ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ БИОДАТЧИК

Изобретение относится к электрохимическим биодатчиком, используемым для определения количества анализируемого вещества в жидкой пробе, в частности к системе определения недостаточного количества пробы в электрохимическом биодатчике, и может быть использовано при медицинских показаниях типа диабета, поскольку у пациента с симптомами такого заболевания возникает необходимость в регулярном самоконтроле уровня концентрации глюкозы в крови. Электрохимический датчик для определения концентрации анализируемого вещества в жидкой пробе для анализа содержит канал для приема жидкой пробы для анализа, первый и второй выводы, каждый из которых выполнен с возможностью электрического соединения с датчиком электрического тока, рабочий электрод размещен вдоль указанного канала для приема жидкой пробы, электрически соединен с первым выводом; противоэлектрод электрически соединен со вторым выводом и имеет участок с низким сопротивлением, расположенный вдоль указанного канала ниже рабочего электрода, и участок ...

Electrochemical detection method and related aspects

Biological species detection method and biosensor therefor

A method of detection of a species in which the formation of a species-related complex (3, 4, 5) causes displacement of an electrically conductive fluid (29) from a measuring zone (20) and the resultant change in the electrical impedance measured in said zone via electrodes (7 and 8) is used to determine the presence of such a complex. The measuring zone (20) is associated with at least one recess (19) in an electrically insulating substrate (1) and the complex (3, 4, 5) is created on the substrate in or adjacent to the at least one recess (19). ...

CHEMICAL ASSAY SYSTEMS AND METHODS

A monitoring device

A monitoring device comprises monitoring unit 2 having electroanalytical component (3, Fig. 1) and electrical contact 11, and sensor unit 4 (advantageously disposable) having sensor arrangement (5, Fig. 1) and electrical contact (12, Fig. 3). The monitoring unit 2 and sensor unit 4 are held together releasably, and in electrical communication, by a cooperating attachment arrangement, perhaps base plate (8, Fig 2c) and clip mechanism (9, 10, Fig. 2c). The monitoring unit may have casing 6, maybe sealed, comprising recess 7 with walls 20 and 21 having no sharp internal angles; advantageously, this facilitates easy cleaning. Battery charging unit (17, Fig. 5) may instead be inserted into the recess to charge an internal battery via contact 16. The sensor unit may have flow cell(s) (26, Fig. 1) and fluid input and output (22, 23, Fig. 1). The sensor arrangement may comprise electrochemical or optical sensors, and a recognition substrate (enzyme, antibody etc) which binds to the analyte.

Biosensor for point-of-care diagnostic and on-sitemeasurements

Biosensor for point-of-care diagnostic and on-sitemeasurements

Compositions and methods for improved creatinine measurement accuracy and uses thereof

The disclosure relates to electrochemical sensors for measuring creatinine and creatine in a patient's blood. More particularly, the disclosure relates to compositions and methods for improving measurement accuracy of electrochemical sensors used for measuring creatinine and creatine.

Ethylene receptor biosensor

The present disclosure relates to biosensors (10) having a receptor layer (5) and a mediator layer (6), the receptor layer including ethylene receptor molecules. The present disclosure also relates to sensor units (20) comprising one or more biosensors (10) and a controller (11). In some embodiments, one or more sensor units (20) may be in wireless communication with a receiver module or a network gateway.

Micro Biosensor and Method for Reducing Measurement Interference Using the Same

Micro Biosensor and Method for Reducing Measurement Interference Using the Same The present invention provides a micro biosensor for reducing a measurement interference when measuring a target analyte in the biofluid, including: a substrate; a first working electrode configured on the surface, and including a first sensing section; a second working electrode configured on the surface, and including a second sensing section which is configured adjacent to at least one side of the first sensing section; and a chemical reagent covered on at least a portion of the first sensing section for reacting with the target analyte to produce a resultant. When the first working electrode is driven by a first working voltage, the first sensing section measures a physiological signal with respect to the target analyte. When the second working electrode is driven by a second working voltage, the second conductive material can directly consume the interferant so as to continuously reduce the measurement ...

Apparatus and method for detecting DNA damage

Method and system to determine erroneous measurement signals during a test measurement sequence

Glucose measurement system comprising a test strip (100) and a test meter (200), the meter including a microcontroller (300) configured to apply a test voltage and measure a response current and further to determine an output differential (818) as the diffence in respective magnitudes of currents at successive time instants within a predetermined time window, and if the output differential is greater than zero (i.e. current is increasing) (820), to increment by one a first index and set a second index value as equal to the sum of the previous value of the second index and the output differential (822), and to flag an error (826) if both indexes become greater than a respective threshold (824) within the time window, otherwise, if the time instance is outside the time window (808), calculate the glucose concentration from the output signal (810). Corresponding method of calculating a glucose concentration.

Biointerface layer for analyte sensors

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises a biointerface layer which interfaces with a biological fluid containing the analyte to be measured. The biointerface layer comprises a biointerface polymer, wherein the biointerface polymer comprises polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The biointerface layer increases sensor longevity and decrease sensor inaccuracy by inhibiting accumulation of cells, proteins, and other biological species on the outermost layers of the sensor.

Enzyme immobilized adhesive layer for analyte sensors

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises an enzyme layer, wherein the enzyme layer comprises an enzyme and a polymer comprising polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The enzyme layer protects the enzyme and prevents it from leaching from the sensing membrane into a host or deactivating.

A HIGHLY SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL HIV DNA REMAINING AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OF AIDS PATIENTS

Methods for detecting polynucleotides, especially the DNA replicated from samples obtained from subjects infected with pathogenic viruses such as human immunodefiency virus, by detecting electromagnetic signals ("EMS") emitted by such polynucleotides, and methods for improving the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction ("PCR").

IMPLANTABLE MICRO-BIOSENSOR AND METHOD FOR OPERATING THE SAME

MICRO BIOSENSOR AND METHOD FOR REDUCING MEASUREMENT INTERFERENCE USING THE SAME

A micro biosensor (10) for reducing a measurement interference when measuring a target analyte in the biofluid, including: a substrate (110); a first working electrode (120) configured on the surface (111), and including a first sensing section (121); a second working electrode (130) configured on the surface (111), and including a second sensing section (131) which is configured adjacent to at least one side of the first sensing section (121); and a chemical reagent (150) covered on at least a portion of the first sensing section (121) for reacting with the target analyte to produce a resultant. When the first working electrode (120) is driven by a first working voltage, the first sensing section (121) measures a physiological signal with respect to the target analyte. When the second working electrode (130) is driven by a second working voltage, the second conductive material (2C) can directly consume the interferant so as to continuously reduce the measurement inference of the physiological ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR DNA DATA STORAGE

In various embodiments, an information storage system comprises: a writing device for synthesizing a nucleotide sequence that encodes a set of information; and a reading device for interpreting the nucleotide sequence by decoding the interpreted nucleotide sequence into the set of information, wherein the reading device comprises a molecular electronics sensor, the sensor comprising a pair of spaced apart electrodes and a molecular complex attached to each electrode to form a molecular electronics circuit, wherein the molecular complex comprises a bridge molecule and a probe molecule, and wherein the molecular electronics sensor produces distinguishable signals in a measurable electrical parameter of the molecular electronics sensor, when interpreting the nucleotide sequence.

BIOINTERFACE LAYER FOR ANALYTE SENSORS

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises a biointerface layer which interfaces with a biological fluid containing the analyte to be measured. The biointerface layer comprises a biointerface polymer, wherein the biointerface polymer comprises polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The biointerface layer increases sensor longevity and decrease sensor inaccuracy by inhibiting accumulation of cells, proteins, and other biological species on the outermost layers of the sensor.

Erythropoietin receptor-modified electrode and process for their preparation and use.

Die Erfindung offenbart eine Erythropoietinrezeptor-modifizierte Elektrode, gebildet aus einer Glaskohlenstoffelektrode mit einem auf der Elektrodenoberfläche über ein ZnO-Sol-Gel fixierten Erythropoietinrezeptor als Erkennungselement. Die modifizierte Elektrode kann einfach hergestellt werden und ihre Leistungsfähigkeit ist stabil. Nach Lagerung über 50 Tage in der Dunkelheit bei 4 °C bleibt ihr Antwortstrom bei ungefähr 77% des ursprünglichen Wertes. Ein elektrochemischer Biosensor unter Verwendung dieser modifizierten Elektrode als Arbeitselektrode, einer Platinelektrode als Gegenelektrode, einer gesättigten Kalomelelektrode als Referenzelektrode und eines 2 mMol/L K 3 [Fe(CN) 6 ]-K 4 [Fe(CN) 6 ] enthaltenden Phosphatpuffers als Testbasislösung kann Erythropoietin (EPO) und/oder rekombinantes humanes Erythropoietin (rhEPO) auf schnelle, spezifische und sensitive Weise mit einem linearen Bereich von 5 pg/L–500 ng/L und einer Nachweisgrenze von 0.5 pg/L nachweisen. Insbesondere erlaubt ...

Construction method and application of sandwich type electrochemical immunosensor based on PdCu@GO

Dopamine sensor based on nitrogen doped graphene as well as preparation and application thereof

Endotoxin aptamer sensor based on copper-ion-rich material marking and method for detecting endotoxin

Digital microfluidic chip and pathogen immunoassay method based thereon

METHOD FOR IMPROVING SENSITIVITY OF ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR AND USE OF SAME

The present invention provides a method for improving sensitivity of an electrochemical sensor including following steps. The method for improving sensitivity of an electrochemical sensor includes: (a) a step of forming a complex by combining a first targeting moiety fixed to a substrate with a target matter; (b) a step of combining a second targeting moiety with the target matter in the complex; (c) a step of amplifying a charge amount of a charge amplification target matter combined with the second targeting moiety; and (d) a step of detecting a change in voltage on the substrate, wherein the voltage is increased after being amplified by being compared to the charge amount before the amplification of the charge amplification target matter in order for the same current amount to flow in the substrate. According to the present invention, the method for improving sensitivity of an electrochemical sensor can remarkably improve sensitivity of an electrochemical sensor by amplifying the charge ...

aparelho para o processamento de sequências de nucleotídeos, método para o processamento de sequências de nucleotídeos, e, uso do aparelho

MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES

The present invention provides novel microfluidic substrates and methods that are useful for performing biological, chemical and diagnostic assays. The substrates can include a plurality of electrically addressable, channel bearing fluidic modules integrally arranged such that a continuous channel is provided for flow of immiscible fluids.

NANO-PILLAR TRANSISTOR FABRICATION AND USE

A field effect nano-pillar transistor has a pillar shaped gate element incorporating a biomimitec portion that provides various advantages over prior art devices. The small size of the nano-pillar transistor allows for advantageous insertion into cellular membranes, and the biomimitec character of the gate element operates as an advantageous interface for sensing small amplitude voltages such as transmembrane cell potentials. The nano-pillar transistor can be used in various embodiments to stimulate cells, to measure cell response, or to perform a combination of both actions.

DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS TO DETECT VIABLE INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN A FLUID SAMPLE AND SUSCEPTIBILITY OF INFECTIOUS AGENTS TO ANTI-INFECTIVES

Various devices, systems and methods for detecting infectious agents or determining a susceptibility of an infectious agent to an anti-infective are described herein. One example method comprises introducing a fluid sample to a surface; exposing the surface to a solution; sampling the solution after exposing the solution to the surface; and detecting a change in an electrical characteristic of a sensing device exposed to the solution sampled corresponding to a presence of the infectious agent in the fluid sample.

COMPETITIVE ENZYMATIC ASSAY

Competitive assays are provided for the detection and quantification of a target analyte utilizing a modified electro-active moiety and an enzyme, in which the target analyte and a target analog moiety are substrates. This method may be used to detect and/or quantify many classes of biological molecules and has a number of applications, e.g., in vitro diagnostic assays and devices.

Use of microfluidic systems in the electrochemical detection of target analytes

The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for conducting analyses, particularly microfluidic devices for the detection of target analytes.

ARRAYS AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURE

The invention relates to a microarray structure that may include a substrate material layer, a continuous three-dimensional (3D) surface layer on the substrate material layer that is capable of functionalisation for use as an array, and an inert material. The structure may include accurately defined and functionalisable isolated areas which are millimeter to nanometer in size. The functionalisable areas may be part of the continuous 3D surface layer and may be isolated by the inert material but interconnected within the structure by the continuous 3D surface layer.

Method and system to determine erroneous measurement signals during a test measurement sequence

Various embodiments that allow a more accurate electrochemical test strip measurement by identifying erroneous output signals during a glucose measurement thereby ensuring a much more accurate glucose test system.

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVED CREATININE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND USES THEREOF

The disclosure relates to electrochemical sensors for measuring creatinine and creatine in a patient's blood. More particularly, the disclosure relates to compositions and methods for improving measurement accuracy of electrochemical sensors used for measuring creatinine and creatine.

ELECTROCHEMICAL APTASENSORS WITH A GELATIN B MATRIX

This invention provides: —an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor, wherein said aptamer is covalently bonded to or chemisorbed on an electrode, said aptamer forming a complex with a target molecule and is encapsulated by a gelatin B matrix; —a method of manufacturing said aptamer-based electrochemical sensor; —the use of the aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for the electrochemical determination of a concentration of a target molecule; and —a composite electrode combining a polymeric material and electrically conducting particles for selective analyte detection, wherein said electrode is coated with gelatin type B.

BIO-SENSOR

Provided is a bio-sensor for detecting a substance to be measured that is contained in a solution, wherein the bio-sensor is provided with a sensing base plate which detects the substance to be measured, and a molecular chain which is disposed in a non-close-packed manner on the surface of the sensing base plate to inhibit substances not to be measured.

BIOSENSOR AND METHOD FOR DETERMINING DIMENSION OF COUNTER ELECTRODE AND PROLONGING USAGE LIFETIME OF THE SAME

The present disclosure provides a biosensor for measuring a physiological signal representative of a physiological parameter associated with an analyte. The biosensor includes a working electrode and a counter electrode. The counter electrode including a silver and a silver halide having an initial amount, wherein the initial amount is determined by the following steps of defining a required consumption range of the silver halide during at least one of the measurement periods performed by the biosensor; and determining the initial amount based on a sum of an upper limit of the required consumption range and a buffer amount, so that a required replenishment amount range of the silver halide during the replenishment period is controlled to be sufficient to maintain an amount of the silver halide within a safe storage range.

Biological species detection method and biosensor therefor

Electrochemical sensor

ELECTRONIC MEASURING INSTRUMENT AND PROCEDURE FOR THE PROOF OF CHEMICAL OR BIOCHEMICAL COMPONENTS, WITH SENSORS ON THE BASIS OF IONENSENSITIVEN FIELD-EFFECT TRANSISTORS

USE FROM MICRO-FLUID SYSTEMS TO ELECTRO-CHEMICAL DETECTION OF ZIELANALYTEN

PROCEDURE FOR THE EVALUATION OF GOAL MOLECULES

The use of microfluidic systems in the electrochemical detection of target analytes

Electrochemical wire electrode array and corresponding fabrication process

An electrochemical probe (2) comprises a wire bundle including two or more wire electrodes made of conducting material (6) arranged alongside each other, and insulating material (8) surrounding the electrodes. An impedance reducing layer of metal or metal oxide nano-structures is deposited on tips of the wire electrodes at a first end of the bundle, preferably in a recess. A functionalization layer is deposited on the impedance reducing layer at the first end of the bundle. Such a probe is particularly useful for electrochemical sensing applications such as neuronal scanning.

Lateral flow assay with controlled conjugate and controlled flow time

A lateral flow assay device comprising a conjugate pad for receiving a quantity of fluid; and a membrane comprising a test line for determining whether the fluid comprises a target analyte. In a first state of the lateral flow assay device, the lateral flow assay device is configured with a removable gap between the conjugate pad and the membrane which is substantially filled with air and prevents the fluid from flowing from the conjugate pad into the membrane. In a second state of the lateral flow assay device, the removable gap is removed from between the conjugate pad and the membrane causing the conjugate pad to come in contact with the membrane, allowing the fluid to flow from the conjugate pad into the membrane and the test line by capillary action.

Super resolution imaging

A detection apparatus that includes (a) an array of responsive pads on a substrate surface; (b) an array of pixels, wherein each pixel in the array has a detection zone on the surface that includes a subset of at least two of the pads; and (c) an activation circuit to apply a force at a first and second pad in the subset, wherein the activation circuit is configured to apply a different force at the first pad compared to the second pad, and wherein the activation circuit has a switch to selectively alter the force at the first pad and the second pad.

UREA BIOSENSORS AND STABILIZATION OF UREA BIOSENSORS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Disclosed is a urea biosensor that is stable at ambient temperature, and methods of making thereof.

DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING VIABLE MICROORGANISMS IN A FLUID SAMPLE

Various devices, systems and methods for detecting a susceptibility of a microorganism to an anti-infective are described herein. A method comprises introducing a sample comprising the microorganism to a first surface and a second surface; exposing the first surface comprising the microorganism to a first solution; exposing the second surface comprising the microorganism to a second solution, wherein the second solution comprises an anti-infective; separating the first solution from the first surface after exposing the first surface to the first solution; separating the second solution from the second surface after exposing the second surface to the second solution; monitoring a first electrical characteristic of a sensor upon introducing the first solution to the sensor; monitoring a second electrical characteristic of the sensor after introducing the second solution to the sensor; and comparing the first electrical characteristic and the second electrical characteristic to assess the ...

IMPROVED CALIBRATION ACCURACY METHOD FOR CREATININE/CREATINE SENSORS

The present disclosure relates to electrochemical sensors for measuring creatinine and creatine in a patient's blood. More particularly, the disclosure relates to compositions and methods for improving calibration accuracy of electrochemical sensors used for measuring creatinine and creatine.

BINDING PROBE CIRCUITS FOR MOLECULAR SENSORS

In various embodiments a molecular circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, and a binding probe molecule conductively attached to both the positive and negative electrodes to form a circuit having a conduction pathway through the binding probe. In various examples, the binding probe is an antibody, the Fab domain of an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid oligomer hybridization probe, or an aptamer. The circuit may further comprise molecular arms used to wire the binding probe to the electrodes. In various embodiments, the circuit functions as a sensor wherein electrical signals, such as changes to voltage, current, impedance, conductance, or resistance in the circuit, are measured as targets interact with the binding probe. In various embodiments, the circuit provides a means to measure the presence, absence, or concentration of an analyte in a solution.

MEANS FOR THE QUANTITATIVE DETERMINATION OF SODIUM CONCENTRATION AND CREATININE CONCENTRATION

The present invention relates to a single-use test-strip for the quantitative determination of sodium concentration and creatinine concentration and for the subsequent determination of their ratio, and to a non-invasive point-of-care (POC) device for detecting sodium depletion and/or sodium overload in a patient's body. Furthermore, the present invention relates to a method for simultaneously and quantitatively determining sodium concentration and creatinine concentration in a patient's urine sample and to a method of detecting sodium depletion and/or sodium overload in a patient's body.

MEMBRANE LAYERS FOR ANALYTE SENSORS

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises a biointerface layer which interfaces with a biological fluid containing the analyte to be measured. The biointerface layer can comprises a biointerface polymer, wherein the biointerface polymer comprises polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The sensing membrane can also comprise an enzyme layer, wherein the enzyme layer comprises an enzyme and a polymer comprising polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The sensing membrane can also comprise a diffusion-resistance layer, which can comprise a base polymer having a lowest Tg of greater than -50C.

NANOSTRUCTURED MICROELECTRODES AND BIOSENSING DEVICES INCORPORATING THE SAME

Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

VERSATILE AND SENSITIVE BIOSENSOR

Contemplated methods and devices comprise use of a charged probe and a neutralizer in the electrochemical detection of a wide range of analytes, including nucleic acids, proteins, and small molecules. In certain embodiments the neutralizer forms a complex with the probe that has a reduced charge magnitude compared to the probe itself, and is displaced from the probe when the complex is exposed to the analyte.

SUPER RESOLUTION IMAGING

A detection apparatus that includes (a) an array of responsive pads on a substrate surface; (b) an array of pixels, wherein each pixel in the array has a detection zone on the surface that includes a subset of at least two of the pads; and (c) an activation circuit to apply a force at a first and second pad in the subset, wherein the activation circuit is configured to apply a different force at the first pad compared to the second pad, and wherein the activation circuit has a switch to selectively alter the force at the first pad and the second pad.

SUPER RESOLUTION IMAGING

A detection apparatus that includes (a) an array of responsive pads on a substrate surface; (b) an array of pixels, wherein each pixel in the array has a detection zone on the surface that includes a subset of at least two of the pads; and (c) an activation circuit to apply a force at a first and second pad in the subset, wherein the activation circuit is configured to apply a different force at the first pad compared to the second pad, and wherein the activation circuit has a switch to selectively alter the force at the first pad and the second pad.

SAMPLE ANALYSIS METHOD

Provided is an analysis method in which a sample can be analyzed at a high sensitivity irrespective of the distance between electrodes. There are used: a step for applying a voltage so as to form, between a first electrode pair, an electric field oriented in a direction intersecting the direction of movement of the sample; a step for disposing, between the first electrode pair, a solution containing electrochemically active molecules that generate an oxidation-reduction reaction in the electrode pair; a step for moving the sample; and a step for measuring the amount of change in the electric current flowing in the first electrode pair.

BIOSENSORS COMPRISING A GATE-KEEPER MEMBRANE

A device for the detection of a target analyte in solution is provided. The device comprises a gate-keeper membrane made of a substrate having a first receptor surface for exposure to the target analyte and a second opposing surface exposed to a detector, wherein the substrate is adapted to incorporate pores sufficient to permit passage of a reporter through the membrane from exposure to the first receptor surface to the second opposing surface; one or more receptors anchored on the first surface of the substrate which bind with the target analyte, wherein binding of the receptor with the target analyte alters the passage of the reporter through the pores of the membrane; and one or more detectors which interact with reporter that passes through the membrane and emits a detectable signal that permits quantification of reporter in the detection reservoir.

Exosome detecting method based on adapter and rolling ring amplification

Preparation method of prostigmine molecularly imprinted electrochemical sensor

Biosensor device

A biosensor device (10) for detecting of molecules of an analyte in a sample (23) comprising: an identification element (18) comprising at least one self assembling monolayer (26) having a first surface, a transducer element (20) comprising a metal electrode (34) for receiving an electric signal from the reaction of the molecules in the sample with the at least one self assembling monolayer (26), and at least one electronic element (14, 16) for receiving the electric signal from the transducer element (20), for processing, and/or storing the electric signal. The at least one self-assembling monolayer (26) comprises at least one carboxylic acid-group for coupling the at least one self-assembling monolayer (26) to the surface (32) of the metal electrode (34).

Biosensor for electrochemically detecting HER2 and construction method thereof

Biosensor and method for determining dimension of counter electrode and prolonging usage lifetime of the same

The present disclosure provides a biosensor for measuring a physiological signal representative of a physiological parameter associated with an analyte. The biosensor includes a working electrode and a counter electrode. The counter electrode including a silver and a silver halide having an initial amount, wherein the initial amount is determined by the following steps of defining a required consumption range of the silver halide during at least one of the measurement periods performed by the biosensor; and determining the initial amount based on a sum of an upper limit of the required consumption range and a buffer amount, so that a required replenishment amount range of the silver halide during the replenishment period is controlled to be sufficient to maintain an amount of the silver halide within a safe storage range.

MULTI-ANALYTICAL METHOD AND SYSTEM BASED ON IMPEDIMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

The invention describes a system for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of several analytes in a sample or for the simultaneous detection and/or quantification of an analyte in several samples, comprising: a multi-electrode chip (10) comprising a set of micro-electrodes (11a, 11 b, 11c, 11d); a single-duct cell (20) comprising a slot (21) containing the multi-electrode chip (10) and a duct (22) through which a fluid sample can flow sequentially over each of the micro-electrodes (11a, 11 b, 11c, 11d) of a multi-electrode chip (10) when it is contained in the slot (21); and a multi-duct cell (30) comprising a slot (31) containing the multi-electrode chip (10) and several separate ducts (32a, 32b, 32c, 32d) through which several samples can flow separately over each electrode (11a, 11 b, 11c, 11d) of the multi-electrode chip (10).

SWITCHING CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENT

The invention relates to a switching circuit arrangement comprising a substrate, a plurality of functional units arranged on the substrate, a plurality of selection line groups consisting of selection lines, a plurality of signal line groups consisting of signal lines, a buffer unit for each signal line group, a selection unit which is coupled to the selection line groups, and a signal unit which is coupled to the signal lines.

Binding probe circuits for molecular sensors

In various embodiments a molecular circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, and a binding probe molecule conductively attached to both the positive and negative electrodes to form a circuit having a conduction pathway through the binding probe. In various examples, the binding probe is an antibody, the Fab domain of an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid oligomer hybridization probe, or an aptamer. The circuit may further comprise molecular arms used to wire the binding probe to the electrodes. In various embodiments, the circuit functions as a sensor wherein electrical signals, such as changes to voltage, current, impedance, conductance, or resistance in the circuit, are measured as targets interact with the binding probe. In various embodiments, the circuit provides a means to measure the presence, absence, or concentration of an analyte in a solution.

Electrochemical sensor cartridge

An electrochemical sensor cartridge with at least three reservoir cells, the floor of each cell in leakproof contact with the surface of an electrode assembly whose conductivity is affected by the presence of an analyte in that cell.

ELECTRODE FOR BIOSENSOR FOR NADH MEASUREMENT AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

The present invention relates to an electrode for a biosensor for NADH measurement and a manufacturing method therefor. An electrode manufactured by the method according to the present invention enjoys the advantages of stabilizing current flow during an electric polymerization reaction, making the contact angle of the modified material remarkably small to increase the efficiency of surface modification, and being reusable several times. In addition, when applied to a biosensor for NADH measurement, the electrode of the present invention maintains sensitivity and selectivity at a high level without interference and thus easily measures a target of interest even in blood or serum that necessarily requires a pretreatment process due to the existence of a trace amount of a material to be measured. In addition, when applied to a biosensor for NADH measurement, the electrode can measure cell viability in a continuous manner and in real time, which leads to the application thereof to the cell ...

Nucleic acid sequencing by electrochemical detection

Provided herein is technology relating to sequencing nucleic acids and particularly, but not exclusively, to devices, methods, and systems for sequencing-by-synthesis using changes in pH to monitor base addition. In some embodiments the electrochemical hydrogen ion sensor is a microfabricated mixed metal oxide electrode and in some embodiments the electrochemical hydrogen ion sensor is a membrane electrode. Moreover, in some embodiments the device further comprises a reference electrode. Performing the sequencing reaction involves moving solutions and other fluids (e.g., samples, nucleotide solutions, wash solutions) into and out of the reaction vessel. Thus, in some embodiments, the device further comprises a tube or other transport mechanism or pathway attached to the reaction vessel.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING

The present disclosure relates to a sensor including an elongated member including at least a portion that is electrically conductive. The elongated member includes a sensing layer adapted to react with a material desired to be sensed. An insulating layer surrounds the elongated member. The insulating layer defines at least one access opening for allowing the material desired to be sensed to enter an interior region defined between the elongated member and the insulating layer. The insulating layer has an inner transverse cross-sectional profile that is different from an outer transverse cross-sectional profile of the elongated member. The difference in transverse cross-sectional profiles between the elongated member and the insulating layer provides channels at the interior region defined between the insulating layer and the elongated member. The channels extend generally along the length of the elongated member and are sized to allow the material desired to be sensed to move along the length of the sensor.

Paper substrate diagnostic apparatus and related methods and systems

Example paper substrate diagnostic apparatus and related methods and systems are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a hydrophobic substrate having a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The apparatus includes a detection zone on a first surface of the substrate, the detection zone defining an area to sense an analyte in a sample, the detection zone comprising a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate and a layer of hydrophilic ink disposed on the two electrodes and an area between the first and second electrodes. The apparatus also includes a channel comprising hydrophilic ink disposed on the first surface of the substrate, the channel having an inlet section adjacent the first end of the substrate, a middle section, and an outlet section in contact with the layer of hydrophilic ink. The channel is to transfer a fluid sample from the inlet section to the layer of hydrophilic ink.

ELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACH FOR COVID-19 DETECTION

A method for diagnosing COVID-19 infection of a person. The method includes acquiring a sputum sample of the person, measuring a level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sputum sample, and detecting a COVID-19 infection status of the person based on the measured level of ROS. Measuring the level of ROS in the sputum sample includes recording a cyclic voltammetry (CV) pattern from the sputum sample and measuring a current peak of the recorded CV pattern. Detecting the COVID-19 infection status of the person based on the measured level of ROS includes detecting the person is infected with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a first range of current peaks and detecting the person is not infected with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a second range of current peaks.

PAPER SUBSTRATE DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS AND RELATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Example paper substrate diagnostic apparatus and related methods and systems are disclosed herein. An example apparatus includes a hydrophobic substrate having a first end and a second end opposite the first end. The apparatus includes a detection zone on a first surface of the substrate, the detection zone defining an area to sense an analyte in a sample, the detection zone comprising a first electrode and a second electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate and a layer of hydrophilic ink disposed on the two electrodes and an area between the first and second electrodes. The apparatus also includes a channel comprising hydrophilic ink disposed on the first surface of the substrate, the channel having an inlet section adjacent the first end of the substrate, a middle section, and an outlet section in contact with the layer of hydrophilic ink. The channel is to transfer a fluid sample from the inlet section to the layer of hydrophilic ink.

BIOSENSOR

There is provided a biosensor which includes: a substrate formed of an insulator; a set of electrodes provided on the substrate; a reaction part provided on the set of electrodes; a supply port for introducing blood (a specimen) to the reaction part; an attachment part for connecting the set of electrodes to a terminal of a measurement display; and a picking plate having a picking part to be picked up, the picking plate extending to a side opposite from the attachment part with respect to the reaction part and being bent in a cross-sectional direction perpendicular to the extending direction. 1. A biosensor for performing measurement by bringing a specimen , which is produced from and attached to an object from which a specimen is collected , into contact with a supply port , the biosensor comprising:a substrate formed of an insulator;a set of electrodes provided on the substrate;a reaction part provided on the set of electrodes;the supply port for introducing the specimen to the reaction part;an attachment part for connecting the set of electrodes to a measurement display; anda picking plate which extends to a side opposite from the attachment part with respect to the reaction part and has a picking part to be picked up or on which the picking part is formed.2. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the picking plate is bent or curved in a cross-sectional direction.3. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the biosensor rises from a flat surface when being placed on the flat surface.4. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the picking plate includes a fold-back line extending along a surface of the picking plate and is bent along the fold-back line.5. The biosensor according to claim 4 , wherein the supply port is located on a tip side of the picking plate relative to the fold-back line of the picking plate and is projected outward by bending the tip side of the picking plate along the fold-back line.6. The biosensor according ...

Mechano-node pore sensing

Mechano-node-pore sensing (mechano-NPS), is a rapid, multi-parametric cell screening method that simultaneously quantifies cell diameter, transit time through a contraction channel, transverse deformation under constant strain, and recovery time after deformation.

A sensor and a method of assembling a sensor

... "Click-assembly" methods of assembling a sensor for sensing biologically-active molecules by measuring impedance changes, are disclosed, comprising supporting a bio-sensor on a carrier, the bio-sensor comprising an electronic component having at least one micro-electrode and at least one electrical contact, functionalizing the bio-sensor by physically or chemically coupling a bio-receptor molecule to each of the at least one micro-electrode, and subsequently assembling the bio-sensor with a micro-fluidic unit by means of a clamp which clamps the bio-sensor with the micro-fluidic unit, such that in use a fluid introduced into the micro-fluidic unit is able to contact the bio-receptor and is isolated from the electrical contact. The clamp may be a spring, and the method may avoid a requirement for sealing by chemical or thermal means and thereby avoid damaging the bio-receptor. Sensors which can be assembled according to such methods are also disclosed.

REDOX-ACTIVE STRUCTURES AND DEVICES UTILIZING THE SAME

ОБРАБОТКА НУКЛЕОТИДНЫХ ПОСЛЕДОВАТЕЛЬНОСТЕЙ

Группа изобретений относится к области биохимии. Предложен аппарат и способ обработки нуклеотидных последовательностей, а также средство для секвенирования нуклеиновых кислот, молекулярной диагностики, анализа биологического образца, анализа химического образца, анализа пищевых продуктов и/или судебно-медицинского анализа. Аппарат включает массив электродов и прикрепленный к электроду наношарик, где к электродам избирательно приложимы электрические потенциалы для привлечения и/или отталкивания наношариков и/или несвязанных мешающих компонентов. Способ включает прикрепление к электроду наношарика и избирательное прикладывание к электродам массива электродов электрических потенциалов. Причём наношарик содержит представляющую интерес одноцепочечную повторяющуюся нуклеотидную последовательность. Изобретения обеспечивают эффективную обработку нуклеотидных последовательностей. 3 н. и 19 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил.

ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ БИОДАТЧИК

... 1. Электрохимический датчик для определения концентрации анализируемого вещества в жидкой пробе для анализа, содержащий канал для приема жидкой пробы для анализа, первый вывод и второй вывод, каждый из которых выполнен с возможностью электрического соединения с датчиком электрического тока, рабочий электрод, размещенный вдоль указанного канала для приема жидкой пробы, электрически соединенный с первым выводом; противоэлектрод, электрически соединенный со вторым выводом и имеющий участок с низким сопротивлением, расположенный вдоль указанного канала ниже рабочего электрода, и участок с высоким сопротивлением, расположенный вдоль указанного канала выше рабочего электрода, резистор, электрически соединенный с участком противоэлектрода с высоким сопротивлением и вторым выводом, реагент, размещенный на рабочем электроде для взаимодействия с анализируемым веществом и обеспечения образования электронов, переносимых к рабочему электроду, при этом при приложении профиля напряжения к первому и второму ...

ПРИБОР ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ КОНЦЕТРАЦИИ АНАЛИТА И СПОСОБ ЕГО РАБОТЫ

... 1. Прибор для измерения концентрации аналита, содержащий:порт аналита для вмещения тест-полоски, причем тест-полоска содержит электроды, а порт аналита содержит контакты для электрического контактирования с электродами тест-полоски, которая дополнительно содержит камеру для вмещения образца крови из пальца пользователя, прикасающегося к тест-полоске;электрическую цепь, соединенную с упомянутыми контактами, при этом электрическая цепь выполнена с возможностью генерировать синусоидальный электрический сигнал, передавать упомянутый синусоидальный электрический сигнал через тест-полоску и через образец посредством контактов, принимать сгенерированный синусоидальным электрическим сигналом синусоидальный электрический ответ от тест-полоски, и при этом электрическая цепь содержит средство минимизации воздействий на синусоидальный электрический ответ, вызванных прикосновением пальца пользователя к тест-полоске; иблок обработки, соединенный с электрической цепью, выполненный с возможностью получать ...

УНИВЕРСАЛЬНЫЙ И ЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ БИОДАТЧИК

... 1. Способ детектирования аналита, содержащий:приведение образца в контакт с обратимым первым комплексом, содержащим зонд, прикрепленный к сенсорной поверхности, и псевдолиганд, имеющий заряд, противоположный заряду зонда; идетектирование присутствия второго комплекса, образованного посредством вытеснения псевдолиганда с зонда аналитом, если он присутствует в образце, причем присутствие второго комплекса указывает на присутствие аналита.2. Способ по п. 1, в котором первый комплекс имеет первое состояние заряда, и второй комплекс имеет второе состояние заряда, и в котором детектирование присутствия второго комплекса содержит определение различия между первым состоянием заряда и вторым состоянием заряда.3. Способ по пп. 1 или 2, в котором второе состояние заряда имеет большую общую величину, чем первое состояние заряда.4. Способ по п. 1, в котором детектирование присутствия второго комплекса содержит измерение изменения амплитуды тока, вызванного образованием второго комплекса.5. Способ по ...

Schaltkreis-Anordnung

Schaltkreis-Anordnung • mit einem Substrat; • mit einer Mehrzahl von auf dem Substrat angeordneten Funktionseinheiten; • mit einer Mehrzahl von Ansteuerleitungsgruppen, wobei jede Ansteuerleitungsgruppe mindestens zwei Ansteuerleitungen aufweist, von denen jede mit mindestens zwei der Funktionseinheiten koppelbar ist; • mit einer Mehrzahl von Signalleitungsgruppen, wobei jede Signalleitungsgruppe mindestens zwei Signalleitungen aufweist, von denen jede mit mindestens zwei der Funktionseinheiten koppelbar ist; • mit einer Puffereinheit für jede Signalleitungsgruppe; • mit einer mit den Ansteuerleitungsgruppen gekoppelten Ansteuereinheit, die derart eingerichtet ist, dass mittels Anlegens eines Ansteuersignals an die Ansteuerleitungen einer auszuwählenden Ansteuerleitungsgruppe die mit den Ansteuerleitungen der ausgewählten Ansteuerleitungsgruppe gekoppelten Funktionseinheiten mit den zugehörigen Signalleitungen gekoppelt werden; • mit einer mit den Signalleitungen gekoppelten Signaleinheit ...

Auf einer Nukleinsäure-Aptamer-/Nanometer-Silbersonde und einem EXO-I-Enzym basierter, elektrochemischer Biosensor

Die vorliegende Erfindung offenbart einen auf einem Nukleinsäure-Aptamer-/Nanometer-Silbersonde und einem EXO-I-Enzym basierten, elektrochemischen Biosensor, bei dem unter Verwendung von Nanometer-Silberpartikeln, die mit einem Nukleinsäure-Aptamer modifiziert und sowohl zur Erkennung einer Zielsubstanz als auch zur Erzeugung eines elektrochemischen Signals fähig sind, als Biosonde zur Detektion eines Zielbiomoleküls bei einer Auslösung durch eine Zielsubstanz mit Unterstützung durch eine zyklische Spaltung und Amplifikation mit Hilfe einer komplementären Sonde sowie eines EXO-I-Enzyms anhand eines komplementären DNA-Paarungsprinzips eine Ansammlung der Sonde an der Oberfläche einer Goldelektrode ermöglicht wird, wobei bei einer größeren Konzentration des Zielbiomoleküls eine höhere Ansammlungsdichte des Nukleinsäure-Aptamers / der Nanometer-Silbersonde bewirkt wird, wobei gleichzeitig bei der Detektion der Zielsubstanz eine zyklische Amplifikation des Ziels mit Hilfe einer EXO-I-Exonuklease ...

Thiophene compound and use thereof

A thiophene compound of structural formula (formula 1) (formula 1) Where (formula 1a) OR (formula lb); a polymer prepared using the thiophene compound and use of the polymer in a chemo-sensor for determination of adenosine-5-triphosphate or as a material for controlled release of adenosine-5-triphosphate.

ELECTRO-CHEMICAL BIO SENSOR

BIO SENSOR WITH INTERDIGITAL ELECTRODE SENSOR UNITS

Super resolution imaging

A detection apparatus that includes (a) an array of responsive pads on a substrate surface; (b) an array of pixels, wherein each pixel in the array has a detection zone on the surface that includes a subset of at least two of the pads; and (c) an activation circuit to apply a force at a first and second pad in the subset, wherein the activation circuit is configured to apply a different force at the first pad compared to the second pad, and wherein the activation circuit has a switch to selectively alter the force at the first pad and the second pad.

Diffusion resistance layer for analyte sensors

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises an enzyme layer, wherein the enzyme layer comprises an enzyme and a polymer comprising polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The enzyme layer protects the enzyme and prevents it from leaching from the sensing membrane into a host or deactivating.

CHEMICAL ASSAY SYSTEMS

Biointerface layer for analyte sensors

Disclosed are devices for determining an analyte concentration (e.g., glucose). The devices comprise a sensor configured to generate a signal associated with a concentration of an analyte and a sensing membrane located over the sensor. The sensing membrane comprises a biointerface layer which interfaces with a biological fluid containing the analyte to be measured. The biointerface layer comprises a biointerface polymer, wherein the biointerface polymer comprises polyurethane and/or polyurea segments and one or more zwitterionic repeating units. The biointerface layer increases sensor longevity and decrease sensor inaccuracy by inhibiting accumulation of cells, proteins, and other biological species on the outermost layers of the sensor.

MULTI-ENZYMATIC BIOSENSORS AND STABILIZATION OF MULTI-ENZYMATIC BIOSENSORS AT ROOM TEMPERATURE

Disclosed are multi-enzyme biosensors that are stable at ambient temperature, and methods of making thereof.

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR IMPROVED CREATININE MEASUREMENT ACCURACY AND USES THEREOF

The disclosure relates to electrochemical sensors for measuring creatinine and creatine in a patient's blood. More particularly, the disclosure relates to compositions and methods for improving measurement accuracy of electrochemical sensors used for measuring creatinine and creatine.

ELECTROCHEMICAL SENSOR

An electrochemical sensor comprising first and second electrodes. The first electrode has a molecular imprinted polymer (MIP) immobilised thereon and the MIP comprises a redox label and is imprinted with an analyte. The disclosure also provides methods of producing such sensors, methods of detecting and determining the concentration of analytes and the use of the electrochemical sensors for the detection of analytes.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCED DETECTION AND QUANTIFICATION OF ANALYTES

Devices, systems, and methods for detecting molecules of interest within a collected sample are described herein. In certain embodiments, self-contained sample analysis systems are disclosed, which include a reusable reader component, a disposable cartridge component, and a disposable sample collection component. The reader component may communicate with a remote computing device for the digital transmission of test protocols and test results. In various disclosed embodiments, the systems, components, and methods are configured to identify the presence, absence, and/or quantity of particular nucleic acids, proteins, or other analytes of interest, for example, in order to test for the presence of one or more pathogens or contaminants in a sample.

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETECTING DNA DAMAGE

The invention relates to an apparatus and an in-situ method for detecting cellular DNA damage The invention is particularly suited for use in Comet assays and for automation of such assays The apparatus comprises a multiwell plate, the plate comprising an array of wells held in fixed relationship with each other and each well having an axis, side walls, and a base and wherein the well is provided with electrode pairs disposed therein, and wherein there is provided means for parallel connection of the electrode pairs to an external voltage supply.

NANOSTRUCTURED MICROELECTRODES AND BIOSENSING DEVICES INCORPORATING THE SAME

Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein.

Electrochemical immunosensor based on Janus particles as well as preparation method and application thereof

Detecting gao anxue sickness of the device and method of using such device

Method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a liquid sample using small volume samples and fast test times

Analytes in a liquid sample are determined by methods utilizing sample volumes of up to 1.0 μl and test times from about 4 to about 9 seconds after detection of the sample. The methods are preferably performed using small test strips including a sample receiving chamber filled with the sample by capillary action.

Determination of blood glucose in a small volume and in a short test time using a chemical coating including binders and very short read potentials

Analytes in a liquid sample are determined by methods utilizing sample volumes of less than about 1.0 μl and test times within about eight seconds. The methods are preferably performed using small test strips including a sample receiving chamber filled with the sample by capillary action.

Method for electrochemically detecting analyte

In order to provide a method for electrochemically detecting an analyte which can detect an analyte with high detection sensitivity, when detecting an analyte S trapped on a working electrode, a label binding substance 90 in which a labeling substance 93 and a first binding substance 92 which traps the analyte S are at least retained on a support 91 composed of polypeptide is brought into contact with the analyte. Alternatively, a complex containing the analyte S and a label binding substance 290 in which a labeling substance 293 is retained on a binding substance 291 which binds to the analyte S via a modulator 292 is formed. Then, the labeling substance present on the working electrode is electrochemically detected.

HIGHLY SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL HIV DNA REMAINING AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OF AIDS PATIENTS

Methods for detecting polynucleotides, especially the DNA replicated from samples obtained from subjects infected with pathogenic viruses such as human immunodefiency virus, by detecting electromagnetic signals (“EMS”) emitted by such polynucleotides, and methods for improving the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”). 1. A method for detecting a polynucleotide comprising:isolating nucleic acid from a sample;diluting the isolated nucleic acid in an aqueous solvent to produce a sample in a form suitable for measurement of low frequency electromagnetic emissions from nucleic acid or associated nanostructures in the sample over time;measuring or detecting said low frequency electromagnetic emissions over time; anddetermining the presence of said nucleic acid in the sample by detecting an electromagnetic emission signal (EMS) associated with said polynucleotide;wherein said signal is not produced by a sample isolated from an otherwise identical source that does not contain the nucleic acid.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid is DNA produced from an isolated viral polynucleotide or from a biological sample obtained from a subject infected with a virus encoding said viral polynucleotide using PCR or another nucleic acid amplification technique.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid is DNA produced from a viral polynucleotide isolated from a biological sample selected from the group consisting of blood claim 1 , plasma claim 1 , serum claim 1 , seminal fluid claim 1 , vaginal fluid claim 1 , saliva claim 1 , sweat claim 1 , urine claim 1 , and feces of said subject; or wherein said polynucleotide is obtained from a sample of potable water.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid is viral DNA encoded by human immunodeficiency virus.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said nucleic acid is viral DNA encoded by a human immunodeficiency virus isolated from a subject who is undergoing ART (anti-retroviral treatment) claim ...

MEASURING DEVICE, MEASURING APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MEASURING

The measuring device of the invention includes: a first container and a second container for holding a sample; and an optical measurement part for carrying out an optical measurement. The first container has a first sample supply inlet for supplying a sample containing an analyte to the first container and at least one electrode. The second container has a second sample supply inlet for supplying the sample to the second container and a reagent holding part for holding a reagent for the optical measurement. 114-. (canceled)15. A method for measuring first and second analytes contained in a sample by using a measuring device , the method comprising steps of: a first container including a first sample supply inlet and at least one electrode for an electric measurement;', 'a second container including a second supply inlet and a reagent holding part for holding a reagent for an optical measurement; and', 'a valve capable of preventing the sample from flowing from the second container into the first container through the second sample supply inlet; wherein', 'the first container and the second container communicate with each other through the second sample supply inlet;, '(a) preparing the measuring device comprising(b) immersing the first sample supply inlet in the sample after the step (a);(c) sucking the sample to supply the sample to the first container through the first sample supply inlet immersed in the sample in the step (b); whereinin the step (c), the sample is not supplied to the second container;in the step (c), the valve is opened;(d) measuring an electric signal from the at least one electrode after the step (c);(e) detecting or quantifying the second analyte based on the electric signal measured in the step (d);(f) sucking the sample supplied to the first container in the step (c) to supply the sample to the second container through the second sample supply inlet so as to dissolve the reagent for the optical measurement in the sample supplied to the ...

Apparatus and method for detecting dna damage

The invention relates to an apparatus and an in-situ method for detecting cellular DNA damage. The invention is particularly suited for use in Comet assays and for automation of such assays. The apparatus comprises a multiwell plate, the plate comprising an array of wells held in fixed relationship with each other and each well having an axis, side walls, and a base and wherein the well is provided with electrode pairs disposed therein; and wherein there is provided means for parallel connection of the electrode pairs to an external voltage supply.

ELECTROCHEMICAL TEST STRIP AND METHOD FOR TESTING A SAMPLE USING THE SAME

An electrochemical test strip is provided, including a substrate, an electrode structure and an insulative film. The electrode structure is formed on the substrate, including a first electrode and a second electrode. The second electrode includes a first end, a second end, an extension portion, and a bent portion. The extension portion connects the first end with the bent portion, and the bent portion is connected to the second end. The extension portion and the first electrode define a space therebetween for receiving the bent portion. The insulative film covers at least a part of the electrode structure and forms an opening. A sample fluid enters the electrochemical test strip through the opening, and the sample fluid sequentially contacts the first electrode and the second electrode. 1. An electrochemical test strip , comprising:a substrate, comprising a test end; a first electrode;', 'an second electrode, comprising a first end, a second end, an extension portion, and a bent portion, wherein the extension portion is connected between the first end and the bent portion, the bent portion is connected to the second end, and the extension portion and the first electrode define a space therebetween for receiving the bent portion ; and, 'an electrode structure, formed on the substrate, comprisingan insulative layer, covering at least a part of the electrode structure and forming an opening corresponding to the test end, wherein a sample is injected through the opening into the electrochemical test strip and sequentially contacts the first electrode and the second electrode.2. The electrochemical test strip as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the bent portion comprises a first section claim 1 , a second section and a connecting section claim 1 , wherein the first section is connected between the extension portion and the connecting section claim 1 , the second section is connected between the second end and the connecting section claim 1 , and the first section claim 1 , ...

Microfluidic devices

The present invention provides novel microfluidic substrates and methods that are useful for performing biological, chemical and diagnostic assays. The substrates can include a plurality of electrically addressable, channel bearing fluidic modules integrally arranged such that a continuous channel is provided for flow of immiscible fluids.

Liquid crystals with switchable wettability for cell sorting

Disclosed are methods and apparatuses for identifying and sorting cells based on the cells' response to an external stimulus. Cellular adherence to liquid crystals with tunable wettability is measured before and after an induced change in the liquid crystal wettability. The cell-based liquid crystal reorientation can be measured and used for monitoring and sorting of cells in a label-free manner, and thus provides a positive method for selecting cells, such as stem cells, for use in tissue engineering applications.

Method for determining the concentration of an analyte in a liquid sample using small volume samples and fast test times

Analytes in a liquid sample are determined by methods utilizing sample volumes of up to 1.0 μl and test times from about 4 to about 9 seconds after detection of the sample. The methods are preferably performed using small test strips including a sample receiving chamber filled with the sample by capillary action.

CHARGE PERTURBATION DETECTION SYSTEM FOR DNA AND OTHER MOLECULES

Methods and apparatus for direct detection of chemical reactions are provided. Electric charge perturbations of the local environment during enzyme-catalyzed reactions are sensed by an electrode system with an immobilized target molecule. The charge perturbation caused by the polymerase reaction can uniquely identify a DNA sequence. The polymerization process generates local perturbations of charge in the solution near the electrode surface and induces a charge in a polarazible gold electrode. This event is detected as a transient current by a voltage clamp amplifier. Detection of single nucleotides in a sequence can be determined by dispensing individual dNTPs to the electrode solution and detecting the charge perturbations. Alternatively, multiple bases can be determined at the same time using a mix of all dNTPs with subsequent analysis of the resulting signal. This technique may be adapted to other reaction determinations, such as enzymatic reactions, other electrode configurations, and other amplifying circuits. 1. A sensor comprising:an electrode;an insulating layer on a surface of the electrode;at least one template nucleic acid coupled to the insulating layer; andcircuitry to apply a first voltage to the electrode, and to detect a current pulse through the electrode in response to incorporation of known nucleotides into the at least one template nucleic acid.2. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the known nucleotides are in a solution contacting the insulating layer.3. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the circuitry includes a feedback loop to apply the first voltage to the electrode.4. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the current pulse is induced in response to charged particles liberated during the incorporation.5. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the current pulse is induced in response to a change in surface charge of the insulating layer due to the incorporation.6. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one template nucleic acid is attached to the ...

MEMBRANE PHASE ELECTRODE USING PRINTING AND BIO-MOLECULE DETECTION USING SAME

A membrane electrode includes a novel sensor combining a filtering function of a membrane and a signal measuring ability of an electrode. A target material may be measured by filtration through the membrane. A small amount of target materials may be detected with high sensitivity using an amplified electrical signal by increasing electrical conductivity by reducing metal ions on the membrane, and thus the target material may be subject to quantitative analysis. In addition, only a target material selectively binding to a receptor may be filtrated by passing a sample through the membrane after a receptor material is fixed to the electrode, and thus may be used to detect an electrical signal. In addition, the sensor may measure a signal in various methods such as electrical conductivity, impedance, etc. 1. A sensor , comprising:an electrode printed on a filtering membrane,wherein an electrical signal is generated in the electrode by passing a reaction solution prepared by mixing a ligand-fixed enzyme or ligand-fixed metal nanoparticle and a sample containing a target material through the filtering membrane.2. The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the filtering membrane is a filter selected from the group consisting of nitrocellulose claim 1 , polycarbonate claim 1 , nylon claim 1 , polyester claim 1 , cellulose acetate claim 1 , polysulfone claim 1 , and polyethanesulfone.3. The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the electrode is printed by a screen printing process.4. The sensor according to claim 3 , wherein the electrode is an interdigitated electrode having a gap of 10 to 1000 μm.5. The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the ligand is an antibody claim 1 , an antigen claim 1 , an enzyme claim 1 , a peptide claim 1 , a protein claim 1 , DNA claim 1 , RNA claim 1 , PNA claim 1 , or an aptamer.6. The sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the enzyme is a peroxidase claim 1 , an alkali phosphatase claim 1 , a galactosidase claim 1 , or a glucose oxidase.7. ...

BIOSENSOR ELECTRODE FOR HER2 DETECTION, A METHOD FOR PRODUCING IT, A METHOD FOR REGENERATING IT

A method of forming a biosensor electrode for HER2 detection is provided. The method includes providing a metal electrode, forming a metal electrode/3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by depositing MPA on the metal electrode, forming a metal electrode/MPA/n-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) by ester-bonding between NHS and the MPA on the metal electrode/MPA, and forming a metal electrode/MPA/aptamer by amide-bonding between an HER2 specific aptamer having an amino terminus and the MPA of the metal electrode/MPA/NHS. 1. A method of forming a biosensor electrode for HER2 detection , comprising:providing a metal electrode;forming a metal electrode/3-mercaptopropionic acid (MPA) by depositing MPA on the metal electrode;forming a metal electrode/MPA/n-hydroxy-succinimide (NHS) by ester-bonding NHS and the MPA on the metal electrode/MPA; andforming a metal electrode/MPA/aptamer by amide-bonding an HER2 specific aptamer having an amino terminus and the MPA of the metal electrode/MPA/NHS.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the formation of the metal electrode/MPA comprises immersing the metal electrode in a solution in which MPA is dissolved in an ethanol-water solvent.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the formation of the metal electrode/MPA/NHS comprises immersing the metal electrode/MPA in a solution in which 1-ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl)carbodiimide hydrochloride (EDC) and NHS are dissolved in a 2-(N-morpholino)ethanesulfonic acid (MES) solvent.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the formation of the metal electrode/MPA/aptamer comprises immersing the metal electrode/MPA/NHS in a solution in which an HER2-specific aptamer having an amino terminus is dissolved in an MES solvent.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the HER2-specific aptamer having an amino terminus is amino terminus single-strand DNA (NH-ssDNA).6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal electrode is gold (Au).7. A biosensor electrode for HER2 detection obtained by ...

Analytical device and analytical method

The present invention provides a technique capable of simply analyzing a target to be analyzed. An analytical device of the present invention includes a basal plate; a nucleic acid element; and a detection section of detecting a signal. The nucleic acid element and the detection section are arranged on the basal plate. The nucleic acid element includes a first nucleic acid molecule and a second nucleic acid molecule. The first nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule capable of binding to a target. The second nucleic acid molecule is a nucleic acid molecule capable of binding to streptavidin. When the target does not bind to the first nucleic acid molecule, a binding capacity of the second nucleic acid molecule to the streptavidin is inactivated. When the target binds to the first nucleic acid molecule, a binding capacity of the second nucleic acid molecule to the streptavidin is activated. The detection section detects binding between the second nucleic acid molecule and the streptavidin. The target is bound to the first nucleic acid molecule, so that the streptavidin is bound to the second nucleic acid molecule. Thus, the target can be analyzed through detecting the binding between the second nucleic acid molecule and the streptavidin using the detection device.

Electrodes for Sensing Chemical Composition

Some embodiments of the present disclosure provide methods, devices, and systems for sequencing nucleic acid polymers that utilize palladium (Pd), for example, at least in part, as an electrode material that is (i) functionalized with one or more adaptor molecules and (ii) capable for use to sense one or more chemical compositions. 1. A device for identifying single molecules , comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode separated from the first electrode by a dielectric material of about 1 to 5 nm thickness;at least one adaptor molecule chemically tethered to the first electrode; andat least one adaptor molecule chemically tethered to the second electrode,wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprises palladium metal.2. The device of wherein both of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise palladium metal.3. The device of wherein at least one of the first electrode and the second electrode comprise an alloy of palladium.4. The device of wherein the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the first electrode claim 1 , the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the second electrode claim 1 , or both comprise 4(5)-(2-mercaptoethyl)-1H imidazole-2-carboxamide.5. The device of wherein the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the first electrode claim 1 , the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the second electrode claim 1 , or both comprise 4H-1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,4-triazole-3-carboxamide.6. The device of wherein the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the first electrode claim 1 , the at least one adaptor molecule tethered to the second electrode claim 1 , or both comprise 2-(2-carbamoyl-1H-imidazol-4-yl)ethylcarbamodithioate.7. The device of claim 1 , in which the electrodes are held under potential control with respect to reference electrode.8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the potential of the palladium surface is maintained at between about +0.5V and about −0.5V vs. Ag/AgCl.9. An apparatus ...

Biosensor Using Impedimetric Real-Time Monitoring

A method an system is disclosed for the detection and/or allocation of at least one point mutation in target DNA and/or RNA duplexes. The method comprises obtaining a functionalized surface which is coated with probe DNA and/or RNA whereto target DNA and/or RNA duplexes are attached, contacting said functionalized surface to an electrolytic solution having a neutral pH in a flow cell and measuring a first impedance value within said electrolytic solution, and then adding a chemical to the electrolytic solution which is able to achieve denaturation of the target DNA and/or RNA. The method further comprises measuring a second impedance value within the flow cell after completion of the denaturation of the DNA and/or RNA target, and then obtaining a value representative for the impact of the chemical on the impedance of the electrolytic solution. The amount and/or allocation of point mutation(s) within the target DNA and/or RNA is then determined by calculating the denaturation-time constant based on the difference between the first and second impedance value and taking into account the impact of the chemical by third impedance value. 1. A method for the detection and/or allocation of at least one point mutation in target DNA and/or RNA duplexes , said method comprising at least the steps of:obtaining a functionalized surface which is coated with probe DNA and/or RNA whereto the target DNA and/or RNA duplexes are attached,contacting said functionalized surface to an electrolytic solution having a neutral pH in a flow cell and measuring a first impedance value within said electrolytic solution, and thenadding a chemical to the electrolytic solution which is able to achieve denaturation of the target DNA and/or RNA, and thenmeasuring a second impedance value within the flow cell after completion of the denaturation of the DNA and/or RNA target, and thenobtaining a value representative for the impact of the chemical on the impedance of the electrolytic solution, and ...

DETECTION OF TARGET ANALYTES USING PARTICLES AND ELECTRODES

The invention relates to the use of particles comprising binding ligands and electron transfer moieties (ETMs). Upon binding of a target analyte, a particle and a reporter composition are associated and transported to an electrode surface. The ETMs are then detected, allowing the presence or absence of the target analyte to be determined. 16-. (canceled)7. A method of detecting the presence of a target analyte comprising: i. a covalently attached a first capture binding ligand;', 'ii. a colloidal particle comprising a second capture binding ligand; and', 'iii. a target analyte, bound to said first and said second ligands; and, 'a. providing an electrode comprisingb. detecting an electronic signal from said electrode as an indication of the presence of said target analyte.8. A method according to wherein said first and said second capture binding ligands are nucleic acid sequences and said target analyte is a nucleic acid sequence.9. A method according to or wherein said colloidal particle comprises a material selected from the group consisting of Au claim 7 , Se claim 7 , Te claim 7 , Co claim 7 , Ni claim 7 , Fe claim 7 , Cu and Pt.10. A method according to wherein said colloidal particle comprises Au.11. A method according to wherein said detecting utilizes AC voltametry.12. A method of detecting the presence of a target analyte comprising: i. a covalently attached first nucleic acid probe;', 'ii. a colloidal particle comprising a second nucleic acid probe; and', 'iii. a target nucleic acid, hybridized to said first and said second nucleic acid probes;, 'a. providing an array of electrodes, each electrode comprisingb. detecting a signal from said electrode as an indication of the presence of said target analyte.13. A method according to wherein said signal is electrical.14. A method according to wherein said signal is optical.15. A method according to wherein said colloidal particle comprises Au.16. A method of detecting a target analyte comprising forming an ...

PROTEOLYSIS DETECTION

Disclosed are electrochemical methods, apparatus, systems and kits for the detection or monitoring of proteolysis of proteinaceous matrices such as fibrin clots. The methods, apparatus, systems and kits generally include the use of voltammetric techniques to measure the changes in current that result from diffusion of an electroactive species towards an electrode on proteolysis of a proteinaceous matrix. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. (canceled)14. (canceled)15. (canceled)16. (canceled)17. (canceled)18. (canceled)19. (canceled)20. (canceled)21. (canceled)22. (canceled)23. (canceled)24. (canceled)25. (canceled)26. (canceled)27. (canceled)28. (canceled)29. (canceled)30. (canceled)31. (canceled)32. (canceled)33. (canceled)34. (canceled)35. (canceled)36. (canceled)37. (canceled)38. (canceled)39. (canceled)40. (canceled)41. (canceled)42. (canceled)43. (canceled)44. (canceled)45. (canceled)46. (canceled)47. (canceled)48. (canceled)49. (canceled)50. (canceled)51. (canceled)52. (canceled)53. (canceled)54. A method for detecting or monitoring proteolysis of a crosslinked proteinaceous matrix comprising:contacting a working electrode, a counter electrode and a crosslinked proteinaceous matrix with an electrolytic solution comprising an electroactive species; wherein the crosslinked proteinaceious matrix is in contact with at least a portion of at least one electrode;applying a potential to said working electrode, thereby generating an electrochemical current through said working electrode;measuring said current at a plurality of times; andcomparing at least two of the measurements wherein a difference between the measurements is indicative of degradation of said proteinaceous matrix.55. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proteinaceous matrix is a synthetic proteinaceous matrix.56. The method of claim 1 , wherein the proteinaceous matrix is ...

SENSOR PROBE FOR BIO-SENSING AND CHEMICAL-SENSING APPLICATIONS

The basic structure and functionality of a probe as disclosed herein allows for flexibly incorporating into the probe, various sensing elements for various sensing applications. Two example applications among these various sensing applications include bio-sensing and chemical-sensing applications. For bio-sensing applications the probe, which is fabricated upon a silicon substrate, includes a bio-sensing element such as a nano-pillar transistor, and for chemical-sensing applications the probe includes a sensing element that has a functionalized contact area whereby the sensing element generates a voltage when exposed to one or more chemicals of interest. 1. A probe comprising:a substrate that includes a major portion configured for placement of one or more processing components, and a first protruding portion extending from the major portion; anda first sensor array mounted upon a distal end of the first protruding portion, the first sensor array comprising at least one sensing element having a functionalized contact area adapted for detecting at least one of an extracellular field potential or an ionic field potential.2. The probe of claim 1 , wherein the substrate has a sandwich structure comprising one or more layers of silicon dioxide claim 1 , and the ionic field potential is generated as a part of a chemical reaction.3. The probe of claim 2 , wherein the functionalized contact area is adapted for detecting the ionic field potential claim 2 , and the at least one sensing element is an unpowered passive element.4. The probe of claim 1 , wherein the functionalized contact area is a biomimetic contact area incorporating at least one metal that mimics at least a portion of a cellular membrane.5. The probe of claim 4 , wherein the at least one metal comprises a platinum-gold-platinum combination that mimics a hydrophilic-hydrophobic-hydrophilic structure of the portion of the cellular membrane.6. The probe of claim 4 , wherein the at least one sensing element ...

The Use of Microfluidic Systems in the Electrochemical Detection of Target Analytes

The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for conducting analyses, particularly microfluidic devices for the detection of target analytes.

NANOSTRUCTURED MICROELECTRODES AND BIOSENSING DEVICES INCORPORATING THE SAME

Nanostructured microelectrodes and biosensing devices incorporating the same are disclosed herein. 1. A nanostructured microelectrode.2. The microelectrode of claim 1 , which is comprised of a material selected from the group consisting of: a noble metal claim 1 , an alloy of a noble metal claim 1 , a conducting polymer claim 1 , a metal oxide claim 1 , a metal silicide claim 1 , a metal nitride claim 1 , carbon or a combination of any of the same.3. The microelectrode of claim 1 , which is of a height in the range of about 0.5 to about 100 microns.4. The microelectrode of wherein the length of the nanostructure is in the range of about 1 to about 300 nanometers.5. The microelectrode of claim 1 , wherein the length of the nanostructure is in the range of about 10 to about 20 nanometers.6. The microelectrode of claim 1 , wherein the microelectrode has an approximate diameter in the range of about 1 to about 10 microns.7. The microelectrode of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructure is spiky or fractal.8. The microelectrode of which further comprises is a probe selected from the group consisting of: thiolated probe molecules claim 1 , nucleic acids claim 1 , peptide nucleic acids claim 1 , locked nucleic acids claim 1 , or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers terminated with thiols claim 1 , nucleic acids claim 1 , peptide nucleic acids claim 1 , locked nucleic acids claim 1 , or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers terminated with amines claim 1 , nucleic acids claim 1 , peptide nucleic acids claim 1 , locked nucleic acids claim 1 , or phosphorodiamidate morpholino oligomers terminated with carboxylates claim 1 , proteins or peptides functionalized with suitable tethering molecules and antibodies functionalized with suitable tethering molecules.9. A biosensing device comprising a substrate; an electrically conductive lead on the substrate; an insulating layer covering the lead claim 1 , the insulating layer having an aperture exposing a portion of the lead; and a ...

HIGHLY SENSITIVE METHOD FOR DETECTION OF VIRAL HIV DNA REMAINING AFTER ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY OF AIDS PATIENTS

Methods for detecting polynucleotides, especially the DNA replicated from samples obtained from subjects infected with pathogenic viruses such as human immunodeficiency virus, by detecting electromagnetic signals (“EMS”) emitted by such polynucleotides, and methods for improving the sensitivity of the polymerase chain reaction (“PCR”). 1. A method for detecting a polynucleotide comprising:obtaining an clinical specimen from a human;isolating deoxyribonucleic acids from the clinical specimen;performing a polymerase chain reaction amplification on the clinical specimen, using primers specific for at least one of gene sequence of HIV; anddetecting a 104 bp amplicon having no more than a 2 bp difference from a 104 bp portion of HIV DNA LTR.2. The method according to claim 1 , comprising claim 1 , treating the isolating deoxyribonucleic acids from the clinical specimen with RNase claim 1 , and subsequently treating the RNase treated specimen with reverse transcriptase claim 1 , the RNase and reverse transcriptase being distinct enzymes.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the polymerase chain reaction amplification is performed using Taq polymerase.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the 104 bp amplicon differs from HIV DNA LTR by 2 base pairs.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the isolated deoxyribonucleic acids from the clinical specimen are derived from a washed red blood cell centrifuge pellet.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one primer comprises at least one of LTR claim 1 , Gag claim 1 , Env claim 1 , Tat claim 1 , Rev claim 1 , Nef claim 1 , Vif claim 1 , Vpr claim 1 , Vpu claim 1 , Pol claim 1 , and double LTR.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one primer comprises LTR.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one primer comprises Env.9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one primer comprises Tat.10. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising ...

SENSOR FOR ANALYTES

An electrochemical sensor is described that includes a counter electrode that prevents against electrical interference when measuring analytes in a fluid sample. The counter electrode can completely surround a working electrode and a reference electrode and can be held at a common potential voltage during operation. The counter electrode can have a U-shape for surrounding on three sides the working electrode and the reference electrode. 1. An electrochemical sensor comprising:a support having a first side and a second and opposite side;at least one electrochemical cell disposed on the first side of the support, the at least one electrochemical cell including a reference electrode having an end that is contiguous with a first side and a second side, a working electrode spaced from the reference electrode that also has an end that is contiguous with a first side and a second side, and a counter electrode, the counter electrode having a shape that defines an electrode receiving area, the electrode receiving area surrounding the first side, the second side, and the end of the reference electrode and the working electrode; anda reagent composition associated with the working electrode, the reagent composition being formulated to generate a current when contacted with a first analyte in a fluid when a voltage difference exists between the reference electrode and the working electrode.2. An electrochemical sensor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical sensor includes a plurality of electrochemical cells disposed on the first side of the support claim 1 , each electrochemical cell including a reference electrode and a working electrode and wherein the counter electrode comprises a common counter electrode for each electrochemical cell defining a plurality of electrode receiving areas claim 1 , and wherein the reference electrode and the working electrode of each electrochemical cell are positioned within a corresponding electrode receiving area on the common ...

Biosensor device and method for manufacturing thereof and method for detecting biological molecules

A biosensor device includes a substrate plate, a metal conductive layer, a plurality of working electrodes and an insulating layer. The metal conductive layer is disposed over the substrate plate and has an upper surface. The working electrodes are disposed over the upper surface of the metal conductive layer, wherein each of the working electrodes has a top surface and each of the top surfaces is higher than the upper surface of the metal conductive layer. The insulating layer covers the metal conductive layer and surrounds the working electrodes, wherein an upper surface of the insulating layer is located between the top surfaces and the upper surface of the metal conductive layer such that the working electrodes protrude beyond the upper surface of the insulating layer. A method for manufacturing the biosensor device and a method for detecting biological molecules by using the biosensor device are also provided herein.

BINDING PROBE CIRCUITS FOR MOLECULAR SENSORS

In various embodiments a molecular circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, and a binding probe molecule conductively attached to both the positive and negative electrodes to form a circuit having a conduction pathway through the binding probe. In various examples, the binding probe is an antibody, the Fab domain of an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid oligomer hybridization probe, or an aptamer. The circuit may further comprise molecular arms used to wire the binding probe to the electrodes. In various embodiments, the circuit functions as a sensor wherein electrical signals, such as changes to voltage, current, impedance, conductance, or resistance in the circuit, are measured as targets interact with the binding probe. In various embodiments, the circuit provides a means to measure the presence, absence, or concentration of an analyte in a solution. 1. A circuit comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode;a binding probe electrically connected to both the first and second electrodes to form a conductive pathway between the first and second electrodes; andat least one arm molecule having first and second ends, the first end bonded to the binding probe and the second end bonded to the first electrode,wherein the at least one arm molecule acts as an electrical wire between the binding probe and the first electrode.2. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is a positive electrode and the second electrode is a negative electrode claim 1 , or wherein the first electrode is a negative electrode and the second electrode is a positive electrode.3. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the at least one arm molecule is selected from the group consisting of a double stranded oligonucleotide claim 1 , a peptide nucleic acid duplex claim 1 , a peptide nucleic acid-DNA hybrid duplex claim 1 , a protein alpha-helix claim 1 , a graphene-like ...

REDOX-ACTIVE STRUCTURES AND DEVICES UTILIZING THE SAME

A device is presented having reversibly changeable and optically readable optical properties. The device comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface and carrying a redox-active layer structure. The redox-active layer structure may be a monolayer or a multi-layer structure and is configured to have at least one predetermined electronic property including at least one of electrodensity and oxidation state. The electronic property of the layer structure defines an optical property of the structure thereby determining an optical response of the structure to certain incident light. This at least one electronic property is changeable by subjecting the redox-active layer structure to an electric field or to a redox-active material. The device thus enables effecting a change in said electronic property that results in a detectable change in the optical response of the layer structure. 2. The device of claim 1 , wherein Ris C≡C.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal-based redox-active layer structure comprises at least one layer of said tris-bipyridyl metal complex.5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the metal-based redox-active layer structure is configured as a ruthenium-based redox-active monolayer or as an osmium-based redox-active monolayer.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the metal-based redox-active layer structure further comprises redox-active organic molecules.7. The device of claim 6 , wherein said redox-active organic molecules include thiophenes claim 6 , quinones or a combination thereof.8. The device of claim 4 , wherein said metal-based redox-active layer structure comprises (i) a monolayer of metal-based redox-active complexes comprising at least one metal; or (ii) a monolayer of metal-based redox-active complexes comprising different or identical metals; or.9. The device of claim 4 , wherein the metal-based redox-active layer structure comprises a plurality of different or identical layers each formed by a metal-based redox-active ...

BINDING PROBE CIRCUITS FOR MOLECULAR SENSORS

In various embodiments a molecular circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, and a binding probe molecule conductively attached to both the positive and negative electrodes to form a circuit having a conduction pathway through the binding probe. In various examples, the binding probe is an antibody, the Fab domain of an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid oligomer hybridization probe, or an aptamer. The circuit may further comprise molecular arms used to wire the binding probe to the electrodes. In various embodiments, the circuit functions as a sensor wherein electrical signals, such as changes to voltage, current, impedance, conductance, or resistance in the circuit, are measured as targets interact with the binding probe. In various embodiments, the circuit provides a means to measure the presence, absence, or concentration of an analyte in a solution. 1a first electrode;a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode;a binding probe electrically connected to both the first and second electrodes to form a conductive pathway between the first and second electrodes; andat least one arm molecule having first and second ends, the first end bonded to the binding probe and the second end bonded to the first electrode,wherein the at least one arm molecule acts as an electrical wire between the binding probe and the first electrode.. A circuit comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/015,049 filed on Jun. 21, 2018, entitled “Binding Probe Circuits for Molecular Sensors,” which is a continuation of PCT Application No. PCT/US18/29393, filed on Apr. 25, 2018 entitled “Binding Probe Circuits for Molecular Sensors.” PCT Application No. PCT/US18/29393 claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/503,812 filed May 9, 2017 and entitled “Binding Probe Circuits for Molecular Sensors,” the disclosures ...

Point-of-Care Device for Monitoring Renal Function

The present invention relates to a rapid and accurate polymer-based electrochemical point-of-care (POC) single platform assay for a multi-biomarker detection from whole blood to monitor renal function, including the identification of allograft dysfunction. 1. A device for monitoring renal function of a subject , comprising:an array of units on a substrate, each unit comprising an electrode chip including a working electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode;wherein the working electrode of at least one unit is coated with a conducting polymer embedded or functionalized with a first marker of renal function.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode claim 1 , counter electrode claim 1 , and reference electrode are comprised of a conductive material.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first marker of renal function is creatinine.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the current in the electrode chip is altered when the first marker of renal function binds to an antibody directed against the first marker.5. The device of claim 4 , wherein the antibody is conjugated to horseradish-peroxidase (HRP).6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conducting polymer comprises pyrrole.7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the conducting polymer is electropolymerized on the working electrode by applying a cyclic square-wave electric field to the device.8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the working electrode of at least one unit is coated with a conducting polymer embedded with an antibody directed against a second marker of renal function.9. The device of claim 8 , wherein the current in the electrode chip is altered when the antibody directed against the second marker binds to the second marker.10. The device of claim 8 , wherein the second marker of renal function is cystatin-C.11. A method of monitoring renal function in a subject comprising:obtaining a blood sample from the subject;mixing a first portion of the sample with a solution comprising an ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR AN ELECTROCHEMICAL TOTAL CHOLESTEROL TEST

An electrochemical test for total cholesterol includes a test strip for an electrochemical testing testing of a blood analyte which includes a first receiving port, the first receiving port for receiving a blood sample, the first receiving port at a first end of the test strip. The test strip further includes a first electrode and a second electrode, the first and second electrodes proximate to the first receiving port. The test strip further includes a first contact and a second contact, the first and second contacts at a second end of the test strip, the first and second contacts interconnected with the first and second electrodes, respectively. The test strip further includes cholesterol oxidase, located proximate to the first and the second electrode. The test strip further includes a mediator, located proximate to the first and the second electrode, wherein the cholesterol oxidase and the mediator interact with the blood sample and the first and second electrode to generate a measurable electrical event. 1. A test strip for electrochemical testing of a blood analyte , the test strip comprising:a first receiving port, the first receiving port for receiving a blood sample, the first receiving port at a first end of the test strip;a first electrode and a second electrode, the first and second electrodes proximate to the first receiving port;a first contact and a second contact, the first and second contacts at a second end of the test strip, the first and second contacts interconnected with the first and second electrodes, respectively;cholesterol oxidase, located proximate to the first and the second electrode;a mediator, located proximate to the first and the second electrode, wherein the cholesterol oxidase and the mediator interact with the blood sample and the first and second electrode to generate a measurable electrical event.2. The test strip of claim 1 , wherein one of the first and second electrodes includes the cholesterol oxidase and the mediator on a ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTING ENDOTOXIN

Endotoxin is detected by electrochemical measurement. A detection device of endotoxin detects endotoxin contained in a fluid to be tested (for example, a dialysate) specifically in the following manner. First, the fluid to be tested is brought into contact with an adsorbent that adsorbs endotoxin to cause the adsorbent to adsorb the endotoxin. Then, a basic solution is brought into contact with the adsorbent to desorb the endotoxin. Electrochemical measurement of the basic solution containing the desorbed endotoxin is performed. The endotoxin can be detected by the electrochemical measurement with high sensitivity at low cost. 1. A method for detecting endotoxin by electrochemical measurement , characterized by comprising the steps of:bringing a fluid to be tested into contact with an adsorbent that adsorbs endotoxin to adsorb the endotoxin;bringing a basic solution into contact with the adsorbent having adsorbed the endotoxin to desorb the endotoxin from the adsorbent; andelectrochemically measuring the basic solution containing the desorbed endotoxin.2. The method for detecting endotoxin according to claim 1 , characterized in that the fluid to be tested is a dialysate claim 1 , and the adsorbent is washed with washing water before the basic solution is brought into contact with the adsorbent having adsorbed the endotoxin.3. A device for detecting endotoxin by electrochemical measurement claim 1 , characterized by comprising:an adsorbent that adsorbs endotoxin;supply means for supplying a basic solution for desorbing the endotoxin; andmeasurement means for performing electrochemical measurement,wherein a fluid to be tested is brought into contact with the adsorbent to adsorb the endotoxin, then the basic solution is brought into contact with the adsorbent to desorb the endotoxin, and the basic solution containing the desorbed endotoxin is electrochemically measured. The present invention relates to a method and a device for detecting endotoxin, and more ...

MICROFLUIDIC CARTRIDGE AND READER DEVICE, SYSTEM, AND METHOD OF USE

Disposable microfluidic cartridges, potentiostat reader devices, systems, kits, and methods to determine the concentration of analyte reaction products in a patient's specimen, such as: blood, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, joint fluid or tears. The microfluidic cartridges are disposable, paper-based strips comprising multiple assay layers, each layer comprising: a drop zone for receiving a patient specimen; a filter to remove contaminates, and/or isolate assay reactants; a hydrophilic microfluidic channel to direct movement of the specimen down the cartridge; a centered reaction chamber comprising impregnated enzymes and reagents to chemically react with the filtered specimen to produce an analyte; and a detector mechanism. Multiple analytes can be produced in parallel (e.g. one per layer), or sequentially along one layer. The detector mechanism utilizes electro-analytic methods to facilitate the reader device in quantifying each analyte, and each analyte concentration is wirelessly transmitted to an electronic computing device for storage in a patient's medical record. 1. A disposable microfluidic cartridge device for detecting and quantifying the amount of an analyte in a fluid specimen , wherein the microfluidic cartridge device comprises:a. a backing strip providing structural support to one or more assay layers; i. a drop zone for receiving a droplet of a patient specimen;', 'ii. a filter configurable to remove contaminates, and/or to isolate assay reactants;', 'iii. a straight hydrophilic microfluidic channel extending from the filter to a reaction chamber, and from the reaction chamber to a detector mechanism;', 'iv. a reaction chamber comprising impregnated enzymes and reagents to chemically react with the assay reactants to produce one or more analyte reaction products; and,', 'v. a detector mechanism for facilitating a reader device to detect and/or quantify the amount or concentration of the one or more analyte reaction products using electro-analytic ...

Electrochemical proximity assay

The present disclosure includes an electrochemical proximity assay (ECPA) which leverages two aptamer or antibody-oligonucleotide probes and proximity-dependent DNA hybridization to move a redox active molecule near an electrically conductive base. The ECPA of the present disclosure produces rapid, quantitative results, enabling point-of-care use in the detection of biomarkers of disease.

System and Method for Single-Step ELISA via Local pH Modulation

A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) includes binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode, and binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance. The method further includes modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound target substance and the bound detection agent are located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change, and detecting the change in the bound detection agent. The detected change corresponds to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution. 1. A method for detecting a presence and/or a concentration of a target substance in a reagent solution using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) comprising:binding the target substance directly or indirectly to an electrode;binding a detection agent directly or indirectly to the bound target substance;modulating a pH of only a portion of the reagent solution in which the bound detection agent is located using the electrode, the modulated pH of the portion of the reagent solution causing the bound detection agent to undergo a change; anddetecting the change in the bound detection agent, the detected change corresponding to the presence of the target substance in the reagent solution and/or the concentration of the target substance in the reagent solution.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:binding a capture agent to the electrode; andbinding the target substance directly or indirectly to the capture agent.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the detection agent includes a pH-sensitive reporter claim 1 , the method further comprising:energizing the electrode with a direct current electrical signal for a predetermined time period to ...

LOCALIZED DESALTING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Example apparatus, systems and methods to desalt a sample are disclosed. An example apparatus includes a substrate and a sensor disposed on the substrate. The sensor has a surface functionalized with a binding agent to interact with an analyte in a liquid sample when the liquid sample is in contact with the sensor surface. The example apparatus further includes an electrode disposed on the substrate to create an electric potential and move ions in the sample away from the surface of the sensor. 1. An apparatus comprising:a substrate;a sensor coupled to the substrate, the sensor to detect an analyte in a sample; anda first electrode to create an electric potential and reposition ions in the sample relative to a surface of the sensor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sample is a raw sample and does not contain a buffer solution of low ionic concentration.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the sensor comprises a field-effect transistor having a gate.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the gate is functionalized with a binding agent to interact with the analyte.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the gate comprises a nanostructure.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the first electrode is to reposition ions in the sample closer to the gate of the field-effect transistor.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is substantially coplanar with the sensor on the substrate.8. The apparatus of further comprising a second electrode disposed on the substrate.9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the sensor is located between the first electrode and the second electrode.10. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first electrode is to provide a positive electric voltage or a negative electric voltage and the second electrode is a ground electrode.11. The apparatus of claim 9 , wherein the first electrode is to provide a positive electric voltage and the second electrode is to provide a negative electric voltage.12. The apparatus of claim 9 , ...

NAD(P)- Dependent Responsive Enzymes, Electrodes And Sensors, And Methods For Making And Using The Same

Embodiments of the present disclosure relate to NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions, and electrodes, sensors and systems that include the same. Also provided are methods for making the compositions and for detecting and/or measuring analytes with NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions. 1. An enzyme composition comprising:{'sup': '+', 'nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) or derivative thereof;'}{'sup': '+', 'an NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase;'}an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; andan electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex.2. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)).3. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.6. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase is selected from the group consisting of glucose dehydrogenase claim 1 , alcohol dehydrogenase claim 1 , D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.7. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase is diaphorase.8. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein electron transfer agent comprises an osmium-containing complex.9. The enzyme composition according to claim 8 , wherein the osmium-containing complex comprises three heterocyclic nitrogen-containing bidentate ligands.10. The enzyme composition according to claim 9 , wherein the osmium-containing complex comprises two biimidazole and one imidazole-pyridine bidentate ligands.11. The enzyme composition according to claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a heterocycle-containing polymer and a crosslinker.12. The enzyme composition according to claim 11 , wherein the heterocycle-containing polymer comprises polyvinylpyridine.13. The enzyme composition according to claim 11 , wherein one or more of the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) ...

BIO-SENSOR HAVING INTERDIGITATED MICROELECTRODE USING RESPONSE OF RECEPTOR AND TARGET BIOPRODUCTS

The present invention relates to an interdigitated microelectrode biosensor using the reaction between receptors and target biomaterials, the interdigitated microelectrode biosensor comprising: an insulating layer formed so as to cover all of the sensor formation area of a substrate; a first interdigitated microelectrode formed such that a plurality of first protruding electrodes are arranged in a comb shape on the insulating layer of the substrate; a second interdigitated microelectrode, facing the first interdigitated microelectrode and formed such that a plurality of second protruding electrodes are arranged in a comb shape on the insulating layer of the substrate such that the plurality of second protruding electrodes are arranged to respectively interdigitate with the plurality of first protruding electrodes formed at the first interdigitated microelectrode; and a plurality of receptors arranged in the space between the first and second interdigitated microelectrodes, which are arranged to interdigitate with each other, so as to specifically react with the target biomaterial, thereby increasing an impedance detection width and detection limit, and improving detection accuracy according to the characteristics of each monomer and each polymer. 1. An interdigitated microelectrode biosensor comprising:an insulating layer adapted to cover all of a biosensor formation region of a substrate;a first interdigitated microelectrode having a plurality of first protrusion electrodes arranged in a comb-like shape on the insulating layer of the substrate;a second interdigitated microelectrode facing the first interdigitated microelectrode and having a plurality of second protrusion electrodes arranged in a comb-like shape on the insulating layer of the substrate in such a manner as to be interdigitated with the first protrusion electrodes of the first interdigitated microelectrode; anda plurality of receptors arranged in the space between the first interdigitated ...

HETEROJUNCTION NANOPORE FOR SEQUENCING

A technique is provided for performing sequencing with a nanodevice. Alternating graphene layers and dielectric layers are provided one on top of another to form a multilayer stack of heterojunctions. The dielectric layers include boron nitride, molybdenum disulfide, and/or hafnium disulfide layers. A nanopore is formed through the graphene layers and the dielectric layers. The graphene layers are individually addressed by applying individual voltages to each of the graphene layers on a one to one basis when a particular base of a molecule is in the nanopore. Each of the graphene layers is an electrode. Individual electrical currents are measured for each of the graphene layers as the particular base moves from a first graphene layer through a last graphene layer in the nanopore. The base is identified according to the individual electrical currents repeatedly measured for the base moving from the first through last graphene layer in the nanopore. 110-. (canceled)11. An apparatus for sequencing , the apparatus comprising: alternating graphene layers and dielectric layers one on top of another to form a multilayer stack of heterojunctions, wherein the dielectric layers include at least one of boron nitride layers, molybdenum disulfide layers, and hathium disulfide layers; and', 'a nanopore through each of the graphene layers and the dielectric layers; and, 'a nanodevice includingelectrodes individually addressed to each of the graphene layers, the electrodes applying individual voltages to each of the graphene layers on a one to one basis when a particular base of a molecule is in the nanopore.12. The apparatus of claim 11 , further comprising:a test setup, wherein the test setup is configured to respectively measure individual electrical currents for each of the graphene layers as the particular base moves from a first graphene layer through a last graphene layer in the nanopore; andwherein the test setup is configured to determine an identification of the ...

METHOD OF USING INTEGRATED ELECTRO-MICROFLUIDIC PROBE CARD

A method includes mounting an integrated electro-microfluidic probe card to a device area on a bio-sensor device wafer, wherein the electro-microfluidic probe card has a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface. The method further includes electrically connecting at least one electronic probe tip extending from the first major surface to a corresponding conductive area of the device area. The method further includes stamping a test fluid onto the device area. The method further includes measuring via the at least one electronic probe tip a first electrical property of one or more bio-FETs of the device area based on the test fluid. 1. A method comprising:mounting an integrated electro-microfluidic probe card to a device area on a bio-sensor device wafer, wherein the electro-microfluidic probe card has a first major surface and a second major surface opposite the first major surface;electrically connecting at least one electronic probe tip extending from the first major surface to a corresponding conductive area of the device area;stamping a test fluid onto the device area; andmeasuring via the at least one electronic probe tip a first electrical property of one or more bio-FETs of the device area based on the test fluid.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrically connecting the at least one electronic probe tip to the corresponding conductive area comprises electrically connecting the at least one electronic probe tip to a location beyond a boundary of the test fluid.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising marking the device area based on results of the measuring of the first electrical property.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the marking comprises physically marking the device area.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the marking comprises tracking a location of the device area.6. The method of claim 3 , further comprising removing the device area from a manufacturing process in response to marking the device area ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL IMMUNOSENSORS

In a general aspect, an apparatus can include a first carbon nanotube array that is patterned to define a first electrode having a first plurality of electrode segments. The apparatus can also include a second carbon nanotube array that is patterned to define a second electrode having a second plurality of electrode segments. The second plurality of electrode segments can be interdigitated with the first plurality of electrode segments. The apparatus can further include a biorecognition agent disposed on a surface of the first electrode and disposed on a surface of the second electrode. The first plurality of electrode segments can each have a height-to-width aspect ratio of at least 1 to 1. 1. An apparatus comprising:a first carbon nanotube array that is patterned to define a first electrode having a first plurality of electrode segments;a second carbon nanotube array that is patterned to define a second electrode having a second plurality of electrode segments, the second plurality of electrode segments being interdigitated with the first plurality of electrode segments; anda biorecognition agent disposed on a surface of the first electrode and disposed on a surface of the second electrode,the first plurality of electrode segments each having a height-to-width aspect ratio of at least 1 to 1.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first carbon nanotube array is a first vertically-aligned carbon nanotube array (VANTA) and the second carbon nanotube array is a second VANTA.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the biorecognition agent includes one of an antibody claim 1 , an aptamer or an enzyme.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the biorecognition agent includes an antibody specific to detection of an oncoprotein.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the oncoprotein is a CIP2A protein and the antibody is a PP2A cancerous inhibitor.6Staphylococcus aureus. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the biorecognition agent includes an antibody specific to detection of a ...

SENSOR FOR CHEMICAL ANALYSIS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

Provided herein is a sensor comprising a substrate having a first reaction region and a second reaction region, a first electrode associated with the first reaction region, a second electrode associated with the second reaction region and a third electrode wherein the third electrode is common to both the first reaction region and the second reaction region. 1. A sensor comprising:a substrate having a first reaction region and a second reaction region;a first electrode associated with the first reaction region;a second electrode associated with the second reaction region; anda third electrode wherein the third electrode is common to both the first reaction region and the second reaction region.2. The sensor of wherein the third electrode is located within a debye length of the first electrode.3. The sensor of wherein the third electrode is located within a debye length of the second electrode.4. The sensor of further including an oxide layer on the first electrode.5. The sensor of further including biocompatible material on the surface of the first electrode and the second electrode.6. A method for detecting a biological reaction comprising:providing a reaction region including a nucleic acid sample;detecting a first impedance level of the reaction region;exposing the reaction region to a reagent solution including a targeting biological molecule;detecting a second impedance level of the reaction region;comparing the first impedance level and the second impedance level; anddetermining whether a change in impedance has occurred.7. The method of wherein the change in impedance is approximately zero.8. The method of wherein the change in impedance is an increase.9. The method of further including determining the sequence of the nucleic acid sequence.10. The method of wherein the determining indicates an incorporation event.11. A method of manufacturing a sensor comprisingproviding a substrate;depositing a metal layer the substrate in a predetermined location;depositing ...

LUMINESCENT OXYGEN CHANNELING IMMUNOASSAYS UTILIZING ELECTROCHEMICAL DISCHARGE OF SINGLET OXYGEN AND METHODS OF PRODUCTION AND USE THEREOF

Chemiluminescent detection systems, kits, and microfluidics devices containing same, as well as methods of production and use thereof, are disclosed. 1. A kit containing a chemiluminescent detection system comprising:(a) an electrode capable of directly or indirectly binding to a target analyte and capable of generating singlet oxygen in its excited state.26.-. (canceled)7. The kit of claim 1 , further comprising:a composition comprising a singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound capable of directly or indirectly binding to the target analyte; anda composition comprising a singlet oxygen generator.8. The kit of claim 7 , further comprising a microfluidics device in which the electrode claim 7 , composition comprising the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound claim 7 , and singlet oxygen generator composition are disposed.9. (canceled)10. The kit of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of a surface of the electrode is provided with a streptavidin coating disposed thereon claim 1 , and wherein biotin is associated with a first analyte-specific binding partner claim 1 , whereby the binding of streptavidin and biotin and the binding of the first analyte-specific binding partner to the target analyte results in the indirect association of the electrode to the target analyte.11. The kit of claim 7 , wherein the composition comprising the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound has a second analyte-specific binding partner associated therewith that allows for the indirect association of the chemiluminescent compound to the target analyte.12. (canceled)13. The kit of claim 7 , wherein the composition comprising the chemiluminescent compound further comprises at least one fluorescent molecule that is excited by the activated chemiluminescent compound.1416.-. (canceled)17. The kit of claim 1 , wherein one of the electrode and the composition comprising the singlet oxygen-activatable chemiluminescent compound has target analyte or an ...

A Disposable Pesticide Analysis Kit Not Containing Enzymes, DNA or Components for Land Type Pesticide Analysis

This invention, land-type pesticide analysis methods in electro chemical pesticide residue analysis in order to make an analysis of samples of water and plant extracts for disposable enzyme, does not contain live microorganisms, DNA and components residue analysis Kit and the kit to be used with the analysis methods.

METHOD FOR ANALYZING SAMPLES AND DEVICE FOR ANALYZING SAMPLES

In a method for analyzing samples involving the use of a device for analyzing samples, the device for analyzing samples includes at least a movement part through which a sample moves, and a measurement unit that is formed in a middle of the movement part and that measures a value of an ion current when the sample passes through the movement part. The analysis method includes at least a measurement step for measuring the value of the ion current when the sample passes through the movement part, and a determination step for determining a change over time in a quantity of ions from the value of the ion current measured in the measurement step. The quantity of ions includes a quantity of ions that have leaked from the sample during movement of the sample through the movement part. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for analyzing samples involving use of a device for analyzing samples , wherein:a device for analyzing samples includes at leasta movement part through which a sample moves,a measurement region that is formed in the middle of the movement part, anda measurement unit that measures a value of an ion current when the sample passes through the movement part;the method for analyzing samples includes at leasta measurement step for measuring the value of the ion current when the sample passes through the movement part, anda determination step for determining a change over time in a quantity of ions from the value of the ion current when the sample passes through the measurement region among the value of the ion current measured in the measurement step; andthe determination step for determining the change over time in the quantity of ions is possible to determine the quantity of ions which includes a quantity of ions that have leaked from the sample during movement of the sample through the measurement region.17. The method for analyzing samples according to claim 16 , whereinthe determination step involves determining at least a slope angle from the measured value of the ...

PRECISION BIPOLAR CURRENT-MODE DIGITAL-TO-ANALOG CONVERTER

A precision bipolar digital-to-analog converter (DAC) that provides a bipolar current output having a substantially fixed zero center point is provided. The DAC includes digital-to-analog converter circuitry configured to provide, responsive to a reference signal indicative of the digital data, a first analog current signal having a first potential and a second analog current signal having a second potential, subtractor circuitry configured to provide a bipolar current signal by subtracting the second analog current signal from the first analog current signal, the bipolar current signal having a zero center point, and first control circuitry electrically coupled to the subtractor circuitry and to the digital-to-analog converter circuitry, and configured to modify the second potential so that the second potential equals the first potential. 1. A precision digital-to-analog converter (DAC) for converting digital data to a bipolar analog signal , comprising:digital-to-analog converter circuitry configured to provide, responsive to digital input data, a first analog current signal having a first potential and a second analog current signal having a second potential;subtractor circuitry configured to provide a bipolar current signal by subtracting the second analog current signal from the first analog current signal, the bipolar current signal having a zero center point; andfirst control circuitry electrically coupled to the subtractor circuitry and to the digital-to-analog converter circuitry, and configured to modify the second potential so that the second potential equals the first potential.2. The DAC of claim 1 , wherein the first potential is set by a voltage source external to the DAC.3. The DAC of claim 3 , wherein the DAC is configured to provide the bipolar current signal having the zero center point without calibration or trimming.4. The DAC of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and second analog current signals is substantially maintained at a ground ...

Combination of Single-Cell Electroporation and Electrical Recording Using the Same Electrode

Methods for stimulating exocytosis from a cell are provided where the same electrochemical microelectrode is used to electroporate an adjacent cell and then measure quantal exocytosis from the adjacent cell. Also provided are methods for stimulating and measuring exocytosis from a select cell population arrayed on a chip comprising addressable electrodes. Calcium independent stimulation of exocytosis with inorganic anions such as chloride ions is also provided. These methods can provide for specific stimulation of a desired subset of cells without exposing other nearby cells to the stimulus. 1. A method for stimulating and measuring exocytosis from a cell the method comprising:electrically stimulating said cell with one or more voltage pulses while said cell resides in a drop of solution to provide a voltage gradient in solution surrounding the cell, said solution drop being confined within a well such that said solution drop is sitting on a surface of an electrode located at the bottom of said well and the cell being adjacent to the electrode surface, wherein said electrical stimulation is induced by passing a transient current through said electrode with a potentiostat, the potentiostat modified to include a diode network in parallel configuration with a feedback resistor of the potentiostat to allow for the passage of the transient current; andmeasuring, by said same electrode, a release of an electrochemically active substance from said stimulated cell while said solution drop is sitting on said electrode surface the potentiostat configured to pass a pico-amp level current through said electrode.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:arraying a plurality of cells on a chip, the chip comprising a plurality of addressable electrodes in an array, each electrode of the array having a surface, the plurality of cells residing in a plurality of the solution drops, each of the plurality of solution drops including at least one of the cells, and wherein the ...

NAD(P)- Dependent Responsive Enzymes, Electrodes And Sensors, And Methods For Making And Using The Same

NADP-dependent oxidoreductase compositions, and electrodes, sensors and systems that include the same. Analyte sensors include an electrode having a sensing layer disposed thereon, the sensing layer comprising a polymer and an enzyme composition distributed therein. The enzyme composition includes nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) or derivative thereof; an NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase; an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; and an electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex. 1. An analyte sensor comprising:an electrode having a sensing layer disposed thereon, the sensing layer comprising a polymer and an enzyme composition distributed therein, the enzyme composition comprising:{'sup': '+', '#text': 'nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)) or derivative thereof;'}{'sup': '+', '#text': 'an NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase;'}an NAD(P)H oxidoreductase; andan electron transfer agent comprising a transition metal complex.2. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a membrane layer disposed on the sensing layer.3. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase is bound to the polymer.4. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase is unbound to the polymer.5. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase is bound to the electron transfer agent.6. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the enzyme composition comprises nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAD(P)+).7. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the composition comprises a derivative of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate.10. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)-dependent dehydrogenase is D-3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase.11. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein the NAD(P)H oxidoreductase is diaphorase.12. The analyte sensor of claim 1 , wherein electron transfer agent comprises an osmium-containing complex.13. The analyte sensor of claim 12 , wherein the osmium- ...

Systems and methods for facilitating fluid flow during enhanced detection and quantification of analytes

Devices, systems, and methods for detecting molecules of interest within a collected sample are described herein. In certain embodiments, self-contained sample analysis systems are disclosed, which include a reusable reader component, a disposable cartridge component, and a disposable sample collection component. The reader component may communicate with a remote computing device for the digital transmission of test protocols and test results. In various disclosed embodiments, the systems, components, and methods are configured to identify the presence, absence, and/or quantity of particular nucleic acids, proteins, or other analytes of interest, for example, in order to test for the presence of one or more pathogens or contaminants in a sample.

Cartridges, collectors, kits, and methods for enhanced detection and quantification of analytes in collected fluid samples

Devices, systems, and methods for detecting molecules of interest within a collected sample are described herein. In certain embodiments, self-contained sample analysis systems are disclosed, which include a reusable reader component, a disposable cartridge component, and a disposable sample collection component. The reader component may communicate with a remote computing device for the digital transmission of test protocols and test results. In various disclosed embodiments, the systems, components, and methods are configured to identify the presence, absence, and/or quantity of particular nucleic acids, proteins, or other analytes of interest, for example, in order to test for the presence of one or more pathogens or contaminants in a sample.

BINDING PROBE CIRCUITS FOR MOLECULAR SENSORS

In various embodiments a molecular circuit is disclosed. The circuit comprises a negative electrode, a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, and a binding probe molecule conductively attached to both the positive and negative electrodes to form a circuit having a conduction pathway through the binding probe. In various examples, the binding probe is an antibody, the Fab domain of an antibody, a protein, a nucleic acid oligomer hybridization probe, or an aptamer. The circuit may further comprise molecular arms used to wire the binding probe to the electrodes. In various embodiments, the circuit functions as a sensor wherein electrical signals, such as changes to voltage, current, impedance, conductance, or resistance in the circuit, are measured as targets interact with the binding probe. In various embodiments, the circuit provides a means to measure the presence, absence, or concentration of an analyte in a solution. 1. A circuit comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode by a gap; anda binding probe electrically connected to the first electrode by a first peptide arm molecule and electrically connected to the second electrode by a second peptide arm molecule;wherein the binding probe comprises a DNA or RNA oligonucleotide hybridization probe.2. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first peptide arm molecule is attached to the first electrode and the second peptide arm molecule is attached to the second electrode by material binding peptide-metal interactions.3. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the binding probe comprises a single stranded DNA oligonucleotide or a single stranded RNA oligonucleotide.4. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first peptide arm molecule or the second peptide arm molecule comprises tension claim 1 , twist or torsion dependent conductivity.5. The circuit of claim 1 , wherein the circuit is configured to sense information on the presence of or a concentration ...

MICROBIAL SENSOR SYSTEM FOR THE ASSESSMENT OF SUBSURFACE ENVIRONMENTS

A microbial sensor, system, and method that can be used to determine a chemical environment and/or substrate concentrations in anaerobic or aerobic environments, such as soils, sediments and ground waters, are disclosed. An exemplary system uses one or more (e.g., inert) measurement electrodes and a reference electrode. The reference electrode can include an electrode exposed to atmospheric oxygen (e.g., a cathode) or an electrode exposed to stable anaerobic or aerobic conditions. The exemplary microbial sensor system measures open-circuit voltage to characterize the chemical (oxidizing or reducing) environment and/or recovery voltage to measure substrate concentrations in the subsurface. 1. A microbial sensor system comprising:a cathode assembly comprising a cathode in a first environment;a conduit coupled to the cathode assembly, the conduit configured to expose the cathode to a second environment;one or more anodes in the first environment; anda device capable of characterizing the first environment by measuring one or more of an open circuit voltage and a recovery voltage between the anode and the cathode, the device coupled to and interposed between the cathode and the one or more anodes.2. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein open circuit voltage corresponds to the chemical environment of the microorganisms in the first environment.3. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , further comprising a float coupled to the cathode.4. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the recovery voltage corresponds to a substrate concentration in the first environment.5. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the cathode is a reference electrode.6. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises one or more of graphite claim 1 , gold claim 1 , and platinum.7. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises platinum-coated carbon fabric.8. The microbial sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the microbial ...

DEVICES AND METHODS FOR IDENTIFYING A BIOLOGICAL OR CHEMICAL RESIDUE IN AN AQUEOUS SAMPLE

The invention discloses methods and devices for rapidly detecting a biological or other residue in a liquid sample. In some embodiments of the instant invention, a single electrode is employed to contact a flowing aqueous solution, with electrical outputs being recorded by an electrical metering device. Injection or flow of sample leads to changes in solution electrostatic behavior; those changes are recorded in the metering device, with absence of predetermined residues or targets yielding the highest signals. General and specific target detection may be performed with various embodiments of the instant invention. 1. A device for identifying the presence of a biological or chemical residue in a liquid sample , including:a flowing liquid sample;an electrically conductive element disposed partially in proximity to said flowing liquid sample;an electrical meter adapted to be in electrical communication with a dry region of said conductive element through the agency of a single electrical terminal; and,a controller element adapted to receive readings from said meter and provide a signal to a user as to a presence of said residue in said liquid sample.2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein said liquid sample is made to flow in a pipette claim 1 , air claim 1 , pipe claim 1 , tube claim 1 , faucet claim 1 , sink claim 1 , shower claim 1 , toilet or liquid delivery element.3. The device according to claim 2 , wherein said liquid is water.4. The device according to claim 1 , wherein said electrical meter is realized as a meter adapted to read AC voltage claim 1 , DC voltage claim 1 , Hertz claim 1 , electrical resistance or AC+DC voltage.5. The device according to claim 1 , wherein said controller element is associated with one of the following: said electrical meter claim 1 , a computing device claim 1 , a handheld computing device claim 1 , a smartphone or a mobile computing device.6. The device according to claim 2 , wherein said electrically conductive element is ...

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING TOXINS, PATHOGENS AND OTHER BIOLOGICAL MATERIALS

Embodiments of the present invention provide binding molecule-functionalized high electron mobility transistors (HEMTs) that can be used to detect toxins, pathogens and other biological materials. In a specific embodiment, an antibody-functionalized HEMT can be used to detect botulinum toxin. The antibody can be anchored to a gold-layered gate area of the 1. A method of detecting a biological toxin or pathogen , comprising:providing to an environment a sensor comprising a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT), a binding molecule operably connected to a gate region of the HEMT, and a fixed voltage applied to a drain of the HEMT, wherein the binding molecule binds specifically to a biological toxin or a bacterial or viral pathogen,{'sub': 'DS', 'wherein a drain current (I) signal is generated by the sensor upon exposure of the binding molecule to an amount of biological toxin or bacterial or viral pathogen while a fixed voltage is applied to a source/drain of the HEMT;'}reading the drain current from the HEMT; anddetermining, in real time, the amount of biological toxin or bacterial or viral pathogen from a change in the drain current.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of biological toxin or bacterial or viral pathogen to initially generate the drain current signal is about 1 ng/ml.3. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising wirelessly transmitting the drain current signal generated by the sensor to a monitoring device.4. A method of detecting botulinum claim 1 , comprising:providing to an environment a high electron mobility transistor (HEMT) botulinum toxin sensor comprising a layer of gold on a gate region; thioglycolic acid anchored to the surface of the layer of gold, and botulinum antibodies linked to the thioglycolic acid, wherein a signal is generated by the sensor upon exposure of the botulinum antibodies to an amount of botulinum.5. The method according to claim 4 , further comprising wirelessly transmitting the signal ...

DIAGNOSTIC DEVICE

A diagnostic device as a first electrode formed by a noble metal that is not attackable by acid, and a second electrode that is formed of silver. The first and second electrodes are at least partially immersed in a nutrient solution contained in a container, into which a tissue sample can be introduced. An electrical voltage is applied between the first and second electrodes, and a change in an electrical variable between the electrodes is measured when ammonia is present. The diagnostic device allows fast screening of tissue samples for 1. A diagnostic device , comprising:a first electrode made of a noble metal, which cannot be attacked by acid;a second electrode having an electrode base made of silver and a layer of silver chloride covering said electrode base;a container containing an acidic nutrient solution in which the first electrode and the second electrode are at least partially immersed, said container being adapted to allow introduction of a tissue sample into the acidic nutrient solution therein to expose said first and second electrodes to said acidic nutrient solution with said tissue sample therein;a voltage source connected between said first electrode and said second electrode that produces an electric voltage across said first electrode and said second electrode in said acidic nutrient solution, with said tissue sample disposed therein, between said first and second electrodes;an evaluation unit that detects a change in an electrical variable between said first electrode and said second electrode when ammonia is present in said acidic nutrient solution with said tissue sample disposed therein between said first electrode and said second electrode, said change resulting from said ammonia selectively attacking said silver chloride layer and exposing a portion of said base electrode made of silver; anda results indicator in communication with said evaluation unit and configured to provide a visual indication as to the presence of a predetermined ...

HIGH-SENSITIVITY BIOSENSOR AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

[Problem to be Solved] 1. A biosensor comprising:an identification substance capable of binding to a substance to be detected;an electrode charged with a charge of the identification substance, and able to detect a change in a charge density of the electrode caused by binding of the substance to be detected to the identification substance anda polymer layer in which a molecular template having a structure complementary to a molecular structure of the substance to be detected formed on all or part of a surface of the electrode, wherein the identification substance is contained in the polymer layer and the polymer layer is an ultrathin film layer.2. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the ultrathin film layer is a thin film layer having a thickness of 1 μm or less.3. The biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer layer is formed by a method comprising:(a) polymerizing a monomer solution comprising one or more monomers, the substance to be detected, and the identification substance on all or part of the surface of the electrode to form a polymer layer being an ultrathin film layer on all or part of the surface of the electrode; and(b) removing the substance to be detected from the polymer layer to form the molecular template having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the substance to be detected in the polymer layer, after (a).4. The biosensor according to claim 3 , wherein polymerization of the monomer solution is living radical polymerization or electrolytic polymerization.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the living radical polymerization is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) claim 4 , reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer polymerization (RAFT) claim 4 , or nitroxide-mediated polymerization (NMP).6. The biosensor according to claim 5 , wherein the living radical polymerization is atom transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) claim 5 , and wherein prior to (a) a polymerization-initiating molecule is ...

METHOD FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF MYCOBACTERIA

The present invention relates to a novel process for biological detection of mycobacteria via electrochemical analysis methods of the catalytic activity of antigen 85. 1) A process for electrochemical detection of mycobacteria in a biological sample , said process comprising the steps of:a) selecting a substrate of at least one acyltransferase and its cofactor;b) bringing said biological sample into contact with said substrate and cofactor;c) electrochemically detecting the product resulting from the catalytic activity of said at least one acyltransferase.2) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said at least one acyltransferase is Antigen 85.3) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the biological sample is chosen from bacterial cultures claim 1 , biological specimens of human or animal origin claim 1 , and environmental samples.4) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said substrate of said at least one acyltransferase is chosen from p-aminophenyl-6-O-octanoyl-β-D-glucopyranoside claim 1 , and a substrate with acyl groups having alkyl chains ranging from CHto CH.5) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said cofactor is a sugar chosen from the group consisting of trehalose and D-glucose.6) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical detection step c) is carried out by means of an amperometric sensor.7) The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said biological sample has been treated beforehand by means of a process for isolating mycobacteria claim 1 , comprising the steps of:A. placing said biological sample in solution;B. treating with an apolar solvent the solution obtained in step A);C. recovering the mycobacteria by filtration or centrifugation of the solution resulting from step B); andD. recovering the mycobacteria from the filtrate or from the centrifugation pellet obtained at the end of step C).8) The process as claimed in claim 7 , also comprising a step of decontaminating A′) the biological sample placed in ...

USE OF MICROFLUIDIC SYSTEMS IN THE ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION OF TARGET ANALYTES

The invention relates generally to methods and apparatus for conducting analyses, particularly microfluidic devices for the detection of target analytes. 111-. (canceled)12. A microfluidic device for the detection of a target analyte in a fluid sample , said device comprising:a) a solid support comprising a first plurality of electrodes configured for electrokinetic movement of at least a portion of the sample upon application of a voltage; andb) a detection module comprising a second plurality of electrodes configured for electrochemical detection of the target analyte;wherein the electrokinetic movement is electroosmotic movement or electrohydrodynamic movement.13. The microfluidic device according to claim 12 , wherein the target analyte is a nucleic acid.14. The microfluidic device according to claim 12 , wherein the target analyte is a protein.15. The microfluidic device according to claim 13 , wherein the electrokinetic movement is electroosmotic movement.16. The microfluidic device according to claim 13 , wherein the electrokinetic movement is electrohydrodynamic movement.17. A method for the detection of a target analyte in a fluid sample claim 13 , said method comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00012', 'claim 12'}, 'a) introducing the sample into the microfluidic device of ;'}b) applying a voltage to the first plurality of electrodes to move at least a portion of the sample to the detection module; andc) detecting the presence of the target analyte using the second plurality of electrodes.18. The method of claim 17 , further comprising forming an attachment complex between the target analyte and at least one binding ligand prior to step c) claim 17 , wherein the attachment complex comprises an electron transfer moiety label.19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the electron transfer moiety label is a metallocene.20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the metallocene is a ferrocene.21. The method of claim 18 , wherein the attachment complex comprises the ...

HIGH-SENSITIVITY BIOSENSOR

The object of the invention is to increase the detection specificity of biosensors. The present invention provides a biosensor characterized in that it comprises an identifier substance that can bind to a detection target substance and an electrode that takes the charge of said identifier substance, wherein the biosensor detects the change in the charge density of said electrode generated by the binding of said detection target substance with said identifier substance, the surface of said electrode is coated with polycatecholamine, all or a part of said electrode surface coated with polycatecholamine further has a polymer layer formed thereon which has a molecular imprint having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance formed therein, said polymer layer comprises said identifier substance, and said polymer layer is an ultrathin film layer. 1. A biosensor characterized in that it comprises an identifier substance that can bind to a detection target substance and an electrode that takes the charge of said identifier substance , wherein the biosensor detects the change in the charge density of said electrode generated by the binding of said detection target substance with said identifier substance ,the surface of said electrode is coated with polycatecholamine,all or a part of said electrode surface coated with polycatecholamine further has a polymer layer formed thereon which has a molecular imprint formed therein having a structure complementary to the molecular structure of the detection target substance,said polymer layer comprises said identifier substance, andsaid polymer layer is an ultrathin film layer.2. The biosensor according to claim 1 , characterized in that said polycatecholamine is L-DOPA claim 1 , dopamine claim 1 , adrenaline claim 1 , or noradrenaline polymer.3. The biosensor according to claim 1 , characterized in that said ultrathin film layer is a thin film layer having a thickness of 1 μm or less.4. ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM TO DETERMINE ERRONEOUS MEASUREMENT SIGNALS DURING A TEST MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE

Various embodiments that allow a more accurate electrochemical test strip measurement by identifying erroneous output signals during a glucose measurement thereby ensuring a much more accurate glucose test system. 2. The system of claim 1 , in which the predetermined time window comprises from about 1 second after a start of a test sequence to about 8 seconds after the start of the test sequence.3. The system of claim 1 , in which the predetermined index value comprises about 5 and the predetermined threshold comprises about 300.4. The system of claim 1 , in which the predetermined time window comprises from about 2 second after a start of a test sequence to about 8 seconds after the start of the test sequence.5. The system of claim 1 , in which the predetermined index value comprises about 5 and the predetermined threshold comprises about 150.6. A method of determining a glucose value from a fluid sample with a biosensor having at least two electrodes and reagent disposed thereon and a glucose meter having a microcontroller configured to connect to the biosensor and to a memory and a power source claim 1 , the method comprising the steps of:initiating a start of a test measurement sequence upon deposition of a fluid sample proximate the at least two electrodes of the biosensor;applying an input signal to the fluid sample to cause a transformation of glucose into an enzymatic by-product;measuring output signal transient from the fluid sample over a predetermined time window from the start of the test sequence, the measuring including sampling an output signal from at least one electrode during the electrochemical reaction over a series of time intervals to obtain a magnitude of the output signal for each time interval;determining an output differential as a difference in the respective magnitudes of the output signal for at least two consecutive time intervals within the predetermined time window during the test measurement sequence;if the output differential is ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM TO DETERMINE ERRONEOUS MEASUREMENT SIGNALS DURING A TEST MEASUREMENT SEQUENCE

Various embodiments that allow a more accurate electrochemical test strip measurement by identifying erroneous output signals during a glucose measurement thereby ensuring a much more accurate glucose test system. 1. A glucose measurement system comprising:a biosensor having a plurality of electrodes including at least two electrodes with an enzyme disposed thereon; and drive a signal to the at least two electrodes when a fluid sample with an glucose is deposited proximate the at least two electrodes to start a test measurement sequence for an electrochemical reaction of the glucose in the fluid sample with the enzyme;', 'measure an output signal from at least one electrode during the electrochemical reaction over a series of time instances to obtain a magnitude of the output signal for each time instance;', 'determine an output differential as a difference in the respective magnitudes of the output signal for at least two consecutive time instances within a predetermined time window during the test measurement sequence;, 'a microcontroller coupled to a power source, memory and the plurality of electrodes of the biosensor and in which the microcontroller is configured to, 'a meter including (1) increment a first index by one and', the sum of a previous value of the second index and', 'the output differential and, '(2) set a second index value as equal to'}], 'if the output differential is greater than zero then'}if the first index is greater or equal to a first threshold and then annunciate an error', 'otherwise if the time instance is outside of the time window then calculate the glucose value from the output signal and annunciate the glucose value., 'a second index is greater than a second threshold'}2. The system of claim 1 , in which the predetermined time window comprises from about 1 second after a start of a test sequence to about 8 seconds after the start of the test sequence.3. The system of claim 1 , in which the first threshold comprises about 5 and the ...

Measuring Method and Measuring Apparatus

A measuring method includes applying a first signal, which is a direct current signal, having a first value to a sample in a flow passage using a first electrode and a fourth electrode which is different from the first, second, and third electrodes, measuring a first electric response value, applying a second signal having a second value higher than the first value to the sample using the second and third electrodes, measuring a second electric response value, and correcting a value obtained from the first electric response value based on the second electric response value. 1. A measuring method for measuring a target substance contained in a sample by using an analysis tool including a flow passage for the sample and a plurality of electrodes arranged in the flow passage , the measuring method comprising:the plurality of electrodes including a first electrode which is provided with a reagent including an enzyme, a second electrode and a third electrode each of which is not provided with the reagent, and a fourth electrode which is different from the first electrode, the second electrode, and the third electrode,applying a first signal, which is a direct current signal, having a first value to the sample in the flow passage by using the first electrode as a working electrode and using the fourth electrode as a counter electrode;measuring a first electric response value of the sample to the first signal;applying contiguously for a given time a second signal, which is a direct current signal, having a second value higher than the first value to the sample in the flow passage by using the second electrode and the third electrode as the working electrode and the counter electrode;measuring a second electric response value of the sample within the given time to the second signal, the second electric response value indicating amount of electric charge generated by electrolysis of water in the sample; andcorrecting a value obtained from the first electric response value ...

DEVICES FOR DETECTING A PARTICLE IN A SAMPLE AND METHODS FOR USE THEREOF

Devices for detecting a particle in a fluid sample are provided. The device includes a segmented microfluidic conduit configured to carry a flow of a fluid sample, where the conduit includes one or more nodes and two or more sections, and a node is positioned between adjacent sections of the conduit. The device also includes a detector configured to detect a change in current through the conduit. Also provided are methods of using the devices as well as systems and kits that include the devices. The devices, systems and methods find use in a variety of different applications, including diagnostic assays. 120.-. (canceled)21. A device for detecting a particle in a fluid sample , the device comprising:a segmented microfluidic conduit configured to carry a flow of a fluid sample, wherein the conduit comprises an alternating pattern of regions having a smaller cross-sectional area and regions having a larger cross-sectional area; anda detector configured to detect a change in current through the conduit.22. The device of claim 21 , wherein the detector is configured to apply a current or a voltage through the conduit to produce a signal that corresponds to the presence of the particle in the conduit.23. The device of claim 22 , wherein the current is AC.24. The device of claim 21 , wherein the conduit comprises two or more regions having a smaller cross sectional area.25. The device of claim 21 , wherein the conduit comprises two or more regions having a larger cross sectional area.26. The device of claim 21 , wherein the conduit comprises a region having a smaller cross-sectional area flanked on each side by a region having a larger cross-sectional area.27. The device of claim 21 , wherein the conduit comprises a region comprising a functionalized surface.28. The device of claim 27 , wherein the functionalized surface comprises a binding member selected from a group consisting of an antibody claim 27 , a protein claim 27 , a sugar molecule claim 27 , and an aptamer.29. ...

EDGE SEQUENCING WITH AN IMMOBILIZED TRANSLOCATOR

The present disclosure relates to systems, devices, and methods for nucleic acid sequencing including polynucleotide strands having a nucleotide(s) modified with a redox label(s) attached thereto or capable of receiving the modified nucleotide(s) with a redox label(s) attached thereto. The systems, devices, and methods include a dielectric member with an attached translocating protein positioned between oxidizing and reducing electrodes. The oxidizing and reducing electrodes generate an electrical field extending to a reaction area where the translocation of the polynucleotide strand through the protein occurs such the modified nucleotide(s) with redox label(s) attached thereto are identified by changes in current flow in the oxidizing and reducing electrodes, wherein the changes identify electron transfer from the reducing electrode, to redox label, and to oxidizing electrode when the modified nucleotide with a redox label covalently bonded to the nucleoside base of the modified nucleotide of the polynucleotide strand is at the reaction area. 1. A method for nucleic acid sequencing , the method comprising the steps of: an oxidizing electrode,', 'a reducing electrode,', 'a dielectric member positioned between the oxidizing electrode and reducing electrode, wherein dielectric member separates the reducing electrode from the oxidizing electrode by a first distance of at most 10 nm, and', 'a protein attached to a surface of the dielectric member, the protein capable of translocating a polynucleotide strand having a modified nucleotide with a redox label covalently bonded to the nucleoside base of the modified nucleotide or capable of receiving the modified nucleotide with a redox label covalently bonded to the nucleoside base of the modified nucleotide through the protein such that the modified nucleotide with a redox label covalently bonded to the nucleoside base of the modified nucleotide passes at most 10 nm from the surface of the dielectric member,', 'wherein the ...

FORMALDEHYDE GRAPHENE SENSOR

A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor employing a formaldehyde sensitive assembly of formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene in fluid communication with a source of NAD, and a method of measuring formaldehyde utilizing the sensor. 1. A formaldehyde sensitive assembly suitable for use in the manufacture of a formaldehyde electrochemical sensor , comprising formaldehyde dehydrogenase attached to graphene.2. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is attached to the graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent.3. The formaldehyde sensitive assembly of wherein the polymeric electrolyte linking agent is polydiallyldimethylammonium chloride.4. A formaldehyde electrochemical sensor having a formaldehyde interactive material located between and in electrical communication with a working electrode and a counter electrode claim 2 , the formaldehyde interactive material comprising a layer of graphene at least partially coated with immobilized formaldehyde dehydrogenase which is in fluid communication with a source of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide.5. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of further comprising measurement circuitry in electrical communication with the working and counter electrodes operable for detecting the presence of any formaldehyde in fluid communication with the formaldehyde interactive material and generating an electrical signal representative of the amount of detected formaldehyde.6. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of wherein the measured electrical property is a shift in resistance.7. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of wherein the sensor is supported upon a major surface of a structural substrate.8. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of wherein the structural substrate is a wafer.9. The formaldehyde electrochemical sensor of wherein the formaldehyde dehydrogenase is immobilized upon the layer of graphene by a polymeric electrolyte linking agent.10. The formaldehyde ...

DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DETECTING VIABLE INFECTIOUS AGENTS IN A FLUID SAMPLE

Various devices, systems and methods for detecting a susceptibility of an infectious agent to an anti-infective are described herein. A method comprises introducing a fluid sample to a first surface and a second surface; exposing the first surface to a first solution; exposing the second surface to a second solution, wherein the second surface comprises an anti-infective; sampling the first solution after exposing the first solution to the first surface; sampling the second solution after exposing the second solution to the second surface; monitoring a first electrical characteristic of a first sensor exposed to the first solution sampled; monitoring a second electrical characteristic of a second sensor exposed to the second solution sampled; and comparing the first electrical characteristic and the second electrical characteristic to assess the susceptibility of the infectious agent to the anti-infective. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method for detecting a susceptibility of a microorganism to an antibiotic , the method comprising:exposing a surface comprising the microorganism to a first solution;separating the first solution from the microorganism after the first solution is exposed to the surface;monitoring an electrical characteristic of a sensor upon introducing the first solution to the sensor;exposing the surface comprising the microorganism to a second solution, wherein the second solution comprises an antibiotic;separating the second solution from the microorganism after the second solution is exposed to the surface;detecting any changes in the electrical characteristic of the sensor after introducing the second solution to the sensor; andassessing the susceptibility of the microorganism to the antibiotic using any detected changes in the electrical characteristic.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the surface is at least one of a filter surface and a well surface.23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the change in the electrical characteristic of the sensor ...

Method of using integrated electro-microfluidic probe card

A method for testing a partially fabricated bio-sensor device wafer includes aligning the partially fabricated bio-sensor device wafer on a wafer stage of a wafer-level bio-sensor processing tool. The method further includes mounting an integrated electro-microfluidic probe card to a device area on the partially fabricated bio-sensor device wafer, wherein the electro-microfluidic probe card has a first major surface. The method further includes electrically connecting one or more electronic probe tips disposed on the first major surface of the integrated electro-microfluidic probe card to conductive areas of the device area. The method further includes flowing a test fluid from a fluid supply to the integrated electro-microfluidic probe card. The method further includes electrically measuring via the one or more electronic probe tips a first electrical property of one or more bio-FETs of the device area based on the test fluid flow.

Systems and methods for the detection of glypican-1

A sensor for the detection of GPC-1 in a sample includes a substrate, a working electrode and counter electrode formed on a surface of the substrate, and an anti-GPC-1 antibody functionalized or chemically functionalized to a surface of an exposed portion of the working electrode.

Biosensor and molecular identification member

[Problem to be Solved] Provided is a higher sensitive biosensor, in which a trace amount of non-invasively collected body fluid sample can be used, and even in a case where such a trace amount of sample is used, or even in a case where the concentration of an object substance to be measured in a sample is low, the object substance can be measured with high accuracy. [Solution] A biosensor 100 for measuring an object substance contained in a body fluid comprises: a molecule identification member 110 which is permeable to the body fluid, and has a molecule identification element 113 that can interact with the object substance contained in the permeated body fluid; and a detection element 120, which is connectable with the molecule identification member 110, and detects a change generated as a result of the interaction of the molecule identification element 113 with the object substance.

ELECTROCHEMICAL APTASENSORS WITH A GELATIN B MATRIX

This invention provides:—an aptamer-based electrochemical sensor, wherein said aptamer is covalently bonded to or chemisorbed on an electrode, said aptamer forming a complex with a target molecule and is encapsulated by a gelatin B matrix;—a method of manufacturing said aptamer-based electrochemical sensor;—the use of the aptamer-based electrochemical sensor for the electrochemical determination of a concentration of a target molecule; and—a composite electrode combining a polymeric material and electrically conducting particles for selective analyte detection, wherein said electrode is coated with gelatin type B. 1. A composite electrode combining a polymeric material and electrically conducting particles , wherein said electrode is coated with a type B gelatin.2. A composite electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material is plasticized polyvinyl chloride.3. A composite electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the electrically conducting particles are graphite powder.4. A composite electrode according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric material is plasticized polyvinyl chloride and wherein the electrically conducting particles are graphite powder.5. A composite electrode according to claim 1 , wherein an aptamer is covalently bonded to claim 1 , or chemisorbed on claim 1 , said electrode.6. A composite electrode according to claim 1 , wherein an aptamer is covalently bonded to claim 1 , or chemisorbed on claim 1 , said electrode claim 1 , and wherein the aptamer is selected to form a robust complex with a target molecule.7. A composite electrode according to claim 6 , wherein the target molecule is selected from the group consisting of vitamins claim 6 , toxins claim 6 , antibiotics claim 6 , therapeutic drugs claim 6 , diagnostic agents claim 6 , recreational drugs claim 6 , catecholamines claim 6 , metabolites claim 6 , proteins and cells.8. A composite electrode according to claim 6 , wherein the target molecule is dopamine and the aptamer is ...

ANALYTE DETECTION USING ELECTROCHEMICAL IMPEDANCE SPECTROSCOPY-BASED IMAGINARY IMPEDANCE MEASUREMENT

Methods for detecting one or more analytes in a sample utilizing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) measurement. In one method, analyte detection includes comparing an imaginary impedance measurement to a calibration curve of concentrations for each target analyte. The calibration curve of concentrations for each target analyte is established at an optimal frequency. In another method, a signal decoupling algorithm is utilized for detection of more than one analyte on an electrode. 1. A method for detecting binding of one or more target analytes in a sample utilizing Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) , comprising:contacting an electrode with said sample, wherein said electrode includes an analyte-capturing molecule immobilized thereto, and wherein said electrode is operably configured to provide an EIS-based imaginary impedance measurement of binding of said one or more target analytes in said sample; anddetecting binding of said one or more target analytes in said sample through a change in said EIS-based imaginary impedance measurement.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising comparing the imaginary impedance measurement to a calibration curve of concentrations for each target analyte.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said calibration curve of concentrations for each target analyte is established at an optimal frequency.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising utilizing a signal decoupling algorithm for detection of more than one analyte on said electrode.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said analyte-capturing molecule comprises an antibody.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein said antibody is against a lipoprotein.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said lipoprotein is HDL or LDL.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electrode includes a self-assembled monolayer.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said self-assembled monolayer comprises 16-mercaptohexadecanoic acid (MHDA).11. A method for detecting binding of two or more target ...

PAPER SUBSTRATE DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS AND RELATED METHODS AND SYSTEMS

Example paper substrate diagnostic apparatus and related methods and systems are disclosed herein. An example substrate-based diagnostic device includes a hydrophobic substrate, an electrode disposed on a surface of the hydrophobic substrate, a layer of reagent disposed on or near the electrode, and a layer of hydrophilic ink disposed over the electrode and the layer of reagent. The hydrophilic ink is to wick a sample to the layer of reagent. 1. A substrate-based diagnostic device:a hydrophobic substrate;an electrode disposed on a surface of the hydrophobic substrate;a layer of reagent disposed on or near the electrode; anda layer of hydrophilic ink disposed over the electrode and the layer of reagent, the layer of hydrophilic ink to wick a sample to the layer of reagent.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the hydrophobic substrate includes a hydrophobic ink.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the layer of reagent is disposed on a top surface of the electrode.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the layer of reagent is disposed on a side surface of the electrode.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the layer of reagent is disposed in a hydrogel.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the layer of reagent is functionalized onto the electrode.7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the layer of reagent is a first reagent claim 1 , further including a second layer of reagent disposed on or near the electrode.8. A method of manufacturing a substrate-based diagnostic device claim 1 , the method comprising:depositing an electrode on a surface of a hydrophobic substrate;depositing a layer of a reagent on or near the electrode; anddepositing a layer of hydrophilic ink over the electrode and the layer of reagent, the layer of hydrophilic ink to wick a sample to the layer of reagent.9. The method of claim 8 , further including at least one of flexographic printing claim 8 , screen printing claim 8 , stencil printing claim 8 , or inkjet printing hydrophobic ink on or into a substrate to form ...

Lateral Flow Diagnostic Devices with Integrated Electronic Components and Methods of Use Thereof

A biological sample device for detecting the presence or absence of specific analytes in a sample is provided. A sample, such as a blood or urine sample or a pre-processed tissue sample is collected on a porous pad. A first membrane in liquid communication with the sample pad includes an analyte-specific, electroactively-labeled detection reagent reactive with the an analyte. A second membrane in liquid communication with the first membrane includes a biosensor whose surface has been modified by an analyte-specific capture reagent. The analyte-binding capture reagent immobilizes the analyte electroactive label complex on the surface of the biosensor, whereby direct interaction of the electroactive label with the surface of the biosensor generates an electric signal used by an electronic processing unit to determine whether the analyte is present in the sample. 1. A biological sample device for detecting the presence or absence of specific analytes in a sample , comprising:a porous sample pad configured to collect a sample, wherein the sample is at least one of a clinical sample and a pre-processed sample;a first membrane in liquid communication with the sample pad, the first membrane being configured to receive from the sample pad an analyte and including an analyte-specific, electroactively-labeled detection reagent containing an electroactive label;a second membrane in liquid communication with the first membrane, the second membrane being configured to receive from the first membrane an analyte electroactive label complex formed by interaction of the analyte with the analyte-specific, electroactively-labeled detection reagent in the first membrane;a biosensor in liquid communication with the second membrane, the biosensor including an analyte-binding capture reagent configured to immobilize the analyte electroactive label complex on a surface of the biosensor and being configured to generate an electric signal based on direct interaction of the electroactive ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL STRIPS FOR MONITORING THE DEGRADATION OF BODY FAT AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME

Devices, systems, and methods are used for personalized monitoring of changes in metabolism as a function of external parameters such as food or physical exercise. More particularly, the present disclosure relates to electrochemical strips for detecting the amount of biomarker for fat metabolism, in particular, glycerol. 120.-. (canceled)21. An electrochemical test strip for detecting glycerol in a body fluid sample , comprising:an electrically insulating substrate layer;at least two electrodes, at least a first electrode of the at least two electrodes comprising a working electrode, and at least a second electrode of the at least two electrodes comprising a reference electrode and a counter electrode;at least as many electrical tracks as the number of the at least two electrodes; glycerol kinase and glycerol phosphate oxidase; and', 'glycerol dehydrogenase;, 'an enzyme layer disposed on the at least two electrodes, the enzyme layer comprising glycerol-specific enzymes, the glycerol-specific enzymes selected from among the group consisting of [{'sub': '2', 'adenosine triphosphate and MgCl; and'}, 'nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide;, 'a layer of co-factors selected from among the group consisting ofat least one membrane layer;a top layer; anda spacer layer located between the at least two electrodes and the top layer, the spacer layer creating a space defining a measuring chamber for receiving the sample, the measuring chamber at least partially covering the electrodes and the enzyme layer.22. The strip of claim 21 , wherein the at least a second electrode of the at least two electrodes comprises a single electrode configured to function as both the reference electrode and the counter electrode.23. The strip of claim 21 , wherein the at least a second electrode of the at least two electrodes comprises one electrode configured to function as the reference electrode and another electrode configured to function as the counter electrode.24. The strip of claim 21 , ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MULTIPLEXED ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION

Contemplated methods and devices comprise performing electrochemical sample analysis in a multiplexed electrochemical detector having reduced electrical cross-talk. The electrochemical detector includes electrodes that share a common lead from a plurality of leads. The sample, which may be a liquid sample, is introduced into one or more sample wells and a signal is applied to at least one of the electrodes. A response signal is measured while simultaneously applying a substantially fixed potential to each of a remainder of the plurality of leads. 1. A method for performing electrochemical analysis , the method comprising:introducing a sample into a multiplexed electrochemical detector, the multiplexed electrochemical detector comprising a first sample well and a plurality of leads, wherein the first sample well comprises a first plurality of working electrodes each adapted to be electrically coupled to one of the plurality of leads, and the first plurality of working electrodes are adapted to be electrically coupled to a first counter electrode;applying a first signal to a first lead of the plurality of leads;measuring a first response signal from the first counter electrode while simultaneously applying a substantially fixed potential to each of a first remainder of the plurality of leads; anddetermining whether a first target analyte is present in the sample based on the first response signal.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the multiplexed electrochemical detector further comprises a second sample well claim 1 , the second sample well comprising a second plurality of working electrodes each adapted to be electrically coupled to one of the first plurality of working electrodes via one of the plurality of leads claim 1 , each of the second plurality of working electrodes being adapted to be electrically coupled to a second counter electrode claim 1 , the method further comprising:applying a second signal to a second lead of the plurality of leads;measuring a ...

Highly sensitive biomarker biosensors based on organic electrochemical transistors

The present technology for the detection and analysis of analytes within a sample is based on molecular biology methods, including western blotting, gel electrophoresis, mass spectrometry, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays and RT-PCR, which are normally time-consuming and laborious. The present disclosure provides novel OECT based electrochemical biosensors that can enable the convenient and cost-effective determination of analytes within a sample with high sensitivity and selectivity. 2. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first agent and/or the second agent is an antibody.3. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first agent is a monoclonal antibody capable of specifically binding to the analyte.4. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the first agent is a nucleic acid probe capable of specifically binding to the analyte.5. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the second agent is a polyclonal antibody capable of specifically binding to the analyte.6. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically active enzyme is horseradish peroxidase and the substrate for the electrochemically active enzyme is hydrogen peroxide.7. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the organic semiconductor comprises a film coating on the drain and source electrodes.8. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the organic semiconductor comprises poly (3 claim 1 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) polystyrene sulfonate (PEDOT:PSS).9. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the plurality of electrodes and/or the plurality of nanoparticles further comprises gold.10. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , wherein the gate electrode comprises grooves comprising the first agent capable of specifically binding to an analyte.11. The electrochemical biosensor according to claim 1 , ...

METHOD FOR DETECTING L-TYROSINE BY USING GRAPHENE-MODIFIED GRAPHITE PENCIL ELECTRODE SYSTEM

A graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode (GPE) system and a method for detecting L-tyrosine in a solution. The electrode system includes a graphene-modified graphite pencil working electrode comprising a graphite pencil base electrode and a layer of graphene comprising wrinkled graphene sheets on the surface of the graphite pencil base electrode, a counter electrode, and a reference electrode. The method comprises contacting the solution with the graphene-modified GPE system and conducting voltammetry, preferably square wave voltammetry, to detect the L-tyrosine concentration in the solution. 1. A graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode system , comprising:a graphene-modified graphite pencil working electrode comprising a graphite pencil base electrode and a layer of graphene on the surface of the graphite pencil base electrode, wherein the layer of graphene comprises wrinkled graphene sheets,a counter electrode, anda reference electrode.2. The graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the wrinkled graphene sheets corresponds to about 1 to about 10 layers of graphene.3. The graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the wrinkled graphene sheets ranges from about 0.3 nm to 3 nm.4. The graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode system of claim 1 , wherein the charge transfer resistance of the graphene-modified graphite pencil working electrode is at least 95% less than the charge transfer resistance of the graphite pencil base electrode as the working electrode claim 1 , and wherein the electroactive area of the graphene-modified graphite pencil working electrode is at least 5 times as that of the graphite pencil base electrode as the working electrode.5. A method of detecting L-tyrosine in a solution claim 1 , comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'contacting the solution with the graphene-modified graphite pencil electrode system of , and'} ...

SENSOR DEVICE FOR BIOSENSING AND OTHER APPLICATIONS

A sensor suitable for detecting specific analytes, a method for manufacturing the sensor, and a method for using the sensor in a diagnostic procedure provided. In an embodiment, the sensor device includes a substrate, a dielectric layer disposed on the substrate, and a probe layer disposed on the dielectric layer. The probe layer is configured to react with an analyte. The reaction may include: binding with the analyte, undergoing a change in a chemical property of the probe layer, or undergoing a change in a structural property of the probe layer. In examples, an attribute of the dielectric layer is configured to identify the device during a process that determines whether the probe layer has reacted with the analyte. 1. A device comprising:a substrate;a dielectric layer disposed on the substrate; anda probe layer disposed on the dielectric layer, wherein the probe layer is configured to react with an analyte.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the probe layer is configured to react with the analyte by performing at least one of: binding with the analyte claim 1 , undergoing a change in a chemical property of the probe layer claim 1 , or undergoing a change in a structural property of the probe layer.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein an attribute of the dielectric layer is configured to identify the device during a process that determines whether the probe layer has reacted with the analyte.4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the attribute includes at least one of: a thickness of the dielectric layer claim 3 , an index of refraction claim 3 , a presence or absence of a feature claim 3 , or a feature spatial pattern.5. The device of further comprising an interfacial layer disposed between the dielectric layer and the probe layer.6. The device of further comprising an adhesive layer disposed between the interfacial layer and the probe layer.7. The device of claim 1 ,wherein the dielectric layer includes a plurality of features extending from a main portion of the ...

Method and device for measuring hematocrit

An approach is provided for a method and device for measuring Hematocrit (Hct) are disclosed that measures current variations from reactions of Electrochemistry on the electrodes. The method comprises acts of giving a blood sample on a pair of electrodes, obtaining a response current by providing a voltage on the electrodes, and determining an Hct value from the obtained current based on a predetermined rule. Therefore, the present disclosure provides higher reliable and precise measurement compared to the conventional measuring apparatus.

ELECTROCHEMICAL APPROACH FOR COVID-19 DETECTION

A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection. The system includes an electrochemical probe with three needle-shaped electrodes configured to be inserted into a sputum sample, an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer electrically connected to the electrochemical probe, a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein, and a processor configured to access the memory and execute the processor-readable instructions to perform a method. The method includes applying a sweeping range of electrical potentials to the electrochemical probe utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a set of generated electrical currents versus the applied sweeping range of electrical potential utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, receiving the set of electrical currents from the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, measuring a level of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the sputum sample by measuring a current peak of the set of electrical currents, and detecting a COVID-19 infection status based on the measured level of ROS. Detecting the COVID-19 infection status includes detecting an infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a first range of current peaks and detecting a non-infection with COVID-19 if the measured current peak is in a second range of current peaks. 1. A system for diagnosing COVID-19 infection , comprising:an electrochemical probe comprising three needle-shaped electrodes, the three needle-shaped electrodes configured to be inserted into a sputum sample;an electrochemical stimulator-analyzer electrically connected to the electrochemical probe; and a memory having processor-readable instructions stored therein; and', applying, utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, a sweeping range of electrical potentials to the electrochemical probe;', 'measuring, utilizing the electrochemical stimulator-analyzer, a set of electrical currents generated between a working electrode and a counter electrode of the three ...

ELECTRONIC PLATFORM FOR SENSING AND CONTROL OF ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS

A sensor comprising a semiconductor layer having a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG) and an oxide layer in electronic contact with the semiconductor layer is provided. A method of detecting an analyte molecule using such sensor is also provided. 1. A sensor , comprising:a semiconductor layer having a two dimensional electron gas (2DEG); andan oxide layer in electronic contact with the semiconductor layer.2. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the 2DEG is present at the interface of the semiconductor layer and the oxide layer.3. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of boron (B) claim 1 , aluminum (Al) claim 1 , Gallium (Ga) claim 1 , Indium (In) claim 1 , Thallium (Tl) claim 1 , Nitrogen (N) claim 1 , Phosphorus (P) claim 1 , Arsenic (As) claim 1 , Antimony (Sb) claim 1 , Bismuth (Bi) claim 1 , and combinations thereof.4. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer comprises an oxide of a material selected from the group consisting of boron (B) claim 1 , aluminum (Al) claim 1 , Gallium (Ga) claim 1 , Indium (In) claim 1 , Thallium (Tl) claim 1 , Nitrogen (N) claim 1 , Phosphorus (P) claim 1 , Arsenic (As) claim 1 , Antimony (Sb) claim 1 , Bismuth (Bi) claim 1 , and combinations thereof.5. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of an oxide of Indium claim 1 , an oxide of Arsenic claim 1 , and combinations thereof.6. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the oxide layer is from 0.1 nm to 10 nm.7. The sensor of claim 1 , further comprising an electronic circuit electronically coupled to the semiconductor layer claim 1 , the electronic circuit measuring the electron density of the 2DEG claim 1 , the electron mobility of the 2DEG claim 1 , or combinations thereof.8. The sensor of claim 1 , wherein the oxide layer comprises a functionalizing molecule.9. The sensor of claim 8 , wherein the functionalizing molecule is selected ...

Apparatus and methods for controlled electrochemical surface modification

Disclosed are electrode arrays and methods of focusing charge density (voltage or current) at a functional surface on electrode arrays. An example method comprises: a. providing an electrode array comprising: i. a support substrate; ii. at least one surface structure protruding from an upper surface of the support substrate wherein the surface structure includes an electrode layer; iii. a functional surface on the electrode layer, wherein the functional surface is on an upper portion of the at least one surface structure and wherein the functional surface is adapted to contact an active species in a conductive solution; b. exposing the surface structure to the conductive solution comprising an active species, in which a counter electrode is positioned; c. establishing a current or voltage between the functional surface on the electrode layer and the counter electrode such that the charge density is focussed at the functional surface on the electrode layer.

CONTROLLED TUNNEL GAP DEVICE FOR SEQUENCING POLYMERS

The invention includes compositions, devices, and methods for analyzing a polymer and/or polymer unit. The polymer may be a homo or hetero-polymer such as DNA, RNA, a polysaccharide, or a peptide. The device includes electrodes that form a tunnel gap through which the polymer can pass. The electrodes are functionalized with a reagent attached thereto, and the reagent is capable of forming a transient bond to a polymer unit. When the transient bond forms between the reagent and the unit, a detectable signal is generated and used to analyze the polymer. 1. A method of analyzing a polymer or polymer unit , the method comprising:a) forming a transient bond between a unit of the polymer and a first electrode functionalized with a first reagent and between the unit of the polymer and a second electrode functionalized with a second reagent; andb) detecting a detectable signal when the transient bonds form.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second reagent are the same and are selected from the group consisting of selected from the group consisting of mercaptobenzoic acid claim 1 , 4-mercaptobenzcarbamide claim 1 , imidazole-2-carboxide claim 1 , and 4-carbamonylphenyldithiocarbamate.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is DNA or RNA and the polymer unit is a nucleotide.4. A method of sequencing a polymer claim 1 , the method comprisinga) allowing a unit of the polymer to flow into a tunnel gap formed between a first electrode functionalized with a first reagent and a second electrode functionalized with a second reagent;b) forming a transient bond between a unit of the polymer and the first and second reagents;c) detecting a detectable signal when the transient bonds forms; andd) repeating steps a)-c) for each sequential unit of the polymer. This application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/300,678, filed on Feb. 2, 2010, and to U.S. Provisional Patent Application No. 61/378,838, filed on Aug. 31, 2010, both of which are ...

SPECIMEN COLLECTION FOR MICROBIAL BURDEN CLASSIFICATION AND SPECIMEN TRANSPORTATION TO LAB FOR REPORTING DIRECT-FROM-SPECIMEN ID AND AST

The disclosure relates to methods and systems for biological assays and assay transport systems. 1. A method to collect , pack and transport a specimens for microbiological testing , which comprises:obtaining a specimen for microbiological testing;inoculating the specimen in a plurality of wells, wherein each well comprises different dilutions and/or different antimicrobial agents; wherein the microbial burden is determined by a change of the one or more growth markers from unidentified pathogen growth within a pre-determined viability culture time as part of the specimen transportation time; and/or', 'wherein the antimicrobial susceptibility is determined by a change of one or more growth markers within an antibiotic exposure time as part of the specimen transportation time from unidentified pathogen diluted at different dilution levels with various drug and/or pathogen ratios compared to a Growth Control (GC) condition without any antimicrobials and/or', 'wherein the antimicrobial susceptibility is determined by a change of one or more growth marker from identified pathogen with various drug and/or pathogen ratios compared to Growth Control (GC) without any antimicrobials, and/or', 'wherein the microbial burden or antimicrobial susceptibility are determined by pathogen growth within a pre-determined viability culture time after removing a matrix interference components, and/or', 'wherein the microbial burden or antimicrobial susceptibility are determined by pathogen growth within a pre-determined viability culture time after concentrating the pathogens in the raw specimens., 'determining a change of one or more growth markers to assess a microbial burden or an antimicrobial susceptibility from an identified or an unidentified pathogen(s) under various antimicrobial exposure conditions compared to a Growth Control (GC) condition without any antimicrobials,'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more growth markers comprises nucleic acids claim 1 , proteins ...

Non-enzymatic glucose biosensor and manufacturing method thereof and manufacturing method of nanometal catalyst

A non-enzymatic glucose biosensor and a manufacturing method thereof and a manufacturing method of a nanometal catalyst are provided. The non-enzymatic glucose biosensor includes a voltage source and a working electrode. The working electrode is electrically connected to the voltage source, wherein the working electrode includes a substrate and a nanometal catalyst. The nanometal catalyst is deposited on the substrate and includes polygonal block nanostructures, wherein the nanometal catalyst catalyzes the oxidation reaction of glucose.

Strip for monitering analyte concentrations

The present invention concerns a device for measuring the concentration of analytes in liquid samples such as bodily samples. The device comprises an application zone, to which a sample can be applied, and which contains a specific molecule capable of specifically binding the analyte of interest, said specific molecule being conjugated to a reporter which can give rise to variations in impedance. The resulting complex migrates by capillarity and enters a detection zone, on which another molecule capable of specifically binding the analyte of interest is immobilised. The concentration of reporter molecules in the detection zone is proportional with the concentration of analyte in the sample, and variations in concentration of reporter molecules yield a measurable change in electrical properties such as a change in impedance and/or capacitance which can be correlated to the concentration of analyte. The device is useful for monitoring concentrations of analytes that are biological markers for bacterial, viral or fungal infections, diseases or medical conditions, or their severity, in animals such as humans, farm animals, fish and pets, and in plants.

METHOD OF ANALYZING A BLOOD SAMPLE

A method of analyzing a blood sample is provided. The method comprises providing a system configured to perform an analysis of a glucose level of the blood sample disposed on a test medium, wherein the test medium is one of a quantity of test media in a user's supply, monitoring, by the system, the number of test media of the supply used in performing the analysis, determining, by the system, that a threshold value of test media has been reached, the threshold value being less than the quantity, and performing, by the system, once the threshold value has been reached, an ordering procedure. 1. A method of analyzing a blood sample , the method comprising:providing a system configured to perform an analysis of a glucose level of the blood sample disposed on a test medium, wherein the test medium is one of a quantity of test media in a user's supply;monitoring, by the system, the number of test media of the supply used in performing the analysis;determining, by the system, that a threshold value of test media has been reached, the threshold value being less than the quantity; andperforming, by the system, once the threshold value has been reached, an ordering procedure.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the system comprises a glucometer configured to perform the analysis and transmit data claim 1 , and a remote computing device configured to receive a transmission from the glucometer.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the remote computing device is configured to communicate with an external network.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the remote computing device is selected from the group including a mobile phone and a tablet computer.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the monitoring comprises receiving an indication of the quantity of the user's supply of test media.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the indication is at least partially based on information regarding a previous ordering procedure.7. The method according ...

Methods and systems for analyzing a blood sample

A method of analyzing a blood sample is provided. The method comprises providing a glucometer configured to analyze a blood sample and a remote computing device separate from the glucometer, analyzing, by the glucometer, the blood sample, and presenting, by the glucometer, encoded results. The encoded results may be presented as a machine-readable visually-encoded representation of one or more results of the analysis, in which case the method further comprises imaging, by the remote computing device, the representation. The encoded results may be presented as a capacitive profile, in which case the method further comprises reading, by a capacitive sensing input mechanism of the remote computing device, the capacitive profile. According to either option, the method further comprises decoding, by the remote computing device, the representation, thereby retrieving at least one of the results.

MODIFYING PROTEINS (GPCR), LIGANDS, AND NANOPORE SURFACES TO ALLOW THE DETECTION OF CREATE BINDING-INDUCED MOLECULAR CHANGES OF PROTEIN-LIGAND COMPLEXES WITH NANOCHANNEL TRANSLOCATION

A mechanism is provided for utilizing a nanodevice to distinguish molecules with different structure. The molecules translocate through or across a nanochannel filled with a electrolyte solution. An electrical signal through the nanochannel is measured for every translocation event. Inner surfaces of the nanochannel include a functional layer, which is a coating to functionalize the nanochannel, in which the functional layer is configured to interact with predetermined ones of the molecules during translocation events. It is determined that a combination of at least two different molecules is formed based on predetermined ones of the molecules interacting with the functional layer to change the electrical signal and/or change a translocation time for the translocation event. 1. A method for determining binding capability of a target ligand with a G protein-coupled receptor comprising:introducing the target ligand to the G protein-coupled receptor;translocating the target ligand and the G protein-coupled receptor partially or entirely through one or more nanochannels filled with an electrolyte solution based on an electric potential difference applied in a longitudinal direction of the one or more nanochannels to define an event;measuring one or more electrical signals for every event, the event being at least one translocation event, at least one binding event, or a combination of at least one translocation event and at least one binding event, the one or more electrical signals determined by at least one signal being measured through, across, or both through and across the one or more nanochannels; anddetermining that the target ligand and the G protein-coupled receptor are bound to one another based on a change in the one or more electrical signals and a change in translocation time for the translocation event.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the translocation event is defined by the following:the target ligand, the G protein-coupled receptor, or the target ...

BIOCHEMICAL TEST CHIP AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

Provided is a biochemical test chip including an insulating substrate, an electrode unit, a first insulating septum, a reactive layer and a second insulating septum. The insulating substrate has a first vent hole. The electrode unit is located on the insulating substrate. The first insulating septum is located on the electrode unit. The first insulating septum has an opening which exposes a part of the electrode unit. The reactive layer is located in the opening. The second insulating septum is located on the first insulating septum. The second insulating septum has a second vent hole. The first vent hole is at least partially overlapped with the second vent hole. 1. A biochemical test chip , comprising:an insulating substrate, having a first vent hole;an electrode unit, located on the insulating substrate;a first insulating septum, located on the electrode unit and having an opening, wherein the opening exposes a part of the electrode unit;a reactive layer, located in the opening; anda second insulating septum, located on the first insulating septum and having a second vent hole, wherein the first vent hole is at least partially overlapped with the second vent hole.2. The biochemical test chip as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the first vent hole is disposed in the insulating substrate at a first side of the opening claim 1 , and the second vent hole is disposed in the second insulating septum at the first side of the opening.3. The biochemical test chip as claimed in claim 2 , wherein a distance between the first vent hole and the first side of the opening is larger than a distance between the second vent hole and the first side of the opening.4. The biochemical test chip as claimed in claim 2 , wherein a distance between the first vent hole and the first side of the opening is smaller than a distance between the second vent hole and the first side of the opening.5. The biochemical test chip as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the second insulating septum further ...

OPTICAL IMAGING OF SINGLE MOLECULE SIZE, CHARGE, MOBILITY, BINDING AND CONFORMATIONAL CHANGE

A method for optical imaging of single protein molecules including tethering single protein molecules via a flexible polymer linker to a glass slide having a surface coated with an indium tin oxide (ITO) so that the single protein molecules are tethered to the coated surface. The single protein molecules are driven into oscillation by applying an alternating electric field to the coated surface and the glass slide is located in the field of view of an objective lens. Incident light is directed onto the coated surface from an angle to generate an evanescent field and produce scattered light. The scattered light is collected and imaged by a CMOS imager to record a sequence of images of the scattered light. A Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) filter is applied to each pixel of the recorded image sequence to produce an oscillation amplitude image from which size, charge, and mobility of the plurality of single protein molecules can be determined. 1. A method for optical imaging of single molecules comprising:tethering a plurality of single molecules via a flexible polymer linker to a conductive surface;driving the plurality of single molecules into oscillation by applying an alternating electric field to the conductive surface;directing incident light onto the conductive surface through an objective lens from an angle to generate an evanescent field near the conductive surface, where the evanescent field interacts with the plurality of single molecules driven to oscillation and produces scattered light;collecting the scattered light;operating an imager to record a sequence of images of the scattered light;applying an algorithm to the recorded sequence of images to remove noise at frequencies other than the frequency of the applied field to produce an oscillation amplitude image; anddetermining size, charge, and mobility of the plurality of single molecules from the oscillation amplitude image.2. The method of wherein the conductive surface comprises a glass slide having a ...

Molecularly-Imprinted Electrochemical Sensors

Provided herein are devices (e.g., electrochemical sensors useful for detecting volatile organic compounds associated with certain diseases or conditions and/or diagnosing certain diseases or conditions). The devices comprise one or more layers of metal on a layer of silicon, and a layer of molecularly imprinted polymer in electrical communication with the one or more layers of metal, wherein the one or more layers of metal are each independently selected from a layer of chromium, platinum, gold, nickel, cobalt, tungsten, rhodium, iridium, silver, tin, titanium or tantalum, or an alloy thereof. Methods of using the devices (e.g., to detect one or more analytes in a sample, to detect and/or diagnose a disease or condition in a subject), and methods of making the devices are also provided.

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS AND COMPOUNDS FOR THE DETECTION OF ENZYMES

Disclosed are compositions and methods for the electrochemical detection of enzymes, such as enzymes that are indicative of disease, disorders, or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, or other disorders. These methods can be used in point-of-care diagnostic assays for the detection of disease, disorder, or pathogen (e.g., to identify the strain of pathogen infecting a patient in a healthcare setting). The electrochemical methods described herein can also be used to assess the susceptibility of a pathogen to an antipathogen drug. Also provided are probes suitable for use in conjunction with the methods described herein. 5. The compound of claim 3 , wherein X is claim 3 , in each occurrence —OH.6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Rand Rare claim 1 , in each occurrence claim 1 , —H.7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein A is —OH.8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Ris —NHC(═O)CH.9. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L is absent.10. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L is a bivalent linking moiety.12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein L is a polyvalent linking moiety.14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is 1.15. The compound of claim 1 , wherein n is from 2 to 8.16. A method of electrochemically detecting an enzyme in a sample comprising:(a) providing a probe comprising a substrate for the enzyme covalently linked to an electrochemically active moiety via a bond that is cleavable by the enzyme;(b) contacting the sample with the probe under conditions effective for enzymatic cleavage of the bond by the enzyme;(c) electrochemically detecting the electrochemically active moiety enzymatically cleaved by the enzyme.1724-. (canceled)25. The method of claim 16 , wherein the enzyme is a pathogen-specific enzyme selected from a viral neuraminidase claim 16 , a reverse transcriptase or protease claim 16 , an isoform of β-lactamase sulfatase claim 16 , a β-glucuronidase claim 16 , a carbapenamase claim 16 , a lysyl aminopeptidase claim 16 , or an α mannoside.2637-. ( ...

DISPOSABLE GLUCOSE BIOSENSOR INCLUDING AN ACTIVITY SENSOR

Example disposable biosensor devices having an activity sensor are disclosed. One example device includes a disposable biosensor that has a first electrode having a distal end to be inserted into a subcutaneous layer beneath a person's skin, the first electrode having a reactive material disposed on the distal end, and a second electrode. The disposable biosensor device also includes an activity sensor that can be activated upon an activity by the person, the activity sensor for detecting the activity and providing data about the activity. The disposable biosensor also includes a radio frequency transmitter for transmitting data obtained from the first or second electrode and the activity sensor. 1. A disposable biosensor comprising:a first electrode having a distal end insertable into a subcutaneous layer beneath a patient's skin, the first electrode having a reactive material disposed on the distal end;a second electrode comprising a counter electrode to the first electrode;an activity sensor to sense activity and provide sensor information, the sensor information comprising information about a physical movement of the patient; anda radio frequency (“RF”) transmitter in communication with the first and second electrodes and the activity sensor to transmit biosensor information.2. The disposable biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the reactive material comprises a glucose oxidase material.3. The disposable biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the activity sensor comprises at least one of an accelerometer claim 1 , a gyroscope claim 1 , a heart rate sensor claim 1 , a galvanic skin response sensor claim 1 , an inertial measurement unit claim 1 , or a temperature sensor.4. The disposable biosensor of claim 1 , wherein the information about the physical movement of the patient comprises at least one of: a duration of the physical movement claim 1 , a number of steps taken by the patient during the physical movement claim 1 , a heart rate of the patient claim 1 , a respiration ...

PROCESS FOR MODIFYING THE SURFACE OF ELECTRODES FOR THE CONSTRUCTION OF ELECTROCHEMICAL BIOSENSORS

Development of a technique that is intended to modify, stabilize, functionalize, and reuse the surface of screen-printed electrodes, by means of the application of Rhodamine 6G as a working area modifying organic compound, enabling the creation of immunosensors that use proteins or their biological or synthetic fragments, antigens, antibodies, peptides, DNA, enzymes, RNA, and aptamers as analytes or as an element of biological recognition. 1) An electrode surface modification process for construction of electrochemical biosensors characterized in that it comprises the following steps:a) 2 μL to 4 μL of rhodamine 6G were applied to the working electrode surface;b) physical adsorption was carried out between 10 to 20 minutes at room temperature;c) then, the electrode was connected to the receiver of the PalmSens 3 potentiostat (Compact Electrochemical Interfaces) and electrodeposition was performed in three consecutive measurements in cyclic voltammetry (V=10 to 200 mV.s−1) using 50 to 120 μL of potassium ferroferricyanide from 1 mM to 5 mM/0.1M Kcl as supporting electrolyte;d) after this step, the electrode was washed with 100 μL of distilled water and then dried at room temperature.2) The modification process as in claim 1 , wherein it comprises a graphite electrode (screen-printed DRP 110) or other working electrodes preferably of conductive material claim 1 , presenting electrochemical inertia in the range of −0.4V and +1.4V (versus Ag/AgCl or Ag) claim 1 , such as vitreous carbon claim 1 , carbon paste claim 1 , diamond claim 1 , gold claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , and may be a combination of nanotechnological materials such as polymeric films claim 1 , graphene claim 1 , carbon nanotubes and nanoparticles on the surface of the electrodes claim 1 , as well as in the probes used for recognition.3) The modification process as in claim 1 , wherein it encompasses the use of rhodamine 6G in concentrations ranging from 100 μg to 100 mg diluted in an organic solvent claim ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL METHODS AND COMPOUNDS FOR THE DETECTION OF ENZYMES

Disclosed are compositions and methods for the electrochemical detection of enzymes, such as enzymes that are indicative of disease, disorders, or pathogens, such as viruses, bacteria, and fungi, or other disorders. These methods can be used in point-of-care diagnostic assays for the detection of disease, disorder, or pathogen (e.g., to identify the strain of pathogen infecting a patient in a healthcare setting). The electrochemical methods described herein can also be used to assess the susceptibility of a pathogen to an antipathogen drug. Also provided are probes suitable for use in conjunction with the methods described herein. 144-. (canceled)46. The compound of claim 45 , wherein the substrate of neuraminidase is selected from a sialic acid or a derivative thereof.49. The compound of claim 48 , wherein the inhibitor of viral neuraminidase is selected from laninamivir claim 48 , oseltamivir claim 48 , zanamivir claim 48 , peramivir claim 48 , or a derivative thereof.50. The compound of claim 48 , wherein the wherein E is covalently linked to the substrate via a linker claim 48 , L claim 48 , and wherein L is selected from a polyvalent linking moiety or a bivalent linking moiety.52. A method of electrochemically detecting an enzyme in a sample comprising:(a) providing a probe comprising a substrate for neuraminidase enzyme covalently linked to an electrochemically active moiety, E, via a bond that is cleavable by the enzyme;(b) contacting the sample with the probe under conditions effective for enzymatic cleavage of the bond by the enzyme;(c) electrochemically detecting the electrochemically active moiety enzymatically cleaved by the enzyme.53. The method of claim 52 , wherein the electrochemically active moiety is chosen from a hydroquinone moiety claim 52 , a fluorene moiety claim 52 , an alcohol claim 52 , or a saccharide.54. The method of claim 53 , wherein the electrochemically active moiety is a saccharide chosen from glucose claim 53 , galactose claim 53 , ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR DETECTION OF BIOAVAILABLE DRUG CONCENTRATION

The present invention is directed to an electrochemical sensor involving an electrode and a coating that surrounds the electrode, the coating comprising a structural component, a water immiscible solvent, a resistance decreasing component, and an ion exchange component, wherein the coating selectively partitions an electrochemically active drug from a fluid or vapor sample whereby an electrochemical signal within the coating can be measured using the electrode. Devices and methods for using this electrochemical sensor are also disclosed. 1. An electrochemical sensor comprising:an electrode and a coating that surrounds the electrode, the coating comprising a structural component, a water immiscible solvent, a resistance decreasing component, and an ion exchange component,wherein the coating selectively partitions an electrochemically active drug from a fluid or vapor sample whereby an electrochemical signal within the coating can be measured using the electrode.2. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical sensor is a chronoamperometric sensor claim 1 , voltammetric sensor claim 1 , a potentiometric sensor claim 1 , a conductometric sensor claim 1 , or a coulometric sensor.3. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 1 , wherein the ion exchange component comprises either (i) a cation exchanger comprising a hydrophilic cation and a lipophilic anion claim 1 , or (ii) an anion exchanger comprising a lipophilic cation and a hydrophilic anion.4. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 3 , wherein the cation exchanger comprises a hydrophilic cation selected from the group of alkali metal cations claim 3 , alkaline earth metal cations claim 3 , transition metal cations claim 3 , and complex cations.5. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 3 , wherein the cation exchanger comprises a lipophilic anion selected from the group of tetraphenylborate claim 3 , tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate claim 3 , tetrakis(4-chlorophenyl) ...

SYSTEMS, DEVICES AND METHODS FOR SENSING BIOMARKERS USING ENZYMATIC AND IMMUNOSENSING ELECTROCHEMICAL DETECTION TECHNIQUES

Disclosed are devices, systems and methods for monitoring one or more biomarkers using an electrochemical immunosensor sensor with an integrated enzymatic and immunosensing electrochemical detection capability. In some aspects, an electrochemical sensor device for monitoring glucose and insulin includes a substrate; and a plurality of electrodes disposed on the substrate, the plurality of electrodes including a first electrode to sense glucose, a second electrode to sense insulin, and a counter electrode to the first and second electrodes, in which the first electrode includes a glucose oxidase enzyme linked to a surface of the first electrode, and the second electrode includes an insulin capture antibody linked to a second electrode through a self-assembly monolayer, and in which, when the device is electrically coupled to an electronics unit, the device is operable to detect insulin and glucose from a fluid. 1. A sensor device for simultaneous monitoring two or more analytes , comprising:a substrate; andtwo or more detecting electrodes disposed on the substrate, the two or more detecting electrodes including a first electrode to sense a first analyte by an enzymatic or direct electrochemical detection, and a second electrode to sense a second analyte by an immunosensing detection;a first functionalization layer disposed on the first electrode, the first functionalization layer including a catalyst to facilitate an electrochemical reaction to detect the first analyte at the first electrode;a second functionalization layer disposed on the second electrode, the second functionalization layer including a capture antibody to facilitate an electrochemical immune assay reaction to detect the second analyte at the second electrode; anda counter electrode to detect a signal with respect to that detected by the one or both of the first electrode and the second electrode.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first analyte includes glucose and the second analyte includes ...

OPIOID DETECTION BASED ON HIGH QUALITY GRAPHENE TRANSISTOR ARRAYS AND A SYNTHETIC MU RECEPTOR

The present invention provides methods for fabricating field-effect devices and sensor arrays. The field of the invention also pertains to methods of using the sensors individually, in combination, and in array fashion to detect molecules. The present invention also provides for products produced by the methods of the present invention and for apparatuses used to perform the methods of the present invention. 1. A method of detecting the presence of an analyte and/or determining analyte concentration in a sample , comprising:applying a voltage to a graphene field effect transistor sensor having a conduction channel and comprising a detection molecule being bound by an amide bond to the graphene;measuring a current of the sensor;exposing the conduction channel to the sample;measuring the current of the sensor;determining the presence and/or concentration of the analyte based upon a difference in the current; anddetermining the conformational changes of the receptor upon analyte binding.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one detection molecule comprises a G-protein-coupled-receptor molecule claim 1 , an enzyme claim 1 , a peptide claim 1 , an endorphin claim 1 , a receptor claim 1 , a ligand claim 1 , or any combination thereof.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the G-protein-coupled-receptor comprises a mu receptor protein.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the mu receptor protein comprises (a) a protein UniProtKB: P07550 or an associated variant with the capability to bind opioid ligands claim 3 , (b) a protein having an amino acid sequence that is at least about 95% identical to any one of SEQ ID 1 through SEQ ID 9 claim 3 , or any combination thereof of (a) and (b).5. A method of claim 4 , wherein the analyte is an opioid.6. A method of fabricating a sensing device claim 4 , comprisingeffecting deposition of a graphene layer over a top surface of a metal catalyst foil having a top surface and a bottom surface;selectively depositing a gold layer over ...