Synergistic mixture

A synergistic mixture comprising from 1 to 99.9% by weight of compounds having structural elements (I) in which the free valencies on the oxygen atom and on the nitrogen atom may be combined to form a five-, six- or seven-membered ring and the benzene ring may also bear substituents at one or more of the free positions, and from 0.1 to 99% by weight of sulfur-containing organic compounds with antioxidant action. This synergistic mixture is suitable as a stabilizer for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially mineral oil products and fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

Nanoparticle Kinetic Gas Hydrate Inhibitors

Inhibiting gas hydrate formation while transporting hydrocarbon fluids may include providing a kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor, adding the kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor to a fluid capable of producing gas hydrates, and transporting the fluid that comprises the kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor. Generally a kinetic gas hydrate inhibitor may include a heterocyclic compound comprising nitrogen, e.g., poly(vinyl pyrrolidone).

Processing biomass

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation.

Composite carbonaceous fuel compact

A carbonaceous compact is provided by the present disclosure that includes a body having a partially or fully carbonaceous biomass composition and an adhesive additive. The adhesive additive includes a starch and a hydroxide. The porous nature of the carbonaceous material provides means for nutrient retention or filtering means. Carbon is activated through chemical or thermal reaction from pyrolyized wood/nut.

DETERGENT ADDITIVE FOR FUEL

The use of one or more copolymers as a detergent additive in a liquid fuel for internal combustion engines. The copolymer includes at least one repeat unit having an ester of alkyl or alkyl ester function and a repeat unit containing a nitrile group. 1. A method for keeping clean and/or for cleaning at least one of the internal parts of an internal combustion engine , said method comprising the introduction in said internal combustion engine of at least one copolymer comprising at least one repeating unit comprising an alkyl ester or alkylester function and one repeating unit comprising a nitrile group.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the copolymer is a block copolymer comprising at least:{'sub': 'a', 'one block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from an alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer (m), and'}{'sub': 'b', 'one block B consisting of a chain of structural units derived from an olefinic monomer (m) comprising a nitrile group.'}3. The method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the block copolymer is obtained by block polymerization claim 2 , optionally followed by one or more post-functionalizations.4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the copolymer is obtained by copolymerization of at least:{'sub': 'a', 'one alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer (m), and'}{'sub': 'b', 'one olefinic monomer (m) comprising a nitrile group.'}5. The method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer (m) is chosen from Cto Calkyl (meth)acrylates.7. The method as claimed in claim 6 , wherein monomer (m) is chosen from acrylonitrile claim 6 , methacrylonitrile claim 6 , cyanostyrene and cyano-alpha-methylstyrene.8. The method as claimed in claim 7 , wherein the copolymer is a block copolymer comprising at least:{'sub': 'a', 'one block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from the alkyl (meth)acrylate monomer (m), and'}{'sub': 1', 'b, 'one block Bconsisting of a chain of structural units derived from acrylonitrile (m), ...

STIMULI-RESPONSIVE PARTICLES ENCAPSULATING A GAS AND METHODS OF USE

Provided herein are various gas-filled particles having a stimuli-responsive shell encapsulating the gas. The stimuli-responsive shell comprises one or more release triggers. Compositions for medical or non-medical applications, methods of use and treatment, and methods of preparation are also described. 1. A composition comprisinga stable particle having a shell surrounding a gas core, wherein the shell includes a release trigger.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises nanoparticle aggregates.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the stable particle is formed by nanoprecipitation of an amphiphilic polymer comprising the release trigger at an air/liquid interface to form the shell.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the amphiphilic polymer comprises acetylated dextran (Dex-Ac).5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the stable particle is a Pickering foam.6. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a pH-responsive trigger.7. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a salt-responsive trigger.8. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a pressure-responsive trigger.9. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a temperature-responsive trigger.10. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a light-responsive trigger.11. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is an ultrasound-responsive trigger.12. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is a magnetic field-responsive trigger.13. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is partial pressure of a gas in a fluid.14. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the release trigger is stable in water.15. The composition of any one of - claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises a biocompatible polymer or monomer.16. The composition of claim 15 , wherein the ...

COATED CHARCOAL

Disclosed herein is the use of coatings on charcoal heating materials, such as charcoal briquets, to enhance burn properties. It has been discovered that if one half of a pile of charcoal briquets is dosed with lighter fluid and the other half remains undosed, the entire pile of briquets will light and burn. Thus, the amount of lighter fluid necessary to light a pile of charcoal briquets can be reduced by fifty percent. However, over time (2 to 3 months), the lighter fluid migrates from the dosed briquets to the undosed briquets. Therefore, it has been found that by coating the undosed briquets with a material that prevents the lighter fluid from migrating onto them, solvent migration is reduced and/or eliminated. The coated briquets light a little later than the uncoated briquets resulting in an extension of the cooking phase. 1. A charcoal heating system for use as a cooking fuel , which ignites easily and quickly , said charcoal heating system comprising:a plurality of dosed charcoal heating materials dosed with between about 12% to about 18% lighter fluid; anda plurality of coated charcoal heating materials substantially free of lighter fluid having a coating that substantially prevents the transfer of lighter fluid from dosed charcoal heating materials to coated charcoal heating materials; andwherein the ratio of dosed charcoal heating materials to coated charcoal heating materials is between 1:1 and 9:1.2. The charcoal heating system recited in claim 1 , wherein the dosed charcoal heating material and the coated charcoal heating material are in the form of charcoal briquets claim 1 , lump charcoal or mixtures thereof.3. The charcoal heating system recited in claim 1 , wherein the coating comprises a coating agent claim 1 , a thickener or mixtures thereof.4. The charcoal heating system recited in claim 3 , wherein the coating agent is selected from the group consisting of corn syrup claim 3 , glycerin claim 3 , non-glycerin polyols claim 3 , starch and mixtures ...

Associative polymers and related compositions, methods and systems

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms.

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR BRIQUETTE PRODUCTION

Process for producing a briquette containing carbon carriers (): mixing the carbon carriers () together with a binder system () with introduction of steam and the mixture obtained is pressed to form briquettes. At least one of drying carbon carriers (), setting the temperature of the carbon carriers () to be mixed with the binder system before mixing or heat treating the briquettes after pressing by direct or indirect interaction with superheated steam. Waste steam is at least part of the steam introduced during mixing. An apparatus for carrying out such a process has such interaction with steam, from which a waste steam conduit leads and opens directly or indirectly into the mixing device. 2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising: mixing the binder system with the carbon carriers in a first mixing step to form a premix claim 1 , and mixing the premix in a second mixing step with the introduction of the steam.3. The process as claimed in claim 2 , further comprising setting the inlet temperature of the premix in a predefined temperature range on entry of the premix into the second mixing step.4. The process as claimed in claim 3 , further comprising setting the inlet temperature of the premix by setting the temperature of the carbon carriers that are supplied to the first mixing step in a predefined temperature interval.5. A process as claimed in claim 2 , further comprising performing at least one step selected from the group consisting ofsetting the inlet temperature of the premix in a predefined temperature range on entry of the premix into the second mixing step,setting the inlet temperature of the premix by setting the temperature of the carbon carriers supplied to the first mixing step in a predefined temperature interval, wherein direct or indirect interaction with steam takes place.6. The process as claimed in claim 5 , further comprising using waste steam during the interaction as at least one component of the steam introduced during mixing ...

COMPOSITIONS BASED ON ETHYLENE-VINYL ACETATE COPOLYMERS AND THEIR USE AS ANTI-GELLING ADDITIVES OF PARAFFINIC CRUDE OILS

A polymeric composition suitable for lowering the Pour Point of paraffinic crude oils comprising a synergic mixture including at least two ethylene-vinyl acetate copolymers respectively having an average molecular weight Mw lower than 130,000 Dalton (measured via GPC), a content of vinyl acetate monomer ranging from 15 to 50% by weight, with the proviso that the content of vinyl acetate monomer in the respective copolymers differs from one copolymer to another, by over 5%, on a weight basis. 1. A polymeric composition suitable for lowering the Pour Point of paraffinic crude oils comprising a synergic mixture comprising at least two ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) copolymers having an average molecular weight Mranging from 25 ,000 to 100 ,000 Dalton (measured via GPC) , a content of vinyl acetate (VA) monomer ranging from 15 to 50% by weight , respectively , with the proviso that the content of vinyl acetate monomer in the respective copolymers differs from one another by a value higher than 5% on a weight basis.2. The polymeric composition according to claim 1 , wherein the number of EVA copolymers in the synergic mixture ranges from 2 to 6.3. The polymeric composition according to claim 1 , wherein the EVA copolymers have a weight average molecular weight Mranging from 25 claim 1 ,000 to 80 claim 1 ,000 Dalton.4. The polymeric composition according to claim 1 , wherein the content of VA comonomers claim 1 , on a weight basis claim 1 , differs from one copolymer to another by a value from 7 to 22%.5. The polymeric composition according to claim 1 , wherein the synergic mixture comprises three EVA copolymers having a content of vinyl acetate comonomer of 20 claim 1 , 30 and 40% by weight claim 1 , respectively.6. The polymeric composition according to claim 1 , wherein the synergic mixture comprises three EVA copolymers having a content of vinyl acetate comonomer of 24 claim 1 , 33 and 40% by weight claim 1 , respectively.7. The polymeric composition according to claim ...

POLYMERIC COMPOSITIONS AS POUR POINT DEPRESSANTS FOR CRUDE OILS

Polymeric compositions obtainable by free-radical polymerization of at least two different alkyl (meth)acrylates in the presence of at least one ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer, the alkyl (meth)acrylates used being a mixture comprising alkyl (meth)acrylates having linear C- to C-alkyl radicals and different alkyl (meth)acrylates having linear C- to C-alkyl radicals and/or branched C- to C-alkyl radicals and/or cyclic C- to C-alkyl radicals. The use of such polymeric compositions as pour point depressants for crude oils, mineral oils or mineral oil products. 123.-. (canceled)24. A process for lowering the pour point of a crude oil , the process comprising adding a polymer composition to the crude oil , the polymer composition obtained by free-radical polymerization of monoethylenically unsaturated monomers (A) in the presence of at least one ethylene-vinyl ester copolymer (B) , whereinthe unsaturated monomers (A) comprise at least 70% by weight of alkyl (meth)acrylates (A1) based on a total amount of monomers (A),{'sub': 2', '1', '4, 'sup': 1', '1, 'the ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers (B) comprise 55 to 85% by weight of ethylene and 15 to 45% by weight of vinyl esters of formula (III) HC═CH—O—(O)C—R, where Ris H or a C-Chydrocarbyl radical, and'}the amount of the monomers (A) accounts for 70 to 90% by weight, and the amount of the ethylene-vinyl ester copolymers (B) accounts for 10 to 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the monomers (A) and the copolymers (B), of the polymer composition,wherein the alkyl (meth)acrylates (A1) consist of a mixture of{'sub': '2', 'sup': 2', '3', '2', '3, '(A1a) 50 to 99 mol % of at least one alkyl (meth)acrylate of formula HC═C(R)—COOR, where Ris H or a methyl group, and Ris a linear alkyl radical having 12 to 60 carbon atoms, and'}{'sub': '2', 'sup': 2', '4', '2', '4', '4a', '4b', '4c, '(A1b) 1 to 49 mol % of at least one alkyl (meth)acrylate of formula HC═C(R)—COOR, where Ris as defined above, and Ris a hydrocarbyl radical ...

BLOCK COPOLYMERS AND THE USE THEREOF FOR IMPROVING THE COLD PROPERTIES OF FUELS OR COMBUSTIBLES

The invention relates to a block copolymer and the use thereof as a cold resistance additive of a fuel or combustible. The block copolymer comprises: (i) a block A consisting of a chain of structural motifs derived from at least one α,β-unsaturated alkyl methacrylate or acrylate monomer; and (ii) a block B consisting of a chain of structural motifs derived from at least one α,β-unsaturated monomer selected from styrene derivatives, the aromatic ring of which is substituted by at least one group R selected from the groups: Cto Calkyl esters, and preferably acyclic linear or branched Cto Chydrocarbonated chains, said chain being substituted by at least one group containing a quaternary ammonium salt. The invention also relates to an additive concentrate containing such a copolymer and to the use thereof as an anti-sedimentation additive, and advantageously, as a TLF booster additive. 1. A block copolymer comprising:(i) a block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from one or more α,β-unsaturated alkyl methacrylate or acrylate monomers, and [{'sub': 1', '24, 'Cto Calkyl esters, and'}, {'sub': 1', '12, 'linear or branched, preferably acyclic, Cto Chydrocarbon-based chains, preferably alkyl groups, said chain being substituted by one or more groups containing a quaternary ammonium salt.'}], '(ii) a block B consisting of a chain of structural units derived from one or more α,β-unsaturated monomers chosen from styrene derivatives, the aromatic ring of which is substituted by at least one group R chosen from the groups2. The block copolymer as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that it also comprises (iii) an end chain I consisting of a cyclic or acyclic claim 1 , saturated or unsaturated claim 1 , linear or branched claim 1 , Cto Chydrocarbon-based chain claim 1 , said chain being located at the terminal position of said block copolymer.3. The block copolymer as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the α claim 1 ,β-unsaturated monomer of the block A ...

BLOCK COPOLYMERS AND THE USE THEREOF FOR IMPROVING THE COLD PROPERTIES OF FUELS OR COMBUSTIBLES

The invention relates to a block copolymer and the use thereof as a cold resistance additive of a fuel or combustible. The block copolymer comprises: (i) a block A consisting of a chain of structural motifs derived from at least one α,β-unsaturated alkyl methacrylate or acrylate monomer; and (ii) a block B consisting of a chain of structural motifs derived from at least one α,β-unsaturated monomer containing at least one aromatic ring. The invention also relates to an additive concentrate containing such a copolymer and to the use thereof as a TLF booster and, advantageously, as an anti-sedimentation additive. 1. A block copolymer comprising:(i) a block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from one or more α,β-unsaturated alkyl methacrylate or acrylate monomers, and(ii) a block B consisting of a chain of structural units derived from one or more α,β-unsaturated monomers containing at least one aromatic ring, preferably chosen from styrene or styrene derivatives.2. The block copolymer as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that it also comprises (iii) an end chain I consisting of a cyclic or acyclic claim 1 , saturated or unsaturated claim 1 , linear or branched claim 1 , Cto Chydrocarbon-based chain claim 1 , said chain being located at the terminal position of said block copolymer.3. The block copolymer as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the α claim 1 ,β-unsaturated monomer of the block A is chosen from linear or branched Cto C claim 1 , preferably Cto Calkyl methacrylates or acrylates.4. The block copolymer as claimed in claim 1 , characterized in that the α claim 1 ,β-unsaturated monomer of the block B is chosen from styrene and styrene derivatives claim 1 , the aromatic ring of which is substituted by at least one group R chosen from the groups:hydroxyl,{'sub': 1', '24, 'Cto Calkyl ethers,'}{'sub': 1', '24, 'Cto Calkyl esters, and'}{'sub': 1', '12, 'linear or branched, preferably acyclic, Cto Chydrocarbon-based chains, preferably ...

IMPROVEMENTS RELATING TO FUEL ECONOMY

Use of a viscosity increasing component in a diesel fuel composition, for the purpose of improving the fuel economy of an engine into which the fuel composition is or is intended to be introduced, or of a vehicle powered by such an engine, wherein the viscosity increasing component is a viscosity index (VI) improving additive, wherein the VI improving additive comprises a linear block copolymer, which contains one or more monomer blocks selected from ethylene, propylene, butylene, butadiene, isoprene and styrene monomers and wherein the VI improving additive is used at a concentration of from 0.001% w/w to 0.05% w/w. 1. A use of a viscosity increasing component in a diesel fuel composition , for the purpose of improving the fuel economy of an engine into which the fuel composition is or is intended to be introduced , or of a vehicle powered by such an engine , wherein the viscosity increasing component is a viscosity index (VI) improving additive , wherein the VI improving additive comprises a linear block copolymer , which contains one or more monomer blocks selected from ethylene , propylene , butylene , butadiene , isoprene and styrene monomers and wherein the VI improving additive is used at a concentration of from 0.001% w/w to 0.05% w/w.2. The use of claim 1 , wherein the VI improving additive comprises a polystyrene-polyisoprene linear block copolymer.5. The use of claim 1 , wherein the viscosity increasing component is used in an amount sufficient to increase the kinematic viscosity of the diesel fuel composition at 40° C. by:{'sup': '2', 'i) at least 0.005 mm/s;'}{'sup': 2', '2, 'ii) 0.01 mm/s to 1.0 mm/s; or'}{'sup': 2', '2, 'iii) 0.01 mm/s to 0.5 mm/s;'}6. The use of claim 1 , wherein the kinematic viscosity at 40° C. of the diesel fuel composition comprising the viscosity increasing component is in the range of:{'sup': '2', 'i) up to 4.5 mm/s'}{'sup': 2', '2, 'ii) between 2.0 mm/s and 4.0 mm/s; or'}{'sup': 2', '2, 'iii) between 3.0 mm/s and 3.8 mm/s.'}7. ...

ASSOCIATIVE POLYMERS AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms. 2. The framing associative polymer of claim 1 , having a weight averaged molecular weight equal to or lower than about 2 claim 1 ,000 claim 1 ,000 g/mol.3. The framing associative polymer of claim 1 , having a weight averaged molecular weight 400 claim 1 ,000 Подробнее

Quaternary Ammonium Amide And/Or Ester Salts

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts and their use as additives, including their use in fuels, such as diesel fuel. The invention particularly relates to the use of quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts as detergents in diesel fuels.

Use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines as stabilisers

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I where R 1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R 2 to R 5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

USE OF COLD FLOW IMPROVER COMPOSITIONS FOR FUELS, BLENDS THEREOF WITH BIOFUELS AND FORMULATIONS THEREOF

The present invention relates to the use of polyalkyl(meth)acrylates as an additive to fuels, especially middle distillate fuels and blends thereof. The present invention further relates to the use of a composition comprising polyalkyl(meth)acrylates as dispersing species susceptible to disperse waxes and sludgy material at low temperatures and a hydrocarbon solvent/an oil for improving the cold flow properties of fuel oil and fuel oil compositions. The present invention further relates to the use of these compositions as an additive to fuels, especially in the function of paraffin dispersant, to such fuels themselves and to fuel additive concentrates which comprise this composition dissolved in a hydrocarbon solvent or an oil. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polyalkyl(meth)acrylate has a number average molecular weight Mof from 2500 to 100000.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polyalkyl(meth)acrylate has a number average molecular weight Mof from 4000 to 20000.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polydispersity M/Mof the polyalkyl(meth)acrylate is from 1 to 8.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polydispersity M/Mof the polyalkyl(meth)acrylate is from 1.3 to 2.5.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein there is a positive amount of the vinyl aromatic monomer (d) which is selected from the group consisting of styrene and substituted styrene.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the N-dispersant monomer of component (e) is selected from the group consisting of vinyl substituted nitrogen heterocyclic monomers claim 1 , N-vinyl-substituted nitrogen heterocyclic monomers claim 1 , dialkylaminoalkyl acrylate claim 1 , dialkylaminoalkyl methacrylate monomers claim 1 , methacrylamide monomers claim 1 , N-tertiary alkyl acrylamides and corresponding methacrylamides claim 1 , vinyl substituted amines and N-vinyl lactams.10. A method for improving the cold flow properties of a fuel oil composition claim 1 , the ...

LIGNIN AND METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING LIGNIN

The invention relates to a method for processing lignin. The method includes feeding lignin material to the system, decreasing particle size of the lignin material in a grinding device in order to manufacture lignin powder having particle size distribution wherein at least 85 wt. % of the lignin agglomerates and particles are less than 300 microns, and increasing dry solids content of the lignin material at least 5 percentage units while decreasing the particle size in the grinding device. In addition, the invention relates to a system for processing lignin, a lignin powder, a method for manufacturing a product including lignin, a system for manufacturing a product including lignin and a product including lignin powder. 124-. (canceled)25. A method for processing lignin , the method comprising:feeding lignin material to the system;decreasing particle size of the lignin material in a grinding device in order to manufacture lignin powder having particle size distribution wherein at least 85 wt. % of the lignin agglomerates and particles are less than 300 microns; andincreasing dry solids content of the lignin material at least 5 percentage units while decreasing the particle size in the grinding device.26. The method according to claim 25 , wherein at least 90% of the lignin agglomerates and particles in the lignin powder have a size of less than 200 microns.27. The method according to claim 26 , wherein at least 95% of the lignin agglomerates and particles in the lignin powder have a size of less than 100 microns.28. The method according to claim 25 , wherein dry solids content of the lignin material introduced to the system is between 40 and 90%.29. The method according to claim 25 , wherein dry solids content of the manufactured powder is between 80 and 100%.30. The method according to claim 25 , whereindry solids content of the lignin material introduced to the system is between 40 and 90%, anddry solids content of the manufactured powder is between 80 and 100%.31 ...

POLYOLEFIN-DERIVED DISPERSANTS

Ethylene-C-Calpha olefin copolymers, dispersants and lubricating oils/fuel compositions incorporating dispersants, and related methods are generally described herein. The copolymer may comprise ethylene-derived units and C-Calpha-olefin-derived units. The C-Calpha-olefin-derived units may have a carbon number from three to ten. For example, the C-Calpha-olefin-derived units may be propylene-derived units. The dispersants may be made from copolymers having low metal and/or fluorine contents. 1. A dispersant prepared by a process comprising: functionalizing a copolymer derived from ethylene and one or more Calpha-olefins ,wherein the copolymer has a number average molecular weight of less than 5,000 g/mol as measured by GPC using polystyrene as a calibration reference;{'sup': '1', 'wherein an ethylene unit content of the copolymer is less than 80 mol %, as measured by H-NMR spectroscopy;'}{'sup': 13', '1, 'wherein the copolymer has a terminal unsaturation of 70 mol % or greater, as measured by C-NMR spectroscopy, and at least 70 mol % of the terminal unsaturation is selected from terminal vinylidene, one or more tri-substituted isomers of the terminal vinylidene and any combination thereof, as measured by H-NMR spectroscopy;'}{'sub': 'C2,Actual', 'sup': '13', 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'sub': C2,Actual', 'C2,Statistical, 'n Подробнее

Droplet for Fuels

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties. 1. A droplet , comprising:an amphiphile;at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier;a hydrophilic portion; anda hydrophobic portion.2. The droplet of claim 1 , wherein the droplet is generally spherical in free space and substantially between 20 and 500 microns in diameter.3. The droplet of claim 2 , wherein the droplet further comprises a colloid in at least one of a suspension and a dispersion forming a droplet nucleus.4. The droplet of claim 1 , wherein the amphiphile has at least one lipophilic part and one hydrophilic part.5. The droplet of claim 4 , wherein the hydrophilic part is at least one of anionic and cationic.6. The droplet of claim 5 , wherein the anionic part is at least one of a carboxylate claim 5 , a sulfate claim 5 , a sulfonate claim 5 , and a phosphate.7. The droplet of claim 5 , wherein the cationic part is an ammonium cation.8. The droplet of claim 1 , wherein the amphiphile is a polar uncharged group.9. The droplet of claim 8 , wherein the polar uncharged group comprises one or more hydroxy groups.10. The droplet of claim 5 , wherein the amphiphile is selected from the group consisting essentially of 3-[(3-cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1- ...

EMULSIFICATION DISPERSANTS, A METHOD FOR EMULSIFICATION AND DISPERSION USING THE EMULSIFICATION DISPERSANTS, EMULSIONS, AND EMULSION FUELS

An emulsifying dispersant includes, as the main component, vesicles formed from an amphiphilic substance capable of self-assembly or an emulsifying dispersant comprising single particles of a biopolymer as the main component. The particles made from amphiphilic substances capable of self-assembly are used. The amphiphilic substances are selected from among polyoxyethylene-hydrogenated castor oil derivatives wherein the average number of added ethylene oxide molecule is 5 to 15, dialkyldimethyl-ammonium halides wherein the chain length of the alkyl or alkenyl is 8 to 22, and phospholipids or phospholipid derivatives. According to the invention a three-phase structure composed of an aqueous phase, an emulsifying dispersant phase and an oil phase is formed on the surface of an emulsion to give an emulsion (such as emulsion fuel) excellent in thermal stability and long-term stability. 18.-. (canceled)9. An emulsification dispersant comprising:one or more than two biopolymers disintegrated into single globular particles are selected from the group consisting of microbially produced polysaccharides, phospholipids, polyesters, naturally-derived polysaccharides, such as starch, and chitosans, and wherein the average particle size of said single globular particles is 8 nm to 500 nm when the emulsion is being formed, and 50 nm to 800 nm when the dispersant is being conditioned within a concentration range of 0.04 to 20 wt % in the dispersion.10. An emulsification dispersion method using the emulsification dispersant according to claim 9 , the method comprising the step of mixing an oil component to be emulsified and said emulsification dispersant claim 9 , a weight ratio of the oil component and the emulsification dispersant is 50 to 2000.11. A method of producing emulsification dispersants claim 9 , comprising the steps of:forming vesicles from amphiphilic substances capable of forming vesicles spontaneously, or, disintegrating one or two biopolymers into single globular ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING BIOFUEL

The present invention relates to the field of renewable energy. More specifically, the present invention relates to the production of biofuel from biomass including, for example, polymeric materials. 1. A method for producing a bio-oil , the method comprising:extruding polymeric material in an extruder to thereby form a melt stream comprising the polymeric material,providing a stream of aqueous solvent that is separate to the melt stream,contacting the melt stream with the stream of aqueous solvent to form a reaction mixture,treating the reaction mixture in a reactor vessel at a reaction temperature and a reaction pressure for a time period suitable for conversion of all or a portion of the polymeric material present in the reaction mixture into a product comprising the bio-oil, anddepressurising and cooling the product.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the extruder is a single screw extruder claim 1 , a multiscrew extruder claim 1 , a counter-rotating multiscrew extruder claim 1 , a co-rotating multiscrew extruder claim 1 , a twin screw extruder claim 1 , a counter-rotating twin screw extruder claim 1 , a co-rotating twin screw extruder claim 1 , an intermeshing screw extruder claim 1 , a radial extruder claim 1 , or a roll-type extrusion press.3. The method according to or claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises venting gases and/or vapours from one or a series of ports present in a barrel of the extruder.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the gases and/or vapours comprise any one or more of: hydrogen chloride claim 3 , hydrogen bromide claim 3 , hydrogen fluoride claim 3 , chlorine claim 3 , ammonia claim 3 , carbon monoxide claim 3 , carbon dioxide.5. The method according to any one of to claim 3 , further comprising adding a base to any one or more of: the polymeric material prior to extrusion claim 3 , the melt stream claim 3 , the stream of aqueous solvent claim 3 , and/or the reaction mixture claim 3 , wherein:the base is an ...

ADDITIVES FOR FUELS AND OILS COMPRISING FUNCTIONALISED DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Concentrates containing specific functionalised diblock copolymers serve as effective additives for improving the cold flow behaviour of fuels and oils, the copolymers being derived from a terminally-unsaturated intermediate polymer obtained via a metallocene process involving hydrogen. 4. The process of claim 1 , wherein R′ represents n-butyl.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the compound of formula (I) claim 1 , the aromatic ring substituent joined to the second block is positioned meta to the substituent joined to the first block.6. The process of wherein the third step c) is an anionic polymerisation reaction claim 1 , wherein the terminal double bond of the intermediate of formula (II) is reacted with a metallating reagent to form an anion which initiates polymerisation therefrom upon the addition of one or more α claim 1 ,β—unsaturated monomers selected from styrene claim 1 , substituted styrene claim 1 , acrylate claim 1 , methacrylate and diene compounds.8. The process of wherein the metallating reagent comprises n-butyl lithium or sec-butyl lithium.12. The intermediate of wherein each R group independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.13. The intermediate of wherein each R group independently represents a methyl group.14. The intermediate of wherein R′ represents n-butyl.15. The intermediate of wherein the other aromatic ring substituent is positioned meta to the substituent joined to the first block.16 claim 15 , The intermediate of wherein the first block consists of a polyethylene chain.17. The intermediate of wherein the first block has a number average molecular weight (Mn) claim 16 , as measured by GPC against polystyrene standards claim 16 , in the range of 500 to 20000 g mol.18. The intermediate of wherein each R group independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.19. The intermediate of wherein each R group independently represents a methyl group.20. The intermediate of wherein R ...

USE OF A PARAFFINIC HYDROCARBON-BASED FUEL COMPOSITION FOR CLEANING THE INTERNAL PARTS OF DIESEL ENGINES

The present invention relates to the use of a fuel composition comprising at least 85% by weight of one or more hydrocarbon fractions consisting of one or more hydrotreated vegetable oils, said fraction(s) having a distillation range between 100 and 400° C. and having a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by weight, for reducing the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine (or diesel engine). The present invention also relates to a method for cleaning the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine using such a composition. 1. A use , for reducing the deposits present in the internal parts of a compression ignition engine , of a fuel composition comprising at least 85% by weight of one or more paraffinic hydrocarbon fractions consisting of one or more hydrotreated vegetable oils , said fraction(s) having a distillation range within the range from 100 to 400° C. and having a paraffin content greater than or equal to 90% by weight.2. The use according to claim 1 , characterised in that the distillation range of said paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction is within the range from 130 to 350° C.3. The use according to claim 1 , characterised in that the paraffin content of said paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction is greater than or equal to 95% by weight claim 1 , in relation to the total weight of said fraction.4. The use according to claim 1 , characterised in that said paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction contains at least 50% by weight of isoparaffins claim 1 , in relation to the weight of said fraction.5. The use according to claim 1 , characterised in that the fuel composition comprises at least 90% by weight of said paraffinic hydrocarbon fraction(s).6. The use according to claim 1 , characterised in that the fuel composition further contains at least one first additive consisting of a quaternary ammonium salt claim 1 , obtained by reaction with a quaternising agent of a nitrogen compound comprising a tertiary ...

Use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines as stabilisers

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I where R 1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R 2 to R 5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

Asphaltene inhibition

The technology disclosed herein provides compositions and methods for asphaltene control in a hydrocarbon fluid, such as crude oil, by employing a thiophosphonate ester compound.

Polyimide Dispersants and Methods of Making and Using Thereof

Provided herein are polyimide dispersants, as well as methods for producing polyimide dispersants. The polyimides can be defined by the formula below 2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y is claim 1 , individually for each occurrence claim 1 , chosen from alkylene claim 1 , heteroalkylene claim 1 , cycloalkylene claim 1 , heterocycloalkylene claim 1 , arylene claim 1 , heteroarylene claim 1 , alkylarylene claim 1 , alkylheteroarylene claim 1 , polyalkyleneoxy claim 1 , or polyalkenylamino.3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y claim 1 , individually for each occurrence claim 1 , comprises from 2 to 30 carbon atoms.4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein B comprises an aryl group.5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the first cyclic imide group comprises a five-membered cyclic imide ring and a second cyclic imide group comprises a five-membered cyclic imide ring.7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the first cyclic imide group comprises a six-membered cyclic imide ring and a second cyclic imide group comprises a six-membered cyclic imide ring.9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is an integer from 1-6.10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is a hydrophobic moiety.11. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R is chosen from a polyolefin group claim 1 , a polyetheramine group; a polyalkenylamine group; a polyalkyleneoxy group claim 1 , or a combination thereof.12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R comprises a polyolefin group terminated by an initiator residue.13. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R comprises a polyisobutylene group terminated by an initiator residue.14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L is absent.15. The compound of claim 14 , where the compound is defined by Formula IA below{'br': None, 'sup': x', 'a', 'a', 'x, 'sub': 'n', 'R—R—Y-\ue8a0A-Y\ue8a0—R—R\u2003\u2003Formula IA'} A and n are as defined above with respect to Formula I,', {'sup': 'x', 'Ris an initiator residue; and'}, {'sup': 'a', 'Ris a polyolefin group;'}], 'wherein'}17. The compound of ...

Associative polymers and related compositions, methods and systems

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms.

GASEOUS COMBUSTIBLE FUEL CONTAINING SUSPENDED SOLID FUEL PARTICLES

A gaseous combustible fuel includes a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock and solid fuel particles suspended in the gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock. The solid fuel particles have a sufficiently small particle size so that they remain suspended during transportation. The hydrocarbon fuel feedstock may include natural gas, ethane, propane, butane, and gaseous derivatives and mixtures thereof. The solid fuel particles may include coal-derived solid carbonaceous matter. Other examples of solid fuel particles include biomass, refined bioproducts, and combustible polymer particles. The gaseous combustible fuel has an energy density at atmospheric pressure which is at least 25% greater than the volumetric energy density of the gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock. Improvements in volumetric energy density of 50%, 100%, and even 500% are disclosed. The gaseous combustible fuel may be pressurized to a pressure in the range from 2 to 100 atmospheres. 1. A gaseous combustible fuel comprising:a gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock; andsolid fuel particles suspended in the gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock, wherein the solid fuel particles have a particle size less than 250 μm.2. The gaseous combustible fuel according to claim 1 , wherein the gaseous hydrocarbon fuel feedstock is selected from natural gas claim 1 , methane claim 1 , ethane claim 1 , propane claim 1 , butane claim 1 , and gaseous derivatives and mixtures thereof.3. The gaseous combustible fuel according to claim 1 , wherein the solid fuel particles comprise combustible particles having a heat content greater than 5000 BTU/lb.4. The gaseous combustible fuel according to claim 1 , wherein the solid fuel particles comprise combustible particles having a density greater than 500 kg/m.5. The gaseous combustible fuel according to claim 1 , wherein the solid fuel particles comprise combustible particles having a heat content greater than 5000 BTU/lb and a density greater than 500 kg/m.6. The gaseous combustible fuel ...

Additive compositions and use thereof for improving the cold properties of fuels and combustibles

The present disclosure relates to additive compositions and their use for improving the low temperature properties of motor fuels and fuels. The additive compositions include at least one modified alkylphenol-aldehyde resin and at least one filterability additive chosen from: the terpolymers of C 4 to C 22 alkyl (meth)acrylate, C 20 to C 24 alpha-olefin and maleimide N-substituted by a hydrocarbon chain having between 4 and 30 carbon atoms, the homopolymers of C 1 to C 40 alkyl (meth)acrylate, preferably the C 8 to C 24 alkyl polyacrylates, the ammonium salts of mono- or poly-carboxylic acid comprising at least one linear or branched, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon chain, having between 4 and 30 carbon atoms. The present disclosure also relates to compositions of motor fuels or liquid hydrocarbon fuels including such compositions.

Method for Producing Agglomerates from a Biomass Stream

The present invention relates to a method for producing agglomerates from a feedstock comprising at least one biomass stream, the method comprising the steps of: combining the feedstock with one or more binding reagents; and introducing the feedstock into an agglomeration apparatus in the presence of a polymerisation activator to produce the agglomerates. 1. A method for producing agglomerates from a feedstock comprising at least one biomass stream , the method comprising the steps of:combining the feedstock with one or more binding reagents; andintroducing the feedstock into an agglomeration apparatus in the presence of a polymerisation activator to produce the agglomerates.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of combining the feedstock with the one or more binding reagents occurs prior to the step of introducing the feedstock into the agglomeration apparatus to produce the agglomerates claim 1 , such that the method comprises the steps of:combining the feedstock with the one or more binding reagents to produce an agglomeration mixture; thenintroducing the agglomeration mixture into the agglomeration apparatus in the presence of the polymerisation activator to produce the agglomerates.3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymerisation activator is contacted with the feedstock and the one or more binding reagents prior to the step of introducing the feedstock into the agglomeration apparatus to produce the agglomerates.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymerisation activator is contacted with the feedstock and the one or more binding reagents simultaneous to claim 1 , or after the feedstock is introduced into the agglomeration apparatus.5. A method according to claim 2 , wherein one or more further biomass streams and/or binding reagents are combined with the agglomeration mixture prior to the step of:introducing the agglomeration mixture into the agglomeration apparatus in the presence of the polymerisation activator to ...

MANNICH BASE, PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF

This invention relates to a Mannich base, production and use thereof in producing a detergent. The Mannich base is represented by the following formula (III), wherein A and Rare as defined in the specification. The Mannich base can be used to produce a detergent and a fuel oil composition exhibiting excellent deposit formation suppressing performance and excellent anticorrosion performance. 4. The process for producing a Mannich base according to claim 3 , which is conducted in line with any one of the following ways:Way (1) comprising the following steps:{'sub': 1', '7, 'the first step: reacting the phenolic compound of the formula (VI), the polyalkylenepolyamine of the formula (VII) and the C-Clinear or branched saturated aliphatic aldehyde at a reaction temperature of 50 to 200 degrees centigrade (preferably 60 to 150 degrees centigrade, most preferably 80 to 130 degrees centigrade) to conduct a Mannich reaction, to produce an intermediate; and'}{'sub': 1', '7, 'the second step: reacting the intermediate, the phenolic compound of the formula (V) and the C-Clinear or branched saturated aliphatic aldehyde at a reaction temperature of 40 to 200 degrees centigrade (preferably 60 to 150 degrees centigrade, most preferably 80 to 130 degrees centigrade) to conduct a Mannich reaction, so as to produce the Mannich base,'}orWay (2) comprising the following steps:{'sub': 1', '7, 'the first step: reacting the phenolic compound of the formula (V), the polyalkylenepolyamine of the formula (VII) and the C-Clinear or branched saturated aliphatic aldehyde at a reaction temperature of 40 to 200 degrees centigrade (preferably 60 to 150 degrees centigrade, most preferably 80 to 130 degrees centigrade) to conduct a Mannich reaction, to produce an intermediate; and'}{'sub': 1', '7, 'the second step: reacting the intermediate, the phenolic compound of the formula (VI) and the C-Clinear or branched saturated aliphatic aldehyde at a reaction temperature of 50 to 200 degrees centigrade ( ...

INFUSED HIGH BTU COMBUSTION COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

An organic fuel additive for improving the combustion of a bioenergy solid fuel product, the organic fuel additive comprising a mixture of combustible organic fines and a polymer material, wherein the polymer material encapsulates the combustible organic fines in solid form, and methods of making and using the same. 1. An organic fuel additive for improving the combustion of a bioenergy solid fuel product , the organic fuel additive comprising:a mixture of combustible organic fines and a polymer material,wherein the polymer material encapsulates the combustible organic fines in solid form.2. The solid fuel additive of wherein the polymer material comprises a hydrocarbon wax.3. The solid fuel additive of wherein the hydrocarbon was is a paraffin wax.4. The solid fuel additive of wherein the biomass comprises lignocellulose biomass.5. The solid fuel additive of wherein the biomass comprises lignocellulose biomass in the form of forestry claim 4 , agricultural or energy crop biomass.6. The solid fuel additive of wherein the biomass comprises wood claim 4 , wood residue claim 4 , straw claim 4 , hay cellulose claim 4 , grass claim 4 , grains claim 4 , fruit shells and mixtures thereof.7. The solid fuel additive of comprising about 20 wt-% to about 60 wt-% combustible organic fines and about 80 wt-% to about 40 wt-% polymer material.8. The solid fuel additive of comprising about 30 wt-% to about 50 wt-% combustible organic fines and about 70 wt-% to about 50 wt-% polymer material.9. The solid fuel additive of comprising about 40 wt-% to about 50 wt-% combustible organic fines and about 60 wt-% to about 50% polymer material.10. The solid fuel additive of wherein the combustible organic fines comprise an ultra high grade anthracite.11. The solid fuel additive of wherein the combustible organic fines comprise aspen or pine wood fines.12. A solid fuel product for combustion burning claim 1 , the solid fuel product comprising:a biomass; anda fuel additive for increasing the ...

COMPOSITION WHICH MAKES IT POSSIBLE TO DELAY THE FORMATION OF GAS HYDRATES

Provided is a composition comprising at least one polymer, the repeat unit of which comprises at least one amide functional group, at least one polyetheramine with a weight-average molecular weight (M) of greater than 100 g.moland exhibiting at least two secondary and/or tertiary amine functional groups, and optionally, but preferably, at least one organic solvent. Also provided is method of using of the composition for delaying, indeed even preventing, the formation of gas hydrates, in particular in a process for extracting oil and/or gas and/or condensates, and also to the process for delaying, indeed even preventing, the formation and/or the agglomeration of gas hydrates, employing a composition as defined above. 1. A composition comprising:a) at least one polymer, the repeat unit of which comprises at least one amide functional group,{'sub': 'W', 'sup': '−1', 'b) at least one polyetheramine with a weight-average molecular weight (M) of greater than 100 g.mol, and exhibiting at least two secondary and/or tertiary amine functional groups, and'}c) optionally, at least one organic solvent.2. The composition according to claim 1 , in which the polymer claim 1 , the repeat unit of which comprises at least one amide functional group claim 1 , is a polymer obtained by polymerization of one or more monomers chosen from substituted or unsubstituted (meth)acrylamides claim 1 , or vinyl monomers having lactam groups.3. The composition according to claim 1 , in which the polymer claim 1 , the repeat unit of which comprises at least one amide functional group claim 1 , is a polymer obtained by polymerization of one or more monomers chosen from vinylpyrrolidone (VP) claim 1 , vinylcaprolactam (VCap) claim 1 , acrylamide claim 1 , methacrylamide claim 1 , N-alkylacrylamide claim 1 , N-alkylmethacrylamide claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N-dialkylacrylamide claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N-dialkylmethacrylamide claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N-dialkylaminoalkylacrylamide claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N- ...

ESTER COMPOUND OF A POLYOL AND FATTY ACID OLIGOMER FOR USE AS A COLD FLOW IMPROVER IN FUEL COMPOSITIONS

The present invention provides a compound as a cold flow improver for a fuel composition, said compound being an ester of (i) a polyol wherein the polyol is selected from at least pentaerythritol, polymers thereof and mixtures thereof; and (ii) a fatty acid oligomer, wherein the fatty acid oligomer has a degree of polymerisation from 2 to 7. The ester compound can be used for reducing, preventing or inhibiting cold filter plugging in a diesel engine. 1. A compound which is an ester of(i) a polyol wherein the polyol is selected from at least pentaerythritol, polymers thereof and mixtures thereof; and(ii) a fatty acid oligomer, wherein the fatty acid oligomer has a degree of polymerisation of from 2 to 7.2. A compound according to wherein the polyol comprises at least one polyol selected from pentaerythritol claim 1 , dipentaerythritol claim 1 , tripentaerythritol claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. A compound according to wherein the polyol further comprises glycerol.4. A compound according to wherein the polyol is at least a mixture of dipentaerythritol and glycerol.6. A compound according to wherein the polyol is at least a compound of Formula I in an amount of at least 50 wt % based on the amount of polyols.7. A compound according to wherein the fatty acid oligomer is prepared from a mixture of at least(i) a saturated fatty acid having a hydroxyl group on the carbon chain of the fatty acid,(ii) an unsaturated fatty acid having a hydroxyl group on the carbon chain of the fatty acid.8. A compound according to wherein the fatty acid oligomer is prepared from at least 12-hydroxy stearic acid.9. A compound according to wherein the fatty acid oligomer is prepared from at least ricinoleic acid.10. A compound according to wherein the fatty acid oligomer is prepared from a mixture of at least(i) 12-hydroxy stearic acid and(ii) ricinoleic acid.11. A compound according to wherein the fatty acid oligomer is prepared from a mixture of at least(i) 12-hydroxy stearic acid in ...

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AMIDE AND/OR ESTER SALTS

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts and their use as additives, including their use in fuels, such as diesel fuel. The invention particularly relates to the use of quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts as detergents in diesel fuels. 1. A composition comprising a quaternary ammonium salt detergent containing an ester group , where the quaternized detergent comprises the reaction product of:(a) the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and at least one of N,N-dimethylaminopropanol, N,N-diethylaminopropanol, N,N-diethylaminobutanol, 1-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperidine, 2-[2-(dimethylamine)ethoxy]-ethanol, 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol, or combinations thereof; and(b) a quaternizing agent.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a protic solvent is present during the reaction of (a) and (b) and wherein the reaction of (a) and (b) is essentially free of any additional acid component other than an acid group present in the structure of the detergent.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the protic solvent comprises water and/or a linear or branched alcohol containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent comprises the reaction product of a polyolefin and a α claim 1 ,β-monounsaturated Cto Canhydride.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent comprises polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the quaternized detergent comprises the condensation product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and at least one of 1-[2-hydroxyethyl]piperidine claim 1 , 2-[2-(dimethylamine)ethoxy]-ethanol claim 1 , 2-dimethylamino-2-methyl-1-propanol claim 1 , or combinations thereof.7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein (b) claim 1 , the quaternizing agent claim 1 , comprises ethylene oxide claim 1 , propylene oxide claim 1 , butylene oxide claim 1 , styrene oxide claim 1 , or ...

POLYCARBOXYLIC ACID-BASED ADDITIVES FOR FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

The present invention relates to the use of an olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group, or of a nitrogen compound quaternized with epoxide in the presence of an olefin-carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group, as a fuel additive or lubricant additive; to processes for preparing additives of this kind, and to fuels and lubricants additized therewith; such as, more particularly, as a detergent additive; for reduction or prevention of deposits in the injection systems of direct injection diesel engines, especially in common rail injection systems, for reduction of the fuel consumption of direct injection diesel engines, especially of diesel engines with common rail injection systems, and for minimization of power loss in direct injection diesel engines, especially in diesel engines with common rail injection systems; and as an additive for gasoline fuels, especially for operation of DISI engines. 1: A method of reducing and/or preventing deposits in a fuel system , the method comprising:injecting a fuel into a fuel system, wherein the fuel comprises component (a) or (b):(a) a copolymer comprising units of an olefin and units of an olefin-polymerizable carboxylic acid, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group, or(b) a nitrogen compound quaternized with epoxide in the presence of a copolymer comprising units of an olefin and units of an olefin-polymerizable carboxylic acid, wherein the copolymer comprises at least one free carboxylic acid side group,wherein the olefin-polymerizable carboxylic acid is a polymerizable mono- or polycarboxylic acid.2: The method according to claim 1 , wherein the copolymer is obtained by a method comprising:(1) copolymerizinga) at least one ethylenically unsaturated, polymerizable polycarboxylic anhydride withb) at least one polymerizable olefin;(2) then derivatizing the ...

PLASTICIZED LATEX FORMULATIONS FOR IMPROVED PUMPABILITY

Hydrocarbon streams, such as crude oil streams, may have reduced drag when an effective amount to reduce drag of a drag reducing composition is added to a liquid hydrocarbon, where the drag reducing composition includes a drag reducing latex comprising at least one plasticizer in an amount effective to improve the ability to pump the latex into a hydrocarbon composition or stream with assured flow of the latex. Latex formulations are known to cause agglomerated particles during pumping operations, and the agglomerated hard particles tend to plug check valves in injection pump equipment, but the inclusion of at least one plasticizer reduces or prevents such problems. 1. A drag reducing composition to reduce the drag of a liquid hydrocarbon , the drag reducing composition comprising:a drag reducing latex; andat least one plasticizer in an amount effective to improve the ability to pump the drag reducing latex into the liquid hydrocarbon, where the weight ratio of the at least one plasticizer to drag reducing latex ranges from about 1/99 to about 10/90.2. The drag reducing composition of where:the drag reducing latex comprises a polymer having at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, C1 to C6 alcohol esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, styrene, acrylic acid, and combinations thereof; andthe at least one plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of glycols, polyglycols, glycol ethers, esters, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, paraffinic and isoparaffinic solvents, white and mineral spirit blends, aromatic solvents, and combinations thereof.3. The drag reducing composition of where the polymer consists of a monomer that is acrylic acid and another monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylates claim 2 , methacrylates claim 2 , 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate ...

Method for firing an industrial furnace using coal or cokes with a secondary fuel

The invention relates to a process for firing an industrial furnace, in particular for electricity generation, wherein coal or cokes together with a secondary fuel comprising cellulose and plastic, in the form of pellets of a size larger than about 3 mm thickness, and having a caloric value of about 16 GJ/ton or more is ground to a powder wherein about 95 wt % or more has a particle size smaller than 2 mm and wherein the d50 of the particle size distribution is between about 5 and about 100 μm, wherein the powder is injected in the flame of the furnace. In this process the grinding is performed in a roller mill or ball mill, and the amount of pellets used together with the coals preferably is about 3 wt % or more, relative to the coal.

ASSOCIATIVE POLYMERS AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling a physical and/or chemical property of non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms. 2. The framing associative polymer of claim 1 , having a weight averaged molecular weight equal to or lower than about 2 claim 1 ,000 claim 1 ,000 g/mol.3. The framing associative polymer of claim 1 , having a weight averaged molecular weight 400 claim 1 ,000 Подробнее

FUEL OIL COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED COLD FLOW PROPERTIES

The use is described of polymers which contain, in copolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinyl ester and an ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils and lubricants and in particular as a cold flow improver in fuel oils. In addition, the fuel oils and lubricants additized with these polymers; and also additive packages comprising such polymers are described. 1. The use of a polymer which contains , in copolymerized form , an α-olefin , a vinyl ester and an ester of an α ,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils and lubricants.2. The use according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer contains the vinyl ester and the ester of an α claim 1 ,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid copolymerized in random distribution.4. The use according to claim 3 , wherein the monomers M1 claim 3 , M2 and M3 are present in the polymer in the following molar proportions:M1: from 0.60 to 0.98M2: from 0.01 to 0.20M3: from 0.01 to 0.20.5. The use according to claim 3 , wherein monomer M1 is ethylene.6. The use according to claim 3 , wherein R claim 3 , Rand Rare each H or two of the R claim 3 , Rand Rradicals are each H and the other radical is methyl.7. The use according to claim 3 , wherein Ris C-C-hydrocarbyl.8. The use according to claim 7 , wherein Ris n-butyl or 2-ethylhexyl.9. The use according to claim 6 , wherein M2 is n-butyl acrylate or 2-ethylhexyl acrylate.10. The use according to claim 3 , wherein M3 is vinyl acetate.11. The use according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer is used as a cold flow improver.12. A fuel oil composition comprising a major proportion by weight of a middle distillate fuel boiling in the range of 120−500° C. and a small proportion by weight of at least one polymer as defined in .13. The fuel oil composition according to claim 12 , wherein the fuel component comprises biodiesel (from animal or vegetable production) in proportions of 0-100% by weight.14. The fuel oil composition according to claim 12 , selected from diesel ...

AGGLOMERATION OF ULTRA-FINE COAL PARTICLES

A method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal particles includes mixing a film forming agglomeration aid (FFAA) with a quantity of ultra-fine coal particles to form ultra-fine coal particles coated with the FFAA. The FFAA has a lower surface energy relative to a surface of the ultra-fine coal particles. The FFAA is mixed with the ultra-fine coal particles in an amount less than 3% by weight of the ultra-fine coal particles on a dry basis. Agglomerates of the ultra-fine coal particles coated with the film forming agglomeration aid are formed using vibration, pelleting, and/or briquetting. The agglomerates have a size of at least 2 mm. The ultra-fine coal particles have a particle size less than 100 μm. The agglomerate has a tumbler test friability less than 3%. The drop shatter friability is also less than 3%. 1. A method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal particles comprising:mixing a film forming agglomeration aid with a quantity of ultra-fine coal particles to form ultra-fine coal particles coated with the film forming agglomeration aid, wherein the ultra-fine coal particles have a particle size less than 100 μm, wherein the film forming agglomeration aid has a lower surface energy relative to a surface of the ultra-fine coal particles, wherein the film forming agglomeration aid is mixed with the ultra-fine coal particles in an amount less than 3% by weight of the ultra-fine coal particles on a dry basis; andforming agglomerates of the ultra-fine coal particles coated with the film forming agglomeration aid, wherein the agglomerates have a size of at least 2 mm.2. The method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the ultra-fine coal particles have a particle size less than 50 μm.3. The method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the ultra-fine coal particles have a particle size less than 25 μm.4. The method of preparing agglomerates of ultra-fine coal ...

COMBUSTIBLE HEAT SOURCE WITH IMPROVED BINDING AGENT

A combustible heat source for a smoking article is provided, including carbon and a binding agent. The binding agent includes a combination of three binder components: an organic polymeric binder material, a carboxylate burn salt, and at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material. The at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material includes a sheet silicate material. Preferably, the combustible heat source further includes an ignition aid. 1. A combustible heat source for a smoking article , the combustible heat source comprising:carbon; anda binding agent including at least one organic polymeric binder material, at least one carboxylate burn salt, and at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material,wherein the at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material comprises a sheet silicate material.2. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one carboxylate burn salt includes one or more of: at least one alkali metal citrate salt claim 1 , at least one alkali metal acetate salt claim 1 , and at least one alkali metal succinate salt.3. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one carboxylate burn salt includes at least one alkali metal citrate salt.4. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one organic polymeric binder material comprises a cellulosic material.5. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material comprises one or more clays.6. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the binding agent comprises between 25 percent and 80 percent by weight of the organic polymeric binder material.7. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the binding agent comprises between 5 percent and 50 percent by weight of the carboxylate burn salt.8. The combustible heat source according to claim 1 , wherein the binding agent comprises between 10 percent and 35 ...

Dust Control Formulations

This disclosure describes formulations and methods for dust control, for example, coal topping, a term which refers to the application of liquid products to the top of coal loads, such as those in open topped coal hopper railcars as commonly used today to transport coal. Disclosed herein are wax-based emulsion formulations that accomplish dust control during industrial operations in which dust handling is required. 1. A method for controlling dust on a surface of a bulk material , comprising:(I) preparing a dust control formulation (DCF) comprising a dust reduction additive (DRA) emulsion comprising colloidally-protected wax-based (CPWB) micro-structures; and(II) applying said dust control formulation to said surface of said bulk material in an amount effective for dust control.2. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein said dust control formulation is applied by sprinkling claim 1 , and/or a spray nozzle.3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein said dust control formulation further comprises a first water.4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein said CPWB microstructure comprises:(A) a wax core,wherein said wax core comprises a paraffin component and a non-paraffin component,wherein said paraffin component comprises at least one linear alkane wax defined by the general formula CnH2n+2, where n ranges from 13-80,wherein said non-paraffin component comprises at least one wax selected from the group consisting of animal-based wax, plant-based wax, mineral wax, synthetic wax, a wax containing organic acids and/or esters, anhydrides, an emulsifier containing a mixture of organic acids and/or esters, and combinations thereof; and(B) a polymeric shell,wherein said polymeric shell comprises at least one polymer selected from poly-vinyl alcohol, polyvinyl alcohol copolymers, polyvinyl alcohol terpolymers, polyvinyl acetate, polyvinyl acetate copolymers, polyvinyl acetate terpolymers, cellulose ethers, polyethylene oxide, polyethyleneimines, polyvinylpyrrolidone ...

Methods of inhibiting precipitation of biodiesel fuel components

Embodiments of the invention provide a method of inhibiting precipitation of biodiesel fuel components. The method includes providing a biodiesel fuel composition; providing a copolymer comprising at least first and second polymer units, said first polymer units derived from a carboxylic acid anhydride and said second polymer units derived from an olefin; and blending said copolymer with the biodiesel fuel to form a treated fuel composition. Alternatively, instead of the copolymer, a dialkylene glycol additive can be provided. Embodiments of the invention provide a method of reducing the cold soak filter blocking tendency of a biodiesel fuel composition.

CLEAN-BURNING AVIATION GASOLINE ADDITIVE TO ELIMINATE VALVE SEAT RECESSION AND DEPOSITS

A fuel additive for fuel formulations comprising calcium sulfonates in an amount effective to limit or eliminate valve seat recession in engines utilizing such fuel formulations. The fuel additive may also include a detergent, particularly in an amount to enhance the VSR limiting effect of the calcium sulfonates. Also included are fuel formulations containing calcium sulfonates in a concentration effective to limit vale seat recession in engines utilizing the fuel formulations. Methods for treating VSR in piston engines are also provided. 1. A fuel additive for use in gasoline fuels comprising:one or more calcium sulfonates in an amount, upon addition to the gasoline fuel, to be effective to limit valve seat recession in an engine using the fuel.2. The fuel additive of in which the calcium sulfonates comprise calcium petroleum sulfonates.3. The fuel additive of which further comprises;a detergent present in an amount to provide enhanced limiting of the VSR over that achieved with the calcium sulfonates, the calcium sulfonates and the detergent being formulated for direct addition to a final fuel formulation.4. The fuel additive of in which the detergent is polyolefin alkyl phenol alkyl amine.5. The fuel additive of which further includes an antioxidant.6. An aviation gasoline fuel formulation comprising:aviation gasoline;one or more calcium sulfonates in an amount effective to limit valve seat recession in an engine using the fuel.7. The aviation gasoline fuel formulation of comprising at least 5 ppm of calcium petroleum sulfonates.9. The fuel formulation of and which further includes a detergent present in the aviation gasoline fuel formulation at a concentration effective to provide enhanced limiting of the VSR over that achieved with the calcium petroleum sulfonates.10. The fuel formulation of which further includes 50 to 250 ppm of the detergent polyolefin alkyl phenol alkyl amine to prevent intake coking and reduce post combustion deposits.11. The fuel ...

FUEL COMPOSITIONS CONTAINING DETERGENTS DERIVED FROM ETHYLENE-ALPHA OLEFIN COPOLYMERS

A fuel composition including a fuel and a fuel additive including a fuel soluble detergent selected from succinimide compounds of the Formula (I), Mannich detergents of the formulae (IIa), and amine detergents of the formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb). The fuel soluble detergents are derived from a specific class of ethylene-alpha olefin copolymers having an Mn of less than 5,000 g/mol, an ethylene unit content of more than 40 mol % to less than 90 mol %; a terminal unsaturation of 70 mol % or greater; at least 70 mol % of the unsaturation is terminal vinylidene, one or more tri-substituted isomers of the terminal vinylidene or any combination thereof, an average ethylene run length of less than 2.6; and wherein n>n. Methods employing the fuel compositions for operating diesel and gasoline engines to reduce injector valve deposits, valve sticking and injector nozzle fouling, and a method for stabilizing a diesel fuel composition. 2. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein the fuel composition contains from 10 to 500 ppmw (2.5 to 132 ptb) of the fuel soluble detergent.3. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein n is from 3-6.4. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein the detergent is a detergent of the Formula (I).5. The fuel composition of claim 4 , wherein the detergent is a reaction product prepared by reaction of an amine-containing compound ethylene-propylene copolymer-substituted succinic anhydride obtained by reacting an ethylene-propylene copolymer with maleic anhydride claim 4 , wherein the molar ratio of the maleic anhydride to the copolymer is from 1:1 to 2:1; and the molar ratio of the copolymer-substituted succinic anhydride to the amine-containing compound is from 1:1 to 3:1.6. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein the detergent is a detergent of the formulae (IIa).7. The fuel composition of claim 1 , wherein the detergent is a detergent of the formulae (IIIa) and (IIIb).8. The fuel composition of claim 1 , further comprising one or more additional ...

Use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines as stabilisers

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I where R 1 is a hydrocarbyl radical and R 2 , R 3 , R 4 and R 5 are each independently hydrogen atoms, hydroxyl groups or hydrocarbyl radicals, and where R 2 to R 5 may also form a second and a third tetrahydrooxazine ring, with the proviso that at least one of the substituents has from 4 to 3000 carbon atoms and the remaining substituents, when they are hydrocarbyl radicals, each have from 1 to 20 carbon atoms, as stabilizers for stabilizing inanimate organic material, especially turbine fuels, against the action of light, oxygen and heat.

PROCESSING OF LOW RANK COAL

A method of preparing a fuel composition includes placing coal having a heat content between about 3,000 BTU/lb and about 9,000 BTU/lb and a moisture content between about 20 wt % and about 60 wt % in a vessel. The coal is exposed to heat and a pressure less than atmospheric pressure within the vessel, thereby reducing the coal, such that an average primary particle size of the coal is less than 1 millimeter. A binder is introduced to the vessel, such that the coal combines with the binder to yield a mixture. The mixture is shaped to yield a fuel composition. 1. A method of preparing a fuel composition , the method comprising:placing coal having a heat content between about 3,000 BTU/lb and about 9,000 BTU/lb and a moisture content in a range between about 20 wt % and about 60 wt % in a vessel;exposing the coal to heat and a pressure less than atmospheric pressure within the vessel, thereby reducing the coal, such that an average primary particle size of the coal is less than 1 millimeter;introducing a binder to the vessel, such that the coal combines with the binder to yield a mixture; andshaping the mixture to yield a fuel composition.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coal is exposed to heat before combining the coal and the binder.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein exposing the coal to heat comprises heating the coal by conduction.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein exposing the coal to heat comprises contacting the coal with a heated surface.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the heated surface comprises a rotating blade.6. The method of claim 3 , further comprising agitating the coal in the vessel.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein agitating the coal comprises intermittently agitating the coal in the vessel.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein exposing the coal to the pressure less than atmospheric pressure within the vessel comprises intermittently reducing the pressure in the vessel.9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the mixture by ...

ENGINEERED FUEL FEED STOCK

Disclosed are novel engineered fuel feed stocks, feed stocks produced by the described processes, and methods of making the fuel feed stocks. Components derived from processed MSW waste streams can be used to make such feed stocks which are substantially free of glass, metals, grit and noncombustibles. These feed stocks are useful for a variety of purposes including as gasification and combustion fuels. 176-. (canceled)78. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a moisture content of between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. %.79. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a sulfur content of less than about 2 wt. %.80. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a chlorine content of less than about 1 wt. %.81. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a HHV of between about 5 claim 77 ,000 BTU/lb and about 15 claim 77 ,000 BTU/lb.82. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a volatile matter content of about 40 wt. % to about 80 wt. %.83. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has an ash content of less than about 10 wt. %.84. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock is comminuted.85. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 77 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock is densified.86. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 85 , wherein the densified feed stock is in the form of a pellet.88. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 87 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a moisture content of between about 1 wt. % and about 30 wt. %.89. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 87 , wherein the engineered fuel feed stock has a sulfur content of less than about 2 wt. %.90. The engineered fuel feed stock of claim 87 , wherein the engineered fuel feed ...

COATED CHARCOAL

Disclosed herein is the use of coatings on charcoal heating materials, such as charcoal briquets, to enhance burn properties. It has been discovered that if one half of a pile of charcoal briquets is dosed with lighter fluid and the other half remains undosed, the entire pile of briquets will light and burn. Thus, the amount of lighter fluid necessary to light a pile of charcoal briquets can be reduced by fifty percent. However, over time (2 to 3 months), the lighter fluid migrates from the dosed briquets to the undosed briquets. Therefore, it has been found that by coating the undosed briquets with a material that prevents the lighter fluid from migrating onto them, solvent migration is reduced and/or eliminated. The coated briquets light a little later than the uncoated briquets resulting in an extension of the cooking phase. 1. A combination of charcoal heating materials comprising:a plurality of dosed charcoal heating materials dosed with between about 12% to about 18% lighter fluid; anda plurality of coated charcoal heating materials substantially free of lighter fluid having a coating that substantially prevents the transfer of lighter fluid from the dosed charcoal heating materials to the coated charcoal heating materials; andwherein the ratio of dosed charcoal heating materials to coated charcoal heating materials is between 1:1 and 9:1.2. The combination of charcoal heating materials recited in claim 1 , wherein the dosed charcoal heating materials and the coated charcoal heating materials are in the form of charcoal briquets claim 1 , lump charcoal or mixtures thereof.3. The combination of charcoal heating materials recited in claim 1 , wherein the coating comprises a coating agent claim 1 , a thickener or mixtures thereof.4. The combination of charcoal heating materials recited in claim 3 , wherein the coating agent is selected from the group consisting of corn syrup claim 3 , glycerin claim 3 , non-glycerin polyols claim 3 , starch and mixtures thereof.5 ...

ADDITIVES FOR FUELS AND OILS COMPRISING FUNCTIONALISED DIBLOCK COPOLYMERS

Concentrates containing specific functionalised diblock copolymers serve as effective additives for improving the cold flow behaviour of fuels and oils, the copolymers being derived from a terminally-unsaturated intermediate polymer obtained via a metallocene process involving hydrogen. 2. The additive concentrate of wherein each R group independently represents an alkyl group having from 1 to 4 carbon atoms.3. The additive concentrate of wherein each R group is methyl.4. The additive concentrate of wherein claim 1 , in the copolymer claim 1 , the aromatic ring substituent joined to the second block is positioned meta to the aromatic ring substituent joined to the first block.5. The additive concentrate of wherein claim 1 , in the copolymer claim 1 , the first block consists of a polyethylene chain.6. The additive concentrate of wherein claim 1 , in the copolymer claim 1 , the first block of the copolymer consists of a polyethylene chain interrupted by structural units derived from 1-hexene or 1-octene.7. The additive concentrate of wherein claim 1 , in the copolymer claim 1 , the second block consists of a chain of structural units derived from one or more α claim 1 , β-unsaturated monomers selected from styrene claim 1 , substituted styrene claim 1 , acrylate claim 1 , methacrylate claim 1 , diene compounds claim 1 , vinyl esters claim 1 , fumarate esters and maleic anhydride and derivatives thereof.8. The additive concentrate of wherein the second block of the copolymer consists of a homo- or copolymeric chain derived from one or more acrylate or methacrylate monomers.9. The additive concentrate of wherein claim 7 , in the copolymer claim 7 , the second block consists of homo- or copolymeric chain derived from one or more vinyl esters.10. The additive concentrate of wherein the first block of the copolymer has a number average molecular weight (Mn) claim 1 , as measured by GPC against polystyrene standards claim 1 , in the range of 500 to 10 claim 1 ,000.11. The ...

Transportable combustible gaseous suspension of solid fuel particles

A transportable and combustible gaseous suspension includes solid fuel particles suspended in a gaseous carrier. The solid fuel particles have a sufficiently small particle size so that they remain suspended during transportation. The gaseous carrier may include reactive and inert gases. The solid fuel particles may include coal-derived solid carbonaceous matter. Other examples of solid fuel particles include biomass, refined bioproducts, and combustible polymer particles. The combustible gaseous suspension can be tailored to have an energy density at atmospheric pressure which is comparable to conventional gaseous hydrocarbon fuels. The gaseous combustible fuel may be pressurized to a pressure in the range from 2 to 100 atmospheres.

Combustible heat source with improved binding agent

A combustible heat source for a smoking article is provided, including carbon and a binding agent. The binding agent includes a combination of three binder components: an organic polymeric binder material, a carboxylate burn salt, and at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material. The at least one non-combustible inorganic binder material includes a sheet silicate material. Preferably, the combustible heat source further includes an ignition aid.

PROCESSING BIOMASS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. 1. A method comprising:burning a lignin-containing residue to generate energy,wherein the lignin-containing residue is a post-distillate solid produced by:irradiating a lignocellulosic material,saccharifying the lignocellulosic material utilizing an enzyme,fermenting the saccharified material utilizing an organism to produce a fermentation product,distilling the fermentation product from the lignin-containing residues,wherein irradiating comprises treating with electron beam radiation to a total dose of between 10 Mrad and 150 Mrad, andwherein the electron beam delivers electrons having an energy of 0.3 MeV to 2.0 MeV.2. The method of wherein the lignin-containing residue is burned to heat water flowing through a heat exchanger.3. The method of further comprising evaporating the water flowing through the heat exchanger and superheating it to steam.4. The method of further comprising using the steam in heat exchange in a distillation process.5. The method of further comprising allowing the steam to expand to power a multi-stage steam turbine connected to an electric generator.6. The method of further comprising condensing steam exiting the steam turbine with cooling water claim 5 , and returning the condensate to the heat exchanger for reheating to steam.7. The method of further comprising controlling the flow rate of water through the heat exchanger to obtain a target electricity output from the steam turbine when the turbine is connected to an electric generator.8. The method of further comprising adding water to the heat exchanger to ensure that the steam turbine is operating above a threshold condition.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the turbine is ...

MULTIFUNCTIONAL POLY METHYLAMINE SURFACTANT AND ITS METHOD OF PREPARATION

The invention relates to the preparation and development of a method for a process for preparing a Poly Methylamine surfactant. The process consists of a mixture of methanol and ethanolamine in a molar ratio ranging from 1.0-0.6 to 3.0-0.4 at a temperature of 45-50° C., resulting in a non-hazardous substance, without toxic effects for human health, at the same time having high-quality cleaning, high- and very low temperature resistance, with surface active agent (surfactant) properties. Used as a fuel additive, reduces harmful exhaust gas emissions to the atmosphere, raises the octane number in gasoline, prevents the formation of ice crystals in diesel fuel. 2) Poly Methylamine surfactant used as a fuel additive , characterized by reducing exhaust emissions to the atmosphere , raising the octane number in gasoline , preventing the formation of ice crystals in diesel and being anticorrosive.4) Process according to claim 3 , characterized in that the optimal temperature is from 45-50° C. to 55-60° C.5) Process according to claim 3 , characterized in that the molar ratio of methanol:ethanolamine is from 1.0-0.6 to 3.0-0.4. The invention relates to an ecologically biodegradable product and the process for the preparation of this Poly Methylamine surfactant. It can be used in the chemical industry as a surfactant for the production of chemical detergents (for the maintenance of surfaces of glass and car mirrors, plastics, leather and textiles), surfactants, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, dispersers in the composition of technical liquids for special use and accessories for cars (bodies, motors, wheels and wheel covers) as well as for the production of paints and varnishes, or in the automotive industry as a fuel additive. The analysis of the literature data shows that as gasoline-alcohol mixtures stabilizers are proposed to be used: normal and branched aliphatic structure C3-C12 alcohols, Alkyl Acetates, simple ethers and compounds and metal-organic ...

USE OF TETRAHYDROBENZOXAZINES AS STABILISERS

The use of tetrahydrobenzoxazines I 110-. (canceled)12: The composition according to wherein the remaining substituents from the group or R claim 11 , R claim 11 , R claim 11 , Rwhich are not polyisobutenyl radicals having a number-average molecular weight Mof from 900 to 1 claim 11 ,100 are each independently a hydrogen atom claim 11 , a hydroxyl group or a linear or branched C- to C-alkyl radical.13: The composition according to wherein the polyisobutenyl radical incorporated into the tetrahydrobenzoxazine I comprises at least 50 mol % of terminal double bonds based on the total number of polyisobutene macromolecules.14: The composition according to wherein the polyisobutenyl radical incorporated into the tetrahydrobenzoxazine I has a polydispersity index (PDI) of from 1.05 to 10.15: The composition according to wherein the polyisobutenyl radical incorporated into the tetrahydrobenzoxazine I is a polymer which is obtained by cationic polymerization and comprises claim 11 , in copolymerized form claim 11 , at least 60% by weight of isobutene and in addition may comprise claim 11 , in copolymerized form claim 11 , further butene isomers such as 1- or 2-butene claim 11 , and also different olefinically unsaturated monomers which are copolymerizable with isobutene under cationic polymerization conditions.16: The composition according to comprising a compound (A) wherein the compound (A) is a succinic anhydride derivative having long-chain hydrocarbon radicals of from 15 to 700 carbon atoms with further functional groups which are selected from hydroxyl claim 11 , amino claim 11 , amido and/or imido groups.17: The composition according to comprising a compound (A) wherein the compound (A) is a derivative of polyalkenylsuccinic anhydride which is obtained by reacting polyalkenes with maleic anhydride by a thermal route or via reaction with a chlorinated hydrocarbon.18: The composition according to comprising a compound (A) wherein the compound (A) is a derivative of a ...

Hydrocarbon Marine Fuel Oil

A liquid hydrocarbon marine fuel oil includes a marine distillate fuel or a heavy oil or a blend thereof containing an additive combination including: (A) a polyalkenyl-substituted carboxylic acid or anhydride, and (B) a metal hydrocarbyl-substituted hydroxybenzoate and/or sulfonate detergent, where the mass:mass ratio of (A) to (B) is in the range of 20:1 to 1:20 and the treat rate of the additive combination is in the range of 5 to 10000 ppm by mass.

PROCESSING BIOMASS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, systems are described that can use feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, to produce ethanol and/or butanol, e.g., by fermentation. 1. A method comprising:converting a treated biomass feedstock, utilizing an enzyme or a microorganism, to produce a product, wherein the feedstock has been treated by:preparing an untreated biomass feedstock by reducing one or more dimensions of individual pieces of biomass;irradiating the untreated biomass feedstock; andmechanically treating the irradiated biomass feedstock to reduce one or more dimensions of individual pieces of the pretreated biomass feedstock.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated biomass feedstock has an uncompressed bulk density of less than about 0.6 g/cm3 claim 1 , wherein bulk density is determined using ASTM D1895B.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the treated biomass feedstock includes fibers having a length/diameter (L/D) ratio of at least about 5.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein mechanically treating the irradiated biomass feedstock comprises milling the feedstock.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the untreated biomass feedstock comprises a cellulosic or lignocellulosic material.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the biomass feedstock is selected from the group consisting of paper claim 5 , paper products claim 5 , paper waste claim 5 , wood claim 5 , particle board claim 5 , sawdust claim 5 , agricultural waste claim 5 , sewage claim 5 , silage claim 5 , grasses claim 5 , rice hulls claim 5 , bagasse claim 5 , cotton claim 5 , jute claim 5 , hemp claim 5 , flax claim 5 , bamboo claim 5 , sisal claim 5 , abaca claim 5 , straw claim 5 , corn cobs claim 5 , corn stover claim 5 , switchgrass claim 5 , alfalfa claim 5 , hay claim 5 , coconut hair claim 5 , seaweed claim 5 , algae claim 5 , and mixtures thereof.7. The method ...

METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR PREVENTING OXIDATION

A composition for inhibiting oxidation including an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer, wherein the polymer is chosen from the group consisting of anionic polyacrylamide, methylcellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, and lignin sulfonate, an anionic surfactant, a co-solvent, and water is herein disclosed. 1. A composition for inhibiting oxidation , the composition comprising:an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer, wherein the polymer is chosen from the group consisting of anionic polyacrylamide, methylcellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, and lignin sulfonate;an anionic surfactant;a co-solvent; andwater.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is either synthetic or a naturally occurring biopolymer.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the surfactant is chosen from the group consisting of sodium alpha olefin sulfonate claim 2 , ammonium lauryl sulfate claim 2 , sodium lauryl sulfate claim 2 , and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the polymer is anionic polyacrylamide and the surfactant is sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate claim 3 , wherein the polyacrylamide is between 0.1% and 20% by weight claim 3 , the sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate is between about 0.4% and about 4.8% by weight claim 3 , the co-solvent is between about 1.0% and about 11.1% by weight claim 3 , and the water is between about 64.1% and about 98.5% by weight.5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the co-solvent is diethylene glycol and isopropyl alcohol claim 4 , wherein the diethylene glycol is between about 0.9% and about 10.5% by weight and the isopropyl alcohol is between about 0.1% and about 0.6% by weight.6. A composition for inhibiting oxidation claim 4 , the composition comprising:an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer, wherein the polymer is chosen from the group consisting of anionic polyacrylamide, methylcellulose, xanthan gum, guar gum, and lignin sulfonate;an anionic surfactant, wherein the composition does not contain a ...

Method and composition for preventing oxidation

A composition for inhibiting oxidation includes an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer, an anionic surfactant, and water.

ASSOCIATIVE POLYMERS TO CONTROL FORMATION OF PARTICULATE MATTER FROM IGNITABLE COMPOSITIONS AND RELATED COMPOSITIONS, METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Described herein are associative polymers capable of controlling formation of particulate matter from a non-polar ignitable composition upon ignition of the non-polar ignitable composition, alone or in combination with control of a physical and/or chemical property of the non-polar compositions and related compositions, methods and systems. Associative polymers herein described have a non-polar backbone and functional groups presented at ends of the non-polar backbone, with a number of the functional groups presented at the ends of the non-polar backbone formed by associative functional groups capable of undergoing an associative interaction with another associative functional group with an association constant (k) such that the strength of each associative interaction is less than the strength of a covalent bond between atoms and in particular less than the strength of a covalent bond between backbone atoms. 2. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the framing associative polymer has a weight averaged molecular weight equal to or lower than about 2 claim 1 ,000 claim 1 ,000 g/mol.3. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the framing associative polymer has a weight averaged molecular weight 400 claim 1 ,000≦M[g/mol]≦1 claim 1 ,000 claim 1 ,000.4. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the framing associative polymer has a weight averaged molecular weight 500 claim 1 ,000≦M[g/mol]≦2 claim 1 ,000 claim 1 ,000.5. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the association constant is 6≦logk≦14.6. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the association constant is 6≦logk≦10.7. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the association constant is 6.9≦logk≦7.8.8. The non-polar ignitable composition of claim 1 , wherein the associative functional group is a carboxylic acid and the another associative functional group is a carboxylic acid claim 1 , or the associative ...

Droplet for Fuels

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties. 156.-. (canceled)57. A droplet , comprising:at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier;a hydrophilic portion;a hydrophobic portion, wherein the droplet further comprises a colloid in at least one of a suspension and a dispersion forming a droplet nucleus.58. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the droplet is generally spherical in free space and substantially between 20 and 500 microns in diameter.59. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the droplet further comprises:one or more combustible solids or one or more combustible gases within the droplet nucleus.60. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier is a polymer.61. The droplet of claim 60 , wherein the polymer is selected from the group essentially consisting of polyethylene oxide claim 60 , hydroxylmethylcellulose claim 60 , and carboxylmethylcellulose.62. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the extensional viscosity modifier is non-Newtonian.63. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the extensional viscosity modifier reduces evaporation and increases droplet diffusion.64. The droplet of claim 57 , wherein the viscosity modifier is guar gum.65. The droplet of claim ...

COPOLYMERS AS ADDITIVES FOR FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

The present invention relates to novel uses of copolymers for removing and/or reducing the level of deposits in the fuel system and/or injection system of direct injection diesel and/or gasoline engines. 1. A process of removing and/or preventing a deposit in a fuel system and/or injection system of an engine , the process comprising operating the engine with a fuel ,wherein the engine is a direct injection diesel and/or gasoline engine, and [ (A) at least one ethylenically unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or derivatives thereof,', '(B) at least one α-olefin having from at least 12 up to and including 30 carbon atoms,', '(C) optionally at least one fofther aliphatic or cycloaliphatic olefin which has at least 4 carbon atoms and is different than (B), and', '(D) at least one (meth)acrylic ester of an alcohol having at least 5 carbon atoms,', 'wherein (A) comprises maleic anhydride, and then, '(I) copolymerizing.;'}, '(II) partly or fully hydrolyzing the anhydride functionalities present in the copolymer obtained from (I) and/or partly hydrolyzing carboxylic ester functionalities present in the copolymer obtained from (I), where at least 10% of the anhydride functionalities are hydrolyzed., 'the fuel comprises a copolymer obtained by'}2. The process of claim 1 , further comprising reducing a fuel consumption of the engine claim 1 , and wherein the engine is a direct injection diesel engine claim 1 , optionally with a common rail injection system.3. The process of claim 1 , further comprising minimizing a power loss in the engine claim 1 , and wherein the engine is a direct injection diesel engine claim 1 , optionally with a common rail injection system.4. The process of claim 3 , wherein the power loss is caused by K claim 3 , Zn claim 3 , Ca and/or Na ions.5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising reducing a level of deposits in an intake system of the engine claim 1 , and wherein the fuel is a gasoline fuel and the engine is a gasoline engine claim 1 , ...

DETERGENT ADDITIVE FOR FUEL

The use of a block copolymer as detergent additive in an internal combustion engine liquid fuel, including: at least one block A of formula (I): 133-. (canceled)35. The method as claimed in claim 34 , wherein block B is represented by formula (II) in which G is a substituted aryl group.36. The method as claimed in claim 35 , wherein the group R is chosen from groups containing at least one primary claim 35 , secondary or tertiary amine function.37. The method as claimed in claim 36 , wherein the group R is chosen from the group consisting of: —NH; groups containing at least one amine claim 36 , imine claim 36 , amidine claim 36 , guanidine claim 36 , aminoguanidine or biguanidine function; heterocyclic groups containing from 3 to 34 atoms and at least one nitrogen atom.38. The method as claimed in claim 37 , wherein the group R represents a heterocyclic group also comprising at least one element chosen from: an oxygen atom claim 37 , a carbonyl group and one or more unsaturations.39. The method as claimed in claim 35 , wherein the group R is chosen from trialkylammonium groups.40. The method as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the block copolymer comprises:{'sub': 'a', 'a block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate monomer (m), and'}{'sub': b', '1', '12, 'a block B consisting of a chain of structural units derived from a styrenyl monomer (m) chosen from styrene and styrene derivatives in which the aromatic nucleus is substituted with at least the group R or with at least one linear or branched Cto Chydrocarbon-based chain.'}41. The method as claimed in claim 40 , wherein the monomer (m) is chosen from Cto Calkyl acrylates and methacrylates.42. The method as claimed in claim 40 , wherein the monomer (m) is chosen from (vinylbenzyl)trialkylammonium isomers claim 40 , alone or as a mixture.44. The method as claimed in claim 34 , wherein the block copolymer is a diblock copolymer.45. The method as claimed in claim ...

DETERGENT ADDITIVE FOR FUEL

The use of a copolymer as a detergent additive in an internal combustion engine liquid fuel. The copolymer obtained by copolymerization of at least: an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate monomer ma and a styrenic monomer mb chosen from styrenics derivatives, the aromatic ring of which is substituted by at least one group R or at least one linear or branched Cto Chydrocarbon-based chain substituted by at least one group R being chosen from: the hydroxyl group, a group —OR′, a group —(OCHO)—H, a group —(OCHO)—R′, a group —O—(CO)—R′, and a group —(CO)—OR′, where y is an integer ranging from 2 to 8, f is an integer ranging from 1 to 10, and R′ is chosen from Cto Calkyl chains. Also, a process for maintaining the cleanliness of and/or for cleaning at least one of the internal parts of an internal combustion engine. 125-. (canceled)26. A method comprising supplementing a liquid fuel for internal combustion engines with a copolymer detergent additive , said copolymer being obtained by copolymerization of at least:{'sub': 'a', 'an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate monomer (m) and'}{'sub': b', '1', '12, 'a styrenyl monomer (m) chosen from styrene derivatives wherein the aromatic nucleus is substituted with at least the group R or with at least one linear or branched Cto Chydrocarbon-based chain, substituted with at least one group R, said group R being chosen froma hydroxyl group, [{'sub': y', '2y', 'f, 'a group —(OCHO)—H,'}, {'sub': y', '2y', 'f, 'a group —(OCHO)—R′,'}], 'a group —OR′,'}a group —O—(CO)—R′, anda group —(CO)—OR′,{'sub': 1', '24, 'y is an integer ranging from 2 to 8, f is an integer ranging from 1 to 10 and R′ is chosen from Cto Calkyl chains.'}27. The method as claimed in claim 26 , wherein the copolymer is a block copolymer comprising at least:{'sub': 'a', 'one block A consisting of a chain of structural units derived from an alkyl acrylate or alkyl methacrylate monomer (m), and'}{'sub': 'b', 'one block B consisting of a chain of structural units ...

PLASTICIZED LATEX FORMULATIONS FOR IMPROVED PUMPABILITY

Hydrocarbon streams, such as crude oil streams, may have reduced drag when an effective amount to reduce drag of a drag reducing composition is added to a liquid hydrocarbon, where the drag reducing composition includes a drag reducing latex comprising at least one plasticizer in an amount effective to improve the ability to pump the latex into a hydrocarbon composition or stream with assured flow of the latex. Latex formulations are known to cause agglomerated particles during pumping operations, and the agglomerated hard particles tend to plug check valves in injection pump equipment, but the inclusion of at least one plasticizer reduces or prevents such problems. 1. A hydrocarbon composition having reduced drag comprising:a liquid hydrocarbon selected from the group consisting of crude oil, heavy oil, gasoline, diesel fuel, fuel oil, naphtha, asphalt, and mixtures thereof; and 'a drag reducing latex comprising at least one plasticizer in an amount effective to improve the ability to pump the drag reducing latex into the liquid hydrocarbon.', 'an effective amount of a drag reducing composition to reduce the drag of the liquid hydrocarbon, the drag reducing composition comprising2. The hydrocarbon composition of where the weight ratio of the at least one plasticizer to drag reducing latex ranges from about 1/99 to about 30/70.3. The hydrocarbon composition of where:the drag reducing latex comprises a polymer having at least one monomer selected from the group consisting of acrylates, methacrylates, 2-ethylhexyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, butyl methacrylate, 2-ethylhexyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, C1 to C6 alcohol esters of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid, styrene, acrylic acid, and combinations thereof; andthe at least one plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of glycols, polyglycols, glycol ethers, esters, aliphatic alcohols, aromatic alcohols, ketones, aldehydes, paraffinic and isoparaffinic solvents, white and mineral ...

FUEL COMPOSITIONS

A fuel composition comprising a base fuel and at least one viscosity index (VI) improving additive, wherein the viscosity index (VI) improving additive is a star-shaped polyisoprene-based polymer. The viscosity index improving additive can be used in a fuel composition to provide improved lubricity as well as providing improved power output and/or acceleration characteristics. 1. A fuel composition comprising a base fuel and at least one viscosity index (VI) improving additive , wherein the viscosity index (VI) improving additive is a star-shaped polyisoprene-based polymer.2. The fuel composition according to wherein the star-shaped polyisoprene-based polymer is characterized by the formula:{'br': None, 'i': 'n', '(D′-PA-D″)-X;'}wherein D′ represents a block derived from at least one diene; PA represents a block derived from monoalkenyl arene; D″ represents a block derived from diene; n represents the average number of arms per star polymer formed by the reaction of 2 or more moles of a polyalkenyl coupling agent per mole of arms; and X represents a nucleus of a polyalkenyl coupling agent;wherein at least one of diene blocks D′ and D″ is a copolymer block derived from mixed diene monomer, in which from about 65 wt % to about 95 wt % of the incorporated monomer units are from isoprene and from about 5 wt % up to about 35 wt % of the incorporated monomer units are from butadiene, and wherein at least about 80 wt % of the butadiene is incorporated in a 1,4-configuration; andwherein D′ has a number average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 120,000 daltons; PA has a number average molecular weight of from about 10,000 to about 50,000 daltons; and D″ has a number average molecular weight of from about 5,000 to about 60,000 daltons.3. The fuel composition according to wherein the star-shaped polyisoprene-based polymer comprises a crosslinked polystyrene core with arms of hydrogenated polyisoprene or poly(alternated ethylene-propylene).4. The fuel composition ...

Low Ash Lubricant and Fuel Additive Comprising Polyamine

A metal-free detergent and antioxidant additive comprising the reaction product of an acidic organic compound, a boron compound, a polyamine such as polyethylene imine, and optionally an alkoxylated amine and/or an alkoxylated amide, is provided. The additives of the present invention have higher TBN than similar compounds known in the art. 1. A reaction product of one or more carboxlyic acid , one or more boron compound , one or more polyamine comprising 4 or more amine containing monomer units , and optionally one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of alkoxylated amines and alkoxylated amides , wherein the reaction product is a metal free detergent.3. The reaction product according to claim 2 , wherein the carboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of mono-alkyl substituted salicylic acids and di-substituted salicylic acids.4. The reaction product according to wherein the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of poly-alkyleneamines claim 1 , poly-oxyalkyleneamines and poly-alkylphenoxyaminoalkanes.5. The reaction product according to wherein the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of poly-alkyleneamines claim 2 , poly-oxyalkyleneamines and poly-alkylphenoxyaminoalkanes.6. The reaction product according to wherein the polyamine is selected from the group consisting of poly-alkyleneamines claim 3 , poly-oxyalkyleneamines and poly-alkylphenoxyaminoalkanes.7. The reaction product according to claim 1 , wherein the boron compound is selected from the group consisting of boric acid claim 1 , trialkyl borates claim 1 , alkyl boric acids claim 1 , dialkyl boric acids claim 1 , boric oxide claim 1 , boric acid complex claim 1 , cycloalkyl boric acids claim 1 , dicycloalkyl boric acids claim 1 , diaryl boric acids claim 1 , and substitution products of the foregoing with alkoxy groups claim 1 , alkyl groups claim 1 , alkyl groups.8. The reaction product according to claim 2 , wherein the boron compound is selected from the ...

Method and Composition for Preventing Oxidation

A composition for inhibiting oxidation includes an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer, an anionic surfactant, and water. 1. A composition for inhibiting oxidation , the composition comprising:an anionic, hydrophilic, water soluble polymer;an anionic surfactant; and,water.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is chosen from the group consisting of: anionic polyacrylamide claim 1 , methylcellulose claim 1 , xanthan gum claim 1 , guar gum claim 1 , and lignin sulfonate.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is either synthetic or a naturally occurring biopolymer.4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the surfactant is chosen from the group consisting of sodium alpha olefin sulfonate claim 2 , ammonium lauryl sulfate claim 2 , sodium lauryl sulfate claim 2 , and sodium dioctyl sulfosuccinate.5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the polymer is anionic polyacrylamide and the surfactant is sodium alpha olefin sulfonate claim 4 , wherein the polyacrylamide is between 0.1% and 20% by weight claim 4 , the sodium alpha olefin sulfonate is between about 2% and about 38% by weight claim 4 , and the water is between about 42% and about 97.9% by weight.6. The composition of claim 5 , wherein the polyacrylamide is about 10% by weight claim 5 , the sodium alpha olefin sulfonate is about 8% by weight claim 5 , and the water is about 82% by weight.7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition does not contain a solvent. This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/262,389, filed Apr. 25, 2014, and claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Appln. No. 61/816,006, filed Apr. 25, 2013, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.1. Technical FieldThis invention relates to preventing oxidation, and particularly inhibiting coal oxidation.2. BackgroundU.S. Pat. No. 5,576,056 discloses a method of inhibiting coal oxidation in a coal pile comprising coating all the surfaces of coal exposed to air ...

METHOD FOR REDUCING LOW SPEED PRE-IGNITION

Use of an unleaded gasoline fuel composition for reducing the occurrence of Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine, wherein the unleaded gasoline fuel composition comprises a gasoline base fuel and detergent additive package, wherein the detergent additive package comprises a Mannich base detergent mixture, wherein the mixture comprises a first Mannich base detergent component derived from a di- or polyamine and a second Mannich base detergent component derived from a monoamine, wherein the weight ratio of the first Mannich base detergent to the second Mannich base detergent mixture ranges from about 1:6 to about 3:1, and wherein the spark-ignition internal combustion engine is lubricated with a lubricant composition comprising from 1200 ppmw to 3000 ppmw of calcium, based on the total lubricant composition. 1. An unleaded gasoline fuel composition for reducing the occurrence of Low Speed Pre-Ignition (LSPI) in a spark-ignition internal combustion engine , wherein the unleaded gasoline fuel composition comprises:a gasoline base fuel, anda detergent additive package,wherein the detergent additive package comprises a Mannich base detergent mixture,wherein the Mannich base detergent mixture comprises a first Mannich base detergent component derived from a di- or polyamine and a second Mannich base detergent component derived from a monoamine,wherein the weight ratio of the first Mannich base detergent to the second Mannich base detergent mixture ranges from about 1:6 to about 3:1, andwherein the spark-ignition internal combustion engine is lubricated with a lubricant composition comprising from 1200 ppmw to 3000 ppmw of calcium, based on the total lubricant composition.2. The unleaded gasoline fuel composition according to wherein the detergent package further comprises a carrier fluid claim 1 , preferably selected from the group consisting of a polyether monool and polyether polyol claim 1 , wherein the weight ratio of carrier ...

QUATERNARY AMMONIUM AMIDE AND/OR ESTER SALTS

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts and their use as additives, including their use in fuels, such as diesel fuel. The invention particularly relates to the use of quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts as detergents in diesel fuels. 2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein a protic solvent is present during the reaction of (a) and (b).3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the protic solvent comprises a linear or branched alcohol containing 1 to 10 carbon atoms.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein (a) the non-quaternized detergent comprises the product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound having a nitrogen atom capable of reacting with the acylating agent and further having at least one tertiary amino group.5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent comprises polyisobutylene succinic anhydride.6. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the compound having a nitrogen atom capable of reacting with the acylating agent comprises 1-aminopiperidine claim 4 , 1-(2-aminoethyl)piperidine claim 4 , 1-(3-aminopropyl)-2-pipecoline claim 4 , 1-methyl-(4-methylamino)piperidine claim 4 , 4-(1-pyrrolidinyl)piperidine claim 4 , 1-(2-aminoethyl)pyrrolidine claim 4 , 2-(2-aminoethyl)-1-methylpyrrolidine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-diethylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-dimethylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-dibutylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-dimethyl-1 claim 4 ,3-diaminopropane claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-diethyl-1 claim 4 ,3-diaminopropane claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-dibutyl-1 claim 4 ,3-diaminopropane claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N claim 4 ,N′-trimethylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-dimethyl-N′-ethylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N-diethyl-N′-methylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N claim 4 ,N′-triethylethylenediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N claim 4 ,N′-trimethyl-1 claim 4 ,3-propanediamine claim 4 , N claim 4 ,N claim 4 ,2 claim 4 ,2-tetramethyl-1 claim 4 ,3- ...

CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR FUELS AND LUBRICANTS

The present invention relates to novel uses of corrosion inhibitors in fuels and lubricants. 1. A corrosion inhibitor , comprising a reaction product of polyisobutene that contains free acid groups , wherein the reaction product is obtained by reacting:(A) a polyisobutene having a number-average molecular weight Mn of 200 to 10 000 with,(B) at least one α,β-unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof selected from the group consisting of a monoalkyl ester, a dialkyl ester and an anhydride,in a stoichiometric ratio of more than one equivalent of the α,β-unsaturated mono- or dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof (B) per reactive double bond in the polyisobutene (A), when compound (B) includes a monoalkyl ester, a dialkyl ester, or a mixture thereof, at least 10% of the ester groups present in the reaction product are in hydrolyzed form, and', 'when compound (B) includes an anhydride, at least 10% of the anhydride groups present in the reaction product are in hydrolyzed form., 'wherein at least one of the following conditions is satisfied2. The corrosion inhibitor according to claim 1 , wherein the polyisobutene (A) has a number-average molecular weight Mof 500 to 2500.3. The corrosion inhibitor according to claim 1 , wherein the compound (B) is selected from the group consisting of acrylic acid claim 1 , methacrylic acid claim 1 , crotonic acid claim 1 , ethylacrylic acid and derivatives thereof.4. The corrosion inhibitor according to claim 1 , wherein the compound (B) is selected from the group consisting of maleic acid claim 1 , fumaric acid claim 1 , itaconic acid (2-methylenebutanedioic acid) claim 1 , citraconic acid (2-methylmaleic acid) claim 1 , glutaconic acid (pent-2-ene-1 claim 1 ,5-dicarboxylic acid) claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3-dimethylmaleic acid claim 1 , 2-methylfumaric acid claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3-dimethylfumaric acid claim 1 , methylenemalonic acid claim 1 , tetrahydrophthalic acid and derivatives thereof.5. The corrosion inhibitor ...

COPOLYMER AND USE THEREOF FOR REDUCING CRYSTALLIZATION OF PARAFFIN CRYSTALS IN FUELS

The present invention relates to a copolymer obtainable by copolymerization of 1. A copolymer obtained by copolymerization of:(A) at least one unsaturated dicarboxylic acid or derivative thereof;(B) at least one α-olefin comprising from 6 to 20 carbon atoms;{'sub': 3', '20, '(C) optionally at least one C- to C-alkyl ester of acrylic acid or methacrylic acid or a mixture of such alkyl esters; and'}(D) optionally at least one further copolymerizable monomer other than monomers (A), (B) and (C),wherein a molar incorporation ratio of (A):(B):(C):(D) is from 1:0.5 to 2.0:0 to less than 0.5:0 to 0.1,followed by reaction with at least one dialkylamine (E), where the two alkyl radicals in the at least one dialkylamine (E) are independently alkyl radicals comprising from 17 to 30 carbon atoms.2. The copolymer according to claim 1 , wherein monomer (A) is at least one selected from the group consisting of maleic acid claim 1 , fumaric acid claim 1 , 2-methylmaleic acid claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3-dimethylmaleic acid claim 1 , 2-methylfumaric acid claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3-dimethylfumaric acid claim 1 , methylenemalonic acid and tetrahydrophthalic acid and derivatives thereof.3. The copolymer according to claim 1 , wherein monomer (B) is at least one selected from the group consisting of 1-hexene claim 1 , 1-heptene claim 1 , 1-octene claim 1 , 1-nonene claim 1 , 1-decene claim 1 , 1-undecene claim 1 , 1-dodecene claim 1 , 1-tridecene claim 1 , 1-tetradecene claim 1 , 1-pentadecene claim 1 , 1-hexadecene claim 1 , 1-heptadecene claim 1 , 1-octadecene claim 1 , 1-nonadecene and 1-eicosene.4. The copolymer according to claim 1 , wherein monomer (C) is at least one selected from the group consisting of esters of acrylic acid and methacrylic acid with n-propanol claim 1 , isopropanol claim 1 , n-butanol claim 1 , sec-butanol claim 1 , isobutanol claim 1 , tert-butanol claim 1 , n-pentanol claim 1 , tert-pentanol claim 1 , n-hexanol claim 1 , n-heptanol claim 1 , n-octanol claim 1 , 2- ...

PROCESS FOR RECOVERING SALT DURING A LIGNOCELLULOSIC CONVERSION PROCESS

The present invention relates to a process for generating steam and recovering salts during a lignocellulosic conversion process. The process comprises de-salting a still bottoms stream; incinerating a stream comprising lignin and the de-salted still bottoms stream in an incinerator; and utilizing the heat generated from said incinerating to produce steam. Further provided is a process that comprises feeding a concentrated still bottoms stream to a crystallizer and forming insoluble solids therein comprising salts. Furthermore, the invention relates to a process for recovering salts from a lignocellulosic conversion process, which process comprises the addition of solvent to a still bottoms stream to precipitate salts therefrom. Also provided is a still bottoms composition, a fertilizer product and a composition for incineration. 117.-. (canceled)18. A process for recovering fertilizer from a still bottoms stream resulting from a lignocellulosic conversion process , said process comprising the steps of:(i) removing water from the still bottoms stream to produce a concentrated still bottoms stream;(ii) feeding the concentrated still bottoms stream to a crystallizer;(iii) forming insoluble solids in the crystallizer by addition of an alcohol;(iv) producing a fertilizer from the insoluble solids;(v) recovering the alcohol in one or more stages, thereby producing recovered alcohol; and(vi) recycling the recovered alcohol in the process.19. The process of claim 18 , wherein a stream comprising de-salted still bottoms is withdrawn from the crystallizer and incinerated in an incinerator.20. The process of claim 19 , wherein a stream comprising lignin is obtained from the process and combusted in an incinerator.21. The process of claim 18 , wherein the insoluble solids are dried prior to the step of producing a fertilizer.22. The process of claim 18 , wherein the fertilizer comprises mixed salts.23. The process of claim 22 , wherein the mixed salts are at least partially ...

BIOCHAR PRODUCTS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF

A method for producing charcoal particles or pellets which use different additives as binders for the biochar pellets. The method includes producing a mixture with charcoal and additives selected from nanocrystalline cellulose, nanocrystalline fibrils, bentonite, and polyvinyl acetate. The mixture is created by mixing one or more of the additives with charcoal or bentonite. The mixture is then processed in a pelletizer device. While processing, the surface of the mixture is sprayed with a liquid. Once turned into pellets by way of the pelletizer device, the resulting pellets are then dried by applying heat to the pellets. The liquid can be water or a solution of water and sodium borate. 1. A charcoal product comprising a porous charcoal pellet having one or more additives selected from a group consisting of:nanocrystalline cellulose;nanocrystalline cellulose and water;nanocrystalline fibrils;nanocrystalline fibrils and water;polyvinyl acetate and sodium borate;bentonite, nanocrystalline cellulose, and water;bentonite, nanocrystalline fibrils, and water; andpolyvinyl acetate, water and sodium borate.2. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said one or more additives comprises at least one of: nanocrystalline cellulose and nanocrystalline fibrils.3. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said charcoal product is manufactured using an extrusion step.4. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said charcoal product is manufactured using a pelletizing step.5. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said bentonite is used as a binder for said pellet.6. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said polyvinyl acetate is used as a binder for said pellet.7. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said polyvinyl acetate and said sodium borate are used as binders for said pellet.8. The charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said product is for at least one of:biodiesel manufacturing;animal feed ...

FUEL OIL COMPOSITIONS WITH IMPROVED COLD FLOW PROPERTIES

The use is described of polymers which contain, in copolymerized form, an α-olefin, a vinyl ester and an ester of an α,β-unsaturated carboxylic acid as an additive for fuel oils and lubricants and in particular as a cold flow improver in fuel oils. In addition, the fuel oils and lubricants additized with these polymers; and also additive packages comprising such polymers are described. 119-. (canceled)20. A polymer , comprising , in copolymerized form , monomers M1 , M2 , and M3 , M1=ethylene', 'M2=2-ethylhexyl acrylate', 'M3=vinyl acetate, 'wherein'}the proportion by weight of the monomers is:2-ethylhexyl acrylate: 4-80% by weightvinyl acetate: 1-42% by weight, andwherein a viscosity of the polymer is from 10 to 1000 mm2/s at a temperature of 120° C. as determined according to DIN 51562.21. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the proportion of weight of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate is from 5 to 62% by weight.22. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the proportion of weight of 2-ethylhexyl acrylate is from 7 to 45% by weight.23. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the number-average molecular weight Mn is from 1000 to 20000.24. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the number-average molecular weight Mn is from 1000 to 10000.25. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the weight-average molecular weight Mw is from 1000 to 30000.26. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the weight-average molecular weight Mw is from 2000 to 20000.27. The polymer according to claim 20 , wherein the Mw/Mn ratio is from 1.5 to 5.0. This application is continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 12/493,104, filed Jun. 26, 2009 (now abandoned) which is a continuation of U.S. Ser. No. 10/581,042, filed Dec. 19, 2006 (now abandoned), which was a national-stage filing under 35 U.S.C. § 371 of PCT/EP04/13781, filed Dec. 3, 2004; and claims priority to Germany 103 56 595.7, filed Dec. 4, 2003.The invention relates to the use of polymers which contain, in copolymerized form, ...

Coal dust treatment methods and compositions

Methods and compositions for treating coal are provided. A nitroxyl radical compound is added to the coal in order to inhibit coal autooxidation. Additionally, the nitroxyl radical compound can be conjointly used with conventional dust control agents, in order to suppress fugitive coal dust dissemination. In those cases in which foamed treatment is desired to treat coal dust, the nitroxyl radical compound can be conjointly used in the foamable compositions, along with a variety of foam building surfactants such as the amphoteric, nonionic and anionic surfactants.

KINETIC HYDRATE INHIBITORS FOR CONTROLLING GAS HYDRATE FORMATION IN WET GAS SYSTEMS

The present invention generally relates to methods and hydrate inhibitor compositions for inhibiting the formation of hydrates in a fluid comprising gas and water. More specifically, the method comprises contacting a hydrate inhibitor composition to a fluid. The hydrate inhibitor composition comprises a nonpolar solvent; a polar solvent; and a polymer, an oligomer, a dendrimer, or an acid or salt thereof. 125-. (canceled)26. A method for inhibiting hydrate formation in a fluid comprising water and a gas , the method comprising contacting the fluid with an effective amount of a hydrate inhibitor composition comprising an oil-soluble corrosion inhibitor and a polymer , an oligomer , a dendrimer , or an acid or salt thereof.27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the polymer claim 26 , oligomer claim 26 , or dendrimer is a kinetic hydrate inhibiting polymer claim 26 , oligomer claim 26 , or dendrimer.28. The method of or claim 26 , wherein the fluid is substantially free of a liquid hydrocarbon before contacting the hydrate inhibitor composition.29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the polymer or oligomer comprises repeat units derived from a first monomer claim 26 , a second monomer claim 26 , or a combination thereof.30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the polymer or oligomer comprises repeat units derived from a first monomer and a second monomer.31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the first monomer comprises an acrylamide monomer claim 29 , acrylate monomer claim 29 , N-vinyl amide monomer claim 29 , N-vinyl caprolactam monomer claim 29 , N-vinyl amine monomer claim 29 , anhydride monomer claim 29 , dicarboxylic acid monomer claim 29 , diester monomer claim 29 , diol monomer claim 29 , amine monomer claim 29 , diamine monomer claim 29 , dihydroxy acid monomer claim 29 , dihydroxy ester monomer claim 29 , hydroxy ester monomer claim 29 , hydroxy acid monomer claim 29 , or a combination thereof.32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the first monomer comprises N- ...

Fuel Composition Comprising Detergent and Quaternary Ammonium Salt Additive

A method of reducing deposits in a diesel engine, the method comprising combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition comprising a detergent additive which is not a quaternary ammonium salt or a Mannich reaction product; and a quaternary ammonium salt additive comprising the reaction product of nitrogen containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and a quaternizing agent; wherein the nitrogen containing species is selected from: 1. A method of reducing deposits in a diesel engine , the method comprising combusting in the engine a diesel fuel composition comprising a detergent additive which is not a quaternary ammonium salt or a Mannich reaction product; and a quaternary ammonium salt additive comprising the reaction product of nitrogen containing species having at least one tertiary amine group and an ester quaternizing agent; wherein the nitrogen containing species is selected from:(i) the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted acylating agent and a compound comprising at least one tertiary amine group and a primary amine, secondary amine or alcohol group;(ii) a Mannich reaction product comprising a tertiary amine group; and(iii) a polyalkylene substituted amine having at least one tertiary amine group.2. A method according to wherein formation of deposits is inhibited or prevented to provide a keep clean performance.3. A method according to wherein existing deposits are removed to provide a clean up performance.4. A method according to wherein the quaternizing agent is an ester of a carboxylic acid.7. A method according to wherein the detergent additive is selected from one or more of:(a) the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and an amine;(b) the reaction product of a carboxylic acid-derived acylating agent and hydrazine;(c) a salt formed by the reaction of a carboxylic acid with di-n-butylamine or tri-n-butylamine;(d) the reaction product of a hydrocarbyl-substituted dicarboxylic acid or abhydride and an ...

AMINE-BASED POLYMER, A PREPARATION PROCESS THEREOF AND USE THEREOF

The present invention provides an amine-based polymer, a preparation process thereof and use thereof. The amine-based polymer of the present invention is characterized in that said amine-based polymer contains a polymer main chain, and a structure represented by formula (I) is attached onto the polymer main chain, and said structure is attached to the polymer main chain via an attaching end present in at least one of Group G, Group G′ and Group A in the structure, 3. The amine-based polymer according to claim 1 , wherein the sum of the total charge numbers of Group G claim 1 , Group G′ and Group A in formula (I) is 0.4. The amine-based polymer according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , the polymer main chain of said amine-based polymer is at least one polymer selected from polyolefine claim 1 , polyester and polyether claim 1 , preferably is polyolefine claim 1 , more preferably is homopolymer or copolymer of Colefin claim 1 , more preferably is homopolymer or copolymer of Colefin claim 1 , further preferably selected from one or more of polyethylene claim 1 , polypropylene claim 1 , polybutylene claim 1 , polyisobutylene claim 1 , polypentene claim 1 , polyhexylene claim 1 , polyoctylene claim 1 , polynonylene and polydecylene.5. The amine-based polymer according to claim 4 , wherein the number-average molecular weight of the polymer main chain is 500-5000 claim 4 , preferably 500-2500 claim 4 , further preferably 500-1300.6. The amine-based polymer according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer main chain of said amine-based polymer is attached via a —C— bond and/or —O— bond to an attaching end present in at least one of Group G claim 1 , Group G′ and Group A in the structure represented by formula (I); preferably attached to the polymer main chain via an attaching end present in any of Group G claim 1 , Group G′ and Group A claim 1 , more preferably via an attaching end present in any of Group G and Group G′.19. A composition comprising the amine-based polymer ...

Additive composition for fuel

A fuel additive composition, including: (a) one or more copolymer(s) including: at least one unit of the following formula (I), where u=0 or 1, E=-O— or —N(Z)—, or —O—CO—, or —CO—O— or —NH—CO— or —CO—NH—, where Z represents H or a C1-C6 alkyl group, G represents a group selected between a C1-C34 alkyl group, aromatic ring, aralkyl including at least one aromatic ring and at least one C1-C34 alkyl group, and at least one unit of the following formula (II), where R1″ is selected between a hydrogen atom and a methyl group, Q is selected between an oxygen atom and a group —NR′—, where R′ is selected between a hydrogen atom and C1-C12 hydrocarbon chains, R includes a C1-C34 hydrocarbon chain substituted with at least one quaternary ammonium, (b) one or more amines substituted with a polyalkenyl group, and (c) at least one carrier oil.

DRAG REDUCING AGENTS

A drag reducing agent has a core comprising a polyolefin; and a temporary container encapsulating the core. The temporary container contains a container material, which includes an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, an ethylene vinylpyrrolidone copolymer, a vinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate copolymer, a polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyethylene oxide, a polyethylene glycol, polyvinylidene chloride, a polysaccharide or its derivative, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. A largest dimension of the drag reducing agent is greater than about 1,000 microns. 1. A drag reducing agent comprising:a core comprising a polyolefin; anda temporary container encapsulating the core, the temporary container comprising a container material, which includes an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer, an ethylene vinyl alcohol copolymer, a polyvinylpyrrolidone, an ethylene vinylpyrrolidone copolymer, a vinylpyrrolidone vinyl acetate copolymer, a polyvinyl acetate, a polyvinyl alcohol, a polyethylene oxide, a polyethylene glycol, polyvinylidene chloride, a polysaccharide or its derivative, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing;wherein a largest dimension of the drag reducing agent is greater than about 1,000 microns.2. The drag reducing agent of claim 1 , wherein the core further comprises a deactivated polymerization catalyst.3. The drag reducing agent of claim 1 , wherein the largest dimension of the drag reducing agent is greater than about 0.5 centimeter.4. The drag reducing agent of claim 1 , wherein the largest dimension of the drag reducing agent is greater than about 0.5 centimeters to about 30 centimeters.5. The drag reducing agent of claim 1 , wherein the temporary container has two or more layers claim 1 , and at least one layer comprises the container material.6. The drag reducing agent of claim 5 , wherein each of the two or more layers independently comprises the ...

Quaternary ammonium ester salts

The invention relates to quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts and their use as additives, including their use in fuels, such as diesel fuel. The invention particularly relates to the use of quaternary ammonium amide and/or ester salts as detergents in diesel fuels.

Droplet for fuels

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties.

Droplet for fuels

A droplet formation for fuels is disclosed. The droplet formation for fuels includes an amphiphile. The droplet formation for fuels further includes at least one of an extensional viscosity modifier and a viscosity modifier. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophilic portion. The droplet formation for fuels further includes a hydrophobic portion. The droplet, including the hydrophilic portion and the hydrophobic portion, includes characteristics selected for beneficial combustion properties. The selected characteristics include flash point, autoignition temperature, density, viscosity, miscibility, size, combustion temperature, organic properties, inorganic properties, zwitterionic properties, micelle properties, and particulate properties.

Process for forming a fuel pellet

The present invention relates to a process for forming a fuel pellet, based on using a particular formula for making the fuel pellets. The process for forming a fuel pellet comprising of the following steps: providing a particulate carbonaceous material having a particle size of <1 mm; admixing the particulate carbonaceous material with a polysaccharide or a polyvinyl alcohol binder, and a crosslinker; shaping the so-formed mixture to provide the fuel pellet.

Polycarboxylic-acid-based additives for fuels and lubricants

The invention relates to the use of an olefin/carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer contains at least one free carboxylic acid side group, or of a nitrogen compound quaternized with epoxide in the presence of an olefin/carboxylic acid copolymer, wherein the copolymer contains at least one free carboxylic acid side group, as a fuel additive or lubricant additive. The invention further relates to methods for producing such additives and fuels and lubricants to which such additives have been added, for example, in particular, as a detergent additive, for reducing or preventing deposits in the injection systems of direct-injection diesel engines, in particular in common-rail injection systems, for reducing the fuel consumption of direct-injection diesel engines, in particular of diesel engines having common-rail injection systems, and for minimizing the power loss in direct-injection diesel engines, in particular in diesel engines having common-rail injection systems, and as an additive for gasoline fuels, in particular for the operation of DISI engines.

Polyolefin-derived dispersants

Ethylene-C 3 -C 10 alpha olefin copolymers, dispersants and lubricating oils/fuel compositions incorporating dispersants, and related methods are generally described herein. The copolymer may comprise ethylene-derived units and C 3 -C 10 alpha-olefin-derived units. The C 3 -C 10 alpha-olefin-derived units may have a carbon number from three to ten. For example, the C 3 -C 10 alpha-olefin-derived units may be propylene-derived units.

modified aliphenol-aldehyde resins, their use as additives to improve the properties of liquid hydrocarbon fuels in cold conditions

Additives for fuels and oils comprising functionalised diblock copolymers

Concentrates containing specific functionalised diblock copolymers serve as effective additives for improving the cold flow behaviour of fuels and oils, the copolymers being derived from a terminally-unsaturated intermediate polymer obtained via a metallocene process involving hydrogen.

包含官能化二嵌段共聚物的用于燃料和油的添加剂

含有特殊官能化二嵌段共聚物的浓缩物用作改进燃料和油的冷流行为的有效添加剂，所述共聚物衍生自借助涉及氢气的金属茂方法得到的末端不饱和中间体聚合物。

Additives for fuels and oils comprising Functionalised diblock copolmers

Concentrates containing specific functionalized diblock copolymers serve as effective additives for improving the cold flow behavior of fuels and oils, the copolymers being derived from a terminally-unsaturated intermediate polymer obtained via a metallocene process involving hydrogen.

包含官能化二嵌段共聚物的用于燃料和油的添加剂

含有特殊官能化二嵌段共聚物的浓缩物用作改进燃料和油的冷流行为的有效添加剂，所述共聚物衍生自借助涉及氢气的金属茂方法得到的末端不饱和中间体聚合物。

Additives for fuels and oils comprising functionalised diblock copolymers

Concentrates containing specific functionalized diblock copolymers serve as effective additives for improving the cold flow behavior of fuels and oils, the copolymers being derived from a terminally-unsaturated intermediate polymer obtained via a metallocene process involving hydrogen.

Additives for fuels and oils comprising functionalised diblock copolymers

본 발명은 연료 및 오일의 저온 흐름 양상을 개선시키기에 유효한 첨가제로서 작용하고, 상기 공중합체가 수소를 수반하는 메탈로센 공정을 통해 수득된 말단-불포화된 중간체 중합체로부터 유도된 특정한 작용화된 이중블록 공중합체를 함유하는 농축물에 관한 것이다. The present invention serves as an effective additive to improve the low temperature flow behavior of fuels and oils, and the specific functionalized doubles derived from the end-unsaturated intermediate polymers obtained by the copolymers through a metallocene process involving hydrogen. It relates to a concentrate containing a block copolymer.

4차 암모늄 아미드 및/또는 에스테르 염

본 발명은 4차 암모늄 아미드 및/또는 에스테르 염, 및 첨가제로 사용되는 이들의 용도, 예컨대 디젤 연료와 같은 연료에 사용되는 용도에 관한 것이다. 특히, 본 발명은 디젤 연료에 청정제로 사용되는 4차 암모늄 아미드 및 에스테르 염의 용도에 관한 것이다.

System and methods for slurry hydroconversion pitch disposition as solid pellets and composition of the same

A system and method for producing solid pellets from a slurry HDC pitch is disclosed which utilizes a polymer additive that is mixed with the pitch to increase the softening point of the solid pellets.

Crude oil composition containing an additive for improving rheological properties of paraffinic crude oil

FIELD: oil and gas industry. SUBSTANCE: invention discloses an additive for reducing the pour point of crude oil, which contains at least one organic solvent and 20 to 40 wt % of at least one copolymer, consisting of at least two comonomers, wherein all comonomers constituting the copolymer are selected from groups (a) and (b) of comonomers, wherein group (a) of comonomers consists of acrylic acid and group (b) of comonomers consists of styrene, and wherein at least one copolymer has number-average molecular weight from 10,000 to 30,000 g/mol, fraction of comonomers of group (a) in at least one copolymer with respect to mixture of comonomers ranges from 2.0 to 9.0 wt %. Also disclosed is a method of producing a crude oil composition having a low pour point as compared to crude oil, including adding to crude oil of said additive and use of additive to reduce temperature of pour point of crude oil. EFFECT: technical result consists in improvement of rheological properties of paraffin crude oil. 11 cl, 5 tbl, 5 ex РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 740 208 C2 (51) МПК C10M 145/14 (2006.01) C08F 212/08 (2006.01) C10L 1/196 (2006.01) C10L 10/16 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК C08F 212/08 (2020.02); C08L 91/00 (2020.02); C10L 1/1966 (2020.02); C10L 10/16 (2020.02); C10M 145/14 (2020.02) (21)(22) Заявка: 2018135050, 20.04.2017 20.04.2017 Дата регистрации: 12.01.2021 21.04.2016 DE 10 2016 107 426.8; 21.04.2016 LU 93040 (43) Дата публикации заявки: 21.05.2020 Бюл. № 15 (45) Опубликовано: 12.01.2021 Бюл. № 2 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: SU 1102900 A1, 15.07.1984. RU 2376452 C2, 20.12.2009. US 3846091 A1, 05.11.1974. US 4284414 A1, 18.08.1981. EP 120512 A3, 28.11.1984. EP 332000 A3, 13.09.1989. DE 2345814 A, 20.03.1975. C 2 C 2 (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 21.11.2018 (86) Заявка PCT: EP 2017/059408 (20.04.2017) 2 7 4 0 2 0 8 (87) ...