СПОСОБ ПЕРЕОБОРУДОВАНИЯ И ПОВЫШЕНИЯ ПРОИЗВОДИТЕЛЬНОСТИ СЕКЦИИ РИФОРМИНГА УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ

Изобретение относится к способам переоборудования химических установок. Описан способ переоборудования секции риформинга химической установки, в которой обеспечивается поступление в секцию риформинга первого потока углеводородного сырья и водяного пара, где он конвертируется в по меньшей мере частично конвертированный газ; и установка включает по меньшей мере одно устройство, используемое в качестве нагревателя или испарителя текучей среды, содержащее корпус и первые теплообменные элементы и нагреваемое по меньшей мере частично конвертированным горячим газом, поступающим из секции риформинга и подаваемым в межтрубное пространство, а упомянутая текучая среда нагревается и/или испаряется внутри первых теплообменных элементов посредством косвенного теплообмена с горячим газом, и при осуществлении способа: модифицируют упомянутое устройство заменой первых теплообменных элементов вторыми теплообменными элементами, содержащими катализатор риформинга; устанавливают питающую линию для углеводородного ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ФОТОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ДЕЗАКТИВАЦИИ ПЫЛИ

Устройство для фотохимической дезактивации пыли, содержащее корпус, внутренняя поверхность которого покрыта отражающим излучение материалом, и источники ультрафиолетового излучения, отличающееся тем, что оно снабжено вентилятором, укрепленным на внутренней поверхности стенки корпуса, корпус выполнен с открытой верхней частью, источники ультрафиолетового излучения смонтированы на днище внутри корпуса, при этом вентилятор и источники ультрафиолетового излучения подключены к блоку питания.

ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ ФЕРРИТНОЙ СТАЛИ В СЕКЦИИ ВЫСОКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ УСТАНОВКИ ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА МОЧЕВИНЫ

Изобретение относится к области металлургии, а именно к материалам, используемым для изготовления компонентов оборудования секции синтеза мочевины высокого давления установок для производства мочевины. В качестве материала для компонентов оборудования используют ферритную нержавеющую сталь, представляющую собой сталь UNS S44600 или UNS S44660. Обеспечивается требуемая коррозионная стойкость в условиях, возникающих в секции синтеза мочевины высокого давления, при более низкой себестоимости. 2 н. и 7 з.п. ф-лы.

Проточная модульная конфигурируемая ячейка, совместимая с микрофлюидной системой, для проведения химической реакции синтеза метан-метанол на наночастицах золота/платины/рутения и in situ/in operando диагностики протекания процесса, осуществляемой рентгеновскими и оптическими методами ИК- UV-Vis, XAS, XRD, SAXS, и способ её изготовления

Изобретение относится к области анализа структуры материалов в контролируемых условиях при проведении гомо- и гетерогенных реакций в жидкой фазе, в том числе в агрессивных средах с низким pH, высоким давлением до 200 атм и температурами до 200°. Предлагается проточная модульная ячейка для проведения химической реакции синтеза, содержащая прижимную муфту, выполненную из стали 07Х18Н13М2, цилиндрической формы с резьбой на ее внешней поверхности, на которую навинчена прижимная гайка, выполненная из стали 07Х18Н13М2. Между прижимной муфтой и прижимной гайкой расположен корпус цилиндрической формы с выступом, выполненный из стали 07Х18Н13М2, на котором выполнены два сквозных отверстия, в которые жестко установлены трубки. При этом корпус вставлен в прижимную муфту, выполненную цилиндрической формы с резьбой на ее внешней поверхности, а на корпус установлено окно, выполненное в виде полого цилиндра, диаметр которого равен внешнему диаметру корпуса, из материала, прозрачного в определённой области ...

СПОСОБ УМЕНЬШЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ГАЗА, СОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ВОДОРОД И МОНООКСИД УГЛЕРОДА, И ТЕПЛООБМЕННИК ДЛЯ ПОНИЖЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ ГОРЯЧЕГО ГАЗА

... 1. Способ уменьшения температуры газа, содержащего водород и монооксид углерода, характеризующийся тем, что вводят газ в контакт с образуемой металлическим сплавом поверхностью, имеющей более низкую температуру по сравнению с температурой газа, причем на образуемой металлическим сплавом поверхности содержится от 0 до 20% (мас.) железа, от 0 до 5% (мас.) алюминия, от 0 до 5% (мас.) кремния, от 20 до 50% (мас.) хрома и, по меньшей мере, 35% (мас.) никеля, при этом образуемую металлическим сплавом поверхность выдерживают при своей более низкой температуре по сравнению с температурой газа в результате использования охлаждающей воды. 2. Способ по п.1, характеризующийся тем, что на образуемой металлическим сплавом поверхности содержится от 1 до 5% (мас.) кремния. 3. Способ по п.1 или 2, характеризующийся тем, что содержание хрома превышает 30% (мас.). 4. Способ по любому из пп.1 и 2, характеризующийся тем, что на образуемой металлическим сплавом поверхности содержится от 1 до 5% (мас.) алюминия ...

РЕАКТОР

... 1. Реактор, содержащий корпус, включающий обечайку, концы которой перекрыты торцовыми стенками, средство перемешивания реакционных компонентов, снабженное приводом вращения расположенным вне полости реактора, теплоподводящий узел, расположенный вне полости реактора, загрузочный и разгрузочный узлы, отличающийся тем, что по меньшей мере поверхность полости корпуса реактора выполнена из теплопроводящего материала стойкого к воздействию растворов фторидсодержащих реагентов, по меньшей мере поверхность деталей, размещенных в полости корпуса реактора выполнена из материала стойкого к воздействию растворов фторидсодержащих реагентов, причем элементы корпуса реактора соединены герметично, загрузочный и разгрузочный узлы выполнены герметизируемыми. 2. Реактор, по п.1, отличающийся тем, что средство перемешивания реакционных компонентов выполнено в виде приводного вала с мешалками, расположенного с возможностью вращения в полости неподвижного корпуса реактора и снабженного регулятором скорости вращения ...

ТЕПЛОЗАЩИТНОЕ ПОКРЫТИЕ И СВЕРХВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЙ ХОЛОДНОСТЕННЫЙ РЕАКТОР ГИДРОГЕНИЗАЦИИ СЛОЯ СУСПЕНЗИИ, СОДЕРЖАЩИЙ ЭТО ПОКРЫТИЕ

Изобретение относится к теплозащитному покрытию и высокотемпературному холодностенному реактору гидрогенизации, содержащему такое покрытие. Теплозащитное покрытие содержит последовательно расположенные адгезивный слой, второй керамический слой и первый керамический слой. Второй керамический слой состоит из диоксида циркония, стабилизированного оксидом алюминия, с содержанием оксида алюминия до 30 мас.%. Первый керамический слой состоит из диоксида циркония, стабилизированного оксидом иттрия, с содержанием оксида иттрия 6-9 мас.%. Оксид циркония в обоих керамических слоях имеет тетрагональную кристаллическую структуру. Реактор содержит корпус, включающий внешнюю оболочку, слой наплавки из нержавеющей стали и теплозащитное покрытие, в котором адгезивный слой теплозащитного покрытия плотно прилегает к слою наплавки из нержавеющей стали. Изобретение обеспечивает улучшение теплостойкости и способности покрытия к деформации, эффективное поглощение и уменьшение теплового напряжения, возникающего ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭНДОТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ РЕАКЦИИ

Эндотермическая реакционная печь 102 содержит одну или более удлиненных труб 110, разделяющих ее внутреннюю часть на проточный канал для реакционной среды и проточный канал для горючей среды для проведения эндотермической реакции. Проточный канал для горючей среды расположен так, что топливо и горючий воздух нагреваются отдельно внутри печи 102 до температуры, значительно превышающей их температуру самовоспламенения, до соединения в зоне 116 сгорания, где они смешиваются, самовоспламеняются и сгорают.

Сосуд давления

СОСУД ДАВЛЕНИЯ, содержащий несущую оболочку и внутреннюю футеровку , выполненную из листов коррозионное тойкого материала, соединенных сварными швами, под которыми раз ешены подложки, отличаюцийс я тем, что, с целью повышения качества сварных швов футеровки, подложки выполнены из двух клиновых элементов, закрепленных на листах коррозионностойкого Р4 териала параллельно их кромкам на расстоянии от последних с образованием замкнутой кольцевой полости. (Л о ел X) СП о N5 ...

Способ облицовки свинцом химической аппаратуры

Трубчатый реактор

Изобретение относится к аппаратам для проведения коррозионных химических процессов . Сущность изобретения: реактор включает корпус с крышкой и трубной доской , состоящей из наружного кольца, охватывающего центральную съемную пробку, поджатую нажимным силовым элементом и уплотненную прокладкой, установленной на буртиках. К наружной стороне пробки приварен коллектор с нижней и верхней распределительными камерами. Концы наружных трубок Фильда приварены к нерабочей поверхности коррозионно-стойкой футеровки наружного кольца, а концы внутренних трубок - к перегородке нижней ка- меры. 2 ил.

Verfahren zur Durchführung einer Hochtemperaturreaktion, Reaktor zur Durchführung des Verfahrens, Verfahren zum Scale-Up eines Reaktors sowie Verwendung

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Durchführung einer Hochtemperaturreaktion, bei der Edukte durch Kanäle (2) eines Brennerblocks (3) einem Reaktionsraum (4) zugeführt werden, wobei im Reaktionsraum (4) die Hochtemperaturreaktion mit kurzer Verweilzeit bei einer Temperatur von mindestens 1500 DEG C stattfindet und das Reaktionsgemisch anschließend in einem Quenchbereich (5) schnell abgekühlt wird. Die Abkühlung erfolgt zunächst als direkte Abkühlung auf eine Temperatur im Bereich von 650 DEG C bis 1200 DEG C durch Zuführung eines verdampfenden Quenchmediums und anschließend als indirekte Abkühlung in einem Wärmeübertrager.

VERFAHREN ZUM WIEDERHERSTELLEN DER FUNKTIONALITÄT VON STARK KORRODIERTER AUSRÜSTUNG EINER HARNSTOFF-FABRIKATIONSANLAGE

Apparatur fuer Arbeiten mit heissem Wasserstoff unter Druck

Erosionsfester und korrosionsfester Schutzüberzug auf der Basis von Gummi

Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Cycloalkanonoximhydrochloriden durch Photonitrosierung von Cycloalkanen

VERWENDUNG VON METALLVORRICHTUNGEN BEI DER UMSETZUNG UND AUFARBEITUNG VON FLUORWASSERSTOFF UND ORGANISCHE CARBONSAEUREN ODER KOHLENMONOXID ENTHALTENDEN GEMISCHEN

STUTZEN FUER EINEN DRUCKBEHAELTER

VERFAHREN ZUM HERSTELLEN VON MIT EINER ZINK-NICKEL-LEGIERUNG GALVANISIERTEN STAHLTEILEN

FLEXIBLER BEHÄLTER UND RAHMEN FÜR MIKROWELLEN ASSISTIERTE CHEMIE

Durable reactor for high temp. hydrogeneration of chloro-silane cpds. - consists of carbon@ fibre composite coated with silicon carbide, pref. with heating element of same material insulated with silicon nitride

Reactor for bringing chlorosilanes and H2 gases into contact at temps. above 600 deg.C has a chamber of SiC-coated C fibre composite material (I). The reaction chamber contains a heating element, also made from (I), pref. with electrical insulation of Si3N4, esp. hot pressed Si3N4. Pref. (I) has a 0.02-0.13 mm thick SiC coating and a matrix of C and C fibres with a density of 1.5-2.0 g/cc, Young's modulus of elasticity of 200-600 GN/m2 and tensile strength of 1500-8000 N/mm2. The C fibre content is 50-70 vol.%. USE/ADVANTAGE - The reactor is useful in the hydrogenation of SiCl4, SiHCl3, SiH2Cl2 and SiH3Cl. (I) has high strength, good elastic properties and great resistance to damage by pressure and thermal stress. The expansion coefft. of the matrix can be matched to that of the SiC coating. The coating protects the matrix from redn., which could destroy the appts. and contaminate the hydrogenated chlorosilanes. In an example, tests were carried out on samples of (A) pressed Si3N4 (`Cl32 ...

Katalytische Beschichtung für eine Gaserzeugungseinheit

A gas generation system comprises a reformer (1) to generate a hydrogen-containing reformate stream (4), a reformate stream cooler (2), and a shift stage (3) down-stream of the reformate stream cooler to purify the reformate stream. The surfaces of the cooler that come into contact with the reformate stream are coated with a material that contains at least one catalytically active constituent. The coating is selected such that it also protects against corrosion and sooting in the presence of oxidizing, reducing, and carbon-containing gases. By directly utilizing the coated reformate stream cooler as a catalytically active reactor unit, a water-gas shift reaction to reduce the carbon monoxide concentration takes place to some extent in the cooler prior to the reformate stream entering the actual shift stage. This enables the size of subsequent shift stage(s) to be reduced.

Polymerization of normally gaseous olefines

In polymerizing normally gaseous olefins with concentrated liquid phosphoric acid in a polymerization zone presenting acid-resistant metallic surfaces, corrosion thereof is decreased by maintaining the concentration of phosphoric acid esters of olefins in the reaction mixture below 0.08 mol. per mol. of free phosphoric acid. Ethylene, propylene, and butylenes may be polymerized with phosphoric acid of above about 90 per cent, calculated as ortho acid, at 150-450 DEG F., above 100 p.s.i.g., and space velocities above 0.5 vol. liquid olefin/vol. catalyst/hour. Ester concentration gradually increases to an equilibrium value. The mixture of acid and hydrocarbons leaving the reactor is stratified, the hydrocarbon being neutralized and utilized for motor fuel while the acid layer is recycled after part thereof is heated to about 500 DEG F., if desired at atmospheric or lower pressure, to decompose contained esters. Ester concentration may also be controlled by reducing the olefin feed rate which ...

Improvements in the production of liquid hydrocarbons and derivatives thereof from coal, tar and the like

... 277,273. I. G. Farbenindustrie Akt.- Ges. March 13, 1926. Addition to 247,217 and 249,155. Hydrogenation, destructive.-In the production of liquid hydrocarbons by the destructive hydrogenation of coal, tars, mineral oils, and other carbonaceous substances, not only the hot portions of the apparatus in contact with the gases are made of metal not reacting with carbonmonoxide as set forth in the parent Specification and Specification 249,155, out also the warm and cold parts. For the cooler portions metals of low melting-point such as tin, zinc, cadmium, lead, or their alloys may be used; for the hot or other portions suitable metals are copper, silver, aluminium. aluminium alloys, chromium, manganese, vanadium, uranium, or steels or alloys of nickel or cobalt containing a considerable proportion e.g. 20 per cent of manganese, titanium, chromium, tungsten, vanadium, or molybdenum. Reducing gases other than gases containing hydrogen and carbon-monoxide may also be employed both in the present ...

Improvements in and relating to the catalytic treatment of hydrocarbons at high temperatures

Hydrocarbons are subjected to thermal treatment in chambers containing surfaces of an alloy of iron containing 9-30 per cent of aluminium, and which may contain up to 6 per cent of chromium. Alloys having 10-16 per cent of aluminium are preferred. The alloys may be in the form of tubes, vessels, netting, helices, contact plates or liners, and their high electric resistance makes them suitable for internally heating the reaction vessel by electric current. The alloys may be used in the following processes:--(1) The treatment of gaseous paraffins or olefines or gases containing them usually at temperatures between 550 DEG and 1250 DEG C., for their conversion to other hydrocarbons, chiefly aromatic, which are normally liquids of low boiling point. For example, methane is passed through a tube of 5 mm. diameter made of an iron-aluminium alloy containing 12 per cent of aluminium, and the tube is so heated that the zone of highest temperature is at 1080 DEG C., and the gas is passed through ...

A method for repairing enamelled surfaces

... 1,121,006. Polymerisation tank lining. PFAUDLER-WERKE A.G. 4 Feb., 1966 [25 Feb., 1965], No. 5096/66. Heading B1X. [Also in Division B3] A damaged portion of the enamelled surface of a steel polymerisation tank is repaired by grinding away the damaged enamel 1 and fitting into the recess so formed a plate 2 of a corrosion-resistant metal such as gold silver or tantalum which is held in place by silver pins 7 which are screwed into the tank and riveted over into countersunk holes formed in the plate. There is a layer of acid resisting adhesive or cement 6 between the plate and the steel shell of the tank.

Filter assembly

The disclosure describes a fluid container comprising a fluid vessel which includes a generally cylindrical and expandable shell and a support structure which includes a generally cylindrical and rigid casing that is coaxially disposed about the shell of the fluid vessel. The shell has first and second end portions, and the casing has first and second end portions cooperatively arranged with the first and second end portions of the shell. The fluid vessel further includes first and second end caps sealed to the first and second end portions of the shell, respectively. At least one end cap has an opening which allows the fluid to flow into or out of the shell. Further, at least the first end portion of the shell has a continuously decreasing outside diameter along the axis of the shell, and the first end portion of the casing has a correspondingly continuously decreasing inside diameter. With a filter element disposed within the shell, the container may be used as a filter assembly.

PROCESS VESSELS FOR USE IN THE CHEMICAL INDUSTRY

Improvements in and relating to electrolytic cells

... The lining of an electrolytic diaphragm cell of the alkali chlorine type, comprises a layer of organic sealant 13 applied to the surface 14 to be protected, a further layer of porous fibrous material 12 adhered to the sealant, and a further layer of organic sealant 11 adhered to the fibrous layer 12. The porous fibrous material is inert with regards the brine solutions used in the cells and in the preferred form comprises a sheet of asbestos. Other suitable fibrous materials are nylon and foamed glass. The organic sealant may be bitumous sealant, such as an epoxy resincoal tar mixture, a polyester resin or an epoxy resin. In preparing the bottom of an electrolytic cell, two layers of the organic sealant are placed thereon, the first layer being permitted to dry completely before the second layer is superimposed on the first. Before completion of the drying of the second layer, the fibrous material layer is placed thereon with sufficient pressure to assure complete ...

AMMONIA CONVERTER

Improvements in or relating to processes for the production of melamine

Melamine is produced by heating urea under pressure in a vessel lined with non-metallic materials, using an electrical heating element of a conductive, non-metallic and corrosion resistant material (other than urea itself) in the interior of the reaction vessel. A pile or uniform structure of conductive material may be used, which can be permeated with non-conductive or less conductive material to provide a rising or falling conductivity characteristic in the direction of flow of the urea. The reaction is performed so that liquid urea flows countercurrent to the gas phase produced. This gaseous phase, consisting of ammonia and carbon dioxide may be cooled without pressure change and converted into urea and then recycled. An A.C. current is preferably used and the heating element may be made of carbon, silicon carbide, or graphite. The reactor lining may be of carbon or graphite, if it is to be used as an electrode, or it may be of e.g. kaolin, corundum, or magnasite. A catalyst may be used ...

PROCESS FOR SEPARATING AN ACID GAS FROM A GASEOUS MIXTURE

... 1422423 Separating acidic gases IMPERIAL CHEMICAL INDUSTRIES Ltd 11 April 1974 [10 May 1973] 22356/73 Heading C1A [Also in Division G3R] A process for separating an acid gas from a gaseous mixture by absorption in an alkaline solution comprises the steps of (A) measuring the corrosion potential of a metal surface in contact with the absorbing solution (i.e. the electro-chemical potential relative to a standard reference scale, or a parameter affecting that potential and, when the potential is indicated as being below a prescribed value, (B) adding to or generating within the absorbing solution an ionic species capable of increasing the redox potential to an extent sufficient to raise the corrosion potential above the prescribed value. The object is to prevent corrosion cracking of the mild steel vessels used. In the embodiment the absorbing solution is of potassium carbonate and contains arsenite/arsenate ions. Preferably direct "corrosion monitors" are used but alternatively the content ...

GASKET

Corrosion reduction

Corrosion of nickel or nickel base alloy such as used as linings of reactor vessels in which isomerization of normal paraffins for petrol is carried out, in contact with a liquid comprising aluminium and antimony halides, e.g. a catalyst melt at -15 to 260 DEG C. comprising 2-30% Al Cl3 and 70-98% Sb Cl3 preferably saturated with HCl, is inhibited by adding metallic aluminium, e.g. as powder, granules or turnings admixed with a liquid or vaporous carrier such as oil, to the liquid. Preferably the amount of aluminium added to 0.005-2% by weight of the halides. The addition may be effected at least partly to the reaction zone or the catalyst regeneration zone. The process may be applied to the conversion of other hydrocarbons or feedstocks containing them wherein the catalyst comprises at least one Al Cl3/hydrocarbon complex and at least 0.5% Sb Cl3. Examples of nickel alloys are:- (a) 73.6% Ni + Co (Co max. 1%), 16% Cr, 7.6% Fe, 2.3% Nb + Ta, balance impurities of C, Mn, S, Si, Cu; (b) 60% ...

Formation of corrosion resistant coatings on reactor walls

The imperforate metal walls of a reactor suitable for effecting the oxidation of a titanium tetrahalide to TiO2 are coated by applying an aqueous slurry of white, particulate TiO2 to the said walls and drying the coating to obtain a glazed, thermoreflective coating of TiO2 firmly adherent to said walls and from 0.001 to 0.1 inch thick. The metal walls may be of Ni, Fe, steel, Al, high nickel alloy, Zr, Ti or thoriated nickel. In examples, TiCl4 is oxidized to TiO2 with oxygen in a reactor with TiO2-coated nickel or steel walls.ALSO:A reactor suitable for effecting the oxidation of a titanium tetrahalide to tianium dioxide at elevated temperatures comprises a reaction zone, the imperforate metal walls of which have been coated with an adherent, glazed, thermoreflective coating of TiO2 by applying an aqueous slurry of TiO2 to the walls and drying the coating formed. The metal is, e.g. Ni, Fe, Al, Zr, Ti, steel, a high nickel alloy or thoriated nickel. In the drawing (not shown), wall 7 of ...

Cover Patch for Repairing a Break in a Glass Lined Metal Article

Inhibition of build-up in reaction vessels

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR COOLING DOWN A GAS

... 1512692 Direct contact cooling of a gas SHELL INTERNATIONALE RESEARCH MAATSCHAPPIJ BV 16 June 1975 [17 June 1974] 25539/75 Heading F4K In apparatus for cooling a hot product gas containing sticky particles which lose their stickiness on cooling by direct contact with a cooling gas, the hot product gas is prevented from contacting the wall of a tubular zone 2 of a collar 1 connected to a lower reactor for carbonaceous material (not shown) by a protective gas shield. The protective gas is introduced tangentially through inlets 5 in an annular channel 3 and the cooling gas is introduced radially as jets into the product gas in the zone through inlets 9, 10 equally spaced around the tube circumference downstream but adjacent the annular channel 3. The shielding and/or cooling gas may comprise particle-free product gas after cooling or consist at least partly of steam, and oil, soot or coal may be added to the cooling gas. The shielding gas may be heated to prevent deposition of the particles ...

METHOD OF REPAIRING WALLS COMPRISING TWO LAYERS

REACTOR AND PROCESS FOR VINYL CHLORIDE POLYMERISATION

Improvements in the acid pickling of metals

Metals are pickled by immersion in an acid solution having a layer of inert liquid floating on its surface, the acid solution containing a surface active agent in a quantity less than that required to disperse or emulsify any of the inert liquid into the acid solution. The inert liquid may be a saturated hydrocarbon oil, petroleum jelly, a paraffin wax, an animal or vegetable oil such as lanolin, tallow or castor oil, bitumen, a low molecular weight synthetic resin, or a low melting natural resin. A surface-active agent, preferably the one used in the acid solution, may also be incorporated in the surface layer. Since the layers reduce fuming of hot acid baths, they are advantageously dyed to give warning that the baths are hot. The examples relate to the pickling of steel and titanium, and disclose acid solutions containing diortho tolyl thiourea as inhibitor. The Provisional Specification discloses acid solutions which do not contain surface active agents.

Method of manufacturing a tube sheet and heat exchanger for a pool reactor or pool condenser; corresponding tube sheet and heat exchanger assembly

Copper based alloy resistant against metal dustingand its use

Copper-base alloy and its use in carburizing enviroments.

A copper-base alloy, which is resistant or immune to carburization, metal dusting and cooking, resistant to oxidation and said alloy having the following composition (all contents in weight-%): Al >0 - 15 Si SO - 6 Mg 20 - 6. One or more of the 2 group of rare earth Metal (REM), yttrium, hafnium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium up to 0.3 wt. % each Cu balance and normally occurring alloying additions and impurities and use of said alloy as construction components in CO-containing atmospheres, and/or Q hydrocarbon containing atmospheres or solid carbon containing processes, for example, gasification of solid carbonaceous materials, thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons and catalytic reforming, particularly, catalytic reforming under low-sulfur, and low-sulfur and low-water conditions at temperatures up 1049 °C, at least up to 1020 °C, at the very least up to 1000 °C.

Hydrocyanic acid consisting of formamide

Copper based alloy resistant against metal dusting and its use

A copper-base alloy, which is resistant or immune to carburization, metal dusting and coking, resistant to oxidation and said alloy having the following composition (all contents in weight-%): Al > 0-15; Si £ 0-6; Mg £ 0-6, one or more of the group of Rare Earth Metal (REM), yttrium, hafnium, zirconium, lanthanum, cerium up to 0.3 weight-% each Cu balance and normally occurring alloying additions and impurities and use of said alloy as construction components in CO-containing atmospheres, and/or hydrocarbon containing atmospheres or solid carbon containing processes, for example, gasification of solid carbonaceous materials, thermal decomposition of hydrocarbons and catalytic reforming, particularly, catalytic reforming under low-sulfur, and low-sulfur and low-water conditions and which is resistant to loss of material by copper vaporization.

Hydrocyanic acid consisting of formamide

Method of manufacturing a tube sheet and heat exchanger for a pool reactor or pool condenser; corresponding tube sheet and heat exchanger assembly

An apparatus and process for pre-hydrolysis of biomass.

Hydrocyanic acid consisting of formamide

Copper-base alloy and its use in carburizing environment

Hydrocyanic acid consisting of formamide

Copper-base alloy and its use in carburizing environment

Method of manufacturing a tube sheet and heat exchanger for a pool reactor or pool condenser; corresponding tube sheet and heat exchanger assembly

Copper based alloy resistant against metal dustingand its use

ENAMELLED REACTOR ALSO BY A CONNECTION IN A DISTANCE FROM THE INNER WALL OF THE ENAMELLED REACTOR PERCUSSION SURFACES FASTENED RESTAURANTS

PROCEDURE FOR THE COATING OF APPARATUSES AND APPARATUS PIECES FOR THE CHEMICAL EQUIPMENT CONSTRUCTION

VORRICHTUNG ZUR DURCHFÜHRUNG VON EXTRAKTIONEN BZW. CHEMISCHEN REAKTIONEN BEI ERHÖHTER TEMPERATUR UND ERHÖHTEM DRUCK

REACTOR FOR HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTIONS, ITS PRODUCTION AND USE

PRUSSIC ACID FROM FORM AMIDE

METAL PASSIVATION IN A WÄRMEAUSTAUSCHREFORMER

GUARD SHIELD FOR FCC ZUFUHRDÜSEN AND PROCEEDING FOR THE DESIGN OF A SUCH SCREEN

REACTOR FROM AUFPLATTIERTEM STAINLESS ONE STEEL FOR THE CONTINUOUS HETEROGENEOUS ONE CATALYZED PARTIAL DEHYDROGENATION AT LEAST ONE DEHYDROGENATING HYDROCARBON AND PROCEDURE

DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF SULFURIC ACID

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE

WITH FLUORINE POLYMER LINED REACTOR

DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CORROSIVE PHOSPHATE MELTS

PROCEDURE FOR PASSIVATING METAL SURFACES ATTACKED BY OPERATING CONDITIONS AND CORROSION PROMOTION END OF MEDIA

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION AND/OR CONVERSION OF ALKANOLAMINEN.

AMMONIA CONVERTER.

PROCEDURE FOR CONCENTRATING AND CLEANING SULFURIC ACID.

DEVICE FOR SUPPLYING AND SPRAYING OF AETZNATRONSCHMELZE.

PICKLING TANK.

DEVICE TO THE EXECUTION OF EXTRACTIONS AND/OR CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT INCREASED TEMPERATURE AND INCREASED PRESSURE

SAFETY PROCEDURE FOR PRINTING MECHANISM IN CONTACT WITH CORROSIVE FLUIDS STANDS

DEVICE FOR CHEMICAL MIXING AND REACTION

NEW CRYSTALLINE FORM THE VITAMIN D SIMILAR OF A CONNECTION

PROCEDURE FOR THE SCALE UP OF A REACTOR FOR THE EXECUTION OF A HIGH TEMPERATURE REACTION, A REACTOR AND A USE

Additive for the prevention and/or decrease of the corrosion due to thawing salt

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE SUSPENSION POLYMERIZATION OF VINYL CHLORIDE

COATED LIQUID PHASE REACTOR

DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN BROMIDE

HYDROGENATION REACTOR AND PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYOLEFIN COATS, THUS COATED SUBSTRATES, AND USE IN CONTACT WITH MOVED POWDERS

Linings for the walls of interiorheated reaction areas

Metallic lining

Improved process and apparatus for conversion of secondary alcohols into ketones

Anti-scaling agents for polymerization reactor coatings

IMPROVED PRESSURE VESSEL

Diamond coatings on reactor wall and method of manufacturing thereof

BAFFLE FIXED AT A SEPARATION FROM THE INTERNAL WALL OF AN ENAMELLED CONTAINER BY MEANS OF A LOCAL CONNECTION

Duplex stainless steel for urea manufacturing plants

Ceramic/metal composite article, composite structure for transporting oxide ion,and composite article having sealing property

TUBE BUNDLE APPARATUS FOR PROCESSING CORROSIVE FLUIDS

Metal passivation in a heat exchange reformer

Lining structure

The present invention mitigates concentration of stress due to differences in thermal expansion and prevents damage of lining members. A lining structure (1) for a lining member (20) provided on the base material (10) of an inserted tube (3) that is used for adding a chemical to a reaction vessel (2) for leaching at high temperatures and high pressures. The base material (10) has a tube section (11) and a flange section (12). The lining member (20) is provided on the base material (10) using a material differing from the base material (10) and has a tube-lining section (21) provided on the tube section (11) and a flange-lining section (22) provided on the flange section (12). A chamfered section (13) is formed on the flange section (12). The tube-lining section (21) protrudes to the same height as the flat surface (22a) of the flange-lining section (22). The flange-lining section (22) has a curved surface (24) that protrudes toward the base material (10)-side on the chamfered section (13 ...

Corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts, and equipment and parts replacement methods utilizing corrosion resistant fluid conducting parts

A part of equipment includes a fluid conducting first region including a corrosion resistant first material, and a fluid conducting second region including a second 5 material. The first region and the second region are either directly or indirectly joined by solid state welding to form a unitary fluid conducting part. A method for replacing at least one fluid conducting part of equipment is disclosed wherein a replacement part is provided that includes a fluid conducting first region including a corrosion resistant first material, and a fluid conducting 10 second region including a second material. The second material is substantially identical to the material of a region of the equipment on which the replacement part is mounted. The first and second regions are either directly or indirectly joined by solid state welding to form a unitary fluid conducting replacement part. The replacement part is secured to the equipment by a 15 process comprising fusion welding the second material of ...

Microwave pressure vessel and method of sterilization

Anti-scaling agents for polymerization reactor coatings

Heater and Related Methods Therefor

The invention relates generally to heaters and methods of using the heaters. In certain embodiments, a heater includes a pressure shell having a cylindrical heating cavity, an annular heat shield disposed within the cylindrical heating cavity, and at least one heating element disposed within an interior volume of the annular heat shield. In another embodiment, a method of preparing a trichlorosilane includes introducing a reactant stream comprising silicon tetrachloride into a heater, passing electrical current through a heating element to heat the reactant stream, and introducing the heated reactant stream into a reactor.

Reformer tube apparatus having variable wall thickness and associated method of manufacture

The present invention provides a reformer tube apparatus, including: an axially aligned tubular structure including a flange section, a top section, a middle section, and a bottom section; wherein the top section of the axially aligned tubular structure includes a first portion having a first wall thickness; wherein the top section of the axially aligned tubular structure includes a second portion having a second wall thickness; and wherein the top section of the axially aligned tubular structure includes a third portion having a transitioning wall thickness that joins the first portion to the second portion. The flange section includes a concentric flange disposed about a top portion thereof. The bottom section of the tubular structure includes a plurality of concentric wedge structures disposed about the interior thereof. The bottom section of the tubular structure also includes a recess disposed about the exterior thereof. The axially aligned tubular structure further includes a secondary flange section coupled to the flange section, wherein the secondary flange section includes a concentric flange disposed about a top portion thereof. Optionally, the reformer tube apparatus is disposed within a reformer used in a direct reduction process.

Apparatus for producing trichlorosilane and method for producing trichlorosilane

An apparatus for producing trichlorosilane in which metallurgical grade silicon powder supplied to a reactor is reacted with hydrogen chloride gas while being fluidized by the hydrogen chloride gas, thereby discharging trichlorosilane generated by the reaction from the reactor, includes: a plurality of gas flow controlling members which are installed along a vertical direction in an annular shape R from an inner peripheral wall of the reactor in an internal space of the reactor; and a heat transfer tube which is installed along the vertical direction in the annular space R and through which a heating medium passes.

System for producing l-homophenylalanine and a process for producing l-homophenylalanine

The present invention relates to a system ( 10 ) for producing L-homophenylalanine and a process for producing L-homophenylalanine using the system ( 10 ). The system ( 10 ) and the process include monitoring and controlling of the reaction conditions (e.g., temperature and pH) to desired or predetermined values. The monitoring, adjusting and agitating steps provided by the method thereby result in a more complete conversion of the available substrate and produce a sufficient yield of homophenylalanine.

Process for preparing alkyl hydroperoxide compounds

A method for making alkyl hydroperoxide compounds, specifically the preparation of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide is described. The preparation of cyclohexyl hydroperoxide by means of the oxidation of cyclohexane by oxygen in a multi-stage reactor or in reactors connected in series is also described. In these methods, the reactor surfaces in contact with the oxidation medium can be protected by a layer of heat-resistant PFA polymer.

Tunable catalytic gasifiers and related methods

The present disclosure provides tunable catalytic gasifier systems suitable for gasifying coal, biomass, and other fuel sources. The gasifier reactors of the disclosed systems may be heated by, e.g., a catalytic tube or other jacket that generates heat by catalytically combusting syngas, which syngas may be syngas produced by the gasifier system.

HIGH SHEAR HYDROGENATION OF WAX AND OIL MIXTURES

Embodiments disclosed herein describe a system for producing enhanced wax alternatives, the system that includes a reactor having a reactor inlet and a reactor outlet; and a high shear device having a device inlet, a device outlet, a rotor, a stator, and a catalytic surface, wherein the device outlet is in fluid communication with the reactor inlet. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises the reactor outlet for gaseous products claim 1 , and another reactor outlet for liquid or waxy products.3. The system of claim 1 , the rotor and the stator are separated by a shear gap claim 1 , wherein the shear gap is the minimum distance between the rotor and the stator claim 1 , and wherein the high shear mixing device operates at a tip speed of the rotor of greater than 4 claim 1 ,500 ft/min.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the high shear device comprises at least one catalytic surface.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the high shear device is configured to process petroleum wax and base oil with a hydrogen-containing gas form a feedstock at a shear rate in the range of about 20 claim 1 ,000 sto about 1 claim 1 ,600 claim 1 ,000 s.6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the feedstock comprises gas bubbles with an average bubble size less than about 5 μm claim 5 , and wherein the reactor is configured for hydrogenation of the feedstock for a time sufficient to produce enhanced hydrogenated products.7. The system of claim 5 , wherein the petroleum wax includes alkane hydrocarbons with formula CH claim 5 , wherein n=20-40.8. The system of claim 5 , wherein the base oil is selected from the group consisting of butterfat claim 5 , cocoa butter claim 5 , cocoa butter substitutes claim 5 , illipe fat claim 5 , kokum butter claim 5 , milk fat claim 5 , mowrah fat claim 5 , phulwara butter claim 5 , sal fat claim 5 , shea fat claim 5 , bomeo tallow claim 5 , lard claim 5 , lanolin claim 5 , beef tallow claim 5 , mutton tallow claim 5 , other animal tallow claim 5 , ...

Reactors and Processes for the Oxidative Coupling of Hydrocarbons

A method for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons includes providing an oxidative catalyst inside a reactor and carrying out the oxidative coupling reaction under a set of reaction conditions. The reactor surfaces that contact the reactants and products do not provide a significant detrimental catalyzing effect. In an embodiment the reactor contains an inert lining or a portion of the reactor inner surface is treated to reduce the detrimental catalytic effects. In an embodiment the reactor contains a lining that includes an oxidative catalyst. 115-. (canceled)16. A reactor for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons comprising:a reactor vessel having a reaction contact surface;an inlet for feeding at least one hydrocarbon feedstream;an inlet for providing an oxygen source; andan outlet for recovering a product from the reactor; andwherein the reaction contact surface of the reactor vessel does not provide a significant detrimental catalyzing effect under conditions for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons.17. The reactor of claim 16 , wherein the reactor comprises a lining covering a majority of wetted parts of the reactor.18. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein the lining covers at least 99% of the reaction contact surface of the reactor.19. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein the lining is selected from the group consisting of an inert high temperature sealant claim 17 , glass claim 17 , quartz claim 17 , a ceramic material claim 17 , and combinations thereof.20. The reactor of claim 17 , wherein the lining comprises an oxidative catalyst.21. The reactor of claim 16 , wherein the reactor comprises a reaction zone capable of reaction conditions for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons.22. The reactor of claim 16 , wherein the reactor is treated to reduce detrimental catalytic effects of the reaction contact surface.23. The reactor of claim 22 , wherein the reactor is treated to passivate portions of the reactor that contact the hydrocarbon feedstock or product.24. ...

Isothermal reactor for hydrocarbon nitration

Disclosed are a process and an apparatus for synthesizing nitroalkanes by reaction of a hydrocarbon feedstock with aqueous nitric acid. By using an isothermal reactor with multiple input ports for aqueous nitric acid, a hydrocarbon feedstock may be sequentially exposed to a plurality of flows of aqueous nitric acid as it flows through the reactor.

Oxidation Catalyst for Hydrocarbon Compound, and Method and Apparatus for Producing Oxide of Hydrocarbon Compound Using Same

According to the first embodiment of the present invention, an oxide of a hydrocarbon compound can be produced with high yield and high productivity by oxidizing the hydrocarbon compound with molecular oxygen in the co-presence of an N-hydroxy compound, such as methyl ethyl ketone or N-hydroxysuccinimide, and a phosphate ester, such as dibutyl phosphate. According to another embodiment of the present invention, an oxide of a hydrocarbon compound can be produced with high yield by using an oxidation catalyst that comprises an oxime compound, such as methyl ethyl ketone. According to another embodiment of the present invention, an alcohol and/or a ketone can be produced with high yield by oxidizing the hydrocarbon compound at a temperature of 160° C. or less, and by decomposing the resulting hydroperoxide, for example, in a unit having an inner surface formed by a material from which no transition metal ion is generated.

Metal passivation of heat-exchanger exposed to synthesis gas

A process for passivation of surfaces of heat exchange apparatus exposed to a synthesis gas containing carbon monoxide, includes the steps of: adding arsine to the synthesis gas to provide a total As concentration in the synthesis gas in range 0.001 to 10 ppmv, (ii) exposing the mixture of hot synthesis gas and arsine to the shell-side surfaces of said heat exchange apparatus to reduce the interaction between the carbon monoxide present in said gas and metals in said surfaces, (iii) recovering a cooled synthesis gas from the shell-side of said apparatus, and (iv) passing the cooled synthesis gas, optionally after further cooling, through a sorbent bed to remove arsenic compounds from the synthesis gas.

Process for producing liquid crystalline polyester resin and apparatus for producing liquid crystalline polyester resin

The present invention provides a process for producing a liquid crystalline polyester resin, wherein an acetylation reaction and an oligomerization reaction of raw materials are carried out in an acetylation reaction vessel, and then a deacetylation polycondensation of a liquid after the oligomerization reaction is carried out in a polycondensation reaction vessel, wherein the acetylation reaction vessel used is a vessel having an inner wall surface composed of an alloy containing 50% by mass or more of Ni and 10% by mass or more of Mo; and the inner wall surface of the acetylation reaction vessel is divided into three or more band-like zones arrayed in the height direction of the vessel, and the oligomerization reaction is carried out while maintaining the temperatures of each band-like zone in a particular relationship.

REACTOR FOR PRODUCING PHARMACEUTICAL PARTICLES IN A PRECIPITATION PROCESS

Reactors, reactor systems and methods for producing particles in a precipitation process are provided. The reactor includes a housing defining a reaction chamber, a stator assembly including two or more stators, a rotor assembly including two or more rotors, the rotor assembly configured for rotation about an axis of rotation relative to the stator assembly, a first inlet to supply a first reactant material to the reaction chamber at a first radial location, a second inlet to supply a second reactant material to the reaction chamber at a second radial location different from the first radial location, wherein the first and second reactant materials react to produce precipitation of particles in the reaction chamber, and an outlet to supply the particles formed in the reaction chamber.

Apparatus and Method for Manufacturing Permanently Confined Micelle Array Nanoparticles

A cylindrical reactor has walls and a base, forming a chamber in which permanently manufactured micelle array nanoparticles may be manufactured. The reactor has a disk impeller inside the chamber which serves to mix reagents in the chamber and a collar which facilitates the mixing process. The reactor is effective to input an amount of energy to the mixed reagents such that particle coagulation is prevented but formation of PCMA nanoparticles is permitted. A method for manufacturing PCMA nanoparticles is disclosed. Reagents, beginning with prepared core particles, are stepwise added to a reactor and mixed. A high sheer mixing unit is used to input an amount of energy to the mixed reagents such that particle coagulation is prevented but formation of PCMA nanoparticles is permitted. 1. A method of making permanently confined micelle array nanoparticles , comprising the steps of:providing a reactor with a reaction chamber and a high-shear mixing unit situated therein;providing a set of reagents including a reaction solvent, an amount of prepared core-particles, an amount of ligand, an ammonia-water solution, and an amount of tetraethylorthosilicate;adding to the reaction chamber and mixing the amount of prepared core-particles and the reaction solvent;adding to the reaction chamber and mixing with the previously added reagents the amount of ligand;adding to the reaction chamber and mixing with the previously added reagents the ammonia-water solution;adding the amount of tetraethylorthosilicate to the reactor; andoperating said high-shear mixing unit so as to impart a volumetric energy input to a mixture of the reagents effective to maintain the core particles in a suspended state wherein the amount of ligand and the amount of tetraethylorthosilicate together bind to the core particles, thereby forming the permanently confined micelle array nanoparticles.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:washing the permanently confined micelle array ...

OXIDATION METHOD AND REACTOR

A method and apparatus for increasing the concentration of oxygen in the reaction medium present in the oxidation reactor. A volume of aqueous medium from the oxidation reactor is removed and pressurized and oxygen is added to it. The oxygen-rich volume of aqueous medium is then reintroduced into the oxidation reactor at an increased pressure to ensure adequate mixing with the aqueous medium having a lower content of oxygen. 128-. (canceled)29. An apparatus comprising an oxidation reactor; means for stirring; means for withdrawing an aqueous medium from said oxidation reactor; means for feeding oxygen to said aqueous medium; and means for introducing said aqueous medium back into said oxidation reactor.30. The apparatus as claimed in wherein said means for withdrawing an aqueous medium from said oxidation reactor comprises a pump.31. The apparatus as claimed in wherein said means for introducing said aqueous medium back into said oxidation reactor comprises a venturi device.32. The apparatus as claimed in wherein the rate for feeding oxygen to said aqueous medium is controlled by a programmable logic controller.33. The apparatus as claimed in wherein said means for introducing said aqueous medium back into said oxidation reactor comprises a liquid inducing nozzle. The invention relates to a method and apparatus for the oxidation of reactants in an aqueous reaction medium using gaseous molecular oxygen to increase the concentration of oxygen in the aqueous reaction medium and improve the efficiency of the reaction process.Industrially, aqueous phase oxidations are carried out using a variety of oxygen sources such as air, oxygen and oxidative reagents such as hydrogen peroxide. At industrial scales, oxidations with air and oxygen are a far lower cost alternative compared to oxidation with oxidative reagents but pose a challenge due to their inherently low solubility of oxygen in water. Oxygen solubility in water decreases with increase in concentration of solutes, ...

Reactor for Carrying Out an Exothermic Reaction in the Gas Phase

The invention relates to a reactor for carrying out an exothermic reaction in the gas phase, which comprises a vessel having an outer wall () composed of a metallic material, wherein an inner shell () is accommodated in the interior of the reactor () and the inner shell () has a spacing of at least 50 mm to the inside of the outer wall (). 1131711713. A reactor for carrying out an exothermic reaction in the gas phase , which comprises a vessel having an outer wall () composed of a metallic material , wherein an inner shell () is accommodated in the interior of the reactor () and the inner shell () has a spacing of at least 50 mm to the inside of the outer wall ().21713. The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the inner shell () is made of the same material as the outer wall ().319171. The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein there is a gap () between the inner shell () and the bottom and/or lid of the reactor ().41. The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein at least one tray is accommodated in the reactor ().571. The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein a catalyst bed () is present in the reactor ().6133379. The reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor () is divided into a plurality of segments () claim 1 , with each segment () having at least one inlet and at least one outlet and each segment () comprising a catalyst bed () and a gas space () above the catalyst bed.77. The reactor according to claim 5 , wherein the catalyst bed () comprises a heterogeneous catalyst.82313. The reactor according to claim 6 , wherein an intermediate tray () is accommodated in the reactor () to separate in each case two segments ().9. The use of the reactor according to for carrying out an exothermic reaction in the gas phase claim 1 , wherein the reaction is carried out at a temperature above 300° C.10. The use of the reactor according to for carrying out a reaction of sulfur dioxide with oxygen to form SO.117. The reactor according to claim 6 , wherein the catalyst ...

PERFORMANCE OF A HYDROCARBON CONVERSION OR PROCESSING OF A HYDROCARBON CONVERSION IN APPARATUSES WITH SURFACES MADE FROM NONMETALLIC MATERIALS

The present invention relates to a process for performing a hydrocarbon conversion or processing an output from a hydrocarbon conversion in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid. The hydrocarbon conversion, which is preferably an isomerization, is performed in apparatuses whose surfaces which come into contact with the acidic ionic liquid have been manufactured completely or at least partially from at least one nonmetallic material. The nonmetallic material in turn has been applied to at least one further material other than the nonmetallic material. 119.-. (canceled)20. A process for performing a hydrocarbon conversion or processing an output from a hydrocarbon conversion in the presence of an acidic ionic liquid using at least one apparatus (V1) , wherein the surfaces of the apparatus (V1) which come into contact with the acidic ionic liquid have been manufactured completely or at least partially from at least one nonmetallic material (W1) , the nonmetallic material (W1) having been applied to at least one material (W2) other than the nonmetallic material (W1).21. The process according to claim 20 , wherein the nonmetallic material (W1) is an oxidic material or a polymer or the material (W2) is steel.22211. The process according to claim claim 20 , wherein the oxidic material is glass or the polymer is a fluorinated polymer.23. The process according to claim 22 , wherein the fluorinated polymer is polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) or a perfluoroalkoxy polymer (PFA).24. The process according to claim 20 , wherein the nonmetallic material (W1) is glass and forms an enamel with material (W2).25. The process according to claim 20 , wherein the nonmetallic material (W1) is a polymer with which apparatus (V1) has been coated or lined.26. The process according to claim 25 , wherein the nonmetallic material (W1) is a polymer with which apparatus (V1) is lined and materials (W1) and (W2) are bonded to one another.27. The process according to claim 26 , wherein materials (W1) ...

Rectifier mounted at bottom of reactor

A rectifier mounted at a bottom of a reactor includes a central layer (), at least one interlayer () and an external layer (), which are made of bird nest honeycomb ceramic, wherein porosities of the central layer, the interlayer and the external layer increase in turn. The central layer, the interlayer and the external layer are respectively provided in a central-layer cone shaped body, an interlayer cone shaped body and an external-layer cone shaped body which are installed concentrically, so as to form meshed honeycomb pores with different porosities at the bottom of the rectifier. The rectifier is made of bird nest ceramic with high density honeycomb pores, and a minimum density thereof is over 200 meshes. 1. A rectifier mounted at a bottom of a reactor comprising: a central layer , at least one interlayer and an external layer , which are made of bird nest honeycomb ceramic , wherein honeycomb porosity of said central layer , said interlayer and said external layer increase in turn , said central layer , said interlayer and said external layer are respectively provided in a central-layer cone shaped body , an interlayer cone shaped body and an external-layer cone shaped body which are installed concentrically , so as to form meshed honeycomb pores with different porosities at said bottom of said rectifier.2. The rectifier mounted at the bottom of the reactor claim 1 , as recited in claim 1 , wherein a hand ring is provided on said external-layer cone shaped body. This is a U.S. National Stage under 35 U.S.C 371 of the International Application PCT/CN2011/000379, filed Mar. 10, 2011, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. 119(a-d) to CN 201010540883.7, filed Nov. 10, 2010.1. Field of InventionThe present invention relates to a rectifier in a reactor for petrochemical smelting, and more particularly to a rectifier for raw oil in a reactor.2. Description of Related ArtsIt is well known that the bottom of the petrochemical reactor has a contraction process, and that ...

DUAL VESSEL REACTOR

A dual vessel reactor and a method of carrying out a reaction using a dual vessel reactor are provided using a non-condensable gas to substantially isolate the inner vessel from the outer vessel during the reaction and limit the heating of the outer vessel when steam from the inner vessel condenses on the interior surface of the outer vessel. By limiting the heating of the outer vessel through the condensation of the steam or other vapour from the inner vessel, the operating temperature of the outer vessel is kept below an upper threshold of the operating temperature of a seal used to seal the door in the outer vessel. 1. A dual vessel chemical reactor comprising:an outer vessel;a reactor lid on the outer vessel, the reactor lid openable for accessing the inner vessel;an inner vessel supported within the outer vessel for containing a liquid, the inner vessel in atmospheric communication with the outer vessel, wherein the support of the inner vessel minimizes metal to metal contact between the inner vessel and the outer vessel;a seal for sealing the reactor lid with the outer vessel when in a closed position;an inner vessel lid for covering the inner vessel;wherein during operation a non-condensable gas is used to substantially insolate the outer vessel from the inner vessel.2. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the inner vessel is supported within the outer vessel on at least two support points.3. The reactor of claim 2 , wherein each of the at least two support points comprise an upper portion fixed to the inner vessel that rests on a lower portion fixed to the outer vessel.4. The reactor of claim 3 , wherein each lower portion comprises a ‘V’ shape.5. The reactor of claim 4 , wherein each upper portion is welded to the inner vessel and each lower portion is welded to the outer vessel.6. The reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a heat source for heating reactants within the inner vessel during operation.7. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the reactor further ...

STAINLESS STEEL MEMBER AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF

The purpose of the present invention is to provide a stainless steel member and a production method thereof, said stainless steel member having a passivation layer formed on a surface of a base material formed from stainless steel, wherein the film thickness of the passivation layer is 2-20 nm, and the concentration of chromium atoms in the outermost surface of the passivation layer is 0.1-2.3 by atomic percentage. Also provided are a device or container, the liquid-contact part of which in contact with a semiconductor treatment liquid is formed from the stainless steel member, a semiconductor treatment liquid production method for producing the semiconductor treatment liquid by using the device, and a semiconductor treatment liquid storage method for storing the semiconductor treatment liquid in the container. 1. An austenite stainless steel member comprising:a base material made of austenite stainless steel; anda passivation layer formed on a surface of the base material made of austenite stainless steel,wherein the passivation layer has a thickness of 2 nm to 20 nm, a concentration of chromium atoms in an outermost surface of the passivation layer is 0.1 atomic % to 1.0 atomic %, and a concentration of silicon atoms in the outermost surface of the passivation layer is 2 atomic % to 10 atomic %.2. The austenite stainless steel member according to which is for use in a part to be in contact with a semiconductor treatment liquid.3. (canceled)4. The austenite stainless steel member according to claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer has a thickness of 3 nm to 20 nm.5. An apparatus having a part to be in contact with a semiconductor treatment liquid claim 1 , wherein the part comprises the austenite stainless steel member according to .6. A method of producing a semiconductor treatment liquid claim 1 , the method comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00005', 'claim 5'}, 'using the apparatus according to in producing a semiconductor treatment liquid.'}7. A method ...

LARGE-SCALE COMPOSITE SYNTHESIS SYSTEM, REACTOR AND COMPOSITE SYNTHESIS METHOD USING THE SAME

Disclosed are a large-scale composite synthesis system, a reactor therefor, and a synthesis method using the same, wherein two or more different samples are vaporized in respective vaporizers, and are then fed into a reactor that has a relatively large transverse cross-sectional diameter compared to the connector for transporting the samples in a gas phase and is maintained at a temperature lower than that of the connector, thus producing a powder composite, the composite being synthesized while being electrostatically attached to an adherend surface. 1. A large-scale composite synthesis system , comprising:a first vaporizer for vaporizing a first sample for synthesis reaction;a second vaporizer for vaporizing a second sample for synthesis reaction with the first sample;a first heater for heating the first vaporizer;a second heater for heating the second vaporizer;a connector for connecting the first vaporizer and the second vaporizer to a reactor; anda reactor that receives the first sample and the second sample respectively vaporized in the first vaporizer and the second vaporizer so as to synthesize a composite,wherein the reactor has a relatively large transverse cross-sectional diameter compared to the connector, and is maintained at a temperature lower than a temperature of the connector, andthe first sample and the second sample in a gas phase are instantly dispersed due to a pressure difference and a temperature difference when being fed into the reactor from the connector, thereby producing a powder composite, and the powder composite is synthesized while being electrostatically attached to an adherend surface.2. The large-scale composite synthesis system of claim 1 , wherein a plate made of a vitreous material or a metal plate is further provided at a lower portion of the reactor claim 1 , andthe powder composite is electrostatically attached to the plate made of a vitreous material or the metal plate.3. The large-scale composite synthesis system of claim ...

COATING COMPOSITION FOR INHIBITING BUILD-UP OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL AND APPARATUS COMPRISING THE COATING AND METHOD

A composition useful in methods and apparatuses for inhibiting the build-up of byproduct carbonaceous material includes a perovskite material or a precursor therefor; and a yttrium doped ceria or a precursor therefor. 1. A composition comprising:a perovskite material or a precursor therefor; anda yttrium doped ceria or a precursor therefor.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite material is of formula ABO claim 1 , wherein0.9 Подробнее

Processes and apparatuses for toluene and benzene methylation in an aromatics complex

This present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene and benzene methylation in an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to processes and apparatuses for toluene and benzene methylation within an aromatics complex for producing paraxylene wherein an embodiment uses a reactor having a refractory comprising a low iron content refractory.

METHOD FOR POLYMERISING ETHYLENICALLY UNSATURATED MONOMERS

The invention relates to a method for polymerising ethylenically unsaturated monomers by free-radical initiated emulsion polymerisation in an aqueous medium in a polymerisation reactor, wherein the inside walls and optionally also the fittings in the reactor are coated by applying a deposit-inhibiting product before the reactor is filled, characterised in that the surfaces that are to be coated with deposit-inhibiting product are treated with an acid solution. 1. A method for polymerizing ethylenically unsaturated monomers , comprising radically initiated emulsion polymerization of the ethylenically unsaturated monomers in aqueous medium in a polymerization reactor , wherein the internal walls , and optionally internals , of said reactor are coated; before the reactor is filled by application of a scale inhibitor which precipitates on the treatment with an acid solution , wherein the surfaces to be coated with the scale inhibitor are treated with an acid solution , wherein first the acid solution is applied to the areas that are to be coated , and subsequently the scale inhibitor , or wherein first the scale inhibitor is applied and subsequently the acid solution.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the scale inhibitor is selected from the group consisting of condensation products of formaldehyde with naphthol compounds claim 1 , condensation products of a naphthol compound and a sulfoxylate claim 1 , and condensation products of a naphthol compound and an aldehyde and an aromatic carboxylic acid which is hydroxylated on the aromatic nucleus.3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein before the reactor is filled with the constituents of the polymerization mixture and before and/or after the scale inhibitor is applied claim 1 , the walls of the polymerization reactor and optionally the internals of the polymerization reactor are treated with an aqueous solution of an inorganic or organic acid.4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the acid in the ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING CORE-SHELL CATALYST

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities. 1. An apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst , the apparatus comprising:a titanium reaction chamber in which a part of a chamber upper surface is made of a glass material, a lower surface is a working electrode, and the working electrode is joined to one of left and right surfaces of the titanium reaction chamber;a reaction solution which is accommodated in the reaction chamber;a metal ingot holder which is accommodated in the reaction chamber;a metal ingot capsule which is accommodated on the metal ingot holder;a reference electrode and a counter electrode which are supported in the reaction solution;a power source unit which applies voltage to the electrodes;a solution injecting unit which injects a mixture solution including a copper precursor and a platinum precursor into the reaction chamber;a laser light source which emits energy to the metal ingot;a display unit which measures and displays, in real time, a copper precursor content and a platinum precursor content in the reaction chamber, the type of reaction solution, applied voltage, an output of the emitted laser beam; anda particle diameter measuring device which measures a particle diameter of the metal nanoparticle manufactured in the reaction chamber.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the metal ingot capsule has a capsule shape having a hermetic structure in which the metal ...

NEW GLASS-LINKED REACTOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

A glass lined reaction tank for chemical and pharmaceutical industries and a manufacturing method thereof. One-step molding technical standards for manufacturing iron blanks of the glass lined reaction tanks are deeply developed, an overall structure of a flanged big flange of a tank body and a tank cover matching with the tank body are innovated, and nominal pressure of the big flange and the sealing performance of a tank mouth are perfectly improved. By using a new structurally-combined precise controlled internal heating type electric furnace and an intelligent temperature program control/adjustment/recording instrument, heating temperature of an overall glass lining layer on an inner wall of the tank body is more accurately controlled to be the same, and a synchronous, integral and controlled sintering core technique is realized. 12523433313233313433134313233323132333441411424214142434204319335baaaaabaaaaaaaaab. A glass lined reaction tank , comprising a tank body () and a tank cover () , the tank body () being an integral structure and comprising an inner cylinder body () and an outer jacket () , and characterized in that the inner cylinder body () comprises a first reinforcing ring body () , a straight cylinder body () , a seal head () and a discharge outlet flange () , an upper mouth of the straight cylinder body () is flanged to form a first big flange () , the first reinforcing ring body () is in close fit with an outer circumference of the straight cylinder body () and is welded below the first big flange () , the straight cylinder body () is connected with the seal head () , the discharge outlet flange () is arranged at a lower mouth of the seal head () , and the straight cylinder body () , the seal head () , the discharge flange () and the first reinforcing ring body () are welded and combined to form an integral structure; the outer jacket () comprises a jacket body (.) with a closing mouth (..) and an outer jacket seal head (.) with an inner ring type ...

APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR THE PREPARATION OF REACTION VESSELS

Provided are methods for preparing and using reaction vessels obtained or obtainable by 3D-printin methods, including a method for preparing a product compound, the method comprising the steps of: (i) providing a reaction vessel that is obtained by a 3-D printing method, wherein the reaction vessel has a reaction space; (ii) providing one or more reagents, optionally together with a catalyst or a solvent, for use in the synthesis of the product compound; and (iii) permitting the one or more reagents to react in the reaction space, optionally in the presence of the catalyst and the solvent, in the reaction vessel, thereby to form the product compound. 1. A method for preparing a product compound , the method comprising the steps of:(i) providing a reaction vessel that is obtained by a 3-D printing method, wherein the reaction vessel has a reaction space;(ii) providing one or more reagents, optionally together with a catalyst or a solvent, for use in the synthesis of the product compound; and(iii) permitting the one or more reagents to react in the reaction space, optionally in the presence of the catalyst and the solvent, in the reaction vessel, thereby to form the product compound.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein one of the one or more reagents claim 1 , or the catalyst or the solvent where present claim 1 , is delivered to the reaction vessel by a 3-D printer.3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein one of the one or more reagents is delivered to the reaction vessel by the 3-D printer.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein a wall of the reaction vessel comprises a reagent or catalyst for use in the preparation of the product compound claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the reagent or catalyst is available for reaction at the reaction space.5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction vessel is provided with a fluid channel in communication with the reaction space claim 1 , wherein the fluid channel is suitable for removal of reaction ...

ROTATING TUBE MIXER AND METHOD OF MIXING

A tubular reactor or mixer comprising a tube which can be rotated in reciprocating arcs about its longitudinal axis provided with removable mixing elements () within the reactor wherein means () are provided to retain the mixing elements within the tubular mixer or reactor so that they move with the movement of the mixer or reactor, the tube preferably also contains mixing elements () that are free and do not move with the reciprocation of the tube; processes using the reactor or mixer are included. 1. A mixing system comprising ,a) a tube;b) one or more keying elements as part of the tube to retain one or more mixing elements within the tube; and wherein the tube rotates in reciprocating arcs around a longitudinal axis of the tube and the one or more mixing elements move with the tube.2. The mixing system according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more keying elements are protrusions.3. The mixing system according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more keying elements are slots.4. The mixing system according to claim 1 , wherein the mixing system contains at least one mixer assembly comprising a fixed mixer and a moving mixer; andwherein a position of a fixed mixer blade of the fixed mixer relative to the tube is held in position by the one or more keying elements.5. The mixing system according to claim 4 , wherein the fixed mixer is supported by two or more of the one or more keying elements.6. The mixing system according to claim 4 , wherein the fixed mixer is held in position by a cross brace which engages with the one or more keying elements.7. The mixing system according to claim 1 , wherein a mixing assembly can be slid into position in the tube from an end of the tube; andwherein the mixing assembly remains in a required position without mechanical fastenings between the mixing assembly and the tube.8. (canceled)9. The mixing system according to claim 1 , wherein the mixing system is a tubular reactor comprising:the tube which can be rotated in reciprocating ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. A method for producing acetylene comprising:introducing a fuel stream into a combustion zone of a supersonic reactor;combusting the fuel stream to provide a high temperature carrier stream traveling at a supersonic speed;introducing a feed stream portion of a hydrocarbon stream comprising methane into the supersonic reactor;mixing the feed stream portion with the carrier stream to form a reactor stream;expanding the reactor stream to reduce the speed and increase the temperature of the reactor stream to a pyrolysis temperature to pyrolyze the stream;maintaining pressure inside the reactor shell by providing an outer shell of at least a portion of the reactor shell; andrestricting deterioration of the reactor shell due to operating conditions by providing an inner shell having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K inside at least a portion of the outer shell.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a casting.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell is spaced from the outer shell; and pressurizing a pressure zone between the inner shell and the outer shell to maintain the pressure in the pressure zone at a pressure about the same as a reactor chamber pressure.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell is spaced from the outer shell; and passing a coolant ...

FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR AND A PROCESS USING SAME TO PRODUCE HIGH PURITY GRANULAR POLYSILICON

The present invention relates to a fluidized bed reactor, comprising a reaction tube, a distributor and a heating device, the reaction tube and the distributor at the bottom of the reaction tube composing a closed space, the distributor comprising a gas inlet and a product outlet, and the reaction tube comprising a tail gas outlet and a seed inlet at the top or upper part respectively, characterized in that the reaction tube comprises a reaction inner tube and a reaction outer tube, and the heating device is an induction heating device placed within a hollow cavity formed between the external wall of the reaction inner tube and the internal wall of the reaction outer tube, wherein the hollow cavity is filled with hydrogen, nitrogen or inert gas for protection, and is able to maintain a pressure of about 0.01 to about 5 MPa; and also to a process of producing high purity granular polysilicon using the reactor. The fluidized bed reactor according to the present invention uses induction heating to heat directly the silicon particles inside the reaction chamber, such that the temperature of the reaction tube is lower than that inside the reaction chamber, which accordingly avoids deposition on the tube wall and results in more uniform heating, and thus is useful for large diameter fluidized bed reactors with much increased output for a single reactor. 1. A fluidized bed reactor , comprising a reaction tube , a distributor and a heating device , the reaction tube and the distributor at the bottom of the reaction tube composing a closed space , the distributor comprising a gas inlet and a product outlet , and the reaction tube comprising a tail gas outlet and a seed inlet respectively at the top or upper part , wherein the reaction tube comprises a reaction inner tube and a reaction outer tube , and the heating device is an induction heating device placed within a hollow cavity formed between the external wall of the reaction inner tube and the internal wall of the ...

HYDROCHLORINATION REACTOR

Improved hydrochlorination reactors, which have a larger internal volume and hence functional capacity than presently available hydrochlorination reactors, may be prepared with reactor walls having inner and outer layers where each layer provides a unique benefit, the inner layer having hydrogen chloride resistance and the outer layer having high strength at elevated temperature and pressure. Alternatively, or additionally, hoops may be disposed along the outside of the reactor wall to provide additional strength to the reactor during operation. Specified materials may be used to form the reactor wall in order to provide both acid resistance and high strength at elevated operating temperatures. 1. A reactor for hydrochlorination , comprising a reactor shell in the form of a cylinder , the shell having a multi-layer construction comprising an inner layer in contact with the contents of the reactor , and an outer layer that is adjacent to and in contact with the inner layer but is not in contact with the contents of the reactor , the inner layer comprising a first material having hydrochloric acid resistance that is greater than or equal to a hydrochloride resistance of the outer layer , and the outer layer comprising a second material having a tensile strength that is greater than or equal to a tensile strength of the first material.2. The reactor of wherein the first material is selected from INCOLOY 800H alloy and tantalum.3. The reactor of wherein the second material is selected from INCOLOY 800 H alloy or functional equivalent alloy claim 1 , RA253MA steel or functional equivalent steel and Haynes HR-120 alloy or functional equivalent alloy claim 1 , or stainless steel such as 347 stainless steel and 321 stainless steel.4. A reactor for hydrochlorination comprising a reactor shell in the form of a cylinder having an interior and an inner diameter and an exterior and an outer diameter and a longitudinal axis claim 1 , and a plurality of hoops disposed along the ...

SERPENTINE FLUID REACTOR COMPONENTS

Some embodiments of the present invention provide components for a serpentine fluid reactor which is optimized for one or more objective functions of interest such as pressure drop, erosion rate, fouling, coke deposition and operating costs. The components are designed by computer modeling the components individually and collectively in which the cross section of flow path is substantially circular under industrial conditions to validate the model design and its operation. Then iteratively the component designs are deformed and the operation of the deformed part(s) is modeled and compared to values obtained with other deformed models until the value of the objective function is optimized (e.g. at an extreme) or the change in the objective function is approaching zero. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first pipe sections are part of a high pressure olefin polymerization reactor wherein the hydrocarbon comprises ethane.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first pipe section is part of the furnace tubes of an olefin cracker.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein over 90% of the flow passage does not change by more than 7% over an about 5% length of the flow path.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the ARQ at one or more sections over said 90% of the length of the flow passage is from about 1.02 and about 1.12.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the ARQ over said 80% of the length of the flow passage does not change by more than about 5% over an about 5% length of the flow path.722-. (canceled)23. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the ARQ at one or more sections over said remaining about 80% of the length of the flow passage is from about 1.02 and about 1.15.24. The method according to claim 23 , wherein the serpentine reactor has an increasing cross sectional area in the direction of flow such that the angle between the transverse normal vector and the pipe walls range from about 0° to about 85°.25. The method ...

METHOD AND REACTOR FOR CRACKING HYDROCARBON

A method for cracking hydrocarbon, comprises: providing steam and hydrocarbon; and feeding steam and hydrocarbon into a reactor accessible to hydrocarbon and comprising a perovskite material of formula ABCDO, wherein 0 Подробнее

MICROREACTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS

In various embodiments, a microreactor features a corrosion-resistant microchannel network encased within a thermally conductive matrix material that may define therewithin one or more hollow heat-exchange conduits. 1. A microreactor comprising:a network of hollow microchannel conduits formed of a corrosion-resistant material; andsurrounding and in contact with the microchannel conduits, a matrix comprising a matrix material having a thermal conductivity larger than a thermal conductivity of the corrosion-resistant material.2. The microreactor of claim 1 , further comprising one or more hollow heat-exchange channels each (i) defined by the matrix material claim 1 , (ii) proximate one or more microchannel conduits claim 1 , and (iii) not intersecting any of the microchannel conduits.3. The microreactor of claim 2 , wherein a diameter or lateral dimension of at least one heat-exchange channel is larger than a diameter or lateral dimension of at least one microchannel conduit.4. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant material comprises at least one of niobium claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , rhenium claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , glass claim 1 , or stainless steel.5. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material comprises at least one of aluminum claim 1 , gold claim 1 , brass claim 1 , silver claim 1 , or copper.6. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the matrix proximate the microchannel conduits comprises a mixed and/or graded composition comprising the corrosion-resistant material and the matrix material.7. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the network of microchannel conduits comprises (i) two or more input conduits converging to a single reaction zone claim 1 , and (ii) an output conduit leading away from the reaction zone.821.-. (canceled)22. A microreactor comprising (i) a network of hollow microchannel conduits formed of a corrosion-resistant material and ...

METHOD OF DIRECTED FOULING OF A SUBSTANCE ONTO A SELECTED SURFACE

Provided is a method for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface. Also provided is an apparatus suitable for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface. 1. A method comprising:providing a vessel having an inner surface;processing a substance in the vessel in the presence of a first object having a first surface;depositing a foulant on at least a portion of the first surface during the processing, thereby producing a fouled first object; andcleaning at least a portion of the foulant from the fouled first object;wherein:at least a portion of the inner surface has a first propensity to foul;at least a portion of the first surface has a second propensity to foul; andthe first propensity is lower than the second propensity.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a chemical reaction takes place during the processing.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the chemical reaction is hydrolysis.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a condition is changed within the vessel to facilitate the depositing.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the condition is pH adjustment claim 4 , salt addition claim 4 , salt removal claim 4 , temperature change claim 4 , pressure change claim 4 , zeta potential change claim 4 , addition of solvent claim 4 , removal of solvent claim 4 , concentration change claim 4 , or any combination thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substance is selected from the group consisting of biomass claim 1 , an oligosaccharide claim 1 , a polysaccharide claim 1 , lignin claim 1 , food claim 1 , and any combination thereof.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning comprises scraping claim 1 , combusting claim 1 , heating claim 1 , chemical washing claim 1 , vibration claim 1 , shock claim 1 , a flowing fluid claim 1 , a flowing solid claim 1 , or any combination thereof.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the fouled first object is removed from the vessel prior to the cleaning.9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the cleaning is performed ...

Process for the Positioning of a Corrosion-Resistant Coating on a Wall of an Item of Equipment of a FCC Unit

The invention relates to a process for the positioning of a corrosion-resistant coating on an internal or external metal wall ( 20 ) of a fluid catalytic cracking unit chamber, comprising: (i) the shaping of a metal anchoring structure ( 10 ) formed from a plurality of strips ( 12 ) assembled in pairs by joining assembly portions ( 121, 122 ) so as to form a plurality of cells ( 14 ), the anchoring structure comprising a plurality of fastening tabs ( 16 ) integral with strip portions other than assembly portions, (ii) the fastening of said anchoring structure ( 10 ) by welding the free edge ( 18 ) of a part at least of the fastening tabs to the metal wall ( 20 ), defining a space between a longitudinal edge ( 12 b ) of an anchoring structure and the metal wall, (iii) the insertion of a composite material into the cells ( 14 ) from the metal wall ( 20 ) and at least up to the upper longitudinal edge ( 12 a ) of each strip.

Proton conducting membranes for hydrogen production and separation

In one embodiment, a membrane of proton-electron conducting ceramics that is useful for the conversion of a hydrocarbon and steam to hydrogen has a porous support coated with a film of a Perovskite-type oxide. By including the Zr and M in the oxide in place of Ce, the stability can be improved while maintaining sufficient hydrogen flux for efficient generation of hydrogen. In this manner, the conversion can be carried out by performing steam methane reforming (SMR) and/or water-gas shift reactions (WGS) at high temperature, where the conversion of CO to CO 2 and H 2 is driven by the removal of H 2 to give high conversions.

METHODS FOR HYDROGENATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO SYNGAS

The present disclosure provides methods for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide. In one non-limiting exemplary embodiment, the presently disclosed subject matter provides a method for the hydrogenation of carbon dioxide to form syngas that includes contacting a feedstream that contains hydrogen and carbon dioxide with a catalyst at a temperature of about 650° C. in an Inconel alloy reactor to produce a syngas mixture that includes hydrogen and carbon monoxide. 1. A method for producing syngas , comprising contacting a feedstream comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide with a catalyst at a temperature of about 650° C. or lower in an Inconel alloy reactor to produce a syngas mixture comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Inconel alloy comprises Inconel-601.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Inconel alloy comprises from about 58% to about 63% nickel and from about 21% to about 25% chromium.4. A method for producing syngas claim 1 , comprising:a) introducing a feedstream comprising hydrogen and carbon dioxide into an Inconel alloy reactor;b) contacting the feedstream with a catalyst at a temperature lower than about 700° C. to generate a syngas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen; andc) removing a substantial portion of the syngas mixture from the reactor.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the Inconel alloy comprises Inconel-601.6. A method for producing syngas claim 4 , comprising contacting a gaseous hydrocarbon feedstream comprising carbon dioxide and hydrogen with a catalyst in a nickel-based metal reactor at a temperature of about 650° C. to generate a syngas mixture.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nickel-based metal comprises from about 58% to about 63% nickel and from about 21% to about 25% chromium.8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nickel-based metal comprises an Inconel-alloy.9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nickel-based metal comprises Inconel-601.10. The method of claim 6 , wherein the ...

METHOD FOR DEPOSITING AN IN SITU COATING ONTO THERMALLY AND CHEMICALLY LOADED COMPONENTS OF A FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR PRODUCING HIGH-PURITY POLYSILICON

In situ coating of the reactor tube of a CVD fluidized bed reactor for producing granular polysilicon allows a wider selection of reactor tube materials to be used and provides granular polysilicon product of higher purity. 18.-. (canceled)9. A process for coating thermally and chemically stressed components of a fluidized-bed reactor containing a reactor tube for producing granular polysilicon , comprising flushing the fluidized-bed reactor which is free of bed material or which contains a reduced amount of bed material as compared to the amount of bed material present during steady state production of granular polysilicon , with a reactive gas mixture at an average reactor tube wall temperature of from 600 to 1400° C. for a period of from 1 hour to 8 days and at a pressure of from 1 to 15 bar abs , and thereby providing surfaces of the reactor which have a temperature of more than 600° C. with an in-situ coating of Si and/or SiNby means of a CVD process.10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the reactive gas mixture is a mixture of compounds of the formula SiHCl(I) where 0≤x≤4 and a nitrogen source and/or a carrier gas selected from the group consisting of Ar or Hand/or an organic compound having from 1 to 10 carbon atoms; or is a mixture of one or more compounds of the formula RSiHyCl claim 9 , (II) where 1≤x≤4 claim 9 , 1≤y≤3 and x+y≤4 and R═CH(n=1-5) and a carrier gas selected from the group consisting of Ar claim 9 , H claim 9 , and mixtures thereof.11. The process of claim 9 , wherein the compound of the formula (I) or (II) is used in an amount of from 0.01 to 50% by volume.12. The process of claim 9 , wherein the compound of the formula (I) or (II) is used in an amount of from 0.01 to 10% by volume.13. The process of claim 9 , wherein coating takes place at a surface temperature which differs by not more than ±250° C. claim 9 , from the surface temperature in the steady-state fluidized-bed deposition process.14. The process of claim 9 , wherein coating takes ...

SOLUTION REACTION APPARATUS AND SOLUTION REACTION METHOD USING THE SAME

The present invention relates to a solution reaction apparatus and solution reaction method using the same, and more particularly a solution reaction apparatus and a solution reaction method using the same, wherein a reaction vessel is made by using a sealing member, a reaction vessel forming member, and a substrate serving as the bottom part of the reaction vessel so as to cause one side of a reaction solution only to contact the solution, thereby adjusting the temperature of the substrate differently from the temperature of the solution. The solution reaction apparatus of the present invention can control temperature of the substrate and temperature of the reaction solution separately, thereby it can control the temperature of the solution above the boiling point of the solution, and can react the solution while constantly maintaining the concentration of the solution by the solution circulatory device. Accordingly, it has an effect of freely forming various nanostructures on the substrate. 1. A solution reaction apparatus , which comprises:a substrate;a sealing member laminated on one side of the substrate;a reaction vessel forming member being laminated on the sealing member and forming a reaction vessel, which can contain reaction solution for solution reaction, using the substrate as a bottom part; anda reaction solution circulatory part circulating the reaction solution into the reaction vessel, which is formed from the substrate, the sealing member and the reaction vessel forming member.2. The solution reaction apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate is selected from the group consisting of Si claim 1 , AlO claim 1 , GaN claim 1 , GaAs claim 1 , ZnO claim 1 , InP claim 1 , SiC claim 1 , glass and plastic substrates.3. The solution reaction apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein the plastic substrate is selected from the group consisting of polyethylene naphthalate (PEN) claim 2 , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) claim 2 , polyether sulfone ( ...

Method and system for the production of hydrogen

Disclosed is a process for the production of hydrogen in a reactor system comprising a steam reforming reaction zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a membrane separation zone comprising a hydrogen-selective membrane. The process involves a reaction system of so-called open architecture, wherein the reforming zone and the membrane separation zone operate independently of each other. The invention provides the heat for the reforming reaction through heat exchange from liquid molten salts, preferably heated by solar energy.

ADVANCED OXIDATION PROCESS FOR THE EXFOLIATION OF TWO DIMENSIONAL MATERIALS

A system for extracting two dimensional materials from a bulk material by functionalization of the bulk material in a reactor. 1. A method of exfoliating two-dimensional materials comprising:adding a bulk material to a polar solvent in a reactor vessel;dissolving ozone in the polar solvent; andexfoliating two-dimensional material from the bulk material by advanced oxidation process.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bulk material is selected from the group consisting of graphite claim 1 , Molybdenum disulfide (MoS) claim 1 , Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe) claim 1 , hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) claim 1 , Tungsten disulfide(WS) claim 1 , and Tungsten diselenide (WSe).3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material is graphene.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material formed is from bulk is Molybdenum disulfide (MoS) claim 1 , Molybdenum diselenide (MoSe) claim 1 , hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) claim 1 , Tungsten disulfide(WS) claim 1 , and Tungsten diselenide (WSe).5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material is single layer.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material is few layer.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the two-dimensional material is multi layer.8. The method of claim 1 , the polar solvent is chilled from around room temperature to between 5° C. and 15° C.9. The method of claim 1 , further comprising agitating the polar solvent.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the polar solvent has a temperature above 25° C.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein no chemical preprocessing of the bulk material is necessary.12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the working solvent can be HO claim 1 , HO claim 1 , an inert PFC claim 1 , or a mixture of these in any combination.13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising exposing the solvent to ultraviolet (UV) radiation to enhance radical formation in the working HOor HO or HO/HOsolvent.14. An apparatus for exfoliating two-dimensional ...

Method and Reactor for Pyrolysis Conversion of Hydrocarbon Gases

A pyrolysis reactor () and method for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases (e.g., methane) utilizes a pyrolysis reactor () having a unique burner assembly () and pyrolysis feed assembly () that creates an inwardly spiraling fluid flow pattern of the feed gases to form a swirling gas mixture that passes through a burner conduit () with a constricted neck portion or nozzle (). At least a portion of the swirling gas mixture forms a thin, annular mixed gas flow layer immediately adjacent to the burner conduit (). A portion of the swirling gas mixture is combusted as the swirling gas mixture passes through the burner conduit () and a portion of combustion products circulates in the burner assembly (). This provides conditions suitable for pyrolysis of hydrocarbons or light alkane gas, such as methane or natural gas. 1. A pyrolysis reactor for the pyrolysis of hydrocarbon gases comprising:a pyrolysis reactor vessel having a reactor wall that defines a pyrolysis reaction chamber;a burner assembly having a burner conduit with a circumferential wall that surrounds a central longitudinal axis and extends from opposite upstream and downstream ends of the burner conduit, the circumferential wall tapering in width from the downstream and upstream ends to an annular constricted neck portion located between the downstream and upstream ends of the burner conduit, the downstream end of the burner conduit being in fluid communication with the reaction chamber of the pyrolysis reactor, the upstream end of the burner conduit forming a burner assembly inlet; a downstream feed assembly wall that extends circumferentially around and joins the upstream end of the burner assembly inlet, the downstream feed assembly wall being oriented perpendicular to the central axis;', 'an upstream feed assembly wall that is axially spaced upstream from the downstream wall along the central axis and extends perpendicularly across the central axis;', 'a gas partition wall axially spaced between the ...

DEVICE FOR PROTECTING AN ELECTRODE SEAL IN A REACTOR FOR THE DEPOSITION OF POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON

Electrode support seals in a Siemens reactor for the deposition of polycrystalline silicon are protected against thermal stress and degradation, and shorting by falling fragments is prevented by shielding having a high resistivity and also a high thermal conductivity. 19-. (canceled)1025.-. (canceled)26. A device for protecting an electrode seal in a polycrystalline silicon deposition reactor , comprising:a sealing body positioned in an intermediate space between an electrode holder of the electrode and a base plate of the reactor;a protective ring which extends radially around the electrode holder and the sealing body and touches the base plate; anda cover cap which bears on the electrode holder but does not touch the base plate; wherein the cover cap is positioned above the protective ring but does not touch the protective ring.27. The device of claim 26 , wherein the cover cap comprises an edge drawn down in the direction of the base plate such that the cover cap and the protective ring overlap in a vertical direction.28. The device of claim 26 , wherein a distance between the cover cap and the protective ring is from 3 to 40 mm.29. The device of claim 27 , wherein a distance between the cover cap and the protective ring is from 3 to 40 mm.30. The device of claim 26 , wherein a distance between the cover cap and the base plate is more than 5 mm.31. The device of claim 27 , wherein a distance between the cover cap and the base plate is more than 5 mm.32. The device of claim 28 , wherein a distance between the cover cap and the base plate is more than 5 mm.33. A device for protecting an electrode seal in a polycrystalline silicon deposition reactor claim 28 , comprising:a sealing body positioned in an intermediate space between an electrode holder of the electrode and a base plate of the reactor;a protective ring which extends radially around the electrode holder and the sealing body and touches the base plate; anda cover which touches the electrode holder ...

APPARATUS FOR CONVERTING A FEED GAS INTO A PRODUCT GAS

Apparatus for converting feed gas () into a product gas (), comprising at least one reactor () with a reaction chamber () bounded by the inner wall of an outer tube () closed at a first outer end and an inner tube () received coaxially in this outer tube () and provided at both its outer ends with openings, which reactor () is provided with an inlet chamber () and with an outlet chamber (), wherein a first wall () of the outlet chamber () encloses the outer tube () and extends therefrom, and a second wall () of the outlet chamber () lying opposite the first wall () encloses the outer tube () and extends therefrom, and the inlet chamber () is bounded by the second wall () of the outlet chamber () and a third wall () which lies opposite this second wall (), encloses the outer tube () and extends therefrom. 1. An apparatus for converting a feed gas having components for reaction into a product gas , the apparatus comprising:at least one reactor with a reaction chamber which is provided with an inlet opening for feed gas and an outlet opening for product gas and which is bounded by the inner wall of an outer tube closed at a first outer end and the outer wall of an inner tube received coaxially in this outer tube and provided at both its outer ends with openings, which reactor is provided with an inlet chamber which is in open connection with the at least one inlet opening and with an outlet chamber in which the at least one outlet opening debouches, wherein a first wall of the outlet chamber encloses the outer tube and extends therefrom;a second wall of the outlet chamber lying opposite the first wall encloses the outer tube and extends therefrom, whereinthe inlet chamber is bounded by the second wall of the outlet chamber and a third wall which lies opposite this second wall, encloses the outer tube and extends therefrom, wherein the inlet opening is formed in the wall of the outer tube.2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the outer tube is closed at a ...

Hydrocarbon Pyrolysis

The invention relates to hydrocarbon pyrolysis, to equipment and materials useful for hydrocarbon pyrolysis, to processes for carrying out hydrocarbon pyrolysis, and to the use of hydrocarbon pyrolysis for, e.g., hydrocarbon upgrading. 124-. (canceled)25. A reactor for pyrolysing a hydrocarbon feed under predetermined pyrolysis conditions , the reactor comprising{'sub': 'R', '(a) an elongated tubular vessel having (i) an internal volume which includes first and second regions and (ii) opposed first and second openings in fluidic communication with the internal volume, the first and second openings being separated by a reactor length (L), and'}{'sub': s', 'p, 'sup': '3', 'claim-text': [ (A) a first aperture, the first aperture being proximate to the first opening and in fluidic communication with the first opening,', '(B) at least one internal channel in fluidic communication with the first aperture, and', {'sub': 1', '1', 'R, '(C) a second aperture, the second aperture being in fluidic communication with the first aperture via a flowpath Lthrough the channel, Lbeing ≥0.1*L; and'}], '(i) the first channeled thermal mass includes, [{'br': None, 'i': t', '*C', '*R*T', '*ΔT', '*X*ΔH*P, 'sub': R', 's', 'p', 'av', 'av', 'P, 'sup': '−1', '([OFA-1]/OFA)=(*ρ)*(t), wherein,'}, "(A) R is the feed's Gas Constant and", {'sub': R', 'av', 'p', 'p', 'av', 'P', 'av, '(B) the predetermined pyrolysis conditions include a residence time in the channel (t)≤1 sec., a feed conversion (X)≥50%, an average total pressure in the channel (P)≥1 bar, an average bulk gas temperature in the channel (T)≤1500° C. at the start of the pyrolysis, a peak gas temperature (T) located in the channel, T>T, a pyrolysis step time tin the range of from 0.001 sec. to 50 sec., and a change in average bulk gas temperature during the pyrolysis (ΔT)≤100° C.'}], '(ii) the OFA is determined from the formula], '(b) a channeled thermal mass located in the first region, wherein the first channeled thermal mass has a ...

APPARATUS FOR HALOGENATION OF POLYMER

An apparatus for halogenation of a polymer is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor, at least one light source, a stirrer and a heater. The reactor contains a slurry of the polymer. The light source is disposed outside of the reactor at a distance ranging from 0.5 centimeter to 2 centimeters for facilitating irradiance of the slurry. The light source radiates a light of wavelength in the range of 250 nm to 355 nm. The stirrer is adapted to agitate the slurry. The heater is adapted to heat the slurry of the polymer. The blades on the stirrer and light source are arranged in such a way that slurry is maintained in uniform motion and reacted homogeneously to achieve desired conversion efficiently. 1. An apparatus for halogenation of a polymer , said apparatus comprising:a reactor for receiving polymer slurry for halogenation of said polymer;at least one light source disposed outside of said reactor at a distance ranging from 0.5 centimetre to 2 centimetres for facilitating irradiation into said slurry; anda stirrer adapted to agitate said slurry.2. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the walls of said reactor are made of quartz.3. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one light source is disposed at a distance of 1 centimetre from said reactor.4. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one light source is a ultra-violet light source.5. The apparatus as claimed in claim 4 , wherein at least one light source radiates alight of wavelength in the range of 250 nm to 355 nm.6. The apparatus as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said stirrer has a plurality of blades.7. The apparatus as claimed in claim 6 , wherein each of said blades has a blade angle of 30-60 degrees claim 6 , preferably 45 degrees.8. The apparatus as claimed in further comprising a heater adapted to heat the slurry of polymer with at least one temperature sensing element for sensing the temperature of said slurry.9. A process for halogenating a polymer using ...

Reactor for Substrate Oxidation

A reactor and process for the oxidation of substrates, comprising: a first reaction chamber configured to dissolve substrates in a fluid, the first reaction chamber comprising a linking outlet; the linking outlet being connected to a tubular reaction chamber downstream of the first reaction chamber, conditions in the first reaction chamber being subcritical for the fluid, and conditions in the tubular reaction chamber being supercritical for the fluid carrying the dissolved substrates

MICROCHEMICAL SYSTEM APPARATUS AND RELATED METHODS OF FABRICATION

The disclosure relates to microchemical (or microfluidic) apparatus as well as related methods for making the same. The methods generally include partial sintering of sintering powder (e.g., binderless or otherwise free-flowing sintering powder) that encloses a fugitive phase material having a shape corresponding to a desired cavity structure in the formed apparatus. Partial sintering removes the fugitive phase and produces a porous compact, which can then be machined if desired and then further fully sintered to form the final apparatus. The process can produce apparatus with small, controllable cavities shaped as desired for various microchemical or microfluidic unit operations, with a generally smooth interior cavity finish, and with materials (e.g., ceramics) able to withstand harsh environments for such unit operations. 1. A method for forming a microchemical apparatus , the method comprising:(a) providing a first metal oxide powder;(b) placing a first fugitive phase material in the first metal oxide powder, the first fugitive phase material having a geometry corresponding to a negative cavity geometry in the formed microchemical apparatus;(c) placing a second metal oxide powder over the first metal oxide powder and over the first fugitive phase material;(d) partially sintering the first metal oxide powder and the second metal oxide powder at a temperature and pressure sufficient (i) to convert the first fugitive phase material to a gaseous material and (ii) to convert the first metal oxide powder and the second metal oxide powder to a porous, partially sintered compact, thereby allowing the gaseous material to escape from the partially sintered compact interior volume and forming an interior cavity within the partially sintered compact interior volume having a geometry corresponding to the original first fugitive phase material geometry;(e) optionally machining the partially sintered compact; and(f) fully sintering the partially sintered compact at a ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCTION OF GRANULAR POLYCRYSTALLINE SILICON

Prolonged operation campaigns in a fluidized bed reactor for producing granular polysilicon by deposition of silicon onto silicon seed particles from a silicon-containing precursor gas is made possible by employing a silicon-coated reaction tube which is not insulated above a region of the fluidized bed and as a result has a lower temperature such that the ratio of the thickness of the silicon on the reactor tube adjoining the fluidized bed to the coating thickness over the total reactor tube is from 7:1 to 1.5 to 1 after production campaign of from 15 to 500 days. 16.-. (canceled)7. In a process for producing granular polycrystalline silicon in a fluidized-bed reactor comprising a reactor tube and a heating device outside the reactor tube , in which silicon nucleus particles (seed) are fluidized in the reactor tube by means of a gas stream in a fluidized bed which is heated by means of the heating device and polycrystalline silicon is deposited by means of pyrolysis on the hot silicon nucleus particles by introduction of a silicon-containing reaction gas into the fluidized bed and the granular polycrystalline silicon formed in this way is removed from the reactor tube , where the reactor tube has a fluidized bed region and an unheated region above the fluidized bed , an intermediate space between an interior wall of the vessel and an outer wall of the reactor tube containing an insulation material and the reactor tube has a silicon coating on its interior wall , the improvement comprising:reducing the deposition of silicon on an interior of the unheated region of the reactor tube above the fluidized bed by establishing a wall temperature of the unheated region of the reactor tube which is lower than the wall temperature of the reactor tube in the region of the fluidized bed, where, owing to the lower wall temperature, the deposition of silicon above the fluidized bed is reduced, and setting a defined axial temperature gradient in the reactor tube in the region ...

METALLURGY FOR PROCESSING BIORENEWABLE FEED

A process and apparatus for hydroprocessing a biorenewable feedstock involves an advantageous metallurgy. The biorenewable feed stream is hydrotreated in a hydrotreating reactor comprising a stainless steel having a composition of at least about 2 wt-% molybdenum which is sufficiently resistant to acidic corrosion. The hydrotreated biorenewable stream is hydroisomerized in a hydroisomerization reactor comprising a stainless steel having a composition of less than about 2 wt-% molybdenum. Most of the free fatty acids are deoxygenated in the hydrotreating reactor to make water, thus avoiding exposure of downstream equipment to acid attack. The stainless steel of said hydrotreating reactor may have a composition of no more than about 0.02 wt-% carbon. 1. A process for hydroprocessing a biorenewable feedstock , the process comprising:hydrotreating a biorenewable feed stream in a hydrotreating reactor in the presence of hydrogen to saturate olefins, deoxygenate oxygenated hydrocarbons and demetallize metallized hydrocarbons to produce a hydrotreated stream, said hydrotreating reactor comprising a stainless steel having a composition of at least about 2 wt-% molybdenum; andhydroisomerizing the hydrotreated stream in a hydroisomerization reactor over a hydroisomerization catalyst in the presence of a hydroisomerization hydrogen stream to provide a hydroisomerized stream, said hydroisomerization reactor comprising a steel having a composition of less than about 2 wt-% molybdenum.2. The process of wherein the steel of said hydroisomerization reactor has a composition of no more than about 1.2 wt-% molybdenum.3. The process of wherein the steel of said hydroisomerization reactor has a composition of no less than about 0.3 wt-% molybdenum.4. The process of wherein the stainless steel of said hydrotreating reactor has a composition of at least about 3 wt-% molybdenum.5. The process of wherein the stainless steel of said hydrotreating reactor has a composition of no more than ...

Methods and systems for thermal energy recovery from production of solid carbon materials by reducing carbon oxides

A method of thermal energy recovery from production of at least one solid carbon material comprises reacting at least one carbon oxide material and at least one gaseous reducing material at a temperature of greater than or equal to about 400 ° C., at a pressure greater than or equal to about 1×10 5 pascal, and in the presence of at least one catalyst material to produce at least one solid carbon material and a gaseous effluent stream comprising water vapor. Thermal energy is extracted from the gaseous effluent stream comprising water vapor. Other methods of generating recoverable thermal energy are disclosed, as is a solid carbon production system having thermal energy recovery.

COST-EFFECTIVE MATERIALS FOR PROCESS UNITS USING ACIDIC IONIC LIQUIDS

We provide an apparatus for performing a hydrocarbon conversion or for handling of an output of the hydrocarbon conversion, comprising: a bare metal alloy, wherein the bare metal alloy comprises: from 15.1 to 49 wt % nickel, from 2.3 to 10 wt % molybdenum, from 0.00 to 2.95 wt % copper, and 20 to 59 wt % iron; wherein the bare metal alloy exhibits a corrosion rate less than 0.07 mm/year when performing the hydrocarbon conversion or handling the output of the hydrocarbon conversion; and wherein the hydrocarbon conversion is performed using an acidic ionic liquid. We also provide a process for using the apparatus. 1. An apparatus configured for performing a hydrocarbon conversion using an acidic ionic liquid that comprises a metal halide , or for handling of an output of the hydrocarbon conversion , comprising: a bare metal alloy , wherein the bare metal alloy comprises:from 15.1 to 49 wt % nickel, from 2.3 to 10 wt % molybdenum, from 0.00 to 2.95 wt % copper, and 20 to 59 wt % iron; andwherein the bare metal alloy exhibits a corrosion rate less than 0.07 mm/year when performing the hydrocarbon conversion or handling the output of the hydrocarbon conversion.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bare metal alloy is an austenitic stainless steel.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bare metal alloy comprises at least 35 wt % nickel and has resistance to chloride stress corrosion cracking.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is selected from the group consisting of a reactor claim 1 , a conduit claim 1 , a fitting claim 1 , a heat exchanger claim 1 , a phase separator claim 1 , a distillation unit claim 1 , and combinations thereof.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to produce an alkylate gasoline blending component claim 1 , a distillate fuel claim 1 , a base oil claim 1 , or combinations thereof.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is manufactured or adapted to comprise at least 70 wt % of the bare ...

FLUID-TREATMENT COLUMN WITH PARTITION

A column for performing thermal separation processes and/or chemical reactions has a vertical outer wall that forms a chamber and a vertical partition subdividing the chamber into two compartments. The partition being formed by flat plates each being made of or covered by heat-insulating material. 1. A column for performing thermal separation processes and/or chemical reactions , the column comprising:a vertical outer wall that forms a chamber; anda vertical partition subdividing the chamber into two compartments, the partition being formed by flat plates each being made of or covered by heat-insulating material.2. The column defined in claim 1 , wherein the plates have opposite side faces at least one of which is clad with the heat-insulating material.3. The column defined in claim 1 , wherein the plates are at least partly made of plastic or ceramic.4. The column defined in claim 1 , wherein the plates are made of plasmic with carbon fibers for reinforcement.5. The column defined in claim 1 , wherein the plates are at least partly made of polytetrafluoroethylene.6. The column defined in claim 1 , further comprising:screw connectors interconnecting the plates.7. The column defined in claim 1 , further comprising:plug connectors interconnecting the plates.8. The column defined in claim 1 , wherein the plates are clad with metallic elements.9. The column defined in claim 1 , further comprising:at least one mass-transfer pack in one of the compartments. The present invention relates to a fluid-treatment column. More particularly this invention concerns a partition for such a column.A column for carrying out thermal separation processes and/or chemical reactions typically has a vertical and typically cylindrical outer wall that forms a chamber that is subdivided diametrally by at least one vertical and planar partition into at least two compartments of semicylindrical shape, the partition being formed by flat plates.Columns with a vertical partition are known inter ...

INTER-BED MIXING IN FIXED BED REACTORS

A stator-type mixing device is used as a mixing device between fixed catalyst beds in a reactor. The mixing device includes a plurality of blades or surfaces arranged around a central hub. The blades are arranged at an angle relative to vertical so that a fluid cannot pass vertically through the mixing device without contacting at least one blade or surface. The blades or surfaces allow the stator-type mixing device to span the full cross-sectional surface area of the reactor, so that concentration of liquids in a localized portion of the reactor cross-sectional area is reduced or minimized. For reactors where at least part of the process fluid is a liquid under reaction conditions, a distributor tray can be included below the stator-type mixing device. 1. A reactor for exposing a reaction fluid to catalyst in a plurality of fixed. catalyst beds , comprising:at least one reactor inlet and at least one reactor outlet;a first catalyst bed and a second catalyst bed, the second catalyst bed being downstream from the first catalyst bed during operation of the reactor; anda mixing device located between the first catalyst bed and the second catalyst bed, the mixing device comprising a plurality blades attached to a central hub, the blades being oriented at an angle of from about 15° to about 75° relative to a reference axis of the mixing device, a cross sectional area of the mixing device being at least about 85% of a cross sectional area of the reactor,wherein a ratio of a minimum path length for the mixing device to the height of the mixing device is about 4.0:1 or less.2. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of the minimum path length to the height of the mixing device is about 3.0 or less.3. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein the angle of the blades relative to the reference axis is about 60° or less.4. The reactor of claim 1 , further comprising a distributor tray located. between the mixing device and the second catalyst bed.5. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein a ...

DEVICE USEFUL FOR HYDROGENATION REACTIONS (I)

The present invention relates to a device for treatment of material transported through the device comprising at least one porous element consisting of specific solid metallic structure which allows cross-flow of the material through the porous element and wherein the porous element is coated by a non-acidic metal oxide which is impregnated by palladium (Pd). 1. A device for treatment of material transported through the device comprising at least one porous element consisting of specific solid metallic structure which allows cross-flow of the material through the porous element and wherein the porous element is made from a metal alloy comprising(i) 60 wt-%-80 wt-%, based on the total weight of the metal alloy, of Fe, and(ii) 1 wt-%-30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the metal alloy, of Cr, and(iii) 0.5 wt-%-10 wt-%, based on the total weight of the metal alloy, of Ni, andwherein the porous element is coated by a non-acidic metal oxide and which is impregnated by palladium (Pd).2. Device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy is stainless steel.3. Device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy is tool steel.4. Device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises further metals chosen from the group consisting of Cu claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Si claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , Al and Nb.5. Device according to claim 1 , wherein the metal alloy comprises carbon.6. Device according to claim 2 , wherein the stainless steel comprises(i) 60 wt-%-80 wt-%, based on the total weight of the stainless steel, of Fe, and(ii) 10 wt-%-30 wt-%, based on the total weight of the stainless steel, of Cr, and(iii) 0.5 wt-%-10 wt-%, based on the total weight of the stainless steel, of Ni.7. Device according to claim 3 , wherein the tool steel comprises(i) 60 wt-%-80 wt-%, based on the total weight of the tool steel, of Fe, and(ii) 1 wt-%-15 wt-%, based on the total weight of the tool steel, of Cr, and(iii) 1 wt-%-19 wt-%, based on the total weight of the tool ...

Process for Treating Hydrocarbon Streams

A process is disclosed for treating a hydrocarbon stream including flowing the hydrocarbon stream through a hydrocarbon treating vessel, heating a portion of the hydrocarbon treating vessel to a predetermined temperature and for a predetermined amount of time and controlling sensitization of the portion of the interior surface of the hydrocarbon treating vessel. 1. A process for treating a hydrocarbon stream , the process comprising:flowing the hydrocarbon stream through a hydrocarbon treating vessel;heating at least a portion of an interior surface of the vessel to a predetermined vessel temperature of 565° C. or greater for 1,000 hours or more; andcontrolling sensitization of the portion of the hydrocarbon treating vessel by employing a hydrocarbon treating vessel with at least the portion thereof formed of a low-carbon stainless steel alloy comprising 0.005 to 0.020 wt-% carbon, 9.0 to 13.0 wt-% nickel, 17.0 to 19.0 wt-% chromium, 0.20 to 0.50 wt-% niobium, and 0.06 to 0.10 wt-% nitrogen to restrict sensitization of the portion of the interior surface.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined vessel temperature is maintained within the hydrocarbon treating vessel between 565° C. and 700° C.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined vessel temperature is a range of temperatures between 565° C. and 700° C.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined vessel temperature is maintained within the hydrocarbon treating vessel for more than 5 claim 1 ,000 hours without sensitization of the portion of the interior surface of the vessel.5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising flowing a sulfur containing component within the vessel claim 1 , allowing a portion of the sulfur containing component to interact with oxygen and air within the vessel to form polythionic acid and controlling stress corrosion cracking of the portion due to the polythionic acid.6. The process of claim 1 , further comprising intermittently stopping flowing the ...

COMBINER OF ENERGY AND MATERIAL STREAMS FOR ENHANCED TRANSITION OF PROCESSED LOAD FROM ONE STATE TO ANOTHER

An apparatus for large batch chemical reactions using microwave energy includes a chamber defined by an outer wall, and a vessel disposed inside the chamber, the vessel defined by an inner wall, the inner wall being separated from the outer wall by a gap. The vessel is configured to receive and hold a load. The apparatus further includes a first applicator and a second applicator configured to emit the microwave energy at the load, wherein points at which microwave energy emitted by the first applicator and the second applicator enter the load are spaced at a distance from each other that is longer than a penetration depth of the microwave energy into the load such that no electromagnetic intercoupling occurs between the first applicator and the second applicator upon emission of the microwave energy. 1. An apparatus for large batch chemical reactions using microwave energy , comprising:a chamber defined by an outer wall;a vessel disposed inside the chamber, the vessel defined by an inner wall, the inner wall being separated from the outer wall by a gap, the vessel configured to receive and hold a load; anda first applicator and a second applicator configured to emit the microwave energy at the load, wherein points at which microwave energy emitted by the first applicator and the second applicator enter the load are spaced at a distance from each other that is longer than a penetration depth of the microwave energy into the load such that no electromagnetic intercoupling occurs between the first applicator and the second applicator upon emission of the microwave energy.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:a first microwave window formed in the inner wall at a position corresponding to a location of the first applicator; anda second microwave window formed in the inner wall at a position corresponding to a location of the second applicator, whereina material of the first microwave window and the second microwave window is at least partially transparent to ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN-CONTAINING GAS AND REACTOR FOR IMPLEMENTING SAID METHOD

The invention is for use in gas chemistry for producing hydrogen-containing gas on the base of a CO and Hmixture (syngas) from natural gas and other hydrocarbon gases. The object of the invention is to suppress side reactions resulting in soot formation when conducting the process in high productivity mode, and also to provide for an uncomplicated reactor design while maintaining compact dimensions thereof. The method for producing a hydrogen-containing gas comprises mixing natural gas with oxygen, partially oxidizing the natural gas with oxygen at a temperature ranging from 1300° C. to 1700° C. resulting in obtaining hydrogen-containing gas, and cooling the stream of the hydrogen-containing gas produced. Said cooling is performed until the temperature drops below 550° C. and at a rate above 100000° C./sec. The reactor comprises the following steps, which are arranged in series along the technological process: means for supplying natural gas and oxygen, a natural gas and oxygen mixing zone, a zone for conducting the reaction by partially oxidizing the natural gas with oxygen, and a zone for cooling the stream of the hydrogen-containing gas produced, which is equipped with a cooling body of revolution in order to provide an intensive cooling of the stream of hydrogen-containing gas by contacting thereof with said body of revolution. 1. A method for producing hydrogen-containing gas , said method comprising mixing natural gas with oxygen , partial oxidation of natural gas by oxygen at the temperature ranging from 1300° C. to 1700° C. to produce hydrogen-containing gas , and cooling the stream of obtained hydrogen-containing gas , where the stream of hydrogen-containing gas is cooled to the temperature lower 550° C. at the cooling rate more than 100000° C./s.2. The method according to claim 1 , where cooling the stream of hydrogen-containing gas is carried out by contacting said stream with a body of revolution.3. The method according to claim 2 , where the stream of ...

Polymerization reactor and method for producing water absorbent resin

A polymerization reactor of the present invention includes a container body 1 and a jacket 2 covering the outer surface of the container body 1 and defining a passage for passing a cooling/heating medium between itself and the outer surface of the container body. The container body 1 is made of a clad metal plate including a support metal layer 11 a having an inner surface at an inner side of the container body and an outer surface at an outer side of the container body, and an inner corrosion-resistant metal skin layer 11 b bonded to the inner surface of the support metal layer and being smaller in thickness than the support metal layer.

METHOD AND TOOL FOR INSTALLING REACTOR COMPONENTS

The invention includes a reactor installation device comprising a flexible band, a first tab, a second tab, and a mechanical stop. The flexible band has a first end, a second end, a top edge and a bottom edge. The first tab is attached at or near the first end, the second tab is attached at or near the second end, and the both tabs are attached at or near the top edge of the flexible band. The mechanical stop is attached to the flexible band, the first tab, and/or the second tab, between the top edge and the bottom edge of the flexible band. The flexible band is capable of being bent into the shape of a circle by bringing the first and second tabs into contact. The invention also includes a method of inserting a skirt seal into a stackable structural reactor using the reactor installation device. 1. A reactor installation device comprising a flexible band , a first tab , a second tab , and a mechanical stop , wherein:(a) the flexible band has a first end, a second end, a top edge and a bottom edge;(b) the first tab is attached at or near the first end of the flexible band, the second tab is attached at or near the second end of the flexible band, and the first and second tabs are attached at or near the top edge of the flexible band;(c) the mechanical stop is attached to the flexible band, the first tab, and/or the second tab, between the top edge and the bottom edge of the flexible band;wherein allows the flexible band is capable of being bent into the shape of a circle by bringing the first and second tabs into contact.2. The reactor installation device of further comprising a pipe for encompassing the center support of a stackable structural reactor.3. The reactor installation device of wherein the flexible band and the pipe are attached by a securing means.4. The reactor installation device of wherein the flexible band and the pipe are unattached.5. The reactor installation device of further comprising a clasp that is attached at or near the top edge of the ...

METHOD AND HIGH-PRESSURE MIXING APPARATUS WITH SELF-REGENERATING SEAL

A method for forming a self-regenerating seal in a mixing chamber of a high-pressure mixing apparatus for polymeric components suitable for providing a reactive mixture for a polymerisable resin. An annular sealing element is provided in a circular housing seat inside the mixing chamber, in a sealing zone downstream the injection holes for the polymeric components; worn and/or torn parts of the annular sealing element are automatically regenerated by the same reactive mixture delivered during operation of the mixing apparatus. A high-pressure mixing apparatus with self-regenerating sealing element is also claimed. 1. A high pressure mixing apparatus suitable for forming a self-regenerating seal by a polymeric mixture of a first and at least a second reactive polymeric components , the apparatus comprising:at least a cylindrical mixing chamber having injection holes for the reactive components opening onto an inner surface of the mixing chamber;a delivery conduit for dispensing the polymeric mixture, the delivery conduit transversely extending to and being in communication with an outlet side of the mixing chamber;a valve member slidably reciprocable in the cylindrical mixing chamber; andat least one annular sealing element between the valve member and the mixing chamber, said annular sealing element being housed in an annular housing seat, provided on the inner surface of the mixing chamber, in a sealing zone between the outlet side of the mixing chamber and the injection holes.2. The high pressure mixing apparatus according to claim 1 , in which the delivery conduit consists of a bush comprising a cross hole axially aligned to the mixing chamber claim 1 , in which the annular housing seat for housing the annular sealing element is provided on an internal surface of the cross hole.3. The high pressure mixing apparatus according to claim 2 , in which the annular housing seat has at least one open side claim 2 , said annular sealing element extending to said open side ...

USE OF DUPLEX STAINLESS STEEL IN AN AMMONIA-STRIPPING OF UREA PLANTS

In an ammonia stripping or self-stripping plant for the synthesis of urea, it is disclosed that a shell-and-tube stripper has a bundle of tubes made of a duplex stainless steel 29Cr-6.5Ni-2Mo—N according to UNS S32906 or 27Cr-7.6Ni-1 Mo-2.3W—N according to UNS S32808. A revamping of urea plants is also disclosed, including the revamping of ammonia stripping plants, self-stripping plants and conventional total recycle plants, wherein said duplex stainless steel is used for the tubes of the stripper. 1. A shell-and-tube stripper , for use in an ammonia stripping plant or self-stripping plant for the synthesis of urea , said stripper comprising a shell and a bundle of tubes , and being arranged to provide the stripping of a carbamate solution fed to said tubes by means of heat and optionally by means of ammonia as a stripping medium , said stripper being characterized in that the tubes are made of a duplex stainless steel which is one of the following: 'or:', 'A) the Safurex® steel 29Cr-6.5Ni-2Mo—N, which is also designated by ASME Code 2295-3 and by UNS 532906,'}B) the DP28W™ steel 27Cr-7.6Ni-1Mo-2.3W—N, which is also designated by ASME Code Case 2496-1 and by UNS 532808.2. The stripper according to claim 1 , for operation at a temperature of around 205° C. and a pressure of 140 to 160 bar.3. The stripper according to claim 1 , said stripper being of falling-film type.4. A plant for the synthesis of urea according to the ammonia stripping or thermal stripping process claim 1 , comprising a high-pressure synthesis loop which includes a synthesis reactor claim 1 , a shell-and-tube stripper claim 1 , and a condenser claim 1 , wherein said stripper is in accordance with .5. The plant according to claim 4 , comprising a feed line arranged to feed a stream containing oxygen at the bottom of the stripper.6. The plant according to claim 5 , said feed line of a stream containing oxygen being a dedicated air feed line directed to the bottom of the stripper.7. The plant ...

THERMAL CONVERSION VESSEL USED IN A PROCESS FOR AMIDIFICATION OF ACETONE CYANOHYDRIN

The invention relates to a thermal conversion vessel () used during amidification step of acetone cyanohydrin (ACH), in the industrial process for production of a methyl methacrylate (MMA) or methacrylic acid (MAA). The thermal conversion vessel () is used for converting an hydrolysis mixture of α-hydroxyisobutyramide (HIBAM), α-sulfatoisobutyramide (SIBAM), 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE) and methacrylique acid (MAA), into a mixture of 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE). It comprises: 1200. A thermal conversion vessel () for converting an hydrolysis mixture of α-hydroxyisobutyramide (HIBAM) , α-sulfatoisobutyramide (SIBAM) , 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE) and methacrylic acid (MAA) , into a mixture comprising 2-methacrylamide (MACRYDE) , wherein said vessel comprises:{'b': 1', '2', '3', '206', '206', '206', '1', '1', '1, 'i': a', 'b', 'i', 'a', 'b', 'c, 'at least three compartments (C, C, C, . . . Ci) comprising an inner wall (, , . . . ) separating said compartments into at least three communicating parts (C, C, C, . . . Ci) by a passage provided between the bottom of the vessel and said inner wall,'}said compartments having a space above said inner wall, for separating a gas phase from a liquid phase during thermal conversion,{'b': 204', '204', '204, 'i': a', 'b', 'i, 'said compartments being connected to an outlet valve (, , . . . ).'}2123205205205204204204abiabi. The thermal conversion vessel according to wherein said vessel comprises at least three compartments (C claim 1 , C claim 1 , C claim 1 , . . . Ci) separated from each other by an overflow wall ( claim 1 , claim 1 , . . . claim 1 , ) claim 1 , over which the hydrolysis mixture to be converted flows to pass from one compartment to the other claim 1 , each compartment being connected to an outlet valve ( claim 1 , claim 1 , . . . ).3205205205206206206abiabi. The thermal conversion vessel of claim 2 , wherein the height (h) of either overflow walls ( claim 2 , claim 2 , . . . claim 2 , ) or inner walls ( claim 2 , claim 2 ...

Anchoring Structure for an Anti-Erosion Coating, in Particular for Protecting a Wall of an FCC Unit

The invention relates to a honeycomb metal anchoring structure (), formed from a plurality of strips () assembled in pairs so as to define a plurality of cells (). Each strip () is divided along its length into a plurality of portions, including at least one series of planar assembly portions () juxtaposed and assembled with a series of assembly portions of an adjacent strip by fastening means, each strip () having a lower longitudinal edge intended to be applied against a wall to be protected and an upper longitudinal edge opposite the lower longitudinal edge. The anchoring structure additionally comprises a plurality of protective tabs () connecting each pair of juxtaposed assembly portions (), each protective tab () being attached to an assembly portion () by a longitudinal join line () and extending in the direction of the juxtaposed assembly portion (), at least up thereto. 116.-. (canceled)17. A honeycomb metal anchoring structure comprising:a plurality of strips assembled in pairs so as to define a plurality of cells between two adjacent strips, in which each strip is divided along its length into a plurality of portions, including at least one series of planar assembly portions juxtaposed and assembled with a series of assembly portions of an adjacent strip by fastening means, each strip having a lower longitudinal edge intended to be applied against a wall to be protected and an upper longitudinal edge opposite the lower longitudinal edge,characterized in that the honeycomb metal anchoring structure further comprises a plurality of protective tabs connecting each pair of juxtaposed assembly portions, each protective tab being attached to an assembly portion by a longitudinal join line and each protective tab extending in the direction of the juxtaposed assembly portion, at least up thereto.18. The anchoring structure of claim 17 , characterized in that a single protective tab connects two juxtaposed assembly portions.19. The anchoring structure of claim 17 ...

Thermal Barrier Coating and An Ultra-High-Temperature Cold-Wall Suspension Bed Hydrogenation Reactor Comprising the Same

A thermal barrier coating and a cold-wall reactor including the coating are provided. A second ceramic layer is sandwiched between the conventional two-layer structures of the thermal barrier coating. The second ceramic layer is made of aluminum oxide stabilized zirconium oxide and the content of aluminum oxide does not exceed 30 wt %. The zirconium oxide in the first and second ceramic layer has a tetragonal crystal structure. A cold-wall reactor formed by applying the thermal barrier coating provides advantageous steel hydrogen corrosion resistance in ultra-high temperature. The effective volume of the hydrogenation reactor is fully used, overcoming the problem that the thermal insulation liner is easily damaged and causes local overheating of the reactor wall, as well as eliminating potential safety hazards of reactor wall local stress concentration caused by expansion and contraction of the liner cylinder attachment member. 1. A thermal barrier coating , comprisingan adhesive layer,a first ceramic layer, anda second ceramic layer arranged in between the adhesive layer and the first ceramic layer;wherein the second ceramic layer is made of alumina stabilized zirconia, the content of alumina in the second ceramic layer does not exceed 30 wt %, and the rest is zirconia;wherein the first ceramic layer is made of yttrium oxide stabilized zirconia, the content of yttrium oxide in the first ceramic layer is 6-9 wt %, and the rest is zirconium oxide; andwherein the zirconium oxide in the first ceramic layer and the second ceramic layer has a tetragonal crystal structure.2. The thermal barrier coating according to claim 1 , wherein the first ceramic layer has a thickness of 0.1-0.5 mm.3. The thermal barrier coating according to claim 1 , wherein the second ceramic layer has a thickness of 3-10 mm.4. The thermal barrier coating according to claim 1 , further comprising an anti-corrosion layer which is arranged in between the second ceramic layer and the adhesive layer.5. ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING ALUMINA MONOHYDRATE AND SOL GEL ABRASIVE GRAIN

A new method and apparatus is applied to manufacture boehmite and sol gel abrasive grain with greatly reduced raw material cost. The raw material starts from alumina trihydrate, which is transferred to highly dispersible alumina monohydrate under hydrothermal treatment in an agitated zirconium-steel or titanium-steel cladding plate high pressure reactor. Then the highly dispersed and deionized sol is converted to sintered high-density microcrystalline ceramic abrasive grain by sol-gel process. 1. A process to make highly dispersible boehmite suitable as raw material of sol gel abrasive grain , characterized in that , the boehmite is made by converting alumina trihydrate to boehmite in an agitated zirconium-steel or titanium-steel cladding plate vessel or pure titanium vessel.2. A sol gel abrasive grain with various shapes and sizes claim 1 , characterized in that claim 1 , the raw material boehmite is prepared as described in .3. A sintered abrasive grain with various shapes and sizes claim 1 , characterized in that claim 1 , the alpha alumina or other form of alumina is derived from the boehmite prepared as described in .43. A coated abrasive product claims 2 , characterized in that claims 2 , its grain is made as described in one of & .53. A bonded abrasive product claims 2 , characterized in that claims 2 , its grain is made as described in one of & .6. An autoclave or a reactor or vessel claims 2 , characterized in that claims 2 , it is made from titanium-steel or zirconium-steel cladding plate or pure titanium and used as hydrothermal treatment in sol gel abrasive grain manufacturing process. The invention relates to a new method and apparatus to manufacture boehmite and sol gel abrasive grain with greatly reduced raw material cost. The raw material starts from alumina trihydrate, which is transferred to highly dispersible alumina monohydrate under hydrothermal treatment in an agitated zirconium-steel or titanium-steel cladding plate high pressure reactor. Then ...

ESTIMATION OF CYCLONE LIFE BASED ON REMAINING ABRASION RESISTANT LINING THICKNESS

A Fluid Catalytic Cracking process converts heavy crude oil fractions into lighter hydrocarbon products at high temperature and moderate pressure in the presence of a catalyst. During this process, catalyst particles stay entrained in the descending gas stream. An inlet scroll on the cyclone may be used to keep the inlet gas stream and the entrained particles away from the entrance to the gas outlet tube. Refractory material may applied to the interior of the wall of the cyclone to form an abrasion resistant lining to insulate the walls of the cyclone from the gas flow contents. The inlet feed velocity may be used as a predictive factor to determine a wear rate of the cyclones. Thus, lining erosion can be predicted so that the lining can be repaired or replaced during a planned turnaround. 1. A system comprising:a reactor configured to perform a fluid catalytic cracking process, the reactor including a cyclone with an abrasion resistant lining on an interior wall of the cyclone;a gas flow rate sensor configured to measure a feed velocity of a feed to the cyclone; a processor of the data analysis platform;', receive feed velocity data from the gas flow rate sensor, the feed velocity data indicating the feed velocity of the feed to the cyclone;', 'determine an erosion rate of the abrasion resistant lining on the interior wall of the cyclone based on the feed velocity of the feed to the cyclone;', 'based on the erosion rate, determine a recommended adjustment to an operating parameter of the reactor;', 'send the recommended adjustment to the operating parameter of the reactor; and, 'memory of the data analysis platform, the memory storing executable instructions that, when executed, cause the data analysis platform to], 'a data analysis platform comprising a processor of the control platform; and', receive the recommended adjustment to the operating parameter of the reactor; and', 'adjust the operating parameter of the reactor., 'memory of the control platform, the ...

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF PURE OCTACHLOROTRISILANES AND DECACHLOROTETRASILANES

The invention relates to a process for producing trimeric and/or quaternary silicon compounds or trimeric and/or quaternary germanium compounds, where a mixture of silicon compounds or a mixture of germanium compounds is exposed to a nonthermal plasma, and the resulting phase is subjected at least once to a vacuum rectification and filtration. 1. A process for the preparation of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trimeric and quaternary silicon compounds of the general formula SiX , SiX , or both{'sub': 3', '8', '4', '10, 'or of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of trimeric and/or and quaternary germanium compounds of the general formula GeX, and/or GeX, or both, the process comprising {'br': None, 'sub': n', '1', '2n+2, 'Si(R. . . R)'}, 'a) exposing a mixture of silicon compounds of the general formula'} {'br': None, 'sub': n', '1', '2n+2, 'Ge(R. . . R)'}, 'or a mixture of germanium compounds of the general formula'} [{'sub': 1', '2n+2, 'wherein n≧2, and Rto Ris at least one element selected from the group consisting of hydrogen and X'}, 'is at least one halogen selected from the group consisting of chlorine, bromine, and iodine, and', 'wherein X'}], 'to a nonthermal plasma to form a resulting phase'} [{'sub': 3', '8', '4', '10, 'silicon compounds of the general formula SiXor SiX'}, {'sub': 3', '8', '4', '10., 'or germanium compounds of the general formula GeXor GeX'}], 'b) subjecting the resulting phase at least once to a vacuum rectification and filtration, thereby obtaining'}2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein with n≧3.3. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising subjecting the resulting phase to an adsorption claim 1 , after or before the subjecting to a vacuum rectification and filtration b.4. The process according to claim 1 ,whereinthe process exposing to a nonthermal plasma a), the process subjecting to a vacuum rectification and filtration b), or both take place continuously.5. The ...

METHODS FOR PERFORMING FLOW REACTIONS UTILIZING HIGH TEMPERATURE HYDROFLUORIC ACID

A method of performing a reaction is disclosed comprising flowing a reaction mixture () comprising HF past a compression seal () within a flow reactor (), wherein the compression seal () includes an O-ring or gasket () and where the O-ring or gasket () comprises fluoroelastomer (to include fluoroelastomers and perfluoroelastomers), while maintaining the reaction mixture comprising HF at a temperature of 50° C. or greater [generally at a temperature in the range of from 50° C. and greater (60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 120, 150, and 180° C.) up to 220° C.], using O-rings or gaskets () that comprise a fluoroelastomer having a pre-use tensile strength in the range of from 0.1 to 14 MPa measured according to IS037, and desirably further having a compressive set in the range of from 0 to 12% measured according to IS0815. 1. A method of performing a reaction having a reaction mixture comprising HF (hydrofluoric acid) in a flow reactor at a temperature of 50° C. or greater , the method comprising:{'b': 50', '40', '20', '22', '40', '30', '32', '22', '30', '32, 'flowing a reaction mixture () comprising HF past a compression seal () within a flow reactor (), the flow reactor comprising first and second reactor components () formed of one or more HF-resistant materials, the compression seal () comprising an O-ring or gasket (, ) positioned between the first and second reactor components (), the O-ring or gasket (, ) comprising a fluoroelastomer; and'}{'b': 50', '30', '32, 'maintaining the reaction mixture () comprising HF at said temperature of 50° C. or greater, advantageously at a temperature in the range of from 50 to 220° C., wherein the O-rings or gaskets (, ) comprise a fluoroelastomer having a pre-use tensile strength in the range of from 0.1 to 14 MPa measured according to ISO37.'}23032. The method according to wherein the O-rings or gaskets ( claim 1 , ) comprise a fluoroelastomer having a pre-use compressive set in the range of from 0 to 12% measured according to ISO815.35050 ...

FLUIDIZED BED REACTOR FOR PREPARING CHLOROSILANES

The lifetime of a fluidized bed reactor containing silicon particles, for the production of chlorosilanes is greatly extended by armoring at least a portion of the reactor shell interior wall with expanded metal coated with a cement containing ceramic particles. 111.-. (canceled)12. A fluidized bed reactor for preparing chlorosilanes , comprising a metal reactor shell , wherein an inner wall of the reactor shell has expanded metal attached thereto , and the expanded metal is coated with a cement comprising ceramic particles , wherein the ceramic particles comprise silicon carbide , silicon nitride , boron nitride , zirconium oxide , aluminium nitride , or mixtures thereof.13. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 12 , wherein the cement further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of SiO claim 12 , AlO claim 12 , TiO claim 12 , Cr and FeO.14. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 12 , wherein the cement has a layer thickness of 5-50 mm.15. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 13 , wherein the cement has a layer thickness of 5-50 mm.16. The fluidized bed reactor of claim 13 , wherein the expanded metal is attached to the inner wall by welding.17. A process for applying abrasion protection to a steel surface of a fluidized bed reactor claim 13 , comprising attaching an expanded metal onto the steel surface claim 13 , mixing cement comprising ceramic particles with water to produce a suspension claim 13 , applying the mixed cement to the expanded metal and drying and curing the cement claim 13 , wherein the ceramic particles comprise one or more of silicon carbide claim 13 , silicon nitride claim 13 , boron nitride claim 13 , zirconium oxide and aluminium nitride.18. The process of claim 17 , wherein the mixed cement is allowed to cure for 10-30 days after application to the expanded metal and before use.19. The process of claim 17 , wherein the cement further comprises one or more additives selected from the group consisting of SiO claim 17 , AlO ...

MULTI-STAGE STIRRED REACTOR HAVING REDUCED BACK MIXING

The present invention relates to a multistage stirred reactor, comprising a multiplicity of mutually adjacent reaction chambers and stirring elements for mixing the contents of at least one of the reaction chambers, wherein, between adjacent reaction chambers, there is in each case provided at least one opening that can be closed by means of closure means, such that in the open state there is a fluidic connection between the adjacent reaction chambers and in the closed state the adjacent reaction chambers are separated from one another. At least one of the closure means () is connected to an actuation rod () that is guided out of the stirred reactor. The actuation rod () can be moved back and forth between at least one first position and a second position, by rotation and/or displacement, wherein in the first position closure means () that are connected to the actuation rod () effect an open state of the opening assigned to them and in the second position closure means () that are connected to the actuation rod () effect a closed state of the opening assigned to them. 1. A multistage stirred reactor , comprising:a multiplicity of mutually adjacent reaction chambers;one or more stirring elements for mixing the contents of at least one of the reaction chambers;wherein, between adjacent reaction chambers, there is in each case provided at least one opening that can be closed by means of closure means, such that in an open state there is a fluidic connection between the adjacent reaction chambers and in the closed state the adjacent reaction chambers are separated from one another;whereinat least one closure means is connected to an actuation rod that is guided out of the stirred reactor,the actuation rod can be moved back and forth between at least one first position and a second position, by rotation and/or displacement,wherein in a first position, closure means that are connected to the actuation rod effect an open state of the opening assigned to them andin a second ...

PINNED FURNACE TUBES

In an embodiment of the invention, furnace tubes for cracking hydrocarbons having a longitudinal array of pins having i) a maximum height from 0.5-1.3 cm; ii) a contact surface with the tube, having an area from 0.1%-10% of the tube external surface area iii) a uniform cross section along the length of the pin. (i.e. they are not tapered); and iv) a length to diameter ratio from 1.5:1 to 0.5:1 have an improved heat transfer over bare fins and reduced stress relative to a fined tube. 1. A tube for use in the radiant section of a furnace for cracking hydrocarbons to produce olefins having on its exterior surface a series of pins in one or more linear arrays parallel to the longitudinal axis of the tube , said pins having:i) a maximum height from 0.8 to 1 cm;ii) a contact surface with the tube, having an area from 0.1% to 10% of the tube external surface area;iii) a uniform cross section along the length of the pin;iv) length to diameter ratio from 1.5:1 to 0.5:1;v) a distance between consecutive pins within a given linear array is from 0.1 to 5 times the diameter of the pin;vi) from 2 to 6 linear arrays of pins radially spaced from 180° to 20° apart; andvii) the aggregate weight of the pins comprises from 5 wt. % to 25 wt. % of the weight of the tube.2. (canceled)3. The tube according to claim 1 , wherein the pins have a maximum length from 3% to 15% of the tube outer diameter.4. The tube according to comprising from about 55 to 65 weight % of Ni; from about 20 to 10 weight % of Cr; from about 20 to 10 weight % of Co; and from about 5 to 9 weight % of Fe and the balance one or more of the trace elements.5. The tube according to further comprising from 0.2 up to 3 weight % of Mn; from 0.3 to 2 weight % of Si; less than 5 weight % of titanium claim 4 , niobium and all other trace metals; and carbon in an amount of less than 0.75 weight % the sum of the components adding up to 100 weight %.6. The tube according to claim 3 , comprising from 40 to 65 weight % of Co; from ...

Method of directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface

Provided is a method for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface. Also provided is an apparatus suitable for directed fouling of a substance onto a selected surface.

Device useful for hydrogenation reactions (ii)

The present invention relates to a device for treatment of material transported through the device comprising at least one porous element consisting of specific solid metallic structure which allows cross-flow of the material through the porous element and wherein the porous element is coated by a non-acidic metal oxide which is impregnated by palladium (Pd).

Apparatus and continuous flow process for production of boronic acid derivative

A process for a continuous production of a boronic acid derivative and an apparatus of performing the process are disclosed.

MICROREACTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS

In various embodiments, a microreactor features a corrosion-resistant microchannel network encased within a thermally conductive matrix material that may define therewithin one or more hollow heat-exchange conduits. 1. A microreactor comprising:a network of hollow microchannel conduits formed of a corrosion-resistant material; andsurrounding and in contact with the microchannel conduits, a matrix comprising a matrix material having a thermal conductivity larger than a thermal conductivity of the corrosion-resistant material.2. The microreactor of claim 1 , further comprising one or more hollow heat-exchange channels each (i) defined by the matrix material claim 1 , (ii) proximate one or more microchannel conduits claim 1 , and (iii) not intersecting any of the microchannel conduits.3. The microreactor of claim 2 , wherein a diameter of at least one heat-exchange channel is larger than a diameter of at least one microchannel conduit.4. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the corrosion-resistant material comprises at least one of niobium claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , rhenium claim 1 , titanium claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , glass claim 1 , or stainless steel.5. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the matrix material comprises at least one of aluminum claim 1 , gold claim 1 , brass claim 1 , silver claim 1 , or copper.6. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein a portion of the matrix proximate the microchannel conduits comprises a mixed and/or graded composition comprising the corrosion-resistant material and the matrix material.7. The microreactor of claim 1 , wherein the network of microchannel conduits comprises (i) two or more input conduits converging to a single reaction zone claim 1 , and (ii) an output conduit leading away from the reaction zone.8. A method of fabricating a microreactor claim 1 , the method comprising:forming a network of hollow microchannel conduits from a corrosion-resistant material; andthereafter and/ ...

CONVERSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES BY DRY REFORMING

A method for conversion of greenhouse gases comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; and irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. The irradiated catalytic material is heated and catalyzes an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and methane that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. A mixture that includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen can undergo catalyzed reactions producing multiple-carbon reaction products in a lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel. 1. A method for simultaneously consuming carbon dioxide and generating one or more multiple-carbon reaction products in a single reaction vessel , the method comprising:(a) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a higher-temperature portion of a reaction vessel;(b) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel;(c) irradiating first catalytic material in the higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the first catalytic material and drive an endothermic reaction of the carbon dioxide and the methane, catalyzed by the first catalytic material, that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide;(d) cooling a lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, thereby establishing a temperature gradient within the reaction vessel wherein the irradiated, higher-temperature portion of the reaction vessel exhibits a higher temperature than the cooled, lower-temperature portion of the reaction vessel, wherein at least a portion of heat required to maintain the temperature gradient is supplied by the microwave energy irradiating the first catalytic material in ...

CONVERSION OF GREENHOUSE GASES TO SYNTHESIS GAS BY DRY REFORMING

A method for conversion of greenhouse gases comprises: introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel; introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel; and irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy. The irradiated catalytic material is heated and catalyzes an endothermic reaction of carbon dioxide and methane that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide. At least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy. If desired, a mixture that includes carbon monoxide and hydrogen can flow out of the reaction vessel and be introduced into a second reaction vessel to undergo catalyzed reactions producing multiple-carbon reaction products. 1. A method for generating a mixture of carbon monoxide and hydrogen , the method comprising:(a) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of carbon dioxide into a reaction vessel;(b) introducing a flow of a dehumidified gaseous source of methane into the reaction vessel;(c) irradiating catalytic material in the reaction vessel with microwave energy so as to heat the catalytic material and drive an endothermic reaction of the carbon dioxide and the methane, catalyzed by the catalytic material, that produces hydrogen and carbon monoxide, wherein at least a portion of heat required to maintain a temperature within the reaction vessel is supplied by the microwave energy irradiating the catalytic material in the reaction vessel; and(d) allowing a mixture that includes the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen to flow out of the reaction vessel.2. The method of further comprising separating at least a portion of the carbon monoxide and the hydrogen from the mixture that leaves the reaction vessel.3. The method of further comprising dehumidifying the gaseous source of carbon dioxide or the gaseous source of methane before introduction into the reaction ...

IMPROVED HEAT EXCHANGE FLOW REACTOR

A flow reactor includes a flow reactor module having a heat exchange fluid enclosure with an inner surface sealed against a surface of a process fluid module, the inner surface having two or more raised ridges crosswise to a heat exchange flow direction from an inflow port or location to an outflow port or location and having a gap of greater than 0.1 mm between the two or more raised ridges and the surface of the process module. 1. A flow reactor , comprising{'b': '100', 'a flow reactor module ();'}{'b': '100', 'claim-text': [{'b': 10', '10', '22', '10', '12', '14', '10', '10, 'a process fluid module () with a process fluid passage (P) extending therethrough, the process fluid module () comprising an extended body () having a width (W), a length (L), and a thickness (T), the thickness (T) being less than the length (L) and less than the width (W), the process fluid module () having first and second major surfaces (, ) on opposite sides of the process fluid module (), oriented perpendicularly to a direction of the thickness (T) of the process fluid module ();'}, {'b': 16', '12', '16', '17', '12, 'a first heat exchange fluid enclosure () sealed against the first major surface () of the process fluid module, the first heat exchange fluid enclosure () comprising an interior surface () for containing heat exchange fluid against the first major surface () to form a heat exchange fluid path (HP) for the heat exchange fluid, and an inflow port or location (I) for delivering heat exchange fluid to the heat exchange fluid path (HP) and an outflow port or location (O) for receiving heat exchange fluid from the heat exchange fluid path (HP), the outflow port or location (O) spaced from the inflow port or location (I) in a first direction; and'}, {'b': 18', '14', '10', '18', '19', '14, 'a second heat exchange fluid enclosure () sealed against the second major surface () of the process fluid module (), the second heat exchange fluid enclosure () comprising an interior surface () ...

FERROMAGNETIC-PARTICLE MANUFACTURING APPARATUS

A ferromagnetic-particle manufacturing apparatus includes: a single mode cavity that resonates with a microwave of a predetermined wavelength; a microwave oscillator electrically connected to the single mode cavity and configured to introduce the microwave of a predetermined wavelength into the single mode cavity; a pipe disposed to pass through an inside of the single mode cavity, the pipe being formed of a dielectric material; a pump configured to introduce, from one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid containing metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal; an impedance measuring device configured to measure an impedance of the single mode cavity; and a pump-flowrate deciding unit configured to decide, based on a measurement result of the impedance measuring device, a pump flowrate by which the impedance of the single mode cavity becomes a predetermined value or more; wherein the pump is configured to introduce the reaction liquid at the pump flowrate decided by the pump-flowrate deciding unit; and wherein ferromagnetic particles are generated by reacting the reaction liquid. 1. A ferromagnetic-particle manufacturing apparatus comprising:an induction heating coil;a radiofrequency power source electrically connected to the induction heating coil and configured to form an alternating field inside the induction heating coil;a pipe disposed to pass through the inside of the induction heating coil, in which at least a partial area of the pipe in an axial direction thereof is formed of a dielectric material and an area, which is nearer to one end of the pipe than the area formed of a dielectric material, is formed of a conductive material; anda pump configured to introduce, from the one end of the pipe, an alkaline reaction liquid in which metal ions of a ferromagnetic metal and hydroxide ions are dissolved;wherein ferromagnetic particles are generated by reacting the reaction liquid.2. The ferromagnetic-particle manufacturing apparatus according to claim 1 , further ...

REACTION CHAMBER FOR A CHEMICAL REACTOR, AND CHEMICAL REACTOR CONSTRUCTED THEREFROM

A reaction chamber for a chemical reactor comprises a casing () of the reaction chamber, a floor () of the reaction chamber having an opening () located in the floor, an agitator shaft () located in the chamber and having at least one agitator element (), connected thereto, wherein the agitator shaft (), seen in the longitudinal direction, has a beginning () and an end (). In the opening () of the floor () a removable sleeve () is provided, which projects out of the reaction chamber. The sleeve () is arranged in alignment with the axis of rotation of the agitator shaft (). The internal diameter of the sleeve () is greater than the diameter of the agitator shaft () and the agitator shaft (), at the beginning () thereof and/or at the end () thereof, is adapted to absorb reversibly a torque provided by means of a further shaft and/or to transmit a torque to a further shaft. Using such a reaction chamber, it is possible to build up modular chemical reactors having decreased backmixing. 1. A reaction chamber for a chemical reactor , comprising:a casing of the reaction chamber,a floor of the reaction chamber having an opening located in the floor,an agitator shaft located in the chamber and having at least one agitator element, connected thereto, wherein the agitator shaft, seen in the longitudinal direction, has a beginning and an end, whereinin the opening of the floor a removable sleeve is provided, which projects out of the reaction chamber,the sleeve is arranged in alignment with the axis of rotation of the agitator shaft,the internal diameter of the sleeve is greater than the diameter of the agitator shaftand in that the agitator shaft, at the beginning thereof and/or at the end thereof, is adapted to absorb reversibly a torque provided by means of a further shaft and/or to transmit a torque to a further shaft.2. The reaction chamber as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the agitator shaft is conducted out of the reaction chamber through the sleeve in such a manner that ...

INDUSTRIAL MICROWAVE ULTRASONIC REACTOR

An industrial microwave ultrasonic reactor has an inner wall liner. A microwave generation device is formed by microwave units distributed on an outer sidewall, or by a microwave pipe disposed outside the reactor and microwave units distributed on the microwave pipe. One end of the microwave pipe communicates with the bottom of the reactor via a connection pipe I, and the other end communicates with the top via a return pipe. A shield is disposed outside the microwave generation device to separate the microwave units from the outside, and a heat removal device is disposed outside the shield. An ultrasonic wave generation device is formed by 10 to 30 sets of ultrasonic pulse units disposed at intervals along the outer sidewall. Each set has 10 to 50 members distributed along the circumferential direction of the reactor. A stirring shaft is fixed below a stirring motor and extends into the reactor. 1. An industrial microwave ultrasonic reactor , comprising a reactor , a microwave generation device , an ultrasonic wave generation device , a stirring device , and a heat removal device , wherein a feed port and an exhaust port are disposed at the top of the reactor , a discharge port is disposed at the bottom of the reactor , and an inner wall of the reactor has a liner made of an anti-corrosion wave-transmitting material;the microwave generation device is formed by microwave units distributed at intervals on an outer sidewall of the reactor, or is formed by a microwave pipe disposed outside the reactor and microwave units distributed at intervals on the microwave pipe, and each microwave unit comprises a magnetron, a diode, a transformer, and a waveguide that are electrically connected; one end of the microwave pipe communicates with the bottom of the reactor via a connection pipe I, and the other end communicates with the top of the reactor via a return pipe;a shield is disposed outside the microwave generation device to separate the microwave units from the outside, a ...

X-SHAPED REFRACTORY ANCHOR DEVICE AND SYSTEM

Refractory anchoring devices include a main body and a mounting feature for mounting to a thermal vessel. The main body includes four anchor branch segments angled with respect to each other to form an X shape with four unenclosed cell openings, including two opposite triangular side openings and two opposite triangular end openings. In some embodiments, the main body further includes extension segments extending from and angled relative to respective branch segments to define two of the opposite openings as semi-hexagonal. Some embodiments include reinforcement segments extending from branch segments into openings, voids extending through branch segments, two anchor strips inter-engaged to form the four branch segments, and/or a single stud-welding stud for the mounting feature. Refractory anchoring systems and methods include an array of the refractory anchoring devices arranged and mounted so that the unenclosed openings of adjacent anchoring devices cooperatively form substantially hexagonal and rhombus shaped cells. 2. The anchoring device of claim 1 , wherein the thermal vessel is of a type used in an oil refinery claim 1 , another petrochemical-process facility claim 1 , a chemical-process facility claim 1 , a chemical-manufacturing plant claim 1 , a cement plant claim 1 , or another industrial facility for performing an industrial process in a high-temperature claim 1 , high-pressure claim 1 , and/or caustic environment claim 1 , and wherein the refractory material includes concrete claim 1 , plastics claim 1 , ceramics claim 1 , another conventional refractory claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The anchoring device of claim 1 , wherein the four branch segments are each angled at 90 degrees with respect to each other.4. The anchoring device of claim 1 , wherein the four branch segments each have a same maximum relative height and/or segment height claim 1 , at least adjacent the mount element claim 1 , to form a single top plane and/or a single bottom ...

Nozzle for wet gas scrubber

A nozzle and methods of gas stripping utilizing the nozzle are provided. A nozzle is provided comprising a ceramic nozzle assembly comprising an inlet at one end of a cylindrical portion, an outlet at one end of a conical portion; the cylindrical portion transitioning to the conical portion at an end of the cylindrical portion distal from the inlet; the conical portion transitioning to the cylindrical portion at an end of the conical portion distal from the outlet; and a ceramic vane assembly within the cylindrical portion; the vane assembly comprising a central vane support located substantially concentrically within the cylindrical portion, and a plurality of angled vanes extending from the central vane support to an inner wall of the cylindrical portion; wherein the ceramic nozzle assembly and the ceramic vane assembly are manufactured such that the two assemblies comprise a single piece of ceramic.

Reactors and Processes for the Oxidative Coupling of Hydrocarbons

A method for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons includes providing an oxidative catalyst inside a reactor and carrying out the oxidative coupling reaction under a set of reaction conditions. The reactor surfaces that contact the reactants and products do not provide a significant detrimental catalyzing effect. In an embodiment the reactor contains an inert lining or a portion of the reactor inner surface is treated to reduce the detrimental catalytic effects. In an embodiment the reactor contains a lining that includes an oxidative catalyst. 1. A method for the oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons comprising:providing a hydrocarbon feedstream and a reactor;providing an oxidative catalyst within the reactor;feeding the hydrocarbon feedstream and an oxygen source to the reactor;carrying out oxidative coupling of hydrocarbons over the oxidative catalyst according to a set of reaction conditions; andrecovering product hydrocarbons from the reactor;wherein the reactor does not provide a significant detrimental catalyzing effect;supplying the product hydrocarbons to a separation zone in fluid communication with the reactor;in the separation zone, separating benzene from the product hydrocarbons and sending the benzene to an alkylation zone in fluid communication with the separation zone;in the alkylation zone, producing a product with increased ethylbenzene;in the separation zone, separating ethylbenzene from the product hydrocarbons and sending the ethylbenzene to a dehydrogenation zone in fluid communication with the separation zone; andin the dehydrogenation zone, producing a styrene product.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises an inner lining that covers a majority of wetted parts of the reactor.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the inner lining is selected from the group consisting of an inert sealant material claim 2 , glass claim 2 , quartz claim 2 , a ceramic material claim 2 , and combinations thereof.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the ...

CATALYTIC REACTOR CONFIGURATION, PREPARATION AND METHOD OF DIRECT SYNTHESIS OF ETHYLENE THROUGH OXYGEN-FREE CATALYSIS OF METHANE

A reactor configuration comprises an inlet section I, a preheating section II, a transition section III, a reaction section IV and an outlet section V; except for the preheating section II and the reaction section IV, the existence of the inlet section I, the transition section III and the outlet section V depends on reaction conditions; and the process realizes no coke deposition synthesis of methane and high selectivity synthesis of ethylene. The methane conversion rate is 20-90%; ethylene selectivity is 65-95%; propylene and butylene selectivity is 5-25%; aromatic hydrocarbon selectivity is 0-30%; and coke deposition is zero. 1. A catalytic reactor , at least comprising a preheating section and a reaction section , wherein the reaction section refers to directly lattice doping active components to the inner wall of a quartz tube or a silica carbide tube , or coating Si-based material lattice-doped by the active components to the inner wall of the quartz tube or the silica carbide tube to form a dopant thin layer , and the quartz tube or the silica carbide tube with the inner wall which is directly doped or doped by coating is called as the reaction section; reaction conditions of the catalytic reactor configuration optionally include one or two of an inlet section located at the front of the preheating section or a transition section located between the preheating section and the reaction section or an outlet section located at the rear of the reaction section , or simultaneously include the above inlet section , the transition section and the outlet section; and two sections or three to five sections of the inlet section , the preheating section , the transition section , the reaction section and the outlet section are respectively manufactured and connected.2. The catalytic reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the length II of the preheating section and the length IV of the reaction section are respectively 50-2000 mm.3. The catalytic reactor according to ...

MICROCHEMICAL SYSTEM APPARATUS AND RELATED METHODS OF FABRICATION

The disclosure relates to microchemical (or microfluidic) apparatus as well as related methods for making the same. The methods generally include partial sintering of sintering powder (e.g., binderless or otherwise free-flowing sintering powder) that encloses a fugitive phase material having a shape corresponding to a desired cavity structure in the formed apparatus. Partial sintering removes the fugitive phase and produces a porous compact, which can then be machined if desired and then further fully sintered to form the final apparatus. The process can produce apparatus with small, controllable cavities shaped as desired for various microchemical or microfluidic unit operations, with a generally smooth interior cavity finish, and with materials (e.g., ceramics) able to withstand harsh environments for such unit operations. 120-. (canceled)21. A microchemical apparatus comprising:a fully sintered metal oxide body comprising an interior cavity within the body; the interior cavity has a minimum dimension in a range from 1 μm to 1000 μm; and', 'the interior cavity has a surface roughness of 20 μm or less., 'wherein22. The microchemical apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the fully sintered metal oxide body has a density of at least 80% relative to the theoretical density of the metal oxide.23. The microchemical apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the interior cavity is fully enclosed by the fully sintered metal oxide body.24. The microchemical apparatus of claim 21 , wherein the interior cavity is partially enclosed by the fully sintered metal oxide body. Priority is claimed to U.S. Provisional Application No. 62/378,932 filed Aug. 24, 2016, which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.None.The disclosure relates to relates to microchemical (or microfluidic) apparatus as well as related methods for making the same. The methods generally include partial sintering of sintering powder, removal of a fugitive phase material within the powder to create internal ...

PROCESS FOR MAKING A LITHIATED TRANSITION METAL OXIDE

Process for manufacturing a lithiated transition metal oxide, said process comprising the steps of 1. Process for manufacturing a lithiated transition metal oxide , said process comprising the steps of(a) mixing at least one lithium salt and a precursor selected from transition metal oxides, transition metal oxyhydroxides, transition metal hydroxides, and transition metal carbonates,(b) pre-calcining the mixture obtained in step (a) at a temperature in the range of from 300 to 700° C., and(c) calcining the pre-calcined mixture according to step (b) in a multi-stage fluidized bed reactor at a temperature in the range of from 550° C. to 950° C.,wherein the temperatures in step (b) and (c) are selected in a way that step (c) is being performed at a temperature higher than that of step (b).215-. (canceled) The present invention is directed towards a process for manufacturing a lithiated transition metal oxide, said process comprising the steps ofLithiated transition metal oxides and lithium iron phosphates are currently being used as electrode materials for lithium-ion batteries. Extensive research and developmental work has been performed in the past years to improve properties like charge density, storage capacity, energy, but also other properties like advantageous methods for manufacturing said electrode materials. Such methods should be cost-efficient, environmentally friendly, and easily to be up-scaled.Various electrode material manufacturing processes performed or under development are essentially two-step processes. In the first step, a so called precursor is being made by co-precipitating the respective transition metals as mixed hydroxide or mixed carbonate. In a second step, said precursor is being mixed with a lithium compound and then subjected to a solid-phase reaction under high temperature. The solid-phase reaction is often being termed calcination in the context of electrode material manufacturing.In the past, a lot of developmental work has been done ...

METHOD FOR MODIFYING THE FLUORINE DISTRIBUTION IN A HYDROCARBON COMPOUND

The present invention relates to a process for modifying the fluorine distribution in a hydrocarbon compound, comprising a step of placing in contact between a hydrocarbon compound and a catalytic composition comprising a chromium-based catalyst, said process being performed in a reactor made of a material comprising a base layer made of a material M1 and an inner layer made of a material M2, said base layer and said inner layer being laid against each other, characterized in that the material M2 comprises at least 80% by weight of nickel on the basis of the total weight of the material M2, advantageously at least 90% by weight, preferably at least 95% by weight, in particular at least 99% by weight of nickel on the basis of the total weight of the material M2. 113-. (canceled)14. A process for modifying the fluorine distribution in a hydrocarbon compound , comprising a step of contacting a hydrocarbon compound and a catalytic composition comprising a chromium-based catalyst in a reactor , said reactor made of a material comprising a base layer made of a material M1 and an inner layer made of a material M2 , said base layer and said inner layer being laid against each other , wherein the material M2 comprises at least 80% by weight of nickel on the basis of the total weight of the material M2.15. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the material M1 comprises iron and less than 0.2% of carbon on the basis of the total weight of the material M1.16. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the material M2 comprises less than 1% of iron on the basis of the total weight of the material M2.17. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the material M2 comprises less than 1% of manganese on the basis of the total weight of the material M2.18. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the material M2 comprises less than 1% by weight of titanium and/or less than 1% by weight of niobium on the basis of the total weight of the material M2.19. The process as ...

METHOD AND HIGH-PRESSURE MIXING APPARATUS WITH SELF-REGENERATING SEAL

A method for forming a self-regenerating seal in a mixing chamber of a high-pressure mixing apparatus for polymeric components suitable for providing a reactive mixture for a polymerisable resin. An annular sealing element is provided in a circular housing seat inside the mixing chamber, in a sealing zone downstream the injection holes for the polymeric components; worn and/or torn parts of the annular sealing element are automatically regenerated by the same reactive mixture delivered during operation of the mixing apparatus. A high-pressure mixing apparatus with self-regenerating sealing element is also claimed. 1. A method for forming a self-regenerating seal into a mixing chamber of a high pressure mixing apparatus , comprising the steps of:feeding a first and at least a second polymeric component to the mixing chamber through injection holes, to form a reactive polymeric mixture, to be dispensed by a delivery conduit, in which a slidable valve member is reciprocable in the mixing chamber between a retracted position, and an advanced position to open and respectively to close the injection holes and the mixing chamber in respect to the delivery conduit;providing at least one circular seat for housing an annular sealing element on an inner surface of the mixing chamber in a sealing zone downstream of the injection holes;providing an annular sealing element in said at least one housing seat by a polymerisable resin; and{'b': '36', 'automatically regenerating worn and/or torn parts () of the annular sealing element, by allowing the reactive mixture to fill up and polymerize into the worn and/or torn parts of the sealing element, inside the housing seat.'}2. The method for forming a self-regenerating seal according to claim 1 , initially forming said annular sealing element by filling the housing seat claim 1 , by the same polymeric mixture.3. The method for forming a self-regenerating seal according to claim 1 , forming the annular sealing element by spreading a ...

Corrosion-resisant surfaces for reactors

Provided herein are corrosion-resistant reactors that can be used for gasification, and methods of making and using the same. Some embodiments include a corrosion-resistant ceramic layer. According to some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant ceramic layer has a negative charge. At temperature above water's critical point (for example, 374CC and at 22.1 MPa I 218 atm), water can behave as an adjustable solvent and can have tunable properties depending on temperature and pressure.

Heating Methods for Aluminum Hydride Production

Disclosed herein are systems and methods for heating alane etherate compositions for producing microcrystalline alpha alane. An exemplary heating method comprises introducing a preheated solvent into the alane etherate composition and rapidly stirring to effectuate rapid heating of the composition without the need to heat the reactor walls. In this way, the alane etherate composition can be heated while also reducing the risk of decomposition. In further embodiments, a two-stage reactor can be employed for producing alpha alane, wherein the heating occurs in the second stage. 1. A process for heating alane etherate slurry for conversion to alpha alane , the process comprising:providing an alane etherate slurry in a reactor at approximately room temperature;introducing a heated solvent into the alane etherate slurry in the reactor; andstirring contents of the reactor until the reactor contents are at a substantially uniform temperature above room temperature, to facilitate conversion of the reactor contents to alpha alane.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the stirring of the reactor contents occurs rapidly and facilitates heating of the reactor contents in an outward direction until the reactor contents are at the substantially uniform temperature above room temperature.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the introducing the heated solvent into the alane etherate slurry in the reactor occurs by introducing the heated solvent into a bulk of the reactor contents.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the introducing the heated solvent into the alane etherate slurry in the reactor further comprises introducing vapor bubbles of the heated solvent into the alane etherate slurry such that condensation from the heated solvent provides additional heating of the reactor contents.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the alane etherate slurry comprises alane etherate claim 1 , lithium aluminum hydride claim 1 , lithium borohydride claim 1 , ether and toluene.6. The process of ...

MICROREACTOR SYSTEMS AND METHODS

In various embodiments, a microreactor features a corrosion-resistant microchannel network encased within a thermally conductive matrix material that may define therewithin one or more hollow heat-exchange conduits. 121.-. (canceled)22. A method of fabricating a microreactor , the method comprising:forming, by an additive manufacturing technique, a network of hollow microchannel conduits from a corrosion-resistant material; andthereafter, surrounding the network of microchannel conduits with a matrix material having a thermal conductivity larger than a thermal conductivity of the corrosion-resistant material.23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the additive manufacturing technique comprises three-dimensional printing.24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the matrix material is formed around the microchannel conduits via a second additive manufacturing technique.25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the matrix material is formed around the microchannel conduits via at least one of casting or powder pressing.26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the corrosion-resistant material comprises at least one of niobium claim 22 , molybdenum claim 22 , tantalum claim 22 , tungsten claim 22 , rhenium claim 22 , titanium claim 22 , zirconium claim 22 , glass claim 22 , or stainless steel.27. The method of claim 22 , wherein the matrix material comprises at least one of aluminum claim 22 , gold claim 22 , brass claim 22 , silver claim 22 , or copper.28. The method of claim 22 , wherein a portion of the matrix proximate at least a portion of the microchannel network has a mixed and/or graded composition comprising the corrosion-resistant material and the matrix material.29. The method of claim 22 , wherein at least one opening in the microchannel network is sealed before the network of microchannel conduits is surrounded with the matrix material claim 22 , further comprising unsealing the at least one sealed opening after surrounding the network of microchannel conduits with the ...

Steam plasma arc hydrolysis of ozone depleting substances

A two step process for the destruction of a precursor material using a steam plasma in a three zone reactor wherein the precursor material is hydrolyzed as a first step in the high temperature zone of the reactor, followed by a second step of medium temperature oxidation of the reactant stream in the combustion zone of the reactor where combustion oxygen or air is injected and immediate quenching of the resulting gas stream to avoid the formation of unwanted by-products. A related apparatus includes a non transferred direct current steam plasma torch, an externally cooled three zone steam plasma reactor means for introducing the precursor material into the plasma plume of the plasma torch, means for introducing the combustion air or oxygen into the combustion zone, means for exiting the reactant mixture from the reactor and means for quenching the reactant mixture located at the exit end of the reactor.

Radiant heat tube chemical reactor

A radiant heat-driven chemical reactor comprising a generally cylindrical pressure refractory lined vessel, a plurality of radiant heating tubes, and a metal tube sheet to form a seal for the pressure refractory lined vessel near a top end of the pressure refractory lined vessel. The metal tube sheet has a plurality of injection ports extending vertically through the metal tube sheet and into the refractory lined vessel such that biomass is injected at an upper end of the vessel between the radiant heating tubes, and the radiant heat is supplied to an interior of the plurality of radiant heating tubes. The radiant heat-driven chemical reactor is configured to 1) gasify particles of biomass in a presence of steam (H2O) to produce a low CO2 synthesis gas that includes hydrogen and carbon monoxide gas, or 2) reform natural gas in a non-catalytic reformation reaction, using thermal energy from the radiant heat.

Analytical device for constituents of a sample

An analytical device for determining a measured variable dependent on the concentration of one or more constituents of a sample includes a decomposition reactor surrounded by an insulating tube, a heating apparatus, an oxygen production system including at least one oxygen permeable membrane, a housing, and a feed gas guiding system for supplying a feed gas to the at least one membrane of the oxygen production system. The feed gas guiding system includes a reaction space surrounding the at least one membrane and is connected with an inflow duct open to the environment such that at least two partitions are arranged coaxially within the insulating tube and surrounding the decomposition reactor, where the partitions subdivide an intermediate space arranged between the decomposition reactor and the insulating tube into annular chambers forming the feed gas guiding system, where the annular chambers are connected with one another by overflow openings.

Chamber sealing member

A reaction chamber including an upper region for processing a substrate, a lower region for loading a substrate, a susceptor movable within the reaction chamber, a first sealing member positioned on a perimeter of the susceptor, a second sealing member positioned between the upper region and the lower region, wherein the first and second sealing members are selectively engaged with one another to limit communication between the upper region and the lower region.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A LITHIUM BIS(FLUOROSULFONYL)IMIDE SALT

A method for producing a lithium bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide salt F—(SO)—NLi—(SO)—F, comprising a step comprising a step of chlorination of sulfamic acid HO—(SO)—NHin order to obtain the bis(chlorosulfonyl)imide Cl—(SO)—NH—(SO)—Cl, said step being carried out in a reactor made of a corrosion-resistant material M3, or in a reactor containing a base layer made of a material M1 coated with a surface layer made of a corrosion-resistant material M2. 1. A process for preparing a lithium salt of bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide F—(SO)—NLi—(SO)—F , comprising a step (a) comprising a step of chlorination of sulfamic acid HO—(SO)—NHto obtain bis(chlorosulfonyl)imide Cl—(SO)—NH—(SO)—Cl , said step (a) being performed in a reactor made of a corrosion-resistant material M3 , or in a reactor containing a base layer made of a material M1 coated with a surface layer made of a corrosion-resistant material M2.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the material M3 is pure nickel claim 1 , comprising:at least 99% of nickel relative to the total weight of said material M3; andiron in a content of less than 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the material M3; and/ormanganese in a content of less than 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the material M3; and/orsilicon in a content of less than 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the material M3; and/orcopper in a content of less than 1% by weight relative to the total weight of the material M3; and/orcarbon in a content of less than 0.1% by weight relative to the total weight of the material M3;3. The process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the material M1 comprises:i) at least 60% by weight of iron relative to the total weight of the material M1; andii) less than 2% by weight of carbon relative to the total weight of the material M1; and/orless than 20% by weight of chromium relative to the total weight of the material M1; and/orless than 15% by weight of nickel relative to the total weight of the material M1; ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING CORE-SHELL CATALYST

The present disclosure relates to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, and more particularly, to a method and an apparatus for manufacturing a core-shell catalyst, in which a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum is manufactured by substituting copper and platinum through a method of manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a metal ingot, and providing a particular electric potential value, and as a result, it is possible to continuously produce nanoscale uniform core-shell catalysts in large quantities. 1. A method of manufacturing a core-shell catalyst , the method comprising:manufacturing a metal nanoparticle by emitting a laser beam to a solution containing a metal ingot;dispersing a support body into the manufactured metal nanoparticle solution, mixing a copper precursor-containing solution with the mixture, and coating a metal nanoparticle with copper by providing electric potential higher than oxidation and reduction potentials of copper; andmanufacturing a particle in the form of a core-shell in which the metal nanoparticle is coated with platinum by mixing a solution containing a platinum ion with a solution containing the manufactured metal nanoparticle coated with copper and inducing a galvanic displacement reaction.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein an output of the laser light source is 0.1 to 40 J/cm.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the solution containing the metal ingot contains one or more types of solvents selected from water claim 1 , sulfuric acid claim 1 , and hydrocarbon-based compounds.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the support body is carbon or metal oxide.5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein 3 to 60 wt % of a total of solid-phase particles of the metal nanoparticles are contained in the solution.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the copper precursor-containing solution contains one ...