesis gas ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen is adjustable.9. A process according to claim 1 , where in the synthesis gas ratio carbon monoxide to hydrogen preferentially varies from 1.5 to 2.5.10. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon footprint is overall carbon negative.11. A process according to claim 1 , wherein flue ...

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Номер записи: 26
19-01-2017 дата публикации

Process for converting of methane steam reforming syngas with co2

Номер: US20170015549A1
Автор: Aghaddin Kh. Mammadov, Clark David REA, Shahid Shaikh
Принадлежит: Saudi Basic Industries Corp

In an embodiment, a process of making C 2+ hydrocarbons comprises contacting a feed comprising a methane steam reforming gas and an additional carbon dioxide with a manganese oxide-copper oxide catalyst to produce a product syngas in a contacting zone under isothermal conditions at a temperature of 620 to 650° C.; and converting the product syngas to C 2+ hydrocarbons in the presence of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst; wherein the methane steam reforming gas has an initial H 2 :CO volume ratio greater than 3; wherein the product syngas has a H 2 :CO volume ratio of 1.5 to 3; and wherein the contacting further comprises removing water.

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Номер записи: 27
17-01-2019 дата публикации

Process of Removing Heat

Номер: US20190016654A1
Автор: Andre Peter Steynberg, Dennis Parker, Ivan Phillip GREAGER, Jasmeer Jaichland RAMLAL, John Dolan, Roger Allen HARRIS, Steven Claude Leviness
Принадлежит: Velocys Inc, Velocys Technologies Ltd, VENTECH ENGINEERS INTERNATIONAL LLC

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system.

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Номер записи: 28
17-04-2014 дата публикации

Process for the purification of an aqueous stream coming from the fischer-tropsch reaction

Номер: US20140102981A1
Автор: Lino Locatelli, Roberta Miglio
Принадлежит: Eni Spa

Process for the purification of an aqueous stream coming from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction which comprises feeding said aqueous stream to one or more pervaporation units obtaining an aqueous stream enriched in oxygenated organic compounds (retentate side) and an aqueous stream enriched in water (permeate side), feeding said aqueous stream enriched in oxygenated organic compounds to a saturator obtaining a gaseous stream leaving the saturator, feeding said gaseous stream to a synthesis gas production plant. Said process allows at least a part of the aqueous stream coming from the Fischer-Tropsch reaction to be used as process water in a synthesis gas production plant, subsequently sent to a Fischer-Tropsch plant for the production of hydrocarbons.

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Номер записи: 29
28-01-2016 дата публикации

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20160024391A1
Автор: ALKILDE Ole Frej, Christensen Thomas Sandahl
Принадлежит:

The invention relates to a process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons by the use of light-end fractions from downstream synthesis in the reforming section of the plant. 1. Process for the production of liquid hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon feedstock comprising:(a) combining a light-end fraction stream from the upgrading stage of step (g) with a stream of natural gas to form said hydrocarbon feedstock;(b) passing said hydrocarbon feedstock through a hydrogenation stage to form a hydrogenated feedstock;(c) passing the hydrogenated feedstock through a desulfurization stage to form a desulfurized feedstock;(d) passing the desulfurized feedstock through a pre-reforming stage under the addition of steam to form a pre-reformed gas;(e) passing the pre-reformed gas through an autothermal reformer (ATR) or Catalytic Partial Oxidation unit (CPO) under the addition of an oxidant gas to form a synthesis gas;(f) passing the synthesis gas through a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis stage to form a tail gas stream and a raw product stream of hydrocarbons;(g) passing the raw product stream of hydrocarbons through an upgrading stage to form a final product stream of liquid hydrocarbons and a light-end fraction stream, in which the light-end fraction stream comprises a C1-C6 fraction and C6+ fraction containing paraffinic and olefinic hydrocarbons, but no naphtha.2. Process according to in which the upgrading stage (g) comprises hydrocracking but no hydrotreating.3. Process according to in which the light-end fraction stream is liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) constituted by a C2-C6 fraction.4. Process according to in which the hydrogenation of step (b) is conducted under the addition of hydrogen to the hydrocarbon feedstock.5. Process according to in which the pre-reforming stage is conducted adiabatically in a fixed bed of nickel catalyst.6. Process according to in which the ATR or CPO stage is conducted in a fixed bed of nickel catalyst in which the active component is not solely a ...

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Номер записи: 30
28-01-2016 дата публикации

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS

Номер: US20160024405A1
Автор: KYLE RONALD
Принадлежит:

A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including COand a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating petroleum products , the method comprising:(a) introducing particles of a catalytic material, absorbent of microwave energy, into a higher-temperature portion of a reaction vessel;(b) introducing coal particles into the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel;(c) introducing steam into the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel;(d) introducing carbon dioxide into the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel;(e) irradiating the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel with microwave energy absorbed by the catalytic material in the reactor so as to heat the catalytic material and drive an endothermic reaction of the coal and the steam, catalyzed by the catalytic material, that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide, wherein (i) at least a portion of the hydrogen reacts with the carbon dioxide to produce water and carbon monoxide and (ii) at least a portion of the hydrogen undergoes exothermic reactions with the carbon monoxide, catalyzed by the catalytic material, to produce multiple petroleum products;(f) cooling a lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, thereby establishing a temperature gradient within the reaction vessel wherein the irradiated higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel exhibits a higher temperature than the cooled lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, ...

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Номер записи: 31
17-04-2014 дата публикации

HIGH PRESSURE GAS TO LIQUID PROCESS

Номер: US20140107233A1
Автор: Banister James
Принадлежит: GAS2 LIMITED

There is herein described a high pressure gas to liquid (GTL) process. More particularly, there is described a once through high pressure GTL process utilising a porous catalytic membrane reactor capable of being connected to a novel structured fixed bed reactor that incorporates forced flow through the porous catalytic structured catalyst in combination with high levels of heat transfer where there is no compression of syngas between reforming and Fischer-Tropsch steps. 135-. (canceled)36. A method for producing a heavier hydrocarbon stream from a light hydrocarbon stream using an oxidant stream comprising oxygen as an oxidant in a catalytic partial oxidation reactor and converting the synthesis gas in a Fischer-Tropsch process using a supported catalyst to produce heavier paraffin's wherein the required process pressure is supplied by charging the reactant streams to the catalytic partial oxidation reactor , the method comprising:a. compressing and heating the oxidant stream;b. heating the light hydrocarbon stream;c. supplying the oxidant and hydrocarbon streams to a catalytic partial oxidation reactor to form synthesis gas, the catalytic partial oxidation reactor comprising two chambers separated by a porous wall, where the porous wall contains or supports a partial oxidation catalyst and the oxidant and hydrocarbon molar flows are in the ratio of approximately about 1:2 and the oxidant is introduced predominantly into one chamber and the hydrocarbon is introduced predominantly into the second chamber;d. cooling the produced synthesis gas to condense water and separating the water;e. passing the dried synthesis gas without further compression to the Fischer-Tropsch reactor;f. converting the dried synthesis gas in a fixed bed, structured catalyst reactor where catalyst particles are fixed on a porous support and there is forced flow of syngas through the supported catalyst and porous support to produce a hydrocarbon stream (e.g. heavy paraffin's) and a gaseous ...

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Номер записи: 32
17-04-2014 дата публикации

Gas recycle loops in process for converting municipal solid waste into ethanol

Номер: US20140107234A1
Автор: James R. Jones, Jr., Peter G. Tiverios, Stephen H. Lucas
Принадлежит: Fulcrum Bioenergy Inc

Facilities and processes for generating ethanol from municipal solid waste (MSW) in an economical way via generating a syngas, passing the syngas through a catalytic synthesis reactor, separating fuel grade ethanol, extracting energy at particular strategic points, and recycling undesired byproducts.

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Номер записи: 33
24-04-2014 дата публикации

Centrifugal fluid ring plasma reactor

Номер: US20140113980A1
Автор: Richard Max MANDLE
Принадлежит: Individual

The Centrifugal Fluid Ring Plasma Reactor employs a centrifugal impeller and a fluid barrier to mix multi-phase fluids and repeatedly move the mixture through a reaction zone, where the mixture contacts catalysts and/or is subjected to electromagnetic, mechanical, nuclear, and/or sonic energy to create ions, free radicals or activated molecules, which initiate or promote a desired reaction. In one embodiment, high-voltage electromagnetic energy is applied to Cobalt and Tungsten/Thorium electrodes in the reaction zone to create plasma. The Centrifugal Fluid Ring Plasma Reactor is suitable for converting carbon dioxide and methane into useful fuel products and for performing other multi-phase chemical reactions.

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Номер записи: 34
31-01-2019 дата публикации

MICROCHANNEL REACTORS AND FABRICATION PROCESSES

Номер: US20190030508A1
Автор: Luzenski Robert J., Marchiando Michael, Neagle Paul W., Slane Jeffery D., Yuschak Thomas D.
Принадлежит: VELOCYS, INC.

A method of loading material within a microchannel device, the method comprising: (a) loading particulates into a plurality of microchannels; and, (b) ultrasonically packing the particulates into the plurality of microchannels using a portable, compact ultrasonic densification unit. 135-. (canceled)36. A method of increasing packing density of particulates loaded into a plurality of microchannels in microchannel apparatus , comprising: providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels having particulates contained therein; mounting a portable , compact ultrasonic device to a microchannel apparatus , the portable , compact ultrasonic device configured to be repositionable between a first position where the portable , compact ultrasonic device is in acoustic communication with the plurality of microchannels and a second position where the portable , compact ultrasonic device is not in acoustic communication with the plurality of microchannels; and , applying ultrasonic sound to the plurality of microchannels from the portable , compact ultrasonic device to densify the particulates to form a packed bed of particulates within the plurality of microchannels.37. The method of claim 36 , wherein a sonically conductive material is disposed between the portable claim 36 , compact ultrasonic device and the plurality of microchannels.3841-. (canceled)42. The method of claim 36 , wherein the ultrasonic sound is applied in bursts of one to ten seconds.43. The method of claim 36 , wherein each microchannel in the plurality of microchannels has a length of at least 10 cm and at least one dimension of 10 mm or less.44. The method of claim 36 , wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises at least 1000 microchannels and wherein the portable claim 36 , compact ultrasonic device extends over no more than 500 of the at least 1000 microchannels at one time.45. The method of claim 36 , wherein: the microchannel apparatus comprises an insert that extends down the ...

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Номер записи: 35
01-02-2018 дата публикации

FUEL CELL INTEGRATION WITHIN A HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

Номер: US20180034089A1
Автор: Barckholtz Timothy Andrew, Berlowitz Paul J., Hershkowitz Frank
Принадлежит:

Systems and methods are provided for incorporating molten carbonate fuel cells into a heat recovery steam generation system (HRSG) for production of electrical power while also reducing or minimizing the amount of COpresent in the flue gas exiting the HRSG. An optionally multi-layer screen or wall of molten carbonate fuel cells can be inserted into the HRSG so that the screen of molten carbonate fuel cells substantially fills the cross-sectional area. By using the walls of the HRSG and the screen of molten carbonate fuel cells to form a cathode input manifold, the overall amount of duct or flow passages associated with the MCFCs can be reduced. 112.-. (canceled)13. A heat recovery steam generator (“HRSG”) for producing electricity using an integrated molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an anode and cathode , the HRSG comprising:an enclosure that forms a flow path that extends between an inlet that receives a gas flow and an outlet that exhausts at least a portion of the received gas flow;one or more heat exchangers extending into the flow path; anda fuel cell screen located within the enclosure and comprising a plurality of molten carbonate fuel cells having cathode inlets, the fuel cell screen being oriented in the flow path so that the cathode inlets of the molten carbonate fuel cells receive substantially all of the received gas flow, the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cells also having a plurality of cathode outlets fluidly exposed to the flow path to discharge cathode exhaust to the flow path.14. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein the fuel cell screen is located in the flow path downstream from a duct burner located within the HRSG and upstream from the one or more heat exchangers.15. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein the fuel cell screen is located in the flow path downstream from a first heat exchanger of the one or more heat exchangers and upstream from a second heat exchanger of the one or more heat exchangers.16. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein a first cross ...

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Номер записи: 36
08-02-2018 дата публикации

Portable fuel synthesizer

Номер: US20180036709A1
Автор: Kevin Martin Henson, Roy Alvin Bynum
Принадлежит: Portable Gtl Systems LLC

A portable fuel synthesizer, comprising multiple shipping containers, the various modules within one of the multiple shipping containers, a boiler utilizing a hydrocarbon gas as fuel, a cooling system module connected to the boiler, the cooling system adjusts a temperature of the boiler, a syngas reformer, a reactor connected to the syngas reformer and the boiler, the reactor converts the syngas to a hydrocarbon liquid, a hot separator connected to the reactor, a cold separator connected to the hot separator separates liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous hydrocarbons at a lower temperature and pressure than the hot separator, a distillation unit connected to the cold separator performs fractional distillation and separation of hydrocarbon products received from the cold separator, a recycle module connected to the cold separator and distillation unit recycles unreacted gases to the reactor, and a fuel testing and blending unit to receive separated hydrocarbons from the distillation unit.

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Номер записи: 37
08-02-2018 дата публикации

Catalysts, related methods and reaction products

Номер: US20180037824A1
Автор: Schuetzle Dennis, Schuetzle Robert
Принадлежит:

The present invention generally relates to improved catalysts that provide for reduced product contaminants, related methods and improved reaction products. It more specifically relates to improved direct fuel production and redox catalysts that provide for reduced levels of certain oxygenated contaminants, methods related to the use of those catalysts, and hydrocarbon fuel or fuel-related products that have improved characteristics. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbon liquid fuels. The method includes the steps of: converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas; and, converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons (including liquid fuels) and a water fraction. The water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids. 1. A method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbons comprising:a) converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas;b) converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons and a water fraction wherein the water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks are selected from a group consisting of: gas-phase feedstocks; liquid-phase feedstocks; and claim 1 , solid-phase feedstocks.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more carboxylic acids are selected from a group consisting of: methanoic acid; ethanoic acid;propanoic acid; butanoic acid; pentanoic acid; hexanoic acid; and octanoic acid.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a conversion catalyst is used to convert the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons and a water fraction claim 1 , and wherein the conversion catalyst comprises a substrate claim 1 , and wherein the substrate comprises a surface having a pH ranging from about 6.0 to about 8.0.5. The method ...

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Номер записи: 38
18-02-2016 дата публикации

HYDROCARBON-PRODUCING APPARATUS AND HYDRO-CARBON- PRODUCING METHOD

Номер: US20160046869A1
Автор: Inoue Junichi, ISHITO Yukifumi, NAGANO Haruki, Shingu Masaki, Tasaka Kazuhiko
Принадлежит:

In the hydrocarbon-producing apparatus, a vapor-liquid separation tank of a second vapor-liquid separation unit is provided with a filling material layer. A vapor-liquid separation tank of the first vapor-liquid separation unit has a first return line. The vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit has a second return line. A light component of light oil discharged from a bottom of the vapor-liquid separation tank is returned to a portion between a top side above a return-location from the second return line within the vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit, and a line directly connected with a cooler installed on the first vapor-liquid separation unit through the first return line. A heavy component of light oil discharged from a bottom of the vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit is returned to the filling material layer through the second return line. 1. A hydrocarbon-producing apparatus for producing hydrocarbons by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction , the hydrocarbon-producing apparatus comprising:a bubble column slurry bed reactor configured to hold a slurry including catalyst particles and liquid hydrocarbons therein; anda vapor-liquid separator having a plurality of vapor-liquid separation units each including a cooler and a vapor-liquid separation tank, which is configured to cool hydrocarbons, which are extracted from a gaseous phase portion at an upper portion of the slurry within the reactor and are gaseous under conditions within the reactor, using the cooler, and which is configured to liquefy a portion of the hydrocarbons in the vapor-liquid separation tank to perform vapor-liquid separation, whereina first vapor-liquid separation unit is positioned at the last stage in the vapor-liquid separator, and a middle portion within a vapor-liquid separation tank of a second vapor-liquid separation unit arranged on the upstream side of the first vapor-liquid ...

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Номер записи: 39
03-03-2022 дата публикации

COMPACT AND MAINTAINABLE WASTE REFORMATION APPARATUS

Номер: US20220062846A1
Автор: Galloway Terry R., Waidl Joseph Oscar
Принадлежит: Raven SR, Inc.

Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

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Номер записи: 40
08-05-2014 дата публикации

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AT LEAST ONE PRODUCT FROM AT LEAST ONE GASEOUS REACTANT IN A SLURRY BED

Номер: US20140128483A1
Автор: Breman Berthold Berend
Принадлежит: SASOL TECHNOLOGY (PROPRIETARY) LIMITED

A process for producing at least one product from at least one gaseous reactant includes feeding the gaseous reactant, as a gaseous feed or as part of a gaseous feed which is at an inlet superficial gas velocity of at least 0.5 m/s, into a vessel holding an expanded slurry bed of solid catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid so that the gaseous reactant can bubble upwardly through the slurry bed. The slurry bed has a catalyst loading of at least 20% by volume of degassed slurry. The gaseous reactant s allowed to react catalytically at a pressure above atmospheric pressure as the gaseous reactant bubbles upwardly through the slurry bed to produce at least one product. The product and any unreacted gaseous reactant are withdrawn from the vessel. 1. A process for producing at least one product from at least one gaseous reactant , the process includingfeeding said at least one gaseous reactant, as a gaseous feed or as part of a gaseous feed which is at an inlet superficial gas velocity of at least 0.5 m/s, into a vessel holding an expanded slurry bed of solid catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid so that the gaseous reactant can bubble upwardly through the slurry bed, the slurry bed having a catalyst loading of at least 20% by volume of degassed slurry;allowing said at least one gaseous reactant to react catalytically at a pressure above atmospheric pressure as the gaseous reactant bubbles upwardly through the slurry bed to produce said at least one product; andwithdrawing said at least one product and any unreacted gaseous reactant from the vessel.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the gaseous feed includes at least CO and Has gaseous reactants claim 1 , and in which the gaseous feed is fed into the slurry bed to produce liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons claim 1 , with the catalyst being a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst.3. The process as claimed in claim 2 , in which the volumetric productivity of the process (the space-time yield ...

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Номер записи: 41
25-02-2021 дата публикации

METHOD RELATED TO HEAT TRANSFER FOR EXOTHERMIC REACTIONS

Номер: US20210054291A1
Автор: Barochia Jayen, Karim Khalid, Nawaz Zeeshan
Принадлежит:

Disclosed herein is a method of producing a product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons comprising the steps of: a) converting synthesis gas to the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons in a first reactor; b) removing the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons from the first reactor; c) reintroducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into the first reactor and/or introducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into a cooling jacket of the first reactor; and d) performing an exothermic reaction in the first reactor, thereby transferring heat from the exothermic reaction to the C6-C18 hydrocarbons, thereby storing heat in the C6-C18 hydrocarbons. 1. A method of producing a product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons comprising the steps of:a) converting synthesis gas to the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons in a first reactor;b) removing the product comprising C2-C5 hydrocarbons and C6-C18 hydrocarbons from the first reactor; '1.d) performing an exothermic reaction in the first reactor, thereby transferring heat from the exothermic reaction to the C6-C18 hydrocarbons, thereby storing heat in the C6-C18 hydrocarbons.', 'c) reintroducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into the first reactor and/or introducing the C6-C18 hydrocarbons into a cooling jacket of the first reactor; and'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transferring of heat from the exothermic reaction to the C6-C18 hydrocarbons causes a phase change of the C6-C18 hydrocarbons.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the C6-C18 hydrocarbons are reintroduced into the first reactor.4. The method of any one of claim 1 , wherein the C6-C18 hydrocarbons are introduced into the cooling jacket of the first reactor.5. The method of any one of claim 1 , wherein the C6-C18 hydrocarbons are reintroduced into the first reactor with the reactants of the exothermic reaction.6. The method of any one of claim 1 , wherein the C6-C18 hydrocarbons ...

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Номер записи: 42
23-02-2017 дата публикации

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20170051210A1
Автор: Kuhl Olaf
Принадлежит:

A method producing synthetic hydrocarbons includes producing synthesis gas. An initial step, carbon or a mixture of carbon and hydrogen is brought into contact with water at a temperature of 800-1700° C. The synthesis gas is converted into synthetic functionalised and/or non-functionalised hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer Tropsch process wherein it is brought into contact with a suitable catalyst, and wherein water in which a portion of the synthetic hydrocarbons is dissolved results as a by-product. At least a portion of the water that is produced as a by-product is supplied to the initial step. The hydrocarbons that are dissolved in the water decompose into particle-like carbon and hydrogen at the high temperature. The carbon is converted into CO in the presence of water and at a high temperature and forms a portion of the synthesis gas that is produced. In this way, a costly process for cleaning half of the water that is produced as a by-product is avoided. 111-. (canceled)12. A method for producing synthetic hydrocarbons which comprises the following steps:a) producing synthesis gas by bringing carbon or a mixture of carbon and hydrogen into contact with water at a temperature of 800-1700° C.;b) converting the synthesis gas into synthetic functionalised and/or non-functionalised hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer Tropsch process by bringing the synthesis gas into contact with a suitable catalyst, wherein water results as a by-product in which a portion of the synthetic hydrocarbons is dissolved; andc) supplying at least a portion of the water that was produced as a by-product to the step a);wherein a portion of the water that is produced as a by-product is vaporised at a temperature above the decomposing temperature of the synthetic hydrocarbons dissolved in the water; and{'b': '43', 'wherein the vapour is used for propelling a steam turbine ().'}13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the temperature of the water claim 12 , when being supplied to the ...

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Номер записи: 43
03-03-2016 дата публикации

RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND ZERO EMISSION POWER SYSTEM

Номер: US20160060537A1
Автор: Hsu Michael S.
Принадлежит:

The invention provides an energy system comprising a fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate, an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor, an energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, and a catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel. 1. An energy system , comprisinga fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate,an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor,a renewable energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, anda catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel or a liquid chemical.2. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel processor comprises a reformer.3. The energy system of claim 2 , wherein the reformer is a partial oxidation reformer claim 2 , an autothermal reformer claim 2 , a steam methane reformer claim 2 , or a steam reformer.4. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed within the fuel processor.5. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed external to the fuel processor.6. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the energy source is a renewable solar or wind energy source.7. The energy system of claim 1 , further comprising a separation unit coupled to the fuel processor for separating hydrogen from the reformate.8. The energy system of claim 7 , further comprisinga compressor coupled to the separation unit for compressing the hydrogen separated from the reformate by the separation unit, anda storage element for storing the hydrogen compressed by the compressor.9. The energy system of claim 1 , ...

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Номер записи: 44
01-03-2018 дата публикации

Method of producing product gas from multiple carbonaceous feedstock streams mixed with a reduced-pressure mixing gas

Номер: US20180057760A1
Автор: Brian Christopher ATTWOOD, Daniel A. Burciaga, Daniel Michael Leo, Dave G. Newport, Emily Jane SCHULTHEIS, Justin Kevin MILLER, Kaitlin Emily HARRINGTON, Kelly Ann KISHTON, Ravi Chandran, Shawn Robert Freitas
Принадлежит: ThermoChem Recovery International Inc

A feedstock delivery system transfers a carbonaceous material, such as municipal solid waste, into a product gas generation system. The feedstock delivery system includes a splitter for splitting bulk carbonaceous material into a plurality of carbonaceous material streams. Each stream is processed using a weighing system for gauging the quantity of carbonaceous material, a densification system for forming plugs of carbonaceous material, a de-densification system for breaking up the plugs of carbonaceous material, and a gas and carbonaceous material mixing system for forming a carbonaceous material and gas mixture. A pressure of the mixing gas is reduced prior to mixing with the carbonaceous material, and the carbonaceous material to gas weight ratio is monitored. A transport assembly conveys the carbonaceous material and gas mixture to a first reactor where at least the carbonaceous material within the mixture is subject to thermochemical reactions to form the product gas.

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Номер записи: 45
01-03-2018 дата публикации

Processes For Producing High Biogenic Concentration Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Derived From Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Feedstocks

Номер: US20180057762A1
Автор: Lucas Stephen H., Rich Lewis L., Tiverios Peter G.
Принадлежит:

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock. 1. A transportation fuel or fuel additive derived from biogenic carbon materials , the fuel derived from a process comprising the steps of:a) in a feedstock processing step, removing non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from municipal solid waste that contain materials that are produced from plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials, to produce a feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbons along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andb) converting the processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids in a bio-refinery while maintaining the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and the relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andc) upgrading the Fischer-Tropsch liquids into a transportation fuel or fuel additive.2. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein the feedstock processing step includes at least two processing steps.3. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim 1 , more than about 10% of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials are purposefully removed from the municipal solid waste.4. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing ...

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Номер записи: 46
02-03-2017 дата публикации

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING H2-RICH SYNTHESIS GAS

Номер: US20170057818A1
Автор: Kuhl Olaf
Принадлежит:

A method for producing ¾-rich synthesis gas comprises the following steps: decomposing a hydrocarbon-containing fluid into an H/C-aerosol in a first hydrocarbon converter by supplying energy which is at least partly provided in the form of heat; introducing at least a first stream of the H/C-aerosol into a first sub-process which comprises the following steps: directing at least a part of the H/C-aerosol from the first hydrocarbon converter into a first C-converter; introducing COinto the first C-converter and mixing the COwith the H/C-aerosol introduced into the first C-converter; converting the mixture of H/C-aerosol and COinto a synthesis gas at a temperature of 800 to 1700° C.; mixing additional Hwith the synthesis gas for the production of H-rich synthesis gas. In a second sub-process running in parallel with the first sub-process, hydrogen Hand carbon dioxide COare produced from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, wherein at least a portion of the COproduced in the second sub-process is introduced into the first C-converter; and wherein at least a portion of the Hproduced in the second sub-process is mixed with the synthesis gas from the first C-converter. The COwhich is needed for the conversion of C in the first C-converter can thereby be provided independently of an external source, and the entire operational sequence is easily controllable. 117- (canceled)18. A method for producing H-rich synthesis gas comprising the following steps:{'sub': '2', 'b': 9', '9, 'decomposing a hydrocarbon-containing fluid into an H/C-aerosol in a first hydrocarbon converter (, ′) by supplying energy which is at least partly provided in the form of heat;'}{'sub': '2', 'introducing at least a first stream of the H/C aerosol into a first sub-process which comprises the following steps{'sub': '2', 'b': 9', '9', '14, 'directing at least a part of the H/C-aerosol from the first hydrocarbon converter (, ′) into a first C converter ().'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'b': 14', '14, 'introducing ...

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Номер записи: 47
02-03-2017 дата публикации

FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES THAT HAVE HIGH BIOGENIC CONTENT DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE ORGANIC FEEDSTOCK

Номер: US20170058222A1
Автор: Lucas Stephen H., Rich Lewis L., Tiverios Peter G.
Принадлежит: FULCRUM BIOENERGY, INC.

Fuel and fuel additives can be produced by processes that provide Fischer-Tropsch liquids having high biogenic carbon concentrations of up to about 100% biogenic carbon. The fuels and fuel additive have essentially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids which, in turn, contain the same concentration of biogenic carbon as the feedstock. 1. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock sources comprising:At least one of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) and diesel derived from Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the renewable organic feedstock to the Fischer-Tropsch process that creates the Fischer-Tropsch liquids, wherein the high biogenic concentration is up to 100% biogenic carbons in both the feedstock and the FT liquids, as confirmable by radiocarbon dating and as opposed to non-biogenic carbons derived from fossil sources of carbon.3. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock , the high biogenic content fuel comprising:at least one of naphtha, diesel fuel and Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) derived from Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic renewable organic concentration as the feedstock to the Fischer-Tropsch process that creates the Fischer-Tropsch liquids, wherein the high biogenic concentration is up to 100% biogenic carbons in both the feedstock and the FT liquids, as confirmable by radiocarbon dating and as opposed to non-biogenic carbons derived from fossil sources of carbons.5. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock sources according to wherein the high biogenic concentration is the same percentage biogenic carbon in both the feedstock and the FT liquids.6. A high ...

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Номер записи: 48
04-03-2021 дата публикации

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR ENCODING AND DECODING HDR IMAGES

Номер: US20210062095A9
Автор: BOITARD Ronan, GUILLEMOT CHRISTINE, LE PENDU MIKAEL, Thoreau Dominique
Принадлежит:

To encode High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, the HDR images can be converted to Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images through tone mapping operation, and the LDR images can be encoded with an LDR encoder. The present principles formulates a rate distortion minimization problem when designing the tone mapping curve. In particular, the tone mapping curve is formulated as a function of the probability distribution function of the HDR images to be encoded and a Lagrangian multiplier that depends on encoding parameters. At the decoder, based on the parameters indicative of the tone mapping function, an inverse tone mapping function can be derived to reconstruct HDR images from decoded LDR images. 1. A method comprising:determining a tone mapping function responsive to images and at least one encoding parameter;determining a lower dynamic range version of said images from said images responsive to the tone mapping function;encoding the lower dynamic range version of said images and information including a parameter used to encode the determined lower dynamic range version of said images, said parameter being intended to be used for generating an inverse ton-mapping function; andtransmitting the encoded lower dynamic range version of said images and information in one or more signals.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the parameter used to encode the lower dynamic range version of said images is a quantization parameter.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the tone curve estimator determines a Lagrangian multiplier responsive to the quantization parameter.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining a tone mapping function comprises determining at least one of the dynamic range of said images and a probability distribution function of said images.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the tone mapping function is responsive to a rate distortion function.6. The method of further comprising providing said one or more signals signal for storage.7. The method of further ...

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Номер записи: 49
22-05-2014 дата публикации

PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR BLENDING SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL CRUDE OILS AND BLENDS MADE THEREBY.

Номер: US20140142204A1
Автор: "ORear Dennis John", Das Tapan Kumar, Evans Allison Amy, Hart Michelle, Jothimurugesan Kandaswany, Kibby Charles Leonard, SAXTON Robert James
Принадлежит: Chevron U.S.A. INC.

A process and system are described for producing a synthetic crude oil by contacting a synthesis gas with a combination of a synthesis gas conversion catalyst and a hydroconversion catalyst in a synthesis gas reactor. The synthesis gas can be obtained from gas associated with crude oil production, i.e., associated gas, in a synthesis gas generator. The synthetic crude oil can be blended with a natural crude oil to produce a blended stabilized crude oil having 2 wt % or more of the synthetic crude oil. The resulting blended stabilized crude oil has improved flow characteristics including a pour point of 30° C. or less. 1. A process for producing a blended stabilized crude oil from a stream of produced fluids produced from a hydrocarbon containing subterranean reservoir , the process comprising:(a) converting synthesis gas in a conversion reactor, in the presence of a synthesis gas conversion catalyst and a hydroconversion catalyst, into a tail gas and a liquid effluent stream including liquefied petroleum gas and synthetic crude oil; and(b) sending at least a portion of the liquid effluent stream to a separator and separating the liquefied petroleum gas from the synthetic crude oil; and 'wherein the blended stabilized crude oil has a pour point at or below 30° C. and comprises at least 2 wt % of the synthetic crude oil.', '(c) producing a blended stabilized crude oil containing natural crude oil obtained from produced fluids produced from the hydrocarbon containing subterranean reservoir and the synthetic crude oil;'}2. The process of claim 1 , further comprising:prior to step (a), separating natural gas from produced fluids produced from a hydrocarbon bearing reservoir, andconverting the natural gas to the synthesis gas.3. The process of claim 2 , further comprising:separating liquefied petroleum gas from produced fluids produced from a hydrocarbon bearing reservoir; andconverting the liquefied petroleum gas to the synthesis gas.4. The process of claim 1 , further ...

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Номер записи: 50
17-03-2022 дата публикации

Methanol production process from syngas produced by catalytic partial oxidation integrated with cracking

Номер: US20220081380A1
Автор: Atul Pant, Ravichander Narayanaswamy, Sivadinarayana Chinta
Принадлежит: Eni Spa

A process for producing syngas and olefins including the steps of feeding a catalytic partial oxidation (CPO) reactant mixture (oxygen, first hydrocarbons, steam) to a CPO reactor (CPO catalyst); wherein the CPO reactant mixture reacts, via CPO reaction, in CPO reactor to produce a CPO reactor effluent (H2, CO, CO2, water, unreacted first hydrocarbons). The process further includes feeding a cracking unit feed (second hydrocarbons) to a cracking unit to produce a cracking unit product (olefins), a hydrogen-rich stream (hydrogen, CH4), and a hydrocarbon recovery stream (C4+ hydrocarbons); wherein the first and the second hydrocarbons are the same or different; recovering a hydrogen-enriched stream (hydrogen) and a hydrocarbon-enriched stream (CH4) from the hydrogen-rich stream; and contacting the CPO reactor effluent with the hydrogen-enriched stream to yield hydrogen-enriched syngas, and wherein the M ratio ((H2—CO2)/(CO+CO2)) of the hydrogen-enriched syngas is greater than the M ratio of the CPO reactor effluent.

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Номер записи: 51
17-03-2022 дата публикации

Feedstock Processing Systems And Methods For Producing Fischer-Tropsch Liquids And Transportation Fuels

Номер: US20220081630A1
Автор: Lucas Stephen H., Macias E. James, Rich Lewis L., Thomson Gregor A., Tiverios Peter G.
Принадлежит:

A method for processing feedstock is described, characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock. In some embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW). In other embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass. In some instances, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids. The high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids may be upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels. Alternatively, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover plastic material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% or less. 1. A method for processing feedstock , characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed solid waste is municipal solid waste (MSW).5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mixed solid waste is comprised of wet organic waste claim 2 , dry organic waste and inorganic waste that is comingled.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids are upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels.8. The method of claim 5 ...

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Номер записи: 52
08-03-2018 дата публикации

METHOD USING CARBON MONOXIDE RESISTANT MEMBRANCE TO CONTROL H2/CO RATIO OF SYNTHESIS GAS FEED TO FISCHER-TROPSCH UNIT

Номер: US20180065080A1
Автор: AZAD Kamal, SAUKAITIS John Charles
Принадлежит:

An integrated process for making high molecular weight hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas feed to a Fischer-Tropsch unit. A carbon monoxide resistant gold-on-palladium membrane system (membrane system) is used to control the hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide molar ratio of a feed to the Fischer-Tropsch unit. The membrane system is operatively connected between a steam reformer and the Fischer-Tropsch unit. The membrane system receives a synthesis gas stream and provides for the removal of hydrogen from the synthesis gas stream to provide a retentate stream having a desired H/CO molar ratio that is fed to the Fischer-Tropsch unit. 1. A process for converting gaseous hydrocarbons to higher molecular weight hydrocarbons , wherein said process comprises:providing a carbon monoxide resistant gold-on-palladium supported gas separation membrane system, comprising a gold-on-palladium membrane, that is operatively connected between a steam reforming unit and a Fischer-Tropsch unit;passing at least a portion of a synthesis gas stream yielded from said steam reforming unit and having a synthesis gas stream hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio as a membrane system feed to said carbon monoxide resistant gold-on-palladium supported gas separation membrane system;yielding from carbon monoxide resistant gold-on-palladium supported gas separation membrane system a permeate stream, comprising hydrogen, and a retentate stream, having a retentate stream hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio;passing said retentate stream as a Fischer-Tropsch unit feed to said Fischer-Tropsch unit; andyielding from said Fischer-Tropsch unit a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product.2. A process as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:combining a remaining portion of said synthesis gas stream with said retentate stream in an amount so as to provide said Fischer-Tropsch unit feed having a desired hydrogen-to-carbon monoxide ratio.3. A process as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:combining a portion of said permeate ...

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Номер записи: 53
08-03-2018 дата публикации

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PARTIAL OR COMPLETE OXIDATION OF FUELS

Номер: US20180065101A1
Автор: Chung Elena, Fan Liang-Shih, KATHE Mandar, Tong Andrew, Wang William
Принадлежит:

A system used for converting multiple fuel feedstocks may include three reactors. The reactor system combination can be so chosen that one of the reactors completely or partially converts the fuel while the other generates the gaseous product required by utilizing the gaseous product from the second reactor. The metal-oxide composition and the reactor flow-patterns can be manipulated to provide the desired product. A method for optimizing the system efficiency where a pressurized gaseous fuel or a pressurized utility is used for applications downstream can be used to any system processing fuels and metal-oxide. 1. A system for the production of syngas , comprising:a first reactor comprising a plurality of oxygen carrying particles comprising a first metal oxide, wherein the first reactor is configured to provide a counter-current contact mode between the first metal oxide and a first fuel to reduce the first metal oxide to a second metal oxide;{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'a second reactor in communication with the first reactor, the second reactor configured to oxidize the second metal oxide to a third metal oxide, and further configured to reduce the third metal oxide to a fourth metal oxide with a second fuel to provide a partially or fully oxidized gaseous fuel comprising one or more of CO, CO, H, and HO, wherein the second metal oxide is oxidized to the third metal oxide using an enhancing gas of COand HO, the partially or fully oxidized gaseous fuel, or a combination thereof, to generate syngas; and'}a third reactor in communication with the second reactor, the third reactor configured to regenerate the first metal oxide by oxidizing the fourth metal oxide with an oxygen source.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the counter-current contact mode between the first metal oxide and the first fuel is such that the first metal oxide moves downward and the first fuel moves upward.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first metal oxide is introduced to the top of ...

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Номер записи: 54
11-03-2021 дата публикации

Process of Removing Heat

Номер: US20210070681A1
Автор: Dolan John, GREAGER Ivan Phillip, HARRIS Roger Allen, LeViness Stephen Claude, PARKER Dennis, RAMLAL Jasmeer Jaichland, STEYNBERG Andre Peter
Принадлежит:

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system. 120-. (canceled)21. A method of starting up an exothermic reaction comprising:(a) providing at least two separate reaction trains each comprising at least one reactor;(b) providing a common coolant circulation system which comprises a single common reservoir comprising a coolant which is fed into each reaction train;(c) starting circulation of the coolant to each reaction train;(d) increasing the pressure the reactors to a desired reaction pressure;(e) feeding a reactant feedstream into each reaction train;(f) increasing the temperature of the single common reservoir while adjusting the GHSV of the reactant feedstreams through each reaction train to obtain the desired extent of exothermic reaction.2226-. (canceled)27. A method of starting up an exothermic reaction in a start-up reactor comprised in a reaction train , said method comprisinga) providing multiple reaction trains each comprising at least one reactor;b) providing a common coolant circulation system which comprises a single common reservoir comprising a first coolant which is fed into each reaction train except the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor in which the exothermic reaction is to be started up;c) providing a second coolant circulation system associated with a second coolant reservoir comprising a second coolant which is fed into the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor;d) increasing the pressure in the start-up reactor to a desired reaction pressure;e) feeding a reactant feedstream into the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor;f) running the process until the operating conditions of the start-up reactor are such that the coolant exiting the start-up reactor may be reintroduced to the common coolant circulation system; andg) ...

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Номер записи: 55
12-03-2015 дата публикации

Engineered fuel storage, respeciation and transport

Номер: US20150073062A1
Автор: Roy Edward McAlister
Принадлежит: McAlister Technologies LLC

Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for thermochemical regeneration of biomass into renewable engineered fuel, storage of the renewable engineered fuel, respeciation of the renewable engineered fuel and transport. In one aspect, a method includes generating low density hydrogen fuel from biomass dissociation at a first location of a low elevation. The low density hydrogen fuel is self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A high density hydrogen carrier is generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the low density hydrogen fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The high density hydrogen carrier is delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

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Номер записи: 56
29-05-2014 дата публикации

Carbon to liquids system and method of operation

Номер: US20140148520A1
Автор: Dhaval Ajit BHANDARI, Surinder Prabhjot Singh, Vitali Victor Lissianski
Принадлежит: General Electric Co

A method of operating a carbon to liquids system is provided. The method includes receiving a flow of syngas and reacting, in a reactor, the syngas and a catalyst in a Fischer-Tropsch reaction to produce a product including steam, wherein the reactor includes a polymeric material that is configured to permit the permeation of the steam therethrough. The method also includes recycling the permeated steam to a vessel positioned upstream from the reactor.

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Номер записи: 57
15-03-2018 дата публикации

PROCESS OF REMOVING HEAT

Номер: US20180072643A1
Автор: Dolan John, GREAGER Ivan Phillip, HARRIS Roger Allen, LeVINESS Steven Claude, PARKER Dennis, RAMLAL Jasmeer Jaichland, STEYNBERG Andre Peter
Принадлежит:

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. (canceled)14. (canceled)15. (canceled)16. (canceled)17. (canceled)18. (canceled)19. (canceled)20. (canceled)21. (canceled)22. A method of isolating a reaction train from an exothermic reaction process circuit which comprises multiple reaction trains to which a first coolant is fed from a common first coolant reservoir and wherein each reaction train comprises a reactor to which a reactant substream is fed , comprising:performing the exothermic reaction in the reactor to produce reaction products and first coolant to which heat has been transferred;providing a second coolant circulation system associated with a second coolant reservoir;redirecting the first coolant to which heat has been transferred from the reaction train to be isolated to the second coolant reservoir; and thenstopping the feed of the first coolant to the reaction train to be isolated while simultaneously initiating the feed of the second coolant from the second coolant reservoir to the reaction train to be isolated.23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the first coolant and the second coolant are the same.24. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the first coolant and the second coolant are different.25. A method of reintroducing a reaction train which has been isolated from an exothermic reaction process circuit which comprises multiple reaction trains to which a first coolant is fed from a common coolant reservoir claim 22 , wherein each reaction train comprises a reactor to which a reactant substream is fed and wherein:an exothermic reaction is performed in the reactor of each ...

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Номер записи: 58
17-03-2016 дата публикации

METHODS FOR PRODUCTION OF LIQUID HYDROCARBONS FROM METHANE AND CO2

Номер: US20160075951A1
Автор: SANNER Gunnar
Принадлежит:

A liquid hydrocarbon production method comprising a) reacting methane with water to form syngas containing hydrogen, b) reacting a part of the hydrogen with carbon dioxide to form methane and water, c) supplying said methane and water obtained from carbon dioxide to the syngas forming reaction and d) reacting the remaining syngas to form liquid hydrocarbons is dis closed. 1. Liquid hydrocarbon production method comprising{'sub': '2', '1a) reacting methane with HO to form syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide,'}{'sub': '2', '1b) reacting a part of the hydrogen with carbon dioxide to form methane and HO,'}{'sub': '2', '1c) supplying said methane and HO obtained from carbon dioxide to the syngas forming reaction and'}1d) reacting the remaining syngas to form liquid hydrocarbons.2. Liquid hydrocarbon production method comprising{'sub': '2', '2a) reacting methane with HO and carbon dioxide to form syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide,'}{'sub': n', '2n+2, '2b) reacting the syngas to form liquid hydrocarbons, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon is alkane CH, where n=5-17, preferably n=5-10.'}3. Liquid hydrocarbon production method comprising{'sub': '2', '3a) reacting methane with HO to form syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide,'}{'sub': n', '2n+2, '3b) reacting the syngas and carbon dioxide to form liquid hydrocarbons, wherein the liquid hydrocarbon is alkane CH, where n=5-17, preferably n=5-10.'}4. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction 1a) and 3a) comprises steam reforming and the reaction 2a) comprises combined steam reforming and COreforming.5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein reaction 1b) comprises a Sabatier process.6. Method according to claim 1 , comprising supplying energy to one or more of the reactions.7. Method according to claim 6 , wherein the energy supplied is heat energy.8. Method according to wherein the energy supplied is sustainable energy.9. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid hydrocarbon is alcohol ...

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Номер записи: 59
12-06-2014 дата публикации

Method for forming synthesis gas using a plasma-catalyzed fuel reformer

Номер: US20140157669A1
Автор: Joseph J. Hartvigsen, Michele Hollist, Piotr Czernichowski, S. Elangovan
Принадлежит: Individual

A method of forming a synthesis gas utilizing a reformer is disclosed. The method utilizes a reformer that includes a plasma zone to receive a pre-heated mixture of reactants and ionize the reactants by applying an electrical potential thereto. A first thermally conductive surface surrounds the plasma zone and is configured to transfer heat from an external heat source into the plasma zone. The reformer further includes a reaction zone to chemically transform the ionized reactants into synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide. A second thermally conductive surface surrounds the reaction zone and is configured to transfer heat from the external heat source into the reaction zone. The first thermally conductive surface and second thermally conductive surface are both directly exposed to the external heat source. A corresponding apparatus and system are also disclosed herein.

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Номер записи: 60
26-03-2015 дата публикации

Integrated biorefinery for production of liquid fuels

Номер: US20150086432A1
Автор: Harold A. Wright, Joshua B. PEARSON, Randy BLEVINS
Принадлежит: Res USA LLC

A system including a mixing apparatus configured to produce a reformer feedstock and comprising one or more cylindrical vessel having a conical bottom section, an inlet for superheated steam within the conical bottom section and an inlet for at least one carbonaceous material at or near the top of the cylindrical vessel, wherein the one or more cylindrical vessel is a pressure vessel configured for operation at a pressure in the range of from about 5 psig (34.5 kPa) to about 50 psig (344.7 kPa); a reformer configured to produce, from the reformer feedstock, a reformer product comprising synthesis gas, and also producing a hot flue gas; a synthesis gas conversion apparatus configured to catalytically convert at least a portion of the synthesis gas in the reformer product into synthesis gas conversion product, and to separate, from the synthesis gas conversion product, a spent catalyst stream and a tailgas.

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Номер записи: 61
12-06-2014 дата публикации

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID HYDROCARBON FUELS

Номер: US20140163120A1
Автор: KYLE RONALD
Принадлежит: ECOKAP TECHNOLOGIES LLC

A method of converting carbon containing compounds such as coal, methane or other hydrocarbons into a liquid hydrocarbon fuel utilizes a high pressure, high temperature reactor which operates upon a blend of a carbon compound including COand a carbon source, a catalyst, and steam. Microwave power is directed into the reactor. The catalyst, preferably magnetite, will act as a heating media for the microwave power and the temperature of the reactor will rise to a level to efficiently convert the carbon and steam into hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1. A process for converting carbon containing material to petroleum products , comprising:introducing the carbon containing material into a reactor;introducing steam into the reactor;introducing particles of a catalytic material, absorbent of microwave energy into the reactor; andirradiating the catalytic material in the reactor with microwave energy to heat the catalyst and cause gasification of carbon containing material and steam to produce hydrogen and carbon monoxide which react to produce petroleum products; wherebythe catalyst will accelerate an exothermic reaction between the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to produce the petroleum products.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide produced in the reactor combines with the carbon containing material and/or hydrogen in the steam to form carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein additional carbon dioxide is injected into the base of the reactor and whereby a substantial portion of the sum of carbon dioxide produced in the reaction plus the carbon dioxide injected into the reactor is converted to carbon monoxide which is consumed in the formation of the petroleum products.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises a vertical column having a base and a top claim 1 , the base having windows of a material transparent to microwaves and said microwaves are injected through the ...

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Номер записи: 62
09-04-2015 дата публикации

METHOD FOR PREPARING LIQUID HYDROCARBONS FROM SYNGAS

Номер: US20150099814A1
Автор: CHEN Yilong, GONG Yan, JIN Jiaqi, KUAI Pingyu, SONG Kan, ZHANG Yanfeng
Принадлежит:

A method for preparing a liquid hydrocarbon from syngas. The method includes: 1) mixing crude syngas from a biomass gasifier and a hydrogen-rich gas to yield a mixed gas; 2) dehydrating and decarbonizing the mixed gas for removal of moisture, carbon dioxide, and impurities, to yield a fine syngas; 3) introducing the fine syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device in the presence of a catalyst, controlling a reaction temperature of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at between 150 and 300° C. and a reaction pressure of between 2 and 4 MPa (A), to yield a liquid hydrocarbon and water which is discharged out of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device; and 4) returning 70-95 vol. % of exhaust gases from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device to step 3) to mix with the fine syngas, and introducing the resulting mixed gas to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device. 1. A method for preparing a liquid hydrocarbon from syngas , the method comprising:1) mixing crude syngas from a biomass gasifier and a hydrogen-rich gas to yield a mixed gas, wherein a volume ratio of the hydrogen-rich gas to the crude syngas is between 0.7 and 2.1;2) dehydrating and decarbonizing the mixed gas for removal of moisture, carbon dioxide, and impurities, to yield a fine syngas;3) introducing the fine syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in the presence of a catalyst, controlling a reaction temperature of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis at between 150 and 300° C. and a reaction pressure of between 2 and 4 MPa (A), to yield a liquid hydrocarbon; and4) returning 70-95 vol. % of exhaust gases from the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device to step 3) to mix with the fine syngas, and introducing a resulting mixed gas to the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis device.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein in 1) claim 1 , the hydrogen-rich gas comprises 60-99 vol. % of hydrogen.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein in 3) claim 2 , the fine syngas has a H/CO volume ratio of between 1.8 and 3.0 claim 2 , ...

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Номер записи: 63
05-04-2018 дата публикации

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS, ORGANIC WASTE AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20180094195A1
Автор: HAFEZ Hisham Mohamed, Lehoux Richard Romeo, SALT Dave, SEHDEV Ranjit
Принадлежит:

A process and system for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio is disclosed. Organic material is biochemically digested in a two stage biodigester for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and a methane containing biogas in a second stage. The methane containing biogas is reformed in a first reformer to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, which are then combined in a mixer with the hydrogen containing biogas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio. The syngas is reacted with a catalyst in a second reformer, a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, to produce the hydrocarbon. Using a two stage biodigester allows for the generation of separate hydrogen and methane streams, a more economical generation of the FT syngas and reduced fouling of the FT catalyst. 1. A process for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio , comprising the steps ofa) subjecting organic material including biomass and microorganisms for anaerobic digestion to multiple stage anaerobic digestion for separately producing hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and methane containing biogas in a second stage, wherein to minimize growth of hydrogentrophic methanogens in the first stage, a solids retention time is decoupled from a liquid retention time in the first stage by recycling to the first stage solids separated from an effluent of the first stage,b) reforming the methane containing biogas to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, andc) combining the hydrogen containing biogas, the hydrogen gas, and the carbon monoxide gas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio; andd) operating a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by reacting the syngas with a catalyst to produce the synthetic hydrocarbon.2. The process of ...

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Номер записи: 64
06-04-2017 дата публикации

Methods, Systems, And Apparatuses For Recycling Fischer-Tropsch Water And Fischer-Tropsch Tail Gas

Номер: US20170096604A1
Автор: Bonnell Leo, Golczynski Scott, Logue Bruce Allen, Santos Miguel A.F.
Принадлежит:

A method of producing reformed gas as part of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbon synthesis is disclosed, including the steps of superheating at least a first portion of an FT tail gas produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, and forming a mixed gas by injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream, produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas. The mixed gas is used as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit. The amount of at least a portion of the FT water stream is selected to keep the mixed gas at least mostly and preferably entirely in a vapor phase. In some embodiments, a water-gas shift reactor converts the mixed gas to a converted mixed gas upstream of the front end. Other methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed. 1. A method of producing Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbons via FT synthesis in an FT reactor having an FT synthesis catalyst , the method comprising:a. producing a reformed gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a syngas preparation unit having a front end and a feed comprising a carbonaceous feedstock and steam;b. conditioning the reformed gas by removing process condensate therefrom;c. producing liquid FT hydrocarbons, an FT tail gas and an FT water stream using the conditioned reformed gas in the FT reactor, under FT conditions;d. superheating at least a first portion of the FT tail gas;e. injecting at least a first portion of the FT water stream into the at least a first portion of the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas, wherein the amount of the at least a first portion of the FT water stream to be injected into the at least a first portion of the superheated FT tail gas to form the mixed gas is selected to keep the mixed gas in an at least mostly vapor phase; andf. recycling the mixed gas as part of the feed to the front end of the syngas preparation unit.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the superheating step (d) comprises ...

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Номер записи: 65
26-06-2014 дата публикации

Plasma arc furnace and applications

Номер: US20140179959A1
Автор: Martin A. Stuart, Stephen L. Cunningham
Принадлежит: Individual

A Plasma Arc Reformer for creating a useful fuel, such as Methanol, using any of Methane, Municipal Solid Waste, farm or forest waste, coal orchar rock from oil shale production, petrochemical hydrocarbons, (any carbon containing charge), water, and/or Municipal Sewage, as the source material. A High temperature Plasma Arc de-polymerizes the source material into atoms which, upon partial cooling, creates a gas stream rich in CO and H 2 (syngas). Subsequent molecular filter and catalyst stages in the system remove contaminants and produce the output fuel. The system is closed loop with regard to the syngas production in that it recycles the residual unconverted gas and even the exhaust gases if desired. The large amount of heat produced is captured and converted to electric power using a supercritical CO 2 Rankin cycle resulting in potentially high efficiencies.

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Номер записи: 66
21-04-2016 дата публикации

PROCESS OF REMOVING HEAT

Номер: US20160107962A1
Автор: Dolan John, GREAGER Ivan Phillip, HARRIS Roger Allen, LeVINESS Steven Claude, PARKER Dennis, RAMLAL Jasmeer Jaichland, STEYNBERG Andre Peter
Принадлежит:

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system. 1. A method for removing heat from an exothermic reaction:(a) dividing a reactant feed stream into at least two separate reactant substreams;(b) feeding each reactant substream into a separate reaction train which comprises a reactor;(c) feeding a coolant stream from a common coolant reservoir into each reactor;(d) performing the exothermic reaction in the reactor to produce reaction products and coolant to which heat has been transferred;(e) feeding the coolant to which heat has been transferred from each reaction train to a single common reservoir in which the heat is removed from the coolant;(f) feeding the coolant from which the heat has been removed in step (e) back into step (c), wherein:each of the reactors in step (b) are operated at the same temperature and pressure; andthe progress of the exothermic reaction in each reactor is controlled by adjusting the flow rate of the reactant substream through the reaction train of which the reactor forms a part and/or by adjusting the composition of the reactant substream which is fed into each reaction train.2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein in step (c) the coolant from the common coolant system is fed to two of the reaction trains and a separate second coolant stream is fed to the third reaction train and wherein the second coolant stream is fed to a second reservoir in step (e).5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reactors are microchannel reactors.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the coolant is one which at least partially vaporizes as a consequence of the transfer of heat from the exothermic reaction.7. (canceled)8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the common coolant reservoir is a steam drum.9. The method ...

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Номер записи: 67
11-04-2019 дата публикации

Methods, Systems, And Apparatuses For Recycling Fischer-Tropsch Water And Fischer-Tropsch Tail Gas

Номер: US20190106638A1
Автор: Bonnell Leo, Golczynski Scott, Logue Bruce Allen, Santos Miguel A.F.
Принадлежит:

A method of producing reformed gas as part of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbon synthesis is disclosed, including the steps of superheating at least a first portion of an FT tail gas produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, and forming a mixed gas by injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream, produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas. The mixed gas is used as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit. The amount of at least a portion of the FT water stream is selected to keep the mixed gas at least mostly and preferably entirely in a vapor phase. In some embodiments, a water-gas shift reactor converts the mixed gas to a converted mixed gas upstream of the front end. Other methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed. 1. A system for producing a syngas , the system comprising:a. a superheater for superheating a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) tail gas produced by an FT reactor;b. an injector for injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream produced by an FT reactor into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas for use as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a steam methane reformer.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises an autothermal reformer.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a partial oxidation reformer.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a hybrid reformer.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the injector is configured to inject a pre-selected amount of the at least a portion of the FT water stream into the superheated FT tail gas to form the mixed gas claim 1 , the pre-selected amount being selected to keep the mixed gas in at least a mostly vapor phase.7. The system of claim 6 , further comprising a separator drum positioned to remove excess water from ...

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Номер записи: 68
27-04-2017 дата публикации

METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND APPARATUSES TO IMPROVE PROCESSES OF INCREASING FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST ACTIVITY

Номер: US20170113214A1
Автор: Futral Gary Stephen, Raman Govindarajan
Принадлежит:

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of improving the activity of an at least partially non-active Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) catalyst in a tubular FT reactor, which includes heating a heat transfer fluid (“HTF”) to a vapor state, using the heated HTF in the vapor state to achieve and maintain the at least partially non-active FT catalyst at a predetermined stage temperature; and exposing the at least partially non-active FT catalyst to at least one stage FT catalyst activity-related gas for a stage duration of time to increase the activity of the FT catalyst to a desired level. Other methods, systems and apparatuses are also disclosed. 1. A method of increasing the activity level of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) catalyst in situ , comprising:a. heating a heat transfer fluid (“HTF”) to a vapor state at a predetermined HTF temperature using an HTF vaporizer to create an HTF vapor;b. providing a stream of the HTF vapor to an HTF input of a shell side of an FT reactor, having the shell side and a tube side, to heat the FT reactor to a predetermined reactor temperature, the FT reactor containing an at least partially non-active FT catalyst in a plurality of FT catalyst-filled tubes, the vaporous HTF cooling and at least partially condensing to a liquid HTF;c. passing the liquid HTF through an HTF output of the shell side of the FT reactor;d. returning the liquid HTF to the HTF vaporizer for re-heating into the vaporous HTF; ande. while continuing to provide the stream of HTF vapor into the FT reactor on the shell side sufficient to maintain the predetermined reactor temperature, providing at least one FT catalyst activity-related gas into the FT reactor on the tube side to contact the at least partially non-active FT catalyst.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of providing the at least one FT catalyst activity-related gas into the FT reactor on the tube side to contact the at least partially non-active FT catalyst continues until the ...

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Номер записи: 69
07-05-2015 дата публикации

Process and system for converting waste to energy without burning

Номер: US20150122243A1
Автор: Terry R. Galloway
Принадлежит: INTELLERGY Inc

This invention relates to a power recovery process in waste steam/CO 2 reformers whereby a waste stream can be made to release energy without having to burn the waste or the syngas. This invention does not make use of fuel cells as its critical component but makes use of highly exothermic chemical reactors using syngas to produce large amounts of heat, such as Fischer-Tropsch. It also relates to control or elimination of the emissions of greenhouse gases in the power recovery process of this invention with the goal of producing energy in the future carbonless world economy. A New Concept for a duplex kiln was developed that has the combined functionality of steam/CO 2 reforming, heat transfer, solids removal, filtration, and heat recovery. New methods of carbon-sequestering where the syngas produced by steam/CO 2 reforming can be used in Fischer-Tropsch processes that make high-carbon content compounds while recycling the methane and lighter hydrocarbons back to the reformer to further produce syngas at a higher H 2 /CO ratio.

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Номер записи: 70
25-04-2019 дата публикации

METHOD FOR STARTING UP A METHOD FOR PRODUCING KEROSENE AND DIESEL FUEL FROM HYDROCARBON COMPOUNDS PRODUCED BY FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS

Номер: US20190119585A1
Автор: DULOT Hugues, GREZAUD Aline, Heraud Jean-Philippe
Принадлежит: IFP ENERGIES NOUVELLES

Method for starting up a method for producing kerosene and diesel fuel from hydrocarbon compounds produced by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. 1) Method for starting up a method for producing kerosene and diesel fuel from hydrocarbon compounds produced by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis , in which the following steps are carried out:a) A catalytic reaction of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is carried out with a synthesis gas to produce a heavy hydrocarbon fraction and a light hydrocarbon fraction,b) A reduction (RE) of a hydrotreatment catalyst is carried out by ensuring contact with a gas comprising hydrogen, and then step c) is carried out,c) The heavy hydrocarbon fraction is brought into contact (DM) with the hydrotreatment catalyst,d) During step c), the temperature (TEMP) of the hydrotreatment catalyst is increased to a temperature of between 260° C. and 360° C., and then step e) is carried out,e) A mixture comprising the heavy hydrocarbon fraction and the light hydrocarbon fraction are brought into contact (TR) with the hydrotreatment catalyst.2) Method according to claim 1 , in whichin step b), a reduction of the hydrotreatment catalyst and a hydrocracking and hydroisomerization catalyst is carried out by ensuring contact with a gas comprising hydrogen, and then step c) is carried out,in step c), the heavy hydrocarbon fraction is brought into contact with the hydrotreatment catalyst and then with the hydrocracking and hydroisomerization catalyst,in step e), the mixture comprising the heavy hydrocarbon fraction and the light hydrocarbon fraction is brought into contact with the hydrotreatment catalyst and then with the hydrocracking and hydroisomerization catalyst.3) Method according to claim 1 , in which step b) is carried out at a temperature of between 300° C. and 500° C. claim 1 , and then the hydrotreatment catalyst is cooled to a temperature of between 120° C. and 170° C. claim 1 , and then step c) is carried out.4) Method according to claim 1 , in which at the beginning ...

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Номер записи: 71
11-05-2017 дата публикации

CONVERSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES BY DRY REFORMING

Номер: US20170129777A1
Автор: King Paul E., Livneh Ben Zion
Принадлежит:

A method for conversion of greenhouse gases comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; and irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. The irradiated catalytic material is heated and catalyzes an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and methane that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. A mixture that includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen can undergo catalyzed reactions producing multiple-carbon reaction products in a lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel. 1. A method for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products in a single reaction vessel , the method comprising:(a) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a higher-temperature portion of a reaction vessel;(b) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel;(c) irradiating first catalytic material in the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the first catalytic material and drive an endothermic reaction of the carbon dioxide and the methane, catalyzed by the first catalytic material, that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide;(d) cooling a lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, thereby establishing a temperature gradient within the reaction vessel wherein the irradiated, higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel exhibits a higher temperature than the cooled, lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, wherein at least a portion of heat required to maintain the temperature gradient is supplied by the microwave energy irradiating the first catalytic material in ...

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Номер записи: 72
11-05-2017 дата публикации

CONVERSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES TO SYNTHESIS GAS BY DRY REFORMING

Номер: US20170129778A1
Автор: King Paul E., Livneh Ben Zion
Принадлежит:

A method for conversion of greenhouse gases comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; and irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. The irradiated catalytic material is heated and catalyzes an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and methane that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. If desired, a mixture that includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen can flow out of the reaction vessel and be introduced into a second reaction vessel to undergo catalyzed reactions producing multiple-carbon reaction products. 1. A method for generating a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen , the method comprising:(a) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel;(b) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel;(c) irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the catalytic material and drive an endothermic reaction of the carbon dioxide and the methane, catalyzed by the catalytic material, that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide, wherein at least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy irradiating the catalytic material in the reaction vessel; and(d) allowing a mixture that includes the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to flow out of the reaction vessel.2. The method of further comprising separating at least a portion of the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel.3. The method of further comprising dehumidifying the gaseous source of carbon dioxide or the gaseous source of methane before introduction into the reaction ...

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Номер записи: 73
11-05-2017 дата публикации

GASIFICATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS AND GAS TO LIQUID PROCESSES

Номер: US20170129833A1
Автор: Anthony Rayford Gaines, Borsinger Gregory G., HASSAN Abbas, Hassan Aziz
Принадлежит:

Herein disclosed is a system for producing an organic, the system including at least one high shear mixing device having at least one rotor and at least one stator separated by a shear gap, wherein the shear gap is the minimum distance between the at least one rotor and the at least one stator; a pump configured for delivering a fluid stream comprising liquid medium and light gas to the at least one high shear mixing device, wherein the at least one high shear mixing device is configured to form a dispersion of the light gas in the liquid medium; and a reactor comprising at least one inlet and at least one outlet, wherein the at least one inlet of the reactor is fluidly connected to the at least one high shear mixing device, and wherein the at least one outlet is configured for extracting the organic therefrom. 1. A method of producing synthesis gas from carbonaceous material , the method comprising:(a) providing a mixture comprising carbonaceous material and a liquid medium;(b) subjecting the mixture to high shear under gasification conditions whereby a high shear-treated stream comprising synthesis gas is produced; and(c) separating a product comprising synthesis gas from the high shear-treated stream.2. The method of wherein (b) subjecting the mixture to high shear to produce a high shear-treated stream comprising synthesis gas further comprises contacting the mixture with at least one gas or vapor selected from the group consisting of steam claim 1 , hydrogen claim 1 , air claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , and associated gas.3. The method of further comprising contacting the mixture with a catalyst that promotes the formation of synthesis gas.4. The method of further comprising recycling separated unreacted carbonaceous material claim 1 , separated liquid medium or both from (c) to (a).5. The method of wherein the carbonaceous material comprises coke claim 1 , coal claim 1 , peat claim 1 , natural gas claim 1 , or a combination thereof.6. The method of wherein the coal ...

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Номер записи: 74
11-05-2017 дата публикации

ZERO EMISSION POWER PLANT WITH CO2 WASTE UTILIZATION

Номер: US20170130582A1
Автор: Hsu Michael S.
Принадлежит:

A clean energy system, a renewable energy system or a zero emission energy system (ZEES) to utilize COwaste. The energy system may include a fuel processor, an energy catalytic reactor, and a power generator. The fuel processor may catalytically convert the CHcomponent in the natural gas, biogas or syngas into a reformate including H, CO, COand HO species. The energy reactor may convert the reformate in gas form into a liquid fuel. The power generator may generate power using an output of the fuel processor and/or an output of the energy reactor. 1. A clean energy system , comprising:a fuel processor receiving a natural gas, biogas or syngas and catalytically converting a CH.sub.4 component in the natural gas, biogas or syngas into a reformate including only H.sub.2, CO, CO.sub.2 and H.sub.20 species;a heat exchanger for controlling a temperature of the reformate;an energy reactor converting the reformate in gas form into a liquid fuel; anda power generator generating power using an H.sub.2 component from an output of the fuel processor or from an output of the energy reactor,wherein the system is a zero emission power plant qualified for installation near energy source, market place, and with product shippable for off-site consumption.2. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel processor comprises a partial oxidation reformer claim 1 , an autothermal reformer or a steam methane reformer.3. The energy system of claim 2 , wherein the reformate is processed with a water shift process to have different percentages of CO vs. CO.sub.2.4. The energy system of claim 2 , wherein the reformate is processed according to a pressure swing adsorption process to form a H.sub.2 steam and a carbon stream claim 2 , which includes at least the CO and CO.sub.2.5. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the CO.sub.2 is processed according to a water shift process claim 1 , and is processed through a pressure swing adsorption process to form a concentrated CO.sub.2 stream.6. The ...

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Номер записи: 75
31-07-2014 дата публикации

FISCHER TROPSCH METHOD FOR OFFSHORE PRODUCTION RISERS FOR OIL AND GAS WELLS

Номер: US20140213669A1
Автор: Herrmann Robert P.
Принадлежит:

A method and an apparatus is disclosed that uses a gas lift tubing arrangement to produce synthetic hydrocarbon related products. Using the Fischer Tropsch process as an example, the tubing is packed with a suitable catalyst and then hydrogen and carbon monoxide are injected into the top of the tubing in a fashion similar to a gas lift process. As the gases travel past the catalyst, synthetic hydrocarbons are formed and heat is rejected. The synthetic hydrocarbons and water flow out of the bottom of the tubing and travel up the annulus to the surface. In some embodiments, this process is carried out in a producing well or a in producing riser. In a producing well or a producing riser, the production from the well which flows up the annulus cools the synthetic hydrocarbon derived products. In additional and alternate embodiments, this process can be used in non-flowing wells. 1. A method for producing synthetic hydrocarbons , comprising the steps of:injecting hydrogen and carbon monoxide into a gas lift apparatus, andforcing synthetic hydrocarbons out of the gas lift apparatus,wherein the gas lift apparatus comprises a tubing and an annulus, wherein the tubing further comprises a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, andwherein the tubing is configured such that hydrogen and carbon monoxide travel past the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to form synthetic hydrocarbons.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tubing is coated with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and/or packed with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is configured such that the synthetic hydrocarbons and water flow out of the bottom of the tubing and travel up the annulus to the surface.4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the steps of:separating any hydrogen or carbon dioxide from the synthetic hydrocarbons forced out of the gas lift apparatus; andreprocessing and re-injecting any hydrogen or carbon dioxide not converted to synthetic hydrocarbons.5. The method of claim 4 , ...

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Номер записи: 76
17-05-2018 дата публикации

SYSTEMS AND METHODS RELATED TO SYNGAS TO OLEFIN PRODUCTION

Номер: US20180134967A1
Автор: Ahmed Labeeb Chaudhary, Al-Hammad Ali, Karim Khalid
Принадлежит:

In accordance with the present invention, disclosed herein is a method comprising the steps for producing lower molecular weight hydrocarbons. Also disclosed herein, is a system utilized to produce low molecular weight hydrocarbons. 1. A method comprising the steps of:{'sub': '2', 'a) providing natural gas comprising methane and N;'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'b) removing at least a portion of the Nfrom the natural gas, thereby producing a first gas comprising methane and less than about 2 mole % of N;'}{'sub': '2', 'c) converting at least a portion of the first gas to synthesis gas comprising Hand CO;'}{'sub': '2', 'd) converting at least a portion of the synthesis gas to a first product stream comprising methane, C2-C9 hydrocarbons, C10+ hydrocarbons, unreacted synthesis gas, and CO; and'}e) separating at least a portion of the methane from the first product stream.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of converting at least a portion of the first gas to synthesis gas comprising Hand CO is performed by a partial oxidation process in a partial oxidation reactor.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the method further comprises the steps of:f) separating at least a portion of the C10+ hydrocarbons from the first product stream; and{'sub': '2', 'g) recycling at least a portion of the separated C10+ hydrocarbons back into the step of converting at least a portion of the first gas to synthesis gas comprising Hand CO is performed by partial oxidation process in a partial oxidation reactor.'}4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first gas comprises less than about 1.5 mole % of N.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least about 80 wt % of the first gas is converted to the synthesis gas comprising Hand CO.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first product stream comprises at least about 60 wt % of C2-C5 hydrocarbons.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first product stream comprises from about 40 wt % to about 70 wt % of C2-C5 olefins.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ...

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Номер записи: 77
17-05-2018 дата публикации

COMBINED ANAEROBIC DIGESTER AND GTL SYSTEM

Номер: US20180135004A1
Автор: Bradin David, CUMMING Eric, Harrison Jeffrey, Yenne Samuel
Принадлежит: MAVERICK BIOFUELS, INC.

A combined anaerobic digester system and gas-to-liquid system is disclosed. The anaerobic digester requires heat, and produces methane. The gas-to-liquid system produces heat, and converts methane to higher-value products, including methanol and formaldehyde. As such, the combination of the two systems results in significant savings in terms of capital and operating expenses. A process for producing bio-formaldehyde and bio-formalin from biogas is also disclosed. 1. A system for producing bioproducts , comprising an anaerobic digester that converts biomass to a mixture of gases comprising methane and carbon dioxide , coupled with a syngas generator capable of converting the methane to a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen , and a gas-to-liquid reactor capable of converting the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to hydrocarbon products selected from the group consisting of alcohols , formaldehyde , formalin , low molecular weight (C) olefins and paraffins , and Cparaffins.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising heat exchangers to transport heat produced in the gas-to-liquid reactor to the anaerobic digester.3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a steam autoclave unit adapted to receive biomass claim 1 , autoclave the biomass claim 1 , and transport the biomass to the anaerobic digester.4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a cavitation stirrer adapted to receive biomass claim 1 , and stir the biomass at extremely high speeds claim 1 , under cavitation.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure swing absorption unit to remove carbon dioxide from the mixture of gases produced by the anaerobic digester.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas generator is an autothermal reformer or a steam reformer.7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a reactor for growing algae or cyanobacteria claim 1 , wherein the reactor is adapted to receive carbon dioxide from the anaerobic digester and/or the gas-to-liquid reactor.8. The system of ...

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Номер записи: 78
28-05-2015 дата публикации

Fischer-tropsch derived heavy hydrocarbon diluent

Номер: US20150144526A1
Автор: Andre SWART, Jerry Joseph Krett, Nico ESTERHUYSE
Принадлежит: Sasol Technology Pty Ltd

The invention provides a process for making a heavy hydrocarbon feed pipeline transportable, said process including blending the heavy hydrocarbon feed with a diluent including a hydrocarbon stream having at least 0.5% by mass of a C 4 or lighter hydrocarbon component, said diluent having less than 2% by volume aromatics, wherein the viscosity of the heavy hydrocarbon feed and diluent blend is below 500 cSt at 7.5° C. which is within pipeline transportable limits.

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Номер записи: 79
02-06-2016 дата публикации

Biomass to Transportation Fuels Using a Fischer-Tropsch Process

Номер: US20160152905A1
Автор: Hohman Jerrod Wayne, Jack Douglas S., Kelfkens Renus C., Simmons Wayne W., White Sidney P.
Принадлежит:

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant. 1. An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass , comprising:an interconnected set of two or more stages forming the bio reforming reactor, where a first stage structurally includes a circulating fluidized bed reactor that circulates a heat absorbing media, where the first stage structurally also includes one or more steam inputs and one or more biomass feedstock supply lines into the circulating fluidized bed reactor of the first stage, where the first stage is structured and configured so that the circulating fluidized bed reactor causes a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), tars, chars and other components into a raw syngas mixture, where the second stage has ...

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Номер записи: 80
17-06-2021 дата публикации

Extruded Titania-Based Materials Comprising Quaternary Ammonium Compounds and/or Prepared Using Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Номер: US20210178366A1
Автор: Ferguson Ewen James, Paterson Alexander James, Zhang Zhaorong
Принадлежит:

Porous, extruded titania-based materials further comprising one or more quaternary ammonium compounds and/or prepared using one or more quaternary ammonium compounds, Fischer-Tropsch catalysts comprising them, uses of the foregoing, processes for making and using the same and products obtained from such processes. 1. A porous , extruded titania-based material further comprising one or more quaternary ammonium compounds.2. A porous claim 1 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 1 , in the form of symmetrical cylinders claim 1 , dilobes claim 1 , trilobes claim 1 , quadralobes or hollow cylinders.3. A porous claim 1 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 1 , having a crush strength of greater than 3.0 lbf claim 1 , preferably greater than 5.0 lbf.4. A porous claim 1 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more quaternary ammonium compounds comprises tetramethylammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetraethylammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetrapropylammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetrabutylammonium hydroxide or cetyltrimethylammonium hydroxide.5. A porous claim 1 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 1 , comprising mesopores and macropores.6. A porous claim 5 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 5 , wherein the mesopores have a pore diameter of 2 to 50 nm claim 5 , preferably 15 to 45 nm or 30 to 45 nm claim 5 , more preferably 25 to 40 nm or 30 to 40 nm.7. A porous claim 5 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 5 , wherein the macropores have a pore diameter of greater than 50 nm claim 5 , preferably 60 to 1000 nm claim 5 , more preferably 100 to 850 nm.8. A porous claim 5 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 5 , wherein the total pore volume is at least 0.3 ml/g claim 5 , preferably at least 0.40 ml/g.9. A porous claim 5 , extruded titania-based material according to claim 5 , wherein the surface area is at least 30 m/g claim 5 , preferably at least 40 m/g. ...

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Номер записи: 81
31-05-2018 дата публикации

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODEGRADABLE HYDROCARBON FLUIDS BASED ON SYNGAS

Номер: US20180148653A1
Автор: DOUCET Clarisse, GERMANAUD Laurent
Принадлежит: TOTAL MARKETING SERVICES

The invention provides for a fluid having a boiling point in the range of from 100 to 400° C. and comprising more than 95% isoparaffins and containing less than 100 ppm aromatics by weight, obtainable by the process comprising the step of catalytically hydrogenating a feed comprising more than 95% by weight of a feedstock originating from syngas, at a temperature from 80 to 180° C. and at a pressure from 50 to 160 bars. The invention also provides for a fluid having a boiling point in the range of from 100 to 400° C. and a boiling range below 80° C., said fluid comprising more than 95% isoparaffins and less than 3% of naphthens by weight and having a ratio of isoparaffins to n-paraffins of at least 12:1, a biodegradability at 28 days of at least 60%, as measured according to the OECD 306 standard, a biocarbon content of at least 95% by weight, and containing less than 100 ppm aromatics by weight. The invention finally provides for uses of the fluid. 1. Fluid having a boiling point in the range of from 100 to 400° C. and comprising more than 95% isoparaffins and containing less than 100 ppm aromatics by weight , obtainable by the process comprising the step of catalytically hydrogenating a feed comprising more than 95% by weight of a feedstock originating from syngas , at a temperature from 80 to 180° C. , at a pressure from 50 to 160 bars , a liquid hourly space velocity of 0.2 to 5 hr-1 and an hydrogen treat rate up to 200 Nm3/ton of feed.2. Fluid of claim 1 , obtainable by the process wherein the hydrogenation conditions are the following.Pressure: 80 to 150 bars, and preferably 90 to 120 bars;Temperature: 120 to 160° C. and preferably 150 to 160° C.;Liquid hourly space velocity (LHSV): 0.4 to 3, and preferably 0.5 to 0.8;Hydrogen treat rate be up to 200 Nm3/ton of feed3. Fluid of claim 1 , wherein the feed comprises more than 98% claim 1 , preferably more than 99% of a feedstock originating from syngas.4. Fluid of claim 1 , wherein the feedstock is originating ...

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Номер записи: 82
21-08-2014 дата публикации

Apparatus for steam-methane reforming

Номер: US20140234168A1
Автор: Clive Derek Lee-Tuffnell, Ian Frederick Zimmerman, Jason Andrew Maude, John William Stairmand, Michael Joseph Bowe
Принадлежит: Compactgtl Ltd

Apparatuses for use in plants for processing methane, the apparatuses comprising a plurality of reaction modules each including a plurality of Fischer-Tropsch reactors operable to convert a gaseous mixture including carbon monoxide and hydrogen to a liquid hydrocarbon. Each module may be disconnected and taken away for servicing while allowing the plant to continue to operate. In some of the apparatuses, each Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprises a plurality of metal sheets arranged as a stack to define first and second flow channels for flow of respective fluids, the channels being arranged alternately to ensure good thermal contact between the fluids in the channels.

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Номер записи: 83
07-06-2018 дата публикации

COUPLING AN ELECTRIC FURNACE WITH A LIQUID FUEL SYNTHESIS PROCESS TO IMPROVE PERFORMANCE WHEN PROCESSING HETEROGENEOUS WASTES

Номер: US20180155190A1
Автор: Eddy Thomas L., Raivo Brian D.
Принадлежит:

An improved method for processing heterogeneous municipal solid waste, biomass and even construction and demolition waste into liquid hydrocarbon fuels and chemicals is obtained by coupling the synthesis process with an electric furnace. The furnace separates the metals and inorganics from the organic materials. The high temperatures gasify the organics into a relatively clean syngas after particulate and acid gas removal. The yield is increased above that expected from the feedstock by the addition of waste effluents from the synthesis process, such as CO2, H2O and possibly tail gas constituents. The recycled effluents are heated by the syngas being quenched in heat exchangers. Excess high pressure effluents are also heated by the syngas for power generation via gas or steam turbine generators. The optimum concentration of added effluents and heat exchanger configurations are determined by novel methods for maximum yield, energy efficiency and minimum carbon footprint. 1. A method comprising of coupling waste effluents of a synthesis process for generating liquid fuels and chemicals from a syngas to an electric furnace process for generating said syngas from organic feedstock in order to improve the performance characteristics of the coupled system compared to the uncoupled processes.2. The method of wherein said synthesis process is a Fischer-Tropsch catalytic synthesis process.3. The method of wherein said synthesis process is an alcohol synthesis process.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the said electric furnace can be an electric arc furnace claim 1 , such as a submerged arc furnace.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the said submerged arc furnace is operated to obtain a higher quality syngas.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the said electric furnace can be a plasma torch furnace.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein effluents from said synthesis process can be recycled by injection into said electric furnace process thereby reducing final waste amounts and ...

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Номер записи: 84
07-06-2018 дата публикации

FISCHER-TROPSCH BASED GAS TO LIQUIDS SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Номер: US20180155192A1
Автор: Iyer Rahul, Patel Bipinkumar, SCHER Erik
Принадлежит:

A method for generating hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (Ccompounds) comprises directing a natural gas feed stream from a non-Fischer Tropsch process and comprising methane and Ccompounds to at least one separation unit to separate the methane from the Ccompounds. The separated Ccompounds are directed to a fractionation unit to separate the separated Ccompounds into individual streams. The separated methane is directed to a synthesis gas (syngas) unit to partially oxidize the methane to hydrogen (H) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are subsequently directed to a Fischer-Tropsch unit comprising a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. In the Fischer-Tropsch unit, the hydrogen and carbon monoxide react to generate Ccompounds in a Fischer-Tropsch process. The Ccompounds are directed to the fractionation unit to separate the generated Ccompounds into streams each comprising a subset of the generated Ccompounds. 140.-. (canceled)41. A method for generating hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (Ccompounds) , comprising:{'sub': 2+', '2+, '(a) directing a natural gas feed stream comprising methane and Ccompounds to at least one separation unit to separate said methane from said Ccompounds, wherein said natural gas feed stream is from a non-Fischer-Tropsch process;'}{'sub': '2', '(b) directing at least a portion of said methane separated in (a) to a syngas unit, and in said syngas unit partially oxidizing said methane to hydrogen (H) and carbon monoxide (CO);'}{'sub': '2+', '(c) directing said hydrogen and carbon monoxide to a Fischer-Tropsch unit comprising a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, and in said Fischer-Tropsch unit reacting said hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a Fischer-Tropsch process to generate a product stream comprising Ccompounds; and'}{'sub': 2+', '2+', '2+, '(d) directing said Ccompounds separated in (a) and said product stream comprising said Ccompounds generated in (c) to a fractionation unit, and in said fractionation unit ...

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Номер записи: 85
28-08-2014 дата публикации

Radiant heat tube chemical reactor

Номер: US20140241949A1
Автор: Christopher Perkins, Paul Lichty, Wayne W. Simmons
Принадлежит: Sundrop Fuels Inc

A radiant heat-driven chemical reactor comprising a generally cylindrical pressure refractory lined vessel, a plurality of radiant heating tubes, and a metal tube sheet to form a seal for the pressure refractory lined vessel near a top end of the pressure refractory lined vessel. The metal tube sheet has a plurality of injection ports extending vertically through the metal tube sheet and into the refractory lined vessel such that biomass is injected at an upper end of the vessel between the radiant heating tubes, and the radiant heat is supplied to an interior of the plurality of radiant heating tubes. The radiant heat-driven chemical reactor is configured to 1) gasify particles of biomass in a presence of steam (H2O) to produce a low CO2 synthesis gas that includes hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas, or 2) reform natural gas in a non-catalytic reformation reaction, using thermal energy from the radiant heat.

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Номер записи: 86
16-06-2016 дата публикации

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GTL PRODUCTION IN FPSO

Номер: US20160168489A1
Автор: Kim Hyun Jin, KIM Won Seok, KWON Hyuk
Принадлежит: DAEWOO SHIPBUILDING & MARINE ENGINEERING CO., LTD.

Disclosed herein are a gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method and system for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO). The gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for FPSO according to the present invention, which is to produce GTL in FPSO, may include: 1. A gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for floating production , storage , and offloading (FPSO) comprising:1) a pre-treating step of pre-treating natural gas produced at an offshore gas field;2) a reforming step of reacting the pre-treated natural gas in a presence of a catalyst to produce syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide;3) a synthesis step of supplying the syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and reacting the syngas to produce liquid hydrocarbon; and4) an upgrading step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon into gas, naphtha, and syncrude and supplying hydrogen to hydrofinish the liquid hydrocarbon.2. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1 , wherein the upgrading step includes:1) a separation step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon produced in the synthesis step into gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, naphtha, and syncrude; and2) a hydrofinishing step of supplying hydrogen to the separated naphtha to saturate olefin.3. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein a condensate produced in the hydrofinishing step is separated to thereby be mixed with the syncrude separated in the separation step claim 2 , andgum formation and polymerization of olefin contained in at least one of the naphtha and syncrude during storage and transportation are prevented through the hydrofinishing step.4. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein the gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms separated in the separation step is supplied as fuel for the FPSO.5. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein the hydrofinishing step is performed at a relatively low temperature of 250 to 290° C. and a relatively low pressure of 15 to 30 bars.6. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1 , ...

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Номер записи: 87
04-09-2014 дата публикации

Pretreatment of biomass using steam explosion methods before gasification

Номер: US20140249237A1
Автор: Francis Michael FERRARO, Jerrod Wayne HOHMAN, Robert S. Ampulski
Принадлежит: Sundrop Fuels Inc

An integrated plant that includes a steam explosion process unit and biomass gasifier to generate syngas from biomass is discussed. A steam explosion process unit applies a combination of heat, pressure, and moisture to the biomass to make the biomass into a moist fine particle form. The steam explosion process unit applies steam with a high pressure to heat and pressurize any gases and fluids present inside the biomass to internally blow apart the bulk structure of the biomass via a rapid depressurization of the biomass with the increased moisture content. Those produced moist fine particles of biomass are subsequently fed to a feed section of the biomass gasifier, which reacts the biomass particles in a rapid biomass gasification reaction to produce syngas components.

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Номер записи: 88
18-09-2014 дата публикации

Integration of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells in Cement Processing

Номер: US20140261090A1
Автор: Anita S. Lee, Paul J. Berlowitz, Timothy Andrew Barckholtz
Принадлежит: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating molten carbonate fuel cells with processes for cement production. The systems and methods can provide process improvements including increased efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions per ton of product produced, and simplified capture of the carbon emissions as an integrated part of the system. The number of separate processes and the complexity of the overall production system can be reduced while providing flexibility in fuel feed stock and the various chemical, heat, and electrical outputs needed to power the processes.

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Номер записи: 89
18-09-2014 дата публикации

Partial upgrading process for heavy oil and bitumen

Номер: US20140262937A1
Автор: Steve Kresnyak
Принадлежит: Individual

A bitumen and heavy oil upgrading process and system is disclosed for the synthesis of hydrocarbons, an example of which is synthetic crude oil (SCO). The process integrates Fischer-Tropsch technology with gasification and hydrogen rich gas stream generation. The hydrogen rich gas generation is conveniently effected using singly or in combination a hydrogen source, a hydrogen rich vapour from hydroprocessing and the Fischer-Tropsch process, a steam methane reformer (SMR) and autothermal reformer (ATR) or a combination of SMR/ATR. The feedstock for upgrading is distilled and the bottoms fraction is gasified and converted in a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. A resultant hydrogen lean syngas is then exposed to the hydrogen rich gas stream to optimize the formation of, for example, the synthetic crude oil. Partial upgrading and the commensurate benefits is detailed as well. A system for effecting the processes is also characterized in the specification.

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Номер записи: 90
02-07-2015 дата публикации

Process to prepare middle distillates and base oils

Номер: US20150184089A1
Автор: Eduard Philip Kieffer, Jelle Rudolf Anne Sietsma, Marcello Stefano Rigutto
Принадлежит: Shell Oil Co

A process to prepare a first middle distillates fraction, a second middle distillates fraction, a distillate base oil and a residual base oil by providing a Fischer-Tropsch product stream; separating the Fischer-Tropsch product stream to obtain at least a low boiling fraction, boiling below a temperature ranging from 300 to 450° C., and a high boiling fraction, boiling above a temperature ranging from 300 to 450° C.; subjecting the high boiling fraction to a hydrocracking/hydroisomerization step to obtain a partially isomerised product stream; separating the partially isomerised product stream to obtain a first middle distillates fraction, a heavy distillates fraction and a residual fraction, the residual fraction having a T5 wt. % boiling point between 400 and 650° C.; dewaxing the low boiling fraction to obtain a second middle distillates fraction; dewaxing the heavy distillates fraction to obtain a distillate base oil; and dewaxing the residual fraction to obtain a residual base oil.

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Номер записи: 91
08-07-2021 дата публикации

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY CONVERSION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM HYDROCARBON FEEDSTOCKS

Номер: US20210207037A1
Автор: Bromberg Leslie, Cohn Daniel R., Surma Jeffrey E.
Принадлежит: INENTEC INC.

The present invention includes a method for converting renewable energy source electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method for producing a liquid fuel , the method comprising:generating oxygen and hydrogen using an electrolysis unit wherein at least some of electricity for the electrolysis unit is provided by from a renewable energy source;supplying at least some of the oxygen generated by the electrolysis unit to a synthesis gas generation unit that converts a hydrocarbon feedstock to synthesis gas wherein the oxygen is either directly supplied to the synthesis gas generation unit or is supplied to a storage unit that stores the oxygen and later supplies the oxygen to the synthesis gas generation unit;producing a hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture in the synthesis gas generation unit using at least one of steam reformation or partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feedstock;supplying at least some of the hydrogen generated by the electrolysis unit so as to provide additional hydrogen in the hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture; andconverting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture into a liquid fuel.22. The method of wherein the hydrogen from electrolysis is used to increase a hydrogen to carbon monoxide ratio of the hydrogen and carbon monoxide mixture for liquid fuel production to a selected ratio.23. The method of where the selected ratio is two.24. The method of wherein the hydrogen that is produced by the electrolysis unit is reacted with COthat is produced in the ...

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Номер записи: 92
30-06-2016 дата публикации

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS, ORGANIC WASTE AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

Номер: US20160186072A1
Автор: HAFEZ Hisham Mohamed, Lehoux Richard Romeo, SALT Dave, SEHDEV Ranjit
Принадлежит:

A process and system for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio is disclosed. Organic material is biochemically digested in a two stage biodigester for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and a methane containing biogas in a second stage. The methane containing biogas is reformed in a first reformer to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, which are then combined in a mixer with the hydrogen containing biogas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio. The syngas is reacted with a catalyst in a second reformer, a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, to produce the hydrocarbon. Using a two stage biodigester allows for the generation of separate hydrogen and methane streams, a more economical generation of the FT syngas and reduced fouling of the FT catalyst. 1. A process for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio , comprising the steps ofa) biochemically digesting organic material for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane and a methane containing biogas,b) reforming the methane containing biogas to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, andc) combining the hydrogen containing biogas, the hydrogen gas, and the carbon monoxide gas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio; andd) operating a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by reacting the syngas with a catalyst to produce the synthetic hydrocarbon.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein in step a) the organic material includes biomass and microorganisms for anaerobic digestion and the biochemically digesting includes subjecting the mixture to multiple stage anaerobic digestion for producing the hydrogen containing biogas in a first stage and the methane containing biogas in a second stage.3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the ...

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Номер записи: 93
18-09-2014 дата публикации

Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells

Номер: US20140272617A1
Автор: Frank H. Hershkowitz, Paul J. Berlowitz, Timothy Andrew Barckholtz
Принадлежит: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO 2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). At least a portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as a fuel for the combustion source. Optionally, a second portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as part of an anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO 2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells can be operated.

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Номер записи: 94
18-09-2014 дата публикации

Integration of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Номер: US20140272632A1
Автор: Frank H. Hershkowitz, Kevin Taylor, Paul J. Berlowitz, Timothy Andrew Barckholtz
Принадлежит: ExxonMobil Research and Engineering Co

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The molten carbonate fuel cells can be integrated with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process in various manners, including providing synthesis gas for use in producing hydrocarbonaceous carbons. Additionally, integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process can facilitate further processing of vent streams or secondary product streams generated during the synthesis process.

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Номер записи: 95
04-06-2020 дата публикации

INTEGRATED METHODS FOR CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS

Номер: US20200172396A1
Автор: SLOWIK Michael A., Sookraj Sadesh H.
Принадлежит:

Among other things, the present invention encompasses the applicant's recognition that epoxide carbonylation can be performed industrially utilizing syngas streams containing hydrogen, carbon monoxide and varying amounts carbon dioxide. Contrary to expectation, the epoxide carbonylation reaction proceeds selectively in the presence of these mixed gas streams and incorporates excess CO in the syngas stream into valuable chemical precursors, resulting in hydrogen streams substantially free of CO. This is economically and environmentally preferable to performing WSGR which releases the excess carbon as CO2. The integrated processes herein therefore provide improved carbon efficiency for processes based on coal or biomass gasification or steam methane reforming. 1. A method for the integrated production of chemicals comprising the steps of:a) in a first reaction zone, contacting an epoxide in the presence of a carbonylation catalyst with a syngas stream containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide thereby causing carbon monoxide in the industrial gas stream to react with the epoxide to provide an epoxide carbonylation product,b) removing an upgraded gas stream from the first reaction zone wherein the upgraded gas stream has a higher hydrogen to carbon monoxide than the starting syngas stream, andc) in a second reaction zone, utilizing the upgraded gas stream to conduct a second chemical process requiring a hydrogen to CO ratio higher than the ratio in the industrial gas stream utilized in step (a).2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the syngas stream has a molar hydrogen to CO ratio between 0.5:1 and 1.2:1 claim 1 , and the upgraded gas stream has a hydrogen to CO ratio of at least 1.9:1.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second chemical process comprises Fischer Tropsch synthesis.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second chemical process comprises reaction on a fuel cell.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second chemical process comprises hydrogenation.6. The ...

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Номер записи: 96
04-06-2020 дата публикации

Method and apparatus for encoding and decoding hdr images

Номер: US20200172813A1
Автор: Christine Guillemot, Dominique Thoreau, Mikaël LE PENDU, Ronan BOITARD
Принадлежит: InterDigital VC Holdings Inc

To encode High Dynamic Range (HDR) images, the HDR images can be converted to Low Dynamic Range (LDR) images through tone mapping operation, and the LDR images can be encoded with an LDR encoder. The present principles formulates a rate distortion minimization problem when designing the tone mapping curve. In particular, the tone mapping curve is formulated as a function of the probability distribution function of the HDR images to be encoded and a Lagrangian multiplier that depends on encoding parameters. At the decoder, based on the parameters indicative of the tone mapping function, an inverse tone mapping function can be derived to reconstruct HDR images from decoded LDR images.

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Номер записи: 97
07-07-2016 дата публикации

Methods and system for decreasing gas emissions from landfills

Номер: US20160194262A1
Автор: Denny Li, Jim Wilson, Ravi Ravikumar
Принадлежит: Fluor Technologies Corp

A method of diverting municipal solid waste (MSW) from a landfill that includes receiving, at a MSW processing system, a quantity of MSW, gasifying the quantity of MSW in a gasification unit to yield a syngas stream and biochar stream, converting at least a portion of the syngas to mixed alcohols in an alcohol synthesis unit, separating the mixed alcohols into one or more alcohol products, and determining a carbon offset for diverting the MSW from the landfill to the MSW processing system.

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Номер записи: 98
20-06-2019 дата публикации

PRODUCTION OF PRODUCTS WITH FAVOURABLE GHG EMISSION REDUCTIONS FROM CELLULOSIC FEEDSTOCKS

Номер: US20190185884A1
Автор: Foody Patrick J.
Принадлежит:

The present invention provides a process for producing one or more products for use as a transportation or heating fuel. In various embodiments the process comprises treating a cellulosic feedstock in one or more processing steps that release extractives from the feedstock. A solids-liquid separation is subsequently conducted on the process stream comprising the extractives and solids. An aqueous stream comprising one or more of the extractives may be fed to an anaerobic digester to produce crude biogas from which one or more impurities may optionally be removed. In various embodiments the process further comprises providing a solids stream to a thermal process. A product produced or derived from the thermal process may displace a product made from fossil fuel. One or more products obtained or derived from at least one of the foregoing process steps are provided for use as a transportation or heating fuel. In various embodiments the process enables advantaged fuel credit generation. 130-. (canceled)31. A process for producing a transportation or heating fuel comprising the steps of:(i) treating a cellulosic feedstock in one or more processing steps that release extractives comprising acetic acid, acetate or a combination thereof from the feedstock;(ii) conducting a solids-liquid separation on a process stream comprising the extractives and solids, thereby producing an aqueous stream comprising the extractives and a solids stream comprising insoluble components;(iii) feeding at least a portion of the aqueous stream comprising one or more of the extractives to an anaerobic digester to produce a crude biogas that comprises carbon dioxide;(iv) removing at least 80 wt % of the carbon dioxide present in the crude biogas to produce a purified biogas;(v) carrying out or causing one or more parties to carry out a process comprising subjecting solids from at least one stream selected from the solids stream comprising the insoluble components and a stream derived therefrom to ...

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Номер записи: 99
14-07-2016 дата публикации

PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING HIGH BIOGENIC CONCENTRATION FISCHER-TROPSCH LIQUIDS DERIVED FROM MUNICIPAL SOLID WASTES (MSW) FEEDSTOCKS

Номер: US20160200993A1
Автор: Lucas Stephen H., Rich Lewis L., Tiverios Peter G.
Принадлежит:

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock. 1. A process for producing high biogenic carbon content Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes that contain materials that are produced from plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials , the process comprising:a) in a feedstock processing step, removing non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid wastes to produce a feedstock that is contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbons along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid wastes;b) in a power generation process, converting some or all of the high biogenic carbon content material into high biogenic power with reduced lifecycle greenhouse gas emissions and higher renewable energy credits; andc) in a bio-refinery, converting the processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids while maintaining the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and the relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid wastes.2. A process according to wherein the feedstock processing step includes at least two processing steps.3. A process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim 1 , more than about 10% of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials are (purposefully) removed from the municipal solid wastes.4. A process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim ...

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