ЯЧЕЙКА ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕРА, СОДЕРЖАЩАЯ ВНУТРЕННИЙ ЛОТОК

Изобретение относится к электролизеру для получения газообразного галогена из водного раствора галогенида щелочного металла. Ячейка электролизера для получения газообразного галогена содержит корпус из двух полуоболочек, выполненных из электропроводного материала, анод (4) и катод (5) с расположенной между ними электролитической мембраной (6). По меньшей мере одна из упомянутых полуоболочек снабжена встроенными элементами, обеспечивающими повышение уровня жидкости, причем упомянутые встроенные элементы образуют внутренний лоток (7), расположенный горизонтально и параллельно электролитической мембране (6) и отделенный от нее первым промежуточным пространством (9, 14), и между лотком (7) и верхней стороной упомянутой по меньшей мере одной полуоболочки образовано второе промежуточное пространство (10, 15), наклоненное наружу и вверх по отношению к горизонтальной плоскости, если смотреть со стороны электролитической мембраны (6). Лоток (7) имеет по меньшей мере одно отверстие, сообщающееся ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА ВОДЫ

Изобретение относится к трем вариантам устройства для электролиза воды. Согласно одному из вариантов устройство содержит: корпус, содержащий боковую стенку; электролитическую ячейку с ионообменной мембраной в корпусе, выполненную с возможностью осуществления электролиза воды и выделения водорода и кислорода, причем электролитическая ячейка с ионообменной мембраной содержит первую сторону, вторую сторону, соответствующую первой стороне, ионообменную мембрану, катод, анод, трубку для вывода водорода и трубку для вывода кислорода, причем ионообменная мембрана расположена между катодом и анодом; и встроенный модуль резервуара для воды для размещения внутри корпуса и соединенный с электролитической ячейкой с ионообменной мембраной, при этом встроенный модуль резервуара для воды, содержащий резервуар для воды, выполнен с возможностью подачи воды в электролитическую ячейку с ионообменной мембраной; причем, когда электролитическая ячейка с ионообменной мембраной осуществляет электролиз воды, на ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА И СПОСОБ ЕЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Предложена электролитическая ячейка, содержащая герметизирующий сосуд, первый электрод, второй электрод, источник электрического тока, находящийся в электрическом сообщении с первым электродом и вторым электродом, электролит, имеющий жидкостное сообщение с первым электродом и вторым электродом; газ, причем этот газ образуется во время электролиза на первом электроде или вблизи него; при этом ячейка снабжена сепаратором, который имеет наклонную поверхность, и включает в себя электрод, чтобы можно было направлять поток электролита и газа за счет разности между плотностью электролита и суммарной плотностью электролита и газа таким образом, чтобы газ перемещался в направлении в сторону от второго электрода. Повышение циркуляции электролита при помощи наклонного сепаратора, а также увеличение эффективности массопередачи в процессе электролиза, является техническим результатом предложенного изобретения. Предложенная ячейка работает при отсутствии протоннообменной мембраны и позволяет быстро удалять ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗНАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА С ГАЗОДИФФУЗИОННЫМ ЭЛЕКТРОДОМ

Изобретение относится к конструкции электролизной ячейки для электрохимических способов. Электролизная ячейка включает в себя анодное отделение, содержащее анод, и катодное отделение, содержащее катод, разделенные ионообменной мембраной. По меньшей мере одно из этих двух отделений содержит сборку, состоящую из распределителя тока, соединенного со стенкой соответствующего отделения посредством опор, газодиффузионного электрода в контакте с поверхностью распределителя тока, средств для подачи газа в газодиффузионный электрод, расположенных в нижней части указанной ячейки, средств для выпуска уходящего газа из газодиффузионного электрода, расположенных в верхней части указанной ячейки, и пористого планарного элемента, выполненного из пластикового материала, выбранного из группы, состоящей из полиэтилена высокой плотности и фторированных пластиков, вставленного между указанной мембраной и указанным газодиффузионным электродом и выполненного с возможностью подачи в него по меньшей мере одного ...

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ХЛОРА, КАУСТИЧЕСКОЙ СОДЫ И ВОДОРОДА

Изобретение относится к способу производства хлора, гидроксида щелочного металла и водорода и устройству с компьютерным управлением для осуществления заявленного способа, при этом способ включает следующие стадии: (а) приготовление рассола путем растворения источника хлорида щелочного металла в воде; (b) удаление из рассола, полученного на стадии (а), щелочного осадка в присутствии пероксида водорода или в присутствии, самое большее, 5 мг/л активного хлора посредством фильтра из активированного угля и получение готового рассола; (с) обработка, по меньшей мере, части готового рассола, полученного на стадии (b), на стадии ионообмена; (d) обработка, по меньшей мере, части рассола, полученного на стадии (с), на стадии электролиза; (е) выделение, по меньшей мере, части хлора, гидроксида щелочного металла, водорода и рассола, полученных на стадии (d); (f) обработка, по меньшей мере, части рассола, полученного на стадии (е), на стадии обесхлоривания, осуществляемой в присутствии пероксида водорода ...

СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ СЫРОЙ ВОДЫ, СОДЕРЖАЩЕЙ ТРИТИЕВУЮ ВОДУ

Изобретение относится к способу обработки сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду. Способ обработки сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, включает: подачу части сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, и щелочной воды в циркуляционный резервуар; смешивание сырой воды со щелочной водой в циркуляционном резервуаре с образованием электролита, имеющего требуемую концентрацию щелочи; и непрерывный электролиз электролита при циркуляции электролита, при проведении которого сырую воду, находящуюся в резервуаре для хранения, подвергают электролизу щелочной воды и таким образом превращают сырую воду в газ. Превращение сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, в газ посредством электролиза щелочной воды снижает до 1/1244 концентрацию трития в тритийсодержащем газообразном водороде, при этом может быть снижен объем сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду. Изобретение позволяет произвести прямое разложение дистиллированной воды, а также позволяет проводить электролиз при высоких значениях электрического тока ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ДИАРИЛКАРБОНАТА И ПЕРЕРАБОТКА, ПО МЕНЬШЕЙ МЕРЕ, ОДНОЙ ЧАСТИ ОБРАЗОВАННОГО ПРИ ЭТОМ РАСТВОРА, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ХЛОРИД ЩЕЛОЧНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ, В НАХОДЯЩЕМСЯ НИЖЕ ПО ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКОЙ ЦЕПОЧКЕ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕ ХЛОРИДА ЩЕЛОЧНЫХ МЕТАЛЛОВ

... 1. Способ получения диарилкарбоната и переработка, по меньшей мере, одной части образованного при этом раствора, содержащего хлорид щелочных металлов, в находящемся ниже по технологической цепочке электролизе хлорида щелочных металлов, включающем следующие стадии: a) получение фосгена взаимодействием хлора с монооксидом углерода, b) взаимодействие фосгена, образованного согласно стадии а), с, по меньшей мере, одним монофенолом в присутствии основания, при необходимости, основного катализатора до диарилкарбоната и раствора, содержащего хлорид щелочных металлов, c) отделение и переработка диарилкарбоната, образованного на стадии b), d) отделение раствора, содержащего хлорид щелочных металлов, оставшегося согласно стадии с), от остатков растворителя и, при необходимости, остатков катализатора, в частности, путем отпаривания раствора с водяным паром и обработкой адсорбентами, в частности, активированным углем, е) электрохимическое окисление, по меньшей мере, одной части раствора, содержащего ...

Электрохимическая ячейка

... 1. Проточная рамка для изготовления блока, причем указанный блок включает биполярный электрод и ионоселективную мембрану, установленную в указанной проточной рамке, указанный блок может быть уложен в стопку с другими такими блоками для создания комплекта электрохимических ячеек, каждая ячейка, таким образом, включает две электродные поверхности и ионоселективную мембрану, помещенную между ними таким образом, чтобы ограничить отдельные католит-содержащую и анолит-содержащую камеры в каждой ячейке, а указанная проточная рамка изготовлена из электроизолирующего материала и включает (i) ограничивающую камеру часть для поддержки электрода и мембраны в пределах ограниченного пространства, (ii) по меньшей мере четыре ограничивающие коллекторы части, которые при укладке указанных проточных рамок в стопку ограничивают четыре коллектора, через которые анолит и католит подают в указанные анолит-содержащую и католит-содержащую камеры и удаляют из них, (iii) по меньшей мере два входных отверстия в камеру ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА ВОДЫ

ГАЗОГЕНЕРАТОР

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

... 1. Способ производства углеводородов из диоксида углерода и воды, в котором:обеспечивают первый реакционный сосуд (14), содержащий положительный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую воду и ионизирующий материал;обеспечивают второй реакционный сосуд (12), содержащий отрицательный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую смесь воды и диоксида углерода;соединяют первый и второй реакционные сосуды средством связи, которое обеспечивает проход электронов и/или ионов между электролитическими средами первого и второго реакционных сосудов;прилагают постоянный электрический ток к положительному электроду и отрицательному электроду, обеспечивая поток электронов от катода к аноду через электролитические среды в реакционных сосудах (12 и 14) и образование углеводородов в реакционном сосуде (12).2. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды включают метан.3. Способ по п.1, в котором в реакционном сосуде (14) образуется кислород.4. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды извлекают ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОКИСЛЯЮЩИХ РАСТВОРОВ

СПОСОБ И СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ОБРАБОТКИ УГЛЕРОДСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗОВ ПУТЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ГИДРОГЕНИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СОЕДИНЕНИЯ CHO

... 1. Способ обработки COи/или CO путем электрохимической гидрогенизации для получения соединения типа CHO, где x≥1; 0 Подробнее

Кислородно-водородная интегрированная машина

Изобретение относится к кислородно-водородной интегрированной машине, характеризующейся тем, что содержит корпус машины (1), в котором модуль получения кислорода молекулярным ситом и модуль электролитического получения водорода предусмотрены в корпусе машины (1) и кислородно-водородный интерфейс (5) предусмотрен на одной стороне корпуса машины (1), модуль получения кислорода молекулярным ситом и модуль электролитического получения водорода соответственно проходят через клапан регулирования давления кислорода (28) и клапан регулирования давления водорода (17) таким образом, что кислород и водород имеют одинаковое давление на выходе, при этом на выходе клапана регулирования давления кислорода (28) и клапана регулирования давления водорода (17) предусмотрены отверстие для ограничения потока кислорода (30) и отверстие для ограничения потока водорода (18) соответственно, а кислород и водород подключаются к кислородно-водородному интерфейсу (5) после прохождения через отверстие для ограничения ...

Гидравлический регулятор перепада давлений газов

Verfahren und Anordnung für die Hochtemperaturelektrolyse

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Hochtemperaturelektrolyseurs und eines Reaktor mit chemischer Synthese, wobei eine thermische und stoffliche Kopplung beider Komponenten erfolgt. Mittels der Wärme der chemischen Synthese wird Wasser zu Wasserdampf erhitzt. Dieser dient dem Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur als Edukt. Zudem wird Kohlenstoffdioxid in den Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur und/oder in den Reaktor geführt. Im Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur wird dann Synthesegas mittels einer Co-Elektrolyse erzeugt. Dieses Synthesegas dient wiederum dem Reaktor als Eduktstrom für die chemische Synthese. Die chemische Synthese ist insbesondere eine Methanisierung. Als Reaktor wird ein Rohrbündelreaktor mit integrierter Wasserdampferzeugung verwendet.

Speicherkraftwerk Brennstoffzelle

Wasserstoff ist Sekundärenergieträger für erneuerbare Energien. Üblicherweise wird er zur Speicherung elektrischer Energie durch Wasserelektrolyse hergestellt. In einer Brennstoffzelle kann der Wasserstoff wieder in elektrische Energie umgewandelt werden. Zur Speicherung von Wasserstoff bietet sich das Erdgasnetz an. Wegen der großen physikalischen und brandtechnischen Unterschiede zwischen Erdgas und Wasserstoff ist dessen Aufnahme im Gasnetz stark begrenzt. Die vorliegende Anmeldung beschreibt ein Verfahren, nach dem elektrolysestämmiger Wasserstoff mit Synthesegas zu Methan reagiert, Methan in das Gasnetz eingeleitet wird. Das eingeleitete Methan oder dessen Äquivalent an Erdgas kann dem Gasnetz entnommen und in einem Reformer wieder in Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid umgewandelt werden. Um 1 Mol Methan zu bilden müssen dem Synthesegas 2 Mol Wasserstoff aus der Elektrolyse hinzugefügt werden. Bei der Rückspaltung von Methan wird dann mit 4 Mol die doppelte Menge an Wasserstoff erhalten.

Antriebseinrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug, Abgasmodul für eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine, sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer solchen Antriebseinrichtung

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Antriebseinrichtung (10) für ein Kraftfahrzeug, mit einer zum Antreiben des Kraftfahrzeugs ausgebildeten Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12), mit einem von Abgas der Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12) durchströmbaren Abgastrakt (16), mit einer mit aus dem Abgas gewonnenem Wasser versorgbaren Elektrolyseeinrichtung (30), mittels welcher das Wasser durch Elektrolyse in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff umwandelbar ist, und mit einer mit dem durch die Elektrolyse gewonnen Wasserstoff und mit Kohlendioxid aus dem Abgas versorgbaren Methanisierungseinrichtung (32), mittels welcher aus dem Kohlendioxid und dem Wasserstoff Methan erzeugbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein von der Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12) unterschiedlicher, mittels des erzeugten Methans betreibbarer Brenner (38) vorgesehen ist, mittels welchem unter Verbrennen des Methans Wärme zum zumindest mittelbaren Aufheizen wenigstens einer in dem Abgastrakt angeordneten Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtung bereitstellbar ...

Anlage zur Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff sowie Verfahren zum Betrieb der Anlage

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Anlage zur Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff (100), umfassend eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff (101) durch elektrochemische Spaltung von Wasser in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff, eine Anlage zur Stromerzeugung (113) sowie einen Kompressor (103), einen Druckgasspeicher (109) und einen Gasentnahmestutzen (112), wobei ein Rohrleitungssystem umfasst ist, mit dem Wasserstoff aus der Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff (101) zum Kompressor (103) geleitet werden kann, vom Kompressor (103) über ein Ventil (108; 107) zum Druckgasspeicher (109) oder zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) und weiterhin Rohrleitungen zur Förderung von Wasserstoff vom Druckgasspeicher (109) zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) umfasst sind, wobei Rohrleitungen umfasst sind, mit denen Wasserstoff direkt vom Druckgasspeicher (109) zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) geleitet werden kann und weiterhin Rohrleitungen, mit denen der Wasserstoff vom Druckgasspeicher (109) durch den Kompressor (103) zum ...

Vorrichtung zur Ozonbehandlung mit einem Ozonvernichter

Bei einer Vorrichtung zur Ozonbehandlung (10; 110) mit, einem Behandlungsraum (12; 112), zur Behandlung eines Behandlungsgutes (14; 114) mit Ozon, einem Ozonerzeuger (16; 116) der mit dem Behandlungsraum (12; 112) verbunden ist, und einem Ozonvernichter zur Vernichtung überschüssigen Ozons, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der Ozonvernichter als Brennstoffzelle (22; 122, 172) ausgebildet ist. Weiterhin ist ein Haushaltsgerät mit einer solchen Vorrichtung vorgesehen und ein Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Vorrichtung zur Ozonbehandlung (10; 110), bei dem in einem Lademodus eine Brennstoffzelle (22; 122) im Elektrolysebetrieb Wasserstoff erzeugt, in einem Abbaumodus eine Brennstoffzelle (22; 172) im Synthesebetrieb unter Verwendung des Wasserstoffs und Ozon aus einem Behandlungsraum (12; 112) betrieben wird, um die Ozonkonzentration im Behandlungsraum zu verringern.

Wasserelektrolysesystem und Steuerverfahren dafür

Ein Wasserelektrolysesystem umfasst ein Paar Elektrolysezellen, die zum Aufnehmen von aus einem Elektrolysewassertank zugefuhrtem Elektrolysewasser eingerichtet und mit einem Wasserstofftank und einem Sauerstofftank verbunden sind, ein Paar Aktivelektroden, das eine Kathode und eine Anode aufweist, die in den Elektrolysezellen aufgenommen sind und durch eine Aktivelektrodenleitung mit einer Stromversorgung verbunden sind, um Elektrolysewasser zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff bzw. Sauerstoff zu elektrolysieren, Hilfselektroden, die in dem Elektrolysezellenpaar aufgenommen sind und durch eine Hilfselektrodenleitung miteinander verbunden sind, um Elektronen an die getrennten Elektrolysezellen abzugeben oder Elektronen von diesen aufzunehmen, Sensoren zum Messen von in den Elektrolysezellen erzeugtem Wasserstoff oder Sauerstoffdruck und zum Messen einer Elektrolysewasserkapazität der Elektrolysezellen und eine Steuerung, die zum selektiven Ausleiten eines Wasserstoffgases oder Sauerstoffgases ...

Pressure-compensated electrochemical half-cell

The invention relates to an electrochemical half-cell (1) comprising at least one electrode chamber (3, 15) for holding an electrolyte (100), a gas chamber (2) and at least one gas-diffusion electrode (14) separating the gas chamber (2) and the electrode chamber (3, 15) in the form of an anode or a cathode. The gas chamber (2) is divided into two or a plurality of superimposed gas pockets (2a, 2b) in which gas is fed or removed via separate openings (7) and (12a, 12b, 12c, 12d), and the pressure on the electrolyte side of the electrode (14) is compensated for by an opening of each gas pocket (2a, 2b) to the electrolyte.

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methan

Es wird ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Methan vorgeschlagen, wobei ein erster Massenstrom G1, der Wasserstoffgas oder ein Wasserstoff enthaltenes Gasgemisch ist, mit einem zweiten Massenstrom G2, der Kohlendioxid und/oder Kohlenmonoxid enthält, vermischt wird und Wasserstoff sowie Kohlendioxid und/oder Kohlenmonoxid im erhaltenen Gemisch in einer katalytischen Reaktion in Methan umgesetzt wird. Der zweite Massenstrom G2 wird erhalten durchDurchführen einer katalytischen Hydromethanisierung, bei der Kohlenstoff, Wasserdampf und Sauerstoff als Edukte zu Methan, Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 400 °C bis 800 °C in Gegenwart mindestens eines Katalysators umgesetzt werden, oderDurchführen einer Dampf-Wasserstoffvergasung, bei der Kohlenstoff, Wasserstoff, Wasserdampf und Sauerstoff als Edukte zu Methan, Kohlenmonoxid und Kohlendioxid bei einer Temperatur im Bereich von 800 °C bis 1100 °C umgesetzt werden, oder ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Synthesegas

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Synthesegas mit folgenden Schritten: – Reduzieren von Kohlenstoffdioxid zu einem ersten Produktgas umfassend Kohlenstoffmonoxid in einer Kohlenstoffdioxid-Elektrolysezelle, – Zerlegen von Wasser zu einem zweiten Produktgas umfassend Wasserstoff in einer Wasser-Elektrolysezelle, wobei ein erster Katholyt von der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Elektrolysezelle und/oder ein zweiter Katholyt von der Wasser-Elektrolysezelle in eine Gaswäschevorrichtung geführt werden und das erste Produktgas von nicht reduziertem Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Gaswäschevorrichtung mittels des ersten und/oder zweiten Katholyts als Absorptionsmittel gereinigt wird.

Method of obtaining a reference variable for adding the correct amounts of chemicals to electrolytic baths

A method is provided for obtaining a reference variable which can be used to add the correct amounts of topping-up chemicals to an electrolytic bath. The thickness of a layer on a test specimen (5) of known surface area immersed in the bath liquid (2) is continuously measured and this is used together with the measurable magnitude of the bath current (IB) and the specimen current (Ip) to indicate continuously the material reacted in the bath on an indicating apparatus (16). In this way, the success of the addition of topping-up chemicals can readily be monitored. ...

Einrichtung zur Laugenzuteilung fuer elektrolytische Baeder

Elektrochemische Kupplung eines Phenols mit einem Naphthol

Elektrochemisches Verfahren zur selektiven Kupplung von einem Phenol mit einem Naphthol, welche sich in ihrem Oxidationspotential unterscheiden. Verbindungen, welche beispielsweise durch die elektrochemische Kupplung hergestellt werden können.

Verfahren und System zur Speicherung von elektrischer Energie

Verfahren zur Speicherung von elektrischer Energie, umfassend die Schritte a) Erzeugung von Methan aus Wasser und Ruß unter Verwendung von elektrischer Energie, b) Speichern des Methans, c) Spalten des Methans in Wasserstoff und Ruß, wobei der Wasserstoff zur Energieerzeugung verwendet wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der bei der Methanspaltung gemäß Schritt c) anfallende Ruß aufgefangen wird und beim erneuten Durchlaufen des Verfahrens für die Methanerzeugung in Schritt a) verwendet wird, so dass ein geschlossener Kohlenstoffkreislauf entsteht, wobei bei der Energieerzeugung gemäß Schritt c) Strom erzeugt wird oder Energie zum Betrieb von Transportmitteln bereitgestellt wird.

Verfahren und Vorrichtuntg zur Umsetzung wenigstens eines Edukts in einem gasförmigen Einsatzstrom zu wenigstens einem Produkt

Es wird ein Verfahren zur zumindest teilweisen Umsetzung wenigstens eines Edukts in einem gasförmigen Einsatzstrom (a) zu wenigstens einem Produkt vorgeschlagen. Der Einsatzstrom (a) und ein Spülgasstrom (b) werden erwärmt und einer Elektrolysezelle (1) zugeführt. In dieser werden aus dem Einsatzstrom (a) ein an dem wenigstens einen Edukt ab- und an dem wenigstens einen Produkt angereicherter Produktstrom (c) und aus dem Spülgasstrom (b) ein Spülgasabstrom (d) gebildet. Es wird jeweils Wärme zumindest von dem Produktstrom (c) auf den Einsatzstrom (a) und von dem Spülgasabstrom (d) auf den Spülgasstrom (a) übertragen. Zur Übertragung der Wärme von dem Produktstrom (c) auf den Einsatzstrom (a) und von dem Spülgasabstrom (d) auf den Spülgasstrom (b) wird ein Plattenwärmetauscher (2) verwendet. Durch den Plattenwärmetauscher (2) werden zumindest der Spülgasabstrom (d) im Gegenstrom zu dem Spülgasstrom (b) und der Produktstrom (c) im Gegenstrom zu dem Einsatzstrom (a) geführt. Eine entsprechende ...

Flow field plate geometries

Reversible cell

Scalable chemical reactor and method of operation thereof

Hydrogen generation

Bromide removal

The metering of liquids

A metering system (10) for metering liquid to be supplied to equipment which utilizes the liquid to generate a predetermined product includes a body member (12) which defines a chamber (14) therein, the body member (12) being mountable in a predetermined position relative to the equipment and liquid to be metered being received in the chamber (14). A discharge means is arranged in communication with the chamber of the body member, the discharge means comprising a first discharge element (16) through which a first metered volume is dischargeable to a first part of the equipment and a second discharge element (18) through which a second metered volume is dischargeable to a second part of the equipment.

Flow field plate geometries

A flow field plate for a fuel cell comprising at least one channel 304 extending from a source of fluid to a drain 306 for said fluid, in which the cross-sectional area of said channel at drain or source is less than 95% of the cross-sectional area at source or drain respectively.

Abrasive blast machining

Apparatus for separating a gas from a mixture of the gas with a liquid

Fuel cell electrolyser construction

A hydrogen gas generator system

Electrochemical cell and process

ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND CONTROL OF CURRENT LEAKAGE

Electrolytic cell

Electrolytic Regeneration of Alkali Liquors

... 1,180,464. Electrolytic purification of liquids. SOUTH EASTERN GAS BOARD. March 2, 1967, No. 9986/67. Addition to 1, 084,196. Heading C7B. In a process for removing undesired componants such as alkali metal thiosulphates, ferrocyanides and/or thiocyanates as described in the parent Specification using a cell containing an intermediary chamber 16 separated from anode chamber 15 and cathode chamber 17 by means of an anion exchange membrane 18, and a cathion exchange membrane or simple porous membrane 19, respectively, the whole of the alkali liquor to be treated is passed into the intermediate chamber 16 of the cell, and the pH of the anode and cathode chambers, 15, 17 is controlled throughout the electrolysis by continuously or intermittently introducing acid and alkaline liquids, e. g. dilute sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide into said chambers respectively, such that the pH values therein are maintained respectively below and in excess of 7À0 during electrolysis. The anolyte may also ...

APPARATUS COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF ELECTROLYTIC CELLS

Oxygen generation system and method of generating oxygen gas

An oxygen generation system (100) comprises an electrolytic cell apparatus (102) for chemically decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The electrolytic cell apparatus (102) has a water input port, a hydrogen output port and an oxygen output port. A source of electrical energy (118) is also provided and operably coupled to the electrolytic cell apparatus (102), the source of electrical energy having a hydrogen input port. The hydrogen output port of the electrolytic cell apparatus (102) is operably coupled to the hydrogen input port of the second source of electrical energy (128). The first electrical energy source may comprise a hydrocarbon fuel such as diesel or an electrical energy storage device such as a battery.

Bromide removal

A process and application for the production of hydrogen

SERIES OF ELECTROLYTIC CHLOR-ALKALI CELLS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN CAUSTIC ALKALI AND CHLORINE

LOW LOSS HIGH VOLTAGE ELECTROLYZER

... 1522440 Law loss electrolyzer ALSTHOM ATLANTIQUE 29 Nov 1976 [9 Dec 1975] 49673/76 Heading C7B An electrolyzer comprising a plurality of elementary cells electrically connected in series and hydraulically connected in parallel, the cells being arranged in groups and the group supply ducts 9 1 -9 4 and 8 being of length and section such that the electrical shunt current lost in the electrical supply network is at most equal to 3% of the total current passing through the electrolyzer.

An electrolysis device for generating hydrogen and oxygen for use in improving the combustion of hydrocarbon fuel

Device for the production of hydrogen

This invention relates to a device for the electrolytic production of hydrogen and oxygen from a water-containing liquid. The device comprises: an anodic half-cell (3) and a cathodic half-cell (4), with an anion exchange membrane (9) situated between the two half-cells. The electrodes (7, 8) of the halt-cells (3, 4) and the anion exchange membrane (9) form a membrane/electrode assembly (MEA). There is also provided means (2) for feeding the water-containing liquid to only one of the anodic half-cell (3) and the cathodic half-cell (4), wherein the electrode in the other, substantially dry, half-cell is ionomer-free and/or binder-free. The catalyst for the membrane can be included via direct deposition or through a catalyst coated membrane. The substrate for coating may be carbon cloth, carbon paper, stainless steel foam or nickel foam. It may also act as the gas diffusion layer (GDL).

Electrochemical cell plant

A system comprising an electrolyser stack connected to a water/gas separation vessel, via an inlet and an outlet pipe. The separation vessel is adapted to passively separate the water and gas and the separation vessel contains a heat exchanger. The separation vessel is constructed from polymeric material and the vessel also has at least two nozzles which are adapted to be in communication with the inlet pipe. At least two nozzles are also adapted to be in communication with the outlet pipe where the nozzles are integral to the separation vessel and constructed from the same polymeric material. The nozzles are located so that, in use, they create a cyclonic effect.

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

PROCEDURE FOR THE SEPARATION OF A GAS FROM A MIXTURE OF THE GAS WITH A LIQUID

PROCEDURE FOR THE FEEDBACK OF PROCESS GAS DURING ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCESSES

ZONE OF FLOW DISK GEOMETRY

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING GAS BY ELECTROLYSIS OF A LIQUID

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL TREATMENT OF AQUEOUS SALT SOLUTIONS

Elektrolysesystem und Verfahren zur Wärmerückgewinnung in einem Elektrolysesystem

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Elektrolysesystem (1), aufweisend einen Brennstoffzellenstapel (2) mit einer Produktgasseite (3) und einer Luftseite (4), einen Prozesswasserbehälter (5) zum Bereitstellen von Prozesswasser (6) für die Produktgasseite (3) des Brennstoffzellenstapels (2), eine Rezirkulationsleitung (7, 8) zum Rückführen von Produktgas (14) von der Produktgasseite (3) in den Prozesswasserbehälter (5) für eine thermische Wechselwirkung zwischen dem Produktgas (14) und dem Prozesswasser (6) im Prozesswasserbehälter (5), und eine Produktgasauslassleitung (9) zum Leiten von Produktgas (14) aus dem Prozesswasserbehälter (5). Ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Wärmerückgewinnung in einem erfindungsgemäßen Elektrolysesystem (1).

Method for determining an operating state of an electrochemical system

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Ermittlung eines Betriebszustandes eines elektrochemischen Systems (1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e), das einen Zellenstapel (2) mit wenigstens einem Elektrodenabschnitt (3, 4) aufweist, wobei zumindest ein Ventil (5, 6, 20, 21) und zumindest eine Fluidleitung (23) vorgesehen sind, aufweisend die Schritte: variierendes Führen wenigstens eines Fluides über die zumindest eine Fluidleitung (23) durch das zumindest eine Ventil (5, 6, 20, 21) mit einem vordefinierten Variationsmuster, wobei einem Fluidstrom das Variationsmuster durch das zumindest eine Ventil (5, 6, 20, 21) aufgeprägt wird, Ermitteln einer Spannungsantwort und/oder einer Stromantwort des Zellenstapels (2) während des variierenden Führens des wenigstens einen Fluides, und Ermitteln des Betriebszustandes des elektrochemischen Systems (1a; 1b; 1c; 1d; 1e) anhand der Spannungs- und/oder Stromantwort. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Computerprogrammprodukt (11), ein Speichermittel (12), eine ...

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF DIARYLCARBONAT

PROCEDURE FOR THE CLEANING OF A WAESSERIGEN SODIUM CHLORID SOLUTION

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CELL WITH GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODES

Elektrolyseur

Um einen Elektrolyseur zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff sehr flexibel einsetzbar zu machen, wird vorgeschlagen, eine Trocknungseinheit vorzusehen, in der ein mehrkreisiger Wärmetauscher (20) mit einem ersten Kreis zur Kühlung des erzeugten Wasserstoffs (H2) und einem zweiten Kreis zur Kühlung des erzeugten Sauerstoffes (O2) vorgesehen ist, wobei beide Kreise des mehrkreisigen Wärmetauschers (20) einen gemeinsamen Kältekreis (27) aufweisen.

PUMPING SYSTEM FOR ELECTROLYSIS CELL ELECTROLYTE

SUPPLY SYSTEM FOR ELECTROLYTIC LIQUID FOR A PRINTING ELECTROLYSIS PRESSURE AT THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN

Verfahren zur elektrochemischen Oxidation von Fe-2+-Chlorid-Lösungen

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur kontinuierlichen elektrochemischen Oxidation vonFe2+ in chloridhältigen Lösungen zur nachfolgenden Hydrolyse und Rückgewinnung derSalzsäure, wobei an der Anode Chlorgas entwickelt wird, das im Gegenstrom zurAnolytlösung das Fe2+ vollständig oxidiert.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALKALI HYDROXIDE, CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN BY ELECTROLYSIS OF A WAEBRIGEN ALKALICHLORIDLOESUNG IN A DIAPHRAGM CELL.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR GAS PRODUCTION, WHICH A PILE OF SENKRECHTEN FRAMEWORKS CONTAINS.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALKALI PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS

ELECTROLYSIS PROCEDURE WITH LIQUID ELECTROLYTES AND POROUS ELECTRODES.

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTES.

DEVICE FOR COOLING AND CLEANING THE EXHAUST GASES OF A WATER ELECTROLYSIS PLANT.

PROCEDURE FOR THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WAESSRIGER ALKALI HALIDE LOESUNGEN.

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL HALF CELL

HIGH PRESSURE ELECTROLYSIS UNIT

WATER FRAGMENTATION PROCEDURE OF MEANS ELECTRODIALYSIS

Process for the preparation of methanol

Process for the preparation of a methanol product comprising the steps of a) providing a first process stream consisting essentially of carbon dioxide; b) providing a second process stream consisting of hydrogen by electrolyzing water in an electrolysis unit; c) mixing the first and second process in amount to obtain a methanol synthesis gas with a mole ratio of H2 and CO2 of between 2.5 and 3.5; d) catalytic converting the methanol synthesis gas into raw methanol in at least one methanol reactor; e) purifying the raw methanol in a distillation unit; and recovering waste heat generated in the electrolysis unit in step (b) by transferring the waste heat to a circulating heat transfer medium by indirect heat exchange with the waste heat and by indirect heat exchange of the heated heat transfer medium with steam used for the distillation of the raw methanol, wherein the heated transfer medium is compressed upstream the indirect heat exchange with steam.

Co-electrolysis system and co-electrolysis method using the same

A co-electrolysis system includes: a carbon dioxide supply module configured to supply carbon dioxide; a carbon 5 dioxide heater configured to heat the carbon dioxide supplied from the carbon dioxide supply module; a reformer configured to supply a reformed gas containing hydrogen as a main component; a mixer configured to supply a feed gas by mixing the carbon dioxide and the reformed gas; a feed gas 10 heater configured to heat the feed gas discharged from the mixer; an air supply unit configured to supply an air; an air heater configured to heat the air supplied from the air supply unit; and a co-electrolysis stack configured to electrolyze the heated air and the heated feed gas to 15 produce a synthesis gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide as main components.

CO2 electrolyser

The invention relates to a CO ...

PROCESS OF PRODUCING ALKALI HYDROXIDE, CHLORINE AND HYDROGEN BY THE ELECTROLYSIS OF AN AQUEOUS ALKALI CHLORIDE SOLUTION IN A MEMBRANE CELL

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CHLORINE AND CAUSTIC SODA

Systems and devices for treating and monitoring water, wastewater and other biodegradable matter

The invention relates to bio-electrochemical systems for the generation of methane from organic material and for reducing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogenous waste through denitrification. The invention further relates to an electrode for use in, and a system for, the adaptive control of bio-electrochemical systems as well as a fuel cell.

High pressure electrolyser module

Electrolytic cell for producing a mixed oxidant gas

Process of preventing stray currents in peripheral parts of a plant in an electrolysis

Electrolytic device for generation of pH-controlled hypohalous acid aqueous solutions for disinfectant applications

Method and apparatus for the treatment of effluents from production plants of epoxy compounds

The invention relates to a process of abatement of the organic content of a depleted brine coming from epoxy compound production involving a vapour stripping step and a mineralisation with hypochlorite in two steps, at distinct pH and temperature conditions.

Process for producing chlorine, caustic soda, and hydrogen

The invention provides a process for producing chlorine, alkaline metal hydroxide, and hydrogen which comprises the following steps: (a) preparing a brine by dissolving an alkaline metal chloride source in water; (b) removing alkaline precipitates from the brine prepared in step (a) in the presence of hydrogen peroxide by means of a filter of active carbon, and recovering the resulting brine; (c) subjecting at least part of the resulting brine as obtained in step (b) to an ion-exchange step; (d) subjecting at least part of the brine as obtained in step (c) to a membrane electrolysis step; (e) recovering at least part of the chlorine, alkaline metal hydroxide, hydrogen, and brine as obtained in step (d); (f) subjecting at least part of the brine as recovered in step (e) to a dechlorination step; and (g) recycling at least part of the dechlorinated brine obtained in step (f) to step (a).

Reduction method and electrolysis system for electrochemical carbon dioxide utilization

What are described are a reduction method and an electrolysis system for electrochemical carbon dioxide utilization. In this, carbon dioxide (CO ...

Carbon monoxide production process optimized by SOEC

The invention concerns a process for producing carbon monoxide (CO) from a feed stream comprising carbon dioxide (CO2) and natural gas and/or naphtha the process comprising a syngas generation step, a CO2 removal step and a CO purification step and the process further comprises an SOEC unit which produces CO from a CO2 stream, the process is especially suited for increasing the capacity of existing known CO production plants.

RESTRICTING ELECTROLYTE FLOW

Methods for treating lithium-containing materials

The disclosure relates to methods for preparing lithium hydroxide. For example, such methods can comprise mixing a lithium-containing material with an acidic aqueous composition optionally comprising lithium sulfate and thereby obtaining a mixture; roasting the mixture under suitable conditions to obtain a roasted, lithium-containing material; leaching the roasted material under conditions suitable to obtain a first aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate; submitting the first aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate to an electromembrane process under suitable conditions for at least partial conversion of the lithium sulfate into lithium hydroxide and to obtain a second aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate, the electomembrane process involving a hydrogen depolarized anode; optionally increasing concentration of acid in the second aqueous composition; and using the second aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate as the acidic aqueous composition optionally comprising ...

Method for producing alkaline metal hydroxide

Electrochemical cell and process for splitting a sulfate sol ution and producing a hydroxide solution, sulfuric acid and a halogen gas

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

ELECTROLYSIS CELL SYSTEM

Method and apparatus for manufacturing perchlorate

The invention relates to a method of manufacturing a perchlorate including an electrolysis process (S 1 ) in which, using an electrolysis tank ( 2 ) in which an anode section ( 4 A) provided with an anode ( 4 ) and a cathode section ( 5 A) provided a cathode ( 5 ) are divided by a cation exchange membrane ( 6 ), an aqueous solution of sodium chlorate is electrolytically oxidized in the anode section, a neutralization reaction process (S 2 ) in which a substance that becomes alkaline when dissolved in water is added to the aqueous solution of perchloric acid in the anode section, which has been generated by the electrolytic oxidation, so as to synthesize a perchlorate by a neutralization reaction, and a crystallization method in which the perchlorate synthesized by the neutralization reaction process is formed into crystals, in which the crystallization method includes a crystallization method composed of three processes of an evaporation and crystallization process (S 3 ) or an evaporation and concentration process (S 21 ), a cooling and crystallization process (S 22 ), and a separation process (S 23 ).

Method and device for carboxylic acid production

A method for producing and recovering a carboxylic acid in an electrolysis cell. The electrolysis cell is a multi-compartment electrolysis cell. The multi-compartment electrolysis cell includes an anodic compartment, a cathodic compartment, and a solid alkali ion transporting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). An anolyte is added to the anodic compartment. The anolyte comprises an alkali salt of a carboxylic acid, a first solvent, and a second solvent. The alkali salt of the carboxylic acid is partitioned into the first solvent. The anolyte is then electrolyzed to produce a carboxylic acid, wherein the produced carboxylic acid is partitioned into the second solvent. The second solvent may then be separated from the first solvent and the produced carboxylic acid may be recovered from the second solvent. The first solvent may be water and the second solvent may be an organic solvent.

Water electrolysis system

A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus, a water circulation apparatus and a vapor-liquid separation apparatus. The high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus generates oxygen and hydrogen The hydrogen has a pressure higher than a pressure of the oxygen. The water circulation apparatus circulates water to the high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus. The vapor-liquid separation apparatus separates a gas component discharged from an anode side of the high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus from the water in the water circulation apparatus. The vapor-liquid separation apparatus includes a reservoir, a blower and a movable wall. The movable wall is disposed in the reservoir. The movable wall is vertically movable in accordance with a water level in the reservoir and allows the gas component to pass therethrough.

Fluorine Gas Generation Device

A fluorine gas generation device includes an electrolytic cell that electrolyzes hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic bath constituted of a molten salt containing hydrogen fluoride. The fluorine gas generation device liquefies and circulates a hydrogen fluoride gas vaporized from the molten salt and mist derived from the molten salt which is entrained on the gases generated by using a circulating device connected to a pipe on an upper portion of the electrolytic cell, thereby returning the hydrogen fluoride gas and the mist derived from the molten salt to the electrolytic cell.

Combustion engine air supply

This disclosure relates to a dry cell system for separating water into hydrogen and oxygen in combination with catalytic-type chemicals and materials. The separated hydrogen/oxygen are provided into the air intake system of an internal combustion engine and used therein to greatly improve the operation of said internal combustion engine, both in regards to fuel consumption as well as detrimental exhaust products.

Modular electrochemical systems and methods

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Electrochemical separation modules

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride

It is a task of the present invention to provide an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt, the electrolytic apparatus being advantageous in that the electrolysis can be performed without the occurrence of the anode effect even at a high current density and without the occurrence of an anodic dissolution. In the present invention, this task has been accomplished by an electrolytic apparatus for producing fluorine or nitrogen trifluoride by electrolyzing a hydrogen fluoride-containing molten salt at an applied current density of from 1 to 1,000 A/dm 2 , the electrolytic apparatus using a conductive diamond-coated electrode as an anode.

Method and device for disinfectant production

A method of producing disinfectants by diaphragm electrolysis of an aqueous solution of sodium chloride is disclosed. Such disinfectants are used in agriculture, public health care and medical institutions, public water supply systems and elsewhere. A method for producing disinfectants is disclosed which permits adjustment of the range of the pH value from 2.5 to 8.5 by using devices with various capacities ranging from 1 to 600 g active chlorine per hour, while decreasing the consumption of electric energy and sodium chloride for the production of 1 g of active chlorine, and reducing the consumption of fresh water for producing of waste catholyte. The disclosed method processes the concentrated aqueous solution of sodium chloride in anode and cathode compartments at a lower flow rate, using the flow of fresh water through the inner space of a tubular cathode for cooling the solution.

Fluorine gas generating apparatus

A fluorine gas generating apparatus generating a fluorine gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in molten salt, includes: an electrolytic cell including, above a liquid level of molten salt, a first gas chamber into which a product gas mainly containing the fluorine gas generated at an anode immersed in the molten salt and a second gas chamber separated from the first gas chamber into which a byproduct gas mainly containing a hydrogen gas generated at a cathode immersed in the molten salt; a hydrogen fluoride supply source retaining hydrogen fluoride to be replenished in the electrolytic cell; a refining device trapping a hydrogen fluoride gas evaporated from the molten salt in the electrolytic cell and mixed in the product gas generated from the anode to refine the fluorine gas; and a recovery facility conveying and recovering the hydrogen fluoride trapped in the refining device in the electrolytic cell or the hydrogen fluoride supply source.

Method for producing electrolyzed water

This invention relates to a method for producing electrolyzed water. Firstly, HCl is injected into an area for electrolysis provided with a negative and positive electrode plate respectively on its two inner sides and several small-sized electrolysers. Then water is led into an area for water transport communicating with an electrolytic cell compartment by a retaining valve. Herein, electrolytic reaction occurs in the area for electrolysis. During such process, when the positive and negative electrode plates are electrified, HCl is decomposed to chlorine and hydrogen bubbles, which float up and store into a gas buffer area. For the pressure difference between the electrolytic cell compartment and the cell compartment for water transport, the chlorine and hydrogen in the gas buffer area enter the cell compartment for water transport through the retaining valve and form HCLO with high stable concentration, high production efficiency and environmental friendly functions of sterilization and disinfection.

Air collector with functionalized ion exchange membrane for capturing ambient co2

An apparatus for capture of CO 2 from the atmosphere comprising an anion exchange material formed in a matrix exposed to a flow of the air.

Fluorine gas generating apparatus

A provided emergency stop facility includes an alternative gas supply facility capable of supplying a cooling medium in a refining device as an alternative gas instead of an entrained gas shut-off by closure of an entrained gas shut-off valve with loss of a driving source caused by the emergency stop; an alternative entrained gas shut-off valve switching between supply and shut-off of an alternative gas to a hydrogen fluoride supply passage; and an instrumentation gas supply facility for emergency stop having an instrumentation gas shut-off valve enabling supply of an instrumentation gas by opening with loss of the driving source caused by the emergency stop, wherein at the emergency stop of the fluorine gas generating apparatus, the alternative entrained gas shut-off valve is opened upon receipt of the supply of the instrumentation gas, and the alternative gas is supplied to the hydrogen fluoride supply passage.

Electrolyte supply tanks and bubbler tanks having improved gas diffusion properties for use in electrolyzer units

Electrolyte supply tanks and bubbler tanks for oxyhydrogen gas generation systems are provided which eliminate the introduction of electrolyte and water into the induction systems of internal combustion engines. Both types of tanks are equipped with porous polyethylene gas diffusers which break up incoming gas into microscopic bubbles, thereby facilitating the absorption of electrolyte mist and droplets returning to the electrolyte supply tank and minimizing splashing of incoming gas in bubbler tanks. Air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 70 μm are installed near the bottom of the electrolyte supply tanks, while air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 35 μm are installed near the bottom of the bubbler tanks.

Method and apparatus for cooking using a combustible gas produced with an electrolyzer

A domestic apparatus, such as a cooking appliance, uses hydrogen and, optionally electrical heating, to cook food. The cooking appliance may have a cooking surface (e.g. a grilling surface) so as to result in an indoor barbeque, which may be used with no venting or reduced venting requirements.

Electrochemical process to recycle aqueous alkali chemicals using ceramic ion conducting solid membranes

A method for producing an alkali metal hydroxide, comprises providing an electrolytic cell that includes at least one membrane having ceramic material configured to selectively transport alkali metal ions. The method includes introducing a first solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide solution into a catholyte compartment such that said first solution is in communication with the membrane and a cathode. A second solution comprising at least one alkali metal salt and one or more monovalent, divalent, or multivalent metal salts is introduced into an anolyte compartment such that said second solution is in communication with the membrane and an anode. The method includes applying an electric potential to the electrolytic cell such that alkali metal ions pass through the membrane and are available to undertake a chemical reaction with hydroxyl ions in the catholyte compartment to form alkali metal hydroxide.

SYSTEM FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL GENERATION OF HYPOCHLORITE

The invention relates to a system for a point-of-use electrochemical generation of hypochlorite on demand in a wide range of volumes and concentration. The system is provided with a processor which adjusts the electrolyte composition, the current density and the electrolysis time, commanding an alert system capable of warning in advance whenever the replacement of electrodes is needed. Automated detection of the insertion and the correct type of several collecting vessels can also be provided, triggering the set-up of electrolysis parameters accordingly. 1. System for electrochemical generation of hypochlorite comprising:a dosing chamber of an alkali chloride solution;an undivided electrolytic cell, equipped with at least one pair of electrodes comprising a valve metal substrate and at least two overlaid catalytic layers of distinct composition, fed with said alkali chloride solution coming from said dosing chamber;means for applying an electric current with alternate polarisation in predefined cycles between said electrodes of said pair;a sensor for measuring the potential difference between said electrodes of said pair connected to an alert device;at least one collection vessel for the hypochlorite solution coming from said electrolytic cell;a processor programmed for controlling and checking the dosage and the optional dilution of said alkali chloride solution, the electrolysis thereof inside said electrolytic cell at predefined current density and for a predefined time, the discharge of the electrolysed solution to the interior of said collection vessel, the comparison of the potential difference measure carried out by said sensor with a set of critical values as a function of the concentration of the electrolysed solution and of the applied current density, the actuation of said alert device whenever said potential difference is higher than the corresponding critical value.2. The system according to comprising an external selector device to vary the ...

Methods and Apparatus for Producing Ferrate(VI)

An undivided electrochemical cell. The electrochemical cell includes a housing defining an undivided chamber, the housing having one electrolyte inlet and at least two electrolyte outlets; an anode in the chamber; a cathode in the chamber; and an electrolyte in the chamber, wherein the anode and the cathode are not gas diffusion electrodes. The invention also involves a method of operating an electrochemical cell, and methods for making ferrate(VI). 1. An undivided electrochemical cell comprising:a housing defining an undivided chamber, the housing having one electrolyte inlet and at least two outlets;an anode in the chamber;a cathode in the chamber; andan electrolyte in the chamber,wherein the anode and the cathode are not gas diffusion electrodes.2. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein the housing has two electrolyte outlets.3. The undivided electrochemical cell of further comprising a fluid flow controller in fluid communication with the electrolyte outlets.4. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein the fluid flow controller is selected from flow restrictions claim 3 , valves claim 3 , screens claim 3 , fluid flow constrictions claim 3 , bends or weirs.5. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein the anode is made of a material containing iron.6. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein the anode is selected from solid iron plate claim 1 , expanded metal mesh claim 1 , wire mesh claim 1 , woven metal cloth claim 1 , wire claim 1 , rod claim 1 , or combinations thereof.7. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein the anode is selected from iron claim 1 , steel claim 1 , “dimensionally stabilized anode”(DSA) claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , iridium claim 1 , and other oxidation resistant electrolytically conductive materials.8. The undivided electrochemical cell of wherein a ratio of a surface area of the anode to a surface area of the cathode is in the range of 1 to at least about 10.9. The undivided electrochemical cell ...

Apparatus and method for brine separation and reuse

According to one embodiment, an electrolytic membrane separation (EMS) subsystem is configured to remove one or more impurities from a contaminated reject solution and to recycle the reusable reject solution for subsequent use in regenerating ion exchange resins. According to another embodiment of the invention, the EMS subsystem is configured to concentrate the impurities recovered from the contaminated brine solution for subsequent disposal or treatment.

Electrochemical Co-Production of Products with Carbon-Based Reactant Feed to Anode

The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant and at least one of an alkane, haloalkane, alkene, haloalkene, aromatic compound, haloaromatic compound, heteroaromatic compound or halo-heteroaromatic compound. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. 1. A method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode , the method comprising the steps of:contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide;contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant and at least one of an alkane, haloalkane, alkene, haloalkene, aromatic compound, haloaromatic compound, heteroaromatic compound or halo-heteroaromatic compound; andapplying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the recycled reactant includes a hydrogen halide.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the hydrogen halide is HX where X is selected from a group consisting of F claim 2 , Cl claim 2 , Br claim 2 , I and mixtures thereof.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the recycled reactant includes a halide salt.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the ...

Electrochemical Co-Production of Chemicals with Sulfur-Based Reactant Feeds to Anode

The present disclosure includes a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a sulfur-based reactant. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. An additional step of the method may include removing the second product and an unreacted sulfur-based reactant from the second region and recycling the unreacted sulfur-based reactant to the second region.

System and Method for Oxidizing Organic Compounds While Reducing Carbon Dioxide

Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

Hydrogen Producing Unit

An electrolyte electrolyzer adapted to create hydrogen and oxygen from electrolyte fluid at or near atmospheric pressure. The electrolyzer is comprised in a preferred form of a plurality of cells which collectively create oxygen and hydrogen chambers separated by an ion permeable membrane. The electrolyzer is further defined by a passive electrode that is electrically interposed between a charged anode and cathode. The chambers defined by the cells are in communication with oxygen and hydrogen supply lines to transfer the hydrogen gas from the unit. 1. An electrolyte replenishment system for a modular electrolyzer having a plurality of cells each cell including a first gas production chamber and a second gas production chamber with a gas impermeable wall there between , wherein each cell is at least partially filled with an electrolyte fluid up to an operating fluid level , the electrolyte replenishment system comprising:a. a first gas receiving chamber in gaseous communication with the first gas production chamber;b. a second gas receiving chamber adjacent the first gas receiving chamber with a partial separating wall there between; andc. a surface defining a fluid passageway between the first gas receiving chamber and the second gas receiving chamber, the fluid passageway below the operating fluid level of the electrolyzer.2. The electrolyte replenishment system as recited in further comprising:a. an electrolyte fluid inlet in fluid communication with the first gas receiving chamber and second gas receiving chamber; andb. wherein the electrolyte fluid inlet is in fluid communication with the first gas receiving chamber and second gas receiving chamber through a plurality of orifices below the operating fluid level, andc. the orifices forming a flame protection system.3. The electrolyte replenishment system as recited in further comprising;a. a fluid height sensor system in fluid communication with the first gas receiving chamber and second gas receiving chamber;b. ...

Electrolyte separation wall for the selective transfer of cations through the wall, manufacturing process and transfer process

An electrolyte separation wall includes an active layer of a material capable of developing intercalation and deintercalation reactions for the selective transfer of cations through the wall and a support layer made of a porous material acting as support for the active layer. A cation selective transfer process uses such a transfer wall. According to a manufacturing process of such a transfer wall, a solution including an active material in powder form, a binder and a solvent are prepared, then the surface of a support layer made of porous material is coated with the solution and the solvent is evaporated.

Method for producing hydrogen from water by means of a high-temperature electrolyzer

Water is heated to a process temperature of an electrolyzer, e.g., more than 500° C. Then, the water is electrolyzed in the electrolyzer to form product gases hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ). The product gas hydrogen (H 2 ) is compressed by a compressing apparatus and cooled by a cooling medium that feeds the thermal energy to heat the water.

Method and System for the Electrochemical Co-Production of Halogen and Carbon Monoxide for Carbonylated Products

The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte including carbon dioxide and contacting the second region with an anolyte including a recycled reactant. The method may further include applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce carbon monoxide recoverable from the first region and a halogen recoverable from the second region. 1. A method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode , the method comprising the steps of:contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide;contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant; andapplying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce carbon monoxide recoverable from the first region and a halogen recoverable from the second region.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the recycled reactant is HX claim 1 , where X is selected from a group consisting of F claim 1 , Cl claim 1 , Br claim 1 , I and mixtures thereof.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the halogen includes at least one of F claim 1 , Cl claim 1 , Bror I.4. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising:drying the carbon monoxide recovered from the first region and the halogen recovered from the second region to less than 0.10 percent water by weight.5. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising:reacting the carbon monoxide recovered from the first region, the halogen recovered from the second region and an additional reactant to form a third product and the recycled reactant.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the ...

Electrolysis Process

Electrolysis process in which the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell is fed with at least one brine which has been subjected to a stripping treatment in the presence of at least one stripping agent at a pH less than or equal to the pH of the anode compartment of the electrolytic cell, such brine comprising at least one organic compound before the treatment. 1. An electrolysis process in which an anode compartment of an electrolytic cell is fed with at least one brine which has been subjected to a stripping treatment in the presence of at least one stripping agent at a pH less than or equal to the pH of the anode compartment of the electrolytic cell , said brine comprising at least one organic compound before the stripping treatment.2. An electrolysis process comprising:(a) supplying a brine that comprises at least one organic compound;(b) at least one stripping treatment of the brine from (a) in the presence of at least one stripping agent so as to obtain a stripped brine;(c) feeding the anode compartment of an electrolytic cell with the stripped brine from (b);and in which the stripping treatment from (b) is carried out at a pH less than or equal to the pH of the anode compartment of the electrolytic cell from (c).3. The electrolysis process according to claim 1 , in wherein the brine claim 1 , before the stripping treatment claim 1 , contains at least sodium chloride at a content greater than or equal to 140 g of NaCl per kg of brine.4. The electrolysis process according to claim 1 , wherein the organic compound is a monocarboxylic acid claim 1 , the number of carbon atoms of which is greater than or equal to 4 and less than or equal to 20.5. The electrolysis process according to claim 4 , wherein the monocarboxylic acid is a fatty acid.6. The electrolysis process according to claim 4 , wherein the organic compound is a monocarboxylic acid with a number of carbon atoms being greater than 6 and less than or equal to 20.7. The electrolysis process according ...

High-temperature electrolyser (hte) with improved operating safety

A high-temperature electrolyser including a stack of electrolysis cells in which steam is made to flow both at a cathode and at an anode. The architecture of the electrolyser is configured to have each cathode inlet end and anode inlet end close to an oxygen, or respectably hydrogen, collection duct portion. With the structure, a buffer volume of steam is created around the oxygen and hydrogen collectors, which therefore constitutes a simple and effective sealing mechanism within the electrolyser.

Apparatus and method for generating hydrogen from water

Described herein is an apparatus is capable of generating hydrogen and oxygen gases from water containing little or no electrolyte. The apparatus includes a container and at least one electrolysis assembly comprising one or more permanent magnets which are covered with at least one pair of porous conductive electrodes separated by a non conductive insulator. The assembly is connected to the leads of a direct current power supply. After the container is filled with water to cover the electrodes, application of voltage from the power supply results in the generation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. This apparatus and method provides a means of producing and distributing hydrogen on-site, simply and inexpensively, since it uses very little energy and liquefaction, transportation, and delivery costs can be avoided.

Electrochemical cell with improved water or gas management

An electrochemical cell having a water/gas porous separator prepared from a polymeric material and one or more conductive cell components that pass through, or are located in close proximity to, the water/gas porous separator, is provided. The inventive cell provides a high level of in-cell electrical conductivity.

ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDROXIDE SYSTEMS AND METHODS USING METAL OXIDATION

There are provided methods and systems for an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode where the anode is contacted with a metal ion that converts the metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state. The metal ion in the higher oxidation state is reacted with hydrogen gas, an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and/or a saturated hydrocarbon to form products. 1. A method , comprising:contacting an anode with an anode electrolyte wherein the anode electrolyte comprises metal ion;oxidizing the metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state at the anode; reacting an unsaturated hydrocarbon or a saturated hydrocarbon with the anode electrolyte comprising the metal ion in the higher oxidation state in an aqueous medium to form one or more organic compounds comprising halogenated hydrocarbon and metal ion in the lower oxidation state in the aqueous medium, and', 'separating the one or more organic compounds from the aqueous medium comprising metal ion in the lower oxidation state., 'contacting a cathode with a cathode electrolyte;'}2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising recirculating the aqueous medium comprising metal ion in the lower oxidation state back to the anode electrolyte.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous medium comprises between 5-95 wt % water.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming an alkali claim 1 , water claim 1 , or hydrogen gas at the cathode.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of iron claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , copper claim 1 , tin claim 1 , silver claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , uranium claim 1 , lead claim 1 , mercury claim 1 , vanadium claim 1 , bismuth claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , ruthenium claim 1 , osmium claim 1 , europium claim 1 , zinc claim 1 , cadmium claim 1 , gold claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , rhodium claim 1 , iridium claim 1 , manganese claim 1 , technetium claim 1 , rhenium claim 1 ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR LIQUID LEVEL MEASUREMENT IN ELECTROLYTIC CELLS

An apparatus and method for detecting a liquid level in an electrolytic cell are disclosed herein, the apparatus comprising a level tube in fluid contact with the electrolytic cell; a proximity sensor positioned to detect the presence or absence of liquid at a predetermined level in the level tube; and a control system responsive to the proximity sensor, wherein the control system is in communication with the liquid level sensor via a communication system. The proximity sensor detects the presence or absence of fluid in the level tube and sends a signal to the control system via the communication system; and the control system provides an indication of liquid level. 1. An apparatus for detecting a liquid level in an electrolytic cell , the apparatus comprisinga level tube in fluid contact with the electrolytic cell;a proximity sensor positioned to detect the presence or absence of liquid at a predetermined level in the level tube; anda control system responsive to the proximity sensor, wherein the control system is in communication with the proximity sensor via a communication system.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the position of the proximity sensor is adjustable along the vertical axis of the level tube.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the proximity sensor is a capacitive proximity sensor.4. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the capacitive proximity sensor has a fixed capacitance for detecting the presence or absence of liquid in the level tube.5. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the capacitive proximity sensor has an adjustable capacitance tunable to a value effective to detect the presence or absence of liquid in the level tube.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the capacitive proximity sensor has a flat configuration and an adjustable capacitance.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the communication system is a digital communication bus.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system issues a signal to an operator in response to a ...

Oxygen-Rich Plasma Generators for Boosting Internal Combustion Engines

Systems and methods for improving the efficiency and/or reducing emissions of an internal combustion engine are disclosed. The system may comprise a tank configured to store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte. The system may further comprise a cell configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution, the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and the plurality of plates may be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates. In exemplary embodiments, at least one seal may be located between the plurality of plates to create a substantially air tight and substantially water tight seal between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates to aid in preventing the aqueous solution located between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates from leaking out of the cell. The systems and methods may provide an improved oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine.

Electrochemical Co-Production of a Glycol and an Alkene Employing Recycled Halide

The present disclosure is a method and system for electrochemically co-producing a first product and a second product. The system may include a first electrochemical cell, a first reactor, a second electrochemical cell, at least one second reactor, and at least one third reactor. The method and system for for co-producing a first product and a second product may include co-producing a glycol and an alkene employing a recycled halide.

Waste to Product On Site Generator

Method and apparatus for adjusting the salinity and/or hardness of a process waste stream so that the stream may be electrolyzed to form an oxidant or disinfectant. Also an electrolytic cell having certain features such as widely spaced electrodes, flushing capabilities, and insulating dividers that can accommodate waste streams that have varying salinity, hardness, and dissolved solids content. 1. A method for producing an oxidant , the method comprising:adjusting the salinity and/or hardness of a waste stream thereby forming a brine solution; andelectrolyzing the brine solution to produce at least one oxidant.2. The method of wherein the adjusting step comprises measuring the salinity and/or hardness of the waste stream.3. The method of wherein the adjusting step comprises adding water or processed water to the waste stream to reduce the salinity of the waste stream.4. The method of further comprising varying the relative flow rates of the waste stream and the water or processed water being input into an electrolytic cell.5. The method of wherein the adjusting step comprises adding a saturated or near saturated salt solution to the waste stream to increase the salinity of the waste stream.6. The method of further comprising varying the relative flow rates of the waste stream and the saturated or near saturated salt solution being input into an electrolytic cell.7. The method of wherein the adjusting step comprises treating the waste stream by a method selected from the group consisting of softening claim 1 , ion exchange claim 1 , filtering claim 1 , and reverse osmosis.8. The method of wherein the brine solution has a salinity between approximately 10 g/L and 40 g/L.9. The method of wherein the adjusting step reduces a cleaning frequency of the electrolytic cell.10. A method for cleaning an electrolytic cell claim 1 , the method comprising:measuring a salinity and hardness of a waste stream to be electrolyzed;calculating a frequency for cleaning the electrolytic ...

ELECTROLYSER WITH COILED INLET HOSE

Electrolyser comprising at least one single electrolyser element which comprises at least one anode compartment with an anode, one cathode compartment with a cathode and one ion exchange membrane arranged between the anode and the cathode compartments, with the anode and/or cathode being a gas diffusion electrode. A gap is provided between the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane, with an electrolyte inlet arranged at the upper end of the gap and an electrolyte outlet at the lower end of the gap and a gas inlet and a gas outlet. The electrolyte outlet extending into a discharge header, and the electrolyte inlet connected to an electrolyte feed tank and having an overflow, the overflow connected to the discharge header, with a coiled hose connecting the electrolyte feed tank with the electrolyte inlet and with a coiled hose connecting the overflow with the discharge header. 1. Electrolyser comprising at least one single electrolyser element which comprises at least one anode compartment with an anode , one cathode compartment with a cathode and one ion exchange membrane arranged between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment , with the anode and/or cathode being a gas diffusion electrode , and a gap being provided between the gas diffusion electrode and the ion exchange membrane , with an electrolyte inlet being arranged at the upper end of the gap and an electrolyte outlet at the lower end of the gap as well as a gas inlet and a gas outlet , with the electrolyte outlet extending into a discharge header , and with the electrolyte inlet being connected to an electrolyte feed tank and having an overflow , the overflow being connected to the discharge header , wherein a coiled hose is provided for connecting the electrolyte feed tank with the electrolyte inlet and a coiled hose is provided for connecting the overflow with the discharge header.2. Electrolyser according to claim 1 , wherein coiled hoses of a length of 1.5 m to 3.5 m claim 1 , ...

Method of and device for optimizing a hydrogen generating system

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied.

CO2-REMOVAL DEVICE AND METHOD

An electrolytic CO-removal device for anion analysis of a liquid sample. The device includes a basic chamber and CO-permeable tubing in the basic chamber. Anion exchange membranes are disposed on opposite sides of the basic chamber, and electrodes are disposed outside the membranes. The device can be integral with a suppressor in an ion chromatography system and/or an aqueous stream purifier. Also, methods performed by the device. 1. A method for removing COfrom an aqueous liquid sample stream containing CO , said method comprising{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2, '(a) flowing said aqueous liquid sample stream containing COthrough a liquid sample stream flow channel in an electrolytic CO-removal device on one side of a CO-permeable barrier from a basic chamber comprising basic medium comprising an aqueous cation hydroxide solution, said CO-permeable barrier permitting the passage of COgas but substantially blocking the passage of water; and'}(b) passing a current through a first anion exchange membrane on one side of said basic chamber from a cathode on the opposite side of said first anion exchange membrane from said basic chamber, said current passing through said basic chamber and a second anion exchange membrane on the opposite side of said basic chamber from said first anion exchange membrane to an anode on the opposite side of said basic chamber from said second anion exchange membrane, to regenerate said basic medium.2. The method of in which said CO-permeable barrier is substantially non-retentive electrostatically for charged ionic species.3. The method of in which at least 90% of the COin said liquid sample stream is removed while performing said method.4. The method of in which said cation hydroxide solution is non-flowing while performing said method.5. The method of in which said basic medium further comprises anion exchange packing.6. The method of in which said CO-permeable barrier comprises tubing claim 1 , said liquid sample stream flow channel ...

ELECTROLYSIS METHOD AND ELECTROLYTIC CELLS

An electrolysis method for electrolytic cells having an electrode-membrane-electrode assembly includes two porous electrode having a porous membrane located therebetween and filled with electrolyte or having an ion exchange membrane located therebetween, one or more liquids being led directly into the membrane of the electrode-membrane-electrode assembly. The one or more liquids are guided in a channel structure arranged in the membrane. An electrolytic cell includes porous electrode, between which a porous membrane is arranged. A liquid electrolyte is fixed in the pore of electrodes and membrane, a product gas chamber adjoining the cathode, a further product gas chamber adjoining the anode, and an arrangement for feeding a liquid to the electrode. A channel structure, in which distribution of the liquid is provided, is arranged in the membrane. 1. An electrolysis process for electrolytic cells with an electrode-membrane-electrode arrangement comprising two porous electrodes with a porous membrane filled with electrolyte lying in between or with an ion-exchange membrane lying in between , whereinone or several liquids is/are introduced directly into the membrane of the electrode-membrane-electrode arrangement, the one or several liquids being introduced into a structure of channels implemented in the membrane.3. The electrolytic cell according to claim 2 , wherein the liquid is water to be split or an electrolyte.4. The electrolytic cell according to claim 2 , whereinthe membrane is a proton-conducting membrane or an anion-exchange membrane.5. The electrolytic cell according to claim 4 , whereinthe membrane is implemented in one or several layers.6. The electrolytic cell according to claim 2 , whereinthe structure of channels is connected to a water reservoir by way of a first pump.7. The electrolytic cell according to claim 6 , whereinthe structure of channels is connected to an electrolyte reservoir by way of a second pump.8. The electrolytic cell according to ...

Method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrocatalytic copolymer

A method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrolytic catalyst includes in various aspects one or more catalysts, a method for forming a catalyst, an electrolytic cell, and a reaction method.

Apparatus for electrolyzing sulfuric acid and method for electrolyzing sulfuric acid

The present invention relates to an apparatus to produce oxidizing agent-rich sulfuric acid by electrolysis of sulfuric acid. More specifically, it relates to the apparatus by which dilute sulfuric acid of the specified temperature and concentration is formed within the electrolysis system and then, by electrolysis of the formed dilute sulfuric acid, electrolytic sulfuric acid containing richly oxidizing agent is formed at a high efficiency and safely under the temperature control. The apparatus for electrolyzing sulfuric acid and the method for electrolyzing sulfuric acid by the present invention comprise the anode side dilute sulfuric acid generation loop A in which concentrated sulfuric acid, as feed material, is diluted and controlled to the specified temperature and concentration, and the anode side electrolytic sulfuric acid generation loop B in which electrolytic sulfuric acid is formed by electrolysis of dilute sulfuric acid with the temperature and concentration controlled to the specified range in the anode side dilute sulfuric acid generation loop A, in, at least, the anode side electrolysis part of the apparatus for electrolyzing sulfuric acid having the anode side electrolysis part and the cathode side electrolysis part.

FLOW STRUCTURES FOR USE WITH AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

The design and method of fabrication of a three-dimensional, porous flow structure for use in a high differential pressure electrochemical cell is described. The flow structure is formed by compacting a highly porous metallic substrate and laminating at least one micro-porous material layer onto the compacted substrate. The flow structure provides void volume greater than about 55% and yield strength greater than about 12,000 psi. In one embodiment, the flow structure comprises a porosity gradient towards the electrolyte membrane, which helps in redistributing mechanical load from the electrolyte membrane throughout the structural elements of the open, porous flow structure, while simultaneously maintaining sufficient fluid permeability and electrical conductivity through the flow structure. 1. A method of fabricating an open , porous flow structure for use in an electrochemical cell , the method comprising:selecting a porous metallic material having greater than about 70% void volume;compacting the porous metallic material using at least one mechanical technique; andlaminating at least one micro-porous material layer on one side of the compacted porous metallic material, wherein an average pore size of the at least one micro-porous material layer is smaller than an average pore size of the compacted porous metallic material.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the average pore size of the porous metallic material ranges from about 10 μm to about 1000 μm.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compacted porous metallic material comprises a void volume greater than about 55%.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the average pore sizes of the at least one micro-porous material layer and the compacted porous metallic material is less than about 0.5.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the compaction process increases the yield strength of the porous metallic material.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the porous metallic material comprises a metallic foam.7. The ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

An electrochemical cell includes a flow chamber disposed between two plate elements and having a flow inlet and a flow outlet for a flow medium permeating the flow chamber and defining a main flow direction of the flow medium between the flow inlet and the flow outlet. One of the plate elements has protrusions for supporting the plate element on the other plate element in a regular grid structure, between which a network of flow channels passing through the flow chamber runs in at least one flow channel direction. The regular grid structure is configured in such a way that the grid of the flow channels has two or more flow channel directions each enclosing an angle differing from zero degrees relative to the main flow direction of the flow medium. 18-. (canceled)9. An electrochemical cell , comprising:two plate elements, one of said plate elements having protrusions disposed in a regular grid structure and configured to support said one plate element on the other plate element;a flow chamber disposed between said two plate elements and having a flow inlet with a distribution channel and a flow outlet with a collecting channel for a flow medium permeating said flow chamber;said flow inlet and said flow outlet defining a main flow direction of the flow medium;a network of flow channels disposed between said protrusions and passing through said flow chamber, said flow channels extending in two or more flow channel directions;each of said two or more flow channel directions enclosing an angle other than zero degrees relative to said main flow direction of the flow medium and one of said two or more flow channel directions enclosing an angle of substantially 30 degrees or of substantially 60 degrees relative to said main flow direction of the flow medium; andsaid distribution channel and said collection channel each being oriented parallel to a flow channel direction of said flow channels.10. The electrochemical cell according to claim 9 , wherein said protrusions in ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR INDUSTRIAL CLEANING

Provided herein are systems and methods useful for the cleaning, sanitizing, and/or microbial control of industrial equipment such as, for example, conveyance and production/manufacturing systems. 1. An industrial cleaning system comprising:an electrochemical activation unit that is capable of generating an anolyte from a brine solution, the anolyte having a concentration of available chorine;an anolyte dosing pump that is connected to the electrochemical activation unit;a chlorine probe capable of measuring the concentration of available chlorine in a diluted anolyte; anda controller unit operatively coupled to the chlorine probe and the anolyte dosing pump, wherein the controller unit activates the anolyte dosing pump when the measured concentration of available chlorine is lower than a predetermined concentration of available chlorine.2. The industrial cleaning system of claim 1 , wherein the chlorine probe has a substantially linear response to the concentration of available chlorine up to at least 50 ppm.3. The industrial cleaning system of claim 2 , wherein the chlorine probe has a substantially flat response to changes in pH within a range of about 4.0 to about 9.0.4. The industrial cleaning system of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined concentration of available chlorine is about 40 ppm at a pH range of about 4.0 to about 9.0.5. The industrial cleaning system of claim 1 , further comprising a chlorine tank that receives the anolyte from the anolyte dosing pump.6. The industrial cleaning system of claim 1 , further comprising a source of potable water connected to the system.7. The industrial cleaning system of claim 1 , further comprisinga catholyte dosing pump operatively coupled to the controller unit,wherein the electrochemical activation unit is capable of further generating a catholyte, the catholyte having a concentration of caustic, and wherein the controller unit is capable of activating the catholyte dosing pump when the concentration of caustic is ...

Method and apparatus for increasing combustion efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions in jet engines

A portable on-demand hydrogen supplemental system producing hydrogen gas and mixing the hydrogen gas with the air used for combustion of the jet fuel to increase the combustion efficiency of said jet fuel. Hydrogen increases the laminar flame speed of the jet fuel during combustion thus causing more fuel to be burned and lowering particulate matter emissions. Hydrogen is supplied to the jet engine at levels well below it lower flammability limit in air of 4%. Hydrogen and oxygen is produced by an electrolyzer from nonelectrolyte water in a nonelectrolyte water tank. The system utilizes an onboard diagnostic (OBD) interface in communication with the jet's control systems, to regulate power to the system so that hydrogen production for the jet engine only occurs when the jet engine is running. The hydrogen gas produced is immediately consumed by the jet engine. No hydrogen is stored on, in or around the jet.

HYDROGEN PRODUCING CELL, HYDROGEN PRODUCING DEVICE, AND ENERGY SYSTEM INCLUDING THE HYDROGEN PRODUCING DEVICE

A hydrogen producing cell of the present invention is provided with an electrolyte supply hole, an electrolyte discharge hole, a first hydrogen circulation hole and a second hydrogen circulation hole respectively penetrating a housing. In disposing the hydrogen producing cell, the electrolyte supply hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole, the first hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte supply hole, and the second hydrogen circulation hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole. By this configuration, it is possible to considerably reduce the length of a pipe and the number of manifolds concerning the electrolyte and hydrogen, and to link the hydrogen producing cells with one another simply and rationally. 1. A hydrogen producing cell which decomposes water by irradiating an optical semiconductor electrode with light to produce hydrogen , a housing whose surface irradiated with light has a light-transmitting property;', 'a separator separating a space within the housing into a first space and a second space;', 'a counter electrode arranged in the first space;', 'an optical semiconductor electrode arranged in the second space and formed on a conductive substrate;', 'an electrical connection part electrically connecting the optical semiconductor electrode with the counter electrode; and', 'an electrolyte containing water in the first space and in the second space, and', 'the cell being provided with:', 'an electrolyte supply hole and an electrolyte discharge hole respectively penetrating the housing, and', 'a first hydrogen circulation hole and a second hydrogen circulation hole respectively penetrating the housing in contact with, of the first space and the second space, a space in which hydrogen is produced,', 'wherein the electrolyte supply hole is arranged on a vertically upper side than the electrolyte discharge hole,', 'the first hydrogen ...

Fluorine Gas Generator

A fluorine gas generating device which is characterized by having a cylindrical member for circulating therein the main-product gas, a gas feed port for introducing the main-product gas into the cylindrical member , a gas discharge port for discharging the main-product gas from the cylindrical member , an adsorbent holding member arranged in the cylindrical member to form a space to provide a channel for the main-product gas circulated in the cylindrical member , a stirring blade for stirring the main-product gas that is introduced through the gas feed port , and a gas flow guiding cylinder for circulating or diffusing the main-product gas in the space within the cylindrical member 1. A fluorine gas generating device that generates fluorine gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in molten salt containing the hydrogen fluoride , the fluorine gas generating device comprising an electrolytic tank that generates at an anode side a main-product gas containing as a main component fluorine gas and at a cathode side a by-product gas containing as a main component hydrogen gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic bath that includes molten salt containing therein hydrogen fluoride; and a refining device that removes the hydrogen fluoride mixed with the main-product gas by using adsorbent , in which the refining device comprises a cylindrical member for circulating therein the main-product gas , a gas feed port for introducing the main-product gas into the cylindrical member , a gas discharge port for discharging the main-product gas from the cylindrical member , an adsorbent holding member arranged in the cylindrical member to form a space to provide a channel for the main-product gas circulated in the cylindrical member , a stirring means for stirring the main-product gas that is introduced through the gas feed port , and a gas flow guiding cylinder for circulating or diffusing the main-product gas in the space within the cylindrical member.2. A fluorine gas ...

Anode of supplementary hydrogen fuel system

A supplementary hydrogen fuel system is described. The supplementary hydrogen fuel system can include a hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generator can include a cylindrical enclosure of metal and a fuel cell unit disposed within the cylindrical enclosure. The fuel cell unit includes an anode core coupled to a second terminal of the power source. The anode core includes indentations on one or more surfaces. The indentations are arranged according to a first pattern.

METHOD OF AND DEVICE FOR OPTIMIZING A HYDROGEN GENERATING SYSTEM

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied. 113-. (canceled)14. A method of generating hydrogen gas comprising:a. preparing a hydrogen generating catalyst containing aluminum, copper, and silver; andb. applying a pulsed voltage to the hydrogen generating catalyst.15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage incrementally until a drop of a current.16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising increasing a density of the hydrogen generating catalyst on an electrode.17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage to the aluminum claim 14 , wherein the aluminum comprises an aluminum metal.18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage to the copper claim 14 , wherein the aluminum comprises a copper metal.19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding aluminum metal to increase a rate of hydrogen gas production until an applied current drops.20. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding AgCl.21. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding HCl.2229-. (canceled)30. A method of forming a hydrogen gas generating system:a. preparing a hydrogen generating catalyst containing aluminum, copper, and silver in a first reactor by applying a base voltage a pulsed voltage to the hydrogen generating catalyst in the first reactor at a pre-hydrogen gas generation phase;b. generating hydrogen gas ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HYDRIDE OF AROMATIC COMPOUND

An electrochemical reduction device comprising: an electrode unit configured to include an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode that contains a reduction catalyst for hydrogenating at least one benzene ring of an aromatic compound, and an oxygen evolving electrode; a power control unit that applies a voltage Va between the reduction electrode and the oxygen evolving electrode; a concentration measurement unit that measures a concentration of an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode; and a raw material supply amount adjustment unit that adjusts the amount of an organic liquid including an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode per unit time based on the concentration measured by the concentration measurement unit. 1. A method for manufacturing a hydride of an aromatic compound , the method comprising:introducing an aromatic compound to a reduction electrode of an electrode unit, the electrode unit comprising: (i) an electrolyte membrane having ionic conductivity; (ii) the reduction electrode that is provided on one side of the electrolyte membrane and that contains a reduction catalyst for hydrogenating at least one benzene ring of the aromatic compound; and (iii) an oxygen evolving electrode that is provided on the other side of the electrolyte membrane, and circulating water or a humidified gas to the oxygen evolving electrode;hydrogenating at least one benzene ring of the aromatic compound introduced to the reduction electrode, by applying a voltage Va between the reduction electrode and the oxygen evolving electrode;adjusting an amount of an organic liquid including the aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode per unit time based on the concentration of the aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode; andincreasing the amount of the organic liquid to be supplied to the reduction electrode when the concentration of the aromatic compound is decreased.2. The method of manufacturing ...

CARBON DIOXIDE ELECTROLYTIC DEVICE AND METHOD OF ELECTROLYZING CARBON DIOXIDE

A carbon dioxide electrolytic device comprises: an electrolysis cell including a first electrode having a first catalyst to reduce carbon dioxide, a second electrode having a second catalyst to oxidize water or hydroxide ions, a first electrode flow path facing the first electrode, a second electrode flow path facing the second electrode, and a separator separating the first and second electrodes; a power controller; a first flow path through which the carbon dioxide flows; a second flow path through which the carbon compound flows; a third flow path through which an electrolytic solution containing the water flows; a fourth flow path through which the oxygen flows; a first valve to connect the first electrode flow path and the first flow path; a second valve to connect the first electrode flow path and the second flow path; a tank connected to the first electrode flow path and configured to store a rinse solution; and a controller programmed to control opening and closing of the first and second valves in accordance with performance requirements of the electrolysis cell. 1. A carbon dioxide electrolytic device , comprising: a first electrode having a first catalyst to reduce carbon dioxide and thus produce a carbon compound,', 'a second electrode having a second catalyst to oxidize water or hydroxide ions and thus produce oxygen,', 'a first electrode flow path facing the first electrode,', 'a second electrode flow path facing the second electrode, and', 'a separator separating the first and second electrodes;, 'an electrolysis cell including'}a power controller to apply a voltage between the first and second electrodes;a first flow path through which the carbon dioxide flows;a second flow path through which the carbon compound flows;a third flow path through which an electrolytic solution containing the water flows;a fourth flow path through which the oxygen flows;a first valve to connect the first electrode flow path and the first flow path;a second valve to ...

CARBON DIOXIDE ELECTROLYTIC DEVICE AND METHOD OF ELECTROLYZING CARBON DIOXIDE

A carbon dioxide electrolytic device includes: an electrolysis cell; a sensor acquiring data indicating a concentration of a first product containing a carbon compound in an anode flow path of the electrolysis cell; a power controller to apply a voltage between an anode and a cathode of the electrolysis cell; a refresh material source including a gas source to supply a gaseous substance to at least one selected from the group consisting of the anode and cathode flow paths, and a solution supply source to supply a rinse solution to at least one selected from the group consisting of the anode and cathode flow paths; and a controller programmed to stop supply of carbon dioxide and an electrolytic solution, and supply the rinse solution to at least one selected from the group consisting of the anode and cathode flow paths from the refresh material source, in accordance with the data. 1. A carbon dioxide electrolytic device , comprising: a cathode to reduce a first substance containing carbon dioxide and thus produce a first product containing a carbon compound,', 'an anode to oxidize a second substance containing water or hydroxide ions and thus produce a second product containing oxygen,', 'a cathode flow path facing the cathode,', 'an anode flow path facing the anode, and', 'a separator separating the anode and the cathode;, 'an electrolysis cell including'}a carbon dioxide source to supply the carbon dioxide to the cathode flow path;a solution source to supply an electrolytic solution containing the water to the anode flow path;a sensor to acquire data indicating a concentration of the first product in the anode flow path;a power controller to apply a voltage between the anode and the cathode; a gas source to supply a gaseous substance to at least one selected from the group consisting of the anode and cathode flow paths, and', 'a solution supply source to supply a rinse solution to at least one selected from the group consisting of the anode and cathode flow paths; ...

CARBON DIOXIDE ELECTROLYTIC SYSTEM

A carbon dioxide reduction system comprises: an electrolytic unit including an electrolysis cell having a cathode to reduce a first substance containing carbon dioxide and thus produce a first product containing a carbon compound, and an anode to oxidize a second substance containing water or hydroxide ions and thus produce a second product containing oxygen, a detection unit to acquire data defining operation states of the electrolysis cell, and an electrolytic regulator to regulate electrolysis conditions of the electrolysis cell; a compression unit including a compressor to compress the first product, and a compressor regulator to regulate compression conditions of the first product by the compressor; and a controller programmed to predict a flow rate of the carbon compound discharged from the electrolysis cell in accordance with the data to control regulation of the compression conditions in accordance with the predicted flow rate. 1. A carbon dioxide reduction system , comprising: an electrolysis cell having a cathode to reduce a first substance containing carbon dioxide and thus produce a first product containing a carbon compound, and an anode to oxidize a second substance containing water or hydroxide ions and thus produce a second product containing oxygen,', 'a detection unit to acquire data defining operation states of the electrolysis cell, and', 'an electrolytic regulator to regulate electrolysis conditions of the electrolysis cell;, 'an electrolytic unit including'} a compressor to compress the first product, and', 'a compressor regulator to regulate compression conditions of the first product by the compressor; and, 'a compression unit including'}a controller programmed to predict a flow rate of the carbon compound discharged from the electrolysis cell in accordance with the data to control regulation of the compression conditions in accordance with the predicted flow rate.2. The system according to claim 1 , whereinthe first substance further ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND ELECTROLYTIC DEVICE FOR CARBON DIOXIDE

An electrolytic cell for carbon dioxide of an embodiment includes: an anode part including an anode to oxidize water or a hydroxide ion and thus produce oxygen and an anode solution flow path to supply an anode solution to the anode; a cathode part including a cathode to reduce carbon dioxide and thus produce a carbon compound, a cathode solution flow path to supply a cathode solution to the cathode, a gas flow path to supply the carbon dioxide to the cathode, and a hydrophobic porous body disposed between the cathode and the gas flow path; and a separator to separate the anode part and the cathode part from each other. 1. An electrolytic cell for carbon dioxide comprising:an anode part including an anode to oxidize water or a hydroxide ion and thus produce oxygen and an anode solution flow path to supply an anode solution to the anode;a cathode part including a cathode to reduce carbon dioxide and thus produce a carbon compound, a cathode solution flow path to supply a cathode solution to the cathode, a gas flow path to supply the carbon dioxide to the cathode, and a hydrophobic porous body disposed between the cathode and the gas flow path; anda separator to separate the anode part and the cathode part from each other.2. The cell according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode includes a catalyst layer facing the cathode solution flow path and a gas diffusion layer in contact with the hydrophobic porous body claim 1 , and the hydrophobic porous body is disposed between the gas diffusion layer and the gas flow path.3. The cell according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic porous body contains a fluororesin in an amount of 50 mass % or more as a hydrophobic substance.4. The cell according to claim 2 ,wherein the hydrophobic porous body contains a fluororesin in an amount of 50 mass % or more as a hydrophobic substance, andwherein the gas diffusion layer contains a fluororesin in an amount of not less than 5 mass % nor more than 10 mass % as a hydrophobic substance.5. ...

HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS FACILITY (HTSE) WITH ALLOTHERMAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

A high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generating facility, including at least two electrochemical reactors fluidly connected in series to each other by their cathode compartment(s). At least one heat exchanger is arranged between two reactors in series, a primary circuit of the heat exchanger being connected to an external heat source configured to provide heat to fluid(s) at an outlet of an upstream reactor prior to be introduced at an inlet of a downstream reactor. 115-. (canceled)16. A high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generation facility , comprising:at least two electrochemical reactors;wherein each electrochemical reactor comprises at least one electrochemical unit cell, each cell including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode, at least one connecting element including at least one compartment for gas flow to the cathode, being arranged in electrical contact with the cathode of the unit cell, and at least one connecting element including at least one compartment for gas flow to the anode being arranged in electrical contact with the anode of the unit cell, andwherein both electrochemical reactors are fluidly connected in series to each other at least by one gas flow compartment,and further comprising at least one heat exchanger including a circuit fluidly connected in series to an outlet of one of the gas flow compartments of one of both reactors and to an inlet of one of the gas flow compartments of the other one of both reactors and including another circuit fluidly connected to a heat source external to the reactors.17. The high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generation facility according to claim 16 , wherein each reactor comprises a stack of a plurality of electrochemical unit cells claim 16 , an interconnecting plate being arranged between two adjacent unit cells and an electrical contact with an electrode of one of both ...

SYNTHESIS GAS PRODUCTION SYSTEM

A synthesis gas production system for producing CO and Hby electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing COincludes: an electrolysis device including an anode chamber and a cathode chamber separated by a separator membrane; a cathode-side circulation line connected to the cathode chamber to circulate a cathode solution containing CO; a catalyst supply device provided in the cathode-side circulation line to supply a CO production catalyst to the cathode solution; and a gas composition detection device configured to measure a ratio between CO and Hin a production gas produced in the cathode chamber. At least one of control of a supply amount of the CO production catalyst by the catalyst supply device and control of a voltage applied between the anode and the cathode by the electrolysis device is performed to make a ratio of Hto CO in the production gas be within a predetermined target range. 1. A synthesis gas production system for producing CO and Hby electrolyzing an aqueous solution containing CO , comprising:an electrolysis device including an anode chamber having an anode, a cathode chamber having a cathode, and a separator membrane separating the anode chamber and the cathode chamber;{'sub': '2', 'a cathode-side circulation line connected to the cathode chamber to circulate a cathode solution containing CO;'}a catalyst supply device provided in the cathode-side circulation line to supply a CO production catalyst to the cathode solution; and{'sub': '2', 'a gas composition detection device configured to measure a ratio between CO and Hin a production gas produced in the cathode chamber,'}{'sub': '2', 'wherein based on a result of the gas composition detection device, at least one of control of a supply amount of the CO production catalyst by the catalyst supply device and control of a voltage applied between the anode and the cathode by the electrolysis device is performed to make a ratio of Hto CO in the production gas be within a predetermined target range.'}2. ...

HIGHLY SUSTAINED ELECTRODES AND ELECTROLYTES FOR SALTY ALKALINE AND NEUTRAL WATER SPLITTING

A corrosion resistant anode is provided for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride ions. The anode includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a passivation layer coating the substrate; and (3) an electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer. Polyanion adjusted alkaline seawater electrolyte for hydrogen generation by electrolysis is also provided. 1. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride , comprising:a substrate;a passivation layer coating the substrate; andan electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer,wherein the passivation layer includes a sulfide of at least one metal.2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer includes nickel sulfide or nickel iron sulfide.3. The anode of claim 2 , further comprising an anionic layer disposed between the passivation layer and the electrocatalyst layer.4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the anionic layer includes an anionic oxide of sulfur.5. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride claim 3 , comprising:a substrate;a passivation layer coating the substrate; andan electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer,wherein the passivation layer includes a phosphide of at least one metal.6. The anode of claim 5 , wherein the passivation layer includes nickel phosphide or nickel iron phosphide.7. The anode of claim 6 , further comprising an anionic layer disposed between the passivation layer and the electrocatalyst layer.8. The anode of claim 7 , wherein the anionic layer includes an anionic oxide of phosphorus.9. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride claim 7 , comprising:a substrate;an electrocatalyst layer coating the substrate; andan anionic layer disposed between the substrate and the electrocatalyst layer.10. The anode of claim 9 , wherein the anionic layer includes polyatomic anions including carbonate claim 9 , sulfate claim 9 , phosphate claim 9 , or a combination of two or more thereof.11. The anode of claim 10 ...

SULFIDE RECYCLING IN MANGANESE PRODUCTION

A method of producing manganese metal or EMD by leaching a source of manganese with a solution comprising sulfuric acid to form a leach solution, adding one or more sulfides generated in a sulfide recycle stage to the leach solution in order to form sulfide precipitates comprising heavy metal sulfides, removing the sulfide precipitates from the leach solution, feeding the leach solution to one or more electrolytic cells, subjecting the purified leach solution to electrolysis so as to deposit manganese metal or EMD, reacting the sulfide precipitates with an acid to generate HS, producing one or more sulfides from the HS for recycle. Methods of producing manganese metal and a purified manganese sulfate solution are also provided. 1. A method of producing manganese metal or EMD , comprising:(a) leaching a source of manganese with a solution comprising sulfuric acid to form a leach solution;(b) adding the one or more sulfides produced in step (g) to said leach solution to form sulfide precipitates comprising one or more heavy metal sulfides;(c) removing said sulfide precipitates from said leach solution so as to provide a purified leach solution;(d) feeding said purified leach solution to one or more electrolytic cells;(e) subjecting the purified leach solution to electrolysis so as to deposit manganese metal or EMD;{'sub': '2', '(f) reacting said sulfide precipitates with an acid to generate HS;'}{'sub': '2', '(g) producing one or more sulfides from said HS; and'}(h) recycling said one or more sulfides produced in step (g) to step (b).2. The method of claim 1 , wherein producing said one or more sulfides from said HS comprises reacting said HS with a hydroxide solution or an Mn solution.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the step of reacting said HS with a hydroxide solution or an Mn solution forms at least one first sulfide claim 2 , and wherein producing said one or more sulfides from said HS further comprises the step of generating said one or more sulfides from ...

Process for the Oxidation of Carbon-Containing Organic Compounds with Electrochemically Generated Oxidizing Agents and Arrangement for Carrying Out the Process

The invention relates to a process for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1, wherein an oxidizing of these carbon-containing organic compounds to be oxidized is performed with electrochemically generated C—O—O oxidizing agents, in particular peroxodicarbonate. Also described is the use of C—O—O oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, as oxidizing agents for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds, in particular carbon-containing organic compounds where the said compounds have at least one bond with a bond order >1. Finally, an arrangement for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds is provided, comprising a first unit for the electrochemical preparation of C—O—O oxidizing agents generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate, and a second unit for the oxidizing of the carbon-containing organic compound with the C—O—O oxidizing agent generated electrochemically from carbonate, in particular peroxodicarbonate. In this case, these two units are connected to one another in such a way that an ex situ generated oxidizing agent can be fed to the second unit. 1. A process for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds that have at least one bond with bond order ≥1 , comprising the step ofoxidizing said carbon-containing organic compounds with one or more electrochemically generated C—O—O oxidants to produce one or more oxidized or oxygenated, carbon-containing organic compounds.2. The process for the oxidation of carbon-containing organic compounds as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the one or more C—O—O oxidants comprise peroxydicarbonate claim 1 , generated electrochemically from carbonate using an electrolysis assembly comprising at least one cathode claim 1 , at least one diamond-coated anode claim 1 , and a carbonate-containing electrolyte that is pumped at a flow rate ...

POROUS ADHESIVE NETWORKS IN ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES

An article comprising a first gas distribution layer (), a first gas dispersion layer (), or a first electrode layer, having first and second opposed major surfaces and a first adhesive layer having first and second opposed major surfaces, wherein the second major surface () of the first gas distribution layer (), the second major surface () of the first gas dispersion layer (), or the first major surface of the first electrode layer, as applicable, has a central area, wherein the first major surface of the first adhesive layer contacts at least the central area of the second major surface of the first gas distribution layer, the second major surface of the first gas dispersion layer, or the first major surface of the first electrode layer, as applicable, and wherein the first adhesive layer comprises a porous network of first adhesive including a continuous pore network extending between the first and second major surfaces of the first adhesive layer. The articles described herein are useful, for example, in membrane electrode assemblies, unitized electrode assemblies, and electrochemical devices (e.g., fuel cells, redox flow batteries, and electrolyzers). 1. An article comprising a first gas distribution layer , a first gas dispersion layer , or a first electrode layer having first and second opposed major surfaces and a first adhesive layer having first and second opposed major surfaces , wherein the second major surface of the first gas distribution layer , the second major surface of the first gas dispersion layer , or the first major surface of the first electrode layer , as applicable , has a central area , wherein the first major surface of the first adhesive layer contacts at least the central area of the second major surface of the first gas distribution layer , the first major surface of the first adhesive layer contacts at least the central area of the second major surface of the first gas dispersion layer , or the second major surface of the first ...

METHOD AND DEVICE OF CARBON-DIOXIDE DECOMPOSITION

In this proposal, we provide a highly original solution to resolve/decompose carbon dioxide into useful by-products which provide industrial values to businesses around the world and meanwhile carbon emission control is the most importance. By taking high energy of light particles from Ultraviolet light, our innovational equation, (uv)+CO+(Ag)+2H→2HO+(4eΔ)+C(Ag)+[4e↓]→C+(Ag), is designed to break the quantum effect of electron bond between carbon and oxygen, hence to restore carbon and release oxygen to achieve reduction of green house gas. 1. A device that can dissociate carbon dioxide into ion-carbon and oxygen; and reducing carbon from the C(Ag) state carbon , comprising:a double-loop fuel cell, internally comprising of: a hydrogen catalytic electrode, a hydrogen pole the insulation permeable film, a oxygen-hydrogen reaction electrode, a carbon dioxide pole's insulation permeable film, a carbon dioxide reaction electrode, a UV light, a vibration shaker and a carbon powder discharging mouth;a hydrogen storage tank, installed outside the double-loop fuel cell, the two are connected by a hydrogen connecting pipe and a hydrogen control valve in a connection;a carbon dioxide storage tank, installed outside the double-loop fuel cell, the two are connected by a carbon dioxide connecting pipe and a carbon dioxide control valve;a power supply, installed outside the double-loop fuel cell, and is connected with the UV light at the a contact point through the double-direction power switch;a vibration shaker, fixed on the case above the carbon dioxide reaction electrode, and is connected with the power supply at the b contact point of the double-direction power switch;an electron loader, installed outside the double-loop fuel cell, and is connected at one end through the carbon dioxide reaction electrode of the carbon dioxide pole's output circuit, diode and double-loop fuel cell; it is also connected with the hydrogen catalytic electrode of the hydrogen pole output circuit ...

MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY AND BIOPRODUCTS THEREIN

Bioelectrochemical systems comprising a microbial fuel cell (MFC) or a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) are provided. Either type of system is capable of fermenting insoluble or soluble biomass, with the MFC capable of using a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) organism to also hydrolyze an insoluble biomass, and an electricigen to produce electricity. In contrast, the MEC relies on electricity input into the system, a fermentative organism and an electricigen to produce fermentative products such as ethanol and 1,3-propanediol from a polyol biomass (e.g., containing glycerol). Related methods are also provided. 122-. (canceled)23. A method of using a microbial electrolysis cell comprising:setting a potential in the microbial electrolysis cell between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode;{'i': 'Clostridium cellulolyticum', 'performing a fermentation step comprising fermentation only or fermentation and hydrolysis in the microbial electrolysis cell with one or more mesophilic consolidated bioprocessing organisms to convert biomass located in the microbial electrolysis cell to a bioproduct, wherein the fermentation step also produces one or more fermentation byproducts which contain electrons and protons, wherein the one or more mesophilic consolidated bioprocessing organisms also anaerobically co-ferment six- and five-carbon sugars and comprise one or more cellulomonads, or one or more clostridial strains, not including ; and'}in the presence of the potential, allowing a second organism comprising an electricigen cultured at a temperature not greater than 40° C. to convert substantially all the fermentation byproducts to electricity by first transferring substantially all the electrons present in the one or more fermentation byproducts to the anode electrode to produce a film which catalytically splits the electrons and the protons, wherein the electrons thereafter flow from the anode electrode towards the cathode electrode to produce the electricity, further ...

Methods and systems for fuel production

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for producing carbon products via electrochemical reduction from fluid streams containing a carbon-containing material, such as, for example, carbon dioxide. Electrochemical reduction systems and methods of the present disclosure may comprise micro- or nanostructured membranes for separation and catalytic processes. The electrochemical reduction systems and methods may utilize renewable energy sources to generate a carbon product comprising one or more carbon atoms (C1+ product), such as, for example, fuel. This may be performed at substantially low (or nearly zero) net or negative carbon emissions.

ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING HYDRIDE OF AROMATIC COMPOUND

An electrochemical reduction device comprising: an electrode unit configured to include an electrolyte membrane, a reduction electrode that contains a reduction catalyst for hydrogenating at least one benzene ring of an aromatic compound, and an oxygen evolving electrode; a power control unit that applies a voltage Va between the reduction electrode and the oxygen evolving electrode; a concentration measurement unit that measures a concentration of an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode; and a raw material supply amount adjustment unit that adjusts the amount of an organic liquid including an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode per unit time based on the concentration measured by the concentration measurement unit. 1. An electrochemical reduction device comprising:an electrode unit configured to include an electrolyte membrane having ionic conductivity, a reduction electrode that is provided on one side of the electrolyte membrane and that contains a reduction catalyst for hydrogenating at least one benzene ring of an aromatic compound, and an oxygen evolving electrode that is provided on the other side of the electrolyte membrane;a power control unit that applies a voltage Va between the reduction electrode and the oxygen evolving electrode;a concentration measurement unit that measures a concentration of an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode; anda raw material supply amount adjustment unit that adjusts the amount of an organic liquid including an aromatic compound to be supplied to the reduction electrode per unit time based on the concentration of the aromatic compound measured by the concentration measurement unit.2. The electrochemical reduction device according to claim 1 , wherein the raw material supply amount adjustment unit increases the amount of the organic liquid to be supplied to the reduction electrode when the concentration of the aromatic compound is decreased.3. An ...

METHOD FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF A GAS PRODUCT CONTAINING CO

A device for the electrochemical production of a product containing CO, and a method for the electrochemical production of a product containing CO, in which a return of a material stream containing the educt and CO is carried out after the electrochemical production. 1. A facility for electrochemical production of a product containing CO , comprising:an electrolysis cell comprising an anode and a cathode;a combined feed device, which is connected to the electrolysis cell and supplies the electrolysis cell with a combined flow of material comprising a first educt flow and a flow of material to be returned comprising CO, which is embodied to supply the electrolysis cell with the combined flow of material comprising the first educt flow and the flow of material to be returned comprising CO;a first return device, which is connected to the feed device and feeds the first educt flow to the combined feed device, which is embodied to feed the first educt flow to the feed device;a first discharge device, which is connected to the electrolysis cell and discharges from the electrolysis cell a first product flow comprising CO, which is embodied to discharge from the electrolysis cell the first product flow comprising CO and to feed the first product flow to a separation device;the separation device, which is connected to the first discharge device and separates the flow of material comprising CO to be returned from the first product flow comprising CO, which is embodied to separate the flow of material comprising CO to be returned from the first product flow comprising CO;a return device, which is connected to the separation device and is connected to the combined feed device and feeds the flow of material comprising CO to be returned to the combined feed device, which is embodied to feed the flow of material comprising CO to be returned to the combined feed device; andat least one cleaning device, which removes carbonyls and/or oils from the first product flow comprising CO, ...

Apparatus for the Electrolytic Production of Hydrogen, Oxygen, and Alkalinized Seawater

The invention generally relates an apparatus for generation of hydrogen and oxygen gases by utilizing seawater. The invention also relates to a method of making hydrogen and oxygen gas by utilizing anion exchange membranes and seawater. This abstract is intended as a scanning tool for purposes of searching in the particular art and is not intended to be limiting of the present invention. 1. An apparatus comprising:a cathode compartment comprising a cathode and configured for a continuous flow of a first reaction medium;an anode compartment comprising an anion and configured for a continuous flow of a second reaction medium;a central compartment separated from the cathode compartment by a first anion membrane and from the anion compartment by a second anion membrane;where the central compartment is configured to continuously receive a brine solution comprising a plurality of anions and cations;wherein the cathode is configured to receive a direct current to conduct an electrolysis reaction of the first reaction medium to produce a first reaction product and/or the anode is configured to receive a direct current to conduct an electrolysis reaction of the second reaction medium to produce a second reaction product; andwherein the apparatus is configured to form an alkalinized brine solution.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first reaction medium comprises purified water.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first anion membrane is configured to pass at least a portion of the first reaction product from the cathode compartment to the central compartment.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the second anion membrane is configured to pass at least a portion of the anions in the brine solution from the central compartment to the anion compartment.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the second reaction medium comprises a purified water and the portion of the anions that passed through the second anion membrane.6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the second ...

GAS GENERATOR

The present invention provides a gas generator and comprises an electrolysis device, a water supplying device, and a liquid level detector. The electrolysis device is configured for electrolyzing water to generate hydrogen. The water supplying device is coupled to the electrolysis device for supplying the supplementary water into the electrolysis device. The liquid level detector is coupled to an outer surface of the electrolysis device for detecting a liquid level of the electrolyzed water, wherein the gas generator supplies supplementary water into the electrolysis device according to the liquid level detected by the liquid level detector. The present invention is provided for measuring the liquid level by using the non-contact liquid level detector, and supplying supplementary water into the electrolysis device according to the liquid level to ensure that the electrolysis device contains sufficient water for electrolyzing, thereby improving the life and safety of the gas generator. 1. A gas generator , comprising:an electrolysis device configured to contain an electrolyzed water and to electrolyze the electrolyzed water to generate a hydrogen gas;a water supplying device configured to contain a supplementary water and to supply the supplementary water into the electrolysis device; anda liquid level detector coupled to an outer surface of the electrolysis device and not in contact with the electrolyzed water, the liquid level detector being configured to detect a liquid level of the electrolyzed water and then to generate a detecting signal.2. The gas generator of claim 1 , further comprising an atomization reaction chamber coupled to the electrolysis device claim 1 , the atomization reaction chamber being configured to receive the hydrogen gas and further generate an atomized gas to mix the atomized gas with the hydrogen gas claim 1 , and the water supplying device having a space configured to accommodate part of the atomization reaction chamber.3. The gas ...

WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM AND METHOD

A water treatment system comprising a housing adapted to receive a flow of water. An electrolytic treatment system disposed within the housing, for producing one or more product substances to treat the water. A hydro generation system disposed within the housing, for generating power from the flow of water. An electronic control system disposed within the housing, for receiving and managing the electrical power produced by the hydro generation system, and for controlling the transfer of electrical power to the electrolytic treatment system to control the production of the one or more product substances. 127-. (canceled)28. An inlet end cap of a water treatment system , said inlet end cap defining an inlet portion of a water flow path and comprising a cavity for insertion of an electronic control system.29. An inlet end cap assembly of a water treatment system comprising the inlet end cap of and further comprising said electronic control system.30. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 29 , wherein said electronic control system is enclosed in a potting substance filling said cavity.31. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 30 , further comprising an enclosure cap covering the cavity.32. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 31 , wherein the enclosure cap comprises an electrical connector which enables waterproof electrical connections to be made between the electronic control system and the rest of the water treatment system.33. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 31 , wherein the enclosure cap houses sensor heads claim 31 , wherein the enclosure cap allows for the sensor heads to be in fluid communication with fluid within the water treatment system.34. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 31 , wherein the assembly provides a means to remove excess heat from the electronic control system by fluid flow of water in the water treatment system.35. The inlet end cap assembly of claim 34 , wherein said means to remove excess heat is an enclosure wall.36. The inlet end cap ...

Method And System For Electrochemical Production Of Formic Acid From Carbon Dioxide

An electrochemical device converts carbon dioxide to a formic acid reaction product. The device includes an anode and a cathode, each comprising a quantity of catalyst. The anode and cathode each have reactant introduced thereto. A cation exchange polymer electrolyte membrane and an anion exchange polymer electrolyte membrane, are interposed between the anode and the cathode, forming a central flow compartment where a carbon dioxide reduction product, such as formic acid, can be recovered. At least a portion of the cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous carbon dioxide during electrolysis. The average current density at the membrane is at least 20 mA/cm, measured as the area of the cathode gas diffusion layer that is covered by catalyst, and formate ion selectivity is at least 50% at a cell potential difference of 3.0 V. 2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said anion exchange membrane has oppositely facing first and second major surfaces claim 1 , said first major surface contacts said cathode and said second major surface contacting an aqueous constituent.3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said central flow compartment comprises an acidic medium.5. The electrochemical device in claim 1 , wherein at least 50% by mass of said cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous COduring electrochemical conversion of the COto said reaction product.6. The electrochemical device of claim 5 , wherein said gaseous COis directed within 2 mm of said cathode catalyst or said gas diffusion layer on which said cathode catalyst is disposed.7. The electrochemical device in claim 6 , wherein at least 90% by mass of said cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous COduring electrochemical conversion of the COto said reaction product.8. The electrochemical device in claim 1 , wherein said central flow compartment contains a structure comprising an ion exchange resin.10. The electrochemical device of claim 9 , wherein said anion exchange ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

An electrolytic system for an internal combustion engine includes an electrolyte tank for receiving an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolytic fluid therein for communication with the anode and cathode. A power source applies an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to generate a current through the electrolytic fluid and produce an electrolytic reaction in the electrolyte tank which produces combustible gases. A gas outlet communicates the combustible gases from the electrolyte tank to the internal combustion engine. At least one of the electrodes A hollow passage which does not communicate with the electrolytic fluid in the electrolyte tank extends through one of the electrodes to receive a heat exchange fluid circulated therethrough so as to be arranged to exchange heat with said at least one of the electrodes. 1. An electrolytic system for an internal combustion engine comprising:an electrolyte tank for receiving an electrolytic fluid therein;a plurality of electrodes including at least one anode and at least one cathode supported in the electrolyte tank for communication with the electrolytic fluid therein;a power source arranged to apply an electrical potential between said at least one anode and said at least one cathode so as to generate a current through the electrolytic fluid and produce an electrolytic reaction in the electrolyte tank which produces combustible gases;a gas outlet arranged to direct a flow of the combustible gases from the electrolyte tank to the internal combustion engine;a hollow passage within at least one of the electrodes, in which the hollow passage does not communicate with the electrolytic fluid in the electrolyte tank; anda coolant system arranged to circulate a heat exchange fluid through the hollow passage in said at least one of the electrodes so as to be arranged to exchange heat with said at least one of the electrodes.2. The system according to wherein the hollow passage extends through at ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS FROM PRODUCTION PLANTS OF EPOXY COMPOUNDS

The invention relates to a process of abatement of the organic content of a depleted brine coming from epoxy compound production involving a vapour stripping step and a mineralisation with hypochlorite in two steps, at distinct pH and temperature conditions. 2. The process according to wherein said depleted brine has a COD higher than 10 claim 1 ,000 mg/l of oxygen at the inlet of step a) and of 2 claim 1 ,000 to 4 claim 1 ,000 mg/l of oxygen at the outlet of step a).3. The process according to wherein said vapour stripping step takes place at pH adjusted between 3 and 4.4. The process according to wherein said depleted brine has a COD of 400 to 1 claim 1 ,500 mg/l of oxygen at the outlet of step b).5. The process according to wherein said fresh brine at the outlet of step c) has a COD not higher than 40 mg/l of oxygen.6. The process according to wherein said organic raw material is selected from the group consisting of propylene claim 1 , allyl chloride and glycerine and said epoxy compound is propylene oxide or epichlorohydrin.7. The process according to wherein said pre-oxidation step with hypochlorite is carried out by feeding chlorine and alkali.8. The process according to wherein said pre-oxidation step with hypochlorite is carried out within an electrolysis cell of the undivided type.9. The process according to wherein said final oxidation step is carried out in an electrolysis cell.10. The process according to wherein said electrolysis cell is an alkali brine electrolysis cell of the undivided type.11. The process according to wherein said final oxidation step is carried out directly within the chlor-alkali electrolysis unit fed with fresh brine claim 9 , consisting of an electrolysis cell equipped with a non-asbestos diaphragm separator comprising fluorinated polymer fibers.13. A synthesis plant of an epoxy compound comprising means for reducing organic content of depleted brine of said synthesis plant claim 9 , said reducing means comprising a chlor-alkali ...

INTEGRATED INTENSIFIED BIOREFINERY FOR GAS-TO-LIQUID CONVERSION

A support device for carrying a selectively permeable membrane is disclosed along with apparatuses and methods of removing long chain hydrocarbons from a stream of gas. The gas cleaning apparatus uses, individually or in combination, plasma, catalyst and electrodes containing catalysts to perform the cleaning of the gas. 117-. (canceled)18. An apparatus for the removal of long chain hydrocarbons from a stream of gas , the apparatus comprising:a vessel including at least one inlet and at least one outlet, allowing a stream of gas to pass therebetween;a plurality of electrodes including at least one anode and at least one cathode, contained within said vessel, such that said stream of gas passes between at least one said anode and at least one said cathode, wherein at least one said electrode comprises at least one catalyst.19. An apparatus according to wherein at least one cathode comprises at least one said catalyst.20. An apparatus according to wherein at least one anode and at least one cathode comprise at least one catalyst.21. An apparatus according to wherein said electrode including said catalyst further comprises at least one porous metal.22. An apparatus according to wherein said metal comprises nickel.23. An apparatus according to wherein said catalyst comprises a cobalt based catalyst.24. An apparatus according to wherein said catalyst is supported on silica.25. An apparatus according to further comprising at least one water supply for supplying a spray of water into said vessel.26. An apparatus according to further comprising at least one bed of solid material located at least partially between said electrodes.27. An apparatus according to wherein said bed comprises a fixed bed.28. An apparatus according to wherein said bed comprises a fluidised bed.29. An apparatus according to wherein said solid material comprises at least one tar adsorbent.30. An apparatus according to wherein said solid material comprises at least one catalyst.31. An apparatus ...

Leucodye (such as leucoindigo) as dispersing aid

An electrolytic dye reduction method comprises preparing a catholyte by dispersing a dye in a leucodye comprising electrolyte. In a preferred method the leucodye like leucoindigo is the sole dispersing aid.

RECHARGEABLE ELECTROLYSIS CELL

A rechargeable electrolysis cell includes: an anode; a cathode; an electrical connection; and an electrolyte. The cathode has an inlet for an oxidizer. The reducing agent is a solvated metal ligand, a Birch electron, a solvated electron, metal salt, or a metallic plating on the cathode. The oxidizer is a halogen. A method of discharging the cell includes providing the reducing agent at the anode and delivering the oxidizer to the cathode and transferring an electron from the anode through an electrical load, oxidizing the reducing agent and reducing the oxidizer to produce a salt dissolved in the electrolyte. Charging the cell includes applying direct current to convert the salt to the reducing agent and the oxidizer and separating the reagents. 1. A rechargeable electrolysis cell comprising:a) an anode;b) a cathode having an inlet for an oxidizer;c) an electrical connection between the anode and the cathode; andd) an electrolyte; ande) a reducing agent selected from the group consisting of a solvated metal ligand, a Birch electron, a solvated electron, metal crystal, and a metallic plating on the cathode;wherein the oxidizer is a halogen.2. The rechargeable electrolysis cell of claim 1 , wherein the halogen is selected from the group consisting of chlorine claim 1 , bromine claim 1 , and fluorine.3. The rechargeable electrolysis cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a mixture of hexamethylphosphoramide claim 1 , a crown ether claim 1 , and optionally one or more cosolvents.4. The rechargeable electrolysis cell of claim 1 , further comprising one or more tanks selected from the group consisting of: a halogen storage tank claim 1 , a solvent storage tank claim 1 , a solvated electron storage tank claim 1 , and a dissolved salt storage tank.5. The rechargeable electrolysis cell of claim 1 , further comprising a module operative to re-liquefy the halogen selected from the group consisting of: a compressor claim 1 , a cooler claim 1 , and a combination thereof.6. ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF CHALCOPYRITE TO ENABLE HYDROMETALLURGICAL EXTRACTION OF COPPER

An electrochemical system and process are provided to convert an amount of chalcopyrite (CuFeS) to a product including copper ions. In an electrochemical reactor, a potential is applied across an anode and a cathode to convert the chalcopyrite to an intermediate, chalcocite (CuS). The anode is covered to prevent contact with the intermediate, thus limiting subsequent conversion of the intermediate to covellite (CuS) in favor of conversion to a material more suited to chemical oxidation, cuprite (CuO). For example, the anode can be covered with one or more layers of filter paper. Upon application of an oxidizing agent, the cuprite is oxidized to produce a product including copper ions. The cathode and covered anode allow for efficient and inexpensive processing. The cost of this technique is comparable to industry standards, and moreover, has a much smaller environmental footprint than heat-based copper extraction. 1. A method for production of copper ions , comprising:{'sub': '2', 'providing a sample including an amount of chalcopyrite (CuFeS);'}providing an electrochemical reactor including an anode, a cathode, and an electrolyte in communication with the anode and the cathode,providing the sample to the electrochemical reactor;{'sub': '2', 'applying a potential between the anode and the cathode to produce a first product including cuprite (CuO); and'}{'sub': '2', 'applying an oxidizing agent to the first product to oxidize the CuO to produce a second product including copper ions.'}2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a porous separator is positioned between the sample and the anode.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the anode is covered by the porous separator.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the porous separator includes filter paper.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein:the cathode is composed of niobium, tungsten, platinum, copper, aluminum, lead, or combinations thereof, andthe anode is composed of niobium, tungsten, ...

METHOD FOR REMOVING NON-PROTON CATIONIC IMPURITIES FROM AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

Non-proton cationic impurities are removed from the ionomer in a proton exchange membrane of an electrochemical cell and from the anode side and cathode side catalyst layers. A supply path for an anode feed to the ionomer on the anode side of the proton exchange membrane and a supply path for a cathode feed to the ionomer on the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane are provided. A regenerating fluid with acidic pH is brought into contact with the ionomer on the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane to accomplish an ion exchange of the non-proton cationic impurities with protons and thus remove the non-proton cationic impurities from the ionomer into the regenerating fluid. This removes the non-proton cationic impurities from the ionomer of the electrochemical cell without increasing the risk of corrosion and without interrupting the process of the electrochemical cell. 115-. (canceled)16. A method of removing non-proton cationic impurities from an ionomer associated with a proton exchange membrane and respective anode side and cathode side catalyst layers of an electrochemical cell , the method comprising the steps of:a) providing a supply path for an anode feed to the ionomer on the anode side of the proton exchange membrane;b) providing a supply path for a cathode feed to the ionomer on the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane; andc) bringing a regenerating fluid having an acidic pH in contact with the ionomer on the cathode side of the proton exchange membrane to cause an ion exchange of non-proton cationic impurities with protons and to remove the non-proton cationic impurities from the ionomer into the regenerating fluid.17. The method according to claim 16 , which comprises bringing a regenerating fluid with acidic pH in contact with the ionomer on the anode side of the proton exchange membrane to cause an ion exchange of the non-proton cationic impurities with protons and to remove the non-proton cationic impurities from the ionomer ...

Inert anode electroplating processor and replenisher

An electroplating processor has a vessel holding an electrolyte. An inert anode in the vessel has an anode wire within an anode membrane tube. A head for holds a wafer in contact with the electrolyte in the vessel. The wafer is connected to a cathode. A catholyte replenisher is connected to the vessel. The catholyte replenisher adds metal ions into the catholyte by moving ions of a bulk metal through a catholyte membrane in the catholyte replenisher.

Method and System for Electrochemical Reduction of Carbon Dioxide Employing a Gas Diffusion Electrode

The present disclosure is a method and system for the reduction of carbon dioxide. The method may include receiving hydrogen gas at an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode, the anode including a gas diffusion electrode, receiving an anolyte feed at an anolyte region of the electrochemical cell, and receiving a catholyte feed including carbon dioxide and an alkali metal bicarbonate at a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode. The method may include applying an electrical potential between the anode and cathode sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to at least one reduction product.

ELECTROCHEMICAL COUPLING OF A PHENOL TO A NAPHTHOL

The invention relates to an electrochemical method for the selective coupling of a phenol to a naphthol which differ in their oxidation potential. The invention also relates to compounds which can be produced by electrochemical coupling. 2. Compound according to claim 1 , where R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , Rare selected from: —H claim 1 , -alkyl.3. Compound according to claim 1 , where Rand Rare -alkyl.4. Compound according to claim 1 , where Ris -alkyl.5. Compound according to claim 1 , where R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , Rare —H.6. Compound according to claim 1 , where R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , Rare —H.7. Electrochemical process comprising the process steps of:a) introducing a solvent or solvent mixture and a conductive salt into a reaction vessel,{'sub': 'Ox', 'b) adding a phenol having an oxidation potential |E1| to the reaction vessel,'}{'sub': 'Ox', 'c) adding a naphthol having an oxidation potential |E2| to the reaction vessel, the substance having the higher oxidation potential being added in excess, and'}{'sub': Ox', 'Ox, 'where: |E1|−|E2|=|ΔE| and'}the solvent or solvent mixture is selected such that |ΔE| is in the range from 10 to 450 mV,d) introducing two electrodes into the reaction solution,e) applying a voltage to the electrodes,f) coupling the phenol to the naphthol to give a cross-coupled product.8. Process according to claim 7 , wherein the substance having the higher oxidation potential is used at least in twice the amount relative to the substance having the lower ...

SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING DIHYDROGEN, AND ASSOCIATED METHOD

The invention relates to a system () for producing dihydrogen, comprising: an electrolyser () suitable for performing water electrolysis and for producing dioxygen and dihydrogen; a dihydrogen compressor (); a dihydrogen cooler (); a main circuit () of dihydrogen from the electrolyser (), on which at least the compressor () and the cooler () are successively arranged; and an auxiliary circuit () of dioxygen and residual water vapour from the electrolyser (), the system being characterised in that it also includes: a condenser of said residual steam; the cooler () comprises an expander, an exchanger and a heat-storage module; the condenser, the expander and the exchanger being successively arranged on the auxiliary circuit (), the exchanger establishing a heat exchange between the dihydrogen compressed by the compressor (), the dioxygen expanded by the expander and the heat-storage module. 11. A system () for producing dihydrogen comprising:{'b': '2', 'an electrolyser () suitable for implementing water electrolysis and producing dioxygen and dihydrogen;'}{'b': '3', 'a dihydrogen compressor ();'}{'b': '4', 'a dihydrogen cooler ();'}{'b': 10', '2', '3', '4, 'a main circuit () of dihydrogen from the electrolyser (), on which at least the compressor () and the cooler () are successively arranged;'}{'b': 20', '2, 'an auxiliary circuit () of dioxygen and residual water vapour from the electrolyser (), the system being characterised in that{'b': '21', 'it further comprises a condenser () of said residual vapour;'}{'b': 4', '40', '41', '42', '42, 'i': a,', 'b, 'the cooler () comprises an expander (), an exchanger () and a heat storage module ();'}{'b': 21', '40', '41', '20', '41', '3', '40', '42', '42, 'i': a,', 'b, 'the condenser (), the expander () and the exchanger () being successively arranged on the auxiliary circuit (), the exchanger () operating heat exchange between the dihydrogen compressed by the compressor (), the dioxygen expanded by the expander () and the heat ...

System and Method for the Co-Production of Oxalic Acid and Acetic Acid

A system and method for reducing carbon dioxide in an electrochemical cell comprising a first cell compartment, a second cell compartment, and a membrane positioned between the first cell compartment and the second cell compartment is disclosed. The method may include introducing a feed containing a carbon dioxide gas and a feed of catholyte at a cathode positioned in the first cell compartment, in which the cathode contains a gas diffusion electrode comprising a carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave and wherein the carbon dioxide gas is directed through carbon fibers of the carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave. The method may further include introducing a feed of anolyte at an anode positioned in the second cell compartment and applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode of the electrochemical cell to thereby reduce the carbon dioxide to a reduction product. 1. A gas diffusion electrode , including:a current collector;a fluorinated binder;a carbon support including a carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave; anda catalyst;wherein the carbon support is connected to the current collector, fluorinated binder and catalyst and wherein the gas diffusion electrode further includes an inlet for receiving a gas and directing the gas through the carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave.2. The gas diffusion electrode of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises a catalyst layer including a metallic catalyst supported on carbon.3. The gas diffusion electrode of claim 2 , wherein the metallic catalyst is chosen from the group consisting of In claim 2 , Sn claim 2 , Cu claim 2 , Mn claim 2 , Ni and Co.4. The gas diffusion electrode of claim 1 , wherein the fluorinated binder comprises a hydrophobic fluorinated binder layer formed of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) claim 1 , Fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP) or Paraformaldehyde (PFA).5. The gas diffusion electrode of claim 1 , wherein the carbon cloth or graphitized carbon weave allows flow of the ...

High pressure water electrolysis system and method for activating same

A high pressure water electrolysis system includes a high pressure water electrolysis device, a hydrogen storage device, a high pressure hydrogen pipe, a branch pipe, a non-return valve, a pressure detector, and a controller. The controller includes a threshold storage device, a threshold determination device, and a solenoid valve opening/closing operation device. The threshold storage device is configured to store a first threshold of a pressure value detected by the pressure detector and a second threshold lower than the first threshold. The threshold determination device is configured to determine whether or not the pressure value detected by the pressure detector has reached the second threshold. The solenoid valve opening/closing operation device is configured to open and close a solenoid valve if it is determined that the pressure value detected by the pressure detector has reached the second threshold.

Hybrid metal oxide cycle water splitting

Hybrid thermochemical water splitting cycles are provided in which thermally reduced metal oxides particles are used to displace some but not all of the electrical requirements in a water splitting electrolytic cell. In these hybrid cycles, the thermal reduction temperature is significantly reduced compared to two-step metal-oxide thermochemical cycles in which only thermal energy is required to produce hydrogen from water. Also, unlike the conventional higher temperature cycles where the reduction step must be carried out under reduced oxygen pressure, the reduction step in the proposed hybrid cycles can be carried out in air, allowing for thermal input by a solar power tower with a windowless, cavity receiver.

PRESSURE COMPENSATING SYSTEM AND A HIGH-PRESSURE ELECTROLYSER SYSTEM COMPRISING THE SAME

A pressure compensating system () for a dual fluid flow system, wherein the pressure compensating system () comprises: a fluid pipe () having a first fluid pipe portion () and a second fluid pipe portion (), wherein the first fluid pipe portion () has a first fluid inlet () and a first fluid outlet () for a first fluid flow (O), wherein the second fluid pipe portion () has a second fluid inlet () and a second fluid outlet () for a second fluid flow (H) separate from the first fluid flow (O), and a pressure compensator () arranged in the fluid pipe (), separating the first fluid pipe portion () and the second fluid pipe portion (), wherein the pressure compensator () is configured to move in the fluid pipe () between the first fluid outlet () and the second fluid outlet () to thereby at least partially obstruct one of the first fluid outlet () and the second fluid outlet () in response to a pressure differences between the first fluid pipe portion () and the second fluid pipe portion () to provide pressure compensation between the first fluid pipe portion () and the second fluid pipe portion (). 111. A pressure compensating system () for a dual fluid flow system , wherein the pressure compensating system () comprises:{'b': 3', '3', '3, 'i': a', 'b, 'a fluid pipe () having a first fluid pipe portion () and a second fluid pipe portion (),'}{'b': 3', '5', '7, 'i': a', 'a', 'a, 'sub': '2', 'wherein the first fluid pipe portion () has a first fluid inlet () and a first fluid outlet () for a first fluid flow (O),'}{'b': 3', '5', '7, 'i': b', 'b', 'b, 'sub': 2', '2, 'wherein the second fluid pipe portion () has a second fluid inlet () and a second fluid outlet () for a second fluid flow (H) separate from the first fluid flow (O), and'}{'b': 11', '3', '3', '3', '11', '3', '7', '7', '7', '7', '3', '3', '3', '3, 'i': a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b', 'a', 'b, 'a pressure compensator () arranged in the fluid pipe (), separating the first fluid pipe portion () and the ...

ION-EXCHANGE MEMBRANE ELECTROLYSIS DEVICE

An ion-exchange membrane electrolysis device includes an ion-exchange membrane electrolytic cell and an integrally formed integrated flow channel device. The ion-exchange membrane electrolytic cell generates a gas comprising hydrogen. The integrated flow channel device has a first setting structure, a water tank structure, a gas flow channel system and a water flow channel system. The water tank structure accommodates water. The first setting structure is configured for removably fixing the ion-exchange membrane electrolytic cell to the integrated flow channel device. The water flow channel system connects the water tank structure and the first setting structure for inputting the water in the water tank structure into the ion-exchange membrane electrolytic cell. The gas flow channel system is connected to the first setting structure for receiving and transporting the gas comprising hydrogen. Therefore, the present invention integrates functionally independent pathways, decreases pipeline connections, reduces volume of device, and improves safety of operation. 1. An ion-exchange membrane electrolysis device , comprising:an ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell configured to electrolyze water to produce a gas comprising hydrogen and a gas comprising oxygen; andan integrated flow channel device including:a water tank structure configured for accommodating water;a first setting structure configured for detachably fastening the ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell to the integrated flow channel device;a water flow channel system coupled to the water tank structure and the first setting structure to input the water from the water tank structure to the ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell; anda gas flow channel system coupled to the first setting structure to receive the gas comprising hydrogen generated by the ion-exchange membrane electrolysis cell;wherein the first setting structure has a hydrogen input port, an oxygen input port and a water output port, the ...

OXYHYDROGEN GAS SUPPLY EQUIPMENT

An oxyhydrogen gas supply equipment includes a gas supply unit, an allocating unit and a mixing unit. The gas supply unit includes an electrolysis device, and an oxygen gas delivery pipeline and a hydrogen gas delivery pipeline that are connected to the electrolysis device. The allocating unit includes a buffer tank connected to the oxygen gas delivery pipeline, and a throttle valve connected to the buffer tank and operable to regulate oxygen gas output therefrom. The mixing unit includes a mixing tank connected to the hydrogen gas delivery pipeline and throttle valve, an output pipeline connected to the mixing tank, and a detector for detecting oxygen gas content inside the mixing tank to regulate the oxygen gas output from the throttle valve. 1. An oxyhydrogen gas supply equipment , comprising: an electrolysis device that is capable of generating hydrogen gas and oxygen gas through electrolysis, and', 'an oxygen gas delivery pipeline and a hydrogen gas delivery pipeline that are connected to said electrolysis device;, 'a gas supply unit including'} a buffer tank that is connected to said oxygen gas delivery pipeline of said gas supply unit, and', 'a throttle valve that is connected to said buffer tank and that is operable to regulate output of the oxygen gas from said buffer tank; and, 'an allocating unit including'} a mixing tank that is directly connected to said hydrogen gas delivery pipeline of said gas supply unit and said throttle valve of said allocating unit and that is adapted for mixing the hydrogen gas from said hydrogen gas delivery pipeline and the oxygen gas from said throttle valve to form oxyhydrogen gas,', 'an output pipeline that is connected to said mixing tank and that is operable to discharge the oxyhydrogen gas from said mixing tank to outside, and', 'a detector for detecting oxygen gas content of the oxyhydrogen gas inside said mixing tank to regulate the output of the oxygen gas from said throttle valve., 'a mixing unit including'}2. The ...

ELECTROLYZED WATER GENERATOR

An electrolyzed water generator includes an anode, a cathode, a cation exchange membrane, a housing having a first through-hole and a second through-hole, a first feeder shaft, and a second feeder shaft. Each of the first feeder shaft and the second feeder shaft has an engaging portion. Each of the first through-hole and the second through-hole has an engaged portion. The engaging portion and the engaged portion are engaged with each other to inhibit a positional shift of the first feeder shaft against the first through-hole in the given direction and to inhibit a positional shift of the second feeder shaft against the second through-hole in the given direction. 1. An electrolyzed water generator comprising:an anode;a cathode;a cation exchange membrane provided between the anode and the cathode;a housing having an inlet into which water flows and an outlet from which water flows out, the housing enclosing the anode, the cathode, and the cation exchange membrane and having a first through-hole and a second through-hole;a first feeder shaft electrically connected to the anode, the first feeder shaft extending in a given direction to penetrate the first through-hole; anda second feeder shaft electrically connected to the cathode, the second feeder shaft extending in the given direction to penetrate the second through-hole,wherein each of the first feeder shaft and the second feeder shaft has an engaging portion,each of the first through-hole and the second through-hole has an engaged portion, andthe engaging portion and the engaged portion are engaged with each other to inhibit a positional shift of the first feeder shaft against the first through-hole in the given direction and to inhibit a positional shift of the second feeder shaft against the second through-hole in the given direction.2. The electrolyzed water generator according to claim 1 , whereineach of the first feeder shaft and the second feeder shaft has a first shaft portion having a relatively large ...

ELECTROLYTIC SOLUTION GENERATOR

An electrolytic solution generator includes an electrolyzing unit having a stacked structure in which a conductive film is interpose between a cathode and an anode, the electrolyzing unit electrolyzing a liquid, and a housing in which the electrolyzing unit is placed. A channel is disposed in the housing, and a groove is disposed in the electrolyzing unit, as a groove which is open to the channel and to which at least a part of an interface between the conductive film and the cathode and an interface between the conductive film and the anode is exposed. A space is disposed between at least either an outer periphery of the cathode or an outer periphery of the anode and an inner surface of the housing. 1. An electrolytic solution generator comprising:an electrolyzing unit having a stacked structure in which a conductive film is interposed between a cathode and an anode, the electrolyzing unit electrolyzing a liquid; anda housing in which the electrolyzing unit is disposed,wherein the housing includes a channel, the channel having an inlet into which a liquid to be supplied to the electrolyzing unit flows and an outlet from which an electrolytic solution generated by the electrolyzing unit flows out, the channel causing a liquid to flow in a liquid-flow direction intersecting a stacking direction of the stacked structure,wherein the electrolyzing unit includes a groove, the groove being open to the channel, at least a part of an interface between the conductive film and the cathode and an interface between the conductive film and the anode being exposed to the groove, andwherein a space is disposed between at least either an outer periphery of the cathode or an outer periphery of the anode and an inner surface of the housing.2. The electrolytic solution generator according to claim 1 , whereinthe space has a first space disposed between the outer periphery of the cathode and the inner surface of the housing.3. The electrolytic solution generator according to claim 1 , ...

Electrochemical reaction device

An electrochemical reaction device comprises: an anode unit to oxidize water and thus generate oxygen; a cathode unit to reduce carbon dioxide and thus generate a carbon compound and hydrogen; a separator separating the anode and cathode units; and a power supply connected to the anode and cathode units, the cathode unit including: a porous member having a first surface and a second surface; a flow path plate facing the first surface; and a reduction catalyst on the second surface, and the flow path plate including: a flow path through which a target gas containing the carbon dioxide flows; and a porous film separating a first space and a second space inside the flow path and being permeated with an ionic liquid, the ionic liquid being configured to separate the carbon dioxide from the target gas.

Electrolysis device

An electrolysis device ( 7 ) includes a water circuit ( 6 ), in which an electrolyzer ( 5 ), a collection container ( 1 ) and at least one pump ( 2 ) are arranged. The water is pumped by way of the at least one pump ( 2 ) out of the collection container ( 1 ) to the electrolyzer ( 5 ). The water circuit ( 6 ) is branched into at least one first branch ( 8 ) and into a second branch ( 9 ) which is parallel to the first branch ( 8 ). The electrolyzer ( 5 ) is arranged in the first branch ( 8 ) and a heat exchanger ( 3 ), for cooling the water, is arranged in the second branch ( 9 ).

METHOD AND ARRANGEMENT FOR DISTRIBUTING REACTANTS INTO AN ELECTROLYZER CELL

An input reactant flow guiding arrangement for a solid oxide electrolyzer cell includes a flow distribution area and a flow outlet area, each on the flow field plate. The arrangement guides input reactant flow to the flow distribution area from sides of the electrolyzer cell, and turns at least one of the input reactant feed flow and the input reactant outlet flow to equalize flow distribution on an electrolyte element. A reactant flow adjusting structure with flow restriction orifices has at least one geometrical shape for adjusting homogenously at least one of the input reactant feed flow and input reactant outlet flow over an electrolyte element based on a flow functional effect of the at least one geometrical shape of the flow adjusting structure, the flow adjusting structure having flow restriction orifices of definable height and a gasket structure having at least partly an elliptical shape. 1. An input reactant flow guiding arrangement for a solid oxide electrolyzer cell , the cell having an input reactant side , an oxygen rich side , and an electrolyte element between the input reactant side and the oxygen rich side , wherein the input reactant flow guiding arrangement comprises:a flow field plate for each cell to arrange air flow on a first side of the flow field plate and fuel flow on a second side of flow field plate;a flow distribution area on the flow field plate;a flow outlet area on the flow field plate;means for guiding input reactant flow to the flow distribution area from sides of the electrolyzer cell;means for turning at least one of the input reactant feed flow on the flow distribution area and input reactant outlet flow on the flow outlet area in order to equalize flow distribution on an electrolyte element; anda reactant flow adjusting structure with flow restriction orifices having at least one geometrical shape for adjusting homogenously at least one of the input reactant feed flow and input reactant outlet flow over an electrolyte element ...

METHODS FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC DECARBOXYLATION OF SUGARS

Methods for decarboxylating carbohydrate acids in a divided electrochemical cell are disclosed using a cation membrane. The improved methods are more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional methods. 1. A method of decarboxylating a carbohydrate acid in an electrochemical cell , comprising:providing an electrochemical cell having two compartments divided by a cation membrane for monovalent cation transfer between the two compartments, the first compartment containing catholyte and a cathode, and the second compartment containing carbohydrate acid, anolyte, and an anode;providing an electrical current to the cell thereby producing an aldehydic carbohydrate in the anolyte and monovalent cation hydroxide;wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid maintains neutralization of the available carbohydrate acid for decarboxylation.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cation membrane is permeable to hydroxide ions to at least partially maintain the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the current efficiency for monovalent cation transfer across the cation membrane is less than 90% claim 2 , preferably less than 80% claim 2 , and more preferably less than 75%.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid is at least partially maintained by adding cation hydroxide selected from the group consisting of: sodium hydroxide claim 1 , potassium hydroxide claim 1 , lithium hydroxide claim 1 , and ammonium hydroxide.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the monovalent cation hydroxide added to the anolyte is produced in the catholyte of the divided cell during the decarboxylation of a carbohydrate acid.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid is at least partially maintained by concurrently circulating the carbohydrate acid solution through two sets of electrolytic cells claim 1 , where one set of cells is a divided ...

METHOD FOR THE PREPARATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS

Method for the preparation of synthesis gas combining electrolysis of carbon dioxide, autothermal reforming and 5 optionally tubular steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feed stock. 1. Method for the preparation of synthesis gas comprising the steps of(a) providing a hydrocarbon feed stock;(b) preparing a separate carbon monoxide containing stream and a separate oxygen containing stream by electrolysis of carbon dioxide;(c) optionally tubular steam reforming at least a part of the hydrocarbon feed stock from step (a) to a tubular steam reformed gas upstream step (c);(d) autothermal reforming in an autothermal reformer the hydrocarbon feed stock or the optionally tubular steam reformed gas with at least a part of the oxygen containing stream obtained by the electrolysis of carbon dioxide in step (b) to an autothermal reformed gas stream comprising hydrogen, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide;(e) introducing at least part of the separate oxygen containing stream from step (b) into the autothermal reformer (f) introducing at least part of the separate carbon monoxide containing stream from step (b) into the autothermal reformed gas stream from step (d); and(g) withdrawing the synthesis gas.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the H2/CO ratio is less than 2.3. The method of claim 1 , comprising the further step of heat exchange reforming at least a part of the hydrocarbon feed stock from step (a) to a heat exchange reformed gas using at least part of the autothermal reformed gas stream from step (d) in combination with the heat exchange reformed gas as heating source for the heat exchange reformer to provide a reformed gas.4. The method of claim 1 , comprising the further step of separating air into a separate stream containing oxygen and into a separate stream containing nitrogen and introducing at least a part of the separate stream containing oxygen into the autothermal reformer in step (d).5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a part of the hydrocarbon feed stock from step ( ...

Electrolysis System for Carbon Dioxide

The present disclosure relates to electrolysis systems and methods. The teachings thereof may be embodied in methods and systems for the utilization of carbon dioxide and production of carbon monoxide. For example, a method may include: passing an electrolyte and carbon dioxide in front of a cathode through a cathode chamber; and removing electrolysis byproducts from an electrolyte/electrolysis product mixture using a catalytic filter system. The cathode may include material to reduce carbon dioxide. The process may generate a hydrocarbon compound or carbon monoxide as the electrolysis product and a formate as an electrolysis byproduct. The filter system may include a functionalized complex or a functionalized support material which catalyzes a cleavage reaction of formates (a) to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, or (b) to water and carbon monoxide. 1. A method for carbon dioxide utilization by means of an electrolysis system , the method comprising:passing an electrolyte and carbon dioxide in front of a cathode through a cathode chamber;wherein the cathode comprises an electrode and/or catalyst material with which carbon dioxide is reduced;wherein a hydrocarbon compound or carbon monoxide is generated as electrolysis product and a formate is generated as electrolysis byproduct; andremoving electrolysis byproducts from an electrolyte/electrolysis product mixture using a catalytic filter system comprising a functionalized complex or a functionalized support material which catalyzes a cleavage reaction of formates (a) to hydrogen and carbon dioxide, or (b) to water and carbon monoxide.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:guiding the electrolyte in a closed circuit; andthermally regenerating the filter system.3. An electrolysis system for carbon dioxide utilization comprising:an electrolysis cell having an anode in an anode chamber, a cathode in a cathode chamber, and a filter unit;the cathode chamber takes up an electrolysis reactant comprising carbon ...

HIGH STRENGTH, LOW SALT HYPOCHLORITE PRODUCTION

High strength, low salt solutions of alkali hypochlorite (e.g. sodium hypochlorite) can advantageously be produced in a system comprising a subsystem in which alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine are reacted to produce alkali hypochlorite and salt solids in a crystallizer, while drawing a vacuum in the crystallizer. In a system comprising a chlor-alkali plant, the alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine can be directly obtained (i.e. without concentrating) from the electrolyzer in the plant. A net energy savings in the system can be achieved and water consumption in the chlor-alkali plant can be substantially decreased by returning chlorinated condensate from the crystallizer to the recycle line in the chlor-alkali plant. Salt can be efficiently recovered by redissolving the salt solids produced in depleted brine and returning it directly to the electrolyzer. As a result, high strength, low salt hypochlorite can be produced without the need to evaporate caustic. 1. A process for producing a high strength , low salt solution of an alkali hypochlorite in a system comprising a subsystem for reacting an alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine to produce the alkali hypochlorite , the process comprising:providing the alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine to the subsystem;reacting the obtained alkali hydroxide solution and chlorine in a crystallizer to produce a mixture comprising the alkali hypochlorite solution and solids of an alkali chloride salt;drawing a vacuum in the crystallizer during the reacting;removing the alkali hypochlorite solution from the crystallizer, thereby producing the high strength, low salt solution; andseparating the alkali chloride salt solids from the mixture.2. The process of wherein the alkali is sodium and the alkali hypochlorite is sodium hypochlorite.3. The process of wherein the system comprises a chlor-alkali plant comprising an electrolyzer and an alkali brine recycle line claim 1 , the recycle line directs a stream of supply brine to ...

ELECTROLYTIC HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN GAS INHALER

Provided is a portable electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen gas suction tool capable of selectively generating hydrogen and oxygen. This electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen gas suction tool is characterized by including an electrolysis tank capable of storing water and constituted by an upper part and a lower part which are fluidically connected to each other therein and integrally molded, a pair of electrodes disposed in the lower part in the electrolysis tank, standing substantially in parallel with a vertical direction of the electrolysis tank, and faced with each other in a lateral direction, a battery, and a control substrate which supplies power from the battery, in which the electrode is supplied with or shut off from power supply from the battery by the control substrate. 1. An electrolytic hydrogen and oxygen gas suction tool , comprising:an electrolysis tank capable of storing water and constituted by an upper part and a lower part which are fluidically connected to each other therein and integrally molded;a pair of electrodes disposed in the lower part in the electrolysis tank, standing substantially in parallel with a vertical direction of the electrolysis tank, and faced with each other in a lateral direction;a battery; anda control substrate which supplies power from the battery, whereinthe electrode is supplied with or shut off from power supply from the battery by the control substrate;a partition member extending downward from a boundary between the upper part and the lower part of the electrolysis tank passing between the pair of electrodes is integrally molded and provided in the lower part of the electrolysis tank;the pair of electrodes are fluidically connected to each other in the lower part of the electrolysis tank; andopening/closing means which enables switching of gaseous connection between one and/or the other of the pair of electrodes separated by the partition member and the upper part of the electrolysis tank is provided.2. The electrolytic ...

HYDROGEN FLOW AND RATIO CONTROL USING ELECTROLYZER STACK CURRENT

Disclosed herein are methods, devices and systems to control hydrogen flow and ratios by using electrolyzer stack current to control to gas flowrate and ratio control through using only an electrolyzer stack current to control the Hmass flow rate to downstream processes requiring precise ratio control of the Hinput gas with other process inputs, like CO, for example. In an embodiment, the systems disclosed herein deliver a precise ratio control to maintain a stable reaction and minimize excess Hand COin the product 1. A device for measuring the amount of hydrogen in a solution wherein the device measures the direct current output from an electrolyzer that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen and wherein the device measures the direct current output generated by a power supply and wherein the device uses Equation 1 to provide the amount of hydrogen in a solution.2. The device of that does not use a Coriolis mass flowmeter.3. The device of wherein the electrolyzer comprises a polymer electrolyte membrane.4. A system comprising a bioreactor claim 1 , a power supply claim 1 , an electrolyzer and a device for measuring the amount of hydrogen in a solution wherein the device measures the direct current output from an electrolyzer that separates water into hydrogen and oxygen and wherein the device measures the direct current output generated by a power supply and wherein the device uses Equation 1 to provide the amount of hydrogen in a solution.5. The system of wherein the bioreactor comprises a biocatalyst that uses carbon dioxide and hydrogen to generate methane claim 4 , water and heat and wherein the amount of hydrogen in the solution is determined and controlled by using the device and wherein the amount of hydrogen in the solution is changed depending upon the amount of carbon dioxide in the bioreactor in order to maximize the amount of methane produced by the bioreactor.6. The system of wherein the device does not use a Coriolis mass flowmeter.7. The system of ...

WATER ELECTROLYSIS SYSTEM

A water electrolysis device of a water electrolysis system includes an ion exchange membrane, an anode, and a cathode. A water supply unit supplies water to the water electrolysis device. A power supply applies a voltage to the anode and the cathode. A water removal unit separates water from the hydrogen gas discharged from the cathode. An electrochemical hydrogen compressor boosts the pressure of hydrogen gas. An oxygen gas discharge regulating unit makes the pressure of the oxygen gas generated in the anode higher than the pressure of the hydrogen gas generated in the cathode. 1. A water electrolysis system including a water electrolysis device having an anode and a cathode which are disposed so as to interpose an ion exchange membrane therebetween and are isolated from each other , the water electrolysis device being configured to electrolyze water to thereby generate oxygen gas in the anode and generate hydrogen gas in the cathode , the water electrolysis system comprising:a water supply unit configured to supply water to the water electrolysis device;a power supply configured to apply a voltage to the anode and the cathode;a water removal unit configured to separate water from the hydrogen gas discharged from the cathode;an electrochemical hydrogen compressor configured to boost a pressure of the hydrogen gas from which the water has been separated by the water removal unit; andan oxygen gas discharge regulating unit configured to regulate discharge of the oxygen gas generated in the anode, so that a pressure of the oxygen gas generated in the anode is higher than a pressure of the hydrogen gas generated in the cathode.2. The water electrolysis system according to claim 1 , whereinthe water removal unit is a gas-liquid separator configured to separate liquid water from hydrogen gas, andthe water separated from the hydrogen gas by the water removal unit is supplied to the water electrolysis device.3. The water electrolysis system according to claim 1 , ...

SUSTAINABLE, FACILE SEPARATION OF THE MOLTEN CARBONATE ELECTROLYSIS CATHODE PRODUCT

A process for the separation of electrolyte from the carbon in a solid carbon/electrolyte cathode product formed at the cathode during molten carbonate electrolysis. The processes allow for easy separation of the solid carbon product from the electrolyte without any observed detrimental effect on the structure and/or stability of the resulting solid carbon nanomaterial. 1. A process for separation of carbon products from a carbon electrolyte , the process comprising:(i) heating the carbon electrolyte to form a molten carbonate with tangled matrices;(ii) applying a force to the molten carbonate to remove a solid carbon product;(iii) removing the force; and(iv) isolating the solid carbon product.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein steps (i)-(iii) are repeated two claim 1 , three or four times claim 1 , prior to step (iv).3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the force applies a pressure of between 10 psi and 100 claim 1 ,000 psi.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon electrolyte is removed through an interface with pores.5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the interface with pores comprises a porous carbon felt claim 4 , a graphite felt claim 4 , a metal mesh claim 4 , a porous or sieve ceramic claim 4 , or any combination thereof.6. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the pore size of the interface is between about 10 μm and about 10 mm.7. The process according to wherein the process is conducted at a temperature between about 399° C. and about 900° C.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the process further comprises applying a vacuum during the separation process.9. The process according to claim 8 , wherein the process is conducted at a pressure between about 0.1 and about 0.9 atmospheres.10. The process according to claim 8 , wherein the process is conducted at a pressure less than about 0.1 atmospheres.11. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the process is conducted under a gas that is free or ...

HIGH-CONCENTRATION TIN SULFONATE AQUEOUS SOLUTION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

The present invention provides a high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution, in which a divalent tin ion (Sn) concentration is 360 g/L to 420 g/L, a tetravalent tin ion (Sn) concentration is 10 g/L or less, a free methanesulfonic acid concentration is 40 g/L or less, a Hazen unit color number (APHA) is 240 or less, and a turbidity is 25 FTU or less. This aqueous solution is produced such that stannous oxide powder whose temperature is adjusted to a temperature of 10° C. or lower is added to an aqueous methanesulfonic acid solution having a concentration of 60% by mass to 90% by mass when the aqueous solution circulates in a state of being maintained at the temperature of 10° C. or lower, and the stannous oxide powder is dissolved. 1. A high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution ,{'sup': '2+', 'wherein a divalent tin ion (Sn) concentration is 360 g/L to 420 g/L,'}{'sup': '4+', 'a tetravalent tin ion (Sn) concentration is 10 g/L or less,'}a free methanesulfonic acid concentration is 40 g/L or less,a Hazen unit color number (APHA) is 240 or less, anda turbidity is 25 FTU or less.2. The high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution according to claim 1 ,wherein the high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution contains impurities of a plurality of kinds of metals, anda total content of the plurality of kinds of metals is 30 mg/L or less in terms of metal.3. The high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution according to claim 2 ,wherein the plurality of kinds of metals includes sodium, potassium, lead, iron, nickel, copper, zinc, arsenic, antimony, aluminum, silver, bismuth, magnesium, calcium, titanium, chromium, manganese, cobalt, indium, tungsten, thallium, and cadmium.4. The high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution according to claim 2 ,wherein a content of each of the plurality of kinds of metals is 10 mg/L or less in terms of metal.5. The high-concentration tin sulfonate aqueous solution according to claim 1 ,wherein the high- ...