Hydrogen gas generating system

The present invention provides a hydrogen gas generating system that can manufacture and supply high pressure hydrogen gas in large volumes, inexpensively, and stably. This hydrogen gas generating system is provided with: a photovoltaic device (3) that is provided with solar cells and generates direct current electricity; a seawater electrolysis device (200) that generates hydrogen gas by electrolysis of seawater using the direct current electricity generated by the photovoltaic device (3); a solar heat power generating device (300) that generates alternating current electricity by rotating turbines (54, 58) by steam generated using solar heat; and a hydrogen gas compressor (101) that is driven by the alternating current electricity generated by the solar heat power generating device (300) and compresses the hydrogen gas generated by the seawater electrolysis device (200).

METHODS FOR PRODUCING OXIDIZED PRODUCT AND GENERATING POWER USING A SOLID ELECTROLYTE MEMBRANE INTEGRATED WITH A GAS TURBINE

A process for producing an oxidized product in conjunction with a turbine for generating power. This process comprises contacting a compressed and heated oxygen-containing gas stream with at least one solid electrolyte oxygen selective ion transport membrane in a membrane reactor. A reactant is passed into the reactor to generate an oxidized product therefrom. Oxygen-depleted retentate stream from the reactor is added to a gas turbine combustor and expanded in a gas turbine to generate power.

A GASIFICATION FACILITY WITH A HORIZONTAL GASIFIER AND A PLASMA REFORMER

A gasification facility comprising a gasifier and plasma reformulation system is provided. The facility is configured to perform optimized processes comprising generating a raw offgas and/or syngas from carbonaceous feedstock and processes for converting the raw offgas and/or syngas to a plasma reformulated gas.

COMBINED-CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING A COAL-FIRED GASIFIER

COMBINED-CYCLE POWER GENERATION SYSTEM USING A COAL-FIRED GASIFIER A integrated gasification combined cycle power generation system in which a carbonaceous material, such as coal, is gasified combusted in a gasifier to provide synthesis gas which mixes with ash produced as a result of the gasification. The mixture is cooled below the softening temperature of the ash before the gas is separated from the ash and is used to drive a gas turbine. Heat from the combustion process is removed from the gas and the ash and is used to produce steam ...

SALT PLANT EVAPORATION

This invention relates to an evaporative salt plant design including methods of operation and apparatus which produce high purity salt economically and in high yield comprising the combination of a gas turbine which drives a vapor compressor, whose exhaust gases are used to produce steam to drive a topping steam turbine generator, which in turn generates the electrical energy requirements of the plant, and wherein the discharge vapors from the steam turbine are combined with the discharge vapors from the vapor compressor, which is in turn in combination with a vapor compression evaporator and a purge evaporator, whereby both evaporators produce salt, and where the overhead vapors of the purge evaporator are used in a brine cooled condenser to preheat input cold brine, thereby producing water condensate which is recovered, along with evaporator steam chest condensate streams, and used in solution mining underground salt, thereby allowing for both the productive use and recovery of substantially ...

Dividing wall rotary kiln device for coking and iron-making combined power generation

Device and method for condensing, separating, and storing liquid sulfur in a claus plant

System and method for oxygen separation in an integrated gasification combined cycle system

Sun light-heat energy focusing system

Molten carbonate fuel cell integrated operation

The use of fuel cell integrated power generation and chemical production

Configuration structure for coal-fired molten salt furnace and residual heat steam generator

PROCESS OF TREATMENT AND MANAGEMENT OF MUDS OF the Purification plants Of EAUXRESIDUAIRES

STEAM GENERATION SYSTEM

METHOD FOR SLURRY SEPARATION AND BIOGAS PRODUCTION

The present invention concerns an anaerobic digestion of animal manures, energy crops and similar organic substrates. The process is capable of refining nutrients comprised in the digested biomass to fertilizers of commercial quality. The invention also provides a method for processing animal carcasses or fractions thereof including meat and bone meal, etc., with the objective of providing an alternative means for processing the organic waste material of animal origin while at the same time facilitating the production of fertilizers. The risk of spreading BSE prions or any other prions to animals of humans is thus substantially reduced if not eliminated. The biogas and slurry separation system according to the present invention is preferably integrated with the operation of animal husbandries into a total concept in which the internal and external performances of animal husbandries are optimised. The internal performances concern quality aspects related to the management of the animal houses ...

Photoelectrochemical cell and energy system using the same

A photoelectrochemical cell ( 100 ) includes: a semiconductor electrode ( 120 ) including a substrate ( 121 ), a first n-type semiconductor layer ( 122 ) disposed on the substrate ( 121 ), and a second n-type semiconductor layer ( 123 ) and a conductor ( 124 ) disposed apart from each other on the first n-type semiconductor layer ( 122 ); a counter electrode ( 130 ) connected electrically to the conductor ( 124 ); an electrolyte ( 140 ) in contact with surfaces of the second n-type semiconductor layer ( 123 ) and the counter electrode ( 130 ); and a container ( 110 ) accommodating the semiconductor electrode ( 120 ), the counter electrode ( 130 ) and the electrolyte ( 140 ). In the semiconductor electrode ( 120 ), relative to a vacuum level, (I) band edge levels of a conduction band and a valence band in the second n-type semiconductor layer ( 123 ), respectively, are higher than band edge levels of a conduction band and a valence band in the first n-type semiconductor layer ( 122 ), (II) a Fermi level of the first n-type semiconductor layer ( 122 ) is higher than a Fermi level of the second n-type semiconductor layer ( 123 ), and (III) a Fermi level of the conductor ( 124 ) is higher than the Fermi level of the first n-type semiconductor layer ( 122 ). The photoelectrochemical cell ( 100 ) generates hydrogen by irradiation of the second n-type semiconductor layer ( 123 ) with light.

Method and apparatus for producing hydrogen

In the present invention, a method and apparatus for producing hydrogen by thermochemical water splitting are provided. The method for producing hydrogen of the present invention includes a reduction step of heating a high oxidation state redox material in an inert atmosphere to remove oxygen from the high oxidation state redox material, and thereby obtain a low oxidation state redox material and oxygen; and a hydrogen generation step of bringing water into contact with a low oxidation state redox material to oxidize the low oxidation state redox material and reduce the water, and thereby obtain a high oxidation state redox material and hydrogen. In the method for producing hydrogen of the present invention, the reduction step and the hydrogen generation step are performed switchingly in a same reaction vessel. Further, the apparatus for producing hydrogen of the present invention is used for performing the method for producing hydrogen of the present invention.

Catalytic gasification of organic matter in supercritical water

A catalyst system including at least one metal and an oxide support, said oxide support including at least one of Al 2 O 3 , Mn x O y , MgO, ZrO 2 , and La 2 O 3 , or any mixtures thereof; said catalyst being suitable for catalyzing at least one reaction under supercritical water conditions is disclosed. Additionally, a system for producing a high-pressure product gas under super-critical water conditions is provided. The system includes a pressure reactor accommodating a feed mixture of water and organic matter; a solar radiation concentrating system heating the pressure reactor and elevating the temperature and the pressure of the mixture to about the water critical temperature point and pressure point or higher. The reactor is configured and operable to enable a supercritical water process of the mixture to occur therein for conversion of the organic matter and producing a high-pressure product fuel gas.

Energy conversion system

A system of hardware and controls, know as a Hydrogen Hub, that absorbs electric power from any source, including hydropower, wind, solar, and other energy resources, chemically stores the power in hydrogen-dense anhydrous ammonia, then reshapes the stored energy to the power grid with zero emissions by using anhydrous ammonia to fuel diesel-type, spark-ignited internal combustion, combustion turbine, fuel cell or other electric power generators.

Electrolytic conversion of waste water to potable water

A method for converting waste water into potable water using power from an electrical grid. The method comprises flowing the waste water through an electrolysis cell coupled to the grid, and, when power availability on the grid is above an upper threshold, biasing the electrolysis cell to form hydrogen. Hydrogen evolved in the electrolysis is then provided as fuel to one or more fuel cells. When the power availability on the grid is below a lower threshold, electric current and potable water are drawn from the one or more fuel cells.

System for conveying hydrocarbonaceous material in a retort structure

A system for conveying material in a high volume, substantially continuous retort process. In the system a material is introduced into the retort and forms a live pile atop a distribution system. As the material falls through the distribution system it is heated to pyrolyze any organic matter. The resulting hydrocarbons are collected and the material is collected at a bottom of the retort structure.

Power dispatch system for electrolytic production of hydrogen from wind power

A system for distributing medium voltage DC electric power from a wind farm to electrolyser modules requiring low voltage DC power. The system includes one or more of each of central step down DC-DC converters, DC buses, regulated DC-DC converters, respective electrolyser module controllers, dispatch controllers, alternative loads, and alternative power sources.

Methods and products using grass of the genus triodia

According to this invention, plants of the genus Triodia are harvested for use as a renewable energy source or as a means of carbon sequestration. Triodia is a hummock-forming grass endemic to Australia, commonly known as spinifex. It is an abundant perennial plant which grows in semi-arid and arid regions. The novel use of Triodia as a biofuel feedstock has many advantages over the prior art. Being perennial, there is no need to plant and fertilise crops. The plants can be continuously harvested without damaging the soil. Triodia grows well with even small amounts of natural rainfall.

System and Method for Generating Hydrogen Gas Using Renewable Energy

A hydrogen generation system has a transparent cover and has a photovoltaic panel in the vessel. The photovoltaic panel generates the electricity for powering the electrolysis process. The photovoltaic panel may be submerged in the electrolyte solution, which acts to concentrate light rays onto the panel. The electrolyte solution may have an viologen additive, which dramatically increases hydrogen production, and enables the use of very low concentrations of acid. The photovoltaic panel may have a protective coating that both protects the photovoltaic structures, as well as increases conversion efficiency. Other structures, such as the cover, may be configured to further concentrate light rays onto the panel. In some examples, oxygen gas may also be collected, stored, and used. The generation system may also use an external electricity source for powering the electrolysis process when insufficient electricity is produced by the internal photovoltaic cell.

Technical field and industrial applicability of the invention

The present invention is a solution or colloid of fullerene, SWNTs, or graphene in cyclic terpenes, lactones, terpene-alcohol, fatty-acid alcohols, and lactones following ultrasonication and ultracentrifugation processing, for oil-energy, biological, electrical-thermal applications. The compositions are useful as fuel/oil/grease/gels (synthetic included), oil/fuel/additives/propellants, identification dyes, and heat-transfer fluids. Other functions are phase-change fluids for solar energy power plants, antifreeze, electronic dyes, electrolytic fluid/solvent, electrically-thermally conductive material for electrochemical, dielectric, filler/adhesive for semiconductor, eletro-optical, and liquid crystal substrates/coatings for touch sensitive transmissive or reflective displays. When combined with gelatin the formulations can function as dichroic-optical coatings for thin-films/waveguides/holograms. Such formulations may also be used as photovoltaic paint, electrorheological, thermophoretic-thermodiffusion, electrohydrodynamics, electric propulsion, laser enhancement, plasma jets, and magnetohydrodynamics. Energy use includes high-temperature superconductivity, or hydrogen storage using carbon, alumina, or silica supported Pd, Pt, or Zn catalysts. Biological applications include anticancer, antiviral, antifungal, drug delivery, skin permeable agents, and lubricant use.

Method for preparing high-purity lithium carbonate from brine

The present disclosure provides a method of preparing highly pure lithium carbonate from brine. The method includes adding an adsorbent to the brine, from which the magnesium ions Mg 2+ have been removed, to adsorb lithium ions Li + to the adsorbent, followed by providing the adsorbent having the lithium ions Li + adsorbed thereto to a strong acid solution to desorb the lithium ions Li + from the adsorbent; enriching the strong acid solution in which the lithium ions Li + are desorbed from the adsorbent; and obtaining lithium carbonate Li 2 CO 3 through chemical reaction between the lithium ions Li + in the enriched solution and a carbonate precursor.

Process for electrosynthesis of energetic molecules

A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Method and device for processing sour gas rich in carbon dioxide in a claus process

A method and apparatus for processing a sour gas rich in carbon dioxide in a Claus process, so sulfur compounds are removed by a selective solvent in a gas scrubbing process. Sulfur components and carbon dioxide, are separated into at least two sour gas fractions, wherein at least one sour gas fraction having a higher content of sulfur components is obtained, wherein the fraction having the highest hydrogen sulfide content is introduced in the thermal reaction stage of the Claus furnace with a gas containing oxygen by means of a burner. The sulfur is converted to sulfur dioxide in the thermal reaction stage of the Claus furnace and exhaust gases are discharged into the closed Claus reaction chamber behind the burner. The remaining sour gas fractions stripped of sulfur components are fed to the Claus reaction chamber and are mixed with the combustion gases leaving the burner.

Novel Beta-Glucosidase and Uses thereof

A novel beta-glucosidase and nucleic acids encoding the beta-glucosidase. Also disclosed are cells, compositions, and methods relating to using the beta-glucosidase to convert ligocellulosic material to fermentable sugars.

Hydrogen production system for controlling the power output of power stations based on renewable energhy sources and control process

It stands out mainly for consisting of a nested configuration of electrolysis units ( 5 ), independently operated, the power output values of which are descendant in such a manner that, for any unit of the system, the sum of the power output values of the smaller electrolysis units ( 5 ) is always greater than or equal to the “dead band” (DB) of said units, allowing reduction of the dead band of said hydrogen production system ( 4 ) to negligible levels, avoiding loss or discharge of the energy generated in said renewable power stations, preferably one or several wind farms ( 2 ) formed by a group of wind turbines ( 1 ), connected to the power grid ( 3 ) as a consequence of the implementation of a primary control service therein or, in general, of any other active power control service, thereby optimising the total energy obtained.

Method and system for capturing carbon dioxide in an oxyfiring process where oxygen is supplied by regenerable metal oxide sorbents

An oxyfiring system is disclosed. The oxyfiring system comprises (a) an oxidation reactor for oxidizing a reduced metal oxide; (b) a decomposition reactor wherein a decomposition fuel is combusted and oxidized metal oxide sorbents are reduced with oxygen being released and a flue gas with an oxygen enriched carbon dioxide stream is produced; (c) a fuel combustion reactor for combusting a primary fuel and the oxygen enriched carbon dioxide stream into a primary flue gas; and (d) separation apparatus for separating a portion of the primary flue gas so that a carbon dioxide enriched stream can be prepared.

Electrochemical Co-Production of Chemicals with Sulfur-Based Reactant Feeds to Anode

The present disclosure includes a system and method for producing a first product from a first region of an electrochemical cell having a cathode and a second product from a second region of the electrochemical cell having an anode. The method may include a step of contacting the first region with a catholyte comprising carbon dioxide. The method may include another step of contacting the second region with an anolyte comprising a sulfur-based reactant. Further, the method may include a step of applying an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode sufficient to produce a first product recoverable from the first region and a second product recoverable from the second region. An additional step of the method may include removing the second product and an unreacted sulfur-based reactant from the second region and recycling the unreacted sulfur-based reactant to the second region.

System and Method for Oxidizing Organic Compounds While Reducing Carbon Dioxide

Methods and systems for electrochemically generating an oxidation product and a reduction product may include one or more operations including, but not limited to: receiving a feed of at least one organic compound into an anolyte region of an electrochemical cell including an anode; at least partially oxidizing the at least one organic compound at the anode to generate at least carbon dioxide; receiving a feed including carbon dioxide into a catholyte region of the electrochemical cell including a cathode; and at least partially reducing carbon dioxide to generate a reduction product at the cathode.

High temperature rechargeable battery for greenhouse gas decomposition and oxygen generation

This invention shows a high temperature rechargeable battery system for energy storage, oxygen generation, and decomposition of oxygen-containing gases (e.g. CO 2 /H 2 O, NOR, SO x , in particular greenhouse gas (GHG)) by using ODF/La 2 NiO 4 -based materials in Li/Ti/Mg-CO 2 battery architecture. Different from ionic Lithium conducting electrolyte, the invention has a higher ionic oxygen conducting electrolyte to work efficiently at elevated temperature without sacrificing safety. During battery discharge, GHG can be decomposed into syngas (CO+H 2 ) or solid carbon, while renewable energy (e.g. solar or wind power) can be used to charge the battery and generate oxygen. The energy consumption for GHG decomposition is self-sustainable and the byproducts (i.e. carbon/syngas and oxygen) have good market values. The adoption of cost effective materials other than Lithium is significant for scaled-up applications and represents an entirely new approach. With carbon capture and sequestration becoming a key element in worldwide efforts to control/minimize CO 2 emission, it can be anticipated that large amount of CO 2 will become available for use as feedstock for innovative conversions into synthetic fuels. This invention shows a high temperature rechargeable battery system for decomposition of oxygen containing gases (in particular greenhouse gas (GHG)), oxygen generation, and energy storage by using ODF/La 2 NiO 4 -based materials in a rechargeable Li/Ti/Mg-CO 2 battery architecture. Different from traditional Lithium ion conducting electrolyte, the invention has a higher ionic oxygen conducting electrolyte, which can work efficiently at higher temperature without sacrificing safety. During battery discharge, GHG such as CO 2 /H 2 O, NO x and SO x can be decomposed into syngas (CO+H 2 ) or solid carbon. Whereas, solar, wind or other renewable energy can be used to charge the battery and generate oxygen. The energy consumption for GHG decomposition is self-sustainable ...

Use of oxyhydrogen microorganisms for non-photosynthetic carbon capture and conversion of inorganic and/or c1 carbon sources into useful organic compounds

Compositions and methods for a hybrid biological and chemical process that captures and converts carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and/or CI carbon sources including but not limited to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formate, or formic acid, and/or mixtures containing CI chemicals including but not limited to various syngas compositions, into organic chemicals including bio-fuels or other valuable biomass, chemical, industrial, or pharmaceutical products are provided. The present invention, in certain embodiments, fixes inorganic carbon or CI carbon sources into longer carbon chain organic chemicals by utilizing microorganisms capable of performing the oxyhydrogen reaction and the autotrophic fixation of CO 2 in one or more steps of the process.

Organic templated nanometal oxyhydroxide

Disclosed are granular composites comprising a biopolymer and one or more nanometal-oxyhydroxide/hydroxide/oxide particles, along with methods for the preparation and use thereof.

Reducing Carbon Dioxide to Products

A method reducing carbon dioxide to one or more products may include steps (A) to (C). Step (A) may bubble said carbon dioxide into a solution of an electrolyte and a catalyst in a divided electrochemical cell. The divided electrochemical cell may include an anode in a first cell compartment and a cathode in a second cell compartment. The cathode may reduce said carbon dioxide into said products. Step (B) may adjust one or more of (a) a cathode material, (b) a surface morphology of said cathode, (c) said electrolyte, (d) a manner in which said carbon dioxide is bubbled, (e), a pH level of said solution, and (f) an electrical potential of said divided electrochemical cell, to vary at least one of (i) which of said products is produced and (ii) a faradaic yield of said products. Step (C) may separate said products from said solution.

Electrochemical Co-Production of a Glycol and an Alkene Employing Recycled Halide

The present disclosure is a method and system for electrochemically co-producing a first product and a second product. The system may include a first electrochemical cell, a first reactor, a second electrochemical cell, at least one second reactor, and at least one third reactor. The method and system for for co-producing a first product and a second product may include co-producing a glycol and an alkene employing a recycled halide.

Char-Handling Processes in a Pyrolysis System

Char-handling processes for controlling overall heat balance, ash accumulation, and afterburn in a reheater are provided. Carbonaceous biomass feedstock is pyrolyzed using a heat transfer medium forming pyrolysis products and a spent heat transfer medium. The spent heat transfer medium is separated into segregated char and char-depleted spent heat transfer medium. The char-depleted spent heat transfer medium is introduced into a dense bed of heat transfer medium fluidized by a stream of oxygen-containing regeneration gas. All or a portion of the segregated char is combusted in the dense bed using the stream of oxygen-containing regeneration gas. A portion of the segregated char may be exported out of the pyrolysis system to control the overall heat balance and ash accumulation.

Hydrogen-treated Semiconductor Metal Oxides for Photoelectrical Water Splitting

A method of electrode hydrogenation for photoelectrochemical (PEC) water oxidation is provided that includes annealing a PEC electrode in air, and annealing the PEC electrode in hydrogen to form a hydrogenated-PEC electrode, where PEC performance is improved by enhancing charge transfer and transport in the hydrogenated-PEC electrode.

Dynamic disintegration enriching agents and fertilisers, their method of manufacture, and their uses in agriculture

The invention relates to a particularly basic inorganic soil conditioner containing an inorganic carbonate as the base thereof, characterised in that it comprises at least one “dynamic disintegration” agent capable of causing a breakdown, considerable fragmentation, dispersion, and considerable “dispersion” within the granule, i.e. a force inside and/or on the surface of the granule that tends to cause the granule to break down or “explode” when said granule contacts the soil, and specifically contacts the water or moisture of the soil, and in that said carbonate is preferably natural or precipitated calcium carbonate.

Nanoparticle composition and methods of making the same

A method of fabricating copper nanoparticles includes heating a copper salt solution that includes a copper salt, an N,N′-dialkylethylenediamine, and a C6-C18 alkylamine in an organic solvent to a temperature between about 30° C. to about 50° C.; heating a reducing agent solution that includes a reducing agent, an N,N′-dialkylethylenediamine, and a C6-C18 alkylamine in an organic solvent to a temperature between about 30° C. to about 50° C.; and adding the heated copper salt solution to the heated reducing agent solution, thereby producing copper nanoparticles. A composition includes copper nanoparticles, a C6-C18 alkylamine and an N,N′-dialkylethylenediamine ligand. Such copper nanoparticles in this composition have a fusion temperature between about 100° C. to about 200° C. A surfactant system for the stabilizing copper nanoparticles includes an N,N′-dialkylethylenediamine and a C6-C18 alkylamine.

Production of synthesis gas through the use of a solar receiver decoupled from a reforming reactor

A process for the production of syngas comprising the steps of: forming a gaseous reactant mixture comprising a hydrocarbon fuel; reforming the reactant mixture in a reforming reactor at a target reforming temperature to produce hydrogen gas, the reactant mixture is heated by a heat transfer fluid that, prior to heating the reactant mixture, passes through a concentrated solar energy receiver. The volumetric ratio of heat transfer fluid between the receiver and the reforming reactor to the heat transfer fluid in the receiver is less than fifty.

Use of oxyhydrogen microorganisms for non-photosynthetic carbon capture and conversion of inorganic and/or c1 carbon sources into useful organic compounds

Compositions and methods for a hybrid biological and chemical process that captures and converts carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and/or C1 carbon sources including but not limited to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formate, or formic acid, and/or mixtures containing C1 chemicals including but not limited to various syngas compositions, into organic chemicals including biofuels or other valuable biomass, chemical, industrial, or pharmaceutical products are provided. The present invention, in certain embodiments, fixes inorganic carbon or C1 carbon sources into longer carbon chain organic chemicals by utilizing microorganisms capable of performing the oxyhydrogen reaction and the autotrophic fixation of CO 2 in one or more steps of the process.

Alkaline electrolyzer

An Alkaline Electrolyzer Cell Configuration (AECC) has a hydrogen half cell; an oxygen half cell; a GSM (Gas Separation Membrane); two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens; an outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen; a hydrogen electrode; two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens; an outer oxygen half cell spacer screen; and an oxygen electrode. The hydrogen half cell includes the hydrogen electrode which is located between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens and said outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen. The oxygen half cell includes the oxygen electrode which is located between said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens and said outer oxygen half cell spacer screen. The the GSM is provided between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens of the hydrogen half cell and said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens of the oxygen half cell to from the electrolyzer.

Process for producing high-carbon biogenic reagents

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

Engine worthy fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) from naturally occuring marine microalgal mats and marine microalgae cultured in open salt pans together with value addition of co-products

The invention teaches the obtained specifications and process of production of engine worthy marine microalgal fatty acid methyl ester (biodiesel) using naturally occurring marine microalgal mats and also marine microalgae cultivated in cost-effective manner in solar salt pans. Utility of co-product streams adds to the attractiveness of the invention.

Trimetallic layered double hydroxide composition

A layered double hydroxide (LDH) material, methods for using the LDH material to catalyse the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a water-splitting process and methods for preparing the LDH material. The LDH material includes nickel, iron and chromium species and possesses a sheet-like morphology including at least one hole.

Fabrication and application of nanofiber ribbons and sheets and twisted and non-twisted nanofiber yarns

A nanofiber forest on a substrate can be patterned to produce a patterned assembly of nanofibers that can be drawn to form nanofiber sheets, ribbons, or yarns.

Synthetic carbon fixation pathways

The present disclosure relates to methods for more efficiently recycling reduced electron carriers in a hydrogen-oxidizing microorganism with an operable Calvin-Benson cycle; synthetic carbon fixation pathways that recycle reduced electron carriers more efficiently than the Calvin-Benson cycle, such as methods for enzymatically converting carbon dioxide to formate and assimilating the resulting formate into central carbon metabolism; methods for producing biochemical products; and recombinant hosts utilizing one or more synthetic carbon fixation pathways.

Methods and systems for fuel production

The present disclosure provides systems and methods for producing carbon products via electrochemical reduction from fluid streams containing a carbon-containing material, such as, for example, carbon dioxide. Electrochemical reduction systems and methods of the present disclosure may comprise micro- or nanostructured membranes for separation and catalytic processes. The electrochemical reduction systems and methods may utilize renewable energy sources to generate a carbon product comprising one or more carbon atoms (C1+ product), such as, for example, fuel. This may be performed at substantially low (or nearly zero) net or negative carbon emissions.

Energy Storage Transportation Method and Energy Carrier System

An energy carrier system is provided that produces ammonia with high efficiency and that further produces hydrogen as final product and uses the hydrogen as energy. An energy storage transportation method is further provided that is carried out by using energy carrier system. The energy carrier system includes nitric acid production device, an ammonia production device, and hydrogen production device. The nitric acid production device includes a photo-reactor, a gas supply unit that supplies photo-reactor with gas to be treated containing a nitrogen oxide, water, and oxygen, and light source disposed in the photo-reactor. The light source radiates light including ultraviolet of a wavelength shorter than 175 nm. The energy storage transportation method includes nitric acid production step of producing nitric acid from a nitrogen oxide, ammonia production step of producing ammonia through reduction of nitric acid, and hydrogen production step of producing hydrogen through decomposition of the ammonia.

UNCONDITIONED SYNGAS COMPOSITION AND METHOD OF CLEANING UP SAME FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESSING

A system and method for processing unconditioned syngas first removes solids and semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC), then removes volatile organic compounds (VOC), and then removes at least one sulfur containing compound from the syngas. Additional processing may be performed depending on such factors as the source of syngas being processed, the products, byproducts and intermediate products desired to be formed, captured or recycled and environmental considerations. 1. An unconditioned syngas generated by steam reforming of biomass in the presence of carbon dioxide and suitable for the production of Fischer-Tropsch products therefrom , the unconditioned syngas having a component composition comprising:(a) a carbon monoxide concentration ranging from between 5 volume percent to 35 volume percent on a dry basis;(b) a hydrogen concentration ranging from between 20 volume percent to 60 volume percent on a dry basis;(c) one or more volatile organic compounds (VOC) selected from the group consisting of benzene, toluene, phenol, styrene, xylene, cresol, and combinations thereof, the VOC concentration ranges from between 500 parts per million by volume to 10,000 parts per million by volume on a dry basis;(d) one or more semi-volatile organic compounds (SVOC) selected from the group consisting of indene, indan, napthalene, methylnapthalene, acenapthylene, acenapthalene, anthracene, phenanthrene, (methyl-) anthracenes/phenanthrenes, pyrene/fluoranthene, methylpyrenes/benzofluorenes, chrysene, benz[a]anthracene, methylchrysenes, methylbenz[a]anthracenes, perylene, benzo[a]pyrene, dibenz[a,kl]anthracene, dibenz[a,h]anthracene, and combinations thereof, the SVOC concentration ranges from between 10 parts per million by volume to 1,000 parts per million by volume on a dry basis;(e) a hydrogen chloride concentration ranging from between greater than 0 parts per million by volume to 1,000 parts per million by volume on a dry basis; and(f) a hydrogen sulfide concentration ...

PHOTOELECTRODE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

A method of manufacturing a photoelectrode of an embodiment includes: preparing a stack including a first electrode layer having a light transmitting electrode, a second electrode layer having a metal electrode, and a photovoltaic layer disposed between the electrode layers; immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution containing an ion including a metal constituting a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; and passing a current to the stack through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the metal and a compound containing the metal, onto the first electrode layer, thereby forming the catalyst layer. 1. A method for manufacturing an electrode , the method comprising:preparing a stack comprising a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer comprising a metal electrode, and a voltaic layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the voltaic layer comprising a pin junction or a pn junction of semiconductors;immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution comprising an ion comprising a metal constituting at least part of a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; andpassing a current to the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal and a compound comprising the metal, onto the first electrode layer.2. The method of claim 1 ,wherein the electrolytic solution comprises: at least one cation selected from the group consisting of an ion of the metal, an oxide ion of the metal, and a complex ion of the metal; and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of an inorganic acid ion and a hydroxide ion, andwherein a counter electrode is immersed in the electrolytic solution to face the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution, and at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal, a ...

ARRAY FOR PROCESSING MATERIALS

Materials (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems equipment, and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, using an array of vaults. 1. A treatment operating unit , comprising:a plurality of enclosure systems, each enclosure system including one or more vaults, andwithin each vault, an irradiation device and a treatment conveyor.2. The operating unit of claim 1 , wherein the enclosure systems are arranged in rows.3. The operating unit of claim 2 , wherein the rows extend in a first direction claim 2 , and wherein each enclosure system comprises two or more vaults extending in a direction generally perpendicular to the first direction.4. The operating unit of claim 3 , wherein the first and second vaults of each enclosure share a common wall.5. The operating unit of claim 4 , wherein each first vault is configured to accept untreated biomass from a storage facility claim 4 , and wherein the biomass material is treated in each vault utilizing the irradiation device and the treatment conveyor.6. The operating unit of claim 5 , wherein the first vault of each enclosure system further encloses equipment configured to transfer treated biomass from the first vault to the second vault of the enclosure system.7. The operating unit of claim 1 , wherein the irradiation device comprises an electron accelerator.8. The operating unit of claim 1 , wherein the treatment conveyor comprises a vibratory conveyor.9. A method for producing treated materials claim 1 , the method comprising;partitioning a material into a plurality of material portions,conveying the material portions into a plurality of first vaults, each first vault accepting one of the material portions,treating the material portions in the vaults,conveying the material portions out of the ...

STEAM REFORMERS, MODULES, AND METHODS OF USE

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate. 1. A reactor module , comprising: a catalyst bed disposed within the cavity to receive heat conducted by the thermally conductive shell, the catalyst bed comprising at least one reforming catalyst;', 'a first channel configured to provide a reactant stream to at least a portion of the catalyst bed;', 'a second channel configured to receive a product stream from at least a portion of the catalyst bed, and', 'a partition wall interposed between at least a portion of the first channel and at least a portion of the second channel through which heat is exchanged between at least a portion of the product stream and at least a portion of the reactant stream;, 'a thermally conductive shell having a ...

Gas production apparatus

A gas production apparatus is provided which include: an element laminate having a light receiving section on one side and a conductive substrate on the other, in which laminate a plurality of elements, each including a semiconductor thin film with pn junction, are so laminated on each other as to connect in series to each other; a hydrogen gas generator formed on a surface of a first element located on the light receiving section side; a first electrolysis chamber including the hydrogen gas generator; an oxygen gas generator formed on a back surface of the conductive substrate; a second electrolysis chamber including the oxygen gas generator; and an ion-permeable but gas-impermeable diaphragm provided between the first and second electrolysis chambers.

RECONFIGURABLE PROCESSING ENCLOSURES

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) or other materials are processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the walls and optionally the ceiling include discrete units. Such vaults are re-configurable. 1. A treatment facility comprising:a vault, having walls, ceiling, and a foundation; andwithin the vault, a material conveying system configured to convey biomass under an electron beam, wherein each of the walls comprises a plurality of discrete reconfigurable units and at least one unit of the plurality of units comprises a high Z material.2. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the ceiling comprises a plurality of discrete units.3. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the high Z material is a metal with a Z value above 25.4. The facility as in claim 1 , further comprising an electron irradiation device supported by the ceiling of the vault and disposed to irradiate biomass conveyed by the conveying system.5. The facility as in claim 4 , wherein the irradiation device weighs at least 5 Tons.6. The facility as in claim 4 , wherein the irradiation device weighs at least 10 tons.7. The facility as in claim 4 , wherein the irradiation device weighs between about 5 and about 20 tons.8. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the foundation comprises a concrete slab.9. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the walls comprise interlocking blocks.10. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the walls support a network of I-beams and the network of I-beams supports ceiling panels.11. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the walls claim 1 , ceiling and foundation are at least about 4 feet thick.12. The facility as in claim 1 , wherein the walls claim 1 , ceiling and foundation include concrete and the concrete is selected from the ...

Hybrid metal oxide cycle water splitting

Hybrid thermochemical water splitting cycles are provided in which thermally reduced metal oxides particles are used to displace some but not all of the electrical requirements in a water splitting electrolytic cell. In these hybrid cycles, the thermal reduction temperature is significantly reduced compared to two-step metal-oxide thermochemical cycles in which only thermal energy is required to produce hydrogen from water. Also, unlike the conventional higher temperature cycles where the reduction step must be carried out under reduced oxygen pressure, the reduction step in the proposed hybrid cycles can be carried out in air, allowing for thermal input by a solar power tower with a windowless, cavity receiver.

Fixed dc bus and hydrogen generation system

A distributed direct current power system including an inverter to invert DC to alternating current (AC), a plurality of photovoltaic (PV) strings, and a plurality of maximum power point tracking (MPPT) converters coupled between the plurality of photovoltaic (PV) strings, respectively, and the central inverter, the plurality of MPPT converters configured to maximize solar power production by the plurality of PV strings and minimize mismatch between the plurality of PV strings. The system also including a plurality of batteries, a plurality of DC-DC battery converters (DCBC) coupled to the plurality of batteries and configured to manage charge and discharge of the plurality of batteries, enable interconnection of the plurality of PV strings and the plurality of batteries, and supply a constant medium DC voltage to the central inverter, and a hydrogen generation system in electrical communication with the inverter, the photovoltaic strings, or the batteries.

Hydrogen oxidation and generation over carbon films

An electrode comprises an acid treated, cathodically cycled carbon-comprising film or body. The carbon consists of single walled nanotubes (SWNTs), pyrolytic graphite, microcrystalline graphitic, any carbon that consists of more than 99% sp 2 hybridized carbons, or any combination thereof. The electrode can be used in an electrochemical device functioning as an electrolyser for evolution of hydrogen or as a fuel cell for oxidation of hydrogen. The electrochemical device can be coupled as a secondary energy generator into a system with a primary energy generator that naturally undergoes generation fluctuations. During periods of high energy output, the primary source can power the electrochemical device to store energy as hydrogen, which can be consumed to generate electricity as the secondary source during low energy output by the primary source. Solar cells, wind turbines and water turbines can act as the primary energy source.

Electro-autotrophic synthesis of higher alcohols

The disclosure provides a process that converts CO 2 to higher alcohols (e.g. isobutanol) using electricity as the energy source. This process stores electricity (e.g. from solar energy, nuclear energy, and the like) in liquid fuels that can be used as high octane number gasoline substitutes. Instead of deriving reducing power from photosynthesis, this process derives reducing power from electrically generated mediators, either H 2 or formate. H 2 can be derived from electrolysis of water. Formate can be generated by electrochemical reduction of CO 2 . After delivering the reducing power in the cell, formate becomes CO 2 and recycles back. Therefore, the biological CO 2 fixation process can occur in the dark.

Gas recycle loops in process for converting municipal solid waste into ethanol

Facilities and processes for generating ethanol from municipal solid waste (MSW) in an economical way via generating a syngas, passing the syngas through a catalytic synthesis reactor, separating fuel grade ethanol, extracting energy at particular strategic points, and recycling undesired byproducts.

Photovoltaic battery

A photovoltaic power system includes a photofuel having a molecular structure to emit light, and a receptacle including the photofuel disposed within. One or more photovoltaic cells are positioned within the receptacle to receive light emitted from the photofuel, and a negative electrode is coupled to the one or more photovoltaic cells. A positive electrode is coupled to the one or more photovoltaic cells to produce an electrical potential between the negative electrode and the positive electrode when a photocurrent is generated by the one or more photovoltaic cells in response to the one or more photovoltaic cells receiving the light emitted from the photofuel.

Compositions, methods of making compositions, and hydrogen production via thermo-chemical splitting

The present disclosure provides for compositions, methods of making compositions, and methods of using the composition. In an aspect, the composition can be a reactive material that can be used to split a gas such as water or carbon dioxide.

FUEL CELL INTEGRATION WITHIN A HEAT RECOVERY STEAM GENERATOR

Systems and methods are provided for incorporating molten carbonate fuel cells into a heat recovery steam generation system (HRSG) for production of electrical power while also reducing or minimizing the amount of COpresent in the flue gas exiting the HRSG. An optionally multi-layer screen or wall of molten carbonate fuel cells can be inserted into the HRSG so that the screen of molten carbonate fuel cells substantially fills the cross-sectional area. By using the walls of the HRSG and the screen of molten carbonate fuel cells to form a cathode input manifold, the overall amount of duct or flow passages associated with the MCFCs can be reduced. 112.-. (canceled)13. A heat recovery steam generator (“HRSG”) for producing electricity using an integrated molten carbonate fuel cell comprising an anode and cathode , the HRSG comprising:an enclosure that forms a flow path that extends between an inlet that receives a gas flow and an outlet that exhausts at least a portion of the received gas flow;one or more heat exchangers extending into the flow path; anda fuel cell screen located within the enclosure and comprising a plurality of molten carbonate fuel cells having cathode inlets, the fuel cell screen being oriented in the flow path so that the cathode inlets of the molten carbonate fuel cells receive substantially all of the received gas flow, the plurality of molten carbonate fuel cells also having a plurality of cathode outlets fluidly exposed to the flow path to discharge cathode exhaust to the flow path.14. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein the fuel cell screen is located in the flow path downstream from a duct burner located within the HRSG and upstream from the one or more heat exchangers.15. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein the fuel cell screen is located in the flow path downstream from a first heat exchanger of the one or more heat exchangers and upstream from a second heat exchanger of the one or more heat exchangers.16. The HRSG of claim 13 , wherein a first cross ...

Method and system for the production of hydrogen

Disclosed is a process for the production of hydrogen in a reactor system comprising a steam reforming reaction zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a membrane separation zone comprising a hydrogen-selective membrane. The process involves a reaction system of so-called open architecture, wherein the reforming zone and the membrane separation zone operate independently of each other. The invention provides the heat for the reforming reaction through heat exchange from liquid molten salts, preferably heated by solar energy.

Gas hydrate conversion system for harvesting hydrocarbon hydrate deposits

In one embodiment, a gas hydrate conversion system is provided comprising a floating factory, an appendage for harvesting a gas hydrate from an oceanic hydrate deposit, and one or more storage tanks. The floating factory comprises one or more heat exchange assemblies, one or more heat pump assemblies and an engine. In another embodiment, a method for harvesting hydrocarbon hydrate deposits is provided, the method comprising providing a gas hydrate conversion system; inducing release of methane from an oceanic hydrate deposit; capturing the methane from a primary methane capture zone and/or a secondary methane capture zone; and converting the methane to hydrogen and carbon.

Processing materials

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, novel systems, methods and equipment for conveying and/or cooling treated biomass are described.

Process for producing high-carbon biogenic reagents

This invention provides processes and systems for converting biomass into high carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Some embodiments employ pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

PROCESSING MATERIALS

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, novel systems, methods and equipment for conveying and/or cooling treated biomass are described. 1. An apparatus for processing a biomass material , the apparatus comprising:a first treatment cell equipped with a first electron beam device for irradiating a biomass material therein with electron beams;a screw conveyor for cooling and conveying the biomass material from the first treatment cell.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including a second treatment cell equipped with a second electron beam device for further irradiating the biomass material.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the screw conveyor includes interior portions that are cooled.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the interior portions are cooled using a chilled liquid.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the interior portions include a hollow shaft and hollow flight.6. The apparatus of further including a geothermal ground loop for cooling the chilled liquid.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cooling reduces the temperature of the biomass material by between about 1° C. and 110° C.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cooling reduces the temperature of the biomass material by between about 10° C. and about 75° C.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the cooling reduces the temperature of the biomass material by between about 10° C. and about 50° C.10. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a total dose delivered is between about 1 and 200 Mrad.11. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a total dose delivered is between about 10 Mrad and about 50 Mrad.12. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a total dose delivered is between about 20 Mrad and about 40 Mrad.13. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the biomass material during the irradiation does not exceed about 160° C.14. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the temperature ...

Processing materials

Materials, such as biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. Conveying systems, such as flowing gas conveying systems and such as closed-loop flowing gas conveying systems are described.

Methods and systems for carbon nanofiber production

A system for utilizing solar power to generate carbon nano-materials. A system for utilizing the carbon dioxide byproduct of a fossil fuel power generation process to drive an electrolysis reaction which produces carbon nano-materials, and methods of producing the same.

ENCLOSURES FOR TREATING MATERIALS

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in two or more vaults that can share a common wall. 115-. (canceled)16. A biomass treatment facility , comprising:a first conveying system configured to convey a biomass material through a first enclosure while exposing the biomass material to a first dose of ionizing radiation from a first electron accelerator to produce a first treated biomass material; anda second conveying system configured to convey the first treated biomass material through a second enclosure while exposing the first treated biomass material to a second dose of ionizing radiation from a second electron accelerator to produce a second treated biomass material.17. The facility of claim 16 , wherein the first and second enclosure share a common wall.18. The facility of claim 16 , wherein each accelerator operates at a power of between about 100 kW and about 300 kW.19. The facility of claim 16 , wherein walls of both the first and second enclosures are fabricated from discrete interconnecting blocks configured to provide a photo-tight structure. This application is a continuation of PCT/US14/21604 filed Mar. 7, 2014 which claims priority to the following provisional applications: U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,684, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,773, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,731, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,735, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,740, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,744, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,746, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,750, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,752, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,754, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S. Ser. No. 61/774,775, filed Mar. 8, 2013; U.S ...

Systems and methods for converting biomass to biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction

Systems and processes of providing novel thermal energy sources for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reactors are described herein. According to various implementations, the systems and processes use concentrated solar thermal energy from a focused high-energy beam to provide sufficient energy for driving the HTL biomass-to-biocrude process. In addition, other implementations convert biowaste, such as municipal biosolids and grease and food waste, to biocrude using anaerobic digesters, and a portion of the biogas generated by the digesters is used to produce the thermal and/or electrical energy used in the HTL reactor for the biomass-to-biocrude process. Furthermore, alternative implementations may include a hybrid system that uses biogas and solar radiation to provide sufficient thermal energy for the HTL reactor.

Methods and apparatuses for detection of properties of fluid conveyance systems

A system and method for monitoring and/or detecting the flow of one or more fluids in a fluid system including leak detection system integral to the fluid system (e.g., at any point along a conduit, at a connection between conduits such as at a fitting assembly, etc.) configured to detect incipient, early stage levels of the leak. Based on one or more factors related to the fluid and/or the leak, the methods, devices, and systems disclosed herein can provide an indication of a suitable action or process in response to the fluid or the leak including performing preventative maintenance or providing an indication of the need of maintenance in response to the leak.

Biosynthetic methods and systems for producing monosaccharides

The present disclosure is related to biosynthetic methods of forming monosaccharides, and systems for generating the same. A benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include the sustainable production of monosaccharides in an automated process. A benefit of the methods and systems herein can be the generation of monosaccharides from renewable source materials. An additional benefit of the methods and systems herein can include the use of abundant feedstocks, such as carbon dioxide, for the efficient generation of select monosaccharides for use as nutrients and for other useful applications. Another benefit of the methods and systems disclosed herein can include reduction of excess carbon dioxide from the environment.

Method for Converting Carbon Dioxide (CO2) into Syngas by an Electrolysis Reaction

The present invention relates to a method for CO 2 electroreduction to syngas, a mixture of carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrogen (H 2 ), using a cathode comprising an electrically conductive support of which at least a part of the surface is covered by a metal deposit of zinc and of a second metal selected from copper, gold and mixtures thereof, and being preferably copper, said metal deposit comprising at least 1 wt % of one or several phases of an alloy of zinc and of the second metal. The present invention relates also to an electrode useful for performing this method, a process for preparing such an electrode and an electrolysis device comprising such an electrode.

System for managing fuel generation

An electrolyzer has an electrolytic cell with a membrane that surrounds an interior channel. The electrolytic cell also has a first electrode positioned in the interior channel such that the membrane surrounds the first electrode. The electrolytic cell also includes a second electrode positioned such that the membrane is located between the first electrode and the second electrode.

Hydrogen production system and method for controlling the same

A hydrogen production system and a method for controlling the same are provided. A renewable energy power generation system supplies electric energy to a hydrogen production device. The hydrogen production device discharges acceptable-purity hydrogen to the main hydrogen branch and discharges unacceptable-purity hydrogen to the mixed hydrogen branch. The mixed hydrogen branch receives high-purity hydrogen. The mixed hydrogen branch includes two valves to respectively control volumes of the high-purity hydrogen and the unacceptable-purity hydrogen flowing into the hydrogen mixing device in the mixed hydrogen branch, to control mixed hydrogen in the hydrogen mixing device to be the acceptable-purity hydrogen. The acceptable-purity hydrogen in the hydrogen mixing device is discharged to a purification branch in the main hydrogen branch, or a purification branch in the mixed hydrogen branch.

Passivating window and capping layer for photoelectrochemical cells

An aspect of the present disclosure is a photoelectrochemical device that includes a first cell that includes a first semiconductor alloy, a capping layer that includes a second semiconductor alloy, and a passivating layer that includes a third semiconductor alloy, where the passivating layer is positioned between the first cell and the capping layer, and at least a portion of the capping layer is configured to be in direct contact with an electrolyte.

METHODS FOR FUEL CONVERSION

In one embodiment described herein, fuel may be converted into syngas by a method comprising feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another, reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides, transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor, regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor, and recycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas. The composite metal oxides may be solid particles comprising a primary metal oxide and a secondary metal oxide. 1. A method for converting carbonaceous fuel into syngas , the method comprising:feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor having a top and a bottom, wherein the fuel and the composite metal oxides are fed into the top of the reduction reactor, whereupon the composite metal oxides form a packed bed and the composite metal oxides and the fuel flow downward through the reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another;reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel in the reduction reactor to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides;removing the syngas and the reduced composite metal oxides from the bottom of the reduction reactor wherein the syngas comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide;transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor;regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor; andrecycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas in the reduction reactor;{'sub': 2', '2', '3, 'wherein the composite metal oxides comprise iron, titanium and oxygen and the reduced metal ...

Processes For Producing High Biogenic Concentration Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Derived From Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Feedstocks

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock. 1. A transportation fuel or fuel additive derived from biogenic carbon materials , the fuel derived from a process comprising the steps of:a) in a feedstock processing step, removing non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from municipal solid waste that contain materials that are produced from plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials, to produce a feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbons along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andb) converting the processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids in a bio-refinery while maintaining the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and the relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andc) upgrading the Fischer-Tropsch liquids into a transportation fuel or fuel additive.2. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein the feedstock processing step includes at least two processing steps.3. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim 1 , more than about 10% of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials are purposefully removed from the municipal solid waste.4. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing ...

Process and plant for producing hydrogen by steam reforming and high-temperature electrolysis

The invention relates to a process and a plant for producing hydrogen by steam reforming and high-temperature electrolysis. Steam reforming produces a synthesis gas from a carbon-containing starting material and steam. Process heat generated in the context of the steam reforming is utilized for producing steam from water. Thus-produced steam is utilized as reactant for producing an electrolysis product in a high-temperature electrolysis step, wherein the electrolysis product includes at least hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen is separated from the synthesis gas produced by steam reforming and from the electrolysis product produced by high-temperature electrolysis.

Feedstock Processing Systems And Methods For Producing Fischer-Tropsch Liquids And Transportation Fuels

A method for processing feedstock is described, characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock. In some embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW). In other embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass. In some instances, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids. The high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids may be upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels. Alternatively, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover plastic material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% or less. 1. A method for processing feedstock , characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed solid waste is municipal solid waste (MSW).5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mixed solid waste is comprised of wet organic waste claim 2 , dry organic waste and inorganic waste that is comingled.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids are upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels.8. The method of claim 5 ...

Engineered fuel storage, respeciation and transport

Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for thermochemical regeneration of biomass into renewable engineered fuel, storage of the renewable engineered fuel, respeciation of the renewable engineered fuel and transport. In one aspect, a method includes generating low density hydrogen fuel from biomass dissociation at a first location of a low elevation. The low density hydrogen fuel is self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A high density hydrogen carrier is generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the low density hydrogen fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The high density hydrogen carrier is delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

Semiconductor material based on metal nanowires and porous nitride and preparation method thereof

Provided are a semiconductor material based on metal nanowires and a porous nitride, and a preparation method thereof. The semiconductor material includes: a substrate; a buffer layer formed on the substrate; and a composite material layer formed on the buffer layer the composite material layer includes: a transverse porous nitride template layer; and a plurality of metal nanowires filled in pores of the transverse porous nitride template layer.

Multi-junction artificial photosynthetic cell with enhanced photovoltages

A multi-junction artificial photosynthetic unit includes an active element with a plurality of semiconducting layers, with metal layers deposited between the semiconductor layers appropriately forming Schottky barrier junctions or ohmic junctions with a surface of an adjacent semiconductor layer. The active element is formed within a protective structure formed of porous aluminum oxide. Successive layers of the active element can be formed within the protective structure, and additional layers and junctions can be added until desired photovoltages are achieved. A photoreactor for the production of fuels and chemicals driven by solar-powered redox reactions includes a bag reactor filled with a feedstock solution. A plurality of multi-junction photosynthetic units are placed in the feedstock solution to drive the redox reactions and produce the desired fuels and chemicals.

Wind energy system and method for using same

A wind energy system with a wind turbine having a cowling surrounded by a diffuser, a plurality of inner rotor blades located inside of the cowling that rotate about an inner rotor hub, a plurality of outer rotor blades positioned between the diffuser and the cowling that rotate in an opposite direction to that of the plurality of inner rotor blades, a drive mechanism located within the inner rotor hub, a dynamic telescopic tower with a height that adjusts automatically by motors controlled by a controller based on input from sensors located in the dynamic telescopic tower and on the wind turbine, and a tower support that connects the wind turbine to the dynamic telescopic tower.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING RENEWABLE FUELS

According to the present invention, organic material is converted to biogas through anaerobic digestion and the biogas is purified to yield a combustible fluid feedstock comprising methane. A fuel production facility utilizes or arranges to utilize combustible fluid feedstock to generate renewable hydrogen that is used to hydrogenate crude oil derived hydrocarbons in a process to make transportation or heating fuel. The renewable hydrogen is combined with crude oil derived hydrocarbons that have been desulfurized under conditions to hydrogenate the liquid hydrocarbon with the renewable hydrogen or alternatively, the renewable hydrogen can be added to a reactor operated so as to simultaneously desulfurize and hydrogenate the hydrocarbons. The present invention enables a party to receive a renewable fuel credit for the transportation or heating fuel. 153-. (canceled)54. A method comprising: (i) methane derived from biogas,', '(ii) methane that qualifies under applicable regulations as renewably derived, or', '(iii) a combination of (i) and (ii),, '(a) providing a combustible fluid feedstock that is processed to produce renewable hydrogen, said combustible fluid feedstock comprisingsaid renewable hydrogen being a feedstock in a process for producing liquid fuel, said process comprising:(i′) combining the renewable hydrogen with crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon in a reactor under conditions to hydrogenate the crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon with the renewable hydrogen, and(ii′) providing the liquid fuel as a transportation fuel, said liquid transportation fuel comprising renewable hydrogen incorporated into the crude oil derived liquid hydrocarbon;(b) determining an amount of the combustible fluid feedstock used to produce the renewable hydrogen;(c) determining numerical information relating to the amount of the combustible fluid feedstock, the renewable hydrogen, or a combination thereof; and(d) providing the numerical information to support fuel credit ...

Semiconductor photoelectrode and method for splitting water photoelectrochemically using photoelectrochemical cell comprising the same

Provided is a semiconductor photoelectrode comprising a conductive substrate; a first semiconductor photocatalyst layer provided on a surface of the conductive substrate; a second semiconductor photocatalyst layer provided on a surface of the first semiconductor photocatalyst layer. The semiconductor photoelectrode has a plurality of pillar protrusions on the surface thereof. A surface of each of the pillar protrusions is formed of the second semiconductor photocatalyst layer.

Integrated biorefinery for production of liquid fuels

A system including a mixing apparatus configured to produce a reformer feedstock and comprising one or more cylindrical vessel having a conical bottom section, an inlet for superheated steam within the conical bottom section and an inlet for at least one carbonaceous material at or near the top of the cylindrical vessel, wherein the one or more cylindrical vessel is a pressure vessel configured for operation at a pressure in the range of from about 5 psig (34.5 kPa) to about 50 psig (344.7 kPa); a reformer configured to produce, from the reformer feedstock, a reformer product comprising synthesis gas, and also producing a hot flue gas; a synthesis gas conversion apparatus configured to catalytically convert at least a portion of the synthesis gas in the reformer product into synthesis gas conversion product, and to separate, from the synthesis gas conversion product, a spent catalyst stream and a tailgas.

Water splitting method and system

An electrode is presented for use in an oxidation process. The electrode comprises a substrate having an electrically conductive surface carrying a chiral system. The chiral system is configured for controlling spin of electrons transferred between the substrate and electrolyte during the oxidation process.

System and method for ecologically generating and storing electricity

The present invention refers to a system for the production and storage of surplus energy from regenerative power sources in the form of hydrocarbons, which can be used in a closed cycle for renewed environment-friendly power production by the recycling of waste gas products. The system 1 has a facility 2 for the production of power by the combustion of hydrocarbons, a facility 3 for the production of hydrocarbons from hydrogen and carbon dioxide a repository 4 with carbon dioxide a repository 5 with hydrocarbons, whereby the facility ( 2 ) for the production of power with at least one line each ( 6, 7 ) connected to the repository ( 4 ) containing carbon dioxide and repository ( 5 ) with hydrocarbons, and the facility ( 3 ) for the production of combustible hydrocarbons with at least one line ( 8 ) connected to the repository ( 5 ) containing hydrocarbons. Process, characterized by the following steps: a) Production of hydrocarbons such as methane by a reaction between carbon dioxide and hydrogen, b) Combustion of the hydrocarbons produced in step a) with the release of carbon dioxide, c) Recycling the carbon dioxide produced in step b) back to step a) and/or storing the carbon dioxide in a repository provided for that purpose.

Energy generation system using biomass and method of controlling the same

An energy generation system using biomass includes a first information generation unit that generates the first information indicating that a distributor handling food has disposed of food waste biomass, an energy generation device that generates energy and the like using biomass collected from the distributor, a second information generation unit that generates the second information indicating that energy and the like have been generated using biomass collected from the distributor, a third information generation unit that obtains the first information and the second information and generates the third information indicating generation of at least one of energy and energy sources by collecting biomass disposed by the distributor, and a display unit that displays the third information generated by the third information generation unit.

Alkaline water electrolysis method and alkaline water electrolysis anode

An object of the present invention is to provide an electrolysis technique such that the electrolysis performance is unlikely to be deteriorated, and excellent catalytic activity is retained stably over a long period of time even when electric power having a large output fluctuation, such as renewable energy, is used a power source, and this object is realized by an alkaline water electrolysis method, in which an electrolytic solution obtained by dispersing a catalyst containing a hybrid cobalt hydroxide nanosheet (Co-NS) being a composite of a metal hydroxide and an organic substance is supplied to an anode chamber and a cathode chamber that form an electrolytic cell, and the electrolytic solution is used for electrolysis in each chamber in common, and an alkaline water electrolysis anode.

PROCESSING MATERIALS

Biomass feedstocks (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) are processed to produce useful products, such as fuels. For example, novel systems, methods and equipment for conveying and/or cooling treated biomass are described. 1. A system for processing a biomass material comprising:a first treatment cell equipped with a first electron beam device for irradiating the biomass material with electron beams, anda screw conveyor comprising a housing and interior portions, wherein the interior portions convey the irradiated biomass material from the first treatment cell and the housing is cooled.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a second treatment cell equipped with an second electron beam device claim 1 , wherein the screw conveyor conveys the biomass material from the first treatment cell to the second treatment cell.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the housing is cooled using a chilled liquid.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the housing is cooled using water or glycol water mixtures.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the screw conveyor comprises two or more screws.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the screw conveyor has a material inlet and a material discharge.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first and second treatment cells are capable of delivering a total dose of between about 1 and 200 Mrad.8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the first and second treatment cells are capable of delivering a total dose of between about 10 Mrad and about 50 Mrad.9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first and second treatment cells are capable of delivering a total dose of between about 20 Mrad and about 40 Mrad.10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the screw conveyor further comprises a notched flight for comminuting the biomass material while it is conveyed.11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the biomass comprises a lignocellulosic material.12. The system of claim 2 , wherein at least one of the first and second electron beam devices ...

Molecular coatings of nitride semiconductors for optoelectronics, electronics, and solar energy harvesting

Gallium nitride based semiconductors are provided having one or more passivated surfaces. The surfaces can have a plurality of thiol compounds attached thereto for enhancement of optoelectronic properties and/or solar water splitting properties. The surfaces can also include wherein the surface has been treated with chemical solution for native oxide removal and/or wherein the surface has attached thereto a plurality of nitrides, oxides, insulating compounds, thiol compounds, or a combination thereof to create a treated surface for enhancement of optoelectronic properties and/or solar water splitting properties. Methods of making the gallium nitride based semiconductors are also provided. Methods can include cleaning a native surface of a gallium nitride semiconductor to produce a cleaned surface, etching the cleaned surface to remove oxide layers on the surface, and applying single or multiple coatings of nitrides, oxides, insulating compounds, thiol compounds, or a combination thereof attached to the surface.

Biogas generation system and method for generating biogas and carbon dioxide reduction product using the same

Provided is a biogas generation system comprising a fermenter for generating a biogas containing carbon dioxide and methane by decomposing an organic waste by the action of methane bacteria; a biogas refinery for condensing the methane contained in the biogas by dissolving the carbon dioxide contained in the generated biogas in a liquid; and a photoelectrochemical device for generating methane, carbon monoixide, or formic acid from the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid. The photoelectrochemical device comprises a cathode chamber for storing a first electrolyte solution containing the carbon dioxide dissolved in the liquid; an anode chamber for storing a second electrolyte solution; a solid electrolyte membrane; a cathode electrode provided in the cathode chamber; an anode electrode provided in the anode chamber; and an external power supply for applying a negative voltage and a positive voltage to the cathode electrode and the anode electrode, respectively.

Methods and apparatus for enhancing the energy content of carbonaceous materials from pyrolysis

Processes and systems for converting biomass into high-carbon biogenic reagents that are suitable for a variety of commercial applications. Pyrolysis in the presence of an inert gas is employed to generate hot pyrolyzed solids, condensable vapors, and non-condensable gases, followed by separation of vapors and gases, and cooling of the hot pyrolyzed solids in the presence of the inert gas. Additives may be introduced during processing or combined with the reagent, or both. The biogenic reagent may include at least 70 wt %, 80 wt %, 90 wt %, 95 wt %, or more total carbon on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may have an energy content of at least 12,000 Btu/lb, 13,000 Btu/lb, 14,000 Btu/lb, or 14,500 Btu/lb on a dry basis. The biogenic reagent may be formed into fine powders, or structural objects. The structural objects may have a structure and/or strength that derive from the feedstock, heat rate, and additives.

ELECTROCHEMICAL AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REDUCTION OF FURFURALS

Electrochemical cells and photoelectrochemical cells for the reduction of furfurals are provided. Also provided are methods of using the cells to carry out the reduction reactions. Using the cells and methods, furfurals can be converted into furan alcohols or linear ketones. 1. A method for the photoelectrochemical reduction of a furfural to a furan alcohol in a photoelectrochemical cell comprising: an anode in an anode electrolyte solution; and a cathode in a cathode electrolyte solution comprising a furfural , wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode is a photoelectrode comprising a semiconductor , the method comprising: exposing the at least one photoelectrode to radiation that is absorbed to produce electron-hole pairs , wherein electrons are transported to the electrolyte-cathode interface where they undergo reduction reactions with the furfural to form the furan alcohol and holes are transported to the electrolyte-anode interface where they induce an oxidation reaction.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the furan alcohol is formed at a yield of at least 90%.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the furfural is 5-hydroxymethylfurfural and the furan alcohol is 2 claim 2 ,5-bis(hydroxymethyl)furan.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the furfural is 5-methylfurfural and the furan alcohol is 5-methylfurfuryl alcohol.5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the furfural is furan-2-carbaldehyde and the furan alcohol is 2-furanmethanol.6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the cathode comprises silver having a dendritic fractal morphology.7. The method of claim 2 , wherein the cathode is a photocathode comprising a p-type semiconductor material partially coated with silver.8. A method for the conversion of furfurals using an electrochemical cell comprising: an anode in an anode electrolyte solution; and a cathode comprising zinc in an acidic cathode electrolyte solution comprising a furfural claim 2 , the method comprising: creating a potential difference between the ...

Waste recovery, conversion, and utilization

Food waste streams may be managed efficiently with a waste-processing facility, which in some embodiments may be co-locating a food distribution facility. The waste processing facility includes a pulper fluidly connected to an input configured to receive a heterogeneous waste stream including biodegradable and non-biodegradable components, the pulper configured to mechanically de-fiber the biodegradable component and form a de-fibered biodegradable material, and an anaerobic membrane bioreactor fluidly connected downstream of the pulper and configured to produce biogas and anaerobic effluent from the de-fibered biodegradable material.

Biofertilizer and methods of making and using same

The disclosure provides a bioreactor system for conducting nitrogen fixation with renewable electricity to produce an engineered soil microbiome enriched in ammonia and carbon. The disclosure further provides an inorganic-biological hybrid bioreactor system that couples the generation of H 2 by electricity-dependent H 2 O-splitting with the nitrogen-fixing capabilities of autotrophic, N 2 -fixing microorganisms to cultivate NH 3 -enriched and/or carbon-enriched biomass. The disclosure also provides methods for using NH 3 -enriched and/or carbon-enriched biomass for applications, such as, biofertilizers for improving the characteristics and performance of soils, e.g., to enhance the yield of agricultural crops. The disclosure further provides biofertilizers, as well as engineered soils and seeds augmented with a biofertilizer.

Ion wind generation device

Provided is an ion wind generation device which is capable of providing a wide range of ion delivery and providing ion wind having a reduced ozone concentration near a nozzle without use of a filter or the like. The ion wind generation device includes an electrode pair including a discharge electrode body having a discharge portion and a counter electrode body having a plurality of end portions, and generates ion wind by corona discharge that occurs due to a potential difference generated between the discharge portion and the end portions. The end portions are located spaced apart from one another in a single plane and disposed around an axis of the discharge electrode body in the single plane or disposed along a line in the single plane.

Heat-storage system and operating method of heat-storage system

An operating method of a heat-storage system includes the steps of executing a first operating mode to supply heat to a first hydrogen storage alloy in a first tank, to cause movement of hydrogen from the first hydrogen storage alloy in the first tank to a second hydrogen storage alloy in a second tank, the second hydrogen storage alloy being different from the first hydrogen storage alloy in dissociation pressure characteristic with respect to an alloy temperature, and executing a second operating mode to supply cold of outside air to the first hydrogen storage alloy, to cause movement of hydrogen from the second hydrogen storage alloy in the second tank to the first hydrogen storage alloy in the first tank, in which the step of executing the first operating mode includes a step of storing a temperature generated in the second hydrogen storage alloy in a heat storage device.

NANOSTRUCTURED PHOTOCATALYSTS AND DOPED WIDE-BANDGAP SEMICONDUCTORS

Photocatalysts for reduction of carbon dioxide and water are provided that can be tuned to produce certain reaction products, including hydrogen, alcohol, aldehyde, and/or hydrocarbon products. These photocatalysts can form artificial photosystems and can be incorporated into devices that reduce carbon dioxide and water for production of various fuels. Doped wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotubes are provided along with synthesis methods. A variety of optical, electronic and magnetic dopants (substitutional and interstitial, energetically shallow and deep) are incorporated into hollow nanotubes, ranging from a few dopants to heavily-doped semiconductors. The resulting wide-bandgap nanotubes, with desired electronic (p- or n-doped), optical (ultraviolet bandgap to infrared absorption in co-doped nanotubes), and magnetic (from paramagnetic to ferromagnetic) properties, can be used in photovoltaics, display technologies, photocatalysis, and spintronic applications. 1. A composition comprising uniformly doped wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotubes.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the uniformly doped wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotubes lack secondary phase diffraction peaks when subjected to energy dispersive x-ray spectroscopy.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the dopant is anionic.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the dopant is cationic.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are mono-doped.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are co-doped.7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes comprise titanium dioxide.8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes comprise tungsten oxide.9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are n-type doped wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotubes.10. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are p-type doped wide-bandgap semiconductor nanotubes.11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the nanotubes are doped with one of copper claim 1 , copper-nitrogen claim 1 ...

BROMINE-SENSITIZED SOLAR PHOTOLYSIS OF CARBON DIOXIDE

There is described a process for depositing carbon on a surface, comprising, while contacting a mixture of COand Brwith a polar substrate presenting apposed surfaces, exposing a sufficient area of said mixture in the region of said apposed surfaces to light of sufficient intensity and frequency to result in deposition of carbon on at least some of said apposed surfaces. Other embodiments are also described. 146-. (canceled)47. A composition of matter comprising a chemical compound of the formula COBr.48. The composition of matter of claim 47 , wherein said chemical compound of formula COBris a substituted 1 claim 47 ,3-dioxetane.49. The composition of matter of claim 48 , where the substituted 1 claim 48 ,3-dioxetane is 2 claim 48 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 48 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 48 ,3-dioxetane.50. The composition of matter of claim 49 , where the 2 claim 49 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 49 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 49 ,3-dioxetane has the two hypobromo groups in a trans configuration.51. The composition of matter of claim 49 , where the 2 claim 49 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 49 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 49 ,3-dioxetane has the two hypobromo groups in a cis configuration.52. The composition of matter according to claim 47 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.53. The composition of matter according to claim 48 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.54. The composition of matter according to claim 49 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.55. The composition of matter according to claim 50 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.56. The composition of matter according to claim 51 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.57. A chemical compound of the formula COBr.58. The chemical compound of claim 57 , wherein said chemical compound is a substituted 1 claim 57 ,3-dioxetane.59. The chemical compound of claim 58 , where the ...

Electrolyzer apparatus and method of making it

An apparatus for the electrolytic splitting of water into hydrogen and oxygen gases is disclosed. The apparatus comprises: (i) a first hemi-enclosure; (ii) a second hemi-enclosure; (iii) a diaphragm electrode array positioned between the first hemi-enclosure and the second hemi-enclosure comprising: (a) a diaphragm, that passes ions and impedes the passage of gases, comprising a first side and a second opposed side; (b) a first plurality of electrodes in a first vicinity of the first side of the diaphragm; and (c) a second plurality of electrodes in a second vicinity of the second opposed side of the diaphragm; (iv) a fastener, for leak-tight fastening of the first hemi-enclosure, the diaphragm electrode array, and the second hemi-enclosure, whereby a leak-tight enclosure is formed; (v) contacts, for electrically powering the first and second pluralities of electrodes, and; (vi) pathways, configured to remove hydrogen and oxygen gases from the enclosure.

Method for regenerating a toxified catalyst containing ruthenium or ruthenium compounds

A process is described for regenerating a catalyst comprising ruthenium or ruthenium compounds, which has been poisoned by sulfur compounds, in which the catalyst, optionally at elevated temperature, is subjected to treatment with a hydrogen halide, particularly a gas stream comprising hydrogen chloride, under non-oxidative conditions and additionally, optionally at reduced temperature, to an at least two-stage oxidative post-treatment.

Thermal Energy Storage System With Steam Generator Having Feed-Forward Control

An energy storage system converts variable renewable electricity (VRE) to continuous heat at over 1000° C. Intermittent electrical energy heats a solid medium. Heat from the solid medium is delivered continuously on demand. An array of bricks incorporating internal radiation cavities is directly heated by thermal radiation. The cavities facilitate rapid, uniform heating via reradiation. Heat delivery via flowing gas establishes a thermocline which maintains high outlet temperature throughout discharge. Gas flows through structured pathways within the array, delivering heat which may be used for processes including calcination, hydrogen electrolysis, steam generation, and thermal power generation and cogeneration. Groups of thermal storage arrays may be controlled and operated at high temperatures without thermal runaway via deep-discharge sequencing. Forecast-based control enables continuous, year-round heat supply using current and advance information of weather and VRE availability. High-voltage DC power conversion and distribution circuitry improves the efficiency of VRE power transfer into the system.

PROCESS FOR THE CONVERSION OF BIOMASS OF PLANT ORIGIN, AND A COMBUSTION PROCESS

The invention provides a process for the conversion of biomass into a biomass product which is suitable for use as a fuel. The biomass is of plant origin and comprises microorganisms naturally occurring in the biomass. The process comprises—preparing a slurry by dispersing the biomass comprising the naturally occurring microorganisms in an aqueous liquid, maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for aerobic digestion by the microorganisms to obtain a slurry comprising the biomass product as a dispersed solid phase, and—recovering the biomass product. The recovering comprises washing and drying the biomass product. The invention also provides a combustion process. 1. A process for the conversion of biomass into a biomass product , wherein the biomass is of plant origin and comprises microorganisms naturally occurring in the biomass , the process comprising:(i) preparing a slurry by dispersing the biomass comprising the naturally occurring microorganisms in an aqueous liquid,(ii) maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for aerobic digestion by the microorganisms to obtain a slurry comprising the biomass product as a dispersed solid phase, and(iii) recovering the biomass product, which recovering comprises washing using water as a washing liquid and drying the biomass product.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising (iv) recovering from the slurry a liquid phase to yield a biomass extract.3. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the aqueous liquid is water.4. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the water has a pH measured at 20° C. which is in a range of from 6.5 to 8.5 claim 3 , and wherein step (ii) comprises maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for digestion by the microorganisms for a time in a range of from 100 hours to 500 hours.5. The process as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the pH is in the range of from 7 to 8 claim 4 , and wherein the time is in the range of from 150 hours to 300 hours.6. The process as ...

Composite protective layer for photoelectrode structure, photoelectrode structure including the composite protective layer, and photoelectrochemical cell including photoelectrode structure

A composite protective layer for a photoelectrode, the composite protective layer including a chemical protective layer; and a physical protective layer, wherein the chemical protective layer has corrosion rate of 0.1 Coulombs per square centimeter per 10 hours or less when evaluated at a water decomposition potential, and the physical protective layer has a moisture transmittance rate of 0.001 grams per square meter per day or less and has an electrical conductivity.

Biomass gasifier device

A gasification apparatus can produce hydrogen-containing gas from biomass with high thermal efficiency at low costs without severe trouble caused by tar generated by pyrolyzing the biomass, while maximizing the gasification rate of the tar. The gasification apparatus includes a biomass pyrolyzing zone for heating biomass in a non-oxidizing atmosphere, and a gas reforming zone for heating the resulting pyrolyzed gas in the presence of steam. A plurality of preheated granules and/or lumps is moved from the gas reforming zone to the biomass pyrolyzing zone, the apparatus reforms the gas generated by pyrolyzing the biomass and pyrolyzes the biomass, using the heat of the granules and/or lumps. The biomass pyrolyzing zone and the gas reforming zone is provided in a single vessel, and at least one partitioning plate is provided between the biomass pyrolyzing zone and the gas reforming zone.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR IMPROVED ANAEROBIC DIGESTION

A method for improved anaerobic digestion is presented. The method includes mixing a volume of waste material with water to form a feedstock mixture. The volume of waste material includes an initial amount of biomass and the feedstock mixture includes methanogenic bacteria either naturally present in the waste material or introduced artificially. The method also includes introducing one or more promoter substances to the feedstock mixture. The one or more promoter substances are capable of modifying the methanogenic bacteria. Modifying includes stimulating novel enzyme production in the methanogenic bacteria. 1. A method for improved anaerobic digestion , the method comprising:introducing one or more promoter substances to a feedstock mixture, the feedstock mixture including prokaryotic microorganisms either naturally present in the feedstock mixture or introduced artificially, the one or more promoter substances being capable of modifying the prokaryotic microorganisms without genetically modifying the prokaryotic microorganisms, wherein modifying the prokaryotic microorganisms includes stimulating novel enzyme production.2. The method of claim 1 , including removing large solids from the feedstock mixture.3. The method of claim 2 , including collecting renewable energy or biochemical co-products generated from digestion of the feedstock mixture.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the biochemical co-products include fertilizer claim 3 , vitamins claim 3 , or proteins.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein collecting renewable energy comprises:monitoring and sequestering methane and carbon dioxide generated from the feedstock mixture; andreturning the sequestered carbon dioxide back into a digester as substrate for further methane production.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein collecting renewable energy comprises:subjecting gas generated to a scrubber system; andstoring scrubbed gas in a fuel storage tank or converting the scrubbed gas into other forms of renewable ...

Biochar water treatment

Disclosed herein are embodiments of a system for treating water. The system comprises a biochar inlet, and optionally a metal salt inlet, ozone inlet, organic carbon compound inlet or any combination thereof. The biochar may be produced by biomass pyrolysis and the pyrolysis may be coupled to energy generation. The system also comprises a filtration device, such as a reactive filtration device. The system produces a treated water stream and a reject stream, which may be further separated into a recycled water stream and a solid product. The solid product may be suitable as a soil amendment for application to agricultural land, or for recycling. A method for using the system to treat water also is disclosed.