ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ СВЕТОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КАРТРИДЖ И ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО

... 1. Электрофотографический светочувствительный элемент, содержащий:цилиндрическую опору;проводящий слой, сформированный на цилиндрической опоре, проводящий слой содержит связующий материал и частицы оксида металла и не содержит в себе сурьмы; исветочувствительный слой, сформированный на проводящем слое; при этомв тех случаях, когда проводится испытание, при котором напряжение -1,0 кВ, имеющее только составляющую напряжения постоянного тока, непрерывно прикладывается к проводящему слою в течение 1 часа, проводящий слой имеет объемное удельное сопротивление, удовлетворяющее следующим математическим выражениям (1) и (2), в качестве значений до и после испытания:-2,00≤(log|ρ|-log|ρ|)≤2,00(1) и1,0·10≤ρ≤2,0·10 (2)где в выражениях (1) и (2): ρ- объемное удельное сопротивление (Ом·см) проводящего слоя, которое измерено до испытания; ρ- объемное удельное сопротивление (Ом·см) проводящего слоя, которое измерено после испытания.2. Электрофотографический светочувствительный элемент по п.1, в котором ...

Фоточувствительный материал

ELEKTROPHOTOGRAPHISCHES ELEMENT ZUR BILDERZEUGUNG UND VERFAHREN ZU SEINER HERSTELLUNG

Multiaktive elektrophotographische Elemente enthaltend ein Substrat dass an einer Oberfläche hervertretende Partikel enthält

Verfahren zur Herstellung einer elektrofotografischen Bildplatte

Improvements in or relating to electrophotography

The polymeric photoconductive compositions of Specification 964,875 (including poly-N-vinyl-carbazole itself) are modified by including therein as sensitizer a hydrazine, hydrazide or hydrazone, and, if desired, a compound as described in Specification 988,361. The preferred polymers are poly-N-vinyl-carbazole and copolymers thereof with methyl methacrylate or ethyl acrylate. Specification 856,770 also is referred to.

BI-MODAL PHOTORECEPTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC COPYING MATERIAL

... 1280884 Polyepoxide compositions RICOH KK 12 June 1969 [14 June 1968] 7277/72 Divided out of 1280882 Heading C3B [Also in Division H1] A polymer comprises the reaction product of a polymer containing an epoxy group with a water-soluble amino resin, an amino compound, a dibasic acid or an acid anhydride. An epoxy resin is made from glycidyl methacrylate and methyl methacrylate with butyl laurate or ethyl acrylate or butyl acrylate with styrene. This resin is dispersed in water together with dimethylol melamine, trimethylol melamine or urea-formalin resin and ammonium chloride and optionally an acrylic resin, coated on paper and dried at 150‹C. An alternative composition which is electrically conductive is made by dispersing the epoxy resin in water together with polyvinyl alcohol, trimethylol or dimethylol melamine, ammonium chloride, clay, sodium hexametaphosphate and polyvinylbenzyl trimethyl ammonium chloride, coating the mixture on paper and drying at 150‹ C.

ELECTOPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES ELEKTROPHOTO- GRAPHISCHEN MATERIALS

Electricalgraphic field electrode

ELECTROGRAPHIC PLATE

HIGH SPEED ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC MEDIUM AND METHOD

An electrophotographic medium which comprises a transparent substrate, ohmic layer and coating of photoconductive material, all of which form a modulating structure for the radiant energy that is adapted to be projected through the substrate; a dielectric layer (storage medium) intimately bonded to the surface of the photoconductive coating;and a conductive electrode in intimate contact with the dielectric layer. The structure is used by connecting a d.c. voltage across the outer electrode and the ohmic layer and projecting the image onto the electrophotographic medium from the bottom surface of the substrate. The charge image appears on the dielectric layer. The charge image is read out with an electronic beam or toned and fixed or transferred. During use the electrode is brought into intimate contact with the dielectric layer and removed after forming the charge image in order to enable the medium to be processed further without the electrode. The interface between the dielectric layer ...

ELECTRICALLY ACTIVATED RECORDING MATERIAL CONTAINING A DYE-FORMING COUPLER AND AN OXIDATION-REDUCTION COMBINATION

DYE FORMING ELECTRICALLY ACTIVATED RECORDING MATERIAL AND PROCESS A dye-forming electrically activated recording element comprises an electrically conductive support having thereon (a) an electrically activated recording layer comprising in an electrically conductive polymeric binder, an organic silver salt and a reducing agent, (b) a photoconductive layer separated from (a) by an air gap of up to 20 microns and (c) an electrically conductive layer on (b), wherein the recording layer (a) comprises in reactive association, (A) a dye-forming coupler, and (B) an oxidationreduction combination comprising (i) an organic silver salt oxidizing agent, with (ii) a reducing agent which in its oxidized form forms a dye with the dye-forming coupler. The recording element can be room light handleable and can provide a dye image and silver image by dry development processing.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC-MAGNETIC DUPLEX IMAGING METHOD

An electrophotgraphic magnetic imaging member comprises a conductive, magnetizable layer in contact with a photoconductive layer. An electrostatic latent image is formed on the photoconductive layer utilizing the conductive, magnetizable layer as a conductive electrode in carrying out the electrophotgraphic discharge step. The conductive, magnetizable layer is also magnetized with a selected spatial wavelength of magnetic transitions. The electrostatic latent image is developed with toner which reflects or absorbs visible electromagnetic radiation. The imaging member is exposed to visible electromagnetic radiation from the photoconductive side. In one embodiment, the visible radiation is absorbed or reflected by the toned image and is transmitted through uncovered poritons of the photoconductor, heating the conductive, magnetizable layer and thermoremanently erasing magnetic transitions in the magnetizable layer. In another embodiment, the visible radiation is absorbed by a thin photoconductive ...

GAIN PHOTOCURRENT DEVICE

High quantum yields are provided by sandwiching an insulating layer in contact with a photoconductor between two electrodes. The sandwiched structure in conjunction with an applied electrical potential and excitation light provides an electrical switching device. Optionally, an imaging layer can be included between the photoconductive layer and one of the electrodes, and can be imaged with increased sensitivity. The thickness of the photoconductive layer to the insulating layer is in the ratio of at least about 10 to 1.

ELECTROGRAPHIC ELEMENT PROVIDED WITH ELECTRICAL CONNECTION MEANS

GAIN PHOTOCURRENT DEVICE

METHOD FOR CONTROLLING THE ELECTRICAL ARCING OF THE X-RAY DETECTOR PLATE

A detector plate for use in a radiation imaging system includes a first conductive layer, a dielectric layer, a photoconductive layer and a second conductive layer, arranged as a stack in that order. The first conductive layer and the dielectric layer are substantially transparent to radiation energy so as to allow the energy to pass therethrough to be received by the photoconductive layer. The first conductive layer has a periphery defined by a first edge and the dielectric layer has a periphery defined by a second edge, wherein the first edge is offset inward of the second edge defining a margin between the first and second edges. In use, this margin helps inhibit electrical arcing from the first conductive layer to the second conductive layer when a high voltage is applied between these two layers. A preferred embodiment of the detector plate includes an electrically insulative barrier of silicone based Sylgard in the margin around the periphery of the first conductive layer in the form ...

Elektrophotographisches Reflexkopierverfahren

Procédé de développement électrophotographique en couleur et révélateur pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé

Zur Herstellung einer Flachdruckform bestimmtes flächenförmiges Material

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reflexkopien auf elektrophotographischem Wege

Zur Herstellung einer Flachdruckform bestimmtes flächenförmiges Material

Verfahren zur Herstellung einer elektrofotografischen Bildplatte

Electrode discontinue destinée à être utilisée dans un dispositif d'impression ou de reproduction électrographique

Procédé et dispositif de protection d'un accélérateur linéaire à haute fréquence contre les déviations anormales du faisceau

Elektrophotographische Bildplatte und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

Elektrophotographischer Aufzeichnungsträger mit einer auf ein Substrat aufgebrachten photoleitenden Schicht

Photoleitende Folie für die Bildreproduktion und Verfahren zu ihrer Herstellung

Speichermittel

Elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungselement, sowie dessen Verwendung zur Aufzeichnung

Elektrolytisches Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines quartären Ammoniumhydroxydes

Aufzeichnungsträger und Verwendung desselben

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum elektrophotographischen Drucken oder Kopieren

Elektrophotographisches Reflexkopierverfahren und Schichtanordnung zur Durchführung des Verfahrens

Dispositif d'impression électrographique

Electrophotographic element for image generation, process for its production and use of the element

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING CARRIER AND ITS USE IN AN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCOPYING APPARATUS.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING AND RENDER IT USABLE A CHARGE PATTERN AND AGENT AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS FOR ITS IMPLEMENTATION.

PROCEDURE FOR THE TRAINING OF AN ELECTRICAL CHARGE PATTERN ON THE INSULATING LAYER OF A SANDWICH FROM AN INSULATING LAYER, A PHOTO-CONDUCTIVE AND A CONDUCTIVE LAYER.

ASSEMBLAGE PHOTORECEPTEUR

Un assemblage photorécepteur pour électrophotographie par transfert de charge comporte un photoconducteur et un substrat conducteur entre lesquels est interposé un semi-conducteur pour éviter des phénomènes de claquage perforant. Le semi-conducteur et le photoconducteur sont constitués à partir de la même matrice par une variation de la charge, par exemple du sulfure de cadmium ...

N?ALKYL MORPHOLINE TREATMENT OF A SELENIUM?CONTAINING PHOTOCONDUCTIVE LAYER

Sophisticated electrophotographic material

Process electrographic of reproduction.

COPYING MATERIAL FOR USE IN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY

Xerographic and proceeded stereotype of xerographic reproduction

PROCESS FOR THE ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION OF HIGH-ENERGY-RADIATION IMAGES AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC COPYING MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE PROCESS

TRANSPARENT IMAGING MEDIUM

Process and device safety against an accidental deviation of the beam of a linear accelerator of particles

Thick intermediate and undercoating layers for electrophotographic imaging members, and method for making the same

An electrographic or electrostatographic imaging member comprises a supporting substrate, an undercoating layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transport layer. Thick undercoating layers were prepared with a charge erase enabler by doping an undercoating layer with a charge generating pigment that is strongly absorbing at typical erase lamp light. Doped thick undercoating layers demonstrate good electrical properties with an erase energy reduction of at least 50 V. A process for fabricating an imaging member and an apparatus comprising such an member are also disclosed.

Information recording medium, and information recording a reproducing method

Information recording media enable images to be recorded and reproduced with high resolution, wherein oozing of liquid crystal material thereof is prevented and the information recorded without unevenness. A first recording medium has an information recording layer comprising a liquid crystal phase and an ultraviolet curing resin phase. The information recording layer is stacked on an electrode layer provided on a substrate by coating a mixed solution of liquid crystal and ultraviolet curing resin material on the surface of the electrode layer and then irradiating the coating by irradiation with ultraviolet rays, thereby forming a cured skin layer of the resin material on the outer surface of the information recording layer. A second recording medium has a transparent electrode layer additionally provided on the information recording layer of the first recording medium. A third recording medium has an electrode layer, a photoconductive layer, an information recording layer, and an electrode ...

SHEET MATERIAL

Electrically activatable recording element and process

An electrically activatable recording (EAR) element capable of producing a positive image comprises an electrically activatable recording layer comprising a transition metal complex selected from the group consisting of Group VIIIB and Group IB metal complexes in a film forming ionic polymer that is capable of undergoing an imagewise reorientation upon exposure to electric current and, upon such exposure, development of an image in the exposed areas of the recording layer is restricted. The recording element is light handleable and provides a non-silver positive image upon exposure and processing.

Electrophotographic recording material and method of manufacturing same

An electrophotographic recording material having a porous layer of photoconductor-binder, particularly with crystalline tetragonal lead monoxide as the photoconductor, is provided between an electrically conductive layer and a dielectric foil, said pores of the layer of photoconductor-binder, prior to providing the foil, being filled with a high-ohmic dielectric liquid to wet both the layer of photoconductor-binder and the foil. Preferably, the pores of the layer are filled with tetramethyl tin as the photoconductor-binder. As a result of this, the use of an adhesive between the foil and the layer of photoconductor-binder may be omitted. A large porosity and hence a great sensitivity of the layer of photoconductor-binder are maintained.

Organophotoreceptor having an improved ground stripe

An organophotoreceptor comprising (a) at least one photoconductive element capable of retaining an electrophotographic latent image; (b) an electrically conductive substrate having an electrically conductive surface; (c) an electrically conductive ground stripe adjacent to the photoconductive element and in electrical contact with the electrically conductive substrate, wherein the electrically conductive ground stripe comprising a film forming binder, conductive particles, inorganic particles having a Mohs hardness greater than 5, and a surfactant; (d) at least a charge transport compound; and (e) at least a charge generating compound.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor

An electrophotographic photoreceptor having on a conductive support an interlayer and a photoconductive photoreceptive layer in that order, with the interlayer containing at least one colloidal substance selected from colloidal silica and colloidal alumina, and an organic solvent soluble resin which is composed of (A) a polymer having an acid value of from 10 to 100 and containing repeating units represented by formula (I) and (II) (I) wherein R1 represents H or CH3; R2 represents H, -CH3, -C2H5, or a chloromethyl group; and n represents an integer of 1 to 10; (II) wherein R3 represents H or -CH3; and (B) at least one polymer selected from a homopolymer and a plural copolymer having a glass transition point (Tg) of from -70 DEG to 20 DEG C., which can be utilized as a lithographic printing material having long press life.

Overcoated photoresponsive device

This invention is directed to an improved photoresponsive device comprised of a substrate, a hole transport layer, an adhesive layer, an organic photoconductive layer sensitive to infrared radiation, an inorganic photogenerating layer, and an optional polymeric overcoating layer.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor having excellent stability in terms of electrical properties and interlayer adhesion strength and electrophotographic imaging apparatus employing the same

An electrophotographic photoreceptor including an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer that are sequentially formed on an electrically conductive substrate, wherein the undercoat layer has a structure in which metal oxide particles and dialkylcitrate-chelated zirconate represented by Formula 1, illustrated below, are dissolved or dispersed in a binder resin, and an electrophotographic imaging apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor: wherein R1 and R2 are each independently a C1-20 linear or branched alkyl group. The electrophotographic photoreceptor has excellent stability of electrical properties and interlayer adhesion strength, by including the undercoat layer.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a specific conductive layer and promising less variation in light-area potential and residual potential in reproducing images repeatedly, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member are provided. Where a test in which a voltage of 1.0 kV having only a DC voltage component is continuously applied to the conductive layer for 1 hour is conducted, the conductive layer has volume resistivity satisfying the following mathematical expressions (1) and (2), as values before and after the test: 2.00(log|2|log|1|)2.00(1), and 1.0×10812.0×1013(2), where, in the expressions (1) and (2), 1 is volume resistivity (·cm) of the conductive layer as measured before the test and 2 is volume resistivity (·cm) of the conductive layer as measured after the test.

LIGHT RECEIVING MEMBER

PURPOSE: To prevent the titled member from the generation of an interference fringe by forming the titled member of a photosensitive layer and a surface layer on a substrate and by forming the surface layer of a wear-resisting layer and an antireflection layer, and by forming plural concave and convex shapes due to a spherical trace cavities, and further by forming the plural minute projection and recessed shapes within said spherical trace cavity. CONSTITUTION: The titled member is provided with a light receiving layer having the photosensitive layer 102 composed of a noncrystalline material contg. a silicone atom and at least one of a germanium atom or a tin atom, and having the surface layer 103 on the substrate 101. The surface layer 103 of the titled member is composed of the multiple layer having the wear-resisting layer at the most outer layer thereof, and the antireflection layer at the inner layer thereof whereby the reflection of an incident light is prevented at the interface ...

IMAGING MEMBER

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide an imaging member and an electrophotographic imaging method for the imaging member. SOLUTION: The imaging method utilizing the imaging member containing a supporting substrate, a layer of a charge carrier injecting surface, a hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a layer of a charge carrier transport material, a layer of an charge carrier generating material, an optional charge trapping layer, a crossed linked silicone rubber, and an electrically insulating covercoating layer is provided. The member is first charged with electrostatic charges of a first polarity, charged a second time with electrostatic charges of a polarity opposite to the first polarity in order to substantially neutralize the charges residing on the electrically insulating surface of the member and exposed to an imagewise pattern of activating electromagnetic radiation whereby an electrostatic latent image is formed. The electrostatic latent image may be developed to form a ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC SENSITIVE BODY

PURPOSE: To depress occurrence of image defects, such as white spots or white mottles due to repeated uses by forming an undercoat made of an N- alkoxymethylated nylon resin containing Na, Ca, and P elements as impurities each in a specified concentration or less. CONSTITUTION: The electrophotographic sensitive body is formed by laminating on a conductive substrate 1 the undercoat 2, an electric charge generating layer 3, and a charge transfer layer 4, and the undercoat 2 is made of an N- alkoxymethylated nylon resin containing Na, Ca, and P elements as impurities each in a concentration of ≤10ppm, thus permitting injection of carriers from the conductive substrate 1 to be prevented during repeated copying operations, occurrence of image defects, such as white spots and white mottles to be repeated, and excellent repetition stability to be ensured. COPYRIGHT: (C)1989,JPO&Japio ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC SENSITIVE BODY

PURPOSE: To obtain an electrophotographic sensitive body suitable for the Carlson method, high in reliability, prevented from peeling, and long in life by using a mixture of a hardenable resin and a polyester resin. CONSTITUTION: A mixture of a hardenable resin and a polyester resin is used as the binder resin of a protective layer to be formed on the surface. Such a protective layer can be formed by coating the surface of a photosensitive body with a soln. of said resin mixture and drying it or applying to the surface the film of said mixture formed in advance. As the photosensitive body used here, an org. photoconductor obtained by dispersing into a binder, an electrostatic charge transfer complex, such as poly-N-vinylcarbazole, and a pigment, such as phthalocyanine, are enumerated, and especially, a photoconductor contg. a polycarbonate resin, etc. in the surface layer is preferable. Adhesion between this protective layer and a photosensitive body, especially between it and an org. photoconductive ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRPAHIC RECEPTOR

PURPOSE: To prevent the cracking and stripping of an amorphous silicon layer, by forming an intermediate layer contg. Al on an electrically conductive substrate made of an Al material and the amorphous silicon layer on the intermediate layer. CONSTITUTION: An intermediate layer 4 contg. Al and one or more among Si, C, O, N and H is formed on an electrically conductive substrate 3' made of an Al material by decomposing gaseous aluminum chloride (AlCl3) or trimethyl aluminum [Al(CH3)3] by glow discharge. An amorphous silicon layer 5 is then formed on the layer 4 by the glow discharge of gaseous silane (SiH4) or the like. Stress acting on the boundary between the layers 3, 5 owing to the difference in coefft. of thermal expansion between Al and amorphous silicon is relieved by the layer 4 whose coefft. of thermal expansion is between the coeffts. of Al and amorphous silicon, so the cracking and stripping of the layer 5 can be prevented. COPYRIGHT: (C)1984,JPO&Japio ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC SENSITIVE BODY

PURPOSE: To improve adhesiveness and wear resistance by using an alkyl etherified melamine/formaldehyde resin alone or the compsn. contg. said resin as an intermediate layer between a photoconductor layer and conductive substrate layer. CONSTITUTION: A butyl etherified melamine/formaldehyde resin is optimum for the alkyl etherified melamine/formaldehyde resin to be used. The resin having ≤1,500 number average molecular weight, 2W4 number of bound formaldehyde for each one melamine nucleus and 1W2 number of methyrol groups is more particularly preferable. A polymer and copolymer of a vinyl compd. such as, for example, acrylate and methacrylate contg. a hydroxyl group, acrylic resin and alkyd resin, etc. are usable as the curable resin which can react with the melamine resin. The conductive substrate having the conductive layer of ≤1010Ωcm volume resistivity is preferable; for example, metallic plates consisting of aluminum, aluminum-other metal alloys, iron, steel, etc., metallic compd.

ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ФОТОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ, ТЕХНОЛОГИЧЕСКИЙ КАРТРИДЖ И ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО

... 1. Электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент, содержащий основу, проводящий слой, сформированный на основе, и фоточувствительный слой, сформированный на проводящем слое, при этом проводящий слой содержит связующий материал и частицы оксида титана, покрытые оксидом олова, легированным фосфором или вольфрамом.2. Электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент по п.1, при этом проводящий слой имеет объемное удельное сопротивление от 5,0·10Ом·см или более до 1,0·10Ом·см или менее.3. Технологический картридж, который интегрированным образом поддерживает электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент по п.1 или 2 и по меньшей мере одно средство, выбранное из группы, состоящей из средства зарядки, средства проявления, средства переноса и средства очистки, и является съемным образом установливаемым в основном корпусе электрофотографического устройства.4. Электрофотографическое устройство, которое содержит электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент по п.1 или 2, средство зарядки ...

Elektrophotographisches Material

Farbdruckgerät mit nur einem Photorezeptor-Umlauf

JUNCTION DEVICE EMPLOYING A GLASSY AMORPHOUS MATERIAL AS AN ACTIVE LAYER

... 1386099 Glassy amorphous semi-conductor devices INNOTECH CORP 2 March 1972 [9 March 1971 22 Feb 1972] 9673/72 Heading H1K A semi-conductor junction device includes first and second semi-conductor layers 10, 11 of different respective conductivity types with a junction therebetween, wherein at least one of the layers 11 is made of an insulating glassy amorphous material having a resistivity of at least 1O<12> ohm. cm. A variety of suitable glassy amorphous materials is disclosed. The glassy amorphous layer 11 is preferably so thin that its insulating properties are dominated by the rectifying properties of the junction. The other layer 10 may be made of another glassy amorphous material or may be another semiconductor material such as monocrystalline or polycrystalline Si or polycrystalline SiC. Threelayer structures including two glassy layers of opposite conductivity types on a monocrystalline Si body forming a junction with the glassy layer contiguous therewith, or including a single ...

Conductive support for electrographic material

A support for electrophotographic plate-making material comprising (1) a paper base; (2) a polyolefin layer on both sides of the paper base, wherein the polyolefin layer has a volume electric resistance of 1010 OMEGA or less; and (3) an ionomer coated between the paper base and the polyolefin layer, wherein the ionomer is prepared by ion-crosslinking a copolymer comprising at least one alpha -olefin and at least one alpha , beta -ethylenically unsaturated carboxylic acid with a monovalent, divalent or trivalent ion of a metal of Group I, II, III, IV-A or VIII of the periodic table.

PICTURE RECORDING MATERIAL AND PROCEDURE FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOGRAPH SYSTEM

LIGHT RECEIVING MEMBERS

Electrostatic receptors having release layers with texture and means for providing such receptors

PHOTOSENSITIVE SCREEN

IMAGING SYSTEM

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC COPYING MATERIAL AND METHOD FOR RECORDING HIGH ENERGY RADIATION IMAGES

This invention relates to an electrophotographic copying material for recording high-energy radiation images, which comprises a carrier having thereon an optically homogeneous, electrically conductive layer having a surface resistance not exceeding 1010 ohms, which layer has thereon an optically homogeneous photoconductive layer including an organic photoconductor, the copying material also including at least one high-energy radiation-amplifying layer separable from the combination of the carrier, the conductive layer and the photoconductive layer. The invention also relates to a process for the electrophotographic production of a high-energy radiation Image using the novel copying material.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member production method

Xerographic stereotype

PROCESS FOR THE ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PRODUCTION OF HIGH-ENERGY-RADIATION IMAGES AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC COPYING MATERIAL FOR USE IN THE PROCESS

ASSEMBLY PHOTORECEIVER

ELECTRO-OPTICAL IMAGING MEMBERS

METHOD OF PRODUCING AN ELECTROSTATIC LATENT IMAGE

Processes and preparations for the reproduction of color by electrophotography

A photoconducting selenium layer deposited on a substrate - for use in photo:piles

Xerographic stereotype

An Electrophotographic Printing Device

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY AND PHOTOSENSITIVE ELEMENTS THEREFOR

Imaging members having a chemical resistive overcoat layer

The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to imaging members used in electrostatography. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to electrophotographic imaging members which have an added-on protective overcoat layer formulated to comprise of a novel A-B diblock copolymer comprising two segmental blocks of a bisphenol polycarbonate and an organic acid terminal which provides chemical vapor contaminant resistive property. The overcoat layer may further be formulated to include small quantity of charge transport compound. The present embodiments provide superior copy printout quality.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming method, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge for image forming apparatus using the photoreceptor

An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including an electroconductive substrate; a charge generation layer; a hole transport layer; and a hole transportable protection layer being a three-dimensional crosslinked film formed by irradiating at least a radical polymerizable hole transportable compound with UV to be chain-polymerized, layered in this order, wherein the hole transportable protection layer comprises a silole compound having the following formula (1): wherein each of R 1 and R 2 represents a monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a monovalent phenyl group; Each of Ar1 to Ar4 represents a phenyl group, a naphtyl group and a biphenylyl group or a phenyl group, a naphtyl group and a biphenylyl group substituted with a monovalent alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms and a trifluoromethyl group; and R 1 , R 2 and Ar 1 to Ar 4 adjacent to each other optionally connect with each other to form rings.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, method for producing electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member is provided in which both a long-term potential variation and a short-term potential variation are suppressed, a method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each having the electrophotographic photosensitive member are also provided. An intermediate layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is formed by applying a coating liquid for the intermediate layer, which contains an organic resin and a rutile-type acidic titania sol containing tin, and drying the applied coating liquid.

Electrophotographic Imaging Member and Method of Making Same

Disclosed herein is an electrophotographic imaging member comprising a substrate, and a charge generating layer containing a phthalocyanine pigment, a binder, and a solvent. The charge generating layer has a pigment particle separation distance of 28 nm or less after evaporation of the solvent. A coating system, a method of making an electrophotographic imaging member, and a method of printing also are disclosed.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

To provide an electrophotographic photoreceptor including the outermost surface layer formed from a cured film of a composition containing a compound having a chain polymerizable functional group and a charge transportable skeleton in a molecule and a chain transfer agent having a sulfur atom in a molecule, in which the reaction rate of the compound having a chain polymerizable functional group and a charge transportable skeleton in a molecule is about 90% to about 100% and the charge mobility of the cured film at an electric field intensity of 1.0×10 5 v/cm is from about 5.0×10 −7 cm 2 /Vs to about 1.0×10 −4 cm 2 /Vs.

Charge transport film, organic electronic device, electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

Provided is a charge transport film including an enethiol resin having a charge transporting skeleton, and having a sulfur atom content of from 2.0% by mass to 15% by mass.

Bis(enylaryl)arylamine charge transport layer containing photoconductors

A photoconductor containing an optional supporting substrate layer, a photogenerating layer, a bis(enylaryl)arylamine containing charge transport layer, and a top overcoat layer, which includes charge transport compounds and melamine resins.

Fluorine-containing resin particle dispersion, method for preparing fluorine-containing resin particle dispersion, coating liquid which contains fluorine-containing resin particles, method for preparing coating film which contains fluorine-containing resin particles, coating film which contains fluorine-containing resin particles, molded body, electrophotographic photoreceptor, method for preparing electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge

Provided is a fluorine-containing resin particle dispersion including: fluorine-containing resin particles, a resin which is not dissolved in at least one solvent in a group of hydroxyl group-containing solvents including an alcohol-based solvent having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, containing no aromatic ring in the molecule structure, and a water-based medium, and which is adhered on the surface of the fluorine-containing resin particles, and at least one solvent, in which the resin is not dissolved, in the group of hydroxyl group-containing solvents, in which the fluorine-containing resin particles having the resin adhered on the surface thereof are dispersed.

Method for preparing alizarin derivative compound, novel alizarin derivative compound, surface modification method, photoelectric conversion film, photoelectric conversion element, and electrophotographic photoreceptor

The present invention provides a novel alizarin derivative compound and a simplified and low cost method for preparing an alizarin derivative compound including: obtaining a compound represented by Formula (2) using a compound represented by Formula (3); and obtaining an alizarin derivative compound represented by Formula (1) using the compound represented by Formula (2); in Formulae (1) to (3), R 1 represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent; n represents an integer of 1 to 3, L represents a specific alkyl group; Q represents an atomic group needed to form an aromatic ring or a heteroaromatic ring with adjacent carbon atoms; and P represents an atomic group which includes an atom(s) selected from a hydrogen atom, a carbon atom, an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a silicon atom and a boron atom, and which is needed to form a ring structure group with adjacent two oxygen atoms and two carbon atoms;

Toner, method for producing the same, and image forming apparatus

A toner including: a base resin; and charge-controlling resin particles contained in the base resin, wherein the toner is in shape of particles, and the charge-controlling resin particles are present in a region of each toner particle which is 500 nm in depth from a surface of the toner particle and an average of amounts of the charge-controlling resin particles present in the regions of the toner particles is 20% by volume to 70% by volume, wherein an average of embedment rates of the charge-controlling resin particles in the toner particles is 90% or higher, where each embedment rate is an average of embedment rates of the charge-controlling resin particles in each toner particle, and wherein the charge-controlling resin particles have a charge amount of 60 μC/m 2 or more as measured by a blow-off method.

Image-forming apparatus, electrophotographic photoreceptor, and process cartridge

An image-forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor including an outermost layer having a crosslinked structure formed by dehydration condensation of a charge transport monomer containing a hydroxyl group and a developing unit that develops an electrostatic latent image on a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor with a developer containing a toner manufactured by dispersing particles for forming the toner in a solvent containing water and aggregating and heating the particles to form a toner image. The apparatus satisfies at least one of the following conditions: (1) the outermost layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains tetrafluoroethylene-containing particles containing a polymer having structural units derived from tetrafluoroethylene; (2) the developer contains tetrafluoroethylene-containing particles containing a polymer having structural units derived from tetrafluoroethylene; and (3) the apparatus further includes a supply unit that supplies tetrafluoroethylene-containing particles containing a polymer having structural units derived from tetrafluoroethylene to the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor.

Electrophotographic photoconductor, process cartridge including the same, and image forming apparatus including the same

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor including an intermediate layer having sufficient electron transportability and blocking property and capable of suppressing image defects such as fogging and dots. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to the present invention includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and an intermediate layer disposed between the conductive support and the photosensitive layer, wherein the intermediate layer comprises metal oxide particles and a binder resin. The metal oxide particles are surface-treated with an alkoxysilane oligomer represented by the following Formula (1): Si n O n-1 (OR 1 ) m (OR 2 ) l   Formula (1) wherein R 1 and R 2 each individually represents a C 1-4 alkyl group; n represents an integer of 2 to 20; and m and l each individually represents an integer of 0 or more and satisfies an equation of m+1=2n+2.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, method of producing electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate, wherein a layer having an outermost surface of the photoreceptor contains a polymer that is formed by polymerizing a crosslinkable charge transport material having an aromatic group and a —CH 2 OH group, and the layer having the outermost surface satisfies the following Formula (1): (Peak 2)/(Peak 1)≦0.05  (1) wherein Peak 1 represents a peak area of an absorption peak (from about 1550 cm −1 to about 1650 cm −1 ) of stretching vibration of an aromatic group, which is obtained when an infrared absorption spectrum of the layer having the outermost surface is measured, and Peak 2 represents a peak area of an absorption peak (from about 1670 cm −1 to about 1710 cm −1 ) of an aromatic aldehyde, which is obtained when the infrared absorption spectrum of the layer having the outermost surface is measured.

Electrophotographic photoconductor, and image forming method, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge for image forming apparatus using the elctrophotographic photoconductor

An electrophotographic photoconductor including a conductive support, a charge generating layer, a hole transporting layer, and a hole transporting-protective layer, these layers being laminated in this order on the conductive support, wherein the hole transporting-protective layer contains a three-dimensionally crosslinked product which is obtained through chain polymerization of at least a radical polymerizable hole-transporting compound by irradiating the radical polymerizable hole-transporting compound with an active energy beam, and wherein the hole transporting-protective layer contains an oxazole compound represented by General Formula (1) or (2) below:

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

In order to provide an electrophotographic photosensitive member with which a ghost is suppressed even under a low temperature and low humidity environment, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer and comprising a charge generating material and a hole transporting material, wherein the undercoat layer comprises a particular amine compound. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the Rto Ris an amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein the substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group in the amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group is an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group claim 2 , an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group or an unsubstituted alkyl group.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein the amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group is a dialkyl amino group.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 4 , wherein the dialkyl amino group is a dimethylamino group or a diethylamino group.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the Rto Ris a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic amino group.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 , wherein the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic amino group is a morpholino group or a 1-piperidyl group.9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 8 , wherein the Rto Rare each an alkyl group substituted with an alkoxy group claim 8 , an alkyl group substituted with an aryl group or an unsubstituted alkyl ...

Method of producing gallium phthalocyanine crystal and method of producing electrophotographic photosensitive member using the method of producing gallium phthalocyanine crystal

Provided is a method of producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member having improved sensitivity and capable of outputting an image having less image defects due to a ghost phenomenon not only under a normal-temperature, normal-humidity environment but also under a low-temperature, low-humidity environment as a particularly severe condition. The method of producing a gallium phthalocyanine crystal includes subjecting a gallium phthalocyanine and a specific amine compound, which are added to a solvent, to a milling treatment to perform crystal transformation of the gallium phthalocyanine. In addition, the gallium phthalocyanine crystal is used in the photosensitive layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member.

Process for preparing structured organic films (sofs) via a pre-sof

A processes for preparing structured organic film (SOF) comprising a plurality of segments and a plurality of linkers arranged as a covalent organic framework, wherein the structured organic film may be a multi-segment thick structured organic film.

Alternate anticurl back coating formulation

The presently disclosed embodiments related generally to a layer that provides overall flatness to flexible imaging members and components for use in electrostatographic apparatuses. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to a flexible electrophotographic imaging member belt prepared to include an anti-curl back coating formulated to comprise a mechanically robust copolymer binder that does have enhanced wear resistance and improved imaging member curl control.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC MEMBER, INTERMEDIATE TRANSFER MEMBER, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC MEMBER

An object of the present invention is to provide: an electrophotographic member which enhances image quality, prevents the lowering of a grade of an image even when images have been repeatedly output, and can remarkably enhance the stability of the grade of the image; an intermediate transfer member; and an image forming apparatus. The electrophotographic member includes a base layer and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer has a binder resin, perfluoropolymer fine particles, a fluorocarbon resin dispersing agent and a particular fluorine compound, wherein the perfluoropolymer fine particle has a fluorine compound carried on its surface. 1. An electrophotographic member comprising a base layer and a surface layer , wherein a binder resin,', 'perfluoropolymer fine particles,', 'a fluorocarbon resin dispersing agent and', 'a fluorine compound, wherein, 'the surface layer comprises'}the perfluoropolymer fine particle has the fluorine compound carried on the surface thereof, and whereinthe fluorine compound is a perfluoropolyether compound or a branched polymer compound having a perfluoroalkyl group.2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is an acrylic resin or methacrylic resin.3. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein the branched polymer compound having the perfluoroalkyl group is a terminal-fluorinated dendritic polymer compound.4. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , whereinthe fluorocarbon resin dispersing agent is(i) a block copolymer obtained by copolymerizing a vinyl monomer which has a fluoroalkyl group therein, with an acrylate or a methacrylate;or(ii) a comb-type graft copolymer obtained by copolymerizing an acrylate or methacrylate which has a fluoroalkyl group therein, with a macromonomer of a methacrylate having polymethyl methacrylate in its side chain.5. The electrophotographic member according claim 1 , wherein a surface free energy of the fluorine compound is lower ...

Electrophotographic photoreceptor having excellent lifetime characteristics and charge uniformity, and electrophotographic image forming apparatus and electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photo receptor

Provided is a laminate type electrophotographic photoreceptor including an electrically conductive substrate, and an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer sequentially disposed on the electrically conductive substrate, in which a characteristic response time of the photoreceptor is about 10 msec or more and about 85 msec or less and a thickness of the charge transport layer is greater than about 18 μm and equal to or less than about 45 μm. Also, an electrophotographic image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic cartridge using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are provided. An electrophotographic photoreceptor according to the present general inventive concept has an improved response time and thus, charge stain characteristics are excellent even when a thick charge transport layer is selected. Therefore, the electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present general inventive concept may have both excellent lifetime characteristics and excellent charge stain characteristics.

Short wavelength photoconductive members

There is provided a photoconductive member comprising a conductive support and disposed thereon a charge generating layer. The charge generating layer comprises a first polymer binder and a flaventhrone component having blue wavelength photosensitivity of the following formula: wherein each of R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 , are the same or different and are independently selected from the group comprising a hydrogen, alkyl, aryl and halogen. A charge transport layer is disposed on the conductive support and comprises tri-p-toylamine and 1,-1-bis(N,N-ditoyl-4-aminophenyl)cyclohexane in a second polymer binder.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including: a support; and a photosensitive layer, which is provided on the support, in which: a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a terminal siloxane-containing polyester resin having a specific structure; and a lower layer provided in contact with the surface layer includes a polycarbonate resin, a polyester resin, or a polyvinyl acetal resin, having a specific structure.

ELECTRO-CONDUCTIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

To suppress an excessive reduction in resistance of an electro-conductive roller under an H/H environment and reduce a resistance value thereof under an L/L environment, provided is an electro-conductive member for electrophotography, comprising: an electro-conductive mandrel; and an electro-conductive layer provided on a periphery of the mandrel, wherein the electro-conductive layer contains a binder resin having an alkylene oxide structure, and a sulfo or a quaternary ammonium group as an ion exchange group, and an ion having polarity opposite to polarity of the ion exchange group, a water content of the electro-conductive layer under a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 80% is 10 mass % or less, and a spin-spin relaxation time of the electro-conductive layer, which is determined by pulse NMR measurement with a hydrogen core being a measurement core under a temperature of 15° C. and a relative humidity of 10%, is 200 μsec or more. 1. An electro-conductive member for electrophotography , comprising:an electro-conductive mandrel; andan electro-conductive layer provided on a periphery thereof,wherein a binder resin having, in a molecule thereof, an alkylene oxide structure, and a sulfo group or a quaternary ammonium group as an ion exchange group, and', 'an ion having polarity opposite to polarity of the ion exchange group,, 'the electro-conductive layer contains'}a water content of the electro-conductive layer under an environment of a temperature of 30° C. and a relative humidity of 80% is 10 mass % or less, and{'b': '2', 'a spin-spin relaxation time T of the electro-conductive layer, which is determined by pulse NMR measurement with a hydrogen core being a measurement core under an environment of a temperature of 15° C. and a relative humidity of 10%, is 200 μsec or more.'}3. The electro-conductive member according to claim 2 , wherein a content of the structure represented by the chemical formula (1)-1 in the binder resin is 30 mass % or less.4. The ...

PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD FOR PREPARING PHOTORECEPTOR, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE USING THE PHOTORECEPTOR

In a photoreceptor including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer; and a protective layer, the protective layer includes a crosslinked resin having a residual group of a polycarboxylic acid compound and a group having the below-mentioned formula (10), and at least one of a compound having the below-mentioned formula (2) and a compound having the below-mentioned formula (3). 4. The photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the at least one of the compound having formula (2) and the compound having formula (3) is included in the composition in an amount of from 0.5% to 10% by weight based on a weight of the radically polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure.5. The photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein each of m and n in formula (1) is independently 1 or 2 claim 3 , and wherein a total of m and n is from 2 or 3.6. The photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the composition further includes a tri- or more-functional radically polymerizable compound having no charge transport structure.7. The photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the radically polymerizable compound having a charge transport structure is a monofunctional radically polymerizable compound.8. The photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the protective layer further includes a filler.9. The photoreceptor according to claim 8 , wherein the filler is an inorganic filler.10. The photoreceptor according to claim 9 , wherein the inorganic filler includes at least one selected from the group consisting of silicon oxide fillers claim 9 , titanium oxide fillers claim 9 , and aluminum oxide fillers.12. An image forming apparatus comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the photoreceptor according to ;'}a charger to subject a surface of the photoreceptor to corona charging;an irradiator to irradiate the charged photoreceptor with light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the photoreceptor;a developing device to ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

An electrophotographic photoreceptor, including an electroconductive substrate; a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; and a surface layer overlying the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer includes a resin having no charge transportability; and an inorganic particulate material, wherein the inorganic particulate material is a zinc oxide doped with a boron group, and wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a surface specific resistivity (R1) not less than 10Ω/cmwhen the surface layer has an electric field intensity of 1×10V/cm, and a ratio (R1/R15) of the surface specific resistivity (R1) to a surface specific resistivity (R15) when the surface layer has an electric field intensity of 1.5×10V/cm of from 100 to 5,000. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:an electroconductive substrate;a photosensitive layer overlying the electroconductive substrate; anda surface layer overlying the photosensitive layer, a resin having no charge transportability; and', 'an inorganic particulate material,', 'wherein the inorganic particulate material is a zinc oxide doped with a boron group, and, 'wherein the surface layer comprises{'sup': 13', '2', '4', '5, 'wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor has a surface specific resistivity (R1) not less than 10Ω/cmwhen the surface layer has an electric field intensity of 1×10V/cm, and a ratio (R1/R15) of the surface specific resistivity (R1) to a surface specific resistivity (R15) when the surface layer has an electric field intensity of 1.5×10V/cm of from 100 to 5,000.'}2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein a ratio (R1/R3) of the surface specific resistivity (R1) to a surface specific resistivity (R3) when the surface layer has an electric field intensity of 3×10V/cm of from 0.1 to 10.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the zinc oxide doped with a boron group is a zinc oxide doped with a gallium element.4. The ...

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, and an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer that are provided in this order on the conductive support, wherein the undercoat layer includes at least metallic oxide particles, a reactive acceptor substance including an anthraquinone structure expressed by the following Formula 1, and a binder resin, the charge generation layer includes hydroxygallium phthalocyanine as a charge generation material, and a reflectance of incident light having a wavelength of 780 nm on a surface of the charge generation layer when the charge transport layer is removed is 17% or greater: wherein the anthraquinone structure expressed by Formula 1 is bonded to another structure at a position of *, and thus forms the reactive acceptor substance, and in Formula 1, n1 represents an integer of 1 to 7.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a support; an undercoat layer which is provided on the support and contains at least a binder resin, metal oxide particles, and an electron-accepting compound having an anthraquinone structure, in which a content of the electron-accepting compound is from 0.5% by weight to 1.5% by weight with respect to the metal oxide particles and a contact angle of the metal oxide particles with respect to water is from 7° to 12°; and a photosensitive layer which is provided on the undercoat layer. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a support;an undercoat layer which is provided on the support and contains at least a binder resin, metal oxide particles, and an electron-accepting compound having an anthraquinone structure, in which a content of the electron-accepting compound is from 0.5% by weight to 1.5% by weight with respect to the metal oxide particles and a contact angle of the metal oxide particles with respect to water is from 7° to 12°; anda photosensitive layer which is provided on the undercoat layer.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the contact angle of the metal oxide particles with respect to water is from 9° to 11°.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the electron-accepting compound is from 0.75% by weight to 1.25% by weight with respect to the metal oxide particles.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the electron-accepting compound is from 0.75% by weight to 1.0% by weight with respect to the metal oxide particles.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the electron-accepting compound includes a hydroxyl group.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein surfaces of the metal oxide particles are treated with a surface treating agent.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein surfaces of ...

ORGANIC PHOTORECEPTOR

The invention provides a means for improving the abrasion resistance and the scratch resistance of a protection layer by increasing the surface hardness of the protection layer of an organic photoreceptor. The invention is an organic photoreceptor constituted by laminating on an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer and a protection layer successively, wherein the protection layer comprises a charge transport substance represented by the following general formula (1), a resin component obtained by curing a curable compound and tin oxide treated with a surface preparation agent having a reactive organic group, and a silica particle; 2. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the reactive organic group is an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group.3. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the curable compound is a (meth)acrylic monomer or a (meth)acrylic oligomer having an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group.4. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin the general formula (1) are different from each other.5. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein Rin the general formula (1) is selected from the group consisting of a propyl group claim 1 , an n-butyl group claim 1 , and an n-pentyl group.6. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the addition amount of the charge transport substance represented by the general formula (1) is 2 to 60 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight of the curable compound.7. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the volume-based average primary particle size of the silica particle is 10 to 50 nm.8. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the addition amount of the silica particle is 10 to 50 parts by weight with claim 1 , respect to 100 parts by weight of the curable compound.9. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the number average primary particle size of the tin oxide ...

Electrophotographic photoconductor and method for producing same

Provided are an electrophotographic photoconductor that satisfies sufficient wear resistance as well as various characteristics as a photoconductor, and that is little affected by harmful gas or the temperature and humidity environment, and a method for producing such an electrophotographic photoconductor. The electrophotographic photoconductor has at least a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate. The photosensitive layer contains a diadamantyl diester compound represented by Formula (I) (in Formula (I), R 1 , R 2 and R 3 each independently represent a hydrogen atom, a halogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkyl group, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkoxyl group, a C6-C20 aryl group or a heterocyclic group; l, m and n each represent an integer from 1 to 4; U and W represent a single bond or a substituted or unsubstituted C1-C6 alkylene group; and V represents an OCO group or a COO group).

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, COATING LIQUID FOR UNDERCOAT LAYER OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

A coating liquid for an undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is formed by sequentially stacking the undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer on an electrically conductive support, wherein the coating liquid comprises titanium oxide microparticles and silicon nitride microparticles as an inorganic compound, a binder resin and an organic solvent. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor which is formed by stacking an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer on an electrically conductive support , wherein the undercoat layer comprises titanium oxide microparticles and silicon nitride microparticles as an inorganic compound and a binder resin.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein a film thickness of the undercoat layer is between 0.05 μm and 5 μm.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a polyamide resin.4. An image forming apparatus equipped with the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to . This application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/389,502 (allowed), filed Feb. 20, 2009 (published as US 2009-0214970 A1), which claims priority of Japanese Patent Application No. 2008-40301 filed on 21 Feb., 2008, the entire contents of each of which is incorporated herein by reference.1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, and more specifically to a coating liquid for an undercoat layer for forming an under coat layer to be disposed between an electrically conductive support and a photosensitive layer and a method for producing the same, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor and an image forming apparatus using the same.2. Description of the Related ArtGenerally, an electrophotographic process using a photoconductive photoreceptor is one of information recording means utilizing a photoconductive phenomenon of a photoreceptor.In this process, first, surface of a photoreceptor is ...

POLYCARBONATE COPOLYMER, COATING FLUID USING SAME, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING POLYCARBONATE COPOLYMER

This invention relates to a polycarbonate copolymer having a structure formed of a repeating unit represented by the following formula (100): 7. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 6 , wherein Arand Arare the same group.8. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 1 , further comprising:{'sup': '2', 'a divalent organic siloxane modified phenylene group for Ar.'}10. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 1 , wherein Arrepresented by the formula (2) is a divalent group derived from a group selected from 4 claim 1 ,4′-biphenol and 3 claim 1 ,3′-dimethyl-4 claim 1 ,4′-biphenol.12. A coating liquid claim 1 , comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the polycarbonate copolymer according to ; and'}an organic solvent.13. A coating liquid claim 1 , comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00011', 'claim 11'}, 'the polycarbonate copolymer manufactured by the manufacturing method of ; and'}an organic solvent.14. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate,{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'wherein the photosensitive layer comprises the polycarbonate copolymer according to .'}15. An electrophotographic photoreceptor claim 1 , comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate,{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00011', 'claim 11'}, 'wherein the photosensitive layer comprises the polycarbonate copolymer manufactured by the manufacturing method of .'}16. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 2 , further comprising:{'sup': '2', 'a divalent organic siloxane modified phenylene group for Ar.'}18. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 2 , wherein Arrepresented by the formula (2) is a divalent group derived from a group selected from 4 claim 2 ,4′-biphenol and 3 claim 2 ,3′-dimethyl-4 claim 2 ,4′-biphenol.19. A coating liquid claim 2 , comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM- ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate, an organic photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate, and an inorganic protective layer that is provided on the organic photosensitive layer, wherein the inorganic protective layer includes a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer in this order from the organic photosensitive layer side and satisfies the relationship of the following expression (1): 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate;an organic photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate; andan inorganic protective layer that is provided on the organic photosensitive layer, {'br': None, 'ρ3≦ρ1<ρ2\u2003\u2003Expression (1), 'wherein the inorganic protective layer includes a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer in this order from the organic photosensitive layer side and satisfies the relationship of the following expression (1)wherein ρ1 represents a volume resistivity (Ω·cm) of the first layer, ρ2 represents a volume resistivity (Ω·cm) of the second layer, and ρ3 represents a volume resistivity (Ω·cm) of the third layer.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the organic photosensitive layer contains a p-type charge-transporting organic material, andthe inorganic protective layer contains an n-type or i-type charge-transporting inorganic material.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the inorganic protective layer has a thickness of from 0.4 μm to 5.0 μm.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein the inorganic protective layer has a thickness of from 0.4 μm to 5.0 μm.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the first layer has a thickness of from 0.05 μm to 1.0 μm.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein the first layer has a thickness of from 0.05 μm to 1.0 μm.7. The electrophotographic ...

COATING FOR EXTENDING LIFETIME OF AN ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR

A doped protective coating for extending a lifetime of an organic photoconductor is provided. The coating includes an in-situ cross-linked polymer matrix and a substantially uniformly distributed dopant therein. The dopant comprises a charge transport molecular species. A process for coating the organic photoconductor and a coated organic photoconductor are also disclosed. 1. A doped protective coating for extending a lifetime of an organic photoconductor , the coating including:an in-situ cross-linked polymer matrix and a substantially uniformly distributed dopant therein, the dopant comprising a charge transport molecular species.2. The doped protective coating of wherein the coating is formed from a matrix polymer species comprising a monomer claim 1 , an oligomer or a functionalized polymer claim 1 , the dopant claim 1 , an initiator claim 1 , a cross-linker claim 1 , and a solvent in which both the matrix polymer species and the dopant are soluble.3. The coating of wherein the monomer is selected from the group consisting of multifunctional acrylates claim 2 , styrene claim 2 , divinyl benzene claim 2 , isocyanates claim 2 , and di-iso-cyanates.4. The coating of wherein the dopant is a selected from the group consisting of aryl hydrazones and their substituted analogs claim 1 , aminoaryl oxadiazoles and their substituted analogs claim 1 , aromatic amines claim 1 , aromatic amine-based oligomers claim 1 , and aromatic amine-based polymers and co-polymers.5. The coating of wherein the crosslinker is selected from the group consisting of diacrylates claim 2 , triacrylates claim 2 , tetraacrylates claim 2 , divinylstylenes claim 2 , diisocyanates claim 2 , and ethylene glycols.6. The coating of wherein the initiator either is activated by photo energy and is selected from the group consisting of photopolymerization initiators that initiate a free radical reaction upon exposure to a desired wavelength of radiation or is activated by thermal energy and is selected ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer formed on the undercoat layer, wherein the undercoat layer has a structure represented by the formula (C1) or the formula (C2). 2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claimwherein, in the formula (ii),α represents the alkylene group having 1 to 6 main-chain atoms, the alkylene group having 1 to 6 main-chain atoms and being substituted with the alkyl group having 1 to 6 carbon atoms, the alkylene group having 1 to 6 main-chain atoms and being substituted with the benzyl group, the alkylene group having 1 to 6 main-chain atoms and being substituted with the alkoxycarbonyl group, or the alkylene group having 1 to 6 main-chain atoms and being substituted with the phenyl group,{'sup': '1', 'one of the carbon atoms in the main chain of the alkylene group may be replaced with O, NH, or NR.'}3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the undercoat layer comprises a cured product having the structure represented by the formula (C1), or the structure represented by the formula (C2).4. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,{'sup': '1', 'wherein the number of the main-chain atoms of the group represented by the formula (ii) except A, is from 2 to 9.'}5. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein, in the formula (ii),α is an alkylene group having 1 to 5 main-chain atoms and being substituted with an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, or an alkylene group having 1 to 5 main-chain atoms.61. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim claim 1 ,wherein, in the formula (ii),β is a phenylene group.7. A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus claim 1 , wherein the process cartridge integrally supports:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the ...

Electrophotographic photoconductor and image forming apparatus

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoconductor including an electrically conductive substrate, an intermediate layer, and a photosensitive layer that are formed on the electrically conductive support, the intermediate layer including first titanium oxide particles surface-treated with a first reactive organic silicon compound, second titanium oxide particles surface-treated with a second reactive organic silicon compound different from the first reactive organic silicon compound, and a binder resin. The first reactive organic silicon compound is methyl hydrogen polysiloxane. The second reactive organic silicon compound is a compound represented by the following general formula (1): R—Si—(X) 3   (1) R represents a alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms substituted by at least one of acryloxy and methacryloxy groups or unsubstituted; and X represents an alkoxy group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms or a halogen atom.

Developing member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

A high-quality developing member which excels in filming resistance and excels in leak resistance despite high electroconductivity is provided. The developing member includes an electroconductive substrate, an elastic layer formed on the substrate, and a surface layer which covers a surface of the elastic layer. The surface layer includes a first resin which has, between two adjacent urethane linkages, a structure represented by the structural formula (1) and one or both of structures selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by the structural formula (2) and a structure represented by the structural formula (3), a second resin which has a structure represented by the structural formula (4) and one or both of structures selected from the group consisting of a structure represented by the structural formula (5) and a structure represented by the structural formula (6), and an electronically conductive filler.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

A photosensitive layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a phthalocyanine pigment and a specific dicyanoethylene compound. Alternatively, the photosensitive layer and/or an undercoat layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member include a specific dicyanoethylene compound, and the photosensitive layer includes the phthalocyanine pigment. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the photosensitive layer comprises:a charge-generating layer; anda charge-transporting layer formed on the charge-generating layer,wherein the charge-generating layer comprises:the phthalocyanine pigment; andthe dicyanoethylene compound represented by the formula (1).3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the dipole moment of the dicyanoethylene compound represented by the formula (1) is 6.5 debye or more, the dipole moment being obtained from the results of molecular orbital calculation by density functional calculation at the B3LYP/6-31G level.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,{'sup': 1', '2, 'wherein, in the formula (1), Rand Reach represent an amino group substituted with a pyridyl group, a piperidyl group, an alkyl group, or an aryl group, or an aryl group substituted with a secondary amine or a tertiary amine.'}5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) of the dicyanoethylene compound is in the range of −2.4 eV to −2.0 eV, the LUMO being obtained from the results of molecular orbital calculation by density functional calculation at the B3LYP/6-31G level.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the phthalocyanine pigment is hydroxygallium phthalocyanine.8. A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus claim 1 ,wherein the process cartridge integrally supports:{'claim-ref': {'@ ...

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member that can not easily cause charging lines even where it is an electrophotographic photosensitive member employing as a conductive layer a layer containing metal oxide particles is disclosed. Also disclosed are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have such an electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member has a conductive layer which contains titanium oxide particles coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus or tungsten.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which a variation in the light-area potential is suppressed even when the electrophotographic photosensitive member is repeatedly used for a long time in a high-temperature, high-humidity environment, a method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus that include the electrophotographic photosensitive member. 2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , {'br': None, 'i': '≦A/B≦', '0.0250.050\u2003\u2003(3).'}, 'wherein the amount of surface treatment satisfies the following formula (3)3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein, in the formula (2),{'sup': '3', 'Ris an alkyl group having 1 to 3 carbon atoms.'}4. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the undercoat layer further comprises particles of cross-linked poly(methyl methacrylate).5. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the undercoat layer further comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a benzophenone compound having a hydroxy group, and an anthraquinone compound having a hydroxy group.6. A method of producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the method comprises the following steps of:forming a coat for the undercoat layer by using an undercoat layer coating solution; andforming the undercoat layer by heat-drying of the coat, and a compound having one or more isocyanate groups,', 'a polyol resin, and', 'the zinc oxide particles whose surfaces have been treated with the compound represented by the formula (2)., 'wherein the undercoat layer coating solution comprises7. A process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus claim 1 , wherein the process cartridge integrally supports:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING FLUORINATED STRUCUTURED ORGANIC PHOTORECEPTOR LAYERS

Disclosed herein is a method for manufacturing a fluorinated structured organic film (FSOF) composition for a photoreceptor. The method includes combining a fluorinated diol, an electroactive segment and a solvent in a round bottom reactor. The reacted is heated, without mixing dissolve the fluorinated diol composition. The dissolved fluorinated diol composition is mixed to dissolve the electroactive segment while maintaining the reactor at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. A catalyst and a leveling agent are added to the solution to initiate a pre-cure reaction. The pre-cure reaction proceeds for at least 2 hours at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. The solution is cooled to room temperature and filtered. 1. A method of manufacturing a fluorinated structured organic film (FSOF) composition comprising:combining a fluorinated diol, an electroactive segment and a solvent to form a composition;adding the composition to a round bottom non-reactive reactor;heating, without mixing, the round bottom non-reactive reactor to a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. for a period of time to dissolve the fluorinated diol in the solvent;mixing the heated mixture for the period of time sufficient to dissolve the electroactive segment at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C.;adding a catalyst and leveling agent to the mixed heated mixture to initiate a pre-cure reaction and allowing the pre-cure reaction to proceed for at least 2 hours at a temperature of between 80 and 85° C. to form a pre-cure composition;cooling the pre-cure composition to room temperature; andfiltering the pre-cure composition through a filter.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coating the pre-cure composition on a substrate.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising heating the pre-cure composition to cure the pre-cure composition and form an FSOF film.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluorinated diol is selected from the group consisting of:1,1,8,8-dodecafluoro-1,8-octanediol, 2, ...

FLUORINATED STRUCUTURED ORGANIC FILM LAYERS

Disclosed herein is an imaging member that includes a substrate, a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer; and an outermost layer comprising a structured organic film (SOF) comprising a fluorinated molecular building block and a hole molecular building block, wherein the fluorinated molecular building block is present in the SOF of the outermost layer in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to about 20 weight percent of the SOF. 1. An imaging member comprising:a substrate;an electrically conductive ground plane;a charge generating layer;a charge transport layer; andan outermost structured organic film (SOF) layer consisting of: a plurality of segments and a plurality of linkers, including a fluorinated segment, the fluorinated segment obtained from a fluorinated molecular building block selected from the group consisting of: 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5-octafluoro-1,6-hexanediol, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7-dodecanfluoro-1,8-octanediol, 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8,9,9-perfluorodecane-1,10-diol, (2,3,5,6-tetrafluoro-4-hydroxymethyl-phenyl)-methanol, 2,2,3,3-tetrafluoro-1,4-butanediol, 2,2,3,3,4,4-hexafluoro-1,5-pentanediol, and 2,2,3,3,4,4,5,5,6,6,7,7,8,8-tetradecafluoro-1,9-nonanediol and an electroactive segment, wherein the electroactive segment is selected from the group consisting of: N,N,N′,N′-tetrakis-[(4-hydroxymethyl)phenyl]-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine and N,N′-diphenyl-N,N′-bis-(3-hydroxyphenyl)-biphenyl-4,4′-diamine, an optional catalyst, an optional antioxidant, wherein the fluorinated molecular building block is present in the outermost SOF layer in an amount of from about 1 weight percent to about 5.2. (canceled)3. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the outermost SOF layer is from about 2 to about 15 microns thick.47-. (canceled)8. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the fluorine content of the outermost SOF layer is from about 1 to about 5 percent by weight.9. (canceled)10. An electrostatographic apparatus comprising:an imaging member, including an ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

There is provided an electrophotographic member which suppresses scraping and contamination of a surface even in the durable use of multiple sheet printing under a high temperature environment. The electrophotographic member has an electroconductive substrate and a single elastic layer as a surface layer, the surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin, the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more, the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and the surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm in the surface layer. 1. An electrophotographic member comprising: an electroconductive substrate; and a single elastic layer as a surface layer , whereinthe surface layer includes a binder resin and carbon black dispersed in the binder resin,the carbon black has a volatile content of 0.4% or more,the binder resin includes a crosslinked urethane resin and a crosslinked acrylic resin, and whereinthe surface layer has a first area in which the crosslinked urethane resin and the crosslinked acrylic resin form an interpenetrating polymer network structure, the first area being from an outer surface of the surface layer to a depth of 0.1 μm in the surface layer.2. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein when the peak top temperature of the thermal chromatogram derived from the crosslinked urethane resin in the first area is defined as T1(° C.) claim 1 , and {'br': None, 'T1>T2\u2003\u2003(2).'}, 'the peak top temperature of the thermal chromatogram derived from the crosslinked urethane resin in a second area having a thickness of 0.1 μm from a back surface of the surface layer, opposing to the electroconductive substrate toward the outer surface is defined as T2(° C.), T1 ...

Photoelectric conversion device, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

Provided is a photoelectric conversion device including: a support; a charge-transporting layer including an organic charge-transporting material or a sensitizing dye electrode layer including an organic sensitizing dye, where the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer is disposed on the support; and a ceramic film disposed on the charge-transporting layer or the sensitizing dye electrode layer.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support member and a photosensitive layer. The uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal. The proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support member; and an electroconductive layer ,wherein the uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal, andwherein the proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 3.0% by mass to 12.0% by mass.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene particles have an average primary particle size in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 60% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.5. A process cartridge capable of being removably attached to an ...

Digital color chip method

A color display fan deck or a color card has a substrate having a first surface and a second surface. The color display fan deck or color card has a base layer that is applied to one of the first surface or the second surface of the substrate. The base layer has an adhesion promoting material. A process color is applied to the base layer by a digital printing process. A method of manufacturing a color display device is also provided.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, ELECTROPHOTGRAPHIC APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer containing a resin and a metal oxide particle whose surface has been treated with a compound represented by formula (1), and the resin is a polymerized product of a composition containing a compound having a group represented by formula (2) and a polyol. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein in the formula (1) claim 1 , Rrepresents an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particle is a particle containing at least one metal oxide selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide claim 1 , titanium oxide claim 1 , and tin oxide.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein in the formula (2) claim 1 , X represents a single bond.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a mass ratio (Mm/Mu) of the mass (Mm) of the metal oxide particle to the total mass (Mu) of the composition containing the compound having a group represented by the formula (2) and the polyol in the undercoat layer is 2/1 or more and 4/1 or less.6. A process cartridge which is detachable from an electrophotographic apparatus body claim 1 , the process cartridge comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to ; and'}at least one selected from a charging unit, a development unit, a transfer unit, and a cleaning unit,wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member and the at least one unit are integrally supported.7. An electrophotographic apparatus comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , a charging unit claim 1 , an exposure unit claim 1 , a development unit claim 1 , and a transfer unit.9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the coating solution for an undercoat layer contains an alcohol.10. The ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a polyester resin containing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, and the dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of the specific dihydric phenol residues, and the other specific dihydric phenol residue. 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by Formula (1) to Formula (3) is 5 to 80 mol % with respect to the entire dihydric phenol residue in the polyester resin.5. A method for producing a polyester resin claim 1 , comprising:carrying out polymerization by an interfacial polymerization method using at least one kind of ester oligomer as a starting material.6. The method for producing a polyester resin according to claim 5 ,wherein the ester oligomer is obtained by a solution polymerization method or a melt polymerization method.7. The method for producing a polyester resin according to any claim 4 ,wherein the polyester resin is obtained by polymerizing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, andthe dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by the Formula (1) to the Formula (3), and a dihydric phenol residue represented by the Formula (4).8. The method for producing a polyester resin according to claim 5 ,wherein the polyester resin is obtained by polymerizing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, andthe dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by the Formula (1) to the Formula (3), and a dihydric phenol residue ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR

There is provided an electrophotographic photoconductor in which at least an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer are laminated in an order mentioned on a conductive support, 2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the undercoat layer contains the compound represented by the formula A.3. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein R3 to R5 in the group 1 are each independently a methyl group or an ethyl group.4. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein R6 to R8 in the group 1 are each independently an alkyl group having 3 to 5 carbon atoms.5. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 2 , wherein the undercoat layer further contains metal oxide particles.6. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 5 , wherein the metal oxide is at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide claim 5 , zinc oxide claim 5 , tin oxide claim 5 , and aluminum oxide.7. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , whereinthe photosensitive layer includes a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer, andat least the undercoat layer, the charge generation layer, and the charge transport layer are laminated in the order mentioned on the conductive support.8. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 7 , wherein the charge generation layer contains a titanyl phthalocyanine compound.10. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the undercoat layer has a thickness of 5 to 20 μm. The entire disclosure of Japanese patent Application No. 2019-130275, filed on Jul. 12, 2019, is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoconductor.An electrophotographic image forming apparatus employs an electrophotographic photoconductor (hereinafter also simply referred to as a “photoconductor”) in order to form an electrostatic latent ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

Provided is an electrophotographic photoconductor including: a conductive support; an undercoat layer; and a photoconductive layer, wherein the undercoat layer and the photoconductive layer are provided over the conductive support in the order of reciting, wherein the undercoat layer contains at least metal oxide particles, a binder, and a salicylic acid derivative such as 4-methylsalicylic acid, wherein the metal oxide particles have a volume resistivity of 1×10Ω·cm or higher but 1×10Ω·cm or lower, wherein the undercoat layer has a volume resistivity of 0.001×10Ω·cm or higher but 0.02×10Ω·cm or lower, and wherein the undercoat layer has a thickness of 2 micrometers or greater but 20 micrometers or less. 2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles comprise zinc oxide particles.3. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles have an average primary particle diameter of 50 nm or greater but 200 nm or less.4. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein one or both of Xand Xin the salicylic acid derivative represented by general formula (1) is/are a hydrogen atom claim 1 , an alkyl group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms claim 1 , an alkoxy group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms claim 1 , or an aralkyl group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms.5. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles comprise zinc oxide particles doped with a Group XIII element.6. An image forming apparatus comprising:an electrophotographic photoconductor;a charging unit configured to charge a surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor;an exposing unit configured to expose the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor to light to form an electrostatic latent image;a developing unit configured to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a visible image; anda ...

LIQUID ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PRINTING

An example apparatus is provided in accordance with the present disclosure, which may be used for example for liquid electrophotographic printing. The example apparatus comprises a photo imaging plate to receive a liquid colorant image, the liquid colorant comprising a carrier fluid, and to transfer the image to a support, and a rotatable roller to remove carrier fluid from the photo imaging plate and increase the density of solids in the liquid colorant on at least a region of the photo imaging plate, prior to the liquid image being transferred. 1. A liquid electrophotographic printing apparatus comprising a photo imaging plate to receive a liquid colorant image , the liquid colorant comprising a carrier fluid , an intermediate transfer member to contact the photo imaging plate to receive the image therefrom , and a rotatable roller to remove carrier fluid from the photo imaging plate and increase the density of solids in the liquid colorant on at least a region of the photo imaging plate , prior to the liquid image being transferred to the intermediate transfer member.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the roller is pressed against the photo imaging plate.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the force between the roller and the photo imaging plate is in the range of between 50 N/m and 500 N/m.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the roller has a hardness of between 18 and 57 Shore A.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the roller has an electric charge of the same sign as the charge of colorant particles of the liquid colorant on the photo imaging plate.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the electric charge of the roller is such to repel the colorant particles of the liquid colorant on image regions of the photo imaging plate.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the electric charge of the roller is such to attract the colorant particles of the liquid colorant on background regions of the photo imaging plate.8. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PRODUCTION METHOD FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, AND PARTICLE HAVING COMPOUND ADSORBED THERETO

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a surface layer containing particles which include: silica particles; and a compound-A adsorbed to each of the silica particles, in which the silica particles have a volume average particle diameter of 0.1 μm or more and 4 μm or less, and a specific surface area of 400 m/g or more and 1000 m/g or less, the compound-A is a tertiary amine compound and/or a urea compound, and the compound-A has a molecular weight of 150 or more and 550 or less. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:a support; anda photosensitive layer formed on the support; silica particles; and', 'a compound-A adsorbed to each of the silica particles,, 'wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises particles which comprise{'sup': 2', '2, 'the silica particles have a volume average particle diameter of 0.1 μm or more and 4 μm or less, and a specific surface area of 400 m/g or more and 1000 m/g or less,'}the compound-A is at least one selected from the group consisting of a tertiary amine compound and a urea compound, andthe compound-A has a molecular weight of 150 or more and 550 or less.2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the compound-A is a tertiary amine compound having a molecular weight of 150 or more and 550 or less.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the compound-A is a urea compound having a molecular weight of 150 or more and 550 or less.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 , wherein the Arand the Areach represent a substituted or unsubstituted phenyl group claim 6 , the Arrepresents a phenylene group claim 6 , and the Rto the Reach represent a methyl group.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the silica particles have a specific surface area of 550 m/g or more and 1000 m/g or less.9. The electrophotographic ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer which contains a metal oxide particle and is formed on the support, a charge generating layer formed on the undercoat layer, and a charge transporting layer formed on the charge generating layer. Either or both of the undercoat layer and the charge generating layer contain a compound represented by formula (1). 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Rto Reach independently represents a hydrogen atom or a hydroxy group.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the undercoat layer comprises the compound represented by the formula (1).4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein a content of the compound represented by the formula (1) in the undercoat layer is 0.01% by mass or more and 50% by mass or less relative to the metal oxide particle contained in the undercoat layer.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the charge generating layer comprises the compound represented by the formula (1).6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein a content of the compound represented by the formula (1) in the charge generating layer is 0.02% by mass or more and 20% by mass or less relative to a charge generating substance contained in the charge generating layer.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particle is a particle containing at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide claim 1 , zinc oxide claim 1 , and tin oxide. The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge, and an electrophotographic apparatus.Electrophotographic photosensitive members including a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND APPARATUS OF FORMING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence. The surface protective layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material, and at least two polymerization initiators. The polymerization initiators include an acyl phosphine oxide and an O-acyl oxime. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support , a photosensitive layer , and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence , whereinthe surface protective layer comprises a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material, and at least two polymerization initiators; andthe polymerization initiators comprise an acyl phosphine oxide and an O-acyl oxime.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , when amounts of the acyl phosphine oxide and the O-acyl oxime are respectively expressed as A and B claim 1 , a ratio A:B is within a range of 3:7 to 8:2.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transporting material exhibits a maximum absorption wavelength of 405±50 nm in an absorption spectrum.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface protective layer contains metal oxide particles.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 , wherein the metal oxide particles have a reactive organic group.7. A method of producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support claim 5 , a photosensitive layer claim 5 , and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence claim 5 , the method comprising forming the surface protective layer by curing a composition containing a polymerizable compound claim 5 , a charge transporting material claim 5 , and at least two polymerization initiators claim 5 , wherein the polymerization initiators ...

Electrophotographic Photoreceptor, Production Method Therefor, Electrophotographic Photoreceptor Cartridge, and Image Forming Apparatus

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having a plurality of layers containing at least one outermost layer, wherein at least one of the outermost layer contains a polymer having a first structure where at least one carbonyl group is bonded to an aromatic group and a second structure represented by Formula (A). In Formula (A), at least two of Rto Rare groups represented by Formula (2), and in Formula (2), Rrepresents a hydrogen atom or a methyl group, and Rand Reach independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydrocarbon group or an alkoxy group: 5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer further comprises a partial structure having a charge transport ability.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 , wherein the partial structure having a charge transport ability is a triarylamine structure.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 6 , wherein a weight ratio of the structure in which at least one carbonyl group is bonded to the aromatic group to the triarylamine structure is 0.2 or more and 4 or less.9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost layer further comprises metal oxide particles.10. An electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge having the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to .11. An image forming apparatus having the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to . The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor, a production method therefor, an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge, and an image forming apparatus used in a copier, a printer, and the like. In detail, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor having good electrical characteristics and excellent durability, a production method therefor, an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge including the photoreceptor, and an image forming apparatus including the photoreceptor. ...

PHOTOSENSITIVE BODY FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a photosensitive layer containing an electron transport material, and having high pressure resistance and suppressed occurrence of a leak phenomenon, a method for producing the same, and an electrophotographic device using the same. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electrically conductive support containing an aluminum alloy; an anodic oxide film formed on a surface of the electrically conductive support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the anodic oxide film. The photosensitive layer contains an electron transport material having an electron mobility of 10cm/V/sec or more when field intensity is set to 20 V/μm. The surface of the electrically conductive support having the anodic oxide film formed thereon has an admittance value that is 25 μS or more and 60 μS or less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor that is a negatively-chargeable , laminated electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:an electrically conductive support containing an aluminum alloy;an anodic oxide film formed on a surface of the electrically conductive support; anda photosensitive layer formed on the anodic oxide film,{'sup': −7', '2, 'wherein the photosensitive layer contains an electron transport material having an electron mobility of 10cm/V/sec or more when field intensity is set to 20 V/μm, and'}wherein the surface of the electrically conductive support having the anodic oxide film formed hereon has an admittance value of 25 μS or more and 60 μS or less.3. A method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , comprising:forming the anodic oxide film on the surface of the electrically conductive support using anodic oxidation; andexposing the electrically conductive support after anodic oxidation to a steam atmosphere as a post-treatment,wherein the steam atmosphere in the post-treatment is present in a quantity effective to provide 60 RH %·h or more, and{' ...

Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

The present disclosure provides a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus in which fogging is reduced so as to reduce an amount of toner consumed. A process cartridge configured to be detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus includes a developing unit containing a toner, and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner that has a toner particle, and has a metal salt of a polyvalent acid at least on a part of a surface of the toner particle; wherein the metal salt of the polyvalent acid includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains an acrylic resin or a methacrylic resin.

PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each of which is reduced in fogging for reducing a toner consumption. Specifically, provided is a process cartridge, which is removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit containing a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner is a toner including a toner particle, and has a polyvalent acid metal salt on at least part of a surface of the toner particle, wherein the polyvalent acid metal salt includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, and wherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a resin including a siloxane segment. 1. A process cartridge , which is removably mounted onto a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus ,the process cartridge comprising:a developing unit containing a toner; andan electrophotographic photosensitive member,wherein the toner is a toner including a toner particle, and has a polyvalent acid metal salt on at least part of a surface of the toner particle,wherein the polyvalent acid metal salt includes at least one kind of metal element selected from metal elements belonging to from Group 3 to Group 13, andwherein a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a resin including a siloxane segment.4. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the resin including the siloxane segment with respect to a total mass of constituents in the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 0.1 mass % or more and 10 mass % or less.5. The process cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio M1 of a metal element M in the polyvalent acid metal salt in a constituent element ratio of the surface of the toner particle claim 1 , the constituent element ratio being determined from a spectrum obtained by X ...

Process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is a process cartridge detachably attachable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus, the process cartridge including: a developing unit including a toner; and an electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein the toner includes a toner particle, the toner particle has a surface containing a polyvalent acid metal salt particle, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least one metal oxide particle among an aluminum oxide particle, a silicon dioxide particle, and a tin oxide particle.

IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS AND IMAGE FORMING METHOD

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member and a charging roller that charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The image bearing member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer, and satisfies formula (1) shown below. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. 2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe volume resistivity of the surface layer at a temperature of 32.5° C. and a relative humidity of 80% is no greater than 17.8 logΩ·cm.3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 2 , whereinthe volume resistivity of the surface layer at a temperature of 32.5° C. and a relative humidity of 80% is no greater than 16.0 logΩ·cm.4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe charging roller has an electric resistance at a temperature of 32.5° C. and a relative humidity of 80% of at least 4.0 logΩ and no greater than 7.0 logΩ.5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 4 , whereinthe electric resistance of the charging roller at a temperature of 32.5° C. and a relative humidity of 80% is at least 4.5 logΩ and no greater than 6.5 logΩ.6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe surface layer has a film thickness of at least 10 μm and no greater than 20 μm.7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe charging roller applies only a direct current voltage to the circumferential surface of the image bearing member.8. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe surface layer contains a conductive filler, andthe conductive filler includes tin oxide particles, phosphorous-doped tin oxide particles, or titanium oxide particles.9. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , whereinthe surface layer contains a second binder resin, andthe second binder resin includes a polyamide ...

PHOTOCONDUCTOR CONTAINING A CHARGE TRANSPORT LAYER HAVING AN ARYLAMINE HOLE TRANSPORT MATERIAL

Disclosed herein is a photoconductor including a substrate, a photogenerating layer and a charge transport layer. The charge transport layer includes a hole transport molecule of N4,N4′-bis(4-((E)-4,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenyl)-N4,N4′-di-p-tolyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine and a binder. The weight percent of the charge transport layer includes N4,N4′-bis(4-((E)-4,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenyl)-N4,N4′-di-p-tolyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine at from about 50 to about 70. 1. A photoconductor comprising:a substrate;a charge generating layer;a charge transport layer comprising N4,N4′-bis(4-((E)-4,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenyl)-N4,N4′-di-p-tolyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine and a binder wherein the N4,N4′-bis(4-((E)-4,4-diphenylbuta-1,3-dien-1-yl)phenyl)-N4,N4′-di-p-tolyl-[1,1′-biphenyl]-4,4′-diamine comprises a weight percent of the charge transport layer of from about 50 to about 70.2. The photoconductor of claim 1 , further comprising an overcoat layer in contact with and contiguous to said charge transport layer.3. The photoconductor of claim 2 , wherein the overcoat layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of thermosetting resins claim 2 , UV resins claim 2 , e-beam cured resins claim 2 , polyethylene-block-polyethylene glycol copolymers claim 2 , melamine resins claim 2 , and structured organic films.4. The photoconductor of claim 2 , wherein the overcoat layer has a thickness of from about 1 micrometer to about 25 micrometers.6. The photoconductor of claim 1 , wherein said charge generating layer is comprised of a photogenerating component claim 1 , and a polymer binder.7. The photoconductor of claim 1 , wherein said photogenerating layer is selected from the group consisting of: a metal phthalocyanine claim 1 , a metal free phthalocyanine claim 1 , a titanyl phthalocyanine claim 1 , a halogallium phthalocyanine claim 1 , a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine claim 1 , and a perylene.8. A photoconductive comprising: a substrate ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE-FORMING APPARATUS

Provided is an electrophotographic member that shows a small increase in electrical resistance value even when used under a low-temperature environment. The electrophotographic member is an electrophotographic member including an electroconductive substrate and a resin layer on the electroconductive substrate, wherein the resin layer contains an anion, inorganic particles having a hydrophobicity degree of 40% or more and 80% or less, and a resin having a specific cation structure. 3. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein the anion comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a fluoroalkylsulfonylimide anion claim 1 , a fluorosulfonylimide anion claim 1 , a fluoroalkylsulfonate anion claim 1 , a fluorosulfonate anion claim 1 , a fluoroalkylcarboxylic acid anion claim 1 , a fluoroalkylmethide anion claim 1 , a fluoroboric acid anion claim 1 , a fluorophosphoric acid anion claim 1 , a dicyanamide anion claim 1 , and a thiocyanate anion.4. The electrophotographic member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles having a hydrophobicity degree of 40% or more and 80% or less comprise silica particles. The present disclosure relates to an electrophotographic member and a process cartridge to be used in an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, and an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus.In an electrophotographic image-forming apparatus, electrophotographic members each including an electroconductive layer having an electrical resistance value (hereinafter referred to as “resistance value”) of, for example, from 1×10Ω to 1×10Ω have been used as electrophotographic members, such as a developing roller, a charging member, a toner-supplying roller, a cleaning blade, and a developing blade. In Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2011-118113, there is a description of an electroconductive roller obtained by curing an ionic liquid having a specific cation structure, a polyol, and a polyisocyanate.The ...

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, process cartridge, image forming apparatus, and imide compound

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate; and an undercoating layer that is provided between the conductive substrate and the photosensitive layer and includes a charge transport material containing at least one of imide compounds represented by Formula (1) or (2): (in Formulas (1) and (2), R 10 , R 11 , R 20 or R 21 independently represents a group represented by Formula (3) or (4) where X represents a monovalent organic group having at least one of an alkyl group, an alkylene group, an ether group, an ester group, and a keto group, a halogen atom, a nitro group, an aralkyl group, or an aryl group, Y represents a sulfur atom or an oxygen atom, n represents an integer of 0 to 2, and when n represents 2, two X's may be the same or different), and an imide compound is represented by Formula (1A) where Ar represents an aromatic group having 6 to 18 carbon atoms except for a tetravalent perylene group, X 1 and X 2 each independently represent a nitrogen atom or a substituted or unsubstituted carbon atom, Y 1 and Y 2 each independently represent an oxygen atom, a sulfur atom, a selenium atom, or NH, and R 1 and R 2 each independently represent a hydrogen atom or a monovalent organic group:

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including: a support, a photosensitive layer provided on the support, and a surface layer provided on the photosensitive layer, wherein the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured product of a composition containing a charge transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group, a compound having a specific structure, a fluororesin particle, and polyvinyl acetal.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in sequence, a support, a conductive layer, an undercoat layer, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer. The conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium. The undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising , in sequence:a support;a conductive layer;an undercoat layer;a charge generation layer; anda charge transport layer,wherein the conductive layer is a cured film, and the cured film contains titanium oxide particles doped with niobium, andthe undercoat layer contains a cured product of a composition that contains an electron transport material having a polymerizable functional group and a resin functionalized with a carboxylic acid derivative.2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein in the conductive layer claim 1 , a content of the titanium oxide particles doped with niobium is 20 vol % or more and 50 vol % or less based on a total mass of the conductive layer claim 1 , anda doping amount of niobium is 0.5 mass % or more and 10.0 mass % or less based on a mass of the doped titanium oxide particles.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium oxide particles doped with niobium are particles obtained by coating anatase-type titanium oxide particles serving as cores with titanium oxide doped with niobium.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the composition in the undercoat layer further contains a biuret-type isocyanate compound serving as a crosslinking agent.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive layer is a cured film containing at least ...

Method for producing metal cylinder, method for producing substrate for electrophotographic photoconductor, method for manufacturing electrophotographic photoconductor, and metal slug for impact pressing

A method for producing a metal cylinder includes preparing a metal slug having a polished surface, and molding the metal slug into a cylinder by impact-pressing with the polished surface as a bottom.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. The binder resin contains a polyarylate resin (). The polyarylate resin is represented by general formula (1). The photosensitive layer has a scratch resistance depth of no greater than 0.50 μm. The photosensitive layer has a Vickers hardness of at least 17.0 HV. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinin the general formula (1),X and Y each represent the divalent group represented by the chemical formula (1-1), (1-3), (1-4), (1-5), (1-6), or (1-7),X is different from Y, andkr and kt each represent 3.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinin the general formula (1), s/(s+u) is at least 0.30.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe photosensitive layer has a scratch depth of no greater than 0.35 μm.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , whereinin the general formula (ETM1),{'sup': 1', '2, 'Rand Reach represents an alkyl group having 1 to 5 carbon atoms,'}in the general formula (ETM2),{'sup': '12', 'Rrepresents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms that has a halogen atom,'}in the general formula (ETM3),{'sup': 3', '4, 'Rand Reach represent, independently of one another, a phenyl group having a plurality of alkyl groups each having 1 to 2 carbon atoms,'}in the general formula (ETM4),{'sup': 5', '6, 'Rand Reach represents an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and'}{'sup': '7', 'Rrepresents a phenyl group having one halogen atom, and'}in the general formula (ETM5),{'sup': 8', '9', '10, 'R, R, and Reach represent, independently of one another, an alkyl group having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, and'}{'sup': '11', ...

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge, and image forming apparatus

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support and at least a photosensitive layer provided thereon, wherein the electrophotographic photoreceptor comprises an outermost layer which contains a specific charge transport substance and a specific compound.

Organic photoconductor coating

An organic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate; a charge generation layer over the conductive substrate; a charge transport layer over the charge generation layer; and an overcoat layer over the charge transport layer. The overcoat layer comprises a cross-linked polyacrylate that includes a charge transport material dispersed therein and a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PRODUCTION METHOD OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

The present invention provides: an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can achieve both of abrasion resistance and electrical characteristics; a production method of the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product and a specific amount of an alcohol or carboxylic acid having a specific structure, wherein the cured product is a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support , a charge generation layer , a charge transport layer and a surface layer in the listed order , wherein [{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'a, 'HC—(CH)—COOH\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'b, 'HC—(CH)—OH\u2003\u2003(2)'}], 'the surface layer comprises a cured product and a compound represented by formula (1) or (2)wherein in the formula (1), a is an integer of 6 or more; and in the formula (2), b is an integer of 6 or more;the cured product is a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group; andthe compound represented by the formula (1) or (2) is contained in an amount of 50 to 4000 ppm with respect to the hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein b in the formula (2) is an integer of 12 or more.10. A production method of an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support claim 3 , a charge generation layer claim 3 , a charge transport layer and a surface layer in the listed order claim 3 ,the production method comprising: [{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'a, 'HC—(CH)—COOH\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'b, 'HC—(CH)—OH\u2003\u2003(2)'}], 'preparing ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of (cured material) a composition that contains a particular crosslinking agent, a particular resin, and a particular charge transporting substance. 2. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the molecular weight of the electron transporting substance is from 150 to 1000.3. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the weight average molecular weight of the resin is from 5,000 to 400,000.4. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 ,wherein the weight average molecular weight of the resin is from 5,000 to 300,000.5. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the (i) is at least one selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by formula (C1), the compound represented by formula (C2), the compound represented by formula (C3), the compound represented by formula (C4), and the compound represented by formula (C5), andthe molecular weight of the (i) is from 150 to 1000.6. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the (i) is at least one selected from the group consisting of the compound represented by formula (C1), the compound represented by formula (C2), the compound represented by formula (C3), the compound represented by formula (C4), and the compound represented by formula (C5), and{'sup': 11', '16', '22', '25', '31', '34', '41', '44', '51', '54', '1, 'sub': '2', 'in formulae (C1) to (C5), at least three of the Rto R, at least three of the Rto R, at least three of the Rto R, at least three of the Rto R, and at least three of the Rto Rare each the monovalent group represented by —CH—OR.'}7. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

A process cartridge includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a gap retaining member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a first region having an undercoat layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order and a second region having an undercoat layer and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order, the undercoat layer contains a metal oxide particle and any one of an urethane resin, an amino resin, and a polyamide resin as a binder resin, and the charge transporting layer contains a charge transporting substance and at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin and a polyester resin, and wherein the gap retaining member comes into contact with a surface of the second region of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. 1. A process cartridge detachably mountable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus , comprising:an electrophotographic photosensitive member;a charging member for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member;a developer bearing member for supplying developer to the electrophotographic photosensitive member; anda gap retaining member configured to retain a distance between the electrophotographic photosensitive member andthe charging member or the developer bearing member;wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises:a first region having an undercoat layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order;a second region having an undercoat layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order;the charge transporting layer is a surface layer, and the charge transporting layer comprises a charge transporting substance and at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin and a polyester resin, the undercoat layer comprises a metal oxide particle and any one of an urethane resin, an amino resin and a polyamide resin ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND METHOD AND APPARATUS OF FORMING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE

The electrophotographic photoreceptor of the present invention includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and a surface protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer. The surface protective layer contains a binder resin and a fine particulate material containing at least one compound selected from MgCuO, CaCuO, SrCuO, and BaCuO. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive support;a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; anda surface protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, wherein{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'the surface protective layer contains a binder resin and a fine particulate material containing at least one compound selected from MgCuO, CaCuO, SrCuO, and BaCuO.'}2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface protective layer contains a binder resin and a fine particulate material containing at least SrCuO.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin contains a resin prepared by polymerization of a polymerizable compound.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 , wherein the fine particulate material containing SrCuOhas a number average primary particle size of 1 to 1 claim 2 ,000 nm.5. A method of forming an electrophotographic image claim 1 , comprising using the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to .6. An apparatus of forming an electrophotographic image claim 1 , comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to . 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor and a method and an apparatus of forming an electrophotographic image. In particular, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor that contains a p-type semiconductor fine particulate material in an amount smaller than that of a commonly used CuAlOfine particulate material, that ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member with suppressed potential variation even in the case that a protective layer including a cured material of a composition having a polymerizable functional group is used is provided. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support, a charge generation layer, a charge transport layer containing a charge transporting material, and a protective layer, in the order presented, wherein the charge transport layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a structure selected from a group A and a structure selected from a group B, and the protective layer includes a cured material of a composition containing a compound having at least a functional group selected from chain-polymerizable functional groups and sequential polymerizable functional groups. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the film thickness of the protective layer to the film thickness of the charge transport layer (film thickness of protective layer/film thickness of charge transport layer) is 0.20 to 0.40.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the structure of the polycarbonate resin selected from the group A is the formula (101).5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 4 , wherein Rin the formula (101) is a methyl group.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein Rand Rin the formula (101) are the same.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the content ratio of the structure selected from the group A to the polycarbonate resin is 20 mol % or more and 80 mol % or less.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the viscosity-average molecular weight of the polycarbonate resin is 20 claim 1 ,000 or higher and 70 claim 1 ,000 or lower.9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

IMAGE FORMING METHOD, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

It is intended to provide an image forming method, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus which have favorable cleaning properties and can suppress reduction in image quality caused by the contamination of a charging member. A surface layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfies the condition (i) or (ii), and toner contains a resin having an isosorbide unit: (i) containing a fluorine resin particle and at lease one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin, and (ii) containing at least one resin selected from the group consisting of a polyarylate resin and a polycarbonate resin each having a polysiloxane structure. 2. The image forming method according to claim 1 , whereinan abundance ratio of a silicon element to constituent elements in the outermost surface of the surface layer obtained using electron spectroscopy for chemical analysis (ESCA) is 3.0 atom % or more, andthe resin C contains 0.10 mol % or more of the isosorbide unit represented by the formula (14) as a constituent.3. The image forming method according to claim 1 , whereina content of the structure represented by the formula (1) in each of the polyarylate resin A and the polycarbonate resin B is 5.0 mass % or more and 60 mass % or less, andthe resin C contains 0.10 mol % or more of the isosorbide unit represented by the formula (14) as a constituent.7. The image forming method according to claim 6 , wherein the polyarylate resin A has the structural unit represented by the formula (5).9. The image forming method according to claim 8 , wherein the polycarbonate resin B has the structural unit represented by the formula (8).11. The image forming method according to claim 10 , whereina content of the polydimethylsiloxane represented by the formula (16) contained in the surface layer is 3.0 mass % or more and 20.0 mass % or less with respect to the polyarylate resin A and the polycarbonate resin B contained in the surface ...

Surface Control Apparatuses Reducing Print Defects and Methods of Using Same

Surface control apparatuses including an imaging member having a charge retentive surface for developing an electrostatic latent image thereon. The imaging member including a substrate, a photoconductive layer disposed on the substrate, and a surface control (SC) layer disposed on the outer surface of the imaging member. Image forming apparatuses having such surface control apparatuses installed and methods of reducing print defects using such image forming apparatuses. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a substrate,', 'a photoconductive layer disposed on the substrate, and', 'a surface control (SC) layer disposed on the outer surface of the imaging member, the surface control layer having a thickness of between about 5 nm and about 65 nm throughout; and, 'an imaging member having a charge retentive surface for developing an electrostatic latent image thereon, wherein the imaging member comprisesan application member for applying the SC layer to the surface of the imaging member.2. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the SC layer is between about 8 nm and about 60 nm throughout.3. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the SC layer is between about 10 nm and about 65 nm throughout.4. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the SC layer is between about 20 nm and about 65 nm throughout.5. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the SC layer is between about 30 nm and about 65 nm throughout.6. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the SC layer comprises an alkane claim 1 , a fluoroalkane claim 1 , an alkyl silane claim 1 , a fluoroalkyl silane claim 1 , an alkoxy-silane claim 1 , a siloxane claim 1 , a glycol claim 1 , a polyglycol claim 1 , a mineral oil claim 1 , a synthetic oil claim 1 , a natural oil claim 1 , or a mixture of two or more thereof.7. The image forming apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the SC layer comprises a paraffin oil.8. ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, an undercoat layer formed on the support, and a photosensitive layer which is formed on the undercoat layer and contains a charge generating substance and a hole transporting substance. The undercoat layer contains a specific amine compound, titanium oxide crystal particles having an average primary particle diameter of 3 nm or more and 15 nm or less and an organic resin. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of Rto Ris an amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein the amino group substituted with a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group is a dialkylamino group.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein the dialkylamino group is a dimethylamino group or a diethylamino group.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of Rto Ris a substituted or unsubstituted cyclic amino group.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the substituted or unsubstituted cyclic amino group is a morpholino group or a 1-piperidyl group.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the content of the amine compound represented by the formula (1) in the undercoat layer is 0.05% by mass or more and 15% by mass or less relative to the total mass of the undercoat layer.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the titanium oxide crystal particles are rutile-type titanium oxide crystal particles of which part of titanium atoms therein is replaced with tin atoms.9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the content of titanium oxide crystal particles in the undercoat layer is 15% by mass or more and 55% by mass or less relative to the ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member, including: a support; and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, in which a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a polymerized product of a compound represented by the following structural formula (1). 2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a structure except Fn in the structural formula (1) has a conjugated structure containing 20 or more sp2 carbon atoms.3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein a structure except Fn in the structural formula (1) has a conjugated structure containing 24 or more sp2 carbon atoms.4. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the condensed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon group is a group obtained by removing r hydrogen atoms from one of fluorene claim 1 , anthracene claim 1 , phenanthrene claim 1 , fluoranthene claim 1 , and pyrene.5. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer has an ionization potential of 5.5 eV or more and 6.4 eV or less.6. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , wherein the surface layer has an ionization potential of 5.8 eV or more and 6.2 eV or less.7. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein:the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises a first hole transporting layer and a second hole transporting layer;the second hole transporting layer is the surface layer; andthe first hole transporting layer has an ionization potential of 5.0 eV or more and 6.0 eV or less.8. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein the first hole transporting layer has an ionization potential of 5.2 eV or more and 5.8 eV or less.9. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Fn in the structural formula (1) represents an acryloyloxy group or a ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member that can achieve both of the suppression of a fluctuation in potential of the photosensitive member at the time of its repeated use, and the prevention of the occurrence of a black spot-like image defect at high levels. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes in this order: a support; an intermediate layer; and a photosensitive layer, the intermediate layer containing particles each containing titanium oxide, and the particles having a mass increase ratio of 0.005% or more when heated under a nitrogen atmosphere from 300° C. to 900° C. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising in this order:a support;an intermediate layer; anda photosensitive layer,wherein the intermediate layer contains particles each containing titanium oxide, andwherein the particles have a mass increase ratio of 0.005% or more when heated under nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature from 300° C. to 900° C.2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the particles each have a core containing titanium oxide claim 1 , and a coating layer containing titanium oxide claim 1 , the layer coating the core.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of a mass increase amount of the particles when heated under an oxygen atmosphere at a temperature from 300° C. to 900° C. to a mass increase amount of the particles when heated under the nitrogen atmosphere at a temperature from 300° C. to 900° C. is 1.0 or more and 7.0 or less.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the particles in the intermediate layer is 20 vol % or more and 60 vol % or less.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , wherein the coating layer containing titanium oxide contains titanium oxide doped with one of niobium and tantalum.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which includes an undercoat layer, and the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a compound represented by the formula (1). 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,{'sup': 1', '10, 'wherein in the formula (1), only one of Rto Rrepresents a carboxyl group or a hydroxy group.'}4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the compound represented by the formula (1) in the undercoat layer is in a range of 0.05 to 4 percent by mass with respect to the metal oxide particles.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the metal oxide particles are particles which comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and tin oxide.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles whose surfaces have been treated with a silane coupling agent.8. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 ,{'sup': 1', '10, 'wherein in the formula (1), only one of Rto Rrepresents a carboxyl group or a hydroxy group.'}10. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 ,wherein the content of the compound represented by the formula (1) in the undercoat layer is in a range of 0.05 to 4 percent by mass with respect to the metal oxide particles.11. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 ,wherein the metal oxide particles are particles which comprise at least one selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide, zinc oxide, and tin oxide.12. The method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 ,wherein the metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles whose surfaces have been treated ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

The present invention provides an electrophotographic photosensitive member which has a substrate, a photoconductive layer and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide in this order. The average value of the carbon content (C/(C+Si)) of the surface layer formed from the hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide is set at 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, and the average value of the hydrogen content (H/(H+C+Si)) is set at 0.40 or less; and when the average value of the ratios of the sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond in the outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of the silicon content (Si/(C+Si)) is represented by b, 0.015≤a*b≤0.090 holds. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a substrate , a photoconductive layer , and a surface layer formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide , in this order , whereinan average value of ratios (C/(C+Si)) of a number (C) of carbon atoms to a sum of a number (Si) of silicon atoms and the number (C) of carbon atoms in the surface layer is 0.90 or more and less than 1.00, andan average value of ratios (H/(H+C+Si)) of a number (H) of hydrogen atoms to a sum of the number (H) of hydrogen atoms, the number (C) of carbon atoms and the number (Si) of silicon atoms in the surface layer is 0.40 or less; andwhen an average value of ratios of a sum of a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond to a sum of Si-related bonds (sum of a Si—Si bond, a Si—C bond, a Si—O bond and an O—Si—O bond) in an outermost surface region that constitutes a range within a depth of 5 nm or less from the outermost surface of the surface layer is represented by a, and an average value of ratios (Si/(C+Si)) of the number (Si) of silicon atoms to a sum of the number (Si) of the silicon atoms and the number (C) of carbon atoms in the surface layer is represented by b, 0.015≤a*b≤0.090 holds.2. The ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An average value of a hydrogen content ratio of a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.40 or less and a maximum value of an spbonding ratio in an outermost surface region of the surface layer made of the hydrogenated amorphous carbon is set to be 0.50 or less. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member including a substrate , a photoconductive layer , and a surface layer made of hydrogenated amorphous carbon in this order , whereinan average value of a hydrogen content ratio of the surface layer is 0.40 or less, and{'sup': '2', 'a maximum value of a spbonding ratio in an outermost surface region is 0.50 or less when a region having a depth of 5 nm or less from an outermost surface of the surface layer is defined as the outermost surface region.'}2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum value of the hydrogen content ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.45 or more.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost surface region includes an oxygen atom claim 1 , and a maximum value of an oxygen content ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.15 or more.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a film thickness of the surface layer is 20 nm or more and 300 nm or less.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the maximum value of the spbonding ratio in the outermost surface region is 0.40 or less.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the photoconductive layer is a photoconductive layer made of hydrogenated amorphous silicon.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a lower blocking layer is provided between the substrate and the photoconductive layer.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , wherein the lower blocking layer has a nitrogen atom.9. The ...

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, method for producing electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

A charge-transporting layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a charge-transporting substance, a resin A having a specific structural unit and a resin C having a specific structural unit as resins, and a compound D having a specific structural unit, and the charge-transporting layer contains domains containing the resin A1, the resin A2 and the compound D in a matrix containing the charge-transporting substance and the resin C.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus using the same, and image forming method

An electrophotographic photoreceptor for use in an image forming apparatus having a proximity charge-type charging unit includes a conductive support and at least photosensitive layer and surface layer laminated in order on the conductive support, wherein the surface layer includes (A) a charge transport material, (B) a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound and inorganic fine particles, and (C) organic fine particles, and the inorganic fine particles contain a metal oxide, has a surface treated with a surface treatment agent having a reactive organic group, and has a volume resistivity of 1.2×1011 Ω·cm or more.

Fluorinated structured organic film photoreceptor layers

A method of forming an overcoat layer. The method comprises providing a substrate having an imaging structure formed thereon, the imaging structure comprising (i) a charge transport layer and a charge generating layer, or (ii) an imaging layer comprising both charge generating material and charge transport material. An overcoat composition is deposited on the imaging structure, the overcoat composition comprising a charge transport molecule, a fluorinated building block, a leveling agent, a liquid carrier and optionally a first catalyst. The fluorinated building block is a fluorinated alkyl monomer substituted at the α and ω positions with a hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl or aldehyde functional group or the anhydrides of any of those functional groups. The overcoat composition is cured to form an overcoat layer that is a fluorinated structured organic film, the curing comprising treating an outer surface of the overcoat composition with at least one cross-linking process. The crosslinking process forms a cross-linking gradient in the overcoat layer. If the overcoat composition comprises the first catalyst, there is an insufficient amount of the first catalyst to fully cross-link the overcoat layer.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle. The fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less but has a fluorine atom, a second structural unit derived from a macromonomer, and a third structural unit having the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, whereinan outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle, andthe fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less but has a fluorine atom, a second structural unit derived from a macromonomer, and a third structural unit having the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less includes an acidic group (Ac) which is at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfo group claim 1 , a phosphate group claim 1 , a phosphonate group claim 1 , and a fluorinated alkyl carboxy group.3. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, whereinan outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle, andthe fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group (Ac) which is at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfo group, a phosphate group, a ...

IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

An image forming apparatus includes an image holding member including a conductive substrate, a photosensitive layer, and a protection layer; a charging unit; an electrostatic image forming unit; a developing unit that includes an electrostatic image developer having a toner and develops the electrostatic image to form a toner image; a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a recording medium; a fixing unit that fixes the toner image; and a cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade. The toner includes toner particles and silica particles having a number average particle size of 110 nm to 130 nm, a large-diameter-side number particle size distribution index (upper GSDp) of less than 1.080, and an average circularity of 0.94 to 0.98, wherein 80 number % or more of the silica particles have a circularity of 0.92 or more. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a conductive substrate,', 'a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, and', 'a protection layer disposed on the photosensitive layer;, 'an image holding member including'}a charging unit that charges a surface of the image holding member;an electrostatic image forming unit that forms an electrostatic image on the charged surface of the image holding member;a developing unit that includes an electrostatic image developer having a toner and develops the electrostatic image formed on the surface of the image holding member with the electrostatic image developer to form a toner image;a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a recording medium;a fixing unit that fixes the toner image transferred on the surface of the recording medium; anda cleaning unit that includes a cleaning blade that removes toner particles present on the surface of the image holding member, toner particles; and', 'silica particles having a number average particle size of 110 nm to 130 nm, a large-diameter-side number particle size distribution index (upper GSDp) of less than ...

ORGANIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND PRODUCTION PROCESS THEREOF

Disclosed is an organic photoreceptor which provides stable, high evenness of in-plane image density over a long period of time, and a production process of the organic photoreceptor. The organic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, an organic photosensitive layer, and a surface layer made of a cured resin, which are stacked in this order. The surface layer is obtained by curing a composition containing a radical polymerizable compound for forming the cured resin, metal oxide fine particles having a surface treated with a silane coupling agent, and a silane compound represented by the following general formula (1), 2. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the silane compound is one selected from the group consisting of triethylsilane claim 1 , tripropylsilane claim 1 , diethylsilane claim 1 , dipropylsilane claim 1 , and methylphenylsilane.3. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein a content ratio of the silane compound is 1 to 30 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the radical polymerizable compound for forming the cured resin that constitutes the surface layer.4. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the content ratio of the silane compound is 10 to 20 parts by mass per 100 parts by mass of the radical polymerizable compound for forming the cured resin that constitutes the surface layer.5. The organic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide fine particles are made of tin oxide. The present invention relates to an organic photoreceptor, which is used in image formation in an electrophotographic system, and a production process of the organic photoreceptor.Organic photoreceptors (hereinafter also referred to simply as “photoreceptors”) having a surface layer made of a cured resin as a protective layer have been widely used. The cured resin constituting the surface layer is usually produced by polymerization of a polymerizable compound by heat, electron beam, ultraviolet rays, or ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, IMAGE FORMING METHOD, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, and an outermost layer disposed on the photosensitive layer, in which the outermost layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles having different number average primary particle diameters from each other, and at least one of the two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles is surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone chain as a side chain. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor which is used in an image forming method , the image forming method including:a charging process of charging a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,an exposing process of exposing the charged electrophotographic photoreceptor to form an electrostatic latent image,a developing process of supplying a toner to the electrophotographic photoreceptor on which the electrostatic latent image is formed to form a toner image,a transfer process of transferring the toner image formed on the electrophotographic photoreceptor,a lubricant supply process of supplying a lubricant to the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; anda cleaning process of removing the toner remaining on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,the electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive support; a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; and an outermost layer disposed on the photosensitive layer,wherein the outermost layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles having different number average primary particle diameters from each other, andat least one of the two or more kinds of conductive metal oxide particles is surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone chain as a side chain.2. The ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a cylindrical substrate; and a surface layer located on an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate. At least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate is formed as a rough surface, and a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in the cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer is larger than that of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer. An image forming apparatus includes the electrophotographic photoreceptor; and a peripheral member capable of contacting a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:a cylindrical substrate, at least a substrate central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the cylindrical substrate having a surface roughness; anda surface layer located on the outer surface of the cylindrical substrate,a surface roughness of a surface-layer central portion in a cylindrical axial direction of an outer surface of the surface layer being larger than a surface roughness of at least one of two surface-layer end portions in the cylindrical axial direction of the outer surface of the surface layer.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface roughness of the outer surface of the surface layer gradually increases from a first surface-layer end portion to a second surface-layer end portion of the two surface-layer end portions.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface roughness of the outer surface of the surface layer gradually increases from at least one of the two surface-layer end portions to the surface-layer central portion.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the two surface-layer end portions of ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING METHOD AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS USING THE SAME

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an outermost layer formed of a polymerized cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain, wherein a ratio (r/r′) between a number average primary particle diameter (r) of metal oxide particles which are untreated base particles of the metal oxide particles surface-treated with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain and a sphere equivalent particle diameter (r′) of the untreated base particles calculated from a specific surface area measured by a nitrogen adsorption method is 1.5 or more and 6.0 or less, and a surface treatment amount with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain per surface area of the untreated base particles is 0.0005 g/mor more and 0.0015 g/mor less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising an outermost layer formed of a polymerized cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treatment agent having a silicone chain , whereina ratio (r/r′) between a number average primary particle diameter (r) of metal oxide particles which are untreated base particles of the metal oxide particles surface-treated with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain and a sphere equivalent particle diameter (r′) of the untreated base particles calculated from a specific surface area measured by a nitrogen adsorption method is 1.5 or more and 6.0 or less, and{'sup': 2', '2, 'a surface treatment amount with the surface treatment agent having a silicone chain per surface area of the untreated base particles is 0.0005 g/mor more and 0.0015 g/mor less.'}2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the number average primary particle diameter (r) of the untreated base particles is 50 nm or more and 200 nm or less.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a laminated body including a conductive support, a first intermediate layer on the conductive support, and a second intermediate layer on the first intermediate layer, the first intermediate layer containing a binder resin and a metal oxide particle whose surface have been treated with an organic compound, and the second intermediate layer containing a cured product having electron transportability, in which the laminated body satisfies the following expression (1): 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the laminated body satisfies the following expression (2):{'br': None, 'i': ≦R', 'nV/R', 'V≦, 'sub': —', '—, '0.4000.75\u2003\u2003(2)'}3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the organic compound is a compound having an alkoxysilyl group claim 1 , an amino group claim 1 , an epoxy group claim 1 , a carboxy group claim 1 , a hydroxy group claim 1 , or a thiol group.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the organic compound is a silane coupling agent.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10Ω·cm or more.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the first intermediate layer has a volume resistivity of 1.0×10Ω·cm or less.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the second intermediate layer has a thickness of 0.2 μm or more and 0.7 μm or less.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the cured product having electron transportability is a cured product of a composition comprising an electron transporting material having a polymerizable functional group claim 1 , a crosslinking agent claim 1 , and/or a resin having a polymerizable functional group.9. The electrophotographic ...

Fluorinated structured organic film photoreceptor layers

A method of forming an overcoat layer. The method comprises providing a substrate having an imaging structure formed thereon, the imaging structure comprising (i) a charge transport layer and a charge generating layer, or (ii) an imaging layer comprising both charge generating material and charge transport material. An overcoat composition is deposited on the imaging structure, the overcoat composition comprising a charge transport molecule, a fluorinated building block, a leveling agent, a liquid carrier and optionally a first catalyst. The fluorinated building block is a fluorinated alkyl monomer substituted at the α and ω positions with a hydroxyl, carboxyl, carbonyl or aldehyde functional group or the anhydrides of any of those functional groups. The overcoat composition is cured to form an overcoat layer that is a fluorinated structured organic film, the curing comprising treating an outer surface of the overcoat composition with at least one cross-linking process. The crosslinking process forms a cross-linking gradient in the overcoat layer. If the overcoat composition comprises the first catalyst, there is an insufficient amount of the first catalyst to fully cross-link the overcoat layer.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC ELECTROCONDUCTIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic electroconductive member which keeps high discharge performance even in use under a high temperature and high humidity environment is provided. The electroconductive member includes an electroconductive substrate, and a surface layer including a net-like structural body disposed on the electroconductive substrate, wherein the net-like structural body includes non-electroconductive fibers containing a radiation degradable resin. 1. An electrophotographic electroconductive member comprising:an electroconductive substrate; anda surface layer including a net-like structural body disposed on the electroconductive substrate,wherein the net-like structural body comprises non-electroconductive fibers containing a radiation degradable resin.2. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the resin has a glass transition temperature of 50° C. or more and 200° C. or less.4. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 3 , wherein in Formula (1) claim 3 , Ris a linear or branched alkyl group having 2 to 6 carbon atoms.5. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 4 , wherein in Formula (1) claim 4 , Ris at least one selected from the group consisting of groups represented by formulas (2) to (5):{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '3, '—C(CH);\u2003\u2003Formula (2)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2, '—CH(CH);\u2003\u2003Formula (3)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '3', '3, '—CH(CH)—C(CH); and\u2003\u2003Formula (4)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', '3', '2, '—C(CH)—CH(CH).\u2003\u2003Formula (5)'}6. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 5 , wherein in Formula (1) claim 5 , Ris —C(CH).7. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the resin is a crystalline resin having a melting point of 50° C. or more and 350° C. or less.8. The electrophotographic electroconductive member according to claim 1 , wherein the resin is at least one selected ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate, a photosensitive layer provided on the electroconductive substrate, and an inorganic surface layer provided on the photosensitive layer, wherein a layer constituting an outermost surface of the photosensitive layer contains from 30% by weight to 70% by weight of silica particles and contains a biphenyl copolymerization type polycarbonate resin including a structural unit represented by the formula (PCA) and a structural unit represented by the formula (PCB) at a copolymerization ratio (PCA:PCB (molar ratio)) of 10:90 to 50:50: 3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the inorganic surface layer contains an element in Group 13, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom,provided that a sum of an element composition ratio of the element in Group 13, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom with respect to the entirety of elements constituting the inorganic surface layer is equal to or greater than 90 atom %, and an atomic ratio of element composition of an oxygen atom and the element in Group 13 (oxygen atom/element in Group 13) is from 1.1 to 1.5.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein the inorganic surface layer contains an element in Group 13, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom,provided that a sum of an element composition ratio of the element in Group 13, an oxygen atom, and a hydrogen atom with respect to the entirety of elements constituting the inorganic surface layer is equal to or greater than 90 atom %, and an atomic ratio of element composition of an oxygen atom and the element in Group 13 (oxygen/element in Group 13) is from 1.1 to 1.5.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,{'sup': 2', '2, 'wherein a charpy impact strength of the layer constituting the outermost surface of the photosensitive layer is from 12 kJ/mto 35 kJ/m.'}6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,{'sup': 2', '2, ' ...

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, and image forming apparatus

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive base; an organic photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive base, the organic photosensitive layer including a layer that constitutes a surface and contains a charge transport material, a binder resin, and silica particles in an amount of about 40% by weight or more; and an inorganic protective layer disposed on the organic photosensitive layer and having a surface roughness Ra of about 5 nm or less.

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT, ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, IMAGE FORMING METHOD, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND ORGANIC EL ELEMENT

A photoelectric conversion element includes a support, a photoelectric conversion layer, an undercoat layer, and a surface layer; where the photoelectric conversion layer, the undercoat layer, and the surface layer are disposed on or above the support in this order. The surface layer is a ceramic film, and the undercoat layer includes a siloxane resin.

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, method for producing the same, process cartridge, and electrophotographic apparatus

An undercoat layer of an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product having electron transportability and a particle including titanium oxide, and a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product of a composition including a hole transporting substance having a polymerizable functional group and a photopolymerization initiator.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

Electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, an organic photosensitive layer on an outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate, and an inorganic protective layer on an outer peripheral surface of the organic photosensitive layer, the inorganic protective layer containing gallium and oxygen. A volume resistivity of an inner region of the inorganic protective layer, the inner region extending 0.2 μm or about 0.2 μm from an inner peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in a thickness direction, and a volume resistivity of an outer region of the inorganic protective layer, the outer region extending 0.2 μm or about 0.2 μm from an outer peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in the thickness direction, are both 6.0×10Ω·cm or more and 4.0×10Ω·cm or less or about 6.0×10Ω·cm or more and about 4.0×10Ω·cm or less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate;an organic photosensitive layer on an outer peripheral surface of the conductive substrate; andan inorganic protective layer on an outer peripheral surface of the organic photosensitive layer, the inorganic protective layer containing gallium and oxygen,{'sup': 7', '8, 'wherein a volume resistivity of an inner region of the inorganic protective layer, the inner region extending about 0.2 μm from an inner peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in a thickness direction, and a volume resistivity of an outer region of the inorganic protective layer, the outer region extending about 0.2 μm from an outer peripheral surface of the inorganic protective layer in the thickness direction, are both about 6.0×10Ω·cm or more and about 4.0×10Ω·cm or less.'}2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the inner region and the outer region of the inorganic protective layer has a volume resistivity of about 1.0×10Ω·cm or more and about 4.0×10Ω·cm or less.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoconductor (photoconductor) according to the embodiment includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer. The protective layer is composed of a cured product as one body obtained by a radical reaction of a composition containing a radical polymerizable monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group, a metal oxide fine particle having a radical polymerizable functional group, and camphorquinone or a derivative thereof. The photoconductor is installed in an image forming apparatus equipped with a cleaning device for removing transfer residual toner on the photoconductor, and the cleaning device includes an elastic cleaning member disposed so that it can come into contact with the surface of the photoconductor. 1. An electrophotographic photoconductor comprising: a conductive support; a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support; and a protective layer disposed on the photosensitive layer , whereinthe protective layer is composed of a cured product as one body obtained by a radical reaction of a composition containing: a radical polymerizable monomer having a radical polymerizable functional group; a metal oxide fine particle having a radical polymerizable functional group; and camphorquinone or a derivative thereof.2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the composition further contains a tertiary amine compound.3. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the protective layer further contains a charge transport agent.4. An image forming apparatus comprising: the electrophotographic photoconductor according to ; anda cleaner for removing a transfer residual toner on a surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor, wherein the cleaner includes an elastic material that comes into contact with the surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor. This application is entitled to and claims the benefit of Japanese Patent ...

Antioxidants for overcoat layers and methods for making the same

Antioxidants used for overcoat layers and processes for making the same. The present process for making the antioxidant has proven to be repeatable, cheaper, faster and safer than conventional processes. In particular, the present process uses a different solvent system where crude bis(4-diethylamino-2-methylphenyl)-(4-diethylaminophenylmethane) is dissolved in methylethyl ketone at room temperature, followed by product precipitation in a warm mixture of ethanol and water.