ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА И СПОСОБ ЕЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Предложена электролитическая ячейка, содержащая герметизирующий сосуд, первый электрод, второй электрод, источник электрического тока, находящийся в электрическом сообщении с первым электродом и вторым электродом, электролит, имеющий жидкостное сообщение с первым электродом и вторым электродом; газ, причем этот газ образуется во время электролиза на первом электроде или вблизи него; при этом ячейка снабжена сепаратором, который имеет наклонную поверхность, и включает в себя электрод, чтобы можно было направлять поток электролита и газа за счет разности между плотностью электролита и суммарной плотностью электролита и газа таким образом, чтобы газ перемещался в направлении в сторону от второго электрода. Повышение циркуляции электролита при помощи наклонного сепаратора, а также увеличение эффективности массопередачи в процессе электролиза, является техническим результатом предложенного изобретения. Предложенная ячейка работает при отсутствии протоннообменной мембраны и позволяет быстро удалять ...

ГЕНЕРАТОР ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО ВОДОРОДА

Изобретение относится к двум вариантам устройства генерирования водорода, а также способу использования устройства. Устройство по одному из вариантов включает в себя: анод; катод; корпус, имеющий внутреннюю полость и по меньшей мере одно отверстие; цилиндрическую металлическую гильзу, введенную скольжением и размещенную во внутренней полости, металлическая гильза имеет по меньшей мере одно отверстие, выровненное с по меньшей мере одним отверстием корпуса; перфорированную стенку внутри внутренней полости возле ее конца, электрически соединенную с анодом или катодом и отделяющую концевую часть внутренней полости от основной части внутренней полости; и по меньшей мере одну электропроводящую клемму, выступающую наружу из внутренней полости через выровненные отверстия гильзы и корпуса и находящуюся в электрическом контакте с анодом; и воду в корпусе, непрерывно проходящую из основной части внутренней полости через перфорированную стенку в концевую часть внутренней полости. Предлагаемое изобретение ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО

Изобретение относится к двум вариантам электролитического устройства. Устройство по одному варианту содержит: резервуар для воды, содержащий незаполненное пространство для вмещения воды; электролитическую ванну, расположенную в незаполненном пространстве резервуара для воды, содержащую камеру и внутреннюю стенку камеры, имеющую множество элементов для удержания, причем электролитическая ванна содержит верхнюю пластину и крышку, выполненную над верхней пластиной; и множество электродов, соединенных с множеством элементов для удержания и расположенных отдельно, при этом верхняя пластина электролитической ванны расположена над множеством электродов. Изобретение позволяет уменьшить потребление энергии и объем камеры. 2 н. и 13 з.п. ф-лы, 7 ил.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРЮЧЕГО ГАЗА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРЮЧЕГО ГАЗА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА, ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕННОЕ ДЛЯ УСТАНОВКИ НА ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА

Изобретение относится к устройству для генерирования горючего газа и к устройству данного типа, предназначенному для установки на транспортное средство. Сущность изобретения заключается в том, что устройство содержит электролитическую ячейку, положительный и отрицательный электроды, погруженные в электролитический раствор и подключенные к источнику энергии, обеспечивающему приложение постоянного или переменного напряжения, промежуточные электроды, установленные между положительным и отрицательным электродами и изолированные от них и друг от друга, герметизирующий кожух, обеспечивающий герметизацию электролитической ячейки и снабженный отверстием для вывода газовой смеси водорода и кислород, и сепараторный блок для разделения газа и жидкости. При этом сепараторный блок установлен между верхней частью электролитической ячейки и герметизирующим кожухом и содержит сепарационную камеру, разделенную перегородками на множество камер, а в перегородках и в дне каждой камеры выполнены отверстия.

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ОДНОГО ИЛИ НЕСКОЛЬКИХ ГАЗОВ

Изобретение относится к способу получения водорода или кислорода, согласно которому воду обрабатывают электролитическим путем, при этом в воде имеется ионообменное вещество, содержащее матрицу, анкерные группы и обмениваемые ионы. Устройство для осуществления способа содержит резервуар с водой, в котором имеется ионообменное вещество, положительный электрод и отрицательный электрод, выполненные с возможностью присоединения или присоединенные к источнику тока. Изобретение направлено на усовершенствование способов получения водорода и кислорода. 2 н. и 2 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил., 3 табл.

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ОЧИСТКИ ЖИДКОСТИ

Изобретение относится к способу и устройству для очистки воды для снижения концентрации загрязнений в жидкости. Способ включает нагнетание жидкости в камеру очистки, прохождение жидкости через отверстие для впуска жидкости в очистительную камеру, нагнетание жидкости через по меньшей мере одну проницаемую для жидкости электролитическую ячейку, проведение электролиза жидкости, прохождение жидкости через отверстие для впуска и выпуска жидкости. Технический результат - способ и устройство являются подходящими для очистки воды, содержащей загрязнения, и для значительного снижения концентрации загрязнений. 2 с. и 11 з.п.ф-лы, 2 табл., 8 ил.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ВОДОРОДА И КИСЛОРОДА С РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕМ МОЩНОСТИ

Изобретение относится к физико-химическим процессам получения тепловой энергии из водорода и кислорода при электролизе воды. Крышка имеет цилиндроконический прилив со сквозным отверстием, образующий совместно с корпусом анодную и катодную полости, анод выполнен плоским и расположен в анодной полости, и соединен с положительным полюсом источника питания, катод - в виде стержня из тугоплавкого материала, вставлен в диэлектрический стержень с наружной резьбой, посредством которой он введен в межэлектродную камеру через резьбовое отверстие в корпусе и центрирован в сквозном отверстии крышки, и соединен с отрицательным полюсом источника питания. Диэлектрический держатель катода выполнен с возможностью регулирования межэлектродного расстояния от 20 до 40 мм, при этом анод и катод подсоединены к источнику импульсного питания частотой 500 Гц. Изобретение позволяет получить тепловую энергию из водорода и кислорода за счет регулирования межэлектродного расстояния с возможностью контроля интенсивности ...

ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЙ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕР ВЫСОКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩИЙ АЛЛОТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС

... 1. Электролизер для высокотемпературного электролиза, способный работать в аллотермическом режиме и включающий корпус, по меньшей мере одну электролизную пластину, содержащую комбинацию анода и катода, и устройств (10) для нагревания активной текучей среды, подлежащей высокотемпературному электролизу, причем корпус выполнен с возможностью обеспечения электролитной ванны под высоким или очень высоким давлением, равным нескольким десяткам бар, а вышеуказанные нагревательные устройства (10) расположены в корпусе и используют текучую среду-теплоноситель, активная текучая среда является газом, нагревательные устройства представляют собой по меньшей мере одну пластину, расположенную параллельно и рядом с электролизной пластиной (8), где нагревательная пластина (10) имеет по существу такой же размер, что и электролизная пластина (8), и включает металлический корпус, в котором расположен теплообменник, содержащий несколько трубопроводов, проходящих от конца (8.1), с которого подается горячая текучая ...

СПОСОБ И РЕАКТОР ДЛЯ ПРИГОТОВЛЕНИЯ МЕТАНОЛА

... 1. Способ получения метанола, отличающийся тем, что указанный способ включает ! создание разности потенциалов между катодом (11) и анодом (12) в реакторе типа топливного элемента, ! проведение в реакторе первой операции (1), включающей первую требуемую катодную реакцию (a) между диоксидом углерода и водой ! ! с использованием катализатора, действие которого оптимизировано для проведения указанной реакции (a); ! транспортировку продуктов реакции, получаемых в первой операции (1), для проведения второй операции (2), и проведение второй требуемой катодной реакции (b) ! ! с использованием катализатора, действие которого оптимизировано для проведения указанной реакции (b), и ! транспортировку продуктов реакции, получаемых во второй операции (2), для проведения третьей операции (3), и проведение третьей требуемой катодной реакции (c) ! ! с использованием катализатора, действие которого оптимизировано для проведения указанной реакции (c). ! 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся применением катализатора ...

ЭЛЕКТРОВОДОРОДНЫЙ ГЕНЕРАТОР

... 1. Устройство получения кислородно-водородной смеси, именуемое «Электроводородный генератор», содержащее каналы подачи воды и электролита и отвода продуктов электролиза, электролизер, включающий цилиндрический корпус, заполненный раствором электролита и соединенный с каналами подвода воды и электролита, короткозамкнутые либо соединенные через потребитель постоянного тока электроды, один из которых образован внутренней поверхностью корпуса, и теплообменник, отличающееся наличием механизма, формирующего скрученный выворачивающийся тороидальный поток электролита, и второго электрода в виде токопроводящей штанги, расположенной вдоль продольной оси цилиндрической емкости. ! 2. Устройство по п.1, отличающееся тем, что механизм, задающий смерчеобразное вихревое движение электролита, выполнен как совокупность крыльчатки, соединенной с приводом вращения, и цилиндрическим корпусом.

ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЕ КАРБОНАТА МЕТАЛЛА В ХЛОРИД МЕТАЛЛА

ГАЗОГЕНЕРАТОР

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

... 1. Способ производства углеводородов из диоксида углерода и воды, в котором:обеспечивают первый реакционный сосуд (14), содержащий положительный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую воду и ионизирующий материал;обеспечивают второй реакционный сосуд (12), содержащий отрицательный электрод и жидкую электролитическую среду, включающую смесь воды и диоксида углерода;соединяют первый и второй реакционные сосуды средством связи, которое обеспечивает проход электронов и/или ионов между электролитическими средами первого и второго реакционных сосудов;прилагают постоянный электрический ток к положительному электроду и отрицательному электроду, обеспечивая поток электронов от катода к аноду через электролитические среды в реакционных сосудах (12 и 14) и образование углеводородов в реакционном сосуде (12).2. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды включают метан.3. Способ по п.1, в котором в реакционном сосуде (14) образуется кислород.4. Способ по п.1, в котором углеводороды извлекают ...

ИНТЕГРИРОВАННЫЙ ГЕНЕРАТОР ВОДОРОДСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ГАЗА С ВОДОРОДНО-ВОДЯНЫМ МОДУЛЕМ

СПОСОБ И СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ рH ПОЛОСТИ РТА

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ АУСТЕНИТНОЙ НЕРЖАВЕЮЩЕЙ СТАЛИ И ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕРА, ИЗГОТОВЛЕННОГО ИЗ ТАКОЙ СТАЛИ

... 1. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали, содержащей ! 10-31,0 мас.% никеля, ! 10-27,3 мас.% хрома, ! 30-52,8 мас.% железа и ! максимум 17 мас.% другого элемента или элементов, выбранных из N, Mn, Mo, Cu, Nb, Ti, V, Ce, B, W, Si и Co, ! в качестве конструкционного материала в устройстве или структурных компонентах, которые выдерживаться в окружающей среде, содержащей фтористоводородную кислоту и кислород и/или водород. ! 2. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали по п.1, где указанная композиция содержит 0,5-2 мас.% меди. ! 3. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали по п.1 или 2, где указанная композиция содержит 3-8 мас.% молибдена. ! 4. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали по п.1, где указанная композиция содержит максимум 12,5 мас.% другого элемента или элементов. ! 5. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали по п.1, где указанная композиция содержит максимум 12 мас.% другого элемента или элементов. ! 6. Применение аустенитной нержавеющей стали по п.1 или 2, где указанная композиция ...

ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕРОВ ИЗ ОТДЕЛЬНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

... 1. Электрохимическая ячейка для процессов мембранного электролиза, состоящая из не менее чем двух полуванн (8, 10), охватывающих анолитное пространство (16) и катодное пространство (22) с расположенной между ними мембраной (5), из анода (6) в анолитном пространстве (16), причем катодное пространство (22) с поглощающим кислород катодом (4) снабжено несколькими расположенными один над другим газовыми карманами для компенсации давления (15), католитным разделяющим пространством (14) и, если это необходимо, рециркуляционным объемом (19), отличающаяся тем, что для электропроводных опорных элементов (7) в анолитном пространстве (16) и опорных элементов (3, 2, 1) в катодном пространстве (22) предусмотрено одинаковое положение друг против друга. 2. Электрохимическая ячейка по п.1, отличающаяся тем, что роль опорных элементов в катодном пространстве (22) выполняет состоящий из нескольких частей опорный элемент (3, 2, 1), причем опорная часть (1) в католитном разделяющем пространстве (14), еще одна ...

ELECTROLYZER FOR OBTAINING SODIUM HYPOCHLORITE

Электролизер для получения водорода и кислорода

Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer chlordioxidgas-haltigen wässrigen Lösung

Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer chlordioxid-haltigen wässrigen Lösung, wobei die chlordioxid-haltige wässrige Lösung magnetisiertes Wasser und Chlordioxidgas umfasst, wobei die Vorrichtung zur Herstellung einer chlordioxid-haltigen wässrigen Lösung einen Elektrolyseur (1) zur Erzeugung von Chlordioxidgas, eine Magnetisierungsvorrichtung (3) zur Magnetisierung von Wasser und eine Mischvorrichtung (2) zur Mischung des Wassers oder des magnetisierten Wassers mit dem Chlordioxidgas umfasst.

Methode zur Herstellung von Stickstofftrifluorid.

SEAL FOR ELECTROLYTIC CELLS

Pressure-compensated electrochemical half-cell

The invention relates to an electrochemical half-cell (1) comprising at least one electrode chamber (3, 15) for holding an electrolyte (100), a gas chamber (2) and at least one gas-diffusion electrode (14) separating the gas chamber (2) and the electrode chamber (3, 15) in the form of an anode or a cathode. The gas chamber (2) is divided into two or a plurality of superimposed gas pockets (2a, 2b) in which gas is fed or removed via separate openings (7) and (12a, 12b, 12c, 12d), and the pressure on the electrolyte side of the electrode (14) is compensated for by an opening of each gas pocket (2a, 2b) to the electrolyte.

Elektrolytische Zelle

GRADIERTE METALLKOMPONENTE FÜR EINE ELEKTROCHEMISCHE ZELLE

End cap for an electrolytic cell

Moving mercury cathode electrolytic cell

A cell for producing chlorine by electrolysis of brine has a cathode support disposed vertically or at an angle of up to 30% to the vertical and provided with a flowing mercury cathode film and an adjacent parallel anode of titanium coated with platinum, rhodium, iridium, or an alloy consisting of two or more of these metals. The electrodes may be planar, cylindrical or cone frusta with the cathode inside the anode or between anodes which may be perforated. Mercury is fed by a pipe passing up inside the cathode support and brine may be fed to submerge the electrodes or if the anode is imperforate the brine may be confined within it except at the bottom where it forms a pool over the amalgamated mercury. Provision is made for removal of evolved gas, amalgam and brine. If the electrodes are cone frusta, the electrode spacing may be varied by raising or lowering the outer (anode) electrode. Several cells may be arranged their anode, brine and mercury supply and removal and gas removal connections ...

ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS FOR RENDERING INOCUOUS A POLLUTING SUBSTANCE

... 1409419 Electrolytically rendering a polluting substance innocuous DART INDUSTRIES Inc 18 Sept 1972 43207/72 Heading C7B A polluting substance (such as CN-, CRO 3, NO 2 - or amine) contained in an aqueous solution is rendered innocuous in an electrolytic cell having between an anode and a cathode an aggregate of discrete packing elements at least some of which are non-metallic electrically conductive elements (e.g. of carbon). In the process, the polluting substance is reacted either with a compound which is dissolved in the solution or with electrolytic reaction products of the compound. Innocuous reaction products are evolved at one electrode. Any noxious reaction products evolved at the counter electrode are prevented (e.g. by a permeable wall) from entering the main body of the electrolyte. Gas is generated in the main body of the electrolyte and effects cleaning of the surfaces of the electrically conductive elements. Specified polluting substances together with dissolved ...

Process of manufacturing a catalyst-coated membrane-seal assembly

Apparatus for electrolyzing water

Apparatus for the electrolysis of water comprises an elongated tube and an electrolysis assembly provided at one end of the tube defining an interior chamber which constitutes an extension thereof. The electrolysis assembly includes at least one fixed stator and at least one rotatably mounted rotor and drive means for rotating the rotor in the form of propeller blades mounted on a shaft which is connected to a transmission to the rotor. A pair of fixed electrodes extend across the interior chamber of the electrolysis assembly. A matrix of Wiegand modules are affixed to the rotor and a corresponding matrix of magnet pairs are fixed to the stator. Appropriate circuitry is provided which couples the positive and negative leads of the Wiegand modules to respective ones of the electrodes. When the tube is immersed in a body of water so that its upper end extends out from the water and so that the electrolysis assembly is completely immersed, water tends to rush into the interior chamber under ...

A device for cooling an electrolyser

A device comprising a cell including electrodes and an electrolyte, a chamber on one side of the cell such that the cell is mounted or embedded in a wall of the chamber and a valve through which gas generated in the chamber can be vented. The chamber is relatively large compared to the cell, with the chamber having an internal height that is at least twice the height of the cell. Preferably, the device comprises two chambers, one on each side of the cell such that the cell acts as a divider between the chambers with the chambers linked by a conduit that allows fluid transfer so that pressure difference between the cells is reduced. Ideally, the device is used for the electrolysis of water wherein the water fills the chambers so that the electrolytic cell can be considered to be immersed in the water. Heat is transferred from the electrolytic cell into the surrounding water.

IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO ELECTRODES

... 1,267,993. Direct connections. MARSTON EXCELSIOR Ltd. 8 April, 1970 [28 April, 1969], No. 21583/69. Heading H2E. [Also in Division C7] An electrode assembly, for the chloro-alkali electrolysis of brine in a mercury cathode cell, comprises a conductive metal boss 27 friction welded to a film-forming metal electrode body 26, a conductive metal current feeder 33 in removable electrical contact with the boss, and means clamping the feeder in such contact and isolating the boss and feeder from any corrosive attack. Such means may comprise a ring 28 with screw-threaded periphery 29 affixed to the body 26 around the boss, a tube 37 and tubular body 35 surrounding the feeder, and an annular clamping nut 38 in threaded engagement with the ring, all of film-forming metal. A pair of sealing O-rings 32 may be mounted in annular channels 31 on the internal surface 30 of the ring. The surfaces 47, 48 of the feeder 33 and boss 27 may be frusto-conical to reduce electrical resistance of the joint formed ...

Improvements in electrolytic sterilizing apparatus

... 679,879. Electrolytic cells; electrolytic production of hypochlorites. EVANS, D. J. May 4, 1951 [May 4, 1950], No. 11019/50. Addition to 638,694. Class 41. [Also in Groups XXVIII and XXXVII] A combined pump and electrolytic cell apparatus as described in the parent Specification is modified in that the piston or diaphragm of the pump is operated not by solenoid apparatus but by means of an electric motor which drives a face-cam through reducing mechanism of epicyclic or worm-gear type, the face-cam rotating upon a vertical axis slightly offset from the axis of the pump and cell unit. A second modification is in the automatic means for reversing the polarity of the rectified current supplied to the cell (see Group XXXVII). A third modification, which may be used with the apparatus described in the parent Specification or with the apparatus having the modified means described above for operating the piston or diaphragm of the pump, is the association of the combined pump and electrolytic ...

Electrochemical convertor having A1(2)O(3) containing zirconium oxide solid electrolyte

A solid electrolyte with a multi-layer electrode applied to it. This multi-layer construction prevents electrochemical decomposition reactions which limit the durability and length of service life of conventional electrodes.

Improvements in and relating to electrolytic cells

... The lining of an electrolytic diaphragm cell of the alkali chlorine type, comprises a layer of organic sealant 13 applied to the surface 14 to be protected, a further layer of porous fibrous material 12 adhered to the sealant, and a further layer of organic sealant 11 adhered to the fibrous layer 12. The porous fibrous material is inert with regards the brine solutions used in the cells and in the preferred form comprises a sheet of asbestos. Other suitable fibrous materials are nylon and foamed glass. The organic sealant may be bitumous sealant, such as an epoxy resincoal tar mixture, a polyester resin or an epoxy resin. In preparing the bottom of an electrolytic cell, two layers of the organic sealant are placed thereon, the first layer being permitted to dry completely before the second layer is superimposed on the first. Before completion of the drying of the second layer, the fibrous material layer is placed thereon with sufficient pressure to assure complete ...

Method for electrolyzing hydrochloric acid

In a method for electrolyzing hydrochloric acid in an electrolysis apparatus, the improvement which comprises the electrolysis apparatus comprising at least two electrolysis cells, each electrolysis cell having at least one anode, at least one cathode and at least one cation exchange membrane therebetween to define an anode compartment and a cathode compartment therein, and the method comprising the steps of (a) feeding hydrochloric acid aqueous solution as a starting material into the anode compartment of a first electrolysis cell and electrolyzing the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution therein, (b) feeding hydrochloric acid aqueous solution discharged from the anode compartment of the first electrolysis cell into the anode compartment of a second electrolysis cell and electrolyzing the hydrochloric acid aqueous solution therein, (c) feeding hydrochloric acid aqueous solution discharged from the anode compartment of the last electrolysis cell of the electrolysis apparatus into the cathode ...

ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF QUATERNARY AMMONIUM SALTS

There is described an electrolytic cell and a process for removing the halide or other anion from an organic salt having as general formula A+X-, wherein A+ is an organic cation and X- is a halide or other anion. Typical compounds of this type are the hydrohalides of nitrogen bases or other salts or hydrosalts of such bases or compounds notably salts (hydrohalides) of quaternary ammonium bases or of amines or amides. However the process herein contemplated may be applied to the removal of anions, e.g. chloride, which are present as an impurity or in combination with the organic compound.

Flow field plates and a method for forming a seal between them

ELECTROLYTIC CELL

... 1412927 Brine electrolysis cell HOOKER CHEMICALS and PLASTICS CORP 17 June 1974 [5 July 1973] 26789/74 Heading C7B An electrolytic cell for brine electrolysis, comprising a top cover section (not shown), a middle cathode section 1 and a bottom anode section 3, is maintained liquid tight by a plurality of holddown devices each of which comprises a bolt having a shaft 8 and an expanded head 7 positioned so that the shaft passes througha pair of vertically aligned apertures in extensions 2,4 attached on the exterior of respective cathode and anode sections, a compression spring 10 surrounding the shaft extending beyond the extensions, an adjustable fastener e.g. nut 9 on the shaft and insulating means for the bolt, e.g. a sleeve 11 and washers 13 of rubber, PTFE, paper or cellulose fabric impregnated with phenolic or melamine resin, glass, asbestos or synthetic fibre. The cathode and anode sections may be separated by gasket 5 of similar insluating material with seal 6 of asphaltic or mastic ...

SERIES OF ELECTROLYTIC CHLOR-ALKALI CELLS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN CAUSTIC ALKALI AND CHLORINE

Electrochemical cell plant

A system comprising an electrolyser stack connected to a water/gas separation vessel, via an inlet and an outlet pipe. The separation vessel is adapted to passively separate the water and gas and the separation vessel contains a heat exchanger. The separation vessel is constructed from polymeric material and the vessel also has at least two nozzles which are adapted to be in communication with the inlet pipe. At least two nozzles are also adapted to be in communication with the outlet pipe where the nozzles are integral to the separation vessel and constructed from the same polymeric material. The nozzles are located so that, in use, they create a cyclonic effect.

Portable ozone generator and use thereof for purifying water

Process for treatment of a fluid and apparatus therefor

Process for treatment of a fluid and apparatus therefor.

A process for treatment of a fluid in need of treatment The process comprising the steps of: (i) feeding the fluid in need of treatment to a fluid treatment chamber having a fluid inlet and a fluid outlet; (ii) passing the fluid in need of treatment through the fluid inlet into the treatment chamber, (iii) forcing the fluid in need of treatment through at least one fluid permeable electrolytic cell disposed substantially transverse to flow of the fluid, the electrolytic cell comprising a channel defined by an outer, perforated first electrode and an inner, coaxially disposed second electrode: (iv) subjecting :he fluid in need of treatment to electrolysis as it passes through the channel: iv) forcing the fluid to the fluid outlet: and (vi) allowing the fluid to exit the fluid outlet. The invention also provides a fluid treatment apparatus comprising a housing (100) including a fluid inlet (65), a fluid outlet (305) and at least one fluid permeable electrolytic cell (135) disposed therebetween ...

Process for treatment of a fluid and apparatus therefor

Portable ozone generator and use thereof for purifying water

Fuel cell.

Electrolytic reaction system for producing gaseoushydrogen and oxygen.

Multicellular cell of electrolysis.

Electronic voltameter with automatic relay and magnetic field.

Electrolytic reaction system for producing gaseoushydrogen and oxygen.

Fuel cell.

Fuel cell.

Portable ozone generator and use thereof for purifying water

ELECTROLYSIS PROCEDURE AND - CELL FOR THE SEPARATION OF AN ANION FROM AN ORGANIC COMPOUND

CANTILEVER CONTAINER, IN PARTICULAR FOR USE AS ELECTROLYSIS CELL

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE ELECTROLYSIS OF METALS OR METALLHAELTIGEN SOLUTIONS OR FOR THE ELECTRICAL SYNTHESIS OF CONNECTIONS AND ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CELL FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE PROCEDURE

CONTAINER FOR CORROSIVE ONE ELECTROLYTES

KUNSTSTOFFLEGIERUNG, PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION AND ITS APPLICATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF LOWER PARTS OF ELECTRO-CHEMICAL REACTION CONTAINERS.

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL PROCEDURE FOR THE TREATMENT OF LIQUID ELECTROLYTES.

ELECTRODE IN DOUBLE L-FORM FUER SEAWATER ELECTROLYSIS CELL.

ELECTROLYSIS CELL WITHOUT DIAPHRAGM

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE CORROSION PROTECTION OF ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CELLS

MEANS FOR THE MAINTENANCE OF PRESSURE ON THE ACTIVE SURFACE IN AN ELECTRO-CHEMICAL CELL

HIGH PRESSURE ELECTROLYSIS UNIT

Waste management in electrochemical systems

Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

DOUBLE L-SHAPED ELECTRODE FOR BRINE ELECTROLYSIS CELL

Flow distributors for electrochemical separation

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system ...

Systems and devices for treating and monitoring water, wastewater and other biodegradable matter

The invention relates to bio-electrochemical systems for the generation of methane from organic material and for reducing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogenous waste through denitrification. The invention further relates to an electrode for use in, and a system for, the adaptive control of bio-electrochemical systems as well as a fuel cell.

HALOGEN GENERATOR

High pressure electrolyser module

Electrolytic cell for producing a mixed oxidant gas

SEALING MEANS FOR FILTER PRESS CELLS

SAFETY ARRANGEMENT FOR ELECTROLYSIS APPARATUS

SOEC stack with integrated heater

An integrated heater for a Solid Oxide Electrolysis System is integrated directly in the SOEC stack, and can operate and heat the stack independently of the electrolysis process.

Composite hardware for an electrochemical cell

A composite cell plate comprises a polymer element laterally mated and interlocked, at a plurality of engagement points, with a resilient metal element. The cell plate can be used in an electrochemical cell.

Method for producing combustible gas from carbon dioxide and hydroxygen gas

In the present invention, a mixed gas of 90%-10% of carbon dioxide and 10%-90% of OHMASA-GAS is reacted under a pressure of 0.1MPa-10MPa and a temperature of 5°C-50°C, and as a result, a novel combustible gas is produced by the reaction of carbon dioxide and OHMASA-GAS.

Reduced volume electrochlorination cells and methods of manufacturing same

An electrochemical cell includes a housing having an inlet, an outlet, and a central axis and an anode-cathode pair disposed concentrically within the housing about the central axis and defining an active area between an anode and a cathode of the anode-cathode pair. An active surface area of at least one of the anode and the cathode has a surface area greater than a surface area of an internal surface of the housing. The anode-cathode pair is configured and arranged to direct all fluid passing through the electrochemical cell axially through the active area.

Electrolytic device for generation of pH-controlled hypohalous acid aqueous solutions for disinfectant applications

Apparatus for producing hydrogen-dissolved drinking water and process for producing the dissolved drinking water

Disclosed is an apparatus for producing a hydrogen-dissolved drinking water which is suitable as a drinking water for household use and has a high dissolved hydrogen concentration, and in which the lite duration of dissolved hydrogen is prolonged. The apparatus includes a water-flow-type electrolysis tank incorporated therein. High-purity water having a conductivity of not more than 50 S/cm is supplied into the electrolysis tank to produce a drinking water that has a dissolved hydrogen concentration of not less than 0.1 ppm at a pH value of 2.5 to 8.5, particularly 5.8 to 8.5. The apparatus is characterized in that the electrolysis tank comprises a vertical anode chamber provided with a water-permeable plate-like anode electrode and a vertical cathode chamber provided with a plate-like cathode electrode, the anode chamber and the cathode chamber are separated from each other with a barrier membrane formed of a fluorocarbon cation exchange membrane, the water-permeable plate-like anode electrode ...

Seawater electrolysis system and seawater electrolysis method

This seawater electrolysis system is provided with: an electrode (30) which comprises a negative electrode (C) and a positive electrode (A) that is formed of titanium coated with a coating material that contains iridium oxide; an electrolytic cell main body (20) that contains the positive electrode (A) and the negative electrode (C); and a power supply device (40) that passes current between the positive electrode (A) and the negative electrode (C) so that the current density on the electrode surfaces is 20 A/dm ...

Processes and systems for preparing lithium hydroxide

There are provided processes for preparing lithium hydroxide. The processes comprise submitting an aqueous composition comprising lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to a first electromembrane process that comprises a two-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions for conversion of the lithium sulfate and/or lithium bisulfate to lithium hydroxide, and obtaining a first lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a first lithium hydroxide-enriched aqueous stream; and submitting the first lithium-reduced aqueous stream to a second electromembrane process that comprises a three-compartment membrane process under suitable conditions to prepare at least a further portion of lithium hydroxide and obtaining a second lithium-reduced aqueous stream and a second lithium-hydroxide enriched aqueous stream. There are also provided systems for preparing lithium hydroxide.

Method and system for synthesizing fuel from dilute carbon dioxide source

A method for producing a synthetic fuel from hydrogen and carbon dioxide comprises extracting hydrogen molecules from hydrogen compounds in a hydrogen feedstock to produce a hydrogen-containing fluid stream; extracting carbon dioxide molecules from a dilute gaseous mixture in a carbon dioxide feedstock to produce a carbon dioxide containing fluid stream; and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams to produce a synthetic fuel. At least some thermal energy and/or material used for at least one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams is obtained from thermal energy and/or material produced by another one of the steps of extracting hydrogen molecules, extracting carbon dioxide molecules, and processing the hydrogen and carbon dioxide containing fluid streams.

RESTRICTING ELECTROLYTE FLOW

GASKET FOR ELECTROLYTIC CELL

Electrolytic commercial production of hydrogen from hydrocarbon compounds

ELECTROLYTIC HALOGEN GENERATORS

A METHOD OF PREPARING AN HHO HYDROGEN GENERATOR FOR WINTER OPERATING CONDITIONS

A method of preparing a HHO hydrogen generator for use in winter operating conditions. The HHO hydrogen generator is of the type having a reaction cell with at least one anode plate and at least one cathode plate, in which electric current is passed through a distilled water-electrolyte solution to produce HHO gas. The method is characterized by a step of increasing a concentration of a given electrolyte in the distilled water-electrolyte solution until testing by an antifreeze tester confirms that the distilled water-electrolyte solution will not freeze at a selected temperature.

METHOD FOR SIMULTANEOUS ELIMINATION OF ORTHOPHOSPHATE AND AMMONIUM USING ELECTROLYTIC PROCESS

The present invention provides a method for the treatment of nitrogen-rich effluent and production of struvite comprising introducing the effluent in an electrolytic system and performing a first electrolytic treatment to the effluent in a first electrolytic reactor in order to organic matter that impact on nucleation of struvite, followed by a second electrolytic treatment in a second electrolytic reactor, thereby injecting Mg ions which react with NH4+ and orthophosphates from the effluent to form a struvite precipitate.

SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR TREATING AND MONITORING WATER, WASTEWATER AND OTHER BIODEGRADABLE MATTER

The invention relates to bio-electrochemical systems for the generation of methane from organic material and for reducing chemical oxygen demand and nitrogenous waste through denitrification. The invention further relates to an electrode for use in, and a system for, the adaptive control of bio-electrochemical systems as well as a fuel cell.

ELECTROLYZER, METHOD FOR CONTROLLING SAME, AND PROGRAM

Provided is an electrolyzer which houses a stack obtained by stacking a plurality of electrolytic cells, wherein by automatically adjusting the position of the locking mechanism of a safety device, the pressing force applied to the stack is maintained. The electrolyzer 1 comprises: a stack 30 obtained by stacking a plurality of electrolytic cells 10 with membranes 20 interposed therebetween; a pressing plate 40 positioned on one end of the stack 30 in the stacking direction; an actuator 50 which generates a pressing force in the stacking direction by moving the pressing plate 40; a safety device 60 which is constituted to maintain the pressing force by having the locking mechanism 63 come into contact with the contact plate 61, thereby hindering the retraction of the pressing plate 40, when the actuator 50 is not operating; and a control device 80 which adjusts the distance between the contact plate 61 and the locking mechanism 63 within a specific range, so as to maintain the pressing ...

ELECTRODE ARRANGEMENT FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Electrode arrangement for electrochemical cells. A deformable sandwich structure (working electrode, insulator, secondary electrode, insulator) forms a primary electrode arrangement. A three-dimensional structure can be formed by rolling up the primary sandwich structure around and axis. The shapes and material structures of electrodes and insulators co-operate with each other to enable axial and/or radial flow of an electrolyte which is pumped througth the electrode roll. With such electrode rolls a high ratio of electrode surface to cell volume can be attained. Furthermore, by mounting one or more of the electrode rolls on a hollow axle and pumping the electrolyte through orifices of the axle from its interior into the electrode rolls, the scale-up of current and voltage of a cell is considerably facilitated and advantageously achieved.

ELECTROLYTIC HALOGEN GENERATORS

TITLE : ELECTROLYTIC HALOGEN GENERATORS APPLICANT: ROECAR HOLDINGS (NETHERLANDS ANTILLES) NV A chlorine generator (1) includes an electrolytic cell (2) and a transformer/rectifier unit (4). The electrolytic cell (2) has an anode (6) provided with a hood (7) and a cathode (8) located near the top of the cell (2). A conduct (11) connected to the top of the anode hood (7) has an outlet to the water (5) surrounding the cell (2). A saline anolyte (24) is provided near the anode (6) and a dilute saline catholyte (25) is joined in the region of the cathode (8). When the power supply is switched on gas (27) and caustic soda are formed at the cathode (8). Gas (28) consisting of chlorine and traces of oxygen is formed on the anode (6) by electrolysis.

ELECTRICAL CURRENT BREAKER FOR FLUID STREAM

METALLIC FILAMENT ELECTRODE

Compression casing for a fuel cell stack and a method for manufacturing a compression casing for a fuel cell stack

A fuel cell or electrolysis cell stack has force distribution members with one planar and one convex shape applied to at least its top and bottom face and in one embodiment further to two of its side faces. A compressed mat and further a rigid fixing collar surrounds the stack and force distribution members, whereby the stack is submitted to a compression force on at least the top and bottom face and potentially also to two side faces. The assembly is substantially gas tight in an axial direction of the primarily oval or circular shape and can be fitted with gas tight end plates to form robust gas inlet and outlet manifolds.

Electrolytic conversion of waste water to potable water

A method for converting waste water into potable water using power from an electrical grid. The method comprises flowing the waste water through an electrolysis cell coupled to the grid, and, when power availability on the grid is above an upper threshold, biasing the electrolysis cell to form hydrogen. Hydrogen evolved in the electrolysis is then provided as fuel to one or more fuel cells. When the power availability on the grid is below a lower threshold, electric current and potable water are drawn from the one or more fuel cells.

Fluorine Gas Generation Device

A fluorine gas generation device includes an electrolytic cell that electrolyzes hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic bath constituted of a molten salt containing hydrogen fluoride. The fluorine gas generation device liquefies and circulates a hydrogen fluoride gas vaporized from the molten salt and mist derived from the molten salt which is entrained on the gases generated by using a circulating device connected to a pipe on an upper portion of the electrolytic cell, thereby returning the hydrogen fluoride gas and the mist derived from the molten salt to the electrolytic cell.

Electrolytic Reactor

An electrolytic reactor consisting of a substantially hollow rectangular plastic housing for supporting a plurality of electrode plates using embedded metal fasteners and metal cap brackets for releasably fastening and sealing end cap members to the end of the reactor housing for sealed and pressurized operation in addition to providing a method for sealing and concentric alignment of electrode connectors within the reactor housing.

Modular electrochemical systems and methods

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Electrochemical separation modules

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Cleaning solution generator

A cleaning solution generator comprising a housing with an interior reservoir and a brine tank, the cleaning solution generator being configured to generate an alkaline solution from a mixed solution and to operably direct the generated alkaline solution to the interior reservoir of the housing.

Electrochemical Generation of Quaternary Ammonium Compounds

Method and apparatus for electrochemical generation of quaternary ammonium hypohalite salts, which may be combined with the capabilities of free chlorine to form a novel biocidal system. An aqueous solution preferably comprising dissolved quaternary ammonium halide salts is electrolyzed, which converts the halide component of the quaternary ammonium salt to the corresponding halogen. The halogen dissolves in the aqueous solution producing hypohalous acid and hypohalite anion. A combination of one or more quaternary ammonium compounds and a halide salt, surfactant, and/or germicide may be electrolyzed. The solution may be incorporated into a delivery system for example, a spray bottle or hand sanitizer, or as part of a dispensing system whereby quaternary ammonium halide salts absorbed onto wipes can be dispensed as quaternary ammonium hypohalite salts.

Fluorine gas generating apparatus

A fluorine gas generating apparatus generating a fluorine gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in molten salt, includes: an electrolytic cell including, above a liquid level of molten salt, a first gas chamber into which a product gas mainly containing the fluorine gas generated at an anode immersed in the molten salt and a second gas chamber separated from the first gas chamber into which a byproduct gas mainly containing a hydrogen gas generated at a cathode immersed in the molten salt; a hydrogen fluoride supply source retaining hydrogen fluoride to be replenished in the electrolytic cell; a refining device trapping a hydrogen fluoride gas evaporated from the molten salt in the electrolytic cell and mixed in the product gas generated from the anode to refine the fluorine gas; and a recovery facility conveying and recovering the hydrogen fluoride trapped in the refining device in the electrolytic cell or the hydrogen fluoride supply source.

Fluorine gas generating apparatus

A provided emergency stop facility includes an alternative gas supply facility capable of supplying a cooling medium in a refining device as an alternative gas instead of an entrained gas shut-off by closure of an entrained gas shut-off valve with loss of a driving source caused by the emergency stop; an alternative entrained gas shut-off valve switching between supply and shut-off of an alternative gas to a hydrogen fluoride supply passage; and an instrumentation gas supply facility for emergency stop having an instrumentation gas shut-off valve enabling supply of an instrumentation gas by opening with loss of the driving source caused by the emergency stop, wherein at the emergency stop of the fluorine gas generating apparatus, the alternative entrained gas shut-off valve is opened upon receipt of the supply of the instrumentation gas, and the alternative gas is supplied to the hydrogen fluoride supply passage.

Process for electrosynthesis of energetic molecules

A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Method and apparatus for cooking using a combustible gas produced with an electrolyzer

A domestic apparatus, such as a cooking appliance, uses hydrogen and, optionally electrical heating, to cook food. The cooking appliance may have a cooking surface (e.g. a grilling surface) so as to result in an indoor barbeque, which may be used with no venting or reduced venting requirements.

Electrolysis Water-Making Apparatus

An electrolysis water-making apparatus (A) includes a casing (), an electrolytic cell () installed in the casing () and configured to perform electrolysis on a raw material solution, a raw material solution feed pump () configured to pump the raw material solution to the electrolytic cell (), and a diluting unit () configured to dilute electrolyzed products extracted from the electrolytic cell () with dilution water; and provided with a bracket () configured to integrally attach the electrolytic cell () and the raw material solution feed pump (), and detachably fixed to the inside of the casing () in a state in which the electrolytic cell () and the raw material solution feed pump () are attached thereto. 1. An electrolysis water-making apparatus comprising:a casing;an electrolytic cell installed in the casing and configured to perform electrolysis on a raw material solution;a raw material solution feed pump configured to pump the raw material solution to the electrolytic cell; anda diluting unit configured to dilute electrolyzed products extracted from the electrolytic cell with dilution water; anda bracket configured to integrally attach the electrolytic cell and the raw material solution feed pump, and configured to be detachably fixed to the inside of the casing in a state in which the electrolytic cell and the raw material solution feed pump are attached thereto.2. The electrolysis water-making apparatus according to claim 1 , whereina first piping is connected between the raw material solution feed pump and a storage tank configured to store the raw material solution, anda connecting location of the first piping and the raw material solution feed pump is disposed over the storage tank.3. The electrolysis water-making apparatus according to or claim 1 , whereina second piping is connected between the electrolytic cell and the diluting unit, anda connecting location of the second piping and the diluting unit is disposed over a connecting location of the second ...

On Demand Carbon Monoxide Generator For Therapeutic and Other Applications

A device that can produce carbon monoxide for therapeutic and laboratory applications is disclosed. The device includes and electrochemical cell that converts carbon dioxide or a carbon dioxide containing molecule such as a carbonate or bicarbonate or bicarbonate into carbon monoxide and oxygen. The cell contains additives so pure carbon monoxide is obtained. 2. The carbon monoxide generator in with a Carbon Dioxide Source comprising at least one of solid CO claim 1 , liquid CO claim 1 , gaseous CO claim 1 , a carbonate or a bicarbonate.3. The carbon monoxide generator in comprising an electrochemical cell4. The carbon monoxide generator in any of the preceding claims claim 1 , comprising at least one of a) a Helper Catalyst b) A Directing Molecule or c) a Hydrogen Suppressor.5. The Carbon Dioxide Source in comprising at least one of a) a Helper Catalyst b) A Directing Molecule or c) a Hydrogen Suppressor.6. The device in or claim 1 , with at least one ofa) the Helper Catalyst,b) The Directing Molecule orc) the Hydrogen Supressorcomprising at least one cation and/or at least one anion.76. The device in any of claim 1 , claim 1 , or wherein at least one ofa) the Helper Catalyst,b) The Directing Molecule orc) the Hydrogen Supressorhas a concentration of between about 0.000006 2% and 99.999% by weight.87. The device of any of - claims 4 , wherein at least one ofa) the Helper Catalyst,b) The Directing Molecule orc) the Hydrogen Supressorcomprises at least one of the following: phosphines, imidazoliums, pyridiniums, pyrrolidiniums, phosphoniums, sulfoniums, prolinates, methioninates, or alkali ions.98. The device of any of - claims 4 , wherein at least one ofa) the Helper Catalyst,b) The Directing Molecule orc) the Hydrogen Supressorcomprises cholines or a choline salt.109. The device of any one of through wherein at least one ofa) the Helper Catalyst,b) The Directing Molecule orc) the Hydrogen Supressorcomprises 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium cations.1110. The device of ...

GAS DECOMPOSITION COMPONENT, AMMONIA DECOMPOSITION COMPONENT, POWER GENERATION APPARATUS, ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING GAS DECOMPOSITION COMPONENT

Provided are a gas decomposition component in which an electrochemical reaction is used to reduce the running cost and high treatment performance can be achieved; and a method for producing the gas decomposition component. The gas decomposition component includes a cylindrical MEA including an anode on an inner-surface side, a cathode on an outer-surface side, and a solid electrolyte sandwiched between the anode and the cathode; a porous metal body that is inserted on the inner-surface side of the cylindrical MEA and is in contact with the first electrode; and a central conductive rod inserted so as to serve as an electrically conductive shaft of the porous metal body 1. A gas decomposition component used for decomposing a gas , comprising:a cylindrical-body membrane electrode assembly (MEA) including a first electrode on an inner-surface side, a second electrode on an outer-surface side, and a solid electrolyte sandwiched between the first electrode and the second electrode;a porous metal body that is inserted on the inner-surface side of the cylindrical-body MEA and is electrically connected to the first electrode; anda central conductive rod inserted so as to serve as an electrically conductive shaft of the porous metal body.2. The gas decomposition component according to claim 1 , wherein the central conductive rod is a single-phase or composite-phase metal rod in which at least a surface layer does not contain Cr.3. The gas decomposition component according to claim 1 , wherein the solid electrolyte extends beyond both ends of the cylindrical-body MEA claim 1 , a tubular joint is engaged with each of ends of the cylindrical solid electrolyte claim 1 , the tubular joint is connected to a transfer passage for a gaseous fluid containing the gas supplied to the first electrode claim 1 , and a conductive member is electrically connected to the central conductive rod and penetrates the tubular joint.4. The gas decomposition component according to claim 3 , wherein ...

GAS DECOMPOSITION COMPONENT

Provided is a gas decomposition component that employs an electrochemical reaction and can have high treatment performance, in particular, an ammonia decomposition component. The gas decomposition component includes a MEA including a solid electrolyte and an anode and a cathode that are disposed so as to sandwich the solid electrolyte; Celmets electrically connected to the anode ; a heater that heats the MEA; and an inlet through which a gaseous fluid containing a gas is introduced into the MEA, an outlet through which the gaseous fluid having passed through the MEA is discharged, and a passage P extending between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the Celmets are discontinuously disposed along the passage P and, with respect to a middle position of the passage, the length of the Celmets disposed is larger on the side of the outlet than on the side of the inlet. 1: A gas decomposition component used for decomposing a gas , comprising:a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) including a solid electrolyte and a first electrode and a second electrode that are disposed so as to sandwich the solid electrolyte;a porous metal body electrically connected to the first electrode or the second electrode;a heater that heats the MEA; andan inlet through which a gaseous fluid containing the gas is introduced into the MEA, an outlet through which the gaseous fluid having passed through the MEA is discharged, and a passage extending between the inlet and the outlet,wherein the porous metal body is discontinuously disposed along the passage and, with respect to a middle position of the passage, a length of the porous metal body disposed is larger on a side of the outlet than on a side of the inlet.2: The gas decomposition component according to claim 1 , wherein the porous metal body is disposed in a region that is separated from the inlet by at least ⅕ or more of a total length of the passage.3: The gas decomposition component according to claim 1 , wherein the porous metal body ...

SUPPLY SYSTEM AND SUPPLY METHOD FOR FUNCTIONAL SOLUTION

Provided are an electrolyzing unit (electrolyzing device ) that electrolyzes a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 75 to 96% by weight to generate peroxosulfuric acid, a gas-liquid separation unit (gas-liquid separation tank ) that subjects the sulfuric acid solution thus electrolyzed to gas-liquid separation, a circulation line that causes a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to circulate between it and the electrolyzing unit, a supply line that supplies a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to an application side (single-wafer cleaning device ), and a heating unit that is provided in the supply line and heats the sulfuric acid solution to 120 to 190° C., in which a transit time after the sulfuric acid solution is introduced to an inlet of the heating unit until being used in the application side is set so as to be less than 1 minute. 1. A functional solution supply system , comprising:an electrolyzing unit that electrolyzes a sulfuric acid solution having a sulfuric acid concentration of 75 to 96% by weight to generate peroxosulfuric acid;a gas-liquid separation unit that subjects the sulfuric acid solution thus electrolyzed to gas-liquid separation;a circulation line that causes a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to circulate via the electrolyzing unit to the gas-liquid separation unit;a supply line that supplies a portion of the sulfuric acid solution subjected to gas-liquid separation in the gas-liquid separation unit to an application side; anda heating unit that is provided in the supply line and heats the sulfuric acid solution to 120 to 190° C. to make a functional solution,wherein a transit time after the sulfuric acid solution is introduced to an inlet of the heating unit until being used at the application side is ...

Nanowire Mesh Solar Fuels Generator

This disclosure provides systems, methods, and apparatus related to a nanowire mesh solar fuels generator. In one aspect, a nanowire mesh solar fuels generator includes (1) a photoanode configured to perform water oxidation and (2) a photocathode configured to perform water reduction. The photocathode is in electrical contact with the photoanode. The photoanode may include a high surface area network of photoanode nanowires. The photocathode may include a high surface area network of photocathode nanowires. In some embodiments, the nanowire mesh solar fuels generator may include an ion conductive polymer infiltrating the photoanode and the photocathode in the region where the photocathode is in electrical contact with the photoanode. 1. An apparatus comprising:a photoanode configured to perform water oxidation, the photoanode including a high surface area network of photoanode nanowires; anda photocathode configured to perform water reduction or carbon dioxide reduction, the photocathode being disposed on a surface of and being in electrical contact with the photoanode, the photocathode including a high surface area network of photocathode nanowires.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:an ion conductive polymer infiltrating the photoanode and the photocathode proximate a region where the photocathode is disposed on the surface of the photoanode.3. The apparatus of claim it wherein the photoanode nanowires include a photoanode material selected from the group consisting of WO claim 1 , TiO claim 1 , SrTiO claim 1 , NaTaO claim 1 , oxynitrides claim 1 , TaON claim 1 , GaZnON claim 1 , FeO claim 1 , and BiVO.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of each of the photoanode nanowires is about 10 nm to 500 nm.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein an aspect ratio of each of the photoanode nanowires is about 10 to 1000.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein an orientation of the photoanode nanowires is selected from the group consisting of the ...

System for Producing and Supplying Hydrogen and Sodium Chlorate, Comprising a Sodium Chloride Electrolyser for Producing Sodium Chlorate

A system is provided for producing hydrogen and oxygen based on decomposition of sodium chlorate (NaClO). In a service station, NaClOis produced by a sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyser. The service station is supplied with water (HO), NaCl, and energy in order to carry out an electrolysis reaction in the electroyser, to produce NaClOand gaseous hydrogen (H). The NaClOand Hare supplied to vehicles. Each vehicle includes a reactor for decomposing the NaClOand producing reaction products of NaCl and oxygen, with the oxygen being supplied to a fuel cell. 17-. (canceled)8. A system for producing and supplying hydrogen and oxygen for an electrical vehicle , the system comprising:{'sub': '3', 'a service station for producing a supply of hydrogen and a supply of sodium chlorate (NaClO), the service station including at least one sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyser; and'}{'sub': 3', '3, 'a vehicle structured to connect to the service station in order to receive the supply of hydrogen and the supply of NaClO, the supply of hydrogen being stored in the vehicle in a hydrogen tank, and the supply of NaClObeing stored in the vehicle in a sodium chlorate tank,'}{'sub': '3', 'wherein the vehicle includes a fuel system for transforming hydrogen and NaClOinto electrical energy in order to supply at least one electrical device of the vehicle.'}9. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one electrical device is a motor used to cause displacement of the vehicle.10. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station is connected to an electrical supply source that provides energy required to generate an electrolysis reaction in the electrolyser.11. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station includes intermediate storage tanks for storing the supply of hydrogen and the supply of NaClObefore delivery to the vehicle.12. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station includes:{'sub': '3', 'the at least one NaCl electrolyser, which ...

High temperature rechargeable battery for greenhouse gas decomposition and oxygen generation

This invention shows a high temperature rechargeable battery system for energy storage, oxygen generation, and decomposition of oxygen-containing gases (e.g. CO 2 /H 2 O, NOR, SO x , in particular greenhouse gas (GHG)) by using ODF/La 2 NiO 4 -based materials in Li/Ti/Mg-CO 2 battery architecture. Different from ionic Lithium conducting electrolyte, the invention has a higher ionic oxygen conducting electrolyte to work efficiently at elevated temperature without sacrificing safety. During battery discharge, GHG can be decomposed into syngas (CO+H 2 ) or solid carbon, while renewable energy (e.g. solar or wind power) can be used to charge the battery and generate oxygen. The energy consumption for GHG decomposition is self-sustainable and the byproducts (i.e. carbon/syngas and oxygen) have good market values. The adoption of cost effective materials other than Lithium is significant for scaled-up applications and represents an entirely new approach. With carbon capture and sequestration becoming a key element in worldwide efforts to control/minimize CO 2 emission, it can be anticipated that large amount of CO 2 will become available for use as feedstock for innovative conversions into synthetic fuels. This invention shows a high temperature rechargeable battery system for decomposition of oxygen containing gases (in particular greenhouse gas (GHG)), oxygen generation, and energy storage by using ODF/La 2 NiO 4 -based materials in a rechargeable Li/Ti/Mg-CO 2 battery architecture. Different from traditional Lithium ion conducting electrolyte, the invention has a higher ionic oxygen conducting electrolyte, which can work efficiently at higher temperature without sacrificing safety. During battery discharge, GHG such as CO 2 /H 2 O, NO x and SO x can be decomposed into syngas (CO+H 2 ) or solid carbon. Whereas, solar, wind or other renewable energy can be used to charge the battery and generate oxygen. The energy consumption for GHG decomposition is self-sustainable ...

DEVICES

A method of analysis, instrument for analysis and device for use in such an instrument are provided, which perform a number of processes need to reach a useful result in the context of a wide variety of samples. The sequence of those processes being optimised. A device, instrument using the device and method of use are also provided which offer reliable performance of a heating based process, with minimal condensation and/or sample loss issues. 1. A device , for processing a sample , the device including:one or more sample processors, wherein the sample processors include a sample preparation step, sample extraction step, sample retention step, elution step, amplification step, denaturing step, detection step and results output step.2. A device according to in which the device is a cartridge.3. A device according to in which the device includes a sample processor for one or more of a sample receiving step claim 1 , purification step claim 1 , washing step claim 1 , PCR step claim 1 , investigation step claim 1 , analysis step.4. A device according to in which the sample receiving step includes the transfer of a sample from outside the device to inside the device claim 1 , the sample receiving step receiving the sample from a collection device or from a storage device.5. A device according to in which the sample preparation step includes contacting the sample with one or more reagents.6. A device according to the sample retention step includes contacting the sample with one or more reagents and/or components which retain the sample component(s) relative to one or more waste components in the sample.7. A device according to in which the sample component(s) are retained on one or more magnetic beads.8. A device according to in which the waste component(s) are removed from the retained sample components by being washed away from the retention step using one or more further reagents and/or components.9. A device according to in which the retained and/or selected sample ...

Droplet Manipulation Device

Methods are provided for manipulating droplets. The methods include providing the droplet on a surface comprising an array of electrodes and a substantially co-planer array of reference elements, wherein the droplet is disposed on a first one of the electrodes, and the droplet at least partially overlaps a second one of the electrodes and an intervening one of the reference elements disposed between the first and second electrodes. The methods further include activating the first and second electrodes to spread at least a portion of the droplet across the second electrode and deactivating the first electrode to move the droplet from the first electrode to the second electrode. 1. A droplet manipulating device comprising:(a) a base substrate comprising an array of rows of electrodes;(b) an insulating layer atop the electrodes.2. The droplet manipulating device of wherein the electrodes in the array are misaligned such that the electrodes in any given row are offset from the electrodes of adjacent rows.3. The droplet manipulating device of wherein the electrodes in the array are not misaligned such that the electrodes in any given row are offset from the electrodes of adjacent rows.4. The droplet manipulating device of further comprising a top plate arranged to contain droplets on the electrodes.5. The droplet manipulating device of wherein the electrodes comprise column biasing electrodes.6. The droplet manipulating device of wherein the electrodes have a common size and shape.7. The droplet manipulating device of wherein the insulating layer atop the electrodes is a common dielectric layer coating all of the electrodes.8. A method of manipulating a droplet comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, '(a) providing the device of ;'}{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, '(b) providing a droplet on the base substrate of ;'} (i) providing an actuation voltage to a first of the electrodes; and', '(ii) providing a ground or reference potential ...

Low Temperature Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Cells Having High Ionic Conductivity

Some embodiments of the present invention provide solid oxide cells and components thereof having a metal oxide electrolyte that exhibits enhanced ionic conductivity. Certain of those embodiments have two materials, at least one of which is a metal oxide, disposed so that at least some interfaces between the domains of the materials orient in a direction substantially parallel to the desired ionic conductivity.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Hydrogen production apparatus including an electrode pair including hydrogen electrode and oxygen electrode, a partition wall interposed between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode, and a tank containing the electrode pair, the partition wall, and an aqueous electrolyte solution, the hydrogen production apparatus generating hydrogen by electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte solution by the electrode pair, in which the oxygen electrode includes an oxide or a hydroxide of a metal, and the specific surface area of the oxygen electrode is larger than that of the hydrogen electrode. Deterioration of the electrode caused by oxidation-reduction can be suppressed and the response to the fluctuation of an inputted power by the renewable energy, and reliability can be improved since a potential at the oxygen electrode can be kept at a predetermined level or higher in the hydrogen production apparatus. 1. A hydrogen production apparatus comprising:an elect rode pair including a hydrogen electrode and an oxygen electrode;a partition wall interposed between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode; anda tank containing the electrode pair, the partition wall, and an aqueous electrolyte solution,the hydrogen production apparatus generating hydrogen by electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte solution by the electrode pair,wherein the charge/discharge capacitance of the oxygen electrode is 10 to 10,000 times as large as that of the hydrogen electrode.2. A hydrogen production system comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a configuration having a plurality of the hydrogen production apparatuses according to connected in parallel; and'}a power generation unit,wherein charge/discharge capacitance of a part or all of the oxygen electrodes of the hydrogen production apparatuses is the hydrogen production apparatus.3. The hydrogen production apparatus according to claim 1 ,wherein hydrogen is generated by electrolysis of water by the electrode ...

High-temperature electrolyser (hte) with improved operating safety

A high-temperature electrolyser including a stack of electrolysis cells in which steam is made to flow both at a cathode and at an anode. The architecture of the electrolyser is configured to have each cathode inlet end and anode inlet end close to an oxygen, or respectably hydrogen, collection duct portion. With the structure, a buffer volume of steam is created around the oxygen and hydrogen collectors, which therefore constitutes a simple and effective sealing mechanism within the electrolyser.

ELECTROLYTIC DEVICE FOR GENERATION OF pH-CONTROLLED HYPOHALOUS ACID AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS FOR DISINFECTANT APPLICATIONS

An electrolytic device for the generation of hypohalous acid in aqueous solutions includes at least a single liquid chamber for receiving an aqueous solution containing halide ions therein, the single liquid chamber having an exterior wall and a solid anode contained within to provide for the oxidation of the halide ions, which, in turn, provides for the formation of hypohalous acid in aqueous solution, and a gas permeable cathode forming a portion of the exterior wall of the single liquid chamber, the cathode providing for the reduction of oxygen to provide hydroxyl ions in solution within the single liquid chamber to mix with the products generated at the anode. An embodiment of the electrolytic device including an anolyte chamber and a catholyte chamber separated by an ionomeric membrane is also described, whereby the anolyte chamber further includes an outlet including a pH control for determining and regulating the pH of the exiting anolyte effluent to between about 4 and 9. The product is suitable for disinfectant applications including as a hand sanitizer. 1. An electrolytic device for the generation of hypohalous acid in aqueous solutions , the device comprising:an anolyte chamber having an inlet for receiving an aqueous solution containing halide ions therein, the anolyte chamber having an exterior wall and a solid anode contained within the anolyte chamber providing for the oxidation of the halide ions to provide an anolyte effluent of hypohalous acid in aqueous solution;a catholyte chamber having an inlet for receiving an aqueous electrolyte, wherein the catholyte chamber is defined by at least one exterior wall or portion thereof comprising a gas permeable cathode, the cathode having a hydrophobic surface for receiving oxygen from outside the catholyte chamber and a hydrophilic surface allowing for reduction of dioxygen; andan ionomeric membrane for partitioning the anolyte chamber from the catholyte chamber;wherein the anolyte chamber further includes ...

Method and system for electrochemical removal of nitrate and ammonia

An electrochemical method and system for removing nitrate and ammonia in effluents, using an undivided flow-through electrolyzer, said electrolyzer comprising at least one cell, each cell comprising at least one anode and one cathode, the cathode being in a copper/nickel based alloy of a high corrosion resistance and a high electroactivity for nitrate reduction to ammonia and the anode being a DSA electrode of a high corrosion resistance and a high electroactivity for ammonia oxidation to nitrogen in presence of chloride.

Coatings for Electrowetting and Electrofluidic Devices

Electrowetting devices coated with one or more polymeric layers and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The coatings may be formed in a single layer or as multiple layers. In one embodiment the first layer deposited serves as an insulating layer of high dielectric strength while the second layer deposited serves as a hydrophobic layer of low surface energy. These materials may themselves be deposited as multiple layers to eliminate pinhole defects and maximize device yield. In one embodiment the insulating layer would be a vapor deposited silicone polymeric material including, but not limited to, polytrivinyltrimethylcyclotrisiloxane or polyHVDS. In another embodiment the insulating layer may be a vapor deposited ceramic such as SiOwith very little carbon content. In a further embodiment the insulating layer may be composed of alternating layers of a siloxane material and a ceramic material. 1. A method for coating an electrowetting or electrofluidic device or assembly with one or more coatings , the method comprising directing one or more gaseous precursors and optionally one or more gaseous initiators into a chamber under vacuum containing the device or assembly substrate to be coated and activating the one or more gaseous precursors and the optionally one or more initiators with an energy source to coat the device or assembly substrate , wherein at least one of the coatings provides insulation and/or low surface energy.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more gaseous precursors comprise reactive monomers.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reactive monomer is a fluorinated unsaturated compound.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the fluorinated unsaturated compound is selected from the group consisting of acrylate claim 3 , methyl acrylate claim 3 , fluorinated acrylate claim 3 , fluorinated methacrylate claim 3 , fluorinated methyl methacrylate claim 3 , fluorinate alkenes claim 3 , fluorinated perfluoroalkylethyl methacrylate ...

Electrochemical cell with improved water or gas management

An electrochemical cell having a water/gas porous separator prepared from a polymeric material and one or more conductive cell components that pass through, or are located in close proximity to, the water/gas porous separator, is provided. The inventive cell provides a high level of in-cell electrical conductivity.

NbON FILM, METHOD FOR PRODUCING NbON FILM, HYDROGEN GENERATION DEVICE, AND ENERGY SYSTEM PROVIDED WITH SAME

The NbON film of the present invention is a NbON film in which a photocurrent is generated by light irradiation. The NbON film of the present invention is desirably a single-phase film. The hydrogen generation device () of the present invention includes: an optical semiconductor electrode () including a conductor () and the NbON film () of the present invention disposed on the conductor (); a counter electrode () connected electrically to the conductor (); a water-containing electrolyte () disposed in contact with a surface of the NbON film () and a surface of the counter electrode (); and a container () containing the optical semiconductor electrode (), the counter electrode (), and the electrolyte (). In this device, hydrogen is generated by irradiating the NbON film () with light. 1. A NbON film in which a photocurrent is generated by light irradiation , the NbON film being a single-phase film.2. (canceled)3. The NbON film according to claim 1 , wherein the NbON film is formed by bringing claim 1 , into contact with a heated substrate claim 1 , vaporized RN═Nb(NRR)(where R claim 1 , R claim 1 , and Rare each independently a hydrocarbon group) and at least either one selected from oxygen and water vapor.4. The NbON film according to claim 3 , wherein Ris a tertiary butyl group (—C(CH)) claim 3 , and Rand Rare each independently a straight-chain alkyl group (n-CH claim 3 , where n is an integer of 1 or more).5. A method for producing a NbON film claim 3 , the method comprising the steps of:{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'sub': '3', '(I) vaporizing RN═Nb(NRR)(where R, R, and Rare each independently a hydrocarbon group); and'}{'sup': 1', '2', '3, 'sub': '3', '(II) bringing, into contact with a heated substrate, the vaporized RN═Nb(NRR)and at least either one selected from oxygen and water vapor,'}{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'sub': 3', '3, 'wherein in the step (II), the substrate is heated to a temperature that is equal to or higher than a boiling point ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING GAS

This invention relates to an electrolysis method and electrolysis apparatus () for producing oxygenated and hydrogenated fluid. The apparatus () comprises first and second outer end members ( and ), both being of polyethylene and at least two spaced apart permeable electrodes ( and ). The permeable electrode ( and ) are each of a foraminous or perforated material, such as nickel foam sheet material. The two permeable electrodes ( and ) are arranged generally parallel to one another and are relatively closely spaced from one another. An inlet chamber () is therefore defined between the first and second permeable electrodes ( and ). A first oxygenated fluid collection chamber () is disposed between the first permeable electrode () and the first end member () and a second hydrogenated fluid collection chamber () is disposed between the second permeable electrode () and the second end member (). 1. A method for producing combustible fluid from an electrolytic solution during a process of electrolysis comprising providing an electrolytic solution; providing an electrolysing apparatus having first and second spaced apart permeable electrodes , defining a chamber between them , having at least one inlet; passing the solution into the chamber via the inlet; and applying a voltage to the apparatus across the electrodes to electrolyse the solution in the chamber so that a first combustible fluid forms on the first electrode and a second combustible fluid forms on the second electrode , and passing the first combustible fluid out of the chamber via the first electrode and the second combustible fluid out of the chamber via the second electrode.2. A method according to wherein the combustible fluid is hydrogenated and oxygenated.3. A method according to wherein the permeable electrodes are each perforated or foraminous.4. A method according to wherein each permeable electrode is of a mesh or foam material.5. A method according to wherein each permeable electrode is made of a ...

Hub and removable cartridge for producing and delivering ozonated water

An apparatus has a hub including a water inlet for receiving source water, a water outlet for discharging ozonated water, and an interface between the water inlet and the water outlet. The apparatus also has a cartridge including an electrolytic cell for ozonating the source water. The electrolytic cell has a cathode, an anode comprising diamond, and a membrane between the cathode and the anode. The electrolytic cell is configured to flow source water through both the cathode and the anode. The cartridge further includes at least one cartridge port for removably coupling with the interface on the hub. The at least one cartridge port and the interface are configured to flow source water from the hub into the electrolytic cell and to flow ozonated water from the electrolytic cell into the hub.

Method and system for electro-assisted hydrogen production from organic material

A method for producing hydrogen from organic material. Organic material and hydrogen-producing microorganisms are provided in a completely mixed bioreactor for breaking down the organic material into H 2 , CO 2 , fatty acids, and alcohols. H 2 , CO 2 , and a first liquid effluent are recovered from the completely mixed bioreactor. The first liquid effluent includes hydrogen-producing microorganisms, fatty acids, and alcohols. The first liquid effluent is provided into a gravity settler for separating the first liquid effluent into a concentrated biomass (including hydrogen-producing microorganisms) and a second liquid effluent (including at least a portion of the fatty acids and the alcohols). The concentrated biomass is provided into the completely mixed bioreactor. An input voltage is applied to at least one of the completely mixed bioreactor and the gravity settler for facilitating an electrohydrogenesis process therein.

Stainless steel anodes for alkaline water electrolysis and methods of making

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel anodes for use in alkaline water electrolysis was increased by immersion of the stainless steel anode into a caustic solution prior to electrolysis. Also disclosed herein are electrolyzers employing the so-treated stainless steel anodes. The pre-treatment process provides a stainless steel anode that has a higher corrosion resistance than an untreated stainless steel anode of the same composition.

Solid oxide cell stack and method for preparing same

A method for producing and reactivating a solid oxide cell stack structure by providing a catalyst precursor in at least one of the electrode layers by impregnation and subsequent drying after the stack has been assembled and initiated. Due to a significantly improved performance and an unexpected voltage improvement this solid oxide cell stack structure is particularly suitable for use in solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) and solid oxide electrolysing cell (SOEC) applications.

Reactor for recovering phosphate salts from a liquid

The invention relates to a reactor () for completely separating phosphate from a liquid and for recovering phosphate salts, comprising a housing () and two electrodes having differing polarities, wherein a sacrificial anode () made of a magnesium-containing material and an inert cathode () are arranged concentrically inside the housing (). 111.-. (canceled)12. A reactor for complete crystallization and recovery of MAP (magnesium ammonium phosphate) and PMP (potassium magnesium phosphate) from a liquid and recovery of phosphate salts , the reactor comprising:a housing;a first electrode and a second electrode, wherein the first and second electrodes have different polarity;wherein the first electrode is a sacrificial anode of a magnesium-containing material;wherein the second electrode is an inert cathode;wherein the sacrificial anode and the inert cathode are arranged concentrically relative to each other;a return line connected to the housing, wherein seed crystals are supplied to the reactor via the return line.1311. The reactor according to claim , wherein the housing is comprised of an electrically conducting material and serves as the inert cathode.1411. The reactor according to claim , wherein the sacrificial anode is comprised of magnesium.1511. The reactor according to claim , further comprising an inlet , an outlet , and a removal device.16. The reactor according to claim 15 , wherein the return line branches off the outlet or branches of the removal device.1711. The reactor according to claim claim 15 , that the reactor is flowed through in vertical direction from the bottom to the top.1811. The reactor according to claim claim 15 , wherein the reactor is flowed through in vertical direction from the top to the bottom.1911. The reactor according to claim claim 15 , further comprising a filter that separates crystals of MAP claim 15 , PMP claim 15 , and phosphate salts from the liquid.2011. The reactor according to claim claim 15 , wherein the housing of the ...

OXYGEN REDUCTION CATALYST AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

An oxygen reduction catalyst of an embodiment includes: a stack of single-layer graphenes; and a phosphorus compound, wherein some of carbon atoms of the graphenes are replaced by nitrogen atoms, and the phosphorus compound has a peak of phosphorus 2orbital of 133.0 to 134.5 eV in X-ray photoelectron spectrum. 1. An oxygen reduction catalyst comprising:a stack of single-layer graphenes; anda phosphorus compound, whereinsome of carbon atoms of the grapheneare replaced by nitrogen atoms, andthe phosphorus compound has a peak of phosphorus 2p orbital of 133.0 to 134.5 eV in X-ray photoelectron spectrum.2. An oxygen reduction catalyst comprising:a stack of single-layer graphenes; anda phosphorus compound, whereinsome of carbon atoms of the graphenes are replaced by nitrogen atoms, anda peak of phosphorus 2p orbital of the phosphorus compound is shifted by 1.0 to 2.5 eV toward a high-energy side from a peak of phosphorus 2p orbital of tetra-n-butylphosphonium bromide in X-ray photoelectron spectrum.3. The catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphorus compound is oligophosphate or polyphosphate.4. The catalyst according to claim 1 , further comprising iron or cobalt.5. The catalyst according to claim 1 , further comprising platinum.6. The catalyst according to claim 2 , wherein the phosphorus compound is oligophosphate or polyphosphate.7. The catalyst according to claim 2 , further comprising iron or cobalt.8. The catalyst according to claim 2 , further comprising platinum.9. An electrochemical cell comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a proton conductive film held between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; anda power supply applying voltage to the positive electrode and the negative electrode, whereinthe positive electrode or negative electrode includes an oxygen reduction catalyst including a stack of single-layer graphenes and a phosphorus compound, andsome of carbon atoms of the graphenes in which are replaced by nitrogen atoms ...

REUSABLE SPRAY BOTTLE WITH INTEGRATED DISPENSER

An apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting surfaces and objects is disclosed herein. In one embodiment, such an apparatus includes a spray bottle that is refillable with water. A dispenser is integrated into the spray bottle to dispense a soluble material into the water to produce a solution. The soluble material includes at least one of a cleaning agent and a disinfecting agent. The soluble material is provided in a quantity sufficient to last several refills of the spray bottle. 1. An apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting surfaces and objects , the apparatus comprising:a spray bottle that is refillable with water; anda dispenser integrated into the spray bottle to dispense a soluble material into the water to produce a solution, the soluble material comprising one of a cleaning agent and a disinfecting agent, the soluble material provided in a quantity sufficient to last several refills of the spray bottle.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the soluble material comprises at least one of a soluble chlorite claim 1 , a soluble hypochlorite claim 1 , a soluble halide claim 1 , and an ammonium salt.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the soluble material is provided in the form of a solid pellet.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the soluble material is provided in the form of a liquid.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the soluble material is provided in the form of a gel.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the spray bottle is configured to pass the solution through an electrolyzer to at least partially electrolyze the soluble material to produce sterilizing material.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the sterilizing material is a halogen.8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the sterilizing material is ozone9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the sterilizing material comprises halogen-based mixed oxidants comprising at least one of hypohalite claim 6 , halogen dioxide claim 6 , halide claim 6 , and perhalide ions.10. The apparatus of claim ...

Water cleaning and sanitising apparatus

Apparatus for sanitizing a water stream comprises a first electrolysis cell which produces ions with algaecidal and bactericidal properties and a second electrolysis cell which oxidizes water to produce hydrogen peroxide. The first cell has copper electrodes and the second cell has titanium electrodes and the polarity of the electrodes is periodically reversed at a frequency of from three to nine minutes. Air is introduced into the stream prior to entering the cells.

ELECTROLYTIC DEGRADATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS USABLE IN INDUSTRIAL APPLICATIONS

The present disclosure relates to the use of a split and single electrical cells in industrial applications, and particularly in aseptic packaging applications. 1. A method of selectively degrading hydrogen peroxide in an antimicrobial composition , comprising:(a) providing an antimicrobial composition comprising hydrogen peroxide, carboxylic acid, and peracid;(b) providing a split cell in fluid communication with the antimicrobial composition.2. The method of claim 1 , comprising using the split cell to degrade at least 500 ppm of the hydrogen peroxide in less than 15 minutes.3. The method of claim 1 , comprising using the split cell to maintain predetermined amounts of the hydrogen peroxide claim 1 , the carboxylic acid claim 1 , and the peracid.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the predetermined amounts of the hydrogen peroxide claim 3 , the carboxylic acid claim 3 , and the peracid are:(i) from about 0.00001 to about 0.5 wt. % hydrogen peroxide;{'sub': 1', '10, '(ii) from about 0.1 to about 20.0 wt. % of a C-Ccarboxylic acid; and'}{'sub': 1', '10, '(iii) from about 0.1 to about 2.0 wt. % of a C-Cperacid.'}5. The method of claim 1 , the split cell comprising a first loop and a second loop that are in electrical communication with one another using a salt bridge claim 1 , wherein the first loop contains an anode and the second loop contains a cathode connected to a power supply that transmits an electrical potential between the first loop and the second loop;wherein the first loop contains the antimicrobial composition and the second loop contains a reducing solution capable of accepting electrons from the antimicrobial composition.6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising monitoring the amounts of the hydrogen peroxide claim 5 , the carboxylic acid or the peracid and adjusting the electric potential in order to maintain predetermined amounts of the hydrogen peroxide claim 5 , the carboxylic acid claim 5 , and the peracid.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein ...

Method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrocatalytic copolymer

A method and apparatus for a photocatalytic and electrolytic catalyst includes in various aspects one or more catalysts, a method for forming a catalyst, an electrolytic cell, and a reaction method.

Modular Systems for Producing Pressurized Gases from Polar Molecular Liquids at Depth or Under Pressure

A system for producing pressurized gas(es) from polar molecular liquids. A first embodiment incorporates an electrolysis cell positioned at depth within the liquid. The assembly includes first and second electrodes positioned in spaced relationship and a bell shaped collection vessel arranged above the electrodes. At least one collection vessel includes at least one gas port configured to connect to gas conduits to carry the pressurized gas(es) to the point of use or storage. Positioning the gas generating assembly at depth immerses the electrodes within the polar molecular fluid, and operation of the electrical power supply establishes an electrical potential between the electrodes. A second embodiment incorporates an electrolysis cell operable at pressure, as well as an arrangement of ancillary systems benefitting from the electrolysis at pressure system. Various mechanisms for gathering and separating the hydrogen gas and oxygen gas generated by electrolysis are described. 1 (1) a first electrode;', '(2) a second electrode positioned in a spaced relationship to the first electrode;', '(3) at least one collection vessel positioned above at least one of the first and second electrodes, the at least one collection vessel having a generally downward oriented open end and a generally upward oriented closed end; and', '(4) at least one port configured through the generally upward oriented closed end of the at least one collection vessel; and, '(a) a gas generating assembly positioned at pressure within the polar molecular fluid, the gas generating assembly comprising (1) at least one gas conduit; and', '(2) at least one electrical conductor; and, '(b) a gas conduit bundle assembly connected at a first end thereof to the gas generating assembly and extending from the gas generating assembly positioned at pressure to a second end thereof at or near atmospheric pressure, the gas conduit bundle assembly comprising(c) a means for generating an electrical potential between ...

Electrochemical Production of Urea from NOx and Carbon Dioxide

Methods and systems for electrochemical production of urea are disclosed. A method may include, but is not limited to, steps (A) to (B). Step (A) may introduce carbon dioxide and NOx to a solution of an electrolyte and a heterocyclic catalyst in an electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode may reduce the carbon dioxide and the NOx into a first sub-product and a second sub-product, respectively. Step (B) may combine the first sub-product and the second sub-product to produce urea. 117-. (canceled)18. A system for electrochemical production of urea , comprising: a first cell compartment;', 'an anode positioned within the first cell compartment;', 'a second cell compartment;', 'a separator interposed between the first cell compartment and the second cell compartment, the first cell compartment and the second cell compartment each containing an electrolyte; and', 'a cathode and a heterocyclic catalyst positioned within the second cell compartment;, 'an electrochemical cell includinga carbon dioxide source, the carbon dioxide source coupled with the second cell compartment, the carbon dioxide source configured to supply carbon dioxide to the cathode;a NOx source, the NOx source coupled with the second cell compartment, the NOx source configured to supply NOx to the cathode;a fluid source, the fluid source coupled with the first cell compartment; andan energy source operably coupled with the anode and the cathode, the energy source configured to provide power to the anode and the cathode, to reduce carbon dioxide at the cathode to a first sub-product, to reduce NOx at the cathode to a second sub-product, and to oxidize the fluid at the anode, the product mixture configured to combine to form urea.19. The system of claim 18 , wherein the cathode includes a stainless steel 316 material.20. The system of claim 18 , wherein a yield of urea is between ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL COMPRESSION SYSTEM

An electrochemical compressor includes one or more electrochemical cells through which a working fluid flows, and an external electrical energy source electrically connected to the electrochemical cell. Each electrochemical cell includes an anode connected to the electrical energy source; a cathode connected to the electrical energy source; an ion exchange membrane disposed between and in electrical contact with the cathode and the anode to pass an electrochemically motive material of the working fluid from the anode to the cathode, the ion exchange membrane comprising polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains; and a non-aqueous solvent comprising polar molecules, the polar molecules of the non-aqueous solvent being associated with and electrostatically attracted to the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane. 1. An electrochemical compressor through which a working fluid flows , the electrochemical compressor comprising:an external electrical energy source; and an anode connected to the electrical energy source;', 'a cathode connected to the electrical energy source;', 'an ion exchange membrane disposed between and in electrical contact with the cathode and the anode to pass an electrochemically motive material of the working fluid from the anode to the cathode, the ion exchange membrane comprising polar ionic groups attached to nonpolar chains; and', 'a non-aqueous solvent comprising polar molecules, the polar molecules of the non-aqueous solvent being associated with and electrostatically attracted to the polar ionic groups of the ion exchange membrane., 'one or more electrochemical cells, each electrochemical cell comprising2. The compressor of claim 1 , wherein the polar ionic groups attached to the nonpolar chains constitute an ionomer.3. The compressor of claim 2 , wherein the ionomer comprises elastic channels that pass between polar ionic groups.4. The compressor of claim 3 , wherein the elastic channels are expanded by the non-aqueous solvent ...

Metal Seal Having Ceramic Core

The seal comprises a centre layer () of electrically insulating material, two metal outer layers () bearing patterns () able to be deformed by flattening out on the bearing faces () to be sealed, so as to hold the seal while providing a sealing barrier to the connections, and intermediate layers () of glassy material to provide connection thereto while absorbing deformations due to differential expansions. 11567891011. A seal () for working at an operating temperature of several hundreds degrees Celsius , characterised in that it comprises , on either side of an electrically insulating centre layer () , an outer metal layer ( , ) provided with a pattern ( , ) for anchoring to a bearing face to be sealed , and a binder layer ( , ) between the outer layer and the centre layer , the binder layer being of glassy or glass-ceramic material at the operating temperature.21011. The seal according to claim 1 , characterised in that the binder layers ( claim 1 , ) are identical or different depending on the interfaces to be sealed.3. The seal according to claim 1 , characterised in that the patterns have a triangular cross-section with a tip pointed to the bearing face.46712. The seal according to claim 1 , characterised in that the metal layers ( claim 1 , ) are thinner than the centre layer ().5. The seal according to claim 1 , characterised in that the centre layer is in ceramics.6101123. The seal according to claim 1 , characterised in that the binder layers ( and ) and the centre layer are selected depending on the intermediate thermal expansion coefficients between the bearing faces ( and ). The object of the invention is a seal having metal faces, a significant property of which is that it is an electrical insulator.Applications mainly relate to hydrogen generation by dissociation of the water molecule (HO) in a high temperature electrolyser called HTE and/or electrical power generation from a fuel gas in SOFC (Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) type fuel cells, but these uses are ...

Graphene device manufacturing apparatus and graphene device manufacturing method using the apparatus

A graphene device manufacturing apparatus includes an electrode, a graphene structure including a metal catalyst layer formed on a substrate, a protection layer, and a graphene layer between the protection layer and the metal catalyst layer, a power unit configured to apply a voltage between the electrode and the metal catalyst layer, and an electrolyte in which the graphene structure is at least partially submerged.

HYDROGEN EVOLUTION CELL HAVING A CATHODE POCKET

A hydrogen evolution cell which on passage of an electric current liberates an amount of hydrogen proportional to an amount of current flowing through, includes an electrochemically oxidizable anode, a hydrogen cathode, an electrolyte and a casing surrounding the same, wherein the hydrogen cathode is associated structure of at least one pocket defining a hollow space or defines a hollow space in the presence of hydrogen overpressure or wherein the cathode forms such a pocket. 1. A hydrogen evolution cell which on passage of an electric current liberates an amount of hydrogen proportional to an amount of current flowing through , comprising an electrochemically oxidizable anode , a hydrogen cathode , an electrolyte and a casing surrounding the same , wherein the hydrogen cathode is associated structure of at least one pocket defining a hollow space or defines a hollow space in the presence of hydrogen overpressure or wherein the cathode forms such a pocket.2. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen cathode is in the form of at least one hollow body.3. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen cathode is in the form of at least one cathode composite forming a hollow body.4. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 3 , wherein the at least one cathode composite is formed by at least two cathode bodies.5. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 4 , wherein the at least two cathode bodies are bonded to one another on a longitudinal edge side claim 4 , and by material engagement.6. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 4 , wherein the at least two cathode bodies are coated in each case on one side with a micro-porous and hydrophobic foil.7. The hydrogen evolution cell according to claim 6 , wherein the at least two cathode bodies connect to one another such that the foils line the internal face of a hollow body formed by the at least one cathode composite.8. The hydrogen evolution cell ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF

In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode. 134-. (canceled)35. An electrolytic cell comprising:a containment vessel configured to contain an electrolyte;one or more electrodes configured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte and in electrical communication with a power supply for producing a first gas and a second gas via electrolysis of the electrolyte;a separator configured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte and to separate the first gas from the second gas;a first gas collection region in the containment vessel; anda second gas region in the containment vessel and substantially concentric with the first gas collection vessel, the first gas collection region is arranged to receive the first gas,', 'the second gas collection region is arranged to receive the second gas, and', 'at least one of the first and second gas collection regions have an internal volume that is at least partially conical in shape and configured to distribute pressure in the containment vessel produced by the first gas and the second gas., 'wherein—'}36. The electrolytic cell of wherein the separator is configured to be in electrical communication with the power supply and to function as an electrode.37. The electrolytic cell of wherein the separator:has a generally helical shape; ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICE COMPRISING COMPOSITE BIPOLAR PLATE AND METHOD OF USING THE SAME

An electrochemical device and methods of using the same. In one embodiment, the electrochemical device may be used as a fuel cell and/or as an electrolyzer and includes a membrane electrode assembly (MEA), an anodic gas diffusion medium in contact with the anode of the MEA, a cathodic gas diffusion medium in contact with the cathode, a first bipolar plate in contact with the anodic gas diffusion medium, and a second bipolar plate in contact with the cathodic gas diffusion medium. Each of the bipolar plates includes an electrically-conductive, chemically-inert, non-porous, liquid-permeable, substantially gas-impermeable membrane in contact with its respective gas diffusion medium, as well as a fluid chamber and a non-porous an electrically-conductive plate. 1. An electrochemical device comprising:(a) a polymer electrolyte membrane, said polymer electrolyte membrane having opposing first and second faces;(b) an anode electrically coupled to the first face of said polymer electrolyte membrane;(c) a cathode electrically coupled to the second face of said polymer electrolyte membrane;(d) an anodic gas diffusion medium defining an anode chamber in fluid communication with said anode;(e) a cathodic gas diffusion medium defining a cathode chamber in fluid communication with said cathode; and(f) a first electrically-conductive, chemically-inert, non-porous, liquid-permeable, substantially gas-impermeable membrane in contact with said anodic gas diffusion medium.2. The electrochemical device as claimed in wherein said first electrically-conductive claim 1 , chemically-inert claim 1 , non-porous claim 1 , liquid-permeable claim 1 , substantially gas-impermeable membrane comprises a solid polymer electrolyte into which electrically-conductive particles are dispersed.3. The electrochemical device as claimed in wherein the solid polymer electrolyte comprises a cation exchange ionomer membrane wherein the cation exchange group is selected from the group consisting of —SO claim 2 , ...

Externally-reinforced water electrolyser module

A structural plate with external reinforcing means is provided for an electrolyser module. The structural plate defines at least one degassing chamber and a half cell chamber opening. The external reinforcing means contact the structural plate for mitigating outward displacement of the structural plate in response to fluid pressure within the structural plate. The structural plate and the external reinforcing means define interlocking features for achieving contact and corresponding mechanical reinforcement.

Fluorine Gas Generator

A fluorine gas generating device which is characterized by having a cylindrical member for circulating therein the main-product gas, a gas feed port for introducing the main-product gas into the cylindrical member , a gas discharge port for discharging the main-product gas from the cylindrical member , an adsorbent holding member arranged in the cylindrical member to form a space to provide a channel for the main-product gas circulated in the cylindrical member , a stirring blade for stirring the main-product gas that is introduced through the gas feed port , and a gas flow guiding cylinder for circulating or diffusing the main-product gas in the space within the cylindrical member 1. A fluorine gas generating device that generates fluorine gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in molten salt containing the hydrogen fluoride , the fluorine gas generating device comprising an electrolytic tank that generates at an anode side a main-product gas containing as a main component fluorine gas and at a cathode side a by-product gas containing as a main component hydrogen gas by electrolyzing hydrogen fluoride in an electrolytic bath that includes molten salt containing therein hydrogen fluoride; and a refining device that removes the hydrogen fluoride mixed with the main-product gas by using adsorbent , in which the refining device comprises a cylindrical member for circulating therein the main-product gas , a gas feed port for introducing the main-product gas into the cylindrical member , a gas discharge port for discharging the main-product gas from the cylindrical member , an adsorbent holding member arranged in the cylindrical member to form a space to provide a channel for the main-product gas circulated in the cylindrical member , a stirring means for stirring the main-product gas that is introduced through the gas feed port , and a gas flow guiding cylinder for circulating or diffusing the main-product gas in the space within the cylindrical member.2. A fluorine gas ...

Anode of supplementary hydrogen fuel system

A supplementary hydrogen fuel system is described. The supplementary hydrogen fuel system can include a hydrogen generator. The hydrogen generator can include a cylindrical enclosure of metal and a fuel cell unit disposed within the cylindrical enclosure. The fuel cell unit includes an anode core coupled to a second terminal of the power source. The anode core includes indentations on one or more surfaces. The indentations are arranged according to a first pattern.

Transient Stimulated Three Body Association Reactions For Controlling Reaction Rates And Reaction Branches

A transient distribution of electron quasiparticles with elevated effective mass is created by adding a targeted range of both crystal momentum and electron energy in a conductor to place electrons into regions of the electronic band structure diagram having a chosen, desired curvature. Effective mass scales as the inverse of curvature. The quasiparticles form transient bonds with delocalized ions and other reactants in or on a reaction particle where reaction rates and branches are controlled by the choice of effective mass. 1. A device to create and use transient , modified effective mass electron quasiparticles and ion quasiparticles to stimulate and control reaction rates and reaction branches , comprisingone or more conducting reaction particles;reactants in or On one or more conducting reaction particles that can be delocalized as ions in the conducting reaction particles;reactables in one or more conducting reaction particles;the reactants and reactables chosen such that at least two frona the set including reactants and reactables can form a stable product in an associated state;one or more conducting reaction particles having an identified and chosen inflection point on its band structure diagram, having an energy at the inflection point above the Fermi level, and having a crystal momentum at the inflection point;a delocalizing pump to inject energy to &localize reactants in one or more conducting reaction particles;a crystal momentum pump to inject crystal momentum into one or more conducting reaction particles, the injected momentum being therefore a transient having a transient crystal momentum lifetime;an electron energy pump to inject energy into a conduction electron of one or more conducting reaction particles, the injected electron energy being therefore a transient having a transient electron energy lifetime;the electron energy pump configured to inject at least the energy of the inflection point;the crystal momentum pump configured to inject at ...

PHOTOELECTRODE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

A method of manufacturing a photoelectrode of an embodiment includes: preparing a stack including a first electrode layer having a light transmitting electrode, a second electrode layer having a metal electrode, and a photovoltaic layer disposed between the electrode layers; immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution containing an ion including a metal constituting a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; and passing a current to the stack through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the metal and a compound containing the metal, onto the first electrode layer, thereby forming the catalyst layer. 1. A method for manufacturing an electrode , the method comprising:preparing a stack comprising a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer comprising a metal electrode, and a voltaic layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the voltaic layer comprising a pin junction or a pn junction of semiconductors;immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution comprising an ion comprising a metal constituting at least part of a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; andpassing a current to the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal and a compound comprising the metal, onto the first electrode layer.2. The method of claim 1 ,wherein the electrolytic solution comprises: at least one cation selected from the group consisting of an ion of the metal, an oxide ion of the metal, and a complex ion of the metal; and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of an inorganic acid ion and a hydroxide ion, andwherein a counter electrode is immersed in the electrolytic solution to face the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution, and at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal, a ...

Multifunctional Mopping Machine

A multifunctional mopping machine includes a handle, a body and a main machine. The body includes a mounting base, and a housing provided with a cleaning assembly; the body is detachably connected to the mounting base; the main machine includes a negative pressure assembly and a power supply assembly; the power supply assembly, the negative pressure assembly and the cleaning assembly form a cleaning mechanism; and a water tank for supplying water to the cleaning assembly, and a sodium hypochlorite electrolysis generator are arranged on the mounting base. An ultraviolet sterilizing lamp facing the ground to be cleaned is arranged on the housing. A tail end of a dust collecting hose communicates with a negative pressure end of the main machine, and collects both dirty water and dust on the floor, so as to ensure no stain left on the floor, satisfying present floor washing requirements. 114234212452. A multifunctional mopping machine , comprising a handle () , a body and a main machine () , wherein the body comprises a mounting base () , and a housing () provided with a cleaning assembly; the body () is detachably connected to the mounting base (); a lower end of the handle () is connected to the mounting base (); the main machine () comprises a negative pressure assembly and a power supply assembly; the power supply assembly , the negative pressure assembly and the cleaning assembly form a cleaning mechanism; and a water tank () for supplying water to the cleaning assembly , and a sodium hypochlorite electrolysis generator are arranged on the mounting base ().23. The multifunctional mopping machine according to claim 1 , wherein an ultraviolet lamp is arranged in the housing () claim 1 , and the ultraviolet lamp faces a ground to be cleaned; and the multifunctional mopping machine further comprises a charging base having a self-cleaning starting program claim 1 , with the body being arranged on the charging base.31678766292686868. The multifunctional mopping machine ...

Methods and Systems for Capturing Carbon Dioxide and Producing a Fuel Using a Solvent Including a Nanoparticle Organic Hybrid Material and a Secondary Fluid

Methods and systems for capturing carbon dioxide and producing fuels such as alcohol using a solvent including a nanoparticle organic hybrid material and a secondary fluid are disclosed. In some embodiments, the methods include the following: providing a solvent including a nanoparticle organic hybrid material and a secondary fluid, the material being configured to capture carbon dioxide; introducing a gas including carbon dioxide to the solvent until the material is loaded with carbon dioxide; introducing at least one of catalysts for carbon dioxide reduction and a proton source to the solvent; heating the solvent including the material loaded with carbon dioxide until carbon dioxide loaded on the material is electrochemically converted to a fuel.

Hybrid metal oxide cycle water splitting

Hybrid thermochemical water splitting cycles are provided in which thermally reduced metal oxides particles are used to displace some but not all of the electrical requirements in a water splitting electrolytic cell. In these hybrid cycles, the thermal reduction temperature is significantly reduced compared to two-step metal-oxide thermochemical cycles in which only thermal energy is required to produce hydrogen from water. Also, unlike the conventional higher temperature cycles where the reduction step must be carried out under reduced oxygen pressure, the reduction step in the proposed hybrid cycles can be carried out in air, allowing for thermal input by a solar power tower with a windowless, cavity receiver.

Electrochemical reaction device

An electrochemical reaction device comprises: an anode unit to oxidize water and thus generate oxygen; a cathode unit to reduce carbon dioxide and thus generate a carbon compound and hydrogen; a separator separating the anode and cathode units; and a power supply connected to the anode and cathode units, the cathode unit including: a porous member having a first surface and a second surface; a flow path plate facing the first surface; and a reduction catalyst on the second surface, and the flow path plate including: a flow path through which a target gas containing the carbon dioxide flows; and a porous film separating a first space and a second space inside the flow path and being permeated with an ionic liquid, the ionic liquid being configured to separate the carbon dioxide from the target gas.

Low Temperature Electrolytes for Solid Oxide Cells Having High Ionic Conductivity

Methods for forming a metal oxide electrolyte improve ionic conductivity. Some of those methods involve applying a first metal compound to a substrate, converting that metal compound to a metal oxide, applying a different metal compound to the metal oxide, and converting the different metal compound to form a second metal oxide. Electrolytes so formed can be used in solid oxide fuel cells, electrolyzers, and sensors, among other applications. 115.-. (canceled)16. A solid oxide cell , comprising:an inner tubular electrode having an outer surface; an outer electrode; anda metal oxide electrolyte adapted to provide ionic conductivity between the inner tubular electrode and the outer electrode;wherein the metal oxide electrolyte comprises a plurality of thin sheets orientedsubstantially perpendicular to the outer surface of the inner tubular electrode, and a metal oxide contacting the thin sheets;wherein the thin sheets are mica.17. The solid oxide cell of claim 16 , wherein the solid oxide cell is a solid oxide fuel cell.18. The solid oxide cell of claim 16 , wherein the metal oxide comprises yttria-stabilized zirconia.19. The solid oxide cell of claim 18 , wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises from about 10 mol % to about 20 mol % yttria.20. The solid oxide cell of claim 18 , wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises from about 12 mol % to about 18 mol % yttria.21. The solid oxide cell of claim 18 , wherein the yttria-stabilized zirconia comprises from about 14 mol % to about 16 mol % yttria.22. The solid oxide cell of claim 16 , wherein the metal oxide electrolyte comprises at least one catalytic material chosen from platinum claim 16 , palladium claim 16 , rhodium claim 16 , nickel claim 16 , cerium claim 16 , gold claim 16 , silver claim 16 , zinc claim 16 , lead claim 16 , ruthenium claim 16 , rhenium claim 16 , or a mixture thereof.23. The solid oxide cell of claim 16 , wherein the outer electrode is an outer tubular electrode.24. The solid ...

ELECTROLYZER APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MAKING IT

An apparatus for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: (i) a first hemi-enclosure; (ii) a second hemi-enclosure; (iii) a diaphragm electrode array positioned between the first hemi-enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure comprising: (a) a diaphragm, that passes ions and impedes the passage of gases, comprising a first side and a second opposed side; (b) a first plurality of electrodes in a first vicinity of the first side of the diaphragm; and (c) a second plurality of electrodes in a second vicinity of the second opposed side of the diaphragm; (iv) a fastener, for leak-tight fastening of the first hemi-enclosure, the diaphragm electrode array, and the second hemi-enclosure, whereby a leak-tight enclosure is formed; (v) contacts, for electrically powering the first and second pluralities of electrodes, and; (vi) pathways, configured to remove hydrogen and oxygen gases from the enclosure. 1. A method for making a diaphragm electrode array suitable for use in an electrolysis apparatus using electrodes that each have two opposing ends and using a diaphragm , the diaphragm having opposing and substantially planar surfaces that each have a surrounding perimeter edge and is made of a material that passes ions but impedes the passage of gas through the opposing surfaces of the diaphragm , the method comprising:placing one or more of the electrodes against one surface of the diaphragm such that the opposing ends of each of the one or more electrodes are at or beyond the perimeter edge of the one surface of the diaphragm;placing one or more of the other electrodes against the other surface of the diaphragm such that the opposing ends of each of the one or more other electrodes are at or beyond the opposing perimeter edge of the other surface of the diaphragm; andafter placing the electrodes against one of the surfaces of the diaphragm, affixing each electrode at substantially the perimeter edge of the ...

REPLACEMENT COMPONENT FOR ELECTROLYSER FLANGES

The invention relates to a cell of a modular electrolyser having a frame-shaped flange formed by two superposed elements, welded along the internal periphery in order to increase the local flange thickness in a portion of higher exposure to corrosion, for the sake of improving its resistance. A method of repairing electrolysis cells having a frame-shaped flange formed by two superposed elements by removing and replacing only the outermost frame, more subject to corrosion, is also described. 1. Cell of an electrolyser consisting of a modular arrangement of electrochemical cells , said cell comprising at least one pan consisting of a back-wall and a first flange element in form of frame made of a first metallic material , said first flange element integral with said back-wall or alternatively secured thereto , a second flange element in form of planar frame made of a second metallic material fixed to said first flange element , said fixing being a weld localised along the internal edges of said first flange element and said second flange element.2. Cell according to claim 1 , wherein said first metallic material of said first flange element and said second metallic material of said second flange element are the same material.3. Cell according to claim 1 , wherein said first metallic material of said first flange element is titanium and said second metallic material of said second flange element is an alloy of titanium and palladium.4. Method of repairing a cell of an electrolyser consisting of a modular arrangement of electrochemical cells comprising a pan consisting of a back-wall and a first flange element in form of frame made of a first metallic material claim 1 , said first flange element integral with said back-wall or alternatively secured thereto claim 1 , said first flange element being damaged by corrosion claim 1 , comprising fixing a second flange element in form of planar frame of a second metallic material to said first flange element claim 1 , wherein ...

Hybrid battery and electrolyser

The invention provides a method of storing varying or intermittent electrical energy and one or more of hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) with an energy apparatus, the method comprising: providing the first cell aqueous liquid, the second cell aqueous liquid, and electrical power from an external power source to the functional unit thereby providing an electrically charged functional battery unit and one or more of hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ) stored in said storage system, wherein during at least part of a charging time the functional unit is charged at a potential difference between the first cell electrode and the second cell electrode of more than 1.37 V.

METHOD FOR THE SYNTHESIS OF LAYERED LUMINESCENT TRANSITION METAL DICHALCOGENIDE QUANTUM DOTS

The invention discloses a method for the synthesis of monodispersed luminescent quantum dots of transition metal dichalcogenides (TMDC), single- or few-layered, using a single-step electrochemical exfoliation that involves dilute ionic liquid and water. The method disclosed helps to obtain nanoclusters of TMDC of desired size including small sizes ranging up to 6 nm, by varying the concentration of the electrolyte and the applied DC voltage. The invention further discloses a method by which mono- or few-layered luminescent transition metal dichalcogenides can be directly deposited onto conducting substrates in a uniform manner. The monodispersed single- or few-layered luminescent TMDC and electro-deposited substrates exhibit improved electronic conductivity and new active sites, making them suitable as high-performance electrocatalysts in hydrogen evolution reactions in solar water-splitting applications and also as electrodes for solar cell applications. 1. A method of synthesizing quantum dots , the method comprising:providing an electrochemical cell comprising an anode, a cathode, and an electrolytic solution, wherein the anode and the cathode are formed from a dichalcogenide material; andapplying an electric potential between the anode and the cathode for a suitable period to form quantum dots in the electrolytic solution.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dichalcogenide has a general formula MX claim 1 , wherein M is selected from a group consisting of one or more group VI metals claim 1 , and X is a chalcogen selected from a group consisting of S claim 1 , Se claim 1 , Te or Po.3. The method claim 2 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Mo or W.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte solution comprises 1-butyl-3-methylimidazoliumchloride ([BMIm]Cl) claim 1 , 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride ([EMIm]Cl) claim 1 , or lithium bis(trifluoromethylsulphonyl)imide (LiTFSI) claim 1 , lithium perchlorate (LiClO) claim 1 , sodium ...

Hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst

Systems and methods for a hydrogen evolution reaction catalyst are provided. Electrode material includes a plurality of clusters. The electrode exhibits bifunctionality with respect to the hydrogen evolution reaction. The electrode with clusters exhibits improved performance with respect to the intrinsic material of the electrode absent the clusters.

HEALTH MONITORING OF AN ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL STACK

The present disclosure is directed towards a method and a system for monitoring the performance of an electrochemical cell stack. Monitoring can be performed remotely by measuring the voltage across the stack, and comparing the measured values to predetermined reference values to determine the condition of the stack. Monitoring of the stack voltage enables detection of performance decay, which in turn enables preemptive repair of the stack prior to catastrophic failure. 1. A method of monitoring an electrochemical cell , comprising:conducting a linear current sweep across the cell;{'sub': in', 'out, 'measuring the pressure at an inlet (P) and at an outlet (P) of the cell;'}generating a baseline voltage-current (V-I) curve of the cell and calculating a slope of the baseline V-I curve;{'sub': in', 'out, 'generating an aged V-I curve of the cell at any time point during operation of the cell using a predetermined ratio of pressures of Pand Pand calculating a slope of the aged V-I curve;'}calculating a difference in value between the slopes of the baseline V-I curve and the aged V-I curve; andcomparing the difference in value between the slopes of the baseline V-I curve and the aged V-I curve to a preset reference value.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising alerting an operator of the cell if the difference in value between the slopes of the baseline V-I curve and the aged V-I curve is greater than the preset reference value.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising initiating automatic corrective actions if the difference in value between the slopes of the baseline V-I curve and the aged V-I curve is greater than the preset reference value.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising shutting down the electrochemical cell if the difference in value between the slopes of the baseline V-I curve and the aged V-I curve is greater than the preset reference value.5. A method of monitoring an electrochemical cell claim 1 , comprising:measuring a voltage required ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD OF IMPROVING FUEL EFFICIENCY IN VEHICLES USING HHO

A system and method of providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine in a vehicle involves providing a liquid electrolyte solution to at least one HHO generator including an HHO generating structure having a plurality of parallel plates suspended in a fluid compartment. Residual electrolyte solution is separated from the HHO gas output by the HHO generator, and a quantity of the HHO gas is stored in a pressure tank at a pressure level exceeding an ambient atmospheric pressure. The HHO gas is electively delivered to an intake side of the internal combustion engine by a valve structure coupled to the pressure tank, which is controlled at least in part by a throttle signal of the internal combustion engine. 1. A system for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine in a vehicle , comprising:a power supply;at least one HHO generator configured to receive a liquid electrolyte solution and output HHO gas, the at least one HHO generator including an HHO generating structure having a plurality of parallel plates suspended in a fluid compartment;a liquid solution and gas tank coupled to the at least one HHO generator, configured to hold the liquid electrolyte solution and to separate the HHO gas from residual liquid electrolyte solution output from the HHO generator, and to cooperate with a pump to pump the liquid electrolyte solution to the at least one HHO generator;a pressure tank coupled to receive the HHO gas from the liquid solution and gas tank and store a quantity of the HHO gas at a pressure level exceeding an ambient atmospheric pressure; anda valve structure coupled to the pressure tank to selectively deliver the HHO gas to an intake side of the internal combustion engine based at least in part on a throttle signal of the internal combustion engine.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:a heat exchanger assembly coupled between the liquid solution and gas tank and the at least one HHO generator for selectively cooling the liquid electrolyte ...

Methods and systems for carbon nanofiber production

A system for utilizing solar power to generate carbon nano-materials. A system for utilizing the carbon dioxide byproduct of a fossil fuel power generation process to drive an electrolysis reaction which produces carbon nano-materials, and methods of producing the same.

METHODS AND SYSTEM FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION BY WATER ELECTROLYSIS

A system and method for generating hydrogen gas from an aqueous solution are disclosed herein. The system comprises a compartment with a working electrode for reducing water in response to an applied voltage to generate hydrogen and a redox-active electrode capable of reversibly undergoing oxidation and reduction. The system may further comprise a second compartment with a working electrode for generating oxygen and redox-active electrode electrically connectable to the redox-active electrode in the first compartment. The method comprises applying a voltage between a working electrode and a redox-active electrode of a system described herein and/or between comprising a working electrode of one compartment and a working electrode of a second compartment of a system described herein. 1. A system for generation of oxygen gas from an aqueous solution , the system comprising:a compartment comprising a working electrode and a redox-active electrode, wherein said compartment containing an aqueous solution optionally comprising hydroxide ions,said redox-active electrode being in an oxidized state and configured to undergo reduction in the absence of electrical bias to generate oxygen gas.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said compartment is a non-partitioned compartment having an inlet configured for receiving an aqueous solution claim 1 , and at least one gas outlet configured for controllably evacuating a gas from the compartment.3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said redox-active electrode being capable of reversibly undergoing oxidation in response to an applied electrical bias between the working electrode and the redox-active electrode of at least 1.23V when measured at 25° C.4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said oxidized redox-active electrode comprises nickel oxyhydroxide (NiOOH).5. The system according to claim 1 , the system comprising:a non-partitioned compartment comprising said working electrode and said redox-active electrode; ...

SEAL CONFIGURATION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

An electrochemical cell includes a pair of bipolar plates and a membrane electrode assembly between the bipolar plates. The membrane electrode assembly comprises an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and a proton exchange membrane disposed therebetween. The cell further includes a sealing surface formed in one of the pair of bipolar plates and a gasket located between the sealing surface and the proton exchange membrane. The gasket is configured to plastically deform to create a seal about one of the cathode compartment or the anode compartment. The sealing surface can include one or more protrusions. 1. An electrochemical cell , comprising:a pair of bipolar plates and a membrane electrode assembly located between the pair of bipolar plates, wherein the membrane electrode assembly comprises an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and a proton exchange membrane disposed therebetween; anda gasket located between the proton exchange membrane and a bipolar plate of the pair of bipolar plates, wherein the gasket comprises a sealing surface having at least one plastically deformable protrusion.2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the gasket claim 1 , in its compressed state claim 1 , has a ratio of W:Wranging from 0.25:1 to 2:1.3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the sealing surface has a ratio of W:Sranging from 1:1 to 20:1.4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein compression of the at least one protrusion creates a seal about one of the cathode compartment or the anode compartment.5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein a reinforcement layer is disposed along a side of the proton exchange membrane that is opposite to the side along which the gasket is disposed.6. The electrochemical cell of claim 5 , wherein the reinforcement layer is located in the anode compartment.7. The electrochemical cell of claim 6 , wherein the reinforcement layer has a length dimension that is greater than the length dimension of the gasket. ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL WITH CATHOLYTE RECYCLE

An improved electrolytic cell, its method and system is disclosed. The electrolytic cell () is configured, at least in one design, to recycle the catholyte to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the output solution. The cell () includes at least an anode chamber () and a cathode chamber (). And in one design, a chamber or reservoir () for that serves as a source of anions and cations for the anode and cathode chambers. The outlet () of the cathode chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet () of a degassing chamber () and the outlet () of the degassing chamber is preferably connected in fluid communication with the inlet () of the anode chamber. 1. An electrolytic cell configured to increase chlorine capture and concentration in the cell's output solution , comprising:an anode chamber and a cathode chamber with inlets and outlets;an electrolyte feed adapted for providing electrolyte to an intermediate chamber, the intermediate chamber being between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber and having an intermediate chamber inlet and an intermediate chamber outlet which are separate from the anode chamber inlet and outlet and the cathode chamber inlet and outlet, the electrolyte providing a source of anions and cations to the anode and cathode chambers;a degassing chamber having an inlet and outlet, the inlet connected in fluid communication with the cathode chamber and the outlet connected in fluid communication with the anode chamber and wherein the inlet of the degassing chamber is elevated above the outlet of the anode chamber to move catholyte through the anode chamber by gravity;the outlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with the inlet of the anode chamber;wherein the degassing chamber includes a reservoir between the inlet and the outlet for maintaining a liquid level; andthe inlet of the cathode chamber connected in fluid communication with a liquid source.2. The electrolytic cell of wherein the ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING AMINO ACID AND PRODUCTION APPARATUS THEREFOR

A method for producing amino acids includes collecting feather waste into a container, with the feather waste having a pH value between 8 to 9.5; mixing from 5 weight percent to 8 weight percent of an alkaline solution having a pH value between 10 to 12 with from 30 weight percent to 40 weight percent of the feather waste and from 52 weight percent to 65 weight percent of water at room temperature for 12 to 48 hours to produce a preproduct; electrolyzing the preproduct to produce a product mixture; adding from 3 weight percent to 5 weight percent of an acid solution having a pH value between 3 to 6 into from 95 weight percent to 97 weight percent of first mixture to produce a second product via neutralization reaction. 1. A method for producing amino acids comprising:collecting feather waste into a container, with the feather waste having a pH value between 8 to 9.5;mixing from 5 weight percent to 8 weight percent of an alkaline solution having a pH value of between 10 and 12 with from 30 weight percent to 40 weight percent of the feather waste and from 52 weight percent to 65 weight percent of water at room temperature for 12 to 48 hours to produce a preproduct;electrolyzing the preproduct to produce a first product;adding from 3 weight percent to 5 weight percent of an acid solution having a pH value of between 3 and 6 into from 95 weight percent to 97 weight percent of the first product to produce a second product via neutralization reaction.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the feather waste has the pH value of between 9 and 9.5.3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the room temperature is maintained between 20 degrees Celsius to 30 degrees Celsius.4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the water is in an amount of 65 weight percent.5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline solution has the pH value of between 10.5 and 11.6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the alkaline solution claim 1 , the feather waste ...

METHOD OF PRODUCING GRAPHENE

A method of producing graphene sheets comprising the steps of, forming a carbonaceous powder by electrochemical erosion of a graphite electrode in a molten salt comprising hydrogen ions, recovering the resulting carbonaceous powder from the molten salt liquid, and thermally treating the carbonaceous powder by heating the carbonaceous powder in a non-oxidising atmosphere to produce a thermally treated powder comprising graphene sheets. The method allows high production rates of high purity graphene sheets. 1. A method of producing graphene sheets comprising the steps of ,(a) forming a carbonaceous powder by electrochemical erosion of a graphite electrode in a molten salt comprising hydrogen ions,(b) recovering the resulting carbonaceous powder from the molten salt liquid, and(c) thermally treating the carbonaceous powder by heating the carbonaceous powder in a non-oxidising atmosphere to produce a thermally treated powder comprising graphene sheets.2. A method according to in which the molten salt comprises lithium chloride.3. A method according to in which the molten salt is in contact with a moist gas during the electrochemical erosion of the graphite electrode claim 1 , water from the moist gas either dissolving in the molten salt or reacting with the molten salt to introduce hydrogen ions into the molten salt.4. A method according to in which electrochemical erosion of the graphite electrode is performed under an atmosphere of moist gas claim 1 , wherein the molten salt is shrouded under a flow of moist gas.5. A method according to which the molten salt is sparged with the moist gas during electrochemical erosion of the graphite electrode.6. A method according to in which the moist gas is a moist inert gas claim 3 , for example moist argon or moist nitrogen.7. A method according to any of in which the moist gas is produced by flowing a gas over claim 3 , or through claim 3 , a water source.8. A method according to in which the temperature of the molten salt ...

Conversion of Metal Carbonate to Metal Chloride

A process for preparing metal chloride Mx+Clx−, in which metal carbonate in solid form is reacted with a chlorinating agent selected from chlorine and oxalyl chloride to give metal chloride Mx+Clx−, where the metal M is selected from the group of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cation, and wherein metal M is additionally added as a reactant to the metal carbonate/chlorinating agent reaction. 1. A method for producing metal chloride MCl , comprising:providing a chlorinating agent,{'sup': x+', '−, 'sub': 'x', 'reacting metal carbonate as a solid with the chlorinating agent to form metal chloride MCl,'}wherein metal M being selected from the group of metals consisting of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, and Li, andwherein x corresponds to the valence of the metal cation, andadditionally adding metal M as a reactant to the reaction of metal carbonate with the chlorinating agent.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal M added as a reactant with a metal/metal carbonate weight ratio of less than 5/10 in order to generate thermal energy.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the metal M is used together with the metal carbonate for the reaction with the chlorinating agent.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chlorinating agent comprises chlorine or oxalyl chloride.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal chloride is subsequently reacted to produce metal M.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the metal M produced by the subsequent reaction of the metal chloride is reacted at least partly with carbon dioxide to produce metal carbonate claim 5 , to form a metal circuit.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction occurs in a grid reactor or a mechanically moved fixed-bed reactor or in a cyclone reactor.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reaction occurs in a grid reactor claim 7 , in which the chlorinating agent is added as a gas in cocurrent with the ...

Electrochemical reactor for processes for non-ferrous metal electrodeposition, which comprises a set of apparatuses for gently agitating an electrolyte, a set of apparatuses for containing and coalescing an acid mist, and a set of apparatuses for capturing and diluting acid mist aerosols remaining in the gas effluent of the reactor

The invention relates to an electrochemical reactor for continuous copper electrodeposition at high current densities with copper sulfate electrolytes, which comprises devices and systems of functional means that are linked and operated in line, thereby forming a “triad”, for standardising operational conditions in a series of operative parallel reactors. The triad, installed in each existing or new electrolytic container, comprises: a gentle electrolyte agitation system (AGSEL) with means for pulsing control of the aeration volume diffused by bubbling directed into each inter-cathodic space; a “duo” of systems linked in line, which comprises a system of removable anode covers (CAR) for containing, confining and coalescing the acid mist; and an acid mist recycling system (SIRENA) that captures non-coalesced electrolyte aerosols and condenses the steam, returning same to the process, while the pollutants of the gaseous fluid from the reactor are substantially diluted.

Solid polymer membrane electrode

A problem of the present invention is to provide a solid polymer membrane electrode capable of obtaining electrolyzed hydrogen water in which an increase of the pH is suppressed and which has a sufficient dissolved-hydrogen amount. The present invention is concerned with a solid polymer membrane electrode for generating electrolyzed water, wherein the solid polymer membrane electrode includes a solid polymer membrane and catalyst layers containing a platinum group metal and provided on the back and front of the solid polymer membrane; and the solid polymer membrane is a hydrocarbon-based cation exchange membrane and has an ion exchange capacity per unit area of 0.002 mmol/cm 2 or more and 0.030 mol/cm 2 or less.

Devices, Systems and Methods for Closed Loop Energy Production

The present invention relates to a hydrogen-powered genset that can be operated without any gaseous exhaust and does not require any external air or water. In particular, the closed loop utilizes a system that is fueled with hydrogen and supplied with oxygen from an electrolyzer. The system re-circulates the exhaust gas to the air intake while extracting the water from it for use in the electrolyzer. 1. A closed loop generator system , comprising:a) an electrolyzer comprising a water supply and configured to produce hydrogen and oxygen;b) a hydrogen tank;c) an oxygen tank;d) a closed air supply; ande) a genset configured to run on stored hydrogen and oxygen to convert stored hydrogen and oxygen into water fed into the water supply,wherein the closed loop generator system is configured so as not to produce exhaust.2. The closed loop system of claim 1 , further comprising an artificial air system in hermetic communication with the genset.3. The closed loop system of claim 2 , wherein the artificial air system is configured to bias the genset to run lean.4. The closed loop system of claim 2 , wherein the artificial air system is configured to bias the genset to run at an equivalence ratio of less than 0.43.5. The closed loop system of claim 1 , wherein the closed loop generator system is fluidically and hermetically sealed.6. The closed loop system of claim 1 , further comprising a water storage unit.7. The closed loop system of claim 1 , further comprising a turbine in operational communication with the genset claim 1 , the turbine being configured to increase system efficiency.8. A closed loop generator system claim 1 , comprising:a) an electrolyzer comprising a water supply;b) a hydrogen storage tank;c) an energy source in operational communication with the electrolyzer and hydrogen storage tank; andd) an electrical current generator,wherein the closed loop generator system is configured to selectively operable to generate output electricity without emissions.9. The ...

SEAL CONFIGURATION FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

An electrochemical cell includes a pair of bipolar plates and a membrane electrode assembly between the bipolar plates. The membrane electrode assembly comprises an anode compartment, a cathode compartment, and a proton exchange membrane disposed therebetween. The cell further includes a sealing surface formed in one of the pair of bipolar plates and a gasket located between the sealing surface and the proton exchange membrane. The gasket is configured to plastically deform to create a seal about one of the cathode compartment or the anode compartment. The sealing surface can include one or more protrusions. 1. An electrochemical cell comprising:a pair of bipolar plates, wherein a sealing surface is formed in one of the pair of bipolar plates,a membrane electrode assembly located between the pair of bipolar plates, wherein the membrane electrode assembly comprises an anode, a cathode, and a proton exchange membrane disposed therebetween;a first seal defining a high pressure zone, wherein the first seal is located between the bipolar plates and configured to contain a first fluid within the high pressure zone;a second seal defining an intermediate pressure zone, wherein the second seal is located between the bipolar plates and configured to contain a second fluid within the intermediate pressure zone;wherein the first seal is formed by a gasket that is configured to plastically deform to create a seal about one of the cathode compartment or the anode compartment.2. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the second seal is formed by a gasket that is configured to plastically deform to create a seal about one of the cathode compartment or the anode compartment.3. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the sealing surface includes one or more protrusions.4. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the sealing surface has a yield strength greater than a yield strength of the gasket.5. The electrochemical cell of claim 1 , further comprising a third ...

AQUEOUS METAL COLLOID COMBUSTION ADDITIVE

The present invention relates to a combustion additive comprising a colloidal solution containing dispersed fine metal particles. The present invention also relates to a method for producing the colloid. More particularly the present teaching relates to a combustion additive having a colloid, wherein the colloid comprises metal particles providing in an alkaline aqueous solution, the metal particles being dispersed within that solution and having an average diameter in the range of 30 nm to 30 μm. The colloid can partly/fully substitute water of a water injection system or used as an air humidification component for combustion. 1. A combustion additive aqueous colloidal solution having:a pH of 8.0 to 12.5,a Total Dissolved Solid, TDS, value in the range of 1500 to 3500 ppm,an average particle size of 30 nm to 30 μm,sodium constituent having a concentration of 1500 to 3000 mg/L, andother metal constituents having a total concentration of 0.5 to 200 mg/L.2. The combustion additive colloidal solution of having claim 1 , when measured at 20° C.:a DC conductivity of 5 to 13 mS/cm anda surface tension of 50 to 70 mN/m.3. The combustion additive colloidal solution of further comprising an ammonia/ammonium constituent having a concentration of 3 to 10 mg/L at 20° C.4. A combustion additive mixture comprising the colloidal solution of mixed with at least one of:water;water miscible solvents;hydrogen peroxide; orsodium percarbonate.5. A method of water injection/air humidification for combustion claim 1 , wherein water is at least partially substituted by the colloidal solution of .6. A method of forming the colloidal solution claim 1 , the method comprising:providing an alkaline aqueous starting solution in an electrolysis bath, the electrolysis bath comprising a plurality of stainless steel electrodes, andeluting metal elements from the one or more of the plurality of electrodes using electrolysis to form the colloidal solution.7. The method of wherein the starting solution ...

INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE HAVING CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND FUEL ADDITIVE SYNTHESIS SYSTEM

Separation of carbon dioxide from the exhaust of an internal combustion engine, the production of hydrogen from water, and reformation of carbon dioxide and hydrogen into relatively high-octane fuel components. 1. An internal combustion engine comprising:an engine control system in communication with said engine that detects and evaluates the presence of engine knock;a carbon dioxide separator to separate carbon dioxide from internal combustion engine exhaust;a condenser and electrolyzer to separate water from said engine exhaust and provide hydrogen;a reformer that converts said separated carbon dioxide and hydrogen into one or more high octane fuel components;wherein said engine control system is configured to introduce said one or more high octane fuel components into said engine upon determination that said engine requires said one or more components to mitigate and/or prevent engine knock.2. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , wherein said carbon dioxide separator comprises a substrate layer of inorganic oxides claim 1 , a barrier layer of in-situ LiZrO claim 1 , a LiZrOsorbent layer and an inorganic oxide cap layer.3. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , wherein reformer converts said separated carbon dioxide and hydrogen into a mixture of methane claim 1 , methanol and ethanol.4. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , wherein said reformer comprises a catalyst selected from Cu claim 1 , ZnO claim 1 , AlOor NiGa.5. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , wherein said engine includes an intake system and said high octane components are configured to be introduced into said intake system.6. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , wherein said engine includes a fuel rail that supplies fuel injectors wherein said one or more high octane components are configured to be introduced to said fuel rail.7. The internal combustion engine of claim 1 , having fuel injectors dedicated to delivery of said one or more high octane fuel components.8. ...

RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND ZERO EMISSION POWER SYSTEM

The invention provides an energy system comprising a fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate, an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor, an energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, and a catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel. 1. An energy system , comprisinga fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate,an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor,a renewable energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, anda catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel or a liquid chemical.2. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel processor comprises a reformer.3. The energy system of claim 2 , wherein the reformer is a partial oxidation reformer claim 2 , an autothermal reformer claim 2 , a steam methane reformer claim 2 , or a steam reformer.4. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed within the fuel processor.5. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed external to the fuel processor.6. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the energy source is a renewable solar or wind energy source.7. The energy system of claim 1 , further comprising a separation unit coupled to the fuel processor for separating hydrogen from the reformate.8. The energy system of claim 7 , further comprisinga compressor coupled to the separation unit for compressing the hydrogen separated from the reformate by the separation unit, anda storage element for storing the hydrogen compressed by the compressor.9. The energy system of claim 1 , ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PURIFICATION OF ELECTROLYTIC SALT

Methods and systems for removing impurities from an electrolytic salt are disclosed. After removal of impurities from the salt, the salt can be subjected to electrorefining to produce high-purity materials, for example silicon. Impurities are removed from the salt using a system that includes a first working electrode, a counter electrode, and at least one reference electrode. A second working electrode can also be utilized. The salt may be utilized in an electrorefining system, for example a system operated in a single phase or multiple phase operation to produce high-purity materials, such as solar-grade silicon. 1. A system for purifying silicon , comprising:a first working electrode and second working electrode;a counter electrode;a reference electrode; anda system control configured to control an electrical potential between at least one of the first working electrode, the second working electrode, and the reference electrode.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first working electrode is an anode comprising metallurgical-grade silicon claim 1 , the counter electrode is a first cathode claim 1 , and the second working electrode is a second cathode.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the counter electrode comprises an anode and the first working electrode is a first cathode claim 1 , and wherein the system further comprises a second cathode operable as a second counter electrode.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the anode comprises metallurgical-grade silicon.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an electrolyte.6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the electrolyte is a LiCl salt.7. A method for purifying a salt having multiple impurities claim 5 , the method comprising:providing a system comprising a first working electrode, a counter electrode, a reference electrode, and a system control, wherein the first working electrode, the counter electrode, and the reference electrode are electrically coupled to the salt;setting, via the system control, a desired ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDROXIDE SYSTEMS AND METHODS USING METAL OXIDATION

There are provided methods and systems for an electrochemical cell including an anode and a cathode where the anode is contacted with a metal ion that converts the metal ion from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state. The metal ion in the higher oxidation state is reacted with hydrogen gas, an unsaturated hydrocarbon, and/or a saturated hydrocarbon to form products. 125-. (canceled)26. A system , comprising:an anode in contact with an anode electrolyte in an anode chamber of an electrochemical cell comprising metal halide and saltwater wherein the anode is configured to oxidize the metal halide from a lower oxidation state to a higher oxidation state;a cathode in contact with a cathode electrolyte in a cathode chamber in the electrochemical cell;a power source to apply a voltage to the anode and the cathode;a reactor operably connected to the anode chamber and configured to react the anode electrolyte comprising the metal halide in the higher oxidation state with an unsaturated hydrocarbon or saturated hydrocarbon in an aqueous medium to form one or more organic compounds comprising halogenated hydrocarbon and the metal halide in the lower oxidation state in the aqueous medium, anda separator comprising an adsorbent operably connected to the reactor and configured to separate the one or more organic compounds from the aqueous medium comprising the metal halide in the lower oxidation state.27. The system of claim 26 , wherein the adsorbent is selected from activated charcoal claim 26 , alumina claim 26 , activated silica claim 26 , polymer claim 26 , and combinations thereof.28. The system of claim 26 , wherein the adsorbent is a polyolefin selected from polyethylene claim 26 , polypropylene claim 26 , polystyrene claim 26 , polymethylpentene claim 26 , polybutene-1 claim 26 , polyolefin elastomers claim 26 , polyisobutylene claim 26 , ethylene propylene rubber claim 26 , polymethylacrylate claim 26 , poly(methylmethacrylate) claim 26 , poly( ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL FLOW-CELL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND NICOTINAMIDE DEPENDENT TARGET REDUCTION, AND RELATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Methods and systems for hydrogen production or production of a reduced target molecule are described, wherein a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane hydrogenase or a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme presented on a nanolipoprotein adsorbed onto an electrically conductive supporting structure, which can preferably be chemically inert, is contacted with protons or a target molecule to be reduced and nicotinamide cofactors in presence of an electric current and one or more electrically driven redox mediators. Methods and systems for production of hydrogen or a reduced target molecule are also described wherein a membrane-bound hydrogenase enzyme or enzyme capable or reducing a target molecule is contacted with protons or the target molecule, a nicotinamide co-factor and a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane hydrogenase presented on a nanolipoprotein particle for a time and under condition to allow hydrogen production or production of a reduced target molecule in presence of an electrical current and of an electrically driven redox mediator. 2. The system according to claim 1 , the system further comprising: a voltage generator claim 1 , connected to the first and second electrode.3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the voltage generator is configured to create an electric potential of 500 mV between the first and second electrodes.4. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising an ion exchange membrane between the electrically conductive supporting structure and the second electrode.5. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive supporting structure is chemically inert.6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive supporting structure is an electrically conductive porous supporting structure.7. The system according to claim 6 , wherein the electrically conductive porous supporting structure comprises graphite beads having a diameter less than or equal to 400 μm.8. The system ...

DEVICES AND METHODS FOR FORMING DOUBLE EMULSION DROPLET COMPOSITIONS AND POLYMER PARTICLES

The present invention generally relates to double emulsion droplet compositions, polymer particles that can be formed from such double emulsion droplet compositions, and to methods and apparatuses for making such compositions and particles. A double emulsion generally describes larger droplets that contain smaller droplets therein. These double emulsion droplet compositions can be used to create a variety of materials including polymer particles and polymeric shells and are further useful for encapsulating a variety of species including catalyst compounds and pharmaceutical agents. The double emulsion droplet compositions disclosed herein are readily formed using planar droplet (“digital”) microfluidic devices without channels, and either air or an immiscible liquid as an ambient medium. 1. A method for forming a double emulsion droplet composition for making a discoid polymer particle , the method comprising combining a first liquid droplet and a second liquid droplet using a droplet-based microfluidic device capable of manipulating droplets , wherein the discoid polymer particle is formed by:(a) placing the first liquid droplet on a first specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device;(b) placing the second liquid droplet on a second specified location on a surface of the droplet-based microfluidic device; and(c) moving at least one of the first or second droplets on the surface of the device so that the first and second droplets are brought into proximity such that the first liquid droplet spontaneously inserts into the second liquid droplet or spontaneously engulfs the second liquid droplet, thereby forming a double emulsion droplet, wherein(i) the first liquid droplet and the second liquid droplet comprise a plurality of compounds that react to form a discoid polymer particle when combined in the double emulsion droplet;(ii) the first liquid droplet, the second liquid droplet and the double emulsion droplet use air as an ambient medium ...

Method for operating a water electrolysis device

A method for operating a water electrolysis device produces hydrogen and oxygen from water. In the electrolysis device, water which comes from a PEM electrolyzer (1) is fed to a first heat exchanger (10) for cooling, subsequently to an ion exchanger (11), then to a second heat exchanger (12) for heating and again to the PEM electrolyzer (1), in a water circuit (4). The heat exchangers (10, 12) form part of a common heat transfer medium circuit (20) at a secondary side. The heat transfer medium circuit includes a cooling device (24), through which the heat transfer medium flow is selectively led in a complete or partial manner or not at all, for the control and/or regulation of the temperature of the water which is fed to the ion exchanger (11) and/or to the PEM electrolyzer (1).

System for extraction of tritium from liquid metal coolants

A method for removing tritium from liquid lithium includes mixing the liquid lithium containing trace amounts of tritium with a molten salt and forming a salt of lithium and tritium. The method also includes separating the liquid lithium from the salt of lithium and tritium and circulating the molten salt in an electrolyzer to form molecular tritium. The method further includes bubbling an inert gas through the electrolyzer to remove the molecular tritium and circulating the argon and removed molecular tritium in a titanium getter to recover the tritium.

Electrolytic cell and electrolyzer

The electrolytic cell according to the present invention is an electrolytic cell including a cathode chamber, the cathode chamber including: a cathode; and a reverse current absorbing member having a substrate and a reverse current absorbing body, the reverse current absorbing member being disposed to face the cathode, wherein the cathode and the reverse current absorbing body are electrically connected, and when the height at the bottom of the cathode chamber is defined as 0 and the height at the top of the cathode chamber is defined as h, the ratio of area S 3 of the reverse current absorbing body present at position I corresponding to a height of h/2 or more and h or less to area S A of the cathode-facing surface of the substrate corresponding to the position I satisfies 0.20≤S 3 /S A <1.0.

PORPHYRIN MOLECULAR CATALYSTS FOR SELECTIVE ELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF CO2 INTO CO

The present invention relates to porphyrins of formula (I): wherein Rto R, R to R, X, X′ Y and Y′ are as described in claim . The invention also relates to complexes of said porphyrins with transition metals, in particular iron, preferably as Fe(III) or Fe(0) complex, and salts thereof, use thereof as catalysts for the selective electrochemical reduction of COinto CO, electrochemical cells comprising said complexes, and a method for selectively reducing electrochemically COinto CO using said complexes. 2. The porphyrin of , wherein at least one of X , X{hacek over ( )} , Y or Y{hacek over ( )} represents CF , CNRRR , or NR , or at least one of R , R , R , R , R , R , R , R represents F or NRRR , with R , Rand Rare as described in , and preferably R , Rand Rrepresent a methyl group.4. The porphyrin of any of to , wherein X and X{hacek over ( )} independently represent CH or CF , preferably CF.6. The porphyrin of any of to , at least one of Y , Y{hacek over ( )} , X and X{hacek over ( )} is CNRRRor at least one of R , R , R , R , R , R , R , and R is NRRR , with R , Rand Ras described in any of to .8. A complex of a porphyrin according to any of to with a transition metal such as iron , preferably a Fe(III) or Fe(0) complex , and salts thereof.9. Use of the complex of as catalyst for the electrochemical reduction of COinto CO claim 8 , advantageously in combination with at least one proton donor selected from the group consisting of water (HO) claim 8 , trifluoroethanol claim 8 , phenol and acetic acid claim 8 , even more advantageously HO or phenol.11. The electrochemical cell of claim 8 , wherein the complex of is in a concentration claim 8 , in the electrolyte solution claim 8 , of between 0.0005 and 0.01 M claim 8 , preferably 0.001 M.12. The electrochemical cell of or claim 8 , wherein the electrolyte further comprises a proton donor selected from the group consisting of water (HO) claim 8 , trifluoroethanol claim 8 , phenol and acetic acid claim 8 , even more ...

ELECTROYLYTIC REDUCTION OF CARBON CAPTURE SOLUTIONS

Disclosed herein is a system comprising an absorber; the absorber being operative to extract carbon dioxide from a flue gas stream to form a carbon capture solution that is rich in carbon dioxide; and an electrolytic cell disposed downstream of the absorber; where the electrolytic cell is operative to reduce carbon dioxide present in the carbon capture solution. Disclosed herein too is a method comprising discharging a flue gas stream from a flue gas generator to an absorber; contacting the flue gas stream with a carbon capture solution; extracting carbon dioxide from the flue gas stream to form a carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution; discharging the carbon dioxide rich carbon capture solution to an electrolytic cell; and reducing the carbon dioxide to a hydrocarbon in the electrolytic cell. 1. A system comprising:an absorber; the absorber being operative to extract carbon dioxide from a flue gas stream to form a carbon capture solution that is rich in carbon dioxide; andan electrolytic cell disposed downstream of the absorber; where the electrolytic cell is operative to reduce carbon dioxide present in the carbon capture solution.2. The system of claim 1 , where the carbon dioxide is reduced to form a hydrocarbon or organic acid.3. The system of claim 1 , where the carbon capture solution is recycled to the absorber from the electrolytic cell after the reduction of the carbon dioxide.4. The system of claim 1 , where the carbon capture solution comprises a solvent that absorbs carbon dioxide.5. The system of claim 1 , where the carbon capture solution comprises a carbonate claim 1 , a bicarbonate claim 1 , or a carbamate.6. The system of claim 1 , where the carbonate is ammonium carbonate claim 1 , potassium carbonate claim 1 , sodium carbonate claim 1 , lithium carbonate claim 1 , or combinations thereof; the bicarbonate is ammonium bicarbonate claim 1 , potassium bicarbonate claim 1 , sodium bicarbonate claim 1 , lithium bicarbonate claim 1 , or ...

Breakdown of fuel components and solvents in groundwater and contaminated soil

A system and method for remediation of polluted sites, implementing a combination of chemical and biological breakdown modes on the contaminating compounds. The system includes at least one reactor for production in situ of reagents required for the breakdown modes. The reactor includes at least three types of substantially independent electro-cells for production of Fenton reagents and dissolved oxygen. The method according to the invention includes utilizing at least one reactor which comprised of substantially independent electro-cells for producing reagents required for remediation of the polluted sites and a computerized controller loaded with data obtained from a site survey, measurements made by instruments and programmed sequence. The existing remediation techniques encounter in serious difficulties due to poor process control. Using the system according to the present invention allows control of the parameters and acceleration of the remediation process.

Production of Graphene

A method of synthesizing high quality graphene for producing graphene particles and flakes is presented. The engineered qualities of the graphene include size, aspect ratio, edge definition, surface functionalization and controlling the number of layers. Fewer defects are found in the end graphene product in comparison to previous methods. The inventive method of producing graphene is less aggressive, lower cost and more environmentally friendly than previous methods. This method is applicable to both laboratory scale and high volume manufacturing for producing high quality graphene flakes. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the combination of exfoliating ions comprises Na claim 1 , K claim 1 , Li claim 1 , NR (R=hydrogen claim 1 , organic moiety or mixture of hydrogen and organic moiety) claim 1 , so claim 1 , Cl claim 1 , OH claim 1 , NO claim 1 , PO claim 1 , ClO claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the combination of exfoliating ions are used simultaneously.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the combination of exfoliating ions are used step wise claim 1 , one exfoliating ion followed by another exfoliating ion.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous electrolyte has a temperature of less than 100° C.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the aqueous electrolyte has a temperature of less than 90° C.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the aqueous electrolyte is ambient temperature.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the working electrode comprises pyrolytic graphite claim 1 , natural graphite claim 1 , synthetic graphite claim 1 , intercalated carbon materials claim 1 , carbon fiber claim 1 , carbon flakes claim 1 , carbon platelets claim 1 , carbon particles claim 1 , or combinations thereof.9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the working electrode is produced from carbon powder or flakes compressed together to form sheets claim 1 , rods claim 1 , pellets claim 1 ...

Multi-junction artificial photosynthetic cell with enhanced photovoltages

A multi-junction artificial photosynthetic unit includes an active element with a plurality of semiconducting layers, with metal layers deposited between the semiconductor layers appropriately forming Schottky barrier junctions or ohmic junctions with a surface of an adjacent semiconductor layer. The active element is formed within a protective structure formed of porous aluminum oxide. Successive layers of the active element can be formed within the protective structure, and additional layers and junctions can be added until desired photovoltages are achieved. A photoreactor for the production of fuels and chemicals driven by solar-powered redox reactions includes a bag reactor filled with a feedstock solution. A plurality of multi-junction photosynthetic units are placed in the feedstock solution to drive the redox reactions and produce the desired fuels and chemicals.

HYDROGEN-REGENERATING SOLAR-POWERED AIRCRAFT

An aircraft comprising a hydrogen-containing envelope, a water-collection system for collecting water from the envelope, an electrolyser to convert the water collected using the water-collection system into hydrogen, and a hydrogen-replenishment system for replenishing the envelope with hydrogen generated using the electrolyser. In one embodiment, generated hydrogen is also supplied to a hydrogen-fueled propulsion system for propulsion of the aircraft. 1. An aircraft comprising:a hydrogen-containing envelope;an electrolyser to convert water into hydrogen;a water-collection system for collecting water from a body of water and supplying the water to the electrolyser; anda hydrogen-replenishment system for replenishing the envelope with hydrogen generated using the electrolyser.2. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the aircraft further comprises means to takeoff from or land on water.3. The aircraft of claim 2 , wherein the means to takeoff from or land on water comprises floats.4. The aircraft of claim 3 , wherein the water collected is stored in the floats.5. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the envelope comprises a non-rigid wing-shaped inflatable structure.6. The aircraft of claim 5 , wherein the non-rigid wing-shaped inflatable structure comprises an aerofoil geometry to provide aerodynamic lift in addition to the buoyancy provided by the hydrogen gas inside the envelope.7. The aircraft of claim 1 , further comprising solar radiation collecting elements to collect solar radiation and to generate electric power from the solar radiation for supplying electric power to the electrolyser.8. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen-replenishment system comprises a hydrogen manifold for supplying hydrogen to one or a plurality of hydrogen cells within the envelope.9. The aircraft of claim 1 , wherein the envelope comprises an inner envelope containing the hydrogen surrounded by an outer envelope containing an inert gas.10. The aircraft of claim 1 , further ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL FLOW-CELL FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION AND NICOTINAMIDE DEPENDENT TARGET REDUCTION, AND RELATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Methods and systems for hydrogen production or production of a reduced target molecule are described, wherein a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane hydrogenase or a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane enzyme presented on a nanolipoprotein adsorbed onto an electrically conductive supporting structure, which can preferably be chemically inert, is contacted with protons or a target molecule to be reduced and nicotinamide cofactors in presence of an electric current and one or more electrically driven redox mediators. Methods and systems for production of hydrogen or a reduced target molecule are also described wherein a membrane-bound hydrogenase enzyme or enzyme capable or reducing a target molecule is contacted with protons or the target molecule, a nicotinamide co-factor and a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane hydrogenase presented on a nanolipoprotein particle for a time and under condition to allow hydrogen production or production of a reduced target molecule in presence of an electrical current and of an electrically driven redox mediator. 1. A system for hydrogen production , the system comprising a nanolipoprotein particle presenting a nicotinamide co-factor dependent membrane hydrogenase , at least two opposing electrodes , an electrically conductive supporting structure between said first electrode and second electrode , and , wherein the nanolipoprotein particles are immobilized to the electrically conductive supporting structure.2. The system according to claim 1 , the system further comprising: a voltage generator claim 1 , connected to the first and second electrode.3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the voltage generator is configured to create an electric potential of 500 mV between the first and second electrodes.4. The system according to claim 1 , further comprising an ion exchange membrane between the electrically conductive supporting structure and the second electrode.5. The system according claim 1 , wherein the ...

Arrangement of electrochemical cells and the use of the same

The invention relates to an arrangement of electrochemical cells and also to the uses thereof. The electrochemical cells are arranged one above another and are in electrically conducting communication with one another. In this arrangement they form repeating units which in each case are formed of at least one interconnector, in which apertures for gas passage are formed, an electrochemical cell, which is formed of a cathode, an electrolyte and an anode, and contact elements on the anode side and on the cathode side, and are arranged one above another. The area of the individual planar electrochemical cells is in each case smaller than the area of the individual interconnectors, and the electrolytes finish flush in each case with a plane of a surface of the respective interconnector. Mounted on this surface of the interconnector in each case is a single sealing ply of a glass solder with constant thickness, for sealing the gap between electrolyte and interconnector (internal joining) and the gaps between apertures for gas passage of two adjacent interconnectors (external joining).

Ion exchange membranes, electrochemical systems, and methods

Disclosed herein are ion exchange membranes, electrochemical systems, and methods that relate to various configurations of the ion exchange membranes and other components of the electrochemical cell.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONVERSION OF SOLID WASTE INTO SYNTHETIC OIL, GAS, AND FERTILIZER

A method of producing oil, gas, and ash fertilizer from a feedstock includes inputting the feedstock into a reaction chamber having a wall, and combusting the feedstock in the reaction chamber. An electrical current flow is induced between the reaction chamber wall and the feedstock so as to cause arcing in the feedstock within the reaction chamber. Ash reaction byproducts migrate downward through the reaction chamber onto ash support structure, which is substantially electrically isolated from the reaction chamber wall. Gas and liquid reaction byproducts migrate upward through the reaction chamber to an upper chamber by a partial vacuum in the upper chamber, and are evacuated therefrom. The oil and gas are then separated from the evacuated gas/liquid products, providing the oil and the gas products. The oil is refinable, the gas is high in energy content, and the ash fertilizer is high in nitrogen. 1a chamber having an upper outer wall portion and a lower base portion;an inner wall disposed within said chamber, an upper portion of said inner wall being connected to said chamber to form an inner chamber and an outer chamber, the outer chamber comprising a thermal insulator formed by at least a partial vacuum produced by withdrawal of material from above a top opening of the inner chamber;at least one stirring member disposed within the inner chamber;plural cross members disposed within the inner chamber, but not touching any stirring member disposed within the inner wall; andan ash support member disposed within said chamber below a lower reformer opening, but electrically insulated therefrom, and wider than the inner wall.. A reformer combination, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/706,504, filed May 7, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/620,774, filed Feb. 12, 2015 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,057,029, issued Jun. 16, 2015), which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/454 ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCTION OF AN AQUEOUS HYPOCHLOROUS ACID SOLUTION

A method for making an aqueous hypochlorous acid (HClO) solution includes electrolyzing a solution of sodium chloride to produce a solution of sodium hypochlorite; and producing the aqueous hypochlorous acid solution by adjusting a pH of the solution of sodium hypochlorite to a value within a range of 3 to 8 by adding a selected weak acid to the solution of sodium hypochlorite to produce a buffer including the selected weak acid and a salt of the selected weak acid.

DECARBOXYLATION OF LEVULINIC ACID TO KETONE SOLVENTS

Ketones, specifically Methyl ethyl ketone (“MEK”) and octanedione, may be formed from six carbon sugars. This process involves obtaining a quantity of a six carbon sugar and then reacting the sugar to form levulinic acid and formic acid. The levulinic acid and formic acid are then converted to an alkali metal levulinate and an alkali metal formate (such as, for example, sodium levulinate and sodium formate.) The alkali metal levulinate is placed in an anolyte along with hydrogen gas that is used in an electrolytic cell. The alkali metal levulinate within the anolyte is decarboxylated to form MEK radicals, wherein the MEK radicals react with hydrogen gas to form MEK, or MEK radicals react with each other to form octanedione. The alkali metal formate may also be decarboxylated in the cell, thereby forming hydrogen radicals that react with the MEK radicals to form MEK. 1. A method of forming a ketone comprising:obtaining a quantity of a six carbon sugar;reacting the sugar to form an alkali metal levulinate;preparing an anolyte comprising the alkali metal levulinate;decarboxylating the alkali metal levulinate within the anolyte in an electrolytic cell to form at least a methyl ethyl ketone (“MEK”) radical, wherein the electrolytic cell comprises an anolyte compartment that houses the anolyte, a catholyte compartment that houses a catholyte, and an alkali ion conducting membrane that separates the anolyte compartment from the catholyte compartment, wherein the MEK radicals in the anolyte further react to form a ketone.2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ketone is a MEK.3. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the ketone is an octanedione.4. A method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the anolyte further comprises a quantity of a hydrogen supplier that is used to form MEK.5. A method as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the hydrogen suppler comprises alkali metal formate claim 2 , further comprising the steps of:decarboxylating the alkali metal formate to form H ...

REUSABLE SPRAY BOTTLE WITH INTEGRATED DISPENSER

An apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting surfaces and objects includes a spray bottle that is refillable with an aqueous solution, the spray bottle including a nozzle and a container. The apparatus further includes a conduit in communication with the nozzle and an interior of the container, an actuator for pumping the aqueous solution from the interior of the container to outside the spray bottle through the nozzle, an ultraviolet light source in communication with the conduit configured to at least partially radiate the aqueous solution in the conduit, a power source in communication with the ultraviolet light source, and an actuator in electrical communication with the power source, the actuator configured to provide power to the ultraviolet light source upon actuation of the actuator. 1. An apparatus for cleaning and/or disinfecting surfaces and objects , the apparatus comprising:a spray bottle that is refillable with an aqueous solution, the spray bottle comprising a nozzle and a container;a conduit in communication with the nozzle and an interior of the container;an actuator for pumping the aqueous solution from the interior of the container to outside the spray bottle through the nozzle;an ultraviolet light source in communication with the conduit configured to at least partially radiate the aqueous solution in the conduit;a power source in communication with the ultraviolet light source; andan actuator in electrical communication with the power source, the actuator configured to provide power to the ultraviolet light source upon actuation of the actuator.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution comprises at least one of a sodium percarbonate claim 1 , a sodium perborate claim 1 , and a hydrogen peroxide.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an electrolyzer claim 1 , wherein the spray bottle is configured to pass the solution through the electrolyzer to at least partially electrolyze the soluble material to produce a ...