СИСТЕМЫ И СПОСОБЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ПУТЕМ ИНТЕГРИРОВАННОЙ ВЫРАБОТКИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ПОЛНОГО СПЕКТРА

В одном варианте выполнения изобретения предложен способ подачи электроэнергии при помощи источника возобновляемой энергии, включающий: обеспечение первого источника возобновляемой энергии, причем первый источник возобновляемой энергии является непостоянным или не обеспечивает достаточного количества энергии; подачу энергии от первого источника возобновляемой энергии на электролизер с целью формирования энергоносителя посредством электролиза; избирательное реверсирование электролизера, позволяющее использовать его в качестве топливного элемента; и подачу энергоносителя на электролизер для выработки энергии, причем первый источник возобновляемой энергии, электролизер или энергоноситель получает дополнительное тепло от первого источника тепла; и первый источник тепла выбран из группы, состоящей из геотермального и солнечного источника тепла. 5 н. и 36 з.п. ф-лы, 26 ил.

СПОСОБ ОЧИСТКИ РАСТВОРОВ ГИДРОКСИДОВ ЧЕТВЕРТИЧНОГО АММОНИЯ

Использование: снижение содержания латентного галида в растворе гидроксида четвертичного аммония. Сущность изобретения: способ включает в себя следующие стадии: загрузку раствора, содержащего по крайней мере один гидроксид четвертичного аммония с включенным в него латентным галоидом в указанную электрическую ячейку, содержащую анод, катод, а в ряде случаев - разделительную мембрану, пропускание через ячейку электрического тока в целях снижения содержания латентного галоида в растворе, выделение раствора гидроксида четвертичного аммония из электролитической ячейки. Описан способ содержания латентного и ионного галоида. 5 с. 9 з. п. ф-лы, 2 ил.

МОДУЛЬНЫЕ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЕ ЯЧЕЙКИ

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

... 1. Способ производства углеводородов из диоксида углерода и воды, в котором:обеспечивают первый реакционный сосуд (14), содержащий положительный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую воду и ионизирующий материал;обеспечивают второй реакционный сосуд (12), содержащий отрицательный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую смесь воды и диоксида углерода;соединяют первый и второй реакционные сосуды средством связи, которое обеспечивает проход электронов и/или ионов между электролитическими средами первого и второго реакционных сосудов;прилагают постоянный электрический ток к положительному электроду и отрицательному электроду, обеспечивая поток электронов от катода к аноду через электролитические среды в реакционных сосудах (12 и 14) и образование углеводородов в реакционном сосуде (12).2. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды включают метан.3. Способ по п.1, в котором в реакционном сосуде (14) образуется кислород.4. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды извлекают ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ РАСТИТЕЛЬНЫХ БЕЛКОВ

... 1. Способ обогащения, выделения или извлечения растительных белков из водной жидкости, согласно которому в указанной жидкости получают пузырьки газа, представляющие собой пузырьки водорода или водородсодержащей газовой смеси или электрохимически полученные пузырьки газа, с образованием пены, содержащей растворенные растительные белки, и указанную пену отделяют от жидкости.2. Способ по п. 1, отличающийся тем, что пузырьки газа в жидкости получают электрохимически в электролитической ячейке с разделенными или неразделенными электродными пространствами.3. Способ по любому из пп. 1 или 2, отличающийся тем, что пузырьки газа получают по меньшей мере на одном электроде, содержащем платину, иридий, рутений, иридий и рутений, графит, токопроводящий углеродный материал или токопроводящий алмаз.4. Способ по любому из пп. 1-2, отличающийся тем, что из пены, отделенной от жидкости, выделяют жидкий продукт или промежуточный продукт, который имеет более высокое содержание растительных белков, чем исходная ...

ЦЕПНАЯ МОДИФИКАЦИЯ ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО МЕТАНА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ АКТИВАЦИИ В ВОДНОЙ СРЕДЕ НА ТРЕХФАЗНОЙ ГРАНИЦЕ РАЗДЕЛА

... 1. Способ модификации цепи углеводородов и органических соединений, содержащий:контактирование водного электролита, силового электрода, включающего в себя катализатор, и газообразного метанового сырья в зоне реакции; иактивацию метана в водной электрохимической реакции для создания метильных радикалов на силовом электроде с получением продукта.2. Способ по п. 1, причем газообразное метановое сырье представляет собой поток метана или природный газ.3. Способ по п. 1, причем продукт включает в себя длинноцепочечные углеводороды.4. Способ по п. 3, причем продукт включает в себя этилен, бутан или октан.5. Способ по п. 3, причем продукт дополнительно включает в себя метанол и высшие спирты.6. Способ по п. 1, причем продукт включает в себя спирты.7. Способ по п. 6, причем спирты включают в себя метанол, этанол, пропанол, бутанол.8. Способ по п. 1, причем катализатор содержит металл, неорганическую соль металла или металлоорганическое соединение.9. Способ по п. 6, причем водный электролит включает ...

HERSTELLUNG VON ONIUMHYDROXIDEN IN ELEKTROCHEMISCHEN ZELLEN

Elektrolytisches Verfahren zur Herstellung von quarternaeren Ammoniumhydroxyden

Process for preparing 3-exomethylenecepham derivatives

This invention provides a process for preparing 3-exomethylenecepham derivatives represented by the formula wherein R1 is arylacetylamino, aryloxyacetylamino, heterocyclic acetylamino or imido, and R2 is a protective group for the carboxyl, the process being characterized in that a 3-halomethylcephem compound represented by the formula wherein R1 and R2 are as defined above, and X is a halogen atom is electrolyzed in a mixture of a hydrophilic organic solvent and water.

A coated medical device

ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS

There is described an electrolytic cell and a process for removing the halide or other anion from an organic salt having as general formula A+X-, wherein A+ is an organic cation and X- is a halide or other anion. Typical compounds of this type are the hydrohalides of nitrogen bases or other salts or hydrosalts of such bases or compounds notably salts (hydrohalides) of quaternary ammonium bases or of amines or amides. However the process herein contemplated may be applied to the removal of anions, e.g. chloride, which are present as an impurity or in combination with the organic compound.

Method and apparatus for providing a substance for the analysis of isotope ratios

Method for production of sugars from biomass

A process for the production of monosaccharides from biomass comprising cellulose and hemicellulose, the process comprising: adjusting pH of a biomass material to a value below pH 5 by adding inorganic acid; converting all cellulose and hemicellulose into monosaccharides by passing alternating electric current through the biomass, wherein the said step occurs in a monosaccharide production reactor. The biomass conversion into monosaccharides is preferably conducted at a pH range of 4.5-1, particularly 4.5-3.5; preferably at a temperature range of 70-160°C; and preferably at a pressure of 1-6 bara. The frequency of the alternating electric current is preferably in the range of 30-10000 Hz, particularly 50-60 Hz. The inorganic acid is preferably hydrochloric or sulfuric acid. The monosaccharide production reactor may be an ohmic heater. A monosaccharides production reactor comprising at least two electrodes contained within a cylindrical vessel having inlet and outlet ports at opposite ends ...

Method of preparation of N-phosphonométhylglycine, product obtained and its weedkillers applications.

ELECTROLYSIS PROCEDURE AND - CELL FOR THE SEPARATION OF AN ANION FROM AN ORGANIC COMPOUND

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC METAL CONNECTIONS BY ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF METALS AND H-ACIDEN CONNECTIONS

PRODUCTION OF BUTANTETRACARBONSÄUREDERIVATEN MEANS COUPLING ELECTRICAL SYNTHESIS

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON AROMATISCHEN AKLAN- SAEUREESTERN DURCH ANODISCHE ACYLOXYLIERUNG DES AROMATISCHEN KERNS

PROCEDURE FOR the ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF n (ALPHA ALKOXYATHYL) - CARBON SOUR AMIDES

PRODUCTION OF ONIUMHYDROXIDEN IN ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CELLS

PRODUCTION OF QUARTAEREN AMMONIUM HYDROXIDES.

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF ALKALI METAL ALCOHOLATES AND ITS APPLICATION FOR THE RECOVERY OF THE CATALYST WITH THE METHYL FORMATE SYNTHESIS

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF SUBSTITUTED AROMATIC AMINES IN BASIC MEDIA.

MANUFACTURING PROCESS OF QUATERNAEREN CAUSTIC AMMONIAS OF HIGH PURITY.

PROCEDURE FOR THE ELECTRICAL SYNTHESIS OF KETONEN.

PROCEDURE FOR THE ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CONVERSION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS AT DIAMOND ELECTRODES

Zinc lanthanide sulfonic acid electrolytes

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS

Systems and devices for treating and monitoring water, wastewater and other biodegradable matter

The invention relates to bio-electrochemical systems for the generation of methane from organic material and for reducing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogenous waste through denitrification. The invention further relates to an electrode for use in, and a system for, the adaptive control of bio-electrochemical systems as well as a fuel cell.

Electrochemical process for producing ionic liquids

Electrodes/electrolyte assembly, reactor and method for direct am i nation of hydrocarbons

An electrodes/electrolyte assembly - MEA, electrochemical membrane reactor - is described and a method for the direct amination of hydrocarbons, namely for the direct amination of benzene to aniline, and a method for the preparation of said electrodes/electrolyte assembly. The presented solution allows the increase of conversion of said amination to above 60%, even at low temperatures, i.e., between 200°C and 450°C; preferably between 300°C and 400°C. The electrodes/electrolyte assembly for direct amination of hydrocarbons comprises: an anode (1) that is an electrons and protons conductor and that includes a composite porous matrix, comprised by a ceramic fraction and a catalyst for said amination at temperatures lower than 450°C; a porous cathode (3) that is an electrons and protons conductor and that comprises an electrocatalyst; an electrolyte (2) that is a protons or ions conductor and electrically insulating, located between the anode (1) and the cathode (3), made of a composite ceramic ...

Electrodes/electrolyte assembly, reactor and method for direct amination of hydrocarbons

An electrodes/electrolyte assembly - MEA, electrochemical membrane reactor - is described and a method for the direct amination of hydrocarbons, namely for the direct amination of benzene to aniline, and a method for the preparation of said electrodes/electrolyte assembly. The presented solution allows the increase of conversion of said amination to above 60%, even at low temperatures, i.e., between 200°C and 450°C; preferably between 300°C and 400°C. The electrodes/electrolyte assembly for direct amination of hydrocarbons comprises: an anode (1) that is an electrons and protons conductor and that includes a composite porous matrix, comprised by a ceramic fraction and a catalyst for said amination at temperatures lower than 450°C; a porous cathode (3) that is an electrons and protons conductor and that comprises an electrocatalyst; an electrolyte (2) that is a protons or ions conductor and electrically insulating, located between the anode (1) and the cathode (3), made of a composite ceramic ...

PROCESS FOR THE ELECTROCATALYTIC CONVERSION OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONS TO SYNTHESIS GAS

Preparation of onium hydroxides in an electrochemical cell

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROQUINONE

INTEGRATION OF REFORMING/WATER SPLITTING AND ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS FOR POWER GENERATION WITH INTEGRATED CARBON CAPTURE

High efficiency electricity generation processes and systems with substantially zero CO2 emissions are provided. A closed looping between the unit that generates gaseous fuel (H2, CO, etc) and the fuel cell anode side is formed. In certain embodiments, the heat and exhaust oxygen containing gas from the fuel cell cathode side are also utilized for the gaseous fuel generation. The systems for converting fuel may comprise reactors configured to conduct oxidation- reduction reactions. The resulting power generation efficiencies are improved due to the minimized steam consumption for the gaseous fuel production.in the fuel cell anode loop as well as the strategic mass and energy integration schemes.

SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR TREATING AND MONITORING WATER, WASTEWATER AND OTHER BIODEGRADABLE MATTER

The invention relates to bio-electrochemical systems for the generation of methane from organic material and for reducing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogenous waste through denitrification. The invention further relates to an electrode for use in, and a system for, the adaptive control of bio-electrochemical systems as well as a fuel cell.

METHOD FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF A QUADRICYCLANE TO A NORBORNADIENE

... of the Invention A method based on a cyclic single electron transfer mechanism has been developed for the electrochemical initiation and interruption of the exothermic quadricyclane to norbornadiene conversion. The method includes the following steps: (a) forming an electroconductive solution comprising said quadricyclane and a neutral carrier oxidant compound in a solvent; (b) oxidizing said carrier oxidant compound to the corresponding cation radical of the oxidant compound by the application of an anodic potential to said solution; (c) oxidizing said quadricyclane to the corresponding quadricyclane cation radical by means of a single electron transfer from said quadricyclane to the cation radical of the oxidant compound, wherein the quadricyclane cation radical spontaneously isomerizes to the norbornadiene cation radical with the liberation of thermal energy; and (d) reducing the norbornadiene cation radical to the corresponding norbornadiene with the liberation of thermal energy, the ...

CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR PREPARING METAL ALKOXIDES

CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR PREPARING METAL ALKOXIDES A continuous process for the electrochemical production of insoluble metal alkoxides comprises the steps of continuously removing the slurry of alcoholic liquid electrolyte and product from the cell, separating the particulate product from the eleclyte, and returning the clarified electrolyte to the cell. C-5144 ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF METAL ALKOXIDES IN MEMBRANE CELL

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR METAL ALKOXIDES Metal alkoxides, such as antimony glyoxide, are produced in the anolyte of a compartmented electrochemical cell, characterized by the separation of the anolyte from the catholyte by an anion - exchange membrane. The anode comprises the sacrificial metal; the cathode is an indifferent material. Monohydric metal alkoxides also can be produced. C-5099 ...

PRODUCTION OF ORGANOTIN HALIDES

A process is disclosed for the direct production of organotin halides, particularly triorganotin halides by the reaction of elemental tin and an organotin halide in the presence of a reagent amount of an 'onium compound of the general formula Cat+X-. Cat+X- may represent a quaternary ammonium or phosphonium group or a ternary sulphonium group, or may also represent a complex of an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal with a polyoxygen compound. High yields of triorganotin halide product are obtained in contrast to results of reactions wherein Cat+X- is present in only catalytic amounts.

BIPOLE MATRIX ELECTRODE

An electrochemical reactor, particularly useful for the production of propylene oxide is provided. The reactor comprises two spaced apart monopole electrodes, and at least one electrically conducting matrix electrode disposed between the monopole electrodes. The matrix electrodes are dimensioned so that when a potential is applied across the monopole electrodes, and a mixture (i.e. an electrolyte or a mixture of electrolyte and a fluid immiscible therewith) of appropriate conductivity disposed therebetween, each matrix electrode acts as a bipole electrode. Preferably, fluid feed means is provided also for passing an immiscible fluid, in particular a gas, through the reactor simultaneously with the electrolyte. A method of operating the foregoing electrochemical reactor is also described.

PROCESS FOR STARTING MODE OR STAND-BY MODE OPERATION OF A POWER-TO-GAS UNIT COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS (SOEC) OR CO-ELECTROLYSIS REACTORS

The invention relates to a process for operating in starting mode or in stand- by mode a unit, termed power-to-gas unit, comprising a number N of reactors (1) with a stack of elemental electrolysis cells of solid oxide type (SOEC), the cathodes of which are made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s).

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING OXALIC ACID

A process for producing oxalic acid containing or having the following steps: i) Utilizing a chemical reaction to produce an alkali metal formate and/or alkaline earth metal formate; ii) Converting the alkali metal formate and/or alkaline earth metal formate to an alkali metal oxalate and/or alkaline earth metal oxalate in a thermal reaction, preferably utilizing hydrogen in the process; iii) Converting the alkali metal oxalate and/or alkaline earth metal oxalate to oxalic acid and an alkali metal base and/or alkaline earth metal base utilizing an electrochemical process; and iv) Recycling the alkali metal base and/or alkaline earth metal base from step (iii) to step (i).

METHOD FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC CONVERSION OF FURANE OR FURANE DERIVATIVES

The invention relates to electrolytic conversion of at least one furane derivative (A) in an electrolytic circuit, comprising steps (i) and (ii): (i) electrolytic oxidation of furane or a substituted furane or a mixture of two or more of said furanes to obtain (a) at least one furane derivative (B) exhibiting a C-C double bond in a heterocyclic five-membered ring and (b) hydrogen, (ii) hydrogenation of said C-C double bond using hydrogen obtained from step (i) in a parallel process occurring at said cathode or external- source hydrogen added to said electrolytic circuit or electrocatalytic hydrogenation. The invention is characterized in that said method is performed in an electrolysis cell which has at least one hydrogenation catalyst.

A SYSTEM FOR UTILIZING EXCESS HEAT FOR CARRYING OUT ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

A system and a method are provided for utilizing excess heat generated by an industrial process, in an electrochemical process. The system comprising: an electrochemical reactor for carrying out an electrochemical reaction, wherein the electrochemical reaction requires a pre-defined minimal temperature to be carried out; means operative to receive a gaseous feed stream generated in the industrial process and being at an elevated temperature; an inlet for introducing one or more chemical reactants to the electrochemical reactor; wherein the system is characterized in that the gaseous feed stream temperature is not constant and for at least part of the time, the temperature of the gaseous feed stream received by the system is lower than the required pre-defined minimal temperature.

ELECTROCARBOXYLATION SYNTHESIS FOR OBTAINING INTERMEDIATES USEFUL FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF SPAN DERIVATIVES

The present invention relates to a process for obtaining a compound of formula (1), (2) or (3) by means of a electrocarboxylation with CO2. The present invention also relates to the new intermediates (1) and (2). The present invention further relates to the use of intermediates (1) and (2) as starting materials for the synthesis of SPAN derivatives.

INTEGRATED PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CARBOXYLIC ACIDS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE

The present disclosure is a method and system for production of carboxylic based chemicals, including carboxylic acids and salts. A method for producing at oxalic acid may include receiving an anolyte feed at an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode and receiving a catholyte feed including carbon dioxide and an alkali metal hydroxide at a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode. Method may include applying an electrical potential between the anode and cathode sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to at least one reduction product and converting the at least one reduction product and the alkali metal hydroxide to an alkali metal oxalate via a thermal reactor. The method may further include receiving the alkali metal oxalate at an electrochemical acidification electrolyzer and converting the alkali metal oxalate to oxalic acid at the electrochemical acidification electrolyzer.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH PURITY HYDROXIDES AND ALKOXIDES

Title: METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH PURITY HYDROXIDES AND ALKOXIDES Processes are described for preparing organic and inorganic hydroxides or alkoxides and for improving the purity of organic and inorganic hydroxides oralkoxides utilizing an electrolysis cell. For example, a process for improving the purity of an organic or inorganic hydroxide is described, and the process comprises the steps of: (A) providing an electrolysis cell which comprises an anolyte compartment containing an anode, a catholyte compartment containing a cathode and water, and at least one intermediate compartment containing water, an organic liquid, or a mixture of water and an organic liquid, said at least one intermediate compart-ment being separated from the anolyte and catholyte compartments by at least twodividers selected from nonionic dividers, cation selective membranes, or combinations thereof; (B) charging a mixture comprising the organic or inorganic hydroxide and an oxidizable liquid to the anolyte compartment ...

STACKED PLATE CELL

A plate stack cell with series-connected stack electrodes in which at least one stack electrode consists of a graphite felt plate, a carbon felt plate, a fabric with a carbon-coated educt contact surface or a porous solid with a carbon-coated educt contact surface or contains such a material.

IN SITU BUILD-UP ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROLYSIS OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Described herein is an electrode made inside an electrochemical cell by entrapping in an open pore matrix a suspension of essentially non-soluble catalytic particles of high specific surface area. In preferred embodiments, the matrix is a piece of reticulated vitreous carbon and the catalytic particles are palladium.

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS FOR RECOVERY OF ASCORBIC ACID

The present invention relates to electrochemical methods for the recovery of ascorbic acid from an ascorbate salt without the co-generation of a waste salt stream and while maintaining high conductivity of the electrochemical cell thereby providing for quantitative conversion of the salts to ascorbic in both batch and continuous mode processes. In one embodiment the feed stream comprising an ascorbate salt is dissociated under the influence of an electric field and subjected to water splitting electrodialysis. The ascorbate ion combines with a proton and the salt cation combines with a hydroxyl ion to form ascorbic acid and base, respectively. The feed stream further comprises an inorganic salt which maintains high conductivity in the cell, facilitates quantitative conversion of ascorbate salts to ascorbid acid in both batch and continuous mode processes, and promotes precipitation and crystallization of ascorbid acid as a fine powder. Electrochemical cells useful in the methods include ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen von unlöslichen bis schwerlöslichen, bei Raumtemperatur festen oder zähflüssigen organischen Stoffen mit saurem Charakter.

Verfahren zur elektrolytischen Abtrennung von anorganischen Stoffen aus einer Monoamino-monocarbonsäuren, Monoamino-dicarbonsäuren und anorganische Stoffe enthaltenden Lösung.

Verfahren zur Oxydation oder Reduktion von organischen Verbindungen

Vorrichtung zur Durchführung elektrochemischer Reaktionen

Elektrolytisches Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines quartären Ammoniumhydroxydes

Procédé de préparation de solutions aqueuses d'hydrates ou d'arylsulfonates de tétra-alcoyl-ammonium

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur ständigen Steuerung des Ablaufs einer Enzym-Reaktion

Procédé de fabrication d'une électrode à action enzymatique

Process for the preparation of sulphones

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR the ACETOSSILAZIONE IN the NUCLEUS OF OF, TRI- OR TETRA-METILBENZENI IN ORGANIC COMPOUNDS.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF P-TERT. - BUTYLBENZALDEHYD.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PREPARATION OF EBURNAMONINE FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL WAY.

PROCEDURE FOR the PRODUCTION OF 3-EXOMETHYLENCEPHAM-DERIVATEN.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF THIOSULFONATVERBINDUNGEN.

PROCEDURE AND ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR THE ORGANIC COMPOUND PREPARATION.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL, PROVIDED WITH CONCENTRIC PAIRS OF ELECTRODES

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF COMPOSE ORGANIC

POWER STATION OF PRODUCTION OF METHANE

METHOD OF PREPARATION OF DERIVED From OXAZOLINE AZETIDINONE

element or electrochemical cell

PROCESS FOR the MANUFACTURE OF DERIVED From AMINO ACIDS

A PROCESS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF OLEFIN OXIDES

SYSTEME CATALYTIQUE ELECTROCHIMIQUE, SON PROCEDE DE PREPARATION ET SON APPLICATION A LA FABRICATION D'ALDEHYDES

SYSTEME CATALYTIQUE ELECTROCHIMIQUE COMPRENANT UN ELECTROLYTE, UNE CATHODE EN PLATINE, UNE ANODE EN ETAIN ET UN SOLVANT ELECTROCHIMIQUE. IL EST CARACTERISE EN CE QUE D'UNE PART L'ELECTROLYTE COMPREND AU MOINS UN COMPLEXE DE PLATINE DE FORMULE LPTX DANS LAQUELLE L EST UN LIGAND CHOISI PARMI LES BIS(DIPHENYLPHOSPHINO)ALCANES ET LES AMINOPHOSPHINE-PHOSPHINITES ET X EST UN ATOME D'HALOGENE, ET D'AUTRE PART LE SOLVANT ELECTROCHIMIQUE COMPREND AU MOINS UN CARBONATE D'ALCENE. APPLICATION A LA FABRICATION D'ALDEHYDES PAR HYDROFORMYLATION D'UN COMPOSE ORGANIQUE A INSATURATION ETHYLENIQUE PAR REACTION, A UNE TEMPERATURE COMPRISE ENTRE 15 ET 300C ET SOUS UNE PRESSION COMPRISE ENTRE 1 ET 350BARS, DUDIT COMPOSE ORGANIQUE AVEC UN MELANGE DE MONOXYDE DE CARBONE ET D'HYDROGENE EN PRESENCE D'UNE QUANTITE DUDIT SYSTEME CATALYTIQUE TELLE QUE LE RAPPORT MOLAIRE DU COMPOSE ORGANIQUE AU PLATINE DE L'ELECTROLYTE SOIT COMPRIS ENTRE 100 ET 10.000.

PROCESS Of ALCOHOL ELECTROSYNTHESIS

BIO-ELECTRODE REGENERATION OF A BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE - DEVICE AND METHOD

Process to separate and collect organic acids and bases of the beet molasses

PROCESS Of ALCOHOL ELECTROSYNTHESIS

PROCESS FOR the PREPARATION BY ELECTROLYTIC WAY OF the BENZENETHIOSULFONATE OF 2-BENZOTHIAZOLYLE OR ITS DERIVATIVES

NOVEL CATALYST MIXTURES

composição de cloreto de sódio, processo para a preparação de uma composição de cloreto de sódio e uso de uma composição de cloreto de sódio não aglomerante

ELECTROLYTIC METHOD TO MAKE ALKALI ALCOHOLATES USING ION CONDUCTING ALKALI ELECTROLYTE/SEPERATOR

Alkali alcoholates, also called alkali alkoxides, are produced from alkali metal salt solutions and alcohol using a three-compartment electrolytic cell (10). The electrolytic cell (10) includes an anolyte compartment (22) configured with an anode (26), a buffer compartment (24), and a catholyte compartment (20) configured with a cathode (28). An alkali ion conducting solid electrolyte (16) configured to selectively transport alkali ions is positioned between the anolyte compartment (22) and the buffer compartment (24). An alkali ion permeable separator (14) is positioned between the buffer compartment (24) and the catholyte compartment (20). The catholyte solution may include an alkali alcoholate and alcohol. The anolyte solution may include at least one alkali salt. The buffer compartment solution may include a soluble alkali salt and an alkali alcoholate in alcohol.

FORMING TEREPHTHALIC ACID BY ELECTROCHEMICAL ACIDIFICATION OF A SODIUM TEREPHTHALATE SOLUTION

The invention concerns a method for recuperating from saponification products of alkylene polyterephthalate with soda, both terephthalate ions in acid form and sodium ions in the form of soda and for optimising the recuperation process. The invention is characterised in that the sodium terephthalate solution resulting from dissolving these saponification products are subjected to a step of electrochemical pre-acidification to bring it to a pH of 4 to 7, then an electrochemical acidification by electrolysis to precipitate the terephthalic acid in the anode section and recuperate in the cathode the soda which can be recycled, if required, after being previously concentrated, to the step of saponification.

Method of making alkali metal alcoholates

Disclosed is a method of making an alkali metal alcoholate by performing the reaction см. иллюстрацию в PDF-документе where M is sodium or potassium, ROH is methanol, ethanol, propanol, or butanol, and D.C. is direct current. The process can be used to make sodium methylate in a modified Hybinette cell having a separator in between a cathode compartment and an anode compartment. The cell is filled with methanol and a solution of sodium chloride in methanol is added to the cathode compartment. When direct current is passed between the cathode and the anode, a solution of sodium methylate in methanol collects in the anode compartment. The solution of sodium methylate can be continuously removed and cooled to separate any sodium chloride in it which can be recycled back to the cathode compartment. Alternatively, the sodium chloride can be added to the anode compartment while an inert salt is added to the cathode compartment. The process can also be performed in a three-compartment cell.

Process for preparing oxazolineazetidinone derivatives

This invention provides a process for preparing an oxazolineazetidinone derivative represented by the formula см. иллюстрацию в PDF-документе (wherein R1 represents hydrogen atom, alkyl group, alkenyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aralkyl group, substituted or unsubstituted aryl group, or substituted or unsubstituted aryloxymethyl group, R2 represents free or protected carboxyl group and R3 represents hydrogen atom or methoxy group) from a penicillin derivative represented by the formula см. иллюстрацию в PDF-документе wherein R1, R2 and R3 are as defined above.

Process for the addition of iodoperfluoroalkanes onto ethylenic or acetylenic compounds by electrocatalysis

The process for the addition of iodoperfluoroalkanes of the formula CF3 (CF2)n I, in which n is an integer from 1 to 19, onto ethylenic or acetylenic compounds, by electrocatalysis of the mixture of reactants.

Electrolytic flow-cell apparatus and process for effecting sequential electrochemical reaction

This invention relates to an electrolytic flow-cell apparatus and a process for effecting sequential electrochemical reactions of redoxidative compounds at a porous working electrode. The porous working electrode has a first face and a second and opposite face, at which faces the sequential reactions are effected.

Method for electrochemical production of a crystalline porous metal organic skeleton material

A method of electrochemically preparing a crystalline, porous, metal-organic framework material comprising at least one at least bidentate organic compound coordinately bound to at least one metal ion, in a reaction medium comprising the at least one bidentate organic compound, wherein at least one metal ion is provided in the reaction medium by the oxidation of one anode comprising the corresponding metal.

Electrochemical process for the replacement of halogen atoms in an organic compound

The existing processes for the preparation of halogenoacrylic acids and deuterated derivatives thereof have to be carried out using chemicals which are in some cases very toxic or very expensive. Electrochemical reduction, however, makes it possible to eliminate one or more halogen atoms selectively from halogenoacrylic and halogenomethacrylic acids and derivatives thereof, and to replace these by hydrogen or deuterium atoms. This is effected by electrolyzing the acids or derivatives thereof in a solution containing water or deuterium oxide at a temperature from -10 DEG C. up to the boiling point of the electrolysis liquid.

System and method for oxidizing organic compounds while reducing carbon dioxide

Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING LACTIC ACID

The invention is directed to a method for producing lactate. The method of the invention comprises electrochemically oxidising a catalyst at an anode, and using oxidised catalyst to oxidise propylene glycol and form lactate, thereby reducing the said oxidised catalyst.

Method and device for carboxylic acid production

A method for producing and recovering a carboxylic acid in an electrolysis cell. The electrolysis cell is a multi-compartment electrolysis cell. The multi-compartment electrolysis cell includes an anodic compartment, a cathodic compartment, and a solid alkali ion transporting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). An anolyte is added to the anodic compartment. The anolyte comprises an alkali salt of a carboxylic acid, a first solvent, and a second solvent. The alkali salt of the carboxylic acid is partitioned into the first solvent. The anolyte is then electrolyzed to produce a carboxylic acid, wherein the produced carboxylic acid is partitioned into the second solvent. The second solvent may then be separated from the first solvent and the produced carboxylic acid may be recovered from the second solvent. The first solvent may be water and the second solvent may be an organic solvent.

Method for the direct amination of hydrocarbons into amino hydrocarbons, including electrochemical separation of hydrogen and electrochemical reaction of the hydrogen into water

Process for the direct amination of hydrocarbons to aminohydrocarbons by reaction of a feed stream E comprising at least one hydrocarbon and at least one aminating reagent to form a reaction mixture R comprising aminohydrocarbon and hydrogen in a reaction zone RZ and electrochemical separation of at least part of the hydrogen formed in the reaction from the reaction mixture R by means of a gastight membrane-electrode assembly having at least one selectively proton-conducting membrane and at least one electrode catalyst on each side of the membrane, where at least part of the hydrogen is oxidized to protons at the anode catalyst on the retentate side of the membrane and the protons pass through the membrane and on the permeate side are reacted with oxygen to form water, where the oxygen originates from an oxygen-comprising stream O which is brought into contact with the permeate side of the membrane, over the cathode catalyst.

Method for direct amination of hydrocarbons to form amino hydrocarbons with the electrochemical separation of hydrocarbon

Process for the direct amination of hydrocarbons to aminohydrocarbons, which comprises the steps: a) reaction of a feed stream E comprising at least one hydrocarbon and at least one aminating reagent to form a reaction mixture R comprising aminohydrocarbons and hydrogen and b) electrochemical separation of at least part of the hydrogen formed in the reaction from the reaction mixture R by means of a gastight membrane-electrode assembly having at least one selectively proton-conducting membrane and at least one electrode catalyst on each side of the membrane, where at least part of the hydrogen is oxidized to protons over the anode catalyst on the retentate side of the membrane and the protons are, after passing through the membrane, b1) reduced to hydrogen and/or b2) reacted with oxygen from an oxygen-comprising stream O which is brought into contact with the permeate side of the membrane to form water over the cathode catalyst on the permeate side.

Photoelectrochemical Synthesis of High Density Combinatorial Polymer Arrays

In a method for creating polymer arrays through photoelectrochemically modulated acid/base/radical generation for combinatorial synthesis, electrochemical synthesis is guided by a spatially modulated light source striking a semiconductor in an electrolyte solution. A substrate having at its surface at least one photoelectrode that is proximate to at least one molecule bearing at least one chemical functional group is provided, along with a reagent-generating chemistry co-localized with the chemical functional group and capable of generating reagents when subjected to a potential above a threshold. An input potential is then applied to the photoelectrode that exceeds the threshold in the presence of light and that does not exceed the threshold in the absence of light, causing the transfer of electrons to or from the substrate, and creating a patterned substrate. The process is repeated until a polymer array of desired size is created. 1. A method for photoelectrochemical synthesis of a biomolecule array , comprising the steps of:(a) providing a semiconductor substrate having at least one light-addressable photoelectrode proximate to the substrate surface;(b) providing an photoelectrochemical reaction-generating chemistry that is in contact with the semiconductor substrate and is capable of generating reagents when subjected to a potential above a threshold, the photoelectrochemical reaction-generating chemistry comprising an electrolyte solution, matrix, gel, or solid that is suitable for photoelectrochemical reactions at a surface;(c) applying an input potential to the light-addressable photoelectrode to generate charge carriers in areas of the substrate under illumination and thereby create a patterned substrate, the applied input potential exceeding the threshold in the presence of light and not exceeding the threshold in the absence of light, the input potential being generated by light from a spatially-modulated light source, the light being patterned by a mask, ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ENHANCING CATALYTIC AND PHOTOCATALYTIC PROCESSES

A system for solar energy conversion includes a photoelectric cell. The photoelectric cell includes a cathode and an anode comprising a nanostructure array. The nanostructure array includes a semiconductor photocatalyst; and a plasmon resonant metal nanostructure film arranged on the semiconductor photocatalyst. The system is used in a method to produce methane by placing a photocatalytic cell in an environment containing CO; and exposing the photocatalytic cell to visible light thereby allowing the COto be converted to methane. 1. A system for solar energy conversion comprising:a photoelectric cell comprising:a cathode; andan anode comprising a nanostructure array,wherein the nanostructure array comprises:a semiconductor photocatalyst; anda plasmon resonant metal nanostructure film arranged on the semiconductor photocatalyst.2. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor photocatalyst is at least one selected from the group consisting of TiO claim 1 , YbO claim 1 , PbO claim 1 , FeO claim 1 , ZnO claim 1 , CdS claim 1 , SiC claim 1 , WO claim 1 , and GaP claim 1 , and any combination thereof.3. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plasmon resonant metal nanostructure film has a thickness of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.4. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plasmon resonant metal nanostructure film is not continuous and has island-shaped areas having a size of about 10 nm to about 30 nm in diameter.5. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 4 , wherein the island-shaped areas are separated from each other by a distance of about 1 nm to about 10 nm.6. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 1 , wherein the plasmon resonant metal nanostructure film is comprised of at least one selected from the group consisting of Au claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Al claim 1 , Cu and Pt claim 1 , and any combination thereof.7. The system for solar energy conversion of claim 1 , wherein the ...

Electrochemical Co-Production of Chemicals with Sulfur-Based Reactant Feeds to Anode

The present disclosure includes a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a sulfur-based reactant. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. An additional step of the method may include removing the second product and an unreacted sulfur-based reactant from the second region and recycling the unreacted sulfur-based reactant to the second region.

System and Method for Oxidizing Organic Compounds While Reducing Carbon Dioxide

Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

Electrocarboxylation Synthesis for Obtaining Intermediates Useful for the Synthesis of SPAN Derivatives

The present invention relates to a process for obtaining a compound of formula ( 1 ), ( 2 ) or ( 3 ) by means of a electrocarboxylation with CO 2 . The present invention also relates to the new intermediates ( 1 ) and ( 2 ). The present invention further relates to the use of intermediates ( 1 ) and ( 2 ) as starting materials for the synthesis of SPAN derivatives.

Method and apparatus for combined electrochemical synthesis and detection of analytes

Described are devices and methods for detecting binding on an electrode surface. In addition, devices and methods for electrochemically synthesizing polymers and devices and methods for synthesizing and detecting binding to the polymer on a common integrated device surface are described.

Electrochemical Co-Production of a Glycol and an Alkene Employing Recycled Halide

The present disclosure is a method and system for electrochemically co-producing a first product and a second product. The system may include a first electrochemical cell, a first reactor, a second electrochemical cell, at least one second reactor, and at least one third reactor. The method and system for for co-producing a first product and a second product may include co-producing a glycol and an alkene employing a recycled halide.

Process for preparing amino hydrocarbons by direct amination of hydrocarbons

The present invention relates to a process for direct amination of hydrocarbons to amino hydrocarbons, comprising (a) the reaction of a reactant stream E comprising at least one hydrocarbon and at least one aminating reagent to give a reaction mixture R comprising at least one amino hydrocarbon and hydrogen in a reaction zone RZ, and (b) electrochemical removal of at least a portion of the hydrogen formed in the reaction from the reaction mixture R by means of at least one gas-tight membrane electrode assembly which is in contact with the reaction zone RZ on the retentate side and which has at least one selectively proton-conducting membrane, at least a portion of the hydrogen being oxidized over an anode catalyst to protons on the retentate side of the membrane, and the protons, after passing through the membrane, being partly or fully reduced by applying a voltage over a cathode catalyst to give hydrogen on the permeate side.

ELECTROCHEMICAL PROCESS FOR CONVERSION OF BIODIESEL TO AVIATION FUELS

Methods for the conversion of a biofuel such as biodiesel into an alkane composition such as an aviation fuel, kerosine, or liquified petroleum gas product involve a series of electrochemical reactions. The reactions include oxidation of methanol to carbon dioxide, reduction of fatty acid esters, and cleavage of fatty acid chains at C═C double bonds. The methods are carried out by systems of two or more electrochemical reactors. 1. A system for the chemical conversion of a biodiesel to an alkane composition , the system comprising:a first electrochemical reactor that reduces excess MeOH in a biodiesel source material to yield a first composition comprising methyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids;a second electrochemical reactor that fragments the methyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids of said first composition by carbon-carbon double bond cleavage to yield a second composition comprising short chain methyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids; anda third electrochemical reactor that hydrogenates the methyl esters of said second composition to yield a third composition comprising alkanes.2. A system for the chemical conversion of a biodiesel to an alkane composition , the system comprising:a first electrochemical reactor that fragments aliphatic chains of a biodiesel source material by carbon-carbon double bond cleavage to yield a first composition comprising short chain methyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids; anda second electrochemical reactor that performs a Kolbe reaction, whereby the aliphatic carboxylic acids of said first composition are decarboxylated to yield a second composition comprising alkanes.3. A system for the chemical conversion of a biodiesel to an alkane composition , the system comprising:a first electrochemical reactor that fragments aliphatic chains of a biodiesel source material by carbon-carbon double bond cleavage to yield a first composition comprising short chain methyl esters of aliphatic carboxylic acids; anda second ...

Method for reducing carbon dioxide

A method for reducing carbon dioxide with use of a device for reducing carbon dioxide includes steps of (a) preparing the device. The device includes a vessel, a cathode electrode and an anode electrode. An electrolytic solution is stored in the vessel, the cathode electrode contains a copper rubeanate metal organic framework, the copper rubeanate metal organic framework is in contact with the electrolytic solution, the anode electrode is in contact with the electrolytic solution, and the electrolytic solution contains carbon dioxide. The method further includes step of (b) applying a voltage difference between the cathode electrode and the anode electrode so as to reduce the carbon dioxide.

Method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrocatalytic copolymer

A method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrolytic catalyst includes in various aspects one or more catalysts, a method for forming a catalyst, an electrolytic cell, and a reaction method.

System and Process for Making Formic Acid

Methods and systems for electrochemical production of formic acid are disclosed. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (D). Step (A) may introduce water to a first compartment of an electrochemical cell. The first compartment may include an anode. Step (B) may introduce carbon dioxide to a second compartment of the electrochemical cell. The second compartment may include a solution of an electrolyte and a cathode. The cathode is selected from the group consisting of indium, lead, tin, cadmium, and bismuth. The second compartment may include a pH of between approximately 4 and 7. Step (C) may apply an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode in the electrochemical cell sufficient to reduce the carbon dioxide to formic acid. Step (D) may maintain a concentration of formic acid in the second compartment at or below approximately 500 ppm. 110.-. (canceled)11. A system for electrochemical production of at least formic acid , comprising: a cathode; and', 'a catholyte, the pH of the catholyte being maintained from 4.3 to 5.5, the catholyte including formic acid maintained at a concentration of no greater than about 500 ppm., 'an electrochemical cell including12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the electrolyte includes at least one of potassium sulfate claim 11 , potassium chloride claim 11 , sodium chloride claim 11 , sodium sulfate claim 11 , lithium sulfate claim 11 , sodium perchlorate claim 11 , or lithium chloride.13. The system of claim 11 , wherein the second cell compartment includes a heterocyclic aromatic amine selected from the group consisting of 4-hydroxy pyridine claim 11 , adenine claim 11 , a heterocyclic amine containing sulfur claim 11 , a heterocyclic amine containing oxygen claim 11 , an azole claim 11 , benzimidazole claim 11 , a bipyridine claim 11 , furan claim 11 , an imidazole claim 11 , an imidazole related species with at least one five-member ring claim 11 , an indole claim 11 , methylimidazole claim 11 , an ...

BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

The present invention provides bio-electrochemical systems having various configurations for the treatment of water, wastewater, gases, and other biodegradable matter. In one aspect, the invention provides bio-electrochemical systems configured for treating wastewater while generating multiple outputs. In another aspect, the invention provides bio-electrochemical systems configured for improving the efficiency of electrodialysis removal systems. In yet another aspect, the invention provides bio-electrochemical systems configured for use in banks and basins. 120-. (canceled)21. A bio-electrochemical system comprising an anode , at least two cathodes , and electrogenic bacteria , and capable of producing water , hydrogen , methane , and electricity.22. The bio-electrochemical system of claim 21 , comprising an aqueous anode claim 21 , an aqueous cathode claim 21 , and a gaseous cathode claim 21 , wherein the anode and cathodes are electrically connected.23. The bio-electrochemical system of claim 21 , wherein the hydrogen is produced via an anaerobic reaction in the presence of an applied voltage.24. The bio-electrochemical system of claim 21 , wherein the methane is produced via the reduction of COin the presence of an applied voltage.25. The bio-electrochemical system of claim 21 , further comprising a second anode.26. A bio-electrochemical system comprising:an aqueous chamber comprising at least one anode and at least one cathode;a gaseous chamber separate from the aqueous chamber and comprising at least one cathode, wherein the at least one anode is electrically coupled to both the cathode disposed in the aqueous chamber and the cathode disposed in the gaseous chamber; andat least one electrogenic microbe disposed in the aqueous chamber.27. The bio-electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein the at least one electrogenic microbe is associated with the anode.28. The bio-electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein the at least one electrogenic microbe is associated ...

COMBUSTIBLE FUEL AND APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR CREATING THE SAME

Features for an aqueous reactor include a field generator. The field generator includes a series of parallel conductive plates including a series of intermediate neutral plates. The intermediate neutral plates are arranged in interleaved sets between an anode and a cathode. Other features of the aqueous reactor may include a sealed reaction vessel, fluid circulation manifold, electrical power modulator, vacuum port, and barrier membrane. Methods of using the field generator include immersion in an electrolyte solution and application of an external voltage and vacuum to generate hydrogen and oxygen gases. The reactor and related components can be arranged to produce gaseous fuel or liquid fuel. In one use, a mixture of a carbon based material and a liquid hydrocarbon is added. The preferred carbon based material is powdered coal. 1. An apparatus for generating an electric field , comprising:one or more arrays of plates, the first array including electrically conductive parallel spaced-apart plates supported by a non-electrically conductive framework, wherein the first array of plates includes one or more plates capable of being a cathode at a first end of the array, one or more plates capable of being an anode at a second end of the array opposite to the first end, and one or more neutral plates interposed between the plates capable of being a cathode and an anode, wherein the neutral plates are arranged in interleaved neutral subsets, a first neutral subset including at least three neutral plates electrically connected together and electrically isolated from the plates capable of being a cathode and an anode and any other neutral subsets.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plates of each subset is interleaved with the plates of other of the subsets.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the plates are substantially comprised of a material of high conductivity plated with a catalyst interactive in electrolysis.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the ...

Devices And Processes For Carbon Dioxide Conversion Into Useful Fuels And Chemicals

Electrochemical devices for converting carbon dioxide to useful reaction products include a solid or a liquid with a specific pH and/or water content. Chemical processes using the devices are also disclosed, including processes to produce CO, HCO, HCO, (HCO), HCO, CHOH, CH, CH, CHCHOH, CHCOO, CHCOOH, CH, (COOH), (COO), acrylic acid, diphenyl carbonate, other carbonates, other organic acids and synthetic fuels. The electrochemical device can be a COsensor. 2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the pH of the substance is 2-5.3. The electrochemical device of claim 2 , wherein the pH of the substance is 2.5-4.0.4. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the pH of the substance is 1.2-1.8.5. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the electrolyte claim 1 , liquid claim 1 , solid or solution has a concentration of 1%-98% water by volume.6. The electrochemical device of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the electrolyte claim 5 , liquid claim 5 , solid and solution has a concentration of 10%-70% water by volume.7. The electrochemical device of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the electrolyte claim 5 , liquid claim 5 , solid and solution has a concentration of 70%-98% water by volume.8. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , further comprising a membrane electrode assembly claim 1 , the membrane electrode assembly comprising:(i) a cathode;(ii) a cathode catalyst;(iii) a Buffer Layer;(iv) a separator membrane;(v) an anode catalyst; and(vi) an anode.9. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein the Buffer Layer is located within 1 mm of the cathode claim 1 , the Buffer Layer comprising a substance having a pH of 1.1-5.5 when measured according to at least one of the tests listed in .10. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the cathode and a catalyst operatively associated with the cathode comprises a catalytically active element.11. The electrochemical device of claim 10 , wherein the catalytically ...

Electrocatalytic Hydrogenation and Hydrodeoxygenation of Oxygenated and Unsaturated Organic Compounds

A process and related electrode composition are disclosed for the electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation of biomass-derived bio-oil components by the production of hydrogen atoms on a catalyst surface followed by the reaction of the hydrogen atoms with the organic compounds in bio-oil. The catalyst is a metal supported on a monolithic high surface area material such as activated carbon cloth. Electrocatalytic hydrogenation and/or hydrodeoxygenation stabilizes the bio-oil under mild conditions to reduce coke formation and catalyst deactivation. The process converts oxygen-containing functionalities and unsaturated bonds into chemically reduced forms with an increased hydrogen content. The process is operated at mild conditions, which enables it to be a good means for stabilizing bio-oil to a form that can be stored and transported using metal containers and pipes. 1. A process for performing at least one of electrocatalytic hydrogenation (ECH) and electrocatalytic hydrodeoxygenation (ECHDO) of an organic substrate , the process comprising:(a) providing a reaction mixture comprising an organic reactant comprising one or more functional groups selected from the group consisting of carbonyl carbon-oxygen double bonds, aromatic double bonds, ethylenic carbon-carbon double bonds, acetylenic carbon-carbon triple bonds, hydroxylcarbon-oxygen single bonds, ether carbon-oxygen single bonds, and combinations thereof;(b) contacting the reaction mixture with a first electrode comprising a catalytic electrode composition comprising (i) a porous activated carbon cloth (ACC) support and (ii) metal catalyst particles immobilized on the ACC support;(c) electrically contacting the reaction mixture with a second electrode; and(d) applying an electrical potential between the first electrode and the second electrode to provide an electrical current therebetween and through the reaction mixture, thereby performing at least one of an ECH reaction and an ECHDO reaction to ...

MICROBIAL ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING ELECTRICITY AND BIOPRODUCTS THEREIN

Bioelectrochemical systems comprising a microbial fuel cell (MFC) or a microbial electrolysis cell (MEC) are provided. Either type of system is capable of fermenting insoluble or soluble biomass, with the MFC capable of using a consolidated bioprocessing (CBP) organism to also hydrolyze an insoluble biomass, and an electricigen to produce electricity. In contrast, the MEC relies on electricity input into the system, a fermentative organism and an electricigen to produce fermentative products such as ethanol and 1,3-propanediol from a polyol biomass (e.g., containing glycerol). Related methods are also provided. 122-. (canceled)23. A method of using a microbial electrolysis cell comprising:setting a potential in the microbial electrolysis cell between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode;{'i': 'Clostridium cellulolyticum', 'performing a fermentation step comprising fermentation only or fermentation and hydrolysis in the microbial electrolysis cell with one or more mesophilic consolidated bioprocessing organisms to convert biomass located in the microbial electrolysis cell to a bioproduct, wherein the fermentation step also produces one or more fermentation byproducts which contain electrons and protons, wherein the one or more mesophilic consolidated bioprocessing organisms also anaerobically co-ferment six- and five-carbon sugars and comprise one or more cellulomonads, or one or more clostridial strains, not including ; and'}in the presence of the potential, allowing a second organism comprising an electricigen cultured at a temperature not greater than 40° C. to convert substantially all the fermentation byproducts to electricity by first transferring substantially all the electrons present in the one or more fermentation byproducts to the anode electrode to produce a film which catalytically splits the electrons and the protons, wherein the electrons thereafter flow from the anode electrode towards the cathode electrode to produce the electricity, further ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF NITRO-CHITOSAN

The present disclosure provides methods for producing chitosan derivatives and the derivatives formed by these methods. The processes of the present disclosure utilize electrochemical methods to functionalize and/or modify amine and/or hydroxyl groups present on chitosan, to form new derivatives. In embodiments, a nitro-chitosan derivative may be prepared. The altered cationic affinity of these derivatives make them excellent candidates for environmental applications, including water and waste treatments, and fertilizers. 1. A process comprising:contacting chitosan with a solvent to form a chitosan solution;adding to the chitosan solution an acid selected from the group consisting of hydrochloric acid, hypochlorous acid, organic acids, and combinations thereof, to reduce the pH of the chitosan solution to a pH from about 1 to about 7;applying a negative potential of from about −1 volt to about −5 volts to the chitosan solution by the introduction of a cathode and anode into the chitosan solution;forming a hydrogel comprising a nitro-chitosan derivative on the cathode; andrecovering the nitro-chitosan derivative from the cathode.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water claim 1 , alcohols claim 1 , or other polar solvents and combinations thereof claim 1 , and wherein the chitosan is present in an amount from about 1% by weight to about 50% by weight of the chitosan solution.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chitosan solution is formed with heating from about 10° C. to about 90° C.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chitosan solution is formed with mixing at a rate of from about 1 revolution per minute to about 1000 revolutions per minute.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the chitosan solution is formed over a period of time from about 1 minute to about 48 hours.6. The process of claim 1 , further comprising exposing the hydrogel on the cathode to a source of radiation selected from the group consisting ...

Methods and Systems for Capturing Carbon Dioxide and Producing a Fuel Using a Solvent Including a Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Material and a Secondary Fluid

Methods and systems for capturing carbon dioxide and producing fuels such as alcohol using a solvent including a nanoparticle organic hybrid material and a secondary fluid are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods include the following: providing a solvent including a nanoparticle organic hybrid material and a secondary fluid, the material being configured to capture carbon dioxide; introducing a gas including carbon dioxide to the solvent until the material is loaded with carbon dioxide; introducing at least one of catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction and a proton source to the solvent; heating the solvent including the material loaded with carbon dioxide until carbon dioxide loaded on the material is electrochemically converted to a fuel.

POLYMER STABILIZING LIQUID CRYSTAL LENS, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, DISPLAY DEVICE AND ELECTRONIC PRODUCT

The present disclosure disclose a polymer stabilizing liquid crystal lens and a method for manufacturing the same, a display device and an electronic product. The polymer stabilizing liquid crystal lens includes a first substrate with a first electrode, a liquid crystal layer and a second substrate with a second electrode. The liquid crystal layer is disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The first electrode includes a plurality of electrode units. A periodic electric field which has voltages varying periodically is generated between the plurality of electrode units and the second electrode. The liquid crystal layer includes polymers and liquid crystal molecules. The liquid crystal molecules are deflected under action of the periodic electric field before the polymers are stabilized, and are maintained at a deflecting angle after the polymers are stabilized.

METHODS FOR THE ELECTROLYTIC DECARBOXYLATION OF SUGARS

Methods for decarboxylating carbohydrate acids in a divided electrochemical cell are disclosed using a cation membrane. The improved methods are more cost-efficient and environmentally friendly than conventional methods. 1. A method of decarboxylating a carbohydrate acid in an electrochemical cell , comprising:providing an electrochemical cell having two compartments divided by a cation membrane for monovalent cation transfer between the two compartments, the first compartment containing catholyte and a cathode, and the second compartment containing carbohydrate acid, anolyte, and an anode;providing an electrical current to the cell thereby producing an aldehydic carbohydrate in the anolyte and monovalent cation hydroxide;wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid maintains neutralization of the available carbohydrate acid for decarboxylation.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cation membrane is permeable to hydroxide ions to at least partially maintain the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the current efficiency for monovalent cation transfer across the cation membrane is less than 90% claim 2 , preferably less than 80% claim 2 , and more preferably less than 75%.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid is at least partially maintained by adding cation hydroxide selected from the group consisting of: sodium hydroxide claim 1 , potassium hydroxide claim 1 , lithium hydroxide claim 1 , and ammonium hydroxide.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the monovalent cation hydroxide added to the anolyte is produced in the catholyte of the divided cell during the decarboxylation of a carbohydrate acid.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of monovalent cation to carbohydrate acid is at least partially maintained by concurrently circulating the carbohydrate acid solution through two sets of electrolytic cells claim 1 , where one set of cells is a divided ...

COMPOSITE THREE-DIMENSIONAL ELECTRODES AND METHODS OF FABRICATION

Disclosed are gas permeable 3D electrodes, preferably that have practical utility in, particularly, electro-energy and electro-synthetic applications. Gas permeable materials, such as non-conductive porous polymer membranes, are attached to one or more porous conductive materials. In another aspect there is provided a method for the fabrication of gas permeable 3D electrodes, for example gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs). The 3D electrodes can be utilised in electrochemical cells or devices. 1. A method of fabricating a gas permeable 3D electrode , comprising the steps of:selecting a gas permeable material layer that is non-conductive; andattaching a porous conductive material layer to a first side of the gas permeable material layer using a binder material;wherein the binder material penetrates the porous conductive material layer.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising laminating the porous conductive material layer to the gas permeable material layer together.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the laminating comprises compressing the porous conductive material layer and the gas permeable material layer together under pressure and heat.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying the binder material onto a surface of the gas permeable material layer or the porous conductive material layer claim 1 , placing the porous conductive material layer over the binder material coating claim 1 , and compressing the gas permeable material layer and the porous conductive material layer together.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the applying the binder material comprises screen printing the binder material onto the gas permeable material layer or the porous conductive material layer.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the applying the binder material comprises painting the binder material onto the gas permeable material layer or the porous conductive material layer.7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the applying the binder material comprises spraying the binder ...

AIR QUALITY BY ELIMINATING GREENHOUSE GAS EMISSIONS THROUGH A PROCESS OF CONVERSION OF FLUE GASES INTO LIQUID OR SEMI-SOLID CHEMICALS

Apparatus for removing Greenhouse Gases from combustion of fossil and non-fossil fuels, including hydrocarbons and biomass fuels, is disclosed. The apparatus includes: a vessel containing a liquid medium; a circulation system with a pump; a plurality of positively charged metal plates, each with a plurality of apertures; a negatively charged discharge pipe connected to the circulation pipe; a refrigeration system on the outside of the vessel; and a power source. The apparatus uses the process of electrolysis and electrostatic induction to form covalent bonding among various constituents of Greenhouse Gases and thereby converts and condenses all or most of Greenhouse Gases in the emission. The apparatus has a working prototype. The apparatus can be used in converting and condensing all or some Greenhouse Gases from emissions of power plants and all types of industrial plants which generate Greenhouse Gases as emissions, as well as from various sources of vehicular emissions. 1. Apparatus or system for processing and removing Greenhouse Gases from flue gases generated by combustion of fossil and non-fossil fuels , the apparatus comprising , among others:(i) a vessel containing a liquid medium and having a circulation inlet and a circulation outlet;(ii) a circulation pump connected to the circulation inlet and the circulation outlet and configured to circulate the liquid medium contained in the vessel;(iii) a plurality of positively charged metal plates arranged in various configurations, each plate in the plurality including a plurality of apertures formed in the plate that connect opposite sides of the plate;(iv) a circulation pipe connected to the circulation inlet and spanning the plurality of plates;(v) a negatively charged discharge pipe connected to the circulation pipe and located on a side opposite the circulation outlet;(vi) a power source having positive and negative connections;(vii) wherein metal plates in the plurality are connected to the positive ...

Photovoltaic battery

A photovoltaic power system includes a photofuel having a molecular structure to emit light, and a receptacle including the photofuel disposed within. One or more photovoltaic cells are positioned within the receptacle to receive light emitted from the photofuel, and a negative electrode is coupled to the one or more photovoltaic cells. A positive electrode is coupled to the one or more photovoltaic cells to produce an electrical potential between the negative electrode and the positive electrode when a photocurrent is generated by the one or more photovoltaic cells in response to the one or more photovoltaic cells receiving the light emitted from the photofuel.

Electrodes/electrolyte assembly, reactor and method for direct amination of hydrocarbons

An electrodes/electrolyte assembly—MEA, electrochemical membrane reactor—is described and a method for the direct amination of hydrocarbons, namely for the direct amination of benzene to aniline, and a method for the preparation of said electrodes/electrolyte assembly. The presented Solution allows the increase of conversion of said amination to above 60%, even at low temperatures, i.e., between 200° C. and 450° C.; preferably between 300° C. and 400° C. The electrodes/electrolyte assembly for direct amination of hydrocarbons comprises: an anode ( 1 ), electrons and protons conductor, that includes a composite porous matrix, comprised by a ceramic fraction and a catalyst for said amination at temperatures lower than 450° C.; a porous cathode ( 3 ), electrons and protons conductor, and electrocatalyst; an electrolyte ( 2 ), protons or ions conductor and electrically insulating, located between the anode ( 1 ) and the cathode ( 3 ), made of a composite ceramic impermeable to reagents and products of said amination.

ELECTROCHEMICALLY ENGINEERED SURFACE OF HYDROGELS, PARTICULARLY PEG HYDROGELS, FOR ENHANCED CELLULAR PENETRATION

The invention relates to a polymer structure () formed by at least a polymer, wherein said structure () comprises a volume () and a surface (), wherein said polymer comprises a plurality of polymer chains connected by linkings, characterized by a linking density, wherein said linking density increases, particularly monotonously, from the surface () into the volume () of the polymer structure (). 1. A method for embedding cells into a polymer structure , providing a polymer structure formed by at least one polymer, wherein said polymer structure comprises a volume and a surface, wherein said polymer comprises a plurality of polymer chains connected by linkings, wherein the polymer structure is characterized by a linking density, wherein said linking density increases monotonously from the surface into the volume of the polymer structure, wherein the linking density is minimal at the surface and reaches a maximum in the volume, thereby forming a linking density gradient, and', 'seeding cells or cell aggregates comprising said cells on said surface of said polymer structure, such that the cells migrate into the volume of the polymer structure along said linking density gradient to become embedded within the volume., 'the method comprising the steps of2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the linking density is zero at the surface.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the linking density reaches said maximum at a distance from the surface ranging between 1 μm and 1000 μm.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said linking density of the polymer structure increases monotonously along a gradient direction which is perpendicular to the surface.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein said linking density of the polymer structure is uniform along the entire surface of the polymer structure.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said surface of the polymer structure extends along a horizontal direction.7. The method according to claim 1 , ...

Electrochemical Co-Production of Chemicals Employing the Recycling of a Hydrogen Halide

The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant. The method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. The second product may be removed from the second region and introduced to a secondary reactor. The method may include forming the recycled reactant in the secondary reactor. 1. A method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode , the method comprising the steps of:contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide;receiving a feed of a recycled reactant at the second region of the electrochemical cell, the recycled reactant is HX where X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I and mixtures thereof;contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising the recycled reactant;{'sub': '2', 'applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a diatomic halide product, X, recoverable from the second region;'}removing the diatomic halide product from the second region;introducing the diatomic halide product to a secondary reactor; andforming the recycled reactant in the secondary reactor.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the secondary reactor includes an alkane claim 1 , alkene or aromatic therein.3. The method according to claim 1 , ...

Process for electrochemical separation of enantiomers of an amino acid from a racemic mixture

The process comprises electrolyzing the first electrolyte having 1 molar solution of lithium perchlorate and 0.01 molar solution of racemic mixture of amino acid in an electrochemical cell containing a working electrode having polycrystalline metal surface configured to adsorb L-enantiomer of amino acid using a saw-tooth current. Further, the polarity of the saw-tooth current is reversed to de-adsorb the L-enantiomer of amino acid from the working electrode into the second electrolyte re-filled in the cell. The process of the present disclosure to separate enantiomer of amino acid from a racemic mixture is simple and economical.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING AMINO ACID AND PRODUCTION APPARATUS THEREFOR

A method for producing amino acids includes collecting feather waste into a container, with the feather waste having a pH value between 8 to 9.5; mixing from 5 weight percent to 8 weight percent of an alkaline solution having a pH value between 10 to 12 with from 30 weight percent to 40 weight percent of the feather waste and from 52 weight percent to 65 weight percent of water at room temperature for 12 to 48 hours to produce a preproduct; electrolyzing the preproduct to produce a product mixture; adding from 3 weight percent to 5 weight percent of an acid solution having a pH value between 3 to 6 into from 95 weight percent to 97 weight percent of first mixture to produce a second product via neutralization reaction. 1. A method for producing amino acids comprising:collecting feather waste into a container, with the feather waste having a pH value between 8 to 9.5;mixing from 5 weight percent to 8 weight percent of an alkaline solution having a pH value of between 10 and 12 with from 30 weight percent to 40 weight percent of the feather waste and from 52 weight percent to 65 weight percent of water at room temperature for 12 to 48 hours to produce a preproduct;electrolyzing the preproduct to produce a first product;adding from 3 weight percent to 5 weight percent of an acid solution having a pH value of between 3 and 6 into from 95 weight percent to 97 weight percent of the first product to produce a second product via neutralization reaction.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the feather waste has the pH value of between 9 and 9.5.3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the room temperature is maintained between 20 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius.4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the water is in an amount of 65 weight percent.5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline solution has the pH value of between 10.5 and 11.6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline solution claim 1 , the feather waste ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE POLYMER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLID ELECTROLYTE CAPACITOR

A solid electrolytic capacitor is obtained by a method which includes dissolving a polymerizable material for being converted into a conductive polymer in a water-soluble organic solvent to obtain a solution, adding the solution to water while homogenizing the solution to obtain a sol, immersing an anode body having a dielectric layer in the surface of the anode body in the sol, and applying voltage using the anode body as a positive electrode and a counter electrode as a negative electrode placed in the sol to electropolymerize the polymerizable material. An electropolymerizable liquid for producing a conductive polymer, the liquid composed of a sol comprising water, a water-soluble organic solvent, and a polymerizable material for being converted into the conductive polymer. 1. A method for producing a conductive polymer , wherein the method comprisespreparing a sol comprising a polymerizable material which is to be converted into the conductive polymer, andelectropolymerizing the polymerizable material in the sol.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymerizable material is at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds having a thiophene skeleton and compounds having a pyrrole skeleton.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the polymerizable material is from 2 g/L to 7 g/L in the sol.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the preparing the sol comprisesdissolving the polymerizable material in a water-soluble organic solvent to obtain a solution, andadding the solution to water while homogenizing the solution.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a dispersoid in the sol has a 50% diameter of 0.5 nm to 1 claim 1 ,000 nm in volumetric basis particle size cumulative distribution.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the sol further comprises a dopant.7. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the water-soluble organic solvent is polyhydric alcohols or polyalcohol derivatives.8. The method according ...

Chamber frame element, electrolyzer, and electrodialysis cell

The chamber frame element of the present invention, which has a smaller amount of voltage drop, consumes less reactive power than the prior art, and exhibits no metal corrosion, is a chamber frame element (14) for an electrolyzer or an electrodialysis cell. The chamber frame element (14) includes: a bag body (141); a frame (142) housed in an interior space of the bag body (141); and an inlet (143) and an outlet (144) to which piping can be attached, which are formed on the outer side of a region where the frame is housed in the bag body (141).

ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS AND CATHODES FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CONCENTRATED PRODUCT STREAMS FROM THE REDUCTION OF CO AND/OR CO2

A method for depositing a catalyst layer onto a porous conductive substrate is provided. A catalyst ink is provided comprising catalyst particles suspended in a solvent. The catalyst ink is deposited onto a porous conductive substrate, wherein the solvent of the deposited catalyst ink is frozen. The frozen solvent is sublimated, leaving the catalyst layer. 1. A method for depositing a catalyst layer onto a porous conductive substrate , comprising:providing a catalyst ink comprising catalyst particles suspended in a solvent;depositing the catalyst ink onto a porous conductive substrate, wherein the solvent of the deposited catalyst ink is frozen; andsublimating the frozen solvent, leaving the catalyst layer.2. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the porous conductive substrate is a gas diffusion electrode and wherein the ink is sprayed onto the gas diffusion electrode and the solvent freezes when the ink is sprayed onto the gas diffusion electrode.3. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises isopropanol in tert-butanol.4. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst particles comprises Cu particles.5. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst ink further comprises hydrophobic polymer particles.6. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the catalyst ink further comprises polytetrafluoroethylene particles.7. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the sublimating the solvent comprises passing air through the porous conductive substrate.8. The method claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein the depositing the catalyst ink deposits a layer of greater than 10 microns.9. An electrode claim 1 , for electrochemically converting a gas reactant to provide a gas or liquid product; comprising:a gas diffusion electrode; anda catalyst layer on a side of the gas diffusion electrode, wherein the catalyst layer is greater than 10 microns thick and comprises ...

CATALYST FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DECHLORINATION OF HYDROCARBONS

The catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons, such as chlorobenzenes, is a d-block transition metal supported by rice husk ash (RHA), preferably rice husk ash-supported platinum or titanium. The catalysts are prepared from rice husk ash by the sol-gel method. In order to dechlorinate chlorinated organic compounds, such as 1,4-dichlorobenzene, 1,2-dichlorobenzene, 1,3-dichlorobenzene, and 1,2,4-trichlorobenzene, a capillary microreactor is at least partially filled with the d-block transition metal supported by rice husk ash catalyst, a buffer solution having a pH preferably between 7 and 10, and the chlorinated organic compound. An electrical potential of approximately 3 kV is then applied across the capillary microreactor to initiate the dechlorination reaction. 1. A catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons , comprising a d-block transition metal supported by rice husk ash.2. The catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons as recited in claim 1 , wherein said d-block transition metal comprises platinum.3. The catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons as recited in claim 1 , wherein said d-block transition metal comprises titanium.4. A method of making a catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons claim 1 , comprising the steps of:mixing rice husk ash with sodium hydroxide solution to form a sodium silicate solution;dissolving cetyl trimethylammonium bromide in the sodium silicate solution, wherein the cetyl trimethylammonium bromide to silicon molar ratio is about 1.2 to 1 to form an intermediate solution;{'sub': '3', 'dissolving approximately 10 wt % of a d-block transition metal in HNOto form a titrant and titrating with the intermediate solution with the titrant to form a gel;'}washing the gel;drying the gel;grinding the dried gel into a powder; andcalcining the powder to form the catalyst for electrochemical dechlorination of hydrocarbons.5. The method of making a catalyst ...

COMBUSTIBLE FUEL AND APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR CREATING THE SAME

Features for an aqueous reactor include a field generator. The field generator includes a series of parallel conductive plates including a series of intermediate neutral plates. The intermediate neutral plates are arranged in interleaved sets between an anode and a cathode. Other features of the aqueous reactor may include a sealed reaction vessel, fluid circulation manifold, electrical power modulator, vacuum port, and barrier membrane. Methods of using the field generator include immersion in an electrolyte solution and application of an external voltage and vacuum to generate hydrogen and oxygen gases. The reactor and related components can be arranged to produce gaseous fuel or liquid fuel. In one use, a mixture of a carbon based material and a liquid hydrocarbon is added. The preferred carbon based material is powdered coal. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. A process for preparing a combustible fluid , comprising: neutral plates interposed between and electrically isolated from the cathode plates and the anode plates,', 'the neutral plates arranged in interleaved neutral plate subsets each comprising at least three electrically connected plates and each being electrically isolated from other neutral plate subsets;, 'one or more cathode plates and one or more anode plates at opposite ends of one or more array of electrically conductive parallel spaced apart plates that further include'}, 'providing a liquid fuel stock including a suspension of carbon based material in water with an electrolyte havingapplying an electric current by a provided 3-phase full wave rectifier that is coupled with a 3-phase alternator to supply a DC drive input across the cathode and anode plates to generate a combustible gaseous output from the liquid fuel stock; andextracting the combustible gaseous output from the reaction vessel.12. The process of claim 11 , wherein the carbon based ...

DEVICE FOR MANUFACTURING ORGANIC HYDRIDE

The device for electrochemically manufacturing an organic hydride of the present invention is characterized by the electrode structure thereof being a structure that forms a matrix in which a metal-catalyst supporting carbon or a metal catalyst is suitably intermingled with a proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte as catalyst layers, and the catalyst layers are formed on the front and back of a proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte membrane on which a layer that blocks water from passing through is formed. When water or water vapor is supplied to the anode side of this electrode and a substance to be hydrogenated is supplied to the cathode side, application of a voltage between the anode and the cathode causes an electrolysis reaction to the water to occur at the anode and a hydrogenation reaction to the substance to be hydrogenated to occur at the cathode, producing the organic hydride. 1. A device for manufacturing an organic hydride comprising:a membrane electrode assembly including a cathode catalyst layer that reduces a substance to be hydrogenated, an anode catalyst layer that oxidizes water, and a proton-conductive solid polymer electrolyte membrane disposed between the cathode catalyst layer and the anode catalyst layer;a member that supplies the substance to be hydrogenated to the cathode catalyst layer; anda member that supplies water or water vapor to the anode catalyst layer;wherein a layer that blocks water is formed on a surface or inside of the solid polymer electrolyte membrane.2. The device for manufacturing an organic hydride according to claim 1 ,wherein the layer that blocks water includes palladium or a palladium alloy.3. The device for manufacturing an organic hydride according to claim 1 ,wherein the layer that blocks water includes an organic polymer having an amount of ion exchange of 0.75 meq/g or less per dry weight.4. The device for manufacturing an organic hydride according to claim 1 ,wherein the cathode catalyst layer ...

Method of producing graphane and graphane-like materials

The invention relates to nanotechnology and to producing graphane and graphane-like materials and associated structures, which can be used to create hydrogen fuel cell energy, particularly for transportation systems as well as for creating nanoelectronic systems, based on the use of graphene with controllable electronic properties. The method includes grapheme, or several layers of graphene, placed in water or electrolytic solution, an anode, a cathode, and an adjustable voltage source, where the graphene's potential is lower than the anode's potential. The technical result is an increase in the rate of hydrogenation reactions, which simplifies and lowers the cost of technologies necessary for producing graphane fuel cells and creating conditions to enable their mass production. 1. A method of producing graphane and graphane-like material, comprising: a hydrogen medium, anode, cathode, and target, consisting of N-layered graphene, positioned in the space between the anode and cathode, electrically connected to the cathode, implementing the use of water or electrolytic solution as a hydrogen-containing medium, where the graphene target is located in such water or hydrogen-containing medium and has a potential lower than the anode potential. The invention relates to methods of producing hydrogenated single-layered and N-layered graphene and hydrogen-containing graphene nanostructures (graphane-like materials), which are considered to have prospective applications in the areas of electronics and hydrogen power and/or energy, particularly as hydrogen fuel cells for electric vehicles.There exists a known method for producing fully hydrogenated graphene (graphane) using ion-plasma treatment on graphene (Novoselov K. S., Geim A. K., Morozov S. V., Jiang D., Zhang Y., Dubonos S. V., Grigorieva I. V., Firsov A. A, Electric field effect in atomically thin carbon films. Science 306, 666 (2004)). The essence of the method is to place a graphene sample into a vacuum chamber that ...

Method of Producing Coupled Radical Products from Biomass

A method that produces coupled radical products from biomass. The method involves obtaining a lipid or carboxylic acid material from the biomass. This material may be a carboxylic acid, an ester of a carboxylic acid, a triglyceride of a carboxylic acid, or a metal salt of a carboxylic acid, or any other fatty acid derivative. This lipid material or carboxylic acid material is converted into an alkali metal salt. The alkali metal salt is then used in an anolyte as part of an electrolytic cell. The electrolytic cell may include an alkali ion conducting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). When the cell is operated, the alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid decarboxylates and forms radicals. Such radicals are then bonded to other radicals, thereby producing a coupled radical product such as a hydrocarbon. The produced hydrocarbon may be, for example, saturated, unsaturated, branched, or unbranched, depending upon the starting material. 1. A method for producing a coupled radical product from biomass comprising:obtaining a quantity of biomass;converting the biomass into at least one alkali metal salt of a carboxylic acid, wherein the alkali metal comprises sodium such that the at least one alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid comprises a sodium salt of the carboxylic acid;preparing an anolyte, wherein the anolyte comprises a quantity of the at least one alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid; anddecarboxylating the at least one alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid within the anolyte, wherein the decarboxylating converts the at least one alkali metal salt of the carboxylic acid into alkyl radicals that react to form a coupled radical product comprising an alkyl radical coupled to another alkyl radical or to a hydrogen radical.2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the coupled radical product comprises a hydrocarbon.3. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the converting the biomass comprises saponification claim 1 , wherein a base is reacted with a quantity of the ...

Molten Carboxylate Electrolytes for Electrochemical Decarboxylation Processes

Molten salt electrolytes are described for use in electrochemical synthesis of hydrocarbons from carboxylic acids. The molten salt electrolyte can be used to synthesize a wide variety of hydrocarbons with and without functional groups that have a broad range of applications. The molten salt can be used to synthesize saturated hydrocarbons, diols, alkylated aromatic compounds, as well as other types of hydrocarbons. The molten salt electrolyte increases the selectivity, yield, the energy efficiency and Coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical conversion of carboxylic acids to hydrocarbons while reducing the cell potential required to perform the oxidation. 1. An electrochemical cell comprising:an electrolyte compartment with a quantity of electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a quantity of an inorganic salt of a carboxylic acid dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte;an anode in communication with the electrolyte;a cathode in communication with the electrolyte; anda voltage source that decarboxylates the metal salt of the carboxylic acid into radicals that react to form at least one radical coupling product.2. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the electrolyte inorganic salt is selected from an alkaline metal claim 1 , an alkaline earth metal claim 1 , and mixtures of the same.3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the electrolyte inorganic salt is selected from ammonium claim 1 , lithium claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , potassium claim 1 , magnesium claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , and mixtures of the same.4. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte contains a mixture of inorganic cations.5. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte contains a mixture of at least three inorganic cations.6. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the oxidation potential of an anion in the molten electrolyte is higher than the oxidation potential of the carboxylate anion.7. The cell of claim 2 , wherein a carboxylate portion of the carboxylate inorganic salt is selected from: ...

Electrochemical Conversion of Hydrocarbons

An electrochemical conversion method for converting at least a portion of a first mixture comprising hydrocarbon to C unsaturates by repeatedly applying an electric potential difference, V(τ), to a first electrode of an electrochemical cell during a first time interval τ; and reducing the electric potential difference, V(τ), to a second electric potential difference, V(τ), for a second time interval τ, wherein τ≤τ. The method is beneficial, among other things, for reducing coke formation in the electrochemical production of C unsaturates in an electrochemical cell. Accordingly, a method of reducing coke formation in the electrochemical conversion of such mixtures and a method for electrochemically converting carbon to C unsaturates as well as an apparatus for such methods are also provided. 1. An electrochemical conversion method , comprising ,(a) providing an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising a first electrode, a second electrode, and at least one membrane located therebetween;(b) providing a first mixture comprising ≥1.0 wt. % hydrocarbon based on the weight of the first mixture to the first electrode of the electrochemical cell;{'sub': 1', '1, '(c) applying an electric potential to the cell to establish an electric potential difference V, across the cell during a first time interval, the first time interval having a duration τ;'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2+', '2', '1', '2', '1', '1, 'sup': '−10', '(d) changing the applied electric potential to (i) establish a second electric potential difference, V, across the cell for a second time interval τ, and (ii) produce C unsaturates proximate to the first electrode, wherein Vis more negative or less positive than V, τ≤τ, and τis in the range of from 1×10sec. to 1.0 sec.; and'}(e) repeating steps (c) and (d).2. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (c) and/or step (d) are carried out in the substantial absence of oxygen claim 1 , the hydrocarbon is methane claim 1 , and wherein the process further comprises ...

IMPREGNATION OF A NON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL WITH AN INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER THROUGH IN-SITU POLYMERIZATION

Composite materials are made by impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material, and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material. The composite materials are used in medical devices and implants. 1. A method of making a composite material , the method comprising: impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material; and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material.2. A method of making a composite material , the method comprising the steps of:mixing a non-conductive polymer and a conducting monomer to form a non-conductive polymer blend;enclosing a substrate in the non-conductive polymer blend or coating a surface of the substrate with the non-conductive polymer blend;drying the non-conductive polymer blend to form a monomer-containing composite; andpolymerizing the monomer-containing composite to form the composite material.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing step comprises oxidizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer-containing composite with an oxidizer to form the composite material.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oxidizing step comprises soaking the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer-containing composite in an oxidation medium comprising the oxidizer and an optional solvent such that the conducting monomer and the oxidizer react to form the composite material.56-. (canceled)7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing step comprises electrochemically polymerizing the monomer within the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer-containing composite by placing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer-containing composite in a deposition medium containing counter-ions and a solvent and applying a current.812-. ( ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONVERSION OF SOLID WASTE INTO SYNTHETIC OIL, GAS, AND FERTILIZER

A method of producing oil, gas, and ash fertilizer from a feedstock includes inputting the feedstock into a reaction chamber having a wall, and combusting the feedstock in the reaction chamber. An electrical current flow is induced between the reaction chamber wall and the feedstock so as to cause arcing in the feedstock within the reaction chamber. Ash reaction byproducts migrate downward through the reaction chamber onto ash support structure, which is substantially electrically isolated from the reaction chamber wall. Gas and liquid reaction byproducts migrate upward through the reaction chamber to an upper chamber by a partial vacuum in the upper chamber, and are evacuated therefrom. The oil and gas are then separated from the evacuated gas/liquid products, providing the oil and the gas products. The oil is refinable, the gas is high in energy content, and the ash fertilizer is high in nitrogen. 1a chamber having an upper outer wall portion and a lower base portion;an inner wall disposed within said chamber, an upper portion of said inner wall being connected to said chamber to form an inner chamber and an outer chamber, the outer chamber comprising a thermal insulator formed by at least a partial vacuum produced by withdrawal of material from above a top opening of the inner chamber;at least one stirring member disposed within the inner chamber;plural cross members disposed within the inner chamber, but not touching any stirring member disposed within the inner wall; andan ash support member disposed within said chamber below a lower reformer opening, but electrically insulated therefrom, and wider than the inner wall.. A reformer combination, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/706,504, filed May 7, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/620,774, filed Feb. 12, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,057,029, issued Jun. 16, 2015), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/454 ...

Systems and Methods of Improved Fermentation

Devices, systems and methods for processing cellulosic material to produce fermentable sugars are provided. Devices, systems and methods for increasing fermentation rates of microbes via biostimulation are provided. Electrodes are preferably positioned along an interior or exterior of a tube-shaped component to administer electromagnetic/electric pulses to a solution comprising a microbe. Systems can advantageously be used in new biofuels production plants, or in existing biofuels production plants without the need for significant retrofits. 1. A method of processing a cellulosic material to produce a sugar , comprising:using a multi-frequency electrical signal to generate free radicals at a first electrode; andusing the free radicals to electrolyze compounds with the cellulosic material.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-frequency electrical signal is produced using an electrical arc.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-frequency electrical signal is produced using a plasma generator.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-frequency electrical signal has a highest frequency and a lowest frequency claim 1 , and the highest frequency is at least ten times the lowest frequency.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multi-frequency electrical signal has a highest frequency and a lowest frequency claim 1 , and the highest frequency is at least a hundred times the lowest frequency.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is used as an anode and has a metal selected from a first group consisting of PMG metals.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the first electrode cooperates with a cathode comprising a metal selected from a second group consisting of transition metals.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of using the free radicals occurs at least in part at a pressure of less than 2 Bar.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of using the free radicals occurs at least in part at a temperature of less than 200° C.10. The ...

Systems and Methods of Improved Fermentation

Devices, systems and methods for processing cellulosic material to produce fermentable sugars are provided. Devices, systems and methods for increasing fermentation rates of microbes via biostimulation are provided. Electrodes are preferably positioned along an interior or exterior of a tube-shaped component to administer electromagnetic/electric pulses to a solution comprising a microbe. Systems can advantageously be used in new biofuels production plants, or in existing biofuels production plants without the need for significant retrofits. 1. A method for processing cellulosic biomass , comprising:feeding a first set of electric pulses to a solution comprising the cellulosic biomass, wherein the first set of electric pulses is fed to the solution at a first frequency; andfeeding a second set of electrical pulses to the solution at a second frequency, wherein the second frequency is a multiple of the first frequency.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multiple is other than one.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second frequency is a multiple of two of the first frequency.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising feeding a third set of electrical pulses to the solution at a third frequency claim 1 , wherein the third frequency is a multiple of at least one of the first and second frequencies.5. A method for processing cellulosic biomass claim 1 , comprising feeding a plurality of electrical pulse sets to a solution comprising the cellulosic biomass claim 1 , wherein the plurality of electrical pulse sets covers a frequency range from 8 MHz to 12 MHz.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein a first electrical pulse set of the plurality of electrical pulse sets is fed at a first frequency claim 5 , and wherein a second electrical pulse set of the plurality of electrical pulse sets is fed at a second frequency that is a multiple of the first frequency.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the multiple is other than one.8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the ...

Carbon dioxide reduction and carbon compound electrochemistry in the presence of lanthanides

Electrochemically reacting C-1 compounds including carbon dioxide, formic acid, formaldehyde, methanol, carbon monoxide in the presence of at least one lanthanide and/or at least one actinide. Reducing carbon dioxide or reacting C-1 compounds such as HCOOH (formic acid), HCHO (formaldehyde), CH 3 OH (methanol), or CO (carbon monoxide) with use of an electrochemical device, wherein the device comprises at least one cathode, and at least one anode, and at least one electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one lanthanide and/or actinide compound. The electrode can be modified with a film such as an ionically conducting or ionically permeable film, optionally comprising a magnetic material. Polar organic solvent such as acetonitrile can be used. Electrocatalysis and/or reaction mediation is observed. Devices can be adapted to carry out the methods. The device can be part of a fuel cell, a battery, an electrolyzer, or an electrosynthetic device.

NON-CAKING SALT COMPOSITION, PREPARATION PROCESS AND USE THEREOF

The present invention relates to a sodium chloride composition comprising an iron complex of tartaric acid wherein between 55 and 90% by weight of the tartaric acid is meso-tartaric acid. The present invention furthermore relates to a process to prepare such a sodium chloride composition and to the use of such a sodium chloride composition. 116-. (canceled)17. A sodium chloride composition comprising an iron complex of tartaric acid wherein between 55 and 90% by weight of the tartaric acid is meso-tartaric acid.18. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 17 , wherein a 10% by weight aqueous solution thereof has a pH value of between 3 and 12.19. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 17 , wherein between 60 and 80% by weight of the tartaric acid is meso-tartaric acid.20. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 17 , wherein the iron is iron(III).21. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 17 , wherein the molar ratio between iron and tartaric acid is between 0.1 and 2.22. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 21 , wherein the iron complex of tartaric acid is present in the non-caking sodium chloride composition in a concentration of between 1 ppm and 200 ppm claim 21 , based on iron.23. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 17 , wherein the sodium chloride composition is a non-caking sodium chloride composition selected from feed salt claim 17 , food salt claim 17 , pharma salt claim 17 , retail salt claim 17 , industrial salt claim 17 , a road salt claim 17 , and a salt for use in electrolysis operations.24. The sodium chloride composition according to claim 23 , wherein the iron complex of tartaric acid claim 23 , with between 55 and 90% by weight of the tartaric acid being meso-tartaric acid claim 23 , is present in said sodium chloride composition in a concentration of between 1 ppm and 200 ppm claim 23 , based on iron claim 23 , and wherein said sodium chloride composition is used in a ...

REDOX SIGNALING GEL FORMULATION

Formulations containing reactive oxygen species (ROS), processes for making these formulations, and methods of using these formulations are described. The formulations can include gels or hydrogels that contain at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS). The formulations can include a composition containing a reduced species (RS) and a reactive oxygen species (ROS). The formulations can also contain a rheology modifier and can include gels or hydrogels. Methods of preparing the formulations can include preparing a composition. Compositions can be prepared by providing water, purifying the water to produce ultra-pure water, combining sodium chloride to the ultra-pure water to create salinated water, and electrolyzing the salinated water at a temperature between about 4.5 to about 5.8° C. 1. A formulation comprising:a composition comprising reduced species (RS) and reactive oxygen species (ROS); anda rheology modifier.2. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the reactive oxygen species (ROS) comprises at least one superoxide.3. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises a metal silicate gelling agent.4. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises SiO claim 1 , MgO claim 1 , LiO claim 1 , NaO claim 1 , or combinations thereof.5. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer.6. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the composition has a pH between about 6 and about 9.7. The formulation of claim 1 , wherein the formulation is administered to a user.8. A formulation comprising a composition claim 1 , the composition further comprising:sodium present at a concentration of about 1000 to about 1400 ppm, wherein the sodium is measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS);{'sup': 35', '35, 'chloride present at a concentration from about 1200 to about 1600 ppm, wherein the chloride is measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) or ...

High performance reversible electrochemical cell for h2o electrolysis or conversion of co2 and h2o to fuel

The present invention relates to a reversible electrochemical cell, such as an electrolysis cell for water splitting or for conversion of carbon dioxide and water into fuel. The present invention relates also to an electrochemical cell that when operated in reverse performs as a fuel cell. The electrochemical cell comprises gas5 diffusion electrodes and a porous layer made of materials and having a structure adapted to allow for a temperature range of operation between 100-374° C. and in a pressure range between 3-200 bars.

Gas Production Device and Method

The invention relates to a device and method which, with the use of dopamine in an alkaline aqueous medium, can be used to obtain nitrogen from moist air and to generate other gases, hydrogen in the free or combined state, such as ammonium. The reaction medium is ionic and reinforced by means of electrolysis, using electrodes of different metals and at a temperature and pressure close to ambient conditions. 123-. (canceled)24. A method for producing a gaseous stream comprising:passing an initial moist gas stream through a semi permeable barrier comprising ilmenite to produce a reacted gas stream;contacting the reacted gas stream on a surface layer of a solid catalyst and an ionic aqueous surface energized via electric current by metal electrodes at a temperature between approximately 12° C. and 80° C. to produce said gaseous stream.25. The method of claim 24 , wherein the step of contacting the reacted air stream is performed at ambient pressure.26. The method of claim 24 , wherein the step of contacting the reacted air stream is performed under vacuum.271. The method of claim claim 24 , wherein the moist gas stream reacts over the aqueous ionic surface formed by an electrolyte including:(a) dopamine;(b) a hydroxide;(c) a dissociable salt; and(d) an oxide.28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the dopamine is present in the amount of between approximately 0.5% and 15% by weight of the aqueous solution.29. The method of claim 27 , wherein the dopamine is produced from the squeezing of banana plant and dopamine hydrochloride.30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the oxide and hydroxide are water-insoluble.31. The method of claim 24 , wherein the metal electrodes are monopolar claim 24 , bipolar claim 24 , granular or porous electrodes.32. The method of claim 24 , wherein the metal electrodes are metal alloys selected from iron claim 24 , nickel claim 24 , copper claim 24 , carbon claim 24 , nickel claim 24 , zinc claim 24 , tin claim 24 , magnesium claim 24 , aluminum ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR A PHOTOCATALYTIC AND ELECTROCATALYTIC COPOLYMER

A method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrolytic catalyst includes in various aspects one or more catalysts, a method for forming a catalyst, an electrolytic cell, and a reaction method. 1. An electrolytic cell , comprising:at least one reaction chamber into which, during operation, an aqueous electrolyte and a gaseous feedstock are introduced, wherein the gaseous feedstock comprises a carbon-based gas; anda pair of reaction electrodes disposed within the reaction chamber, at least one of the reaction electrodes including a catalyst comprising a first component selected from protein enzymes, metabolic factors, organometallic compounds, porphyrins and combinations thereof and a second component bonded to the first component, wherein the second component is selected from fluorinated sulfonic acid based polymers, polyaniline and combinations thereof;wherein the catalyst, the aqueous electrolyte and the gaseous feedstock, define a three-phase interface.2. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous electrolyte is selected from potassium chloride claim 1 , potassium bromide claim 1 , potassium iodide claim 1 , or hydrogen chloride.3. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-based gas comprises a non-polar gas claim 1 , a carbon oxide claim 1 , or a mixture of the two.4. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-polar gases include a hydrocarbon gas.5. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the carbon oxide includes carbon monoxide claim 1 , carbon dioxide claim 1 , or a mixture of the two.6. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the gaseous feedstock is a greenhouse gas.7. The electrolytic cell of claim 1 , wherein the first component selected from chlorophyll claim 1 , ribulose-1 claim 1 ,5-bisphosphate carboxylase oxygenase claim 1 , chlorophyllin claim 1 , azurite claim 1 , tetramethoxyphenylporphyrin hemoglobin claim 1 , ferritin claim 1 , co-enzyme Q claim 1 , derivatives thereof and combinations thereof.8. The ...

Method For Obtaining Plant Proteins

A method for concentrating plant proteins from an aqueous liquid is provided in which gas bubbles are generated in the liquid from a gas containing a hydrogen gas and a foam is thereby formed in which plant proteins are concentrated and extracted as a result. The gas bubbles are generated electrochemically in an advantageous manner. The method is particularly suitable for obtaining native proteins from a liquid such as potato fruit water with a very low glycol alkaloid content.

METHODS FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS AND PROTONATION PRODUCTS THROUGH ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF ETHANE, AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and a protonation product comprises introducing CHto a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell to produce the hydrocarbon product and the protonation product. A CHactivation system and an electrochemical cell are also described. 1. A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and a protonation product , comprising:{'sub': 2', '6, 'sup': '−2', 'introducing CHto a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the proton-conducting membrane comprising an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 650° C.; and'}applying a potential difference between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the positive electrode of the electrochemical cell to comprise at least one catalyst formulated to accelerate reaction rates to produce CH claim 1 , H claim 1 , and e from CH.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising selecting the positive electrode of the electrochemical cell to comprise at least one additional catalyst formulated to accelerate reaction rates to synthesize higher hydrocarbons from the produced CH.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the positive electrode of the ...

Electrochemically Responsive Composites of Redox Polymers and Conducting Fibers

Disclosed are composite compositions, comprising a conductive matrix and an electrochemically active polymer, which are useful as heterogeneous catalysts or charge-storage materials. Suitable electrochemically active polymers include redox polymers, such as polyvinylferrocene, and conducting polymers, such as polypyrrole, and interpenetrating networks containing both redox polymers and conducting polymers. 1. A composite material , comprising a conductive matrix; and an electrochemically active polymer.2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the conductive matrix comprises a fiber.3. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the conductive matrix is porous.4. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the conductive matrix is from about 20 μm to about 500 μm.5. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active polymer is a conducting polymer.6. The composite material of claim 5 , wherein the conducting polymer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline claim 5 , poly(o-toluidine) claim 5 , poly(o-methoxyaniline) claim 5 , poly(o-ethoxyaniline) claim 5 , poly(l-pyreneamine) claim 5 , poly(4-aminobenzoic acid) claim 5 , poly(1-aminoanthracene) claim 5 , poly(N-methylaniline) claim 5 , poly(N-phenyl-2-naphthylamine) claim 5 , poly(diphenylamine) claim 5 , poly(2-aminodiphenylamine) claim 5 , poly(o-phenylenediamine) claim 5 , poly(o-aminophenol) claim 5 , polyuminol claim 5 , polypyrrole claim 5 , poly(3 claim 5 ,4-ethylenedioxypyrrole) claim 5 , poly(3 claim 5 ,4-propylenedioxypyrrole) claim 5 , poly(N-sulfonatopropoxy-dioxypyrrole) claim 5 , polyindole claim 5 , polymelatonin claim 5 , polyindoline claim 5 , polycarbazoles claim 5 , polythiophene claim 5 , poly(3 claim 5 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) claim 5 , polyphenazine claim 5 , poly(p-phenylene) claim 5 , and poly(phenylenevinylene).7. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active polymer is a redox polymer.8. The composite ...

IMPREGNATION OF A NON-CONDUCTIVE MATERIAL WITH AN INTRINSICALLY CONDUCTIVE POLYMER

Composite materials are made by impregnating a non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material, and polymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite material. The composite materials are used in medical devices and implants. 1. A method of making a composite material , the method comprising:soaking a non-conductive material in an infusion medium comprising an organic solvent capable of swelling the non-conductive material;during or after the immersing step, impregnating the non-conductive material with a conducting monomer to form a monomer-impregnated non-conductive material; andpolymerizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material to form the composite materialwherein the non-conductive material has greater post-polymerization conductivity as compared to the same non-conductive material impregnated with the conducting monomer without soaking in the infusion medium.2. (canceled)3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing step comprises oxidizing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material with an oxidizer to form the composite material.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oxidizing step comprises soaking the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material in an oxidation medium comprising the oxidizer and an optional solvent such that the conducting monomer and the oxidizer react to form the composite material.56-. (canceled)7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymerizing step comprises electrochemically polymerizing the monomer within the monomer -impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer containing composite by placing the monomer-impregnated non-conductive material or the monomer containing composite in a deposition medium containing counter-ions and a solvent and applying a current.8. (canceled)9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the impregnating step comprises soaking the non-conductive material in the infusion medium comprising the conducting ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL EQUIPPED WITH CONCENTRIC ELECTRODE PAIRS

The invention relates to an electrochemical cell, particularly useful in electrochemical processes carried out with periodic reversal of polarity. The cell is equipped with concentric pairs of electrodes arranged in such a way that, in each stage of the process, the cathodic area is equal to the anodic area. 1. Monopolar electrolysis cell delimited by an external body of elongated or spheroidal shape with an external electrodic pair and an internal electrodic pair arranged in its interior , said external electrodic pair subdivided into a first external electrode and a second external electrode of equal dimensions separated at the edges by means of first insulating elements , said internal electrodic pair subdivided into a first internal electrode and a second internal electrode of equal dimensions separated at the edges by means of second insulating elements , said internal and external electrodic pairs arranged concentrically with the surfaces of said first external electrode and said first internal electrode and the surfaces of said second external electrode and said second internal electrode facing each other so as to delimit a gap , said first external electrode and said second internal electrode being connected to one pole of the cell , said second external electrode and said first internal electrode being connected to the opposite pole of the cell.2. The cell according to wherein said internal and external electrodic pairs are electrodic pairs of cylindrical or prismatic shape housed in the interior of a body of elongated shape or electrodic pairs of spheroidal shape housed in the interior of a spheroidal body.3. The cell according to wherein said external electrodic pair and said internal electrodic pair are coaxial to the cell external body.4. The cell according to wherein said first and second external electrodes and said first and second internal electrodes are made of conductive diamond in massive or supported form or of titanium coated with a catalytic ...

ENGINEERED ELECTRODE FOR ELECTROBIOCATALYSIS AND PROCESS TO CONSTRUCT THE SAME

The present disclosure provides a ready-to-use bio-electrode stable for long term storage and a process of constructing the same. The process for construction of bio-electrode for electro-biocatalysis comprising of: selection of an electro-active bacteria; enrichment of said electro-active bacteria in a nutrient rich medium; separation of said electro-active bacterial cells from said nutrient rich medium; selection of an electrode material; surface modification of said electrode material; layering the surface modified electrode material with conductive material; layering the surface modified electrode material with an electro-active bacterial cells along with biofilm inducing agents and stabilizing agents; conditioning the electro-active bacterial cells layered electrode; incubating the electrode obtained with an immobilizing agent along with conductive material; and conditioning the electrode with micronutrients to obtain a bio-electrode. 1. A bio-electrode for electro-biocatalysis , wherein said bio-electrode comprises:electro-active bacteria layered and immobilized on the modified surface of the electrode with an immobilizing agent and conductive material.2Cupriavidus nector Ralstonia eutrophaGeobacter hydrogenophilusMethanobacterium palustreGeobacter metallireducensGeobacter lovleyi, Geobacter sulfurrenducensShewanella putrefaciensShewanella putrefaciensShewanella putrefaciens, Acetobacterium woodiMorella thermoceticaClostridium aceticumClostridium ljungdahlii, Sporomusa sphaeroidesSporomusa silvaceticaCupriavidus nectarSporomosa ovate. The bio-electrode as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the electro-active bacteria is selected from the group consisting of DSMZ 428 claim 1 , H-2 DSM 13691 claim 1 , DSMZ 3108 claim 1 , GS-15 DSMZ 7210 claim 1 , DSMZ 17278DSMZ 12127 claim 1 , DSMZ 9471 claim 1 , DSMZ 6067 claim 1 , DSMZ 1818DSM 1030 claim 1 , DSM 21394 claim 1 , DSMZ 1496 claim 1 , DSM 13528DSM 2875 claim 1 , DSM 10669 claim 1 , DSM 529 claim 1 , DSM 2662. ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND THERMAL DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

Various examples are provided for electrochemical digestion of organic molecules. In one example, among others, a method includes providing a fluid mixture including organic molecules to a reaction vessel including at least one current distribution part suspended within the fluid mixture. At least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders. Current flow can be controlled through the fluid mixture to heat the fluid mixture and simultaneously cause electrolysis of the fluid mixture. In another example, a device includes a pipe section surrounding a fluid mixture including organic molecules, a current distribution part positioned within the pipe section and suspended in the fluid mixture, and an electrical coupling assembly configured to provide an electrical potential to the current distribution part for heating and electrolysis of the fluid mixture. At least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders. 1. A method , comprising:providing a fluid mixture including organic molecules to a reaction vessel including at least one current distribution part suspended within the fluid mixture, where at least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders; andcontrolling an electrical potential applied to the at least one current distribution part to control current flow through the fluid mixture to heat the fluid mixture and simultaneously cause electrolysis of the fluid mixture.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid mixture is pumped continuously through the reaction vessel.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano catalytic powders are less than 50 nm in diameter.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical potential is applied to the at least one current distribution part in a square wave shape at a frequency below 1 Hz.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the electrical potential is applied to the at least one current distribution part in a square wave ...

Method and electrochemical cell for managing electrochemical reactions

A method and/or electrochemical cell for utilising one or more gas diffusion electrodes (GDEs) in an electrochemical cell, the one or more gas diffusion electrodes have a wetting pressure and/or a bubble point exceeding 0.2 bar. The one or more gas diffusion electrodes can be subjected to a pressure differential between a liquid side and a gas side. A pressure on the liquid side of the GDE over the gas side does not exceed the wetting pressure of the GDE during operation (in cases where a liquid electrolyte side has higher pressure), and/or a pressure on the gas side of the GDE over the liquid side, does not exceeds the bubble point of the GDE (in cases where the gas side has the higher pressure).

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND THERMAL DIGESTION OF ORGANIC MOLECULES

Various examples are provided for electrochemical digestion of organic molecules. In one example, among others, a method includes providing a fluid mixture including organic molecules to a reaction vessel including at least one current distribution part suspended within the fluid mixture. At least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders. Current flow can be controlled through the fluid mixture to heat the fluid mixture and simultaneously cause electrolysis of the fluid mixture. In another example, a device includes a pipe section surrounding a fluid mixture including organic molecules, a current distribution part positioned within the pipe section and suspended in the fluid mixture, and an electrical coupling assembly configured to provide an electrical potential to the current distribution part for heating and electrolysis of the fluid mixture. At least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders. 1. A method , comprising:providing a fluid mixture including organic molecules to a reaction vessel including at least one current distribution part suspended within the fluid mixture, where at least a portion of the current distribution part is coated with nano catalytic powders; andcontrolling an electrical potential applied to the at least one current distribution part to control current flow through the fluid mixture to heat the fluid mixture and simultaneously cause electrolysis of the fluid mixture.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid mixture is pumped continuously through the reaction vessel.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the fluid mixture is circulated through a holding tank and the reaction vessel.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano catalytic powders are less than 50 nm in diameter.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical potential is applied to the at least one current distribution part in a square wave shape at a frequency below 1 Hz.6. (canceled)7. ( ...

ELECTRO-SYNTHETIC OR ELECTRO-ENERGY CELL WITH GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODE(S)

There is provided a new type of electro-synthetic (electrochemical) or electro-energy cell, such as a fuel cell. The cell includes a liquid electrolyte and at least one gas diffusion electrode (GDE). The GDE operates as a gas depolarized electrode and includes a gas permeable material that is substantially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte, as well as a porous conductive material provided on a liquid electrolyte facing side of the gas diffusion electrode. The porous conductive material can be attached to the gas permeable material by being laminated. Alternatively, the porous conductive material is deposited or coated on at least part of the gas permeable material. A depolarizing gas can be received by the at least one gas diffusion electrode to gas depolarize the electrode. The depolarizing gas changes a half-reaction that would occur at the gas diffusion electrode to a half-reaction that is energetically more favourable. 1. An electro-synthetic or fuel cell , comprising:a liquid electrolyte; and a gas permeable material that is non-conductive; and', 'a porous conductive material provided on a liquid electrolyte side of the gas diffusion electrode;', 'wherein in use the gas diffusion electrode is gas depolarized., 'a gas diffusion electrode, comprising2. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the gas permeable material is provided on a gas side of the gas diffusion electrode claim 1 , and the gas permeable material is at least partially impermeable to the liquid electrolyte.3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the porous conductive material is attached to the gas permeable material.4. The cell of claim 3 , wherein the porous conductive material is attached to the gas permeable material by being laminated to the gas permeable material.5. The cell of claim 3 , wherein the porous conductive material is attached to the gas permeable material using a binder material.6. The cell of claim 1 , wherein a three-phase solid-liquid-gas boundary is able to form at or near a surface of ...

METHOD FOR SEPARATION OF ACIDS AND SUGARS TO REDUCE ENERGY CONSUMPTION

The present disclosure relates to a method for separating sugars and acids with reduced energy consumption, including a step of diffusively dialyzing a first acid hydrolysate obtained by saccharifying biomass with an acid solution, thereby preparing a second acid hydrolysate wherein the concentration of the acid solution contained in the acid hydrolysate is decreased; and a step of electrolyzing the second acid hydrolysate, thereby separating sugars from the acid solution, which is advantageous in that less energy is consumed, the separated acid solution can be recycled directly without further treatment due to high concentration and loss of sugars can be minimized. 1. A method for separating sugars and acids with reduced energy consumption , comprising:diffusively dialyzing a first acid hydrolysate obtained by saccharifying biomass with an acid solution, thereby preparing a second acid hydrolysate wherein the concentration of the acid solution comprised in the acid hydrolysate is decreased; andelectrolyzing the second acid hydrolysate, thereby separating sugars from the acid solution.2. The method for separating sugars and acids with reduced energy consumption according to claim 1 , wherein the diffusion dialysis is performed using a diffusion dialyzer in which an acid hydrolysate inflow tank and a water tank are separated by an anion-exchange membrane and the reaction is performed continuously as the first acid hydrolysate is added to the acid hydrolysate inflow tank and water is added to the water tank.3. The method for separating sugars and acids with reduced energy consumption according to claim 1 , wherein a mesh is provided at the center of the acid hydrolysate inflow tank.4. The method for separating sugars and acids with reduced energy consumption according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolysis is performed using an electrolyzer in which a cathode tank and an anode tank are separated by an anion-exchange membrane claim 1 , the second acid hydrolysate ...

CUSTOM IONIC LIQUID ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROLYTIC DECARBOXYLATION

Methods, equipment, and reagents for preparing organic compounds using custom electrolytes based on different ionic liquids in electrolytic decarboxylation reactions are disclosed.

Electrochemical process and reactor

A solid ion-conductive material can be used in a compartment of an electrochemical cell, such as between an anion exchange membrane and a cation exchange membrane, for improving energy efficiency and at least partially replacing electrolyte solution. The formed product can be obtained for instance in demi water.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CONDUCTIVE POLYMER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLID ELECTROLYTE CAPACITOR

A solid electrolytic capacitor is obtained by a method comprising dissolving a polymerizable material for being converted into a conductive polymer in a water-soluble organic solvent to obtain a solution, adding the solution to water while homogenizing the solution to obtain a sol, immersing an anode body having a dielectric layer in the surface of the anode body in the sol, and applying voltage using the anode body as a positive electrode and a counter electrode as a negative electrode placed in the sol to electropolymerize the polymerizable material. An electropolymerizable liquid for producing a conductive polymer, the liquid composed of a sol comprising water, a water-soluble organic solvent, and a polymerizable material for being converted into the conductive polymer. 111-. (canceled)12. A method for producing a conductive polymer , wherein the method comprisespreparing a sol comprising a polymerizable material which is to be converted into the conductive polymer, andelectropolymerizing the polymerizable material in the sol.13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the polymerizable material is at least one selected from the group consisting of compounds having a thiophene skeleton and compounds having a pyrrole skeleton.14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein a content of the polymerizable material is from 2 g/L to 7 g/L in the sol.15. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the preparing the sol comprisesdissolving the polymerizable material in a water-soluble organic solvent to obtain a solution, andadding the solution to water while homogenizing the solution.16. The method according to claim 12 , whereina dispersoid in the sol has a 50% diameter of 0.5 nm to 1,000 nm in volumetric basis particle size cumulative distribution.17. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the sol further comprises a dopant.18. A method for producing a solid electrolytic capacitor claim 12 , wherein the method comprises{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00012', ' ...

METHODS FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBON PRODUCTS AND HYDROGEN GAS THROUGH ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF METHANE, AND RELATED SYSTEMS AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and hydrogen gas comprises introducing CHto a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. The proton-conducting membrane comprises an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C. A potential difference is applied between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell to produce the hydrocarbon product and the hydrogen gas. A CHactivation system and an electrochemical cell are also described. 1. A method of forming a hydrocarbon product and hydrogen gas , comprising:{'sub': '4', 'sup': '−2', 'introducing CHto a positive electrode of an electrochemical cell comprising the positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a proton-conducting membrane between the positive electrode and the negative electrode, the proton-conducting membrane comprising an electrolyte material having an ionic conductivity greater than or equal to about 10S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 150° C. to about 600° C.; and'}applying a potential difference between the positive electrode and the negative electrode of the electrochemical cell.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising selecting the proton-conducting membrane to comprise at least one perovskite material having a H conductivity greater than or equal to about 10S/cm at one or more temperatures within a range of from about 400° C. to about 600° C.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein selecting the proton-conducting membrane to comprise at least one perovskite material comprises selecting the at least one perovskite material to comprise one or more of BZCYYb claim 2 , BSNYYb claim 2 , BCY claim 2 , BZY claim 2 , Ba(YSn)O claim 2 , and Ba(CaNb)O.4. The method of claim 2 , ...

METHOD & APPARATUS FOR In Situ Nitrogen Fixation

This patent describes an invention which fixes nitrogen from the air for agricultural systems. It produces Ammonia, Nitrates, and other NOx from nitrogen, oxygen, and, water vapor by reaction these substances with a metal with current running through it, which has a circuit that generates random spikes in electricity on a metal surface such as a nanostructure mounted catalyst or a catalyst on metal mesh. 1. A method for nitrogen fixation comprising of:a conductor or semiconductor or both that is in contact with the atmosphere that is wired to a power source with a current limiting switching circuit or the equivalent and a voltage is applied between 0.01V to 100000 V and the amperage is limited to between 0.01 A to 1000000 A;2. The conductor or semi-conductor or both that of that is coated with another electrical conductor or semiconductor using a conductive adhesive.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conductor or semiconductor or both is a wire mesh of any metal or semi-conductor.4. The method of wherein the conductor or semiconductor claim 1 , or both is a pod that is wired in series or in parallel to a power supply with a current limiting switching circuit or the equivalent.5. The method of wherein the power supply is a single solar panel or a number of solar panels wired in series or in parallel.6. The method of wherein the power supply connected to a number of solar panels wired in series or in parallel.7. The method of wherein additional carbon dioxide is introduced into a closed growing space.8. The method of wherein addition humidity or water vapor is introduced to the surface of the conductor or semi-conductor.9. A closed reaction chamber filled with a conductor or semi-conductor or both claim 1 , wherein water and air are pumped through the chamber and the conductor or semi-conductor or both are in contact with the water and air as in .10. The method of wherein the reaction chamber is connected to an irrigation system.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein ...

Method for preparing imide salts containing a fluorosulfonyl group

The present invention concerns a method for preparing a compound of the following formula (III): R2—(SO2)—NM—(SO2)—F (III) in which R2 represents one of the following radicals: F, CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F, C3F7, C3H4F3, C3HF6, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F, CF11, C6F13, C7F1, C8F17 or C9F19. M represents a monovalent or divalent cation; the method comprising: —a step b) of fluorinating a compound of the following formula (I): R1—(SO2)—NH—(SO2)—Cl (I) in which R represents one of the following radicals: Cl, F, CF3, CHF2, CH2F, C2HF4, C2H2F3, C2H3F2, C2F, C3F7, C3H4F3, C3HF6, C4F9, C4H2F7, C4H4F, CF11, C6F13, C7F15, C8F17 or C9F19, R preferably representing Cl; with at least one fluorinating agent; 2—a step c) of distilling the composition obtained in step b).

Combustible fuel and apparatus and process for creating the same

Features for an aqueous reactor include a field generator. The field generator includes a series of parallel conductive plates including a series of intermediate neutral plates. The intermediate neutral plates are arranged in interleaved sets between an anode and a cathode. Other features of the aqueous reactor may include a sealed reaction vessel, fluid circulation manifold, electrical power modulator, vacuum port, and barrier membrane. Methods of using the field generator include immersion in an electrolyte solution and application of an external voltage and vacuum to generate hydrogen and oxygen gases. The reactor and related components can be arranged to produce gaseous fuel or liquid fuel. In one use, a mixture of a carbon based material and a liquid hydrocarbon is added. The preferred carbon based material is powdered coal.

PROCESS FOR STARTING MODE OR STAND-BY MODE OPERATION OF A POWER-TO-GAS UNIT COMPRISING A PLURALITY OF HIGH-TEMPERATURE ELECTROLYSIS (SOEC) OR CO-ELECTROLYSIS REACTORS

The application relates to a process for operating in starting mode or in stand-by mode a unit, termed power-to-gas unit, comprising a number N of reactors (1) with a stack of elemental electrolysis cells of solid oxide type (SOEC), the cathodes of which are made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s). 1. A process for operating in starting mode or in stand-by mode a unit , termed power-to-gas unit , comprising a number N of reactors with a stack of solid oxide (SOEC) type elemental electrolysis cells , the cathodes of which are made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s) ,{'sub': 2', '2, 'wherein, when it is desired to carry out an increase in temperature of the N reactors or of a fraction thereof, or when the level of available electricity is insufficient to carry out a high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) or a co-electrolysis of HO and COwithin all of the N reactors, the process comprises the following steps{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'a/ a number P of reactors are supplied with electricity and, if required, with heat, and either steam HO, or a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide COis supplied and distributed to the cathodes of the P reactors so as to carry out, at each cathode of the P reactors, either a high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) of the steam HO, or a high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide,'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '4, 'b/ at least one part of the gases resulting from the electrolysis (hydrogen H, steam HO ) or from the co-electrolysis (H, steam, carbon monoxide CO, carbon dioxide CO, methane CH) is recovered and is supplied and distributed to each cathode of a number X of reactors not supplied with electricity, the number X being less than or equal to N−P, so as to carry out, at each cathode of the X reactors, a methanation by heterogeneous catalysis.'}2. The operating process according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is emitted by a production source claim 1 , from a production site claim 1 , in particular chosen ...

MODULAR CHEMIRESISTIVE SENSOR

The present invention relates to methods of forming modular chemiresistive sensors. The sensors preferably have two gold or platinum electrodes mounted on a silicon substrate with the electrodes connected to a power source and are separated by a gap of 0.5 to 4.0 μm. Functionalized polymer nanowire or carbon nanotube span the gap between the electrodes and connect the electrodes electrically. The electrodes are further connected to a circuit board having a processor and data storage, where the processor measures current and voltage values between the electrodes and compares the current and voltage values with current and voltages values stored in the data storage and assigned to particular concentrations of a pre-determined substances. 1. A method of producing a sensor comprisingforming a first and a second noble metal electrode on a silicon substrate, said electrodes separated by a gap of 0.5 to 4.0 μm, said electrodes connected to a power source and means for measuring current and/or voltage between the first and second noble metal electrodes.forming a nano-network of functionalized nanowires or nanotubes in situ, the network of nanowires or nanotubes spanning the gap and providing an electrically conductive pathway connecting the first and second noble metal electrodes.2. The method of wherein the sensor is a carbon dioxide sensor and wherein the nano-network is formed by the in-situ polymerization of an amine functionalized aniline monomer to form amine functionalized aniline polymer nanowires spanning the gap; andusing an electrochemical process, forming a nano-network of alkyl amine-modified polymer nanowires.3. The method of wherein the electrochemical process uses 0.1-1.0 M of an electrolyte in water claim 2 , the electrolyte selected from the group consisting of formic acid claim 2 , acetic acid claim 2 , perchloric acid claim 2 , hydrochloric acid claim 2 , phosphoric acid and nitric acid in water.4. The method of wherein the electrolyte is 0.4-0.6 M ...

ELECTRODES/ELECTROLYTE ASSEMBLY, REACTOR AND METHOD FOR DIRECT AMINATION OF HYDROCARBONS

An electrodes/electrolyte assembly and a method for the direct amination of hydrocarbons, and a method for the preparation of said electrodes/electrolyte assembly is disclosed. The presented Solution allows the increase of conversion of said amination to above 60%, even at low temperatures. The electrodes/electrolyte assembly for direct amination of hydrocarbons has: an anode, electrons and protons conductor, that includes a composite porous matrix, containing a ceramic fraction and a catalyst for the amination at temperatures lower than 450° C.; a porous cathode, electrons and protons conductor, and electrocatalyst; an electrolyte, protons or ions conductor and electrically insulating, located between the anode and the cathode, made of a composite ceramic impermeable to reagents and products of the amination. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the organic additive is starch or polyvinyl alcohol.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein additional layers of cathode are deposited and sintered after the deposition of a new layer claim 1 , till reaching the desired electron conductivity and thickness.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the porosity of the anode ranges between 20-30%.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrodes/electrolyte assembly comprises a planar or tubular configuration.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic catalyst of the anode is a doped metal with at least one metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , copper claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , tin claim 1 , strontium claim 1 , iron claim 1 , gadolinium claim 1 , indium claim 1 , iridium claim 1 , yttrium claim 1 , lanthanum claim 1 , lithium claim 1 , manganese claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , niobium claim 1 , gold claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , silver claim 1 , praseodymium claim 1 , ruthenium claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , zinc claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.7. The method according to claim 1 ...

ELECTROCHEMICALLY-CLEAVABLE LINKERS

This disclosure provides electrochemically-cleavable linkers with cleavage potentials that are less than the redox potential of the solvent in which the linkers are used. In some applications, the solvent may be water or an aqueous buffer solution. The linkers may be used to link a nucleotide to a bound group. The linkers include a cleavable group which may be one of a methoxybenzyl alcohol, an ester, a propargyl thioether, or a trichloroethyl ether. The linkers may be cleaved in solvent by generating an electrode potential that is less than the redox potential of the solvent. In some implementations, an electrode array may be used to generate localized electrode potentials which selectively cleave linkers bound to the activated electrode. Uses for the linkers include attachment of blocking groups to nucleotides in enzymatic oligonucleotide synthesis. 2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein P is present claim 1 , Y is present claim 1 , Lis present claim 1 , Cis present claim 1 , Lis omitted claim 1 , and Lis present.3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein P is present and a peptide claim 1 , wherein the peptide is an enzyme.4. The compound of claim 3 , wherein the enzyme is TdT.5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein P is present and a linked nucleotide comprising at least one of DNA claim 1 , RNA claim 1 , or a synthetic nucleotide having a universal base.6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein P is present and a linked nucleotide that is complementary to the nucleotide.8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Lis omitted.11. The compound of claim 10 , wherein Xis hydrogen and Xis hydrogen.12. The compound of claim 10 , wherein Xis a methyl ether and Xis hydrogen.17. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the nucleotide comprises a DNA nucleotide triphosphate or an RNA nucleotide triphosphate.18. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the base of the nucleotide is a pyrimidine base and Lis attached to the number 5 carbon of the pyrimidine base or the base of the nucleotide is a purine base ...

Preparation of Conjugated Dimer and Products Formed Therefrom

An improved process for forming a conjugated thiophene precursor is described as in the formation of an improved polymer prepared from the conjugated thiophene and an improved capacitor formed from the improved polymer. The improved process includes forming a thiophene mixture comprising thiophene monomer, unconjugated thiophene oligomer, optionally a solvent and heating the thiophene mixture at a temperature of at least 100° C. to no more than the lower of 250° C. or the boiling point of a component of said thiophene mixture with the lowest boiling point temperature. 1. A process for forming a conjugated thiophene precursor comprising:forming a thiophene mixture comprising thiophene monomer, unconjugated thiophene oligomer; andheating said thiophene mixture at a temperature of at least 100° C. to no more than the lower of 250° C. or the boiling point of a component of said thiophene mixture with the lowest boiling point temperature.3. The process for forming a conjugated thiophene of wherein Rand Rindependently represent hydrogen claim 2 , linear or branched C-Calkyl or C-Calkoxyalkyl; C-Ccycloalkyl; phenyl or benzyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by C-Calkyl claim 2 , C-Calkoxy claim 2 , halogen or —OR; or Rand R claim 2 , taken together claim 2 , are linear C-Calkylene which is unsubstituted or substituted by C-Calkyl claim 2 , C-Calkoxy claim 2 , halogen claim 2 , C-Ccycloalkyl claim 2 , phenyl claim 2 , benzyl claim 2 , C-Calkylphenyl claim 2 , C-Calkoxyphenyl claim 2 , halophenyl claim 2 , C-Calkylbenzyl claim 2 , C-Calkoxybenzyl or halobenzyl claim 2 , 5- claim 2 , 6- claim 2 , or 7-membered heterocyclic structure containing two oxygen elements; and Rrepresents hydrogen claim 2 , linear or branched C-Calkyl; CCalkoxyalkyl; C-Ccycloalkyl claim 2 , phenyl; benzyl which are unsubstituted or substituted by C-Calkyl.4. The process for forming a conjugated thiophene of wherein Rand Rare not hydrogen.5. The process for forming a conjugated thiophene of ...

Method and device for carboxylic acid production

A multi-compartment electrolysis cell includes an anodic compartment, a cathodic compartment, and a solid alkali ion transporting membrane (such as a NaSICON membrane). An anolyte is added to the anodic compartment. The anolyte comprises an alkali salt of a carboxylic acid, a first solvent, and a second solvent. The alkali salt of the carboxylic acid is partitioned into the first solvent. The anolyte is then electrolyzed to produce a carboxylic acid, wherein the produced carboxylic acid is partitioned into the second solvent. The second solvent may then be separated from the first solvent and the produced carboxylic acid may be recovered from the second solvent. The first solvent may be water and the second solvent may be an organic solvent.

METHOD OF PRODUCING A SYNTHETIC DIAMOND

A method of producing a synthetic diamond is disclosed, the method comprising: (a) capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere; (b) conducting electrolysis of water to provide hydrogen; (c) reacting the carbon dioxide obtained from step (a) with the hydrogen obtained from step (b) to produce methane; and (d) using the hydrogen obtained from step (b) and the methane obtained from step (c) to produce a synthetic diamond by chemical vapour deposition (CVD). 1. A method of producing a synthetic diamond , the method comprising:(a) capturing carbon dioxide from the atmosphere;(b) performing electrolysis of water to provide hydrogen;(c) reacting the carbon dioxide obtained from step (a) with the hydrogen obtained from step b) to produce methane; and(d) using the hydrogen obtained from step (b) and the methane obtained from step c) to produce a synthetic diamond by chemical vapour deposition (CVD).2. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) comprises capturing the carbon dioxide using a nanotube gas separator.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) comprises cooling air to liquefy carbon dioxide in the air.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein cooling the air to liquefy carbon dioxide in the air comprises compressing the air and then expanding the air.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the steps of compressing the air and then expanding the air are repeated.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the steps are repeated three times.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (a) comprises capturing carbon dioxide using an amine-containing sorbent-material.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein capturing carbon dioxide using the amine-containing sorbent material is conducted at a temperature below 25° C.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the captured carbon dioxide is subsequently released by heating the amine-containing sorbent material to a temperature above 25° C.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (b) comprises performing the electrolysis of water using at least one polymer ...

MOLTEN CARBOXYLATE ELECTROLYTES FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DECARBOXYLATION PROCESSES

Molten salt electrolytes are described for use in electrochemical synthesis of hydrocarbons from carboxylic acids. The molten salt electrolyte can be used to synthesize a wide variety of hydrocarbons with and without functional groups that have a broad range of applications. The molten salt can be used to synthesize saturated hydrocarbons, diols, alkylated aromatic compounds, as well as other types of hydrocarbons. The molten salt electrolyte increases the selectivity, yield, the energy efficiency and Coulombic efficiency of the electrochemical conversion of carboxylic acids to hydrocarbons while reducing the cell potential required to perform the oxidation. 1. An electrochemical cell comprising:an electrolyte compartment with a quantity of electrolyte, the electrolyte comprising a quantity of an inorganic salt of a carboxylic acid dissolved in a molten salt electrolyte;an anode in communication with the electrolyte;a cathode in communication with the electrolyte; anda voltage source that decarboxylates the metal salt of the carboxylic acid into radicals that react to form at least one radical coupling product.2. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the electrolyte inorganic salt is selected from an alkaline metal claim 1 , an alkaline earth metal claim 1 , and mixtures of the same.3. The cell of claim 1 , wherein the cation of the electrolyte inorganic salt is selected from ammonium claim 1 , lithium claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , potassium claim 1 , magnesium claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , and mixtures of the same.4. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte contains a mixture of inorganic cations.5. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the electrolyte contains a mixture of at least three inorganic cations.6. The cell of claim 2 , wherein the oxidation potential of an anion in the molten electrolyte is higher than the oxidation potential of the carboxylate anion.7. The cell of claim 2 , wherein a carboxylate portion of the carboxylate inorganic salt is selected from: ...

A SYSTEM FOR CHEMICAL CONVERSION AND ELECTRICAL ENERGY GENERATION

Systems and methods to upgrade a feedstock include a metal/oxygen electrochemical cell having a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte in which the cell is configured to produce superoxide. The superoxide can react or complex with a feedstock to upgrade the feedstock. 1. A system to upgrade feedstock , the system comprising:a metal/oxygen electrochemical cell comprising a positive electrode, a negative electrode and an electrolyte in which the cell is configured to produce superoxide;a first conduit in fluid communication with the cell to introduce a feedstock to interact with the superoxide thereby upgrading the feedstock; anda second conduit in fluid communication with the cell to recover the upgraded feedstock.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is further configured to introduce as a feedstock: (i) carbon dioxide claim 1 , (ii) hydrocarbons claim 1 , or (iii) carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons to the metal/oxygen electrochemical cell.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode comprises a carbon material.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode comprising a metal material selected among lithium claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , magnesium claim 1 , aluminum claim 1 , zinc claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , copper and iron containing metal materials.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode comprises aluminum metal.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises an ionic liquid and a metal salt.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system includes an upgraded hydrocarbon or an oxalate.8. A process to upgrade a feedstock claim 1 , the process comprising:supplying a feedstock to a metal/oxygen electrochemical cell while operating the cell to generate current and to upgrade the feedstock; andrecovering the upgraded feedstock.9. The process of claim 8 , wherein the metal/oxygen electrochemical cell comprises a positive electrode claim 8 , a negative electrode and an electrolyte in which the ...

HIGH PRODUCTIVITY KOLBE REACTION PROCESS FOR TRANSFORMATION OF FATTY ACIDS DERIVED FROM PLANT OIL AND ANIMAL FAT

Oils from plants and animal fats are hydrolyzed to fatty acids for a Kolbe reaction. The invention relates to a high productivity Kolbe reaction process for electrochemically decarboxylating C4-C28 fatty acids using small amounts of acetic acid to lower anodic passivation voltage and synthesizing C6-C54 hydrocarbons. The C6-C54 undergo olefin metathesis and/or hydroisomerization reaction process to synthesize heavy fuel oil, diesel fuel, kerosene fuel, lubricant base oil, and linear alpha olefin products useful as precursors for polymers, detergents, and other fine chemicals. 1. A method of increasing productivity of a Kolbe electrolysis reaction forming one or more C6 to C54 hydrocarbons , the method comprising:combining one or more C4-C28 fatty acids with a solvent and with an amount of acetic acid to create a reaction mixture,wherein the one or more C4-C28 fatty acids is between about 80 weight percent to about 99.8 weight percent of a total carboxylic acid weight percent in the solvent, andwherein the amount of the acetic acid is between about 0.2 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the total carboxylic acid weight percent in the solvent; andperforming a Kolbe electrolysis reaction on the reaction mixture to produce the one or more C6 to C54 hydrocarbons,wherein the acetic acid in the reaction mixture lowers a passivation voltage of an electrode used in the Kolbe electrolysis reaction.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is a C1 to C4 alcohol claim 1 , methanol claim 1 , ethanol claim 1 , propanol claim 1 , isopropanol claim 1 , butanol claim 1 , water claim 1 , or a mixture thereof claim 1 , and wherein the solvent is a mixture which contains between about 0.5 percent to about 50 percent water by volume.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction mixture for the Kolbe electrolysis reaction is not a solution at room temperature.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more C4-C28 fatty acids in the solvent are reacted with a base to ...

COMPOSITE NANOPARTICLES AND METHODS OF PREPARATION THEREOF

The present invention is directed to composite nanoparticles comprising a metal, a rare earth element, and, optionally, a complexing ligand. The invention is also directed to composite nanoparticles having a core-shell structure and to processes for preparation of composite nanoparticles of the invention. 2. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the metal is a transition metal or a post-transition metal.3. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of iron claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , manganese claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , aluminum claim 1 , copper claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , and chromium.4. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth element is selected from the group consisting of samarium claim 1 , praseodymium claim 1 , neodymium claim 1 , gadolinium claim 1 , yttrium claim 1 , dysprosium claim 1 , and terbium.5. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the metal is cobalt and the rare earth element is samarium.6. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the rare earth to the metal element stoichiometric ratio in the composite nanoparticle is selected from the group consisting of 1:1 claim 1 , 1:3 claim 1 , 1:5 claim 1 , 1:7 claim 1 , 1:13 claim 1 , 2:7 claim 1 , 2:17 claim 1 , and 5:19.7. The composite nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the complexing ligand is selected from the group consisting of 2-[2-(dimethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol claim 1 , 2-[2-(diethylamino)ethoxy]ethanol claim 1 , 2-{[2-(dimethylamino)ethyl]methylamino}ethanol claim 1 , and 4-(dimethylamino)-1-butanol.8. The composite nanoparticle of having a mean diameter size from about 2 nm to about 500 nm.9. The composite nanoparticle of having an aspect ratio from 1 to 1000.10. A composite nanoparticle comprising a core nanoparticle and a shell layer substantially encapsulating the core nanoparticle;the core nanoparticle consisting essentially of a metal or a rare earth element;the shell ...

Electrochemical Method Of Producing Single-Layer Or Few-Layer Graphene Sheets

A method of producing isolated graphene sheets from a layered graphite, comprising: (a) forming an alkali metal ion-intercalated graphite compound by an electrochemical intercalation which uses a liquid solution of an alkali metal salt dissolved in an organic solvent as both an electrolyte and an intercalate source, layered graphite material as an anode material, and a metal or graphite as a cathode material, and wherein a current is imposed upon a cathode and an anode at a current density for a duration of time sufficient for effecting the electrochemical intercalation of alkali metal ions into interlayer spacing; and (b) exfoliating and separating hexagonal carbon atomic interlayers (graphene planes) from the alkali metal ion-intercalated graphite compound using ultrasonication, thermal shock exposure, exposure to water solution, mechanical shearing treatment, or a combination thereof to produce isolated graphene sheets. 1. A method of producing isolated graphene sheets having an average thickness smaller than 30 nm directly from a layered graphite material having hexagonal carbon atomic interlayers with an interlayer spacing , said method comprising:(a) forming an alkali metal ion-intercalated graphite compound by an electrochemical intercalation procedure which is conducted in an intercalation reactor, wherein said reactor contains (i) a liquid solution electrolyte comprising an alkali metal salt dissolved in an organic solvent; (ii) an anode that contains said layered graphite material as an active material in ionic contact with said liquid solution electrolyte; and (iii) a cathode in ionic contact with said liquid solution electrolyte, and wherein a current is imposed upon said cathode and said anode at a current density for a duration of time sufficient for effecting said electrochemical intercalation of alkali metal ions into said interlayer spacing, wherein said organic solvent is selected from 1,3-dioxolane (DOL), 1,2-dimethoxyethane (DME), tetraethylene ...

Self-organized and electrically conducting pedot polymer matrix for applications in sensors and energy generation and storage

The present invention relates to a one-step process for preparation of “in-situ” or “ex-situ” self-organized and electrically conducting polymer nanocomposites using thermally initiated polymerization of a halogenated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer or its derivatives. This approach does not require additional polymerization initiators or catalysts, produce gaseous products that are naturally removed without affecting the polymer matrix, and do not leave by-product contaminants. It is demonstrated that self-polymerization of halogenated 3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene monomer is not affected by the presence of a solid-state phase in the form of nanoparticles and results in formation of 3,4-polyethylenedioxythiophene (PEDOT) nanocomposites.

A SYSTEM FOR UTILIZING EXCESS HEAT FOR CARRYING OUT ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

A system and a method are provided for utilizing excess heat generated by an industrial process, in an electrochemical process. The system comprising: an electrochemical reactor for carrying out an electrochemical reaction, wherein the electrochemical reaction requires a pre-defined minimal temperature to be carried out; means operative to receive a gaseous feed stream generated in the industrial process and being at an elevated temperature; an inlet for introducing one or more chemical reactants to the electrochemical reactor; wherein the system is characterized in that the gaseous feed stream temperature is not constant and for at least part of the time, the temperature of the gaseous feed stream received by the system is lower than the required pre-defined minimal temperature. 1. A system for utilizing in an electrochemical process , excess heat generated by an industrial process said system comprising:an electrochemical reactor for carrying out an electrochemical process, wherein said electrochemical process requires a pre-defined minimal temperature to be carried out;means operative to receive a gaseous feed stream generated in the industrial process and being at an elevated temperature;an inlet for introducing one or more chemical reactants to the electrochemical reactor;wherein said system is characterized in that the means operative to receive the gaseous feed are adapted to receive said gaseous feed stream whose temperature is not maintained constant during the electrochemical process, and for at least part of the time said temperature of the gaseous feed stream received is lower than the required pre-defined minimal temperature.2. The system of claim 1 , said system comprising a plurality of sections arranged in series claim 1 , wherein each of the sections comprises at least one electrochemical reactor and at least one combustor claim 1 , and wherein the gaseous feed stream is introduced at each electrochemical reactor after being heated in a combustor to ...

MODULAR CHEMIRESISTIVE SENSOR

The present invention relates to a modular chemiresistive sensor. In particular, a modular chemiresistive sensor for hypergolic fuel and oxidizer leak detection, carbon dioxide monitoring and detection of disease biomarkers. The sensor preferably has two gold or platinum electrodes mounted on a silicon substrate where the electrodes are connected to a power source and are separated by a gap of 0.5 to 4.0 μM. A polymer nanowire or carbon nanotube spans the gap between the electrodes and connects the electrodes electrically. The electrodes are further connected to a circuit board having a processor and data storage, where the processor can measure current and voltage values between the electrodes and compare the current and voltage values with current and voltage values stored in the data storage and assigned to particular concentrations of a pre-determined substance such as those listed above or a variety of other substances. 1. A modular chemiresistive sensor comprising:at least noble metal electrodes mounted on a silicon substrate where the at least two noble metal electrodes are connected to a power source and are separated by a gap of 0.5 to 4.0 μM;a polymer nanowire or carbon nanotube spanning the gap and connecting the at least two noble metal electrodes;where the at least two noble metal electrodes are further connected to a means for measuring current and/or voltage between the at least two noble metal electrodes.2. The modular chemiresistive sensor of where the polymer nanowire or carbon nanotube has a diameter less than 150 nm.3. The modular chemiresistive sensor of where the polymer nanowire comprises at least one of the following: aniline claim 1 , pyrrole claim 1 , thiophene or ethylenedioxythiophene.4. The modular chemiresistive sensor of where the polymer nanowire comprises at least one of the following amine functionalized 2-(2-aminoethyl) aniline claim 1 , amine functionalized pyrrole claim 1 , thiophene or ethylenedioxythiophene.5. The modular ...

INTEGRATION OF REFORMING/WATER SPLITTING AND ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS FOR POWER GENERATION WITH INTEGRATED CARBON CAPTURE

High efficiency electricity generation processes and systems with substantially zero CO2 emissions are provided. A closed looping between the unit that generates gaseous fuel (H2, CO, etc) and the fuel cell anode side is formed. In certain embodiments, the heat and exhaust oxygen containing gas from the fuel cell cathode side are also utilized for the gaseous fuel generation. The systems for converting fuel may comprise reactors configured to conduct oxidation-reduction reactions. The resulting power generation efficiencies are improved due to the minimized steam consumption for the gaseous fuel production in the fuel cell anode loop as well as the strategic mass and energy integration schemes. 1. A system for converting carbonaceous fuel or thermal energy into electricity comprising:{'sub': 2', '2, 'a reforming/water splitting block for converting a steam and/or COrich gas stream and carbonaceous fuel and/or thermal energy into a fuel (Hand/or CO) rich gas stream and an exhaust gas stream;'}a fuel cell block for converting the fuel rich gas stream and an oxygen containing gas stream into a lean fuel gas stream and a spent oxygen containing gas stream from anode and cathode, respectively; anda closed loop between the reforming/water splitting block and fuel cell block.322-. (canceled)23. A system as claimed in in which the fuel cell block comprises a solid oxide fuel cell or a molten carbonate fuel cell.24. A system as claimed in in which the carbonaceous fuel comprises syngas claim 1 , carbon monoxide claim 1 , methane rich gas claim 1 , light hydrocarbons claim 1 , liquid carbonaceous fuels claim 1 , coal claim 1 , biomass claim 1 , tar sand claim 1 , oil shale claim 1 , petroleum coke claim 1 , heavy liquid hydrocarbons claim 1 , wax claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.25. A system as claimed in in which less than 10% of the fuel rich or steam/COrich gas stream is purged.26. A system as claimed in in which the thermal energy comprises either solar or nuclear energy.27 ...

MULTI-COMPONENT ELUENT GENERATING SYSTEM AND METHOD

A system and method to generate a concentration gradient eluent flow are described. The concentration gradient eluent flow can include at least two different generants. A liquid can be pumped to an eluent generating device. A first controlling signal can be applied to a first eluent generator to generate a first generant. A second controlling signal can be applied to a second eluent generator to generate a second generant. Either the first and/or the second controlling signal can be varied as a function of time to generate the concentration gradient eluent flow. 1. An electrolytic eluent generating device configured to generate at least two different generants where a first generant concentration and a second generant concentration are both controllable as a function of time , the electrolytic eluent generating device comprising; i) receive a liquid from a pump;', 'ii) add the first generant to the liquid; and', 'iii) output the liquid that includes the first generant, in which the first eluent generator comprises:', 'iv) a first ion source reservoir including a source of cations or anions', 'v) a first generation chamber including an inlet configured to receive the liquid and an outlet configured to output the liquid that includes the first generant;', 'vi) a first ion exchange barrier at least partly disposed between the first ion source reservoir and the first generation chamber;', 'vii) a first electrode in electrical communication with the first ion source reservoir; and', 'viii) a second electrode in electrical communication with the first generation chamber;, 'a) a first eluent generator configured to'} i) receive the liquid from the first eluent generator;', 'ii) add a second generant to the liquid; and', 'iii) output the liquid that includes the first generant, the second generant, in which the second eluent generator comprises:', 'iv) a second ion source reservoir including a source of cations or anions', 'v) a second generation chamber including an inlet ...

Electrochemical Co-Production of Products with Carbon-Based Reactant Feed to Anode

The present disclosure is a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a recycled reactant and at least one of an alkane, haloalkane, alkene, haloalkene, aromatic compound, haloaromatic compound, heteroaromatic compound or halo-heteroaromatic compound. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. 1. A method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode , the method comprising the steps of:receiving a feed of carbon dioxide at the first region of the electrochemical cell;contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide;receiving a feed of a recycled reactant and at least one alkane at the second region of the electrochemical cell, the recycled reactant is AX where X is selected from the group consisting of F, Cl, Br, I and mixtures thereof, and A is selected from the group consisting of H, Li, Na, K, Cs and mixtures thereof;contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising the recycled reactant and the at least one alkane; andapplying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first product recoverable from the first region includes acetic acid.3. The method according to claim 1 , ...

Production of Fuel from Chemicals Derived from Biomass

Hydrocarbons may be formed from six carbon sugars. This process involves obtaining a quantity of a hexose sugar. The hexose sugar may be derived from biomass. The hexose sugar is reacted to form an alkali metal levulinate, an alkali metal valerate, an alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or an alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate. An anolyte is then prepared for use in a electrolytic cell. The anolyte contains the alkali metal levulinate, the alkali metal valerate, the alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or the alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate. The anolyte is then decarboxylated. This decarboxylating operates to decarboxylate the alkali metal levulinate, the alkali metal valerate, the alkali metal 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or the alkali metal 5-alkoxy pentanoate to form radicals, wherein the radicals react to form a hydrocarbon fuel compound. 1. An electrolytic cell comprising:an anolyte compartment;a catholyte compartment;NaSICON membrane that separates the anolyte compartment from the catholyte compartment;an anolyte is housed within the anolyte compartment, wherein the anolyte comprises a solvent and a quantity of sodium levulinate, sodium valerate, sodium 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or sodium 5-alkoxy pentanoate;a catholyte is housed within the catholyte compartment; anda voltage supplier configured to decarboxylate the sodium levulinate, the sodium valerate, the sodium 5-hydroxy pentanoate, or the sodium 5-alkoxy pentanoate, wherein the decarboxylation forms radicals that react to form a hydrocarbon fuel compound.2. The electrolytic cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sodium levulinate claim 1 , sodium valerate claim 1 , sodium 5-hydroxy pentanoate claim 1 , or sodium 5-alkoxy pentanoate comprises sodium valerate claim 1 , wherein decarboxlation of the sodium valerate produces radicals that react to form octane.3. The electrolytic cell as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the sodium levulinate claim 1 , sodium valerate claim 1 , sodium 5-hydroxy pentanoate claim 1 , or sodium 5 ...

Method and apparatus of decomposing fluorinated organic compound

A method of decomposing a fluorinated organic compound involves irradiating a target fluorinated organic compound with light in the presence of electrolyzed sulfuric acid. In detail, the inventive method involves adding electrolyzed sulfuric acid prepared by electrolysis of an aqueous sulfuric acid solution at an anode to a solution containing the target fluorinated organic compound and irradiating the solution with light to decompose the fluorinated organic compound into fluoride ions and carbon dioxide. The method can decompose fluorinated organic compounds at reduced decomposition energy, without high-temperature incineration that has been conventionally required. An apparatus for decomposing a fluorinated organic compound is also provided that is utilizable in practicing the method.

REDOX SIGNALING GEL FORMULATION

Formulations containing reactive oxygen species (ROS), processes for making these formulations, and methods of using these formulations are described. The formulations can include gels or hydrogels that contain at least one reactive oxygen species (ROS). The formulations can include a composition containing a reduced species (RS) and a reactive oxygen species (ROS). The formulations can also contain a rheology modifier and can include gels or hydrogels. Methods of preparing the formulations can include preparing a composition. Compositions can be prepared by providing water, purifying the water to produce ultra-pure water, combining sodium chloride to the ultra-pure water to create salinated water, and electrolyzing the salinated water at a temperature between about 4.5 to about 5.8° C. 1. A stable hydrogel formulation comprising:a reactive oxygen species (ROS);saline; anda rheology modifier.2. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the ROS comprises superoxide claim 1 , hypochlorite claim 1 , hypochlorate claim 1 , oxygen derivatives claim 1 , hydrogen derivatives claim 1 , hydrogen peroxide claim 1 , or hydroxyl radicals.3. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises a metal silicate gelling agent.4. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises SiO claim 1 , MgO claim 1 , LiO claim 1 , NaO claim 1 , or combinations thereof.5. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the rheology modifier comprises a cross-linked acrylic acid polymer.6. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the formulation has a pH between about 5 and about 9.7. The stable hydrogel formulation of claim 1 , wherein the formulation is formulated for topical administration to a user.8. A stable hydrogel formulation comprising:sodium present at a concentration of about 1000 to about 2500 ppm;chloride present at a concentration from about 1200 to about 5300 ppm;hypochlorous acid ...

HYDROGEL-MEDIATED ELECTROPOLYMERIZATION OF CONDUCTING POLYMERS

Selective electropolymerization of conducting polymers using a hydrogel stamp is disclosed. The ability of this simple method to generate patterned films of conducting polymers with multiple surface chemistries in a single-step process and to incorporate biomolecules in these films is further described. 1. A method of forming a conductive polymer , the method comprising: contacting a conductive substrate with a hydrogel stamp containing (i) at least one monomer capable of forming the conductive polymer and (ii) at least one dopant; and applying a current between the conductive substrate and hydrogel stamp to form the conductive polymer on the conductive substrate.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel stamp has a pattern and the formed conductive polymer is formed on the conductive substrate according to the pattern of the stamp.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel stamp further contains at least one biomolecule and the formed conductive polymer includes the at least one biomolecule.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogel stamp contains a second set of (iii) at least one monomer capable of forming the conductive polymer and (iv) at least one dopant at a different location of the hydrogel stamp and which is different than the (i) at least one monomer capable of forming the conductive polymer and (ii) at least one dopant claim 1 , and wherein applying the current between the conductive substrate and hydrogel stamp forms the conductive polymer on the conductive substrate wherein the conductive polymer is formed with different materials resulting from the second set of the (iii) at least one monomer capable of forming the conductive polymer and (iv) at least one dopant.5. A method of forming a pattern including one or more conducting polymers claim 1 , the method comprising:contacting a hydrogel stamp loaded with one or more polymer precursor solutions with an electrically conducting surface of a substrate; andapplying an electrical current ...

DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL MODULATION OF ODORANT MOLECULES

The present invention provides devices, systems and methods for electrochemically modulating functional groups associated with a specific odorant molecule for purposes of altering the smell associated with the specific odorant molecule. 1. A device comprising one or more electrochemically active surface areas , wherein each of the one or more electrochemically active surface areas is configured to electrochemically modulate the smell associated with a specific odorant molecule.2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an air in-flow portion configured to direct air having odorant molecules to the one or more electrochemically active surface areas.3. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an air out-flow portion configured to direct electrochemically modulated odorant molecules out of the device.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured such that it can be programmed to electrochemically modulate the smell associated with specific odorant molecules so as to obtain a desired smell within a setting.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the device is configured such that it can be directed to electrochemically modulate the smell associated with specific odorant molecules so as to inhibit an undesired smell within a setting.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the electrochemically active surface areas is a carbon-based electrochemically active surface area.7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the carbon-based electrochemically active surface area is a graphite-based electrochemically active surface area.8. The device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the electrochemically active surface areas comprises an electrode.9. The device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the electrochemically active surface areas is a gas diffusion electrode.10. The device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the electrochemically active surface areas is any type of electric cell capable of modulating the chemical structure of odorant molecules upon contact ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONVERSION OF SOLID WASTE INTO SYNTHETIC OIL, GAS, AND FERTILIZER

A method of producing oil, gas, and ash fertilizer from a feedstock includes inputting the feedstock into a reaction chamber having a wall, and combusting the feedstock in the reaction chamber. An electrical current flow is induced between the reaction chamber wall and the feedstock so as to cause arcing in the feedstock within the reaction chamber. Ash reaction byproducts migrate downward through the reaction chamber onto ash support structure, which is substantially electrically isolated from the reaction chamber wall. Gas and liquid reaction byproducts migrate upward through the reaction chamber to an upper chamber by a partial vacuum in the upper chamber, and are evacuated therefrom. The oil and gas are then separated from the evacuated gas/liquid products, providing the oil and the gas products. The oil is refinable, the gas is high in energy content, and the ash fertilizer is high in nitrogen. 1. A reformer combination , comprising:a chamber having an upper outer wall portion and a lower base portion;an inner wall disposed within said chamber, an upper portion of said inner wall being connected to said chamber to form an inner chamber and an outer chamber, the outer chamber comprising a thermal insulator formed by at least a partial vacuum produced by withdrawal of material from above a top opening of the inner chamber;at least one stirring member disposed within the inner chamber;plural cross members disposed within the inner chamber, but not touching any stirring member disposed within the inner wall; andan ash support member disposed within said chamber below a lower reformer opening, but electrically insulated therefrom, and wider than the inner wall.2. The reformer according to claim 1 , wherein the electrical insulation between the ash support member and the lower reformer opening causes an electric current to be induced from the inner wall to a top portion of wetted feedstock in the upper chamber.3. The reformer according to claim 1 , further comprising ...

COLOR TUNING OF ELECTROCHROMIC DEVICES USING AN ORGANIC DYE

Disclosed is a method to color tune an electrochromic device by the use of a standard dye. By following the “subtractive color mixing” theory and selecting the appropriate standard dye to compliment or accentuate the electrochromic material, tuning of the optical and colorimetric properties of the resulting electrochromic device can be achieved. The method can also be used to prepare electrochromic devices that will switch between two neutral colors.

Solar Hydrogen Production from Ambient Water Vapor Electrolysis

Hydrogen gas as a power source is obtained from gaseous water, including seawater vapor existing abundantly at near-surface levels of the oceans or humid air over land. An integrated system of photovoltaic cells for capturing and harnessing solar energy is combined with a water vapor electrolysis system comprising an electrolyzer with an anode compartment and a cathode compartment separated by a proton exchange membrane. The photovoltaic aspects of the system convert the energy of the sun to drive electrolysis of gaseous water from the environment. The electrolyzer aspects include an anode, a cathode, and a proton exchange membrane. At the anode, oxygen evolution reaction (OER) catalysts oxidize HO to oxygen gas and protons, the latter being diffused through a membrane (e.g., a solid polymer electrolyte membrane such as Nafion). At the cathode, photogenerated electrons are conducted to hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) catalysts to reduce the protons to hydrogen gas, while concentration gradients drive the generated Oback to the atmosphere. 1. A photovoltaic-driven hydrogen production system , comprising:a casing supporting a photovoltaic cell configured to receive solar energy that is converted to electric potential energy (voltage) sufficient to convert humidified air into oxygen gas and hydrogen ions through electrolysis;an electrolyzer for converting humidified air to hydrogen gas, the electrolyzer comprising,an anode compartment that receives humidified air, the anode compartment having an anode that converts the humidified air to oxygen gas and hydrogen ions through electrolysis;a cathode compartment that receives the protons and having a cathode that converts the protons to hydrogen gas; anda membrane separating the anode compartment from the cathode compartment that allows protons to pass from the anode compartment to the cathode compartment.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an oxygen evolution reaction catalyst positioned in the anode ...

REFERENCE ELECTRODE IMPLEMENTATION WITH REDUCED MEASUREMENT ARTIFACTS

Artifacts from the presence of a reference electrode in a thin-film cell configuration can be minimized or eliminated by providing the surface of a reference electrode with a specified surface resistivity. Theoretical considerations are set forth that show that for a given wire size, there is a theoretical surface resistance (or resistivity) that negates all artifacts from the presence of the reference wire. The theory and the experimental results hold for a electrochemical cell in a thin-film configuration. 2. The thin-film cell of claim 1 , wherein the resistive coating is an ion resistive coating.3. The thin-film cell according to claim 1 , wherein the resistive coating comprises an organic polymer.4. The thin-film cell according to claim 1 , wherein the resistive coating comprises a ceramic.5. The thin-film cell according to claim 1 , wherein the resistive coating comprises a nitride claim 1 , carbide claim 1 , oxide or sulfide of aluminum claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , magnesium claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , silicon claim 1 , or zirconium.6. The thin-film cell according to claim 1 , wherein the reference electrode has a surface resistivity of 1×10ohm-cmor greater.7. The thin-film cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte has a conductivity σ claim 1 , the electrodes are spaced apart by a distance L claim 1 , the radius of the reference electrode is R claim 1 , and the surface resistivity of the reference electrode in ohm-cmis numerically equal to the radius Rin cm divided by the conductivity σ in (ohm-cm).8. A battery comprising a plurality of electrochemical cells claim 1 , wherein at least one of the cells is a thin-film cell according to .9. A lithium ion battery according to .10. A method of constructing an electrochemical cell containing a working electrode and a counter electrode separated by a separator containing an electrolyte claim 8 , and further comprising a reference electrode in the form of a wire disposed between the working and the counter electrode ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS METHOD AND DEVICE

The present invention relates to a method for producing at least one product by electrochemical synthesis on a directly electrically-heated working electrode (), in which at least one educt reacts on the heated working electrode () to the at least one product. The invention also relates to the use of a directly electrically-heated working electrode () for the electrochemical synthesis of at least one product. The invention relates in particular to a working electrode (), particularly in the form of a three-dimensional, preferably conical spiral, designed for the electrochemical synthesis. Another object of the invention is the synthesis/regeneration of an enzymatic cofactor on a working electrode () according to the invention. 111. A process for producing at least one product by electrochemical synthesis on a directly electrically heated working electrode () in which at least one educt reacts on the heated working electrode () to the at least one product.211. The use of a directly electrically heated working electrode () for the electrochemical synthesis of at least one product , in which at least one educt reacts on the heated working electrode () to the at least one product.312. The process of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode () is directly heated by means of a symmetrical arrangement with a heating current in the form of an alternating current claim 1 , wherein the symmetrical contacting preferably occurs via a bridge circuit ().41. The process of claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active surface area of the working electrode () comprises at least 1×10m claim 1 , preferably 1×10mor 1×10m.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the reaction is selected from the group consisting of oxidation claim 1 , reduction claim 1 , protonation claim 1 , deprotonation claim 1 , substitution claim 1 , hydrogenation claim 1 , dehydrogenation claim 1 , condensation claim 1 , hydrolysis claim 1 , addition claim 1 , cleavage claim 1 , cyclization claim 1 , dimerization ...

Composite nanoparticles and methods of preparation thereof

The present invention is directed to composite nanoparticles comprising a metal, a rare earth element, and, optionally, a complexing ligand. The invention is also directed to composite nanoparticles having a core-shell structure and to processes for preparation of composite nanoparticles of the invention.

METHOD FOR OPERATING AN SOEC-TYPE STACK REACTOR FOR PRODUCING METHANE IN THE ABSENCE OF AVAILABLE ELECTRICITY

A method for the operation of an SOEC stack reactor (Solid Oxide Electrolyser Cell), according to which, in the absence of electricity, synthesis gas H+CO or a mixture H+COis injected at the cathode inlet of the reactor in such a way as to produce methane inside the reactor. Since the catalytic methanation reaction is exothermic, the stack reactor can therefore be held at temperature, without loss of fuel. The fuel used for the methanation (synthesis gas or hydrogen) can advantageously be that which has been previously produced during the operating phases with available electricity. 111.-. (canceled)12. A process for operating a reactor , termed first reactor , comprising a stack of elemental electrolysis cells of SOEC type , each formed from a cathode , an anode and an electrolyte inserted between the cathode and the anode , and a plurality of electrical and fluid interconnectors , each arranged between two adjacent elemental cells with one of its faces in electrical contact with the anode of one of the two elemental cells and the other of its faces in electrical contact with the cathode of the other of the two elemental cells , the cathodes being made of methanation reaction catalyst material(s) ,according to which process the following steps are carried out:{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'a/ the first reactor is supplied with electricity, and either steam HO or a mixture of steam and carbon dioxide COis supplied and distributed to each cathode, or steam is supplied and distributed to the cathode of one of the two adjacent elemental cells and carbon dioxide is supplied and distributed to the cathode of the other of the two elemental cells, so as to carry out, at each cathode, either a high-temperature electrolysis of the steam HO, or a high-temperature co-electrolysis of steam and carbon dioxide,'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'b/ after step a/ and when the first reactor is supplied with a level of electric current that is insufficient to carry out an HTE electrolysis or a ...