ОСВОБОЖДЕНИЕ ЗАКРЕПЛЕННЫХ СТЕКОЛ

Закрепленные стекла, например ветровые стекла транспортных средств, закрепленные в опорной раме однородным связующим материалом, освобождают, устанавливая устройство подачи энергии вблизи ветрового стекла, подавая затем от устройства подачи энергию сквозь ветровое стекло и освобождая тем самым это стекло из рамы благодаря вызванному этим разрушению части однородного связующего материала и/или раскалыванию или разрушению материала ветрового стекла. Подаваемая энергия может быть, например, ультразвуковым или лазерным излучением и предпочтительно сконцентрирована на выбранном участке для усиления высвобождающего действия. Технический результат заключается в повышении безопасности рабочего персонала и упрощении процесса. 3 с. и 13 з. п. ф-лы, 2 ил.

СПОСОБ ИНТЕНСИФИКАЦИИ РЕАКЦИОННЫХ И МАССООБМЕННЫХПРОЦЕССОВ В ГЕТЕРОГЕННЫХ СРЕДАХ

Изобретение относится к способам интенсификации реакционных и массообменных процессов и может быть использовано в химической, нефтехимической, пищевой и фармацевтической отраслях промышленности для обработки гетерогенных сред жидкость-твердые частицы, жидкость-жидкость, жидкость-газ и жидкость-газ-твердые частицы для проведения различных технологических процессов. Способ заключается в возбуждении механических колебаний поличастотного характера в аппарате с гетерогенной средой, содержащей дисперсные включения. Спектр частот колебаний задают непрерывным или дискретным так, чтобы границы спектра частот соответствовали минимальной и максимальной собственным частотам колебаний дисперсных включений, а амплитуду колебаний устанавливают в зависимости от частоты. Возбуждение колебаний во всем спектре частот проводят одновременно и непрерывно с циклически изменяющейся амплитудой и частотой. Продолжительность цикла, по меньшей мере, вдвое больше среднего времени пребывания среды в аппарате. По мере ...

СПОСОБ ИЗВЛЕЧЕНИЯ УЛЬТРАДИСПЕРСНЫХ АЛМАЗОВ ИЗ ИМПАКТИТОВ

Изобретение относится к области обогащения полезных ископаемых, в частности к извлечению ультрадисперсных алмазов из сырья импактного происхождения, и может быть использовано при переработке кимберлитовых руд. Способ извлечения ультрадисперсных алмазов из импактитов включает предварительную подготовку материала посредством дробления и измельчения с получением крупности менее 0,25 мм. Измельченный материал подвергается гравитационному обогащению на концентрационном столе с получением концентрата и хвостов, при этом хвосты направляются в отвал, а концентрат подвергается ультразвуковой обработке с частотой от 22 до 44 кГц в течение от 15 до 30 минут. К измельченному материалу добавляют толуол в количестве от 10 до 40% от объема и подвергают ультразвуковому выщелачиванию при частоте от 22 до 44 кГц в течение от 15 до 30 минут, затем проводят фильтрацию и промывку водой. Техническим результатом изобретения является извлечение нано- и микрофракций алмазов из сырья импактного происхождения, а ...

СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ТЯЖЕЛОГО НЕФТЯНОГО СЫРЬЯ

Изобретение относится к области нефтепереработки, в частности к извлечению металлов из тяжелого нефтяного сырья, и может быть использовано при обогащении углеродсодержащего сырья различного происхождения. Способ кавитационно-экстракционного извлечения ценных металлов из тяжелого нефтяного сырья включает смешение исходной нефти с водой и керосином. Полученная смесь подвергается ультразвуковой обработке с частотой в пределах от 22 до 44 кГц от 5 до 10 минут, затем легкую фракцию отправляют на переработку, а тяжелая фракция смешивается с водой и химическим экстрагентом. Полученная суспензия обрабатывается ультразвуком с частотой в пределах от 22 до 44 кГц от 10 до 20 минут. Тяжелая фракция транспортируется на кавитационную обработку, где происходит выделение асфальтеновой фракции, ассоциированной с металлами. Полученная асфальтеновая фракция подается на обогатительный передел для извлечения металлов с помощью традиционных обогатительно-металлургических технологий. Легкая фракция после кавитационной ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОЧИСТКИ ВОЗДУХА

... 1. Устройство для очистки воздуха, состоящее из корпуса, предварительного фильтра, электростатического фильтра, вентилятора, фотокаталитического блока и сорбционно-каталитического фильтра, отличающееся тем, что фотокаталитический блок выполнен из, по крайней мере, двух воздухопроницаемых носителей волнообразной формы с лампами, расположенными параллельно волнам во впадинах таких волн в положении, обеспечивающем максимальную однородность распределения светового потока. ! 2. Устройство по п.1, отличающееся тем, что форма волн воздухопроницаемого носителя может быть круговой или синусоидальной. ! 3. Устройство по любому из пп.1 и 2, отличающееся тем, что количество волн в одном воздухопроницаемом носителе больше или равно 1. ! 4. Устройство по любому из пп.1 и 2, отличающееся тем, что переходы между стыками волн воздухопроницаемого носителя могут быть выполнены в закругленной форме с радиусом кривизны, обеспечивающим однородное распределение воздушного потока через поверхности носителя как ...

Устройство для предподготовки раствора к кристаллизации

Настоящее техническое решение относится к оборудованию для кристаллизации различных веществ в биотехнологической и химической промышленностях и может быть применено для выделения кристаллизацией продуктов микробиологического синтеза, продуктов сахарной промышленности, солей и других веществ, кристаллизуемых из растворов.Заявленное устройство для предподготовки раствора к кристаллизации содержит ультразвуковой аэродинамический распылитель - генератор аэрозоля, представляющий собой газоструйный излучатель, в активную зону которого подается жидкость - концентрируемый раствор; рабочую емкость с кулисами внутри нее, направляющими потоки аэрозоля и паровоздушной смеси; выводной патрубок для сконцентрированной и охлажденной жидкости, представляющей собой сконденсированный аэрозоль; выводной патрубок для паровоздушной смеси.Характерная особенность устройства - распыление подготавливаемой к кристаллизации жидкости ультразвуковым аэродинамическим генератором аэрозолей с последующей конденсацией аэрозоля ...

ФОТОКАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ МИКРОРЕАКТОР

... 1. Фотокаталитический реактор для окисления содержащихся в воздухе органических примесей при помощи кислорода воздуха и фотокатализатора, освещаемого источником ультрафиолетового света, содержащий излучающую поверхность с нанесенным на нее катализатором, источник ультрафиолетового излучения, отличающийся тем, что излучающая поверхность реактора состоит из одного или нескольких светопроводящих капилляров, составленных в массив, прозрачных для УФ-излучения, на которые нанесен фотокатализатор. ! 2. Фотокаталитический реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что диаметр светопроводящих капилляров не превышает 10 мм. ! 3. Фотокаталитический реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что фотокатализатор нанесен на внутреннюю и внешнюю стороны светопроводящего капилляра. ! 4. Фотокаталитический реактор по п.3, отличающийся тем, что толщина фотокатализатора, нанесенного на стенки светопроводящего капилляра, составляет 0,1-100 мкм. ! 5. Фотокаталитический реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что светопроводящие капилляры ...

КАВИТАЦИОННЫЙ РЕАКТОР ДЛЯ ОБРАБОТКИ ЖИДКИХ СРЕД

Изобретение относится к аппаратам для обработки жидких сред путем воздействия энергией акустического поля ультразвуковой кавитации - кавитационной дезинтеграции любых субстанций, включая живые, существующих в виде взвешенных фаз в этих средах, а также для диссоциации молекул самих сред. В кавитационном реакторе могут обрабатываться жидкие среды в виде суспензий, эмульсий, коллоидных либо истинных растворов, а также вода и другие жидкости. Результатом кавитационной дезинтеграции обрабатываемых сред является повышение их дисперсности, гомогенности, интенсификация происходящих в них химических реакций, синтез новых соединений, бактериолиз и бактериостаз, а также повышение их химической активности, например гидратационной активности воды. Кавитационный реактор может также использоваться для экстрагирования растворимых веществ из твердых фаз суспензий. Изобретение может быть использовано в химической, горнорудной, пищевой, фармацевтической и парфюмерной промышленности. Реактор представляет собой ...

СПОСОБ СНИЖЕНИЯ КОНЦЕНТРАЦИИ ЭМУЛЬГИРОВАННЫХ В ВОДЕ НЕФТЕПРОДУКТОВ

Использование: очистка воды от эмульгированных нефтепродуктов. Сущность изобретения: способ основан на ультразвуковой кавитации с частотой 8 500 кГц и интенсивностью 2 Вт/см2 Снижение концентрации нефтепродуктов в воде происходит за счет их разложения до двуокиси углерода и воды. 2 ил.

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ИЗМЕНЕНИЯ ХИМИЧЕСКОГО СОСТАВА ЖИДКИХ ТОКОПРОВОДЯЩИХ СРЕД

Изобретение относится к области изменения химического состава жидких токопроводящих сред путем проведения управляемого электрохимического процесса. Сущность изобретения: осуществляют одновременную обработку жидких токопроводящих сред электрохимическими методами и ультразвуком, после чего их подвергают воздействию мощного ультразвука при повышенном давлении. 2 с. и 5 з.п.ф-лы, 1 ил. 1 табл.

СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ ЖИДКОСТИ В КАВИТАЦИОННОМ РЕАКТОРЕ

Изобретение относится к ультразвуковой кавитационной обработке жидкостей с целью разрушения, разъединения, разделения на части различных субстанций, включая живые (микроорганизмы), существующие в этих жидкостях в виде взвешенных фаз, а также для диссоциации молекул самих жидкостей. Изобретение может быть использовано в пищевой, химической, нефтедобывающей, горнорудной, фармацевтической и парфюмерной промышленности, а также в медицине. Внутри реактора в жидкости распространяют акустическую волну с заданным средним значением объемной плотности мощности, вызывающую возникновение кавитации. Равномерность распределения энергии кавитации обеспечивают соотношением размеров внутреннего объема реактора. Амплитуду звукового давления акустической волны устанавливают не менее чем в 4,4 раза превышающей статическое давление в жидкости внутри реактора. Это обеспечивает одинаково равномерное воздействие энергии кавитации на обрабатываемую жидкость при заданных размерах кавитационного реактора для различных ...

СПОСОБ ТЕПЛОМАССОЭНЕРГООБМЕНА И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к акустическим способам тепломассоэнергообмена жидких, газовых, газожидкостных смесей, взвесей и дисперсий. Способ включает формирование раздельных непересекающихся вихревых потоков, последующее частичное соприкосновение встречно направленных наружных слоев потоков в кольцевом пространстве и концентрирование энергии акустического возбуждения в выходной акустической камере путем частичного пересечения с акустической камерой по образующим вихревых потоков. В устройстве производят акустическое резонансное возбуждение вихревых продуктовых потоков с помощью сообщенных между собой вихревых труб. Вихревые трубы направлены по ходу течения продукта, расположены по окружности, входные части их выполнены раздельными, а выходные сообщены друг с другом и с акустической камерой. Возбужденные потоки, объединенные в общей акустической камере, концентрируют энергию акустического возбуждения в центре и выводят обработанные звуком продукты на использование. Технический результат состоит ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ДЕПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ ВЫСОКОМОЛЕКУЛЯРНЫХ СОЕДИНЕНИЙ

Использование: в производстве дезоксирибонуклеиновых кислот, полисахаридов, белков и других высокомолекулярных соединений, в частности в производстве лекарственных препаратов, особенно в случае получения стерильных субстанций. Сущность изобретения: устройство для деполимеризации высокомолекулярных соединений содержит средство для ультразвуковой обработки, источник ультразвуковых колебаний, средство для охлаждения. Средство для ультразвуковой обработки и средство для охлаждения объединены в единую камеру, снабженную в ее верхней части коллектором потока обработанной жидкости и в нижней части распределителем потока жидкости. Устройство снабжено дополнительной емкостью со средством для перемешивания обрабатываемой жидкости и насосом для циркуляции обрабатываемой жидкости. 2 з.п. ф-лы, 3 ил.

Способ получения карбоната цинка

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности при получении катализаторов, сорбентов, пигментов и солей. Способ получения карбоната цинка включает смешивание растворов сульфата цинка и гидрокарбоната аммония с использованием ультразвука, фильтрацию полученного осадка, его промывку и сушку. Гидрокарбонат аммония берут в избытке, составляющем 5% от теоретически необходимого количества. Осаждение карбоната цинка проводят с использованием гидроакустического излучателя ультразвука, обеспечивающего интенсивность ультразвука не менее 12 Вт/см2. Изобретение позволяет получить карбонат цинка, не содержащий примесь основного карбоната цинка. 1 табл., 6 пр., 1 ил, ...

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ДЕЭМУЛЬСИФИКАЦИИ ЭМУЛЬСИИВОДА-НЕФТЬ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ВОЗДЕЙСТВИЯ УЛЬТРАЗВУКА

... 1. Способ деэмульсификации эмульсий вода-нефть посредством воздействия ультразвука, содержащий этап формирования потока эмульсий вода-нефть, по меньшей мере, через одну область воздействия ультразвука вдоль направления потока, отличающийся тем, что в указанной области воздействия ультразвука, попутная ультразвуковая волна, направление распространения которой является таким же, как и направление потока указанных эмульсий вода-нефть, формируется посредством, по меньшей мере, одного первого ультразвукового преобразователя, предусмотренного на переднем краю указанной области воздействия ультразвука, и в то же самое время, противоточная ультразвуковая волна, направление распространения которой является противоположным направлению потока указанных эмульсий вода-нефть, формируется посредством, по меньшей мере, одного второго ультразвукового преобразователя, предусмотренного на заднем краю указанной области воздействия ультразвука; и попутная ультразвуковая волна, и противоточная ультразвуковая ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БИОПРЕПАРАТА "ФЕРРИГЕЛЬ"

Изобретение относится к способу получения биопрепарата, который включает смешивание оксигидроксида железа с водорастворимым полимером с последующей обработкой суспензии ультразвуком, отличающийся тем, что используют гелеобразный оксигидроксид железа (ОГЖ-гель), выделенный на станциях обезжелезивания подземных вод, водорастворимый полимер и дополнительно вводят глицерин при соотношении компонентов, масс.%: ! ОГЖ-гель 50-60 Водорастворимый полимер 2,5-3 Глицерин 10-15 Вода до 100. ! В качестве водорастворимого полимера используют полимер, выбранный из группы поливиниловый спирт (ПВС), полиэтиленгликоль (ПЭГ), поливинилпирролидон (ПВП) или полиакриламид (ПАА). Биопрепарат обладает ранозаживляющими, бактерицидными, регенирирующими и адсорбционными свойствами. Изобретение обеспечивает упрощение способа получения известного биопрепарата. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 3 табл., 4 пр.

Устройство для обработки воды или нефти

Изобретение относится к обработке воды или нефти инфранизкочастотными акустическими колебаниями и может быть использовано в физиотерапии, промышленности и сельском хозяйстве. Устройство для обработки воды или нефти содержит задающий генератор 1 электрических колебаний, выполненный на микроконтроллере с возможностью генерирования инфранизкочастотных колебаний в диапазоне от 7 до 130 Гц. Выход генератора 1 соединен с усилителем мощности 2, выполненным по схеме усилителя класса D. Выход усилителя мощности 2 соединен с излучателем 3, представляющим собой резонатор, внутри которого закреплен акустический излучатель 8. Резонатор выполнен в виде цилиндрической полой бочки без дна со скошенным верхом, закрытым плоским листом. Изобретение позволяет осуществить обработку больших объемов воды или нефти и существенно расширить область применения устройства. 3 з.п. ф-лы, 2 ил.

СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ АЛМАЗОСОДЕРЖАЩИХ КОНЦЕНТРАТОВ

... 1. Способ обработки алмазосодержащих концентратов, включающий высокотемпературную обработку в автоклаве щелочным реагентом при температурах 200-400°С, отделение алмаза от продуктов обработки и конечную очистку алмаза смесью концентрированных кислот, отличающийся тем, что при щелочной обработке используют смесь насыщенного раствора карбоната натрия с добавкой 3-5 вес.% гидроксида натрия, процесс проводят в поле ультразвукового излучения, затем охлаждают и в реакционную массу, содержащую раствор непрореагировавшего карбоната натрия, направляют противоположно силе гравитации поток концентрированных кислот для создания условий флотационно-гравитационного разделения и отделения алмазов от продуктов обработки 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, что для флотационно-гравитационного разделения используют концентрированные кислоты, оставшиеся после конечной очистки алмаза.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ГРАФЕНА С РАЗЛИЧНЫМ КОЛИЧЕСТВОМ АТОМНЫХ СЛОЁВ

Изобретение относится к нанотехнологии. Устройство для получения графеновых пластин с различным количеством атомных слоёв содержит проточный реактор 2 с патрубком 4 подачи рабочей смеси, содержащей графит и воду, и выходным патрубком 5. В проточный реактор 2 интегрированы источник ультразвука 1 и сдвоенный центробежный насос 3, служащие для кавитационного воздействия на частицы графита в составе рабочей смеси сочетанием низких и высоких частот со значениями мощности не менее 100 Вт/см. Изобретение позволяет получить графеновые пластины с количеством атомных слоёв от 1 до 15. 1 ил., 2 пр.

КАВИТАЦИОННЫЙ РЕАКТОР

Изобретение относится к аппаратам для воздействия на жидкости энергией акустического поля кавитации, порождаемой упругими гармоническими колебаниями жидкости ультразвуковой частоты, с целью создания в них термодинамически неравновесных состояний. Изобретение может быть использовано в химической, пищевой, фармацевтической и парфюмерной промышленности, а также в медицине и энергетике. Реактор содержит источники гармонических колебаний в виде резонаторов одинаковой частоты, внутри которых колебания жидкости образуют упругие стоячие волны. Фазы резонаторов сдвинуты на опережение по мере их удаления от центра реактора. Использование изобретения позволяет увеличить максимальное значение плотности потенциальной энергии кавитации, не изменяя ни объем реактора, ни гидростатическое давление внутри него и без изменения объемной плотности акустической мощности гармонических волн. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 6 ил., 1 табл.

Способ получения наноструктурированных порошков ферритов и установка для его осуществления

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности. Способ получения наноструктурированных порошков ферритов включает получение смеси соли азотной кислоты и по крайней мере одного оксидного соединения металла, ультразвуковую обработку, термообработку и фильтрацию. Получают смесь азотнокислого железа и по крайней мере одного оксида металла, выбранного из группы: марганец, висмут, литий, иттрий, или карбоната лития при мольном соотношении азотнокислое железо : оксиды металлов или карбонат лития равном (2-10):(1-5). Альтернативно может быть получена смесь азотнокислого железа и по крайней мере одного оксида металла, выбранного из группы: марганец, висмут, иттрий, или карбоната лития в винной кислоте или этиленгликоле при мольном соотношении азотнокислое железо: оксиды металлов или карбонат лития : винная кислота или этиленгликоль равном (2-10):(1-5):(4-12). Ультразвуковую обработку осуществляют с частотой 1,7 МГц при мощности излучения 20 Вт в течение 4 часов в токе воздуха, который ...

Способ подготовки клеевой композиции перед нанесением на рабочую поверхность

Изобретение относится к обработке клеевых композиций горячего отверждения, в частности к клеевым композициям на основе эпоксидного олигомера, предназначенного как для склеивания металлических изделий, так и склеивания металла с фторопластами, полимерами, пленками и другими материалами, а также для устранения дефектов металлоконструкций, емкостей, трубопроводов и т.д., возникающих в процессе их эксплуатации в результате коррозии и механического износа, и применяемых в самолето- и автомобилестроении, а также в других отраслях промышленности. Способ подготовки клеевой композиции перед нанесением ее на рабочую поверхность включает загрузку в емкость смеси, ее перемешивание путем воздействия ультразвуковой энергией при мощности воздействия ультразвуковой энергией 62…85 Вт/см3до достижения клеевой композицией температуры 26-52°С. Смесь содержит эпоксидированную новолачную смолу, эпоксидированную смолу на основе резорцина, отвердитель - бензофенонтетракарбоновую кислоту и 1,3 диоксолан и дополнительно ...

УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ ХИМИЧЕСКИЙ РЕАКТОР

Изобретение относится к аппаратам для ультразвуковой обработки жидких сред и может быть использовано в химической, биологической, пищевой, фармацевтической промышленности для получения суспензий, эмульсий, интенсификации химических реакций, экстрагирования и т.п. Сущность изобретения: ультразвуковой химический реактор содержит закрепленный в корпусе пьезоэлектрический преобразователь, выполненный в виде последовательно размещенных и акустически связанных между собой тыльной частотно-понижающей накладки, кольцевых пьезоэлектрических элементов и частотно-понижающей концентрирующей накладки, соединенный и акустически связанный с выступающей из корпуса частью частотно-понижающей концентрирующей накладки рабочий инструмент, на конце которого имеются рабочее окончание и технологический объем с патрубками ввода-вывода обрабатываемых сред, соединенный с корпусом преобразователя и расположенный относительно него так, что выступающая из корпуса часть частотно-понижающей концентрирующей накладки и ...

СПОСОБ УНИЧТОЖЕНИЯ ДИНИТРОТОЛУОЛА

СПОСОБ УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ КАВИТАЦИОННОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ЖИДКИХ СРЕД

... 1. Способ ультразвуковой кавитационной обработки жидких сред, включающий поэтапное воздействие в виде акустической кавитации, формирующейся за счет двойного резонансного эффекта и образования стоячих волн внутри проточной механической системы - канала прямоугольного сечения, отличающийся тем, что режим акустической кавитации формируется одновременно на двух или нескольких разных частотах, при этом механическая колебательная система-канал прямоугольного сечения, выполнена в виде последовательно расположенных мембран, имеющих разные частоты основной гармоники колебаний, генерирование звуковых колебаний с образованием стоячей волны осуществляется синфазно на противоположных сторонах канала, которые в свою очередь формируют в зазоре между стенками канала квазиплоские стоячие волны, соответствующие частотам колебаний мембран, при этом ширина зазора канала h выбирается кратной четверти длины волны, возбуждаемой в данной обрабатываемой жидкой среде для используемых частот:h=(k/4)*(C/fi), k=1, ...

Установка для улавливания паров нефтепродуктов

Установка для улавливания паров нефтепродуктов, содержащая резервуар с нефтепродуктом, насос и резервуар с низкооктановым нефтепродуктом, отличающаяся тем, что резервуар с низкооктановым нефтепродуктом имеет двойные стенки, между которыми протекает холодная вода образующие рубашку охлаждения (холодильник), при этом внутри резервуара установлены в слое низкооктанового нефтепродукта - плоские горизонтальные перегородки, на наружной поверхности внутренних стенок резервуара - ультразвуковые генераторы, а на выходе из резервуара - фильтр-поглотитель с активированным углем.

УЛЬТРАЗВУКОВОЙ КОАГУЛЯТОР

... 1. Ультразвуковой коагулятор, содержащий корпус с патрубками ввода сырья и вывода продуктов и ультразвуковой генератор типа "сирена", установленный по оси корпуса, отличающийся тем, что, с целью повышения эффективности озвучивания, патрубок ввода сырья снабжен кольцевым коллектором, выполненным в виде тороида, охватывающего генератор по его периметру, с сопловой щелью, корпус выполнен эквидистантно коллектору, а патрубок вывода продукта установлен сверху корпуса по его оси. 2. Коагулятор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что он снабжен кольцевым отбойником, установленным между корпусом и коллектором.

СПОСОБ БИОКОНВЕРСИИ ЛИГНИНА ОТХОДОВ РАСТИТЕЛЬНОГО СЫРЬЯ

Способ биоконверсии лигнина отходов растительного сырья, включающий измельчение, биологическое воздействие инокулятом лигнолитического гриба P.tigrinus BKM F-3616 D в течение 9,0-14,0 суток при температуре 24-26°С, отличающийся тем, что перед биологическим воздействием проводят обработку растительного сырья ультразвуком с частотой 22-24 кГц в течение 10-15 мин.

Устройство детонационного горения

... 1. УСТРОЙСТВО ДЕТОНАЦИОННОГО ГОРЕНИЯ, содержащее камеру сгорания с выхлопным патрубком, отличающееся тем, что, с целью повьшения удобства эксплуатации , оно дополнительно содержит жидкостной глушитель, в которьй введены выхлопной патрубок камеры сгорания и источник сжатого газа с раздающим коллектором, установленным в нижней части глушителя, а также клапан, включенный между источником газа и раздающим коллектором и снабженный пневмоимпульсной линией управления, соединенной с камерой сгорания. 2. Устройство по п.1, о т л и чающееся тем, что раздаюпц1Й S коллектор выполнен в виде перфорированного тора.

Способ обогащения стекольных песков

Устройство для сжигания топлива

Способ ведения каталитических реакций

Устройство для ультразвуковой сварки

Verfahren und Anlage zum Aufbereiten von Abfällen zur Wiederverwendung

Vorrichtung fuer die Homogenisierung von Emulsionen,Suspensionen und deren Mischungen

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Herstellen, Aufrechterhalten oder Niederschlagen von Dispersionen

Device for e.g. carrying out high frequency microwaves into high pressure vessel, has individual radiators provided with ring antenna, quartz glass disks, horn-shaped waveguide and microwave generator with transmission system

The device has multiple individual radiators provided with a closed and wave-reflective structured ring antenna (1), quartz glass disks (2, 7) utilized into window flanges (3), a horn-shaped waveguide (4) and a microwave generator with an appropriate transmission system. The antenna comprises computed radiation slots (8), a splitter (5) and an impedance matching part (6). Round shaped quartz glasses are sealed with an O-ring. The waveguide comprises a rectangular cross-section to be filled with protective gas for prevention of arc formation and explosion protection.

UV-Sensor

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Strahleranordnung (1) mit einer UV-Strahlungsquelle (2), einem die UV-Strahlungsquelle (2) umgebenden Hüllrohr (3), das an einem offenen Ende (12) eine Stirnfläche (13) aufweist, und mit einem UV-C-Sensor (6) mit einer sensitiven Fläche, wobei der UV-C-Sensor (6) in optischer Verbindung mit der Stirnfläche (13) des Hüllrohrs (3) steht, so dass die sensitive Fläche des UV-C-Sensors (6) in einem Betrieb der UV-Strahlungsquelle (2) die aus der Stirnfläche (13) des Hüllrohrs (3) austretende UV-Strahlung detektieren kann.

MISCHVORRICHTUNG UND MISCHVERFAHREN FÜR DIE DURCHMISCHUNG KLEINER FLÜSSIGKEITSMENGEN

Vorrichtung zur Ultraschallbehandlung strömender Medien

ELEKTROMAGNETISCH ASSISTIERTE CHEMISCHE BEHANDLUNG

Vorrichtung zum Bearbeiten einer Materialbahn mit Ultraschall

Vorrichtung (100) zum Bearbeiten einer kontinuierlich vorlaufenden Materialbahn (M), mit einem eine Sonotrode (7) aufweisenden Ultraschallgenerator (6), mit einem der Stirnseite (29) der Sonotrode (7) gegenüberliegenden Gegenwerkzeug (30), mit Mitteln zum Hindurchführen der Materialbahn (M) durch den Spalt zwischen der Sonotrode (7) und dem Gegenwerkzeug (30) und mit einem Antrieb (34) zum Anstellen der Sonotrode (7) gegen das Gegenwerkzeug, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Sonotrode (7) in ihrer Schwingungsrichtung über einen hochfrequenten Aktor (36) abgestützt ist, der von einer Steuerung beaufschlagt ist, die auf gemessene Veränderungen der Kraft oder des Abstands zwischen der Stirnseite (29) der Sonotrode (7) und dem Gegenwerkzeug (30) reagiert.

Ultraschallreaktor

Ultraschallreaktor zur Ultraschallbehandlung von Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere wässrigen Suspensionen wie Abwässer, Prozesswässern, Gülle oder Klärschlämmen, mit einem Reaktorgehäuse (1), das mindestens einen Flüssigkeitseinlass (2) und mindestens einen Flüssigkeitsauslass (3) aufweist und in Reaktorabschnitte (4, 9; 5, 10; 6, 11; 7, 12; 8, 13) unterteilt ist, die jeweils mit mindestens einem Ultraschallschwinger (14) versehen sind, wobei die durch den Flüssigkeitseinlass (2) eintretende Flüssigkeit die Reaktorabschnitte (4, 9; 5, 10; 6, 11; 7, 12; 8, 13) der Reihe nach durchfließt und nach dem letzten Reaktorabschnitt (8, 13) zum Flüssigkeitsauslass (3) gelangt, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Reaktorabschnitte (4, 9; 5, 10; 6, 11; 7, 12; 8, 13) unterschiedlich große Kavitationsräume (4, 5, 6, 7, 8) aufweisen, in denen der vom jeweiligen Ultraschallschwinger (14) erzeugte Ultraschall wirksam ist.

Elektroakustische Vorrichtung zur lntensivierung der Fassreifung von Weinen und anderen Spirituosen

Vorrichtung zur elektroakustischen Beschallung von Holzfässern, die ein Steuergerät (Tablet/PC), einen Bluetooth-Empfänger, einen Verstärker und einen Lautsprecher aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass mittels des Steuergerätes (5) über einen Bluetooth-Empfänger (4) und einen Verstärker (3) in einem, am Holzfass (1) angebrachten Lautsprecher (2) ein elektrisches Signal in mechanische Schwingungen umgewandelt wird, wobei diese Schwingung wiederum das mit Flüssigkeit gefüllte Holzfass zum Schwingen anregt.

Solidifying of molten or over saturated solution materials

The invention concerns the exploitation of the process of initiating and/or accelerating and/or controlling crystallization or precipitation in supercooled melts or supersaturated solutions of solids. A problem frequently encountered with this process is that the duration of the process of solidification or crystallization cannot be precisely controlled or the process does not continue long enough to allow adequate solidification or crystallization. According to the present invention, the supercooled melt or supersaturated solution is exposed to ultrasound before being delivered to the conveyor belt in a belt system or while being discharged onto a conveyor belt, or before being delivered to a receptacle drum or while it is fed into a receptacle drum.

Vibrator for producing carbon electrodes - for the aluminium industry

The vibrator comprises a vibrating table, and a moulding box with a over weight which has a device producing additional pressure. The device is supported near the upper side of the box by a frame or a firmly fixed hood. Between the wt. and the frame or hood there is at least one pressure chamber in the form of a fluted sheel whose walls expand only in the direction of vibrations and yield to transverse movement of the wt. A liquid or gaseous pressure supply pipe opens into the chamber.

Gegenstromverfahren zur Durchfuehrung physikalischer und/oder chemischer Behandlung von Stoffen und Gemischen sowie Vorrichtung zur Durchfuehrung des Verfahrens

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Dosierung kleiner Flüssigkeitsmengen

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur integrierten Dosierung und Durchmischung kleiner Flüssigkeitsmengen, bei dem eine erste Flüssigkeit in bzw. auf ein erstes Reservoir gebracht wird und ein zweites Reservoir mit einer zweiten Flüssigkeit vollständig befüllt wird. Die erste und die zweite Flüssigkeit werden über wenigstens eine Verbindungskanalstruktur in Kontakt gebracht, die wenigstens einen Bereich umfasst, der in Blickrichtung der Verbindungslinie der zwei Reservoirs einen kleineren Querschnitt als die Reservoirs aufweist. Entlang zumindest eines Teiles der Verbindungskanalstruktur wird laminare Strömung in Richtung des zweiten Reservoirs erzeugt und die Flüssigkeiten im zweiten Reservoir durchmischt. Die Erfindung betrifft weiterhin eine Vorrichtung und einen Apparat zur Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens und eine Verwendung.

Humidifying apparatus

A humidifying apparatus (10, fig 2) comprises a body (12) and a nozzle (14) detachably mounted to the body. The body comprises a chamber, a water tank (120) for supplying water to the chamber, an impeller (90, fig 4a) driven by a motor (92) to generate an air flow, a humidifying means (piezoelectric transducer 156, fig 8d) for humidifying the air flow with water from the chamber, an ultraviolet radiation generator (lamp 160, fig 4d) for irradiating water stored in the chamber, a drive circuit (74) for actuating the ultraviolet radiation generator, a duct for conveying the humidified air from the chamber towards the nozzle. The nozzle has an air inlet 58 for receiving the humidified air flow and at least one air outlet 60 for emitting the humidified air flow. A sensor 240 detects the position of the nozzle relative to the body and the drive circuit controls actuation of the ultraviolet radiation generator depending on an output from the sensor. The nozzle comprises a magnet 242 wherein the ...

ULTRASONIC PARTICLE-SEPARATOR

The movement of particles in a liquid flowing in a duct (2) is controlled by an ultrasonic standing wave having nodal fronts at a small angle to one pair of side walls of the duct. As the liquid flows along the duct, particles responsive to the acoustic energy are held on the oblique nodal fronts and are carried along these by the flow so that they also move towards one side wall (2a). Particles in the vicinity of that one side wall are swept from the nodal fronts by the liquid drag forces. At the duct exit the particles will therefore tend to be concentrated in that portion of the liquid flow that passes nearer said one wall (2a).

Treatment of water

A method of treatment of water contaminated with impurities such as cryptosporidia oocysts includes subjecting the water to an ultrasonic vibration at frequencies of 20,000 Hz or higher sufficient to either rupture cellwalls of the oocysts or make them non-viable thus removing the risk from cryptosporidia and rendering the water potable. Water contaminated with giardia organisms, pesticidal compounds and organic compounds may also be so treated.

Accoustically controlled reaction device

CHECKING HETEROGENEOUS TRANSFORMATION PROCESS

PARTICLE SEPARATION

Improvements in or relating to apparatus for effecting a gas/liquid reaction

... Apparatus in which reaction takes place between a gas and a liquid within a porous substance contains means for effecting oscillatory motion of the gas/liquid interface within the pores of the substance. The porous substance may be a catalyst and/or an electrode. The motion may be obtained by (1) applying a pulsating pressure to the gas; as shown in Fig. 4, a fuel cell comprises container 20 with porous electrodes 21 separating liquid electrolyte 22 from gas spaces 23, the pressure in one of which is varied by applying a pulsating pressure by piston 25 via pipe 24; (2) applying an alternating electric field across the gas/liquid interface; as shown in Fig. 5, an alternating potential is applied from source 35 through leads 34 to electrodes 31; (3) applying sonic or supersonic vibrations to the liquid; as shown in Fig. 6, sonic or ultrasonic signals are applied to transducer 44 in liquid electrolyte 41. Fuel gases referred to ...

A humidifying apparatus

Humidifying apparatus

A cap assembly 134 for conveying air into a container (120, fig 8b) and water from the container comprises a valve moveable from a first closed to a second open position to permit the flow of air and water through the cap. The cap comprises at least two apertures 332a, 332b through which the air and water can flow when the valve is open. The apertures are offset D1 with respect to one another along the longitudinal direction axis of the cap. Each aperture may be bean shaped and have a cross sectional area less than 10mm2. The offset distance may be at least 1mm. The cap may have a threaded cylindrical wall 320 to screw the cap onto the container. Intermediate each end of the cap is an annular wall comprising an upper section (328a, fig 9b) with a first aperture 332a located therethrough and a lower section (328b) with a second aperture 332b located therethrough. The upper and lower sections may be linked by a sloping intermediate section (328c). The valve may be a spring (340, fig 9c) loaded ...

Process for making crystals

A humidifying apparatus

AEROSOL SPRAYS

... 1439356 Producing aerosols R S BABING- TON 22 May 1973 [22 May 1972] 24280/73 Heading B2F A device for producing an aerosol spray comprises a chamber 10 having carrier gas inlets 12 and an outlet 13 and two serially arranged spray producers 16, 18 of the type described in specification 1156259 which also induce flow through the inlets 12. In the modification shown in Fig. 2 a baffle 48 is disposed in alignment with the outlet of the spray producers. Reference has been directed by the comptroller to Specification 1156259 and 1176819.

DEVICE FOR CAVITATION TREATMENT OF LIQUID FUEL

Finely-dispersed dyestuff preparations

Finely dispersable dyestuffs and pigments are obtained by precipitating the dyestuffs and pigments in a liquid medium and in an ultrasonic field. The dyestuffs and pigments may be precipitated from solutions thereof using a precipitating liquid or from the reaction media in which they are formed by mixing solutions of the reactants. The dyestuff or pigment solution and the precipitating liquid or the solutions of reactants may be simultaneously run into a reaction chamber by entry pipes whose openings are directed towards one another and lie in the maximum of the sound energy from a source of ultrasonic waves. In examples, the hydrocarbazoles of 4: 41 - dibenzoylamino 1 1: 11-dianthrimide and 4: 51 - dibenzoylamino - 1:11-dianthrimide in sulphuric acid solution are each precipitated by mixing with water in an ultrasonic field and the products are oxidized to the corresponding carbazoles with dichromate; (3) the hydrocarbazole of 4:41-dibenzoylamino-1:11 -dianthrimide in sulphuric acid is ...

Novel apparatus and process

Improved ultrasonic processor

LIQUID NEBULIZER

Improvements in and relating to photo-conductive cells

Photo-conductive material, such as lead sulphide or selenide or both, is deposited on a support from solution by the addition of a precipitating agent, the solution being agitated during deposition by setting up ultrasonic vibrations therein. Lead sulphide may be deposited by first mixing 9 c.c. of a solution containing 400 gm. lead acetate in 1 litre of 1% acetic acid, 18 c.c. of a solution containing 20 gm. thiourea in 1 litre of water and 0.75 c.c. of 100% hydrazine hydrate and agitating during and after the addition of the precipitating agent which may comprise 3 c.c. of a 14N sodium hydroxide solution. The process may be carried out in a beaker with a crystal of barium titanate as the source of ultrasonic energy.ALSO:Photoconductive material, such as lead selenide or lead sulphide or both, is deposited on a support from solution by the addition of a precipitating agent, the solution being agitated during deposition by setting up ultrasonic vibrations therein. The support may be of ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING UNWANTED PARTICLES FROM A GAS

... 1330870 Treating gases with liquids BRAXTON CORP 9 Dec 1970 [10 Dec 1969] 58507/ 70 Headings B1R and BIT Solid particles, e.g. fly ash, are removed from a gas by first passing the gas feed 20 into a saturator chamber 26 wherein it is saturated with water vapour from sprays 28 controlled by humidity sensors 33, then passing the gas stream through an expansion turbine 40 wherein the gas is expanded causing the formation of secondary particles of water by condensation of the water vapour, next passing the gas stream into a sonic agglomeration chamber 50 wherein it is exposed to a sonic field which causes the suspended molecules or solids and water to vibrate and agglomerate into composite particles, and finally removing the composite particles in cyclone 52. A compressor 60 mechanically coupled to turbine 40 is connected upstream of cyclone 52. Chamber 50 is provided with a drain 44 discharging through pump 46. If the gas stream contains, in addition of solid particles, undesired gaseous components ...

A novel method for chromatographic finger printing and standardization of single medicines and formulations

Device for producing a plasma ionisation method use of said method and production processes using said device

Pre-equilibrium chemical reaction energy converter

Releasing of bonded screens.

Bonded screens such as vehicle windscreens bonded to a supporting frame by homogeneous bonding material are released by firstly arranging energy delivery means adjacent the screen and subsequently transmitting energy from the delivery means through the screen thereby to effect release cf the screen from the frame bv either causing degradation of some of the homogeneous bonding material and/or cleavage or degradation of the screen material. The energy delivered may, for example, be ultrasonic or laser radiation, and is preferably arranged ~o be concentrated at a predetermined localised region to enhance the release mechanism.

A novel method for chromatographic finger printing and standardization of single medicines and formulations

Releasing of bonded screens.

Bonded screens such as vehicle windscreens (1)bonded to a supporting frame (5)by homogeneous bonding material (6)are released by firstly arranging energy delivery means (9)adjacent the screen and subsequently transmitting energy from the delivery means through the screen thereby to effect release of the screen (1)from the frame (5)by either causing degradation of some of the homogenous bonding material and/or cleavage or degradation of the screen material. The energy delivered may, for example be ultrasonic orlaser radiation, and is preferably arranged to be concentrated at a oredetermined localised region to enhance the release mechanism.

A novel method for chromatographic finger printing and standardization of single medicines and formulations

Releasing of bonded screens

Pre-equilibrium chemical reaction energy converter.

The use of newly discovered chemical reaction products on the the surface of a catalyst (105), to generate eletricity, beams of radiation, or mechanical motion. The invention also provides methods to convert the products into eletricity or motion.

Device for producing a plasma, ionisation method, use of said method and production processes using said device

The invention concerns the field of transformation of material and relates to a device for producing a plasma, an method for ionising material using said device, uses of the inventive method and production processes using said device. said device is characterlised i that it comprises a resonant chamber (1), an acoustic chamber (5) provided with an acoustic device (7) and a soliton chamber (8) for receiving the treated material coming from the resonant chamber (1) while silmutaneously generating a a recycling of outside air, said soliton chamber (8) defining, with a pulsating suction member (10) adjacent to the output of said soliton chamber (8), a space (11) producing ionised material.

METHOD FOR THE TREATMENT OF A LIQUID, IN PARTICULAR A MINERAL OIL

Method for the treatment of a liquid, in particular a mineral oil

Removal of sodium oxalate from a bayer liquor

Pre-equilibrium chemical reaction energy converter

Manufactoring process of a composite material

Releasing of bonded screens

Device of production of a plasma, process of ionization, uses of the process and achievements implementing the device according to the invention.

Process of obtaining aluminium trihydroxyde of median diameter regulated with the request in the interval from 2 to 100 microns.

Oleaginous seed oil extraction by ultrasounds.

Engine with dispersion to support certain chemical reactions by atomization of liquids in gases (or vapors subjected to sound or ultrasonic vibrations.

Pre-equilibrium chemical reaction energy converter.

Process and equipment to separate a mixture from fluids.

Method for the treatment of a liquid, in particular a mineral oil

A novel method for chromatographic finger printing and standardization of single medicines and formulations

Method for the treatment of a liquid, in particular a mineral oil

Releasing of bonded screens

Releasing of bonded screens

Device for producing a plasma ionisation method use of said method and production processes using said device

Removal of sodium oxalate from a bayer liquor

Removal of sodium oxalate from a bayer liquor

Лабораторное устройство для отмывки порошковых продуктов химических реакций от посторонних примесей

Полезная модель относится к области экспериментальной разработки многостадийных технологических процессов, а именно, к лабораторному устройству для отмывки порошковых исходных веществ или продуктов химических реакций от примесей, состоящему из ультразвуковой ванны (1) с узлами энергопитания и управления, в которую погружена емкость (2), снабженная в нижней части пористой фильтровальной перегородкой для отделения твердой фазы от жидкой фазы, на входе связанная по потоку воздуха с атмосферой, а по потоку жидкой фазы на выходе - с прямым холодильником (3), расположенным вне ванны (1), к выходу из которого через угловой аллонж (4), имеющий боковой отвод, присоединен приемник жидкой фазы (5), снабженный в нижней части краном для ее отбора или слива, причем аллонж (4) боковым отводом соединен по потоку воздуха с трехходовым краном (6), обеспечивающим связь совокупности узлов (2)-(5) с устройством, создающим разрежение, или с атмосферой. Полезная модель обеспечивает практически полное исключение потерь целевого продукта, значительное сокращение объема используемой для промывки воды или растворителя, числа и времени промывок, необходимых для достижения требуемой степени очистки целевого продукта. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 186 728 U1 (51) МПК B01D 29/78 (2006.01) B01J 19/10 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК B01D 29/78 (2018.08); B01J 19/10 (2018.08) (21)(22) Заявка: 2018136940, 19.10.2018 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 30.01.2019 (45) Опубликовано: 30.01.2019 Бюл. № 4 1 8 6 7 2 8 R U (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: RU 2133253 C1, 20.07.1999. US 6251294 B1, 26.06.2001. US 5547574 A, 20.08.1996. US 4127487 A, 05.10.1976. SU 608769, 30.05.1978. (54) ЛАБОРАТОРНОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОТМЫВКИ ПОРОШКОВЫХ ПРОДУКТОВ ХИМИЧЕСКИХ РЕАКЦИЙ ОТ ПОСТОРОННИХ ПРИМЕСЕЙ (57) Реферат: Полезная модель относится к области (4), имеющий боковой отвод, ...

Nanoporous photocatalyst having high specific surface area and high crystallinity and method for preparing the same

Disclosed is a nanoporous photocatalyst having a high specific surface area and high crystallinity and a method for preparing the same, capable of preparing nanoporous photocatalysts, which satisfy both of the high specific surface area of 350 m 2 /g to 650 m 2 /g and high crystallinity through a simple synthetic scheme, in mass production at a low price. The nanoporous catalyst having a high specific area and high crystallinity includes a plurality of nanopores having an average diameter of about 1 nm to about 3 nm. A micro-framework of the nanoporous photocatalyst has a single crystalline phase of anatase or a bicrystalline phase of anatase and brookite, and a specific surface area of the nanoporous photocatalyst is in a range of about 350 m 2 /g to 650 m 2 /g.

MOBILE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL WITH ULTRASOUND

A portable production system for biodiesel production is contained within a rolling chassis. A reactor connected to the rolling chassis includes a transparent reaction vessel which houses ultrasonic transducers arranged to disperse ultrasonic energy to a biodiesel precursor, to promote a transesterification reaction of vegetable oil and or animal fat. A mechanical stirrer, also disposed within the reaction vessel, stirs the reactants. A heater, likewise disposed within the reaction vessel, has at least one cover shaped to change a flow of reactants within the reactor vessel as they are stirred by the stirrer. 1. A portable production system for biodiesel production , comprising: a reaction vessel;', 'one or more ultrasonic transducers disposed within the reaction vessel configured to subject a biodiesel precursor to ultrasonic radiation to promote a transesterification reaction of vegetable oil and or animal fat;', 'a heater; and', 'a mechanical stirrer., 'a reactor including'}2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system is supported by a chassis having a plurality of casters claim 1 , and fittings for lifting of said chassis.3. The system of claim 1 , further including:one or more pumps for changing air pressure;one or more pumps for liquid;a tank for holding a recovered reactant;a tank for holding biodiesel produced.4. The system of claim 1 , further including a dry wash purification column.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ultrasonic transducers are piezoelectric transducers.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the one or more ultrasonic transducers are submerged within the reaction vessel.7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the one or more ultrasonic transducers are contained within a housing.8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the housing is fabricated with titanium.9. The system of claim 6 , wherein the one or more ultrasonic transducers include a plurality of ultrasonic transducers arranged at an angle with respect to each other claim 6 , to ...

Hydrogen Passivation Induced Dispersion of Carbon Nanotubes and Graphene

Methods for dispersing carbon nanoparticles in a media (e.g., an alcohol such as ethanol, a resin such as an epoxy, etc.) are generally provided. The method can include: immersing the carbon nanoparticles into the media, and ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas source. The carbon nanoparticles have dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles, such that the dangling bonds on the surface of adjacent carbon nanoparticles are covelantly bonded to each other. Upon ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas source (e.g., hydrogen gas), the dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles are replaced with carbon-hydrogen bonds. 1. A method of dispersing carbon nanoparticles in a media , each carbon nanoparticle defining a surface having a dangling bond , the method comprising:immersing the carbon nanoparticles into the media, wherein the carbon nanoparticles comprise dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles, and wherein the dangling bonds on the surface of adjacent carbon nanoparticles are covelantly bonded to each other; andultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles in the presence of hydrogen gas source to replace the dangling bonds on the surface of the carbon nanoparticles with carbon-hydrogen bonds.2. The method as in claim 1 , wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency and a power sufficient to break van der Waals force interaction between adjacent carbon nanoparticles.3. The method as in claim 2 , wherein ultrasonicating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles comprises irradiating the media containing the carbon nanoparticles with sound waves having a frequency and a power sufficient to break interaction of dangling bonds between adjacent carbon nanoparticles.4. The ...

Method and system for acoustically treating material

Methods and systems for acoustically treating material using a continuous process in which material may be caused to flow in a continuous or intermittent fashion into/out of an acoustic treatment chamber where the material is exposed to focused acoustic energy. The methods and systems may be arranged to permit continuous processing for extended periods while an acoustic energy source operates at a relatively high power output. Treatment chambers may include features such as an acoustic window, a heat exchanger, inlet/outlet flow arrangements, an inspection window, insert elements that define a treatment volume size or shape, etc. Treatment system configurations relating to arrangements of a treatment chamber relative to an acoustic source and coupling medium, material flow paths, and others are provided.

Method and system for acoustically treating material

Methods and systems for acoustically treating material using a continuous process in which material may be caused to flow in a continuous or intermittent fashion into/out of an acoustic treatment chamber where the material is exposed to focused acoustic energy. The methods and systems may be arranged to permit continuous processing for extended periods while an acoustic energy source operates at a relatively high power output. Treatment chambers may include features such as an acoustic window, a heat exchanger, inlet/outlet flow arrangements, an inspection window, insert elements that define a treatment volume size or shape, etc. Treatment system configurations relating to arrangements of a treatment chamber relative to an acoustic source and coupling medium, material flow paths, and others are provided.

Target substance transfer method, crystal production method, composition production method, and target substance transfer device

The present invention provides a target substance transfer method, a crystal production method, a composition production method, and a target substance transfer device, which allow the concentration of a target substance to be increased easily and effectively. The target substance transfer method is a method for transferring a target substance 103 from a first phase 101 that is a liquid or solid phase containing the target substance 103 to a second phase 102 including: a phase approximation step of bringing the first phase 101 and the second phase 102 into close proximity; and a bubble collapse step of forming bubbles in the vicinity of a boundary between the first phase 101 and the second phase 102 and then causing the bubbles to collapse.

Bubble Implosion Reactor Cavitation Device, Subassembly, and Methods for Utilizing the Same

An apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a bubble implosion reactor cavitation device. The bubble implosion reactor cavitation device includes a tube-shaped cylindrical body including an upstream, a distal end surface and a downstream, proximal end surface. The tube-shaped cylindrical body defines an axial passage that extends through the tube-shaped cylindrical body between the upstream, distal end surface and the downstream, proximal end surface. The apparatus also includes a bubble generator subassembly connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body. The bubble generator subassembly is at least partially disposed within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body. The apparatus also includes a retaining member connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body for retaining the bubble generator subassembly within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body. 177-. (canceled)78. An apparatus , comprising:a bubble implosion reactor cavitation device, including:a tube-shaped cylindrical body including an upstream, a distal end surface and a downstream, proximal end surface, wherein the tube-shaped cylindrical body defines an axial passage that extends through the tube-shaped cylindrical body between the upstream, distal end surface and the downstream, proximal end surface;a bubble generator subassembly connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body, wherein the bubble generator subassembly is at least partially disposed within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body; anda retaining member connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body for retaining the bubble generator subassembly within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body.79. The apparatus of claim 78 , wherein the bubble generator subassembly includesan upstream-facing member,a downstream-facing member connected to the upstream-facing member, anda nozzle array disk arranged between and connected to both of the upstream-facing ...

Bubble Implosion Reactor Cavitation Device, Subassembly, and Methods for Utilizing the Same

An apparatus is disclosed. The apparatus includes a bubble implosion reactor cavitation device. The bubble implosion reactor cavitation device includes a tube-shaped cylindrical body including an upstream, a distal end surface and a downstream, proximal end surface. The tube-shaped cylindrical body defines an axial passage that extends through the tube-shaped cylindrical body between the upstream, distal end surface and the downstream, proximal end surface. The apparatus also includes a bubble generator subassembly connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body. The bubble generator subassembly is at least partially disposed within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body. The apparatus also includes a retaining member connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body for retaining the bubble generator subassembly within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body. 1. An apparatus , comprising:a bubble implosion reactor cavitation device, including:a tube-shaped cylindrical body including an upstream, a distal end surface and a downstream, proximal end surface, wherein the tube-shaped cylindrical body defines an axial passage that extends through the tube-shaped cylindrical body between the upstream, distal end surface and the downstream, proximal end surface;a bubble generator subassembly connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body, wherein the bubble generator subassembly is at least partially disposed within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body; anda retaining member connected to the tube-shaped cylindrical body for retaining the bubble generator subassembly within the axial passage defined by the tube-shaped cylindrical body.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the bubble generator subassembly includesan upstream-facing member,a downstream-facing member connected to the upstream-facing member, anda nozzle array disk arranged between and connected to both of the upstream-facing member and the ...

Process to Produce Atomically Thin Crystals and Films

The invention provides a process for exfoliating a 3-dimensional layered material to produce a 2-dimensional material, said process comprising the steps of mixing the layered material in a water-surfactant solution to provide a mixture wherein the material and atomic structural properties of the layered material in the mixture are not altered; applying energy, for example ultrasound, to said mixture; and applying a force, for example centrifugal force, to said mixture. The invention provides a fast, simple and high yielding process for separating 3-dimensional layered materials into individual 2-dimensional layers or flakes, which do not re-aggregate, without utilising hazardous solvents. 1. A process for exfoliating a 3-dimensional layered material to produce a 2-dimensional material said process comprising the steps of:mixing the layered material in a water-surfactant solution to provide a mixture;applying energy, for example ultrasound, to said mixture; and 'wherein the material and atomic structural properties of the layered material in the mixture are not altered.', 'applying a force, for example a centrifugal force, to said mixture,'}2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein following the step of applying a force the mixture comprises a dispersion of 2-dimensional material.3. A process according to further comprising the step of allowing the formation of a thin film layer from said mixture.4. A process according to claim 1 , further comprising the step of allowing the formation of a thin film layer from said mixture and wherein the step of forming the thin film layer is formed by vacuum filtration.5. A process according to further comprising the step of coating a substrate with the mixture.6. A process according to claim 1 , further comprising the step of coating a substrate with the mixture and wherein the step of coating comprises spray coating or dip coating or Langmuir Blodgett deposition.7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the water-surfactant ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ENHANCING A PROCESS INVOLVING A SOLID OBJECT AND A GAS

This invention relates to a sonic device (and a method) for enhancing a process involving a solid object and a gas, where the gas surrounds the object or at least is in contact with a surface of the object, the device comprising sonic means for applying a high intensity sound or ultrasound to at least the surface object, wherein the high intensity sound or ultrasound, during use of the sonic device, is applied directly in the gas that is also the medium through which the high intensity sound or ultrasound propagates to the surface of the object, whereby a laminar sub-layer at the surface of the object is reduced and/or minimized. The reduction of the laminar sub-layer provides increased heat transfer efficiency and/or increased catalytic speed and/or increased gas exchange. 1. A method of enhancing a process involving a solid object and a gas , where the gas surrounds the object or at least is in contact with a surface of the object , the method comprising the steps of:applying a high intensity sound or ultrasound to at least the surface of the object by sonic means, where the high intensity sound or ultrasound is applied directly in the gas that is also the medium through which the high intensity sound or ultrasound propagates to the surface of the object, whereby a laminar sub-layer at the surface of the object is reduced and/or minimized, where the high intensity sound or ultrasound has an intensity that is 140 dB or larger.2. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in the sound intensity of the high intensity sound or ultrasound is selected from the range of approximately 140-160 dB or is above 160 dB.3. A method according to claim 1 , characterized in that said sonic means comprises: 'receiving a pressurized gas in said sonic means, passing the pressurized gas to said opening, discharging the pressurized gas in a jet towards the cavity from said opening.', 'an outer part and an inner part defining a passage, an opening, and a cavity provided in the ...

REMEDIATION AND EXTRACTION METHODS USING CITRUS BASED SOLVENTS

The present invention relates to methods of extracting hydrocarbons from an oil matrix, either above the surface or in site in an oil deposit and to methods for treating soils contaminated with hydrocarbons and other contaminants. The methods of the present invention are based on the use of a citrus-based solvent and ultrasound energy to extract hydrocarbons from an oil matrix and to treat soils contaminated with organic and/or inorganic contaminants. 1. A method of extracting hydrocarbons from a hydrocarbon matrix , the method comprising: (a) contacting the hydrocarbon matrix with a solution comprising a citrus based solvent to form a mixture , (b) subjecting the mixture to ultrasonic energy , and (c) extracting the hydrocarbons from the hydrocarbon matrix.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to step (a) the method comprises mining the hydrocarbon matrix from an oil deposit.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon matrix is in an oil deposit.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein step (a) comprises contacting the hydrocarbon matrix in the oil deposit with the solution comprising a citrus based solvent; step (b) comprises subjecting the oil deposit having the citrus-based solvent to the ultrasonic energy; and step (c) comprises extracting the hydrocarbons from the oil deposit.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oil deposit includes water.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oil deposit includes a spent Steam Assisted Gravity Drainage (SAGD) well claim 3 , and wherein step (a) comprises pouring or injecting the citrus-based solvent into the spent SAGD well; step (b) comprises subjecting the oil deposit having the citrus-based solvent to the ultrasonic energy; and step (c) comprises extracting the hydrocarbons from the oil deposit.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon include heavy crude oils.8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the hydrocarbon include heavy crude oils.9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the oil deposit is selected from shale ...

DEVICE FOR TREATING A LIQUID AND METHOD OF TREATING A SUSPENSION

A device for treating a liquid has a chamber and a rotatable cavitation element arranged within the chamber. According to a first aspect, the chamber has a cross-section with different roundnesses in the region of the cavitation element. According to a second aspect, the substantially disk-shaped cavitation element has (preferably oblong) passage openings which have rounded inner walls. 1. A device for treating a liquid , the device comprisinga chamber, anda rotatable cavitation element arranged within the chamber,wherein the chamber has a cross-section with different roundnesses in the region of the cavitation element.2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the cross-section of the chamber has a basic shape of a polygon with rounded corners.3. The device according to claim 2 , wherein the sides of the polygonal basic shape are convex.4. The device according to claim 2 , wherein the basic shape of the cross-section is that of a regular polygon.5. The device according to claim 4 , wherein the cross-section of the chamber has a trilobular shape.6. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the basic shape of the cross-section is that of an irregular polygon.7. A device for treating a liquid claim 1 , comprisinga chamber, anda substantially disk-shaped cavitation element arranged within the chamber,wherein the cavitation element has passage openings which have rounded inner walls.8. The device according to claim 7 , wherein the passage openings each extend from an upper side completely through the cavitation element to a lower side.9. The device according to claim 8 , wherein the diameter of the passage openings varies by less than 50% claim 8 , preferably by less than 30% claim 8 , further preferably by less than 20% claim 8 , over the axial height thereof.10. The device according to claim 8 , wherein the inner walls are rounded to different degrees in regions near the upper side and in regions near the lower side.11. The device according to claim 8 , wherein the ...

PRODUCTION OF VINYL ACETATE FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having vinyl acetate. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is treated to convert acetylene to vinyl acetate. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing vinyl acetate comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene; andpassing the reactor effluent stream to a vinyl acetate reactor at vinyl acetate reaction conditions to form a vinyl acetate effluent stream.2. The method of further comprising passing the vinyl acetate effluent stream to a vinyl acetate purification zone to generate a vinyl acetate product stream.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about mach 1.0 and about mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° C. and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 ms and about 100 ms.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein treating the reactor effluent stream includes removing carbon dioxide to a level below about 1000 wt-ppm of the hydrocarbon stream.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon stream includes a methane feed stream portion upstream of the supersonic reactor comprising natural gas.7. The method of further comprising passing an acetic acid stream to the vinyl acetate reactor.8. The method of wherein the vinyl acetate ...

PRODUCTION OF HIGHER HYDROCARBONS FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is further processed to generate larger hydrocarbons in a second reactor. The reactor effluent stream can be processed before the second reactor to remove waste products such as carbon monoxide and nitrogen in the reactor effluent stream. 1. A method for producing alkanes comprising:introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene; andpassing the reactor effluent stream to a hydroprocessing reactor to form a second process stream comprising alkanes.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about mach 1.0 and about mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° C. and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 ms and about 100 ms.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the reactor effluent stream to remove CO to a level below about 100 wt-ppm of the reactor effluent stream.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon stream includes a methane feed stream portion upstream of the supersonic reactor comprising natural gas.6. The method of further comprising:passing the reactor effluent stream to a polymerization reactor to generate a stream comprising polyacetylenes;passing the stream comprising polyacetylene to the hydroprocessing reactor, wherein the hydroprocessing reactor is a hydrogenation unit to convert the polyacetylene stream to a stream comprising alkanes.7. The method of ...

PRODUCTION OF OXYGENATES FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing acetylene as an intermediate stream to form a stream having oxygenates. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to oxygenates through subsequent reactors. 1. A method for producing aldehydes comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;converting the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor at hydrogenation reaction conditions to form a second effluent stream comprising olefins; andpassing the second effluent stream to an aldehyde conversion reactor at aldehyde conversion reaction conditions to form an effluent stream comprising aldehydes.2. The method of further comprising:passing the second effluent stream to an oligomerization reactor to generate an oligomerization effluent stream; andpassing the oligomerization effluent stream to the aldehyde conversion reactor, to generate an effluent stream comprising C4+ aldehydes.3. The method of further comprising passing an oxygen stream comprising oxygen to the aldehyde conversion reactor.4. The method of wherein the aldehyde reaction conditions include an aldehyde conversion catalyst.5. The method of wherein the oxidation catalyst is a metal chloride. (PdCl2 claim 4 , CuCl2).6. The method of further comprising passing a second stream comprising water to the aldehyde conversion reactor.7. The method of wherein the aldehyde conversion reaction conditions include basic reaction conditions over a catalyst.8. The method of wherein in the basic reaction conditions include the addition of an alkali compound.9. The method of wherein the conversion reaction in the supersonic reactor is a pyrolysis reaction.10. A ...

PRODUCTION OF BUTANEDIOL FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to butanediol. The method includes processing acetylene as an intermediate stream to form a hydrocarbon stream including butanediol. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing butanediol comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;converting the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream and a second stream comprising formaldehyde to a second reactor at second reaction conditions to form a second effluent stream comprising butyne diol; andpassing the second effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor at hydrogenation reaction conditions to form a butanediol effluent stream.2. The method of further comprising:passing the reactor effluent stream to an acetylene enrichment unit to generate an enriched acetylene stream and a waste stream comprising CO and hydrogen; andpassing the enriched acetylene stream to the second reactor.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about mach 1.0 and about mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° C. and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 ms and about 100 ms.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein treating the reactor effluent stream includes removing carbon dioxide to a level below about 1000 wt- ...

PRODUCTION OF VINYL CHLORIDE FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a hydrocarbon stream having vinyl chloride. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to other hydrocarbon processes. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide in the hydrocarbon stream to limit downstream side reactions in the downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing vinyl chloride comprising:introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor to form a second effluent stream comprising ethylene; andpassing the second effluent stream to a vinyl chloride reactor to generate a vinyl chloride effluent stream.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about mach 1.0 and about mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° C. and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 ms and 100 ms.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising treating the reactor effluent stream to remove CO to a level below about 100 wt-ppm of the reactor effluent stream.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon stream includes a methane feed stream portion upstream of the supersonic reactor comprising natural gas.6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising passing the hydrogenation reactor effluent stream through a light olefins recovery unit to generate ...

Production of aromatics from a methane conversion process

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to a process stream having aromatic compounds. The acetylene stream can be reacted to generate larger hydrocarbon compounds, which are passed to a cyclization and aromatization reactor to generate aromatics. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon oxides in the hydrocarbon stream.

PRODUCTION OF BUTADIENE FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having butadiene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to butadiene. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing butadiene comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a ethanol reactor at ethanol reaction conditions to form an ethanol reactor effluent stream; andpassing the ethanol effluent stream to a butadiene reactor at butadiene reactor conditions to generate a butadiene product stream.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about mach 1.0 and about mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° C. and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 ms and about 100 ms.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein treating the reactor effluent stream includes removing carbon dioxide to a level below about 1000 wt-ppm of the hydrocarbon stream.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon stream includes a methane feed stream portion upstream of the supersonic reactor comprising natural gas.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ethanol reaction conditions include a temperature greater than 250° C.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ethanol reaction conditions include ...

HIGH EFFICIENCY PROCESSES FOR OLEFINS, ALKYNES, AND HYDROGEN CO-PRODUCTION FROM LIGHT HYDROCARBONS SUCH AS METHANE

High efficiency processes for producing olefins, alkynes, and hydrogen co-production from light hydrocarbons are disclosed. In one version, the method includes the steps of combusting hydrogen and oxygen in a combustion zone of a pyrolytic reactor to create a combustion gas stream, transitioning a velocity of the combustion gas stream from subsonic to supersonic in an expansion zone of the pyrolytic reactor, injecting a light hydrocarbon into the supersonic combustion gas stream to create a mixed stream including the light hydrocarbon, transitioning the velocity of the mixed stream from supersonic to subsonic in a reaction zone of the pyrolytic reactor to produce acetylene, and catalytically hydrogenating the acetylene in a hydrogenation zone to produce ethylene. In certain embodiments, the carbon efficiency is improved using methanation techniques. 1. A method of making alkenes and alkynes , the method comprising:(a) combusting a fuel and an oxidizer in a combustion zone of a pyrolytic reactor to create a combustion gas stream;(b) transitioning a velocity of the combustion gas stream from subsonic to supersonic in an expansion zone of the pyrolytic reactor;(c) injecting a light hydrocarbon into the supersonic combustion gas stream to create a mixed stream including the light hydrocarbon;(d) transitioning the velocity of the mixed stream from supersonic to subsonic in a reaction zone of the pyrolytic reactor to produce an alkyne; and(e) catalytically hydrogenating the alkyne in a hydrogenation zone to produce an alkene.2. The method of wherein:the fuel is hydrogen,the oxidizer is oxygen,the light hydrocarbon is methane,the alkyne is acetylene, andthe alkene is ethylene.3. The method of wherein:transitioning the velocity of the mixed stream from supersonic to subsonic in step (d) forms a shockwave resulting in an increase in pressure and temperature of the mixed stream.4. The method of wherein:a first temperature of the mixed stream immediately upstream of the shock ...

CARBON DIOXIDE REMOVAL AND METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon dioxide, hydrogen sulfide and water in the hydrocarbon stream. 1. A method for producing acetylene comprising:introducing a feed stream portion of a hydrocarbon stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream portion of the hydrocarbon stream comprising acetylene;treating at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream in at least one membrane unit to produce a permeate stream and a retentate stream, wherein the retentate stream contains a lower concentration of at least one of water, hydrogen sulfide, or carbon dioxide as compared to the hydrocarbon stream; andsupplying the retentate stream to a molecular sieve unit to remove carbon dioxide to produce a treated hydrocarbon stream.2. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about Mach 1.0 and about Mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.3. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 and about 100 ms.4. The method of further comprising treating said at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream to remove other contaminants.5. The method of wherein the at least one membrane unit is primarily provided to remove carbon dioxide from the gas stream while ...

NITROGEN REMOVAL AND METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of nitrogen from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of nitrogen in the hydrocarbon stream. 1. A method for producing acetylene comprising:introducing a feed stream portion of a hydrocarbon stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream portion of the hydrocarbon stream comprising acetylene; andtreating at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream in a contaminant removal zone to remove nitrogen from the hydrocarbon stream.2. The method of wherein said contaminant removal zone comprises at least one adsorbent bed comprising an adsorbent material comprising one or more adsorbents to remove said nitrogen.3. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about Mach 1.0 and about Mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.4. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 and about 100 ms.5. The method of further comprising treating said at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream to remove other contaminants.6. The method of wherein said contaminant removal zone comprises a membrane separation system wherein nitrogen is removed from the stream using said membrane separation system.7. The method of wherein said contaminant removal zone comprises a cryogenic separation system wherein nitrogen is removed from ...

CARBON MONOXIDE REMOVAL AND METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes removing at least a portion of carbon monoxide from a hydrocarbon stream. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide in the hydrocarbon stream. 1. A method for producing acetylene comprising:introducing a feed stream portion of a hydrocarbon stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream portion of the hydrocarbon stream comprising acetylene; andtreating at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream in a contaminant removal zone to remove carbon monoxide from the hydrocarbon stream that is contacted with an adsorbent material comprising one or more adsorbents to remove said carbon monoxide.2. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes accelerating the hydrocarbon stream to a velocity of between about Mach 1.0 and about Mach 4.0 and slowing down the hydrocarbon stream to increase the temperature of the hydrocarbon process stream.3. The method of wherein pyrolyzing the methane includes heating the methane to a temperature of between about 1200° and about 3500° C. for a residence time of between about 0.5 and about 100 ms.4. The method of further comprising treating said at least a portion of the hydrocarbon stream to remove other contaminants.5. The method of wherein said adsorbent is a zeolite is selected from the group consisting of clinoptilolites and LTA (4A claim 1 , 5A) zeolites claim 1 , faujasites (13× claim 1 , CaX claim 1 , NaY claim 1 , CaY claim 1 , and ZnX) claim 1 , and chabazites.6. The method of wherein said adsorbent is a silica gel or an activated carbon.7. The method of ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to produce a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andat least a portion of the reactor shell formed as a casting for resisting deterioration due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the casting comprises a directional casting.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the directional casting is columnar grained.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the directional casting is single crystal.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the casting comprises a superalloy.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the casting comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the casting comprises a material selected from the group consisting of duplex stainless steel claim 1 , super duplex stainless steel claim 1 , and nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloy.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature to produce an effluent;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to produce a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to mix with the methane feed stream to form a pyrolysis stream and heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda free radical inhibitor source in communication with at least a portion of the reactor chamber for providing a free radical inhibitor to the process stream to suppress formation of free radicals therein.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the free radical inhibitor source includes a sulfur source in communication with the methane feed stream for adding sulfur to the feed stream.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a quench stream inlet for introducing a quench stream into a quench zone of the supersonic reactor claim 1 ,wherein the free radical inhibitor source includes a sulfur source in communication with the quench stream for adding sulfur thereto.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a quench zone for quickly decreasing the temperature of the pyrolysis stream claim 1 , anda free radical scavenger source in communication with the quench zone to suppress free radical formation.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the free radical scavenger source includes a sulfur source.6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the free ...

Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING A MATERIAL BY PRESSURE WAVE

A system for processing a material comprises a reactor having an inlet for receiving a flow of the material and an outlet for releasing processed material from the reactor; an acoustic transducer for producing soundwaves propagating within the reactor and through the material; and one or more strings, placed under tension within the reactor and selected to resonantly vibrate at a predetermined frequency, responsively to the soundwave. 1. A system for processing a material , the system comprising:a reactor having an inlet for receiving a flow of the material and an outlet for releasing processed material from said reactor;a first acoustic transducer and a second acoustic transducer, acoustically coupled from two opposite ends to said reactor for producing soundwaves propagating within said reactor and through the material in opposite directions; anda set of strings, placed under tension within said reactor and selected to resonantly vibrate at a predetermined frequency, responsively to said soundwaves.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein said set of strings are arranged conically to receive soundwaves from said first transducer at an apex of said conical arrangement.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein said set of strings are arranged to form a flat shape.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein said set of strings are arranged to form a shape selected from the group consisting of a parabolic shape claim 1 , an elliptical shape claim 1 , a round shape claim 1 , a triangular shape claim 1 , and a circular shape.5. The system according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of said first and said second transducers is an electromagnetic transducer.6. The system according to claim 1 , wherein each of said first and said second transducers is an electromagnetic transducer.7. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said first transducer is coupled to said reactor by an acoustic horn placed inside said reactor.8. (canceled)9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein said second ...

CONTINUOUS ULTRASONIC TREATMENT OF SEEDS

A process and an apparatus continuously treat seeds with ultrasonic transmission. The process includes mixing seeds with a flowable medium to create a flowable slurry of seeds; continuously moving the flowable slurry of seeds for a length of a flow pipe through a helical path within the flow pipe; and as the flowable slurry flows through the helical path within the for the length of the flow pipe, subjecting the seeds to ultrasonic transmission created by ultrasonic transducers arranged along the length of the flow pipe. The seeds in the flowable slurry are subjected to the ultrasonic transmission having such waveforms and being transmitted in a manner so as not to damage the seeds and to produce ultrasonically-treated seeds that have regulated germination characteristics, such that plants resulting from the ultrasonically-treated seeds when the seeds are planted have affected growth characteristics. The apparatus effects this process. 1. A process for continuously treating seeds with ultrasonic transmission , the process comprising:mixing seeds with a flowable medium to create a flowable slurry of seeds;continuously moving the flowable slurry of seeds for a length of a flow pipe through a helical path within the flow pipe; andas the flowable slurry flows through the helical path within and for the length of the flow pipe, subjecting the seeds to ultrasonic transmission created by ultrasonic transducers arranged along the length of the flow pipe;the seeds in the flowable slurry being subjected to the ultrasonic transmission having such waveforms and being transmitted in a manner so as not to damage the seeds and to produce ultrasonically-treated seeds that have regulated germination characteristics, such that plants resulting from the ultrasonically-treated seeds when the seeds are planted have affected growth characteristics.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the regulated germination characteristics are enhanced germination characteristics.3. The process of claim ...

Process for Making Crystals

A process for preparing crystalline particles of an active principal in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation that comprises contacting a solution of a solute in a solvent in a first flowing stream with an anti-solvent in a second flowing stream causing the mixing thereof, wherein the flow rate ratio of the anti-solvent: solvent is higher than 20:1, and collecting crystals that are generated. 1. A process for preparing crystalline particles of at least one active principal in the presence of ultrasonic irradiation , the process comprising a closed flow loop comprising a feed chamber , an ultrasonic flow cell chamber and a pump , the process comprising contacting , in the ultrasonic flow cell chamber , a solution of at least one solute in a solvent in a first flowing stream with an anti-solvent in a second flowing stream pumped from the feed chamber , causing the mixing thereof , wherein the flow rate ratio of the anti-solvent: solvent is higher than 20:1 , the mixture in the ultrasonic flow cell chamber being subjected to ultrasonic irradiation , the ultrasonic irradiation inducing nucleation and subsequent crystallisation of the at least one solute , the mixture flowing out of the ultrasonic flow cell chamber and into the feed chamber completing the closed flow loop , recirculating the second flowing stream around the closed flow loop and collecting the crystalline particles that are generated.2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the crystalline particles comprise a mixture of two active principals.3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the crystalline particles comprise a combination of a corticosteroid and a b2-agonist.4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the active principal is fluticasone propionate.5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the active principal comprises at least one of an anti-allergic claim 1 , bronchodilator claim 1 , or anti-inflammatory steroid.6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the anti-solvent is miscible ...

METHOD FOR CONTROLLING A CHEMICAL REACTION AND APPARATUS FOR CARRYING OUT SAID METHOD

The invention relates to a method for controlling a chemical reaction which creates a product, wherein at least one reactant that is present in a liquid phase is subjected to a pressure change. 1. A method for controlling a chemical reaction which creates a product comprising:wherein at least one reactant that is present in a liquid phase is subjected to a pressure change wherein a pressure minimum is no greater than 105%, preferably no greater than 103%, and especially preferably no greater than 101% of a cavitation pressure of the at least one reactant, without causing cavitation in the at least one reactant.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a pressure difference between the pressure minimum and the cavitation pressure is less than 20 mbar.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein pressure is reduced from an initial value to the pressure minimum and then increases to a target value which essentially corresponds to the initial value.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein a time required to reduce the pressure from the initial value to the pressure minimum is less than a time required to increase the pressure from the pressure minimum to the target value.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a chemical reaction is caused inside a reaction chamber claim 1 , wherein a volume of the reaction chamber is varied.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the volume of the reaction chamber is varied by a piston which moves the at least one reactant into the reaction chamber before the chemical reaction occurs and pushes a product out of the reaction chamber after the reaction has occurred.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a cavitation pressure of the reactant is determined at intervals of less than 30 minutes.8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the cavitation pressure is determined continuously.9. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the pressure minimum and/or a temporal course of the pressure for the chemical reaction ...

Method and apparatus for processing liquids and conducting sonochemical reactions

A method of processing a liquid including (a) passing a flow of the liquid through a local constriction into an outlet channel, the flow of liquid having a velocity of at least 1.4 m/s at the exit end of the outlet channel, the flow of liquid in the outlet channel containing cavitation bubbles, and (b) collapsing the cavitation bubbles by subjecting the cavitation bubbles to a water hammer hydraulic pulse pressure resulting from periodically rapidly closing the outlet channel. A device for practicing the method is also disclosed.

SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOT AND METHOD OF CARRYING OUT CHEMICAL REACTION OR PHOTOLUMINESCENCE REACTION BY USING THE SAME

A semiconductor quantum dot is provided with a non-metallic substrate, and has a particle size ranged from 0.3 to nm. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction or a photoluminescence reaction by using the semiconductor quantum dot is also provided. A redox reaction of a target sample is carried out, an active substance is generated, or an electron-hole pair is produced from the semiconductor quantum dot by providing the semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy. Photons are released by the combination of the electron-hole pair so as to perform the photoluminescence reaction. 1. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction by using a semiconductor quantum dot , comprising steps of:(1) mixing a target sample and the semiconductor quantum dot, wherein the semiconductor quantum dot comprises oxidized graphene oxide and has a particle size ranging from 0.3 to 100 nm; and(2) providing the semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy, so that the semiconductor quantum dot generates electron-hole pairs, and a redox reaction of the target sample is carried out by the electron-hole pairs; or the target sample or a surrounding molecule thereof generates an active substance, and a redox reaction of the target sample is carried out by the active substance.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor quantum dot comprises at least one dopant.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the dopant is selected from at least one of group IIIA element claim 2 , group IVA element claim 2 , group VA element claim 2 , group VIA element claim 2 , and transition element having an empty d orbital.4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the dopant is at least one of O claim 2 , N claim 2 , P claim 2 , B claim 2 , Fe claim 2 , Co claim 2 , and Ni.5. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the dopant has a doping ratio more than 0 mol % and less than 50 mol %.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor quantum dot is disc- ...

COMPOSITION, METHOD, AND APPARATUS FOR CRUDE OIL REMEDIATION

Crude oil-contaminated objects are remediated by mixing crude oil-contaminated objects with an aqueous solution including co-solvents, electrolytes, and anionic surfactants. The co-solvents are selected from the group consisting of secondary butyl alcohol and isopropanol. The electrolytes are selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride and sodium chloride. The aqueous solution comprises between 5% and 10% of secondary butyl alcohol by weight; between 1% to 8% of an anionic surfactant by weight; and between 3000 mg/L and 5000 mg/L electrolytes. 1. An apparatus for remediating crude oil-contaminated objects , comprising:a container; anda mixer that mixes the crude oil-contaminated objects with an aqueous solution including co-solvents, electrolytes, and anionic surfactants,wherein the co-solvents are selected from the group consisting of secondary butyl alcohol and isopropanol,wherein the electrolytes are selected from the group consisting of calcium chloride and sodium chloride.2. The apparatus according to further comprising:an ultrasound creator that applies ultrasound to the mixture of the aqueous solution and the crude oil-contaminated objects.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:an air bubble creator that introduces air bubbles into the mixture of the aqueous solution and the crude oil-contaminated objects.4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:a heater that raises the temperature of the mixture of the aqueous solution and the crude oil-contaminated objects.5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising:a collector that collects separated crude oil from the mixture of the aqueous solution and the crude oil-contaminated objects.6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the crude oil-contaminated objects include crude oil-contaminated sand claim 1 , aquifer claim 1 , or soil.7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous solution includes about 5% surfactant by weight of the ...

Ultrasonic Horn With A Large High-Amplitude Output Surface

Ultrasonic horns having improved longevity and simplified manufacturing approaches that can be more easily adapted to ultrasonic reactor chambers or batch processing containers. The ultrasonic horn designs increase the uniformity and intensity of acoustic energy radiated into a liquid medium and thus better correspond to the requirements of a particular sonochemical or sonomechanical process. The ultrasonic horns do not require a specific number of cylindrical sections and allow for various lengths and profiles of variable-diameter sections. The ultrasonic horns also reduce stress in the material of the ultrasonic horns and therefore extend longevity. 1. An ultrasonic horn , comprising:a first section that reduces in diameter from a first diameter to a second diameter; anda second section directly connected to and extending from the first section that increases in diameter from the second diameter to a third diameter.2. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the first section defines an input surface.3. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the second section defines an output surface.4. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , further comprising an entrance section defining an input surface claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the entrance section has the first diameter.5. The ultrasonic horn of claim 4 , wherein the entrance section is a cylinder having the first diameter.6. The ultrasonic horn of claim 4 , wherein the entrance section has a shape that varies between a fourth diameter and the first diameter.7. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , further comprising an exit section defining an output surface claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the exit section has the third diameter.8. The ultrasonic horn of claim 7 , wherein the exit section is a cylinder having the third diameter.9. The ultrasonic horn of claim 7 , wherein the exit section has a shape that varies between a fifth diameter and the third diameter.10. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the ...

APPARATUS FOR REVAPORIZING GAS HYDRATE PELLETS

The present invention provides an apparatus for regasifying gas hydrate pellets that includes: a cylinder; a piston coupled to an inside of the cylinder and configured to reciprocate up and down; a pellet providing part coupled to an one side of the cylinder in such a way that supply of gas hydrate pellets to the cylinder is adjusted by having one end thereof opened and closed by reciprocation of the piston; a pressure adjusting space having one end thereof coupled to a lower portion of the cylinder; a door formed in the pressure adjusting space and configured to define the pressure adjusting space; a transfer part having one end thereof coupled to the other end of the pressure adjusting space and configured to transfer the gas hydrate pellets; and a regasification part coupled to the other end of the transfer part and having heating water therein to allow regasification of the transferred gas hydrate pellets.

PACKING MATERIAL SONICATION

Described herein is a carbon capture system and methods for improving carbon capture through the introduction of sonic transducers within packed beds in the absorber. The system of sonic energy applied to a packed bed can improve yield or transfer rate in systems using a two phase reaction, such as in general absorption systems, distillation systems, or stripping systems. 1. A carbon capture system comprising an absorber with a lower gas inlet and upper gas outlet and an upper solvent inlet and a lower solvent outlet for counterflow with at least one packed bed placed in between all outlets , each packed bed comprising a sonic transducer and a packed material.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sonic transducer is located within the packing bed.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sonic transducer is on the outside of the packed bed.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sonic transducer produces between 1 to 100 kHz.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the sonic transducer produces ultrasonic energy.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the packed bed is randomly packed.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the packed bed is structurally packed.8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the packing material is selected from the groups consisting of metal claim 1 , polymer claim 1 , fiber claim 1 , wood claim 1 , mineral and combinations thereof.9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the packed bed further comprises activated carbon.10. A method for increasing mass transfer in a carbon capture system comprising applying sonic or acoustic energy to a packed bed in an absorber column within the carbon capture system.11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the energy is ultrasonic energy.12. The method of claim 10 , wherein the applied sonic energy is from sonic transducers attached to the packed bed.13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the applied sonic energy is from sonic transducers placed within to the packed bed.14. A method of increasing yield or transfer rate from a packed bed ...

SURFACE CLEANING APPARATUS

A surface cleaning apparatus includes a housing with an on-board reactive oxygen species generator which produces reactive oxygen species in situ from fluid stored within an on-board supply tank of the surface cleaning apparatus, and further delivers the generated reactive oxygen species to a cleaning pad attached to the housing of the surface cleaning apparatus. 1. A surface cleaning apparatus comprising:a housing adapted to be moved across a surface to be cleaned;a fluid distribution system provided with the housing for storing and supplying a fluid, and comprising a supply tank from which a portion of the fluid is provided;a cleaning pad mounted to the housing and in fluid communication with the fluid distribution system; and a transducer; and', 'an acoustic horn operably coupling the transducer to the portion of the fluid;', 'wherein the acoustic horn transfers energy to the portion of the fluid to generate reactive oxygen species which are provided to the cleaning pad., 'a reactive oxygen species generator provided with the housing in fluid communication with the supply tank, the reactive oxygen species generator comprising2. The surface cleaning apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the housing comprises a lower housing moveably coupled with an upper housing claim 1 , and wherein the cleaning pad is attached to the lower housing.3. The surface cleaning apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the surface cleaning apparatus comprises a steam generator provided with the housing and having a steam outlet for delivering steam to the cleaning pad.4. The surface cleaning apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the steam outlet is further fluidly coupled with the reactive oxygen species generator such that the steam co-mingles with the generated reactive oxygen species before being delivered to the cleaning pad.5. The surface cleaning apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the steam generator includes a first cavity defined within the housing and comprises a heating element mounted within the first ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING RADIONUCLIDE

A method for producing a radionuclide is provided that produces molybdenum trioxide 99 (Mo-99.O) and technetium oxide 99m (Tc-99m.O) by emitting an electron beam accelerated by an electron linear accelerator to a molybdenum trioxide 100 (Mo-100.O) powder sample, and which separates and purifies technetium oxide 99m from both the molybdenum trioxide 99 and the technetium oxide 99m by using a radionuclide separation/purification unit. The method for producing a radionuclide supplies temperature-regulated gas to the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample during an irradiation period during which the electron beam is emitted to the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample. 1. A method for producing a radionuclide that produces molybdenum trioxide 99 (Mo-99.O) and technetium oxide 99m (Tc-99m.O) by emitting an electron beam accelerated by an electron linear accelerator to a molybdenum trioxide 100 (Mo-100.O) powder sample , and which separates and purifies technetium oxide 99m from both the molybdenum trioxide 99 and the technetium oxide 99m by using a separation/purification unit , the method comprising:supplying temperature-regulated gas to the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample during an irradiation period during which the electron beam is emitted to the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample.2. The method for producing a radionuclide according to claim 1 , further comprising:vibrating the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample during the irradiation period.3. The method for producing a radionuclide according to claim 1 , whereinthe gas supplied to the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample during the irradiation period is a gas mixture of oxygen gas and noble gas.4. The method for producing a radionuclide according to claim 1 , further comprising:measuring a temperature of the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample during the irradiation period, andregulating a temperature of the gas so that the temperature of the molybdenum trioxide 100 powder sample is adjusted within a ...

ONE-POT PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF BIODIESEL AND GLYCEROL ETHER MIXTURES USEFUL AS BIOFUELS

A process for the conversion of a feedstock containing one or more fatty acid triglycerides to a mixture containing one or more fatty acid alkyl esters and t-alkyl glycerols, including reacting the feedstock with a compound of formula (I): 2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein R claim 1 , Rand Rin formula (II) are selected from the group consisting of methyl claim 1 , ethyl claim 1 , propyl claim 1 , isopropyl claim 1 , butyl claim 1 , t-butyl claim 1 , ethenyl claim 1 , propenyl claim 1 , isopropenyl claim 1 , butenyl claim 1 , isobutenyl claim 1 , hexenyl claim 1 , ethynyl claim 1 , propynyl and butynyl.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein R claim 2 , Rand Rin formula (II) are methyl.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein Rin formula (I) is selected from the group consisting of methyl claim 1 , ethyl claim 1 , propyl claim 1 , isopropyl and butyl.5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein Rin formula (I) is methyl.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the compound of formula (I) is tert-butyl methyl ether.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the feedstock is selected from the group consisting of:vegetable oils such as coconut oil, corn oil, cottonseed oil, olive oil, palm oil, peanut oil, rapeseed oil, canola oil, safflower oil, sesame oil, soybean oil, sunflower oil, almond oil, beech nut oil, cashew oil, hazelnut oil, macadamia oil, pine nut oil, pistachio oil, walnut oil, citrus oils, grapefruit seed oil, lemon oil, orange oil, castor oil, animal fats such as beef tallow, lard, poultry fat and fish oils;', 'waste oils and fats from various sources, such as oils and fats used in restaurants and the catering industry in, 'hemp oil, mustard oil, radish oil, rice bran oil, salicornia oil, soybean oil, Jatropha oil, jojoba oil, linseed oil, poppy oil, stillingia oil, fruit tree oil, artichoke oil, carrot seed oil, mango oil and sea-buckthorn oil;'}general, and present in the waste of the agrifood and seafood industries.8. ...

Method of synthesizing silica nanofibers using sound waves

A method for synthesizing silica nanofibers using sound waves is provided. The method includes providing a solution of polyvinyl pyrrolidone, adding sodium citrate and ammonium hydroxide to form a first mixture, adding a silica-based compound to the solution to form a second mixture, and sonicating the second mixture to synthesize a plurality of silica nanofibers having an average cross-sectional diameter of less than 70 nm and having a length on the order of at least several hundred microns. The method can be performed without heating or electrospinning, and instead includes less energy intensive strategies that can be scaled up to an industrial scale. The resulting nanofibers can achieve a decreased mean diameter over conventional fibers. The decreased diameter generally increases the tensile strength of the silica nanofibers, as defects and contaminations decrease with the decreasing diameter.

METHOD FOR PREPARING FUNCTIONAL POLYPEPTIDE THROUGH MULTIMODE ULTRASONIC ENHANCING ENZYMOLYSIS

The invention is about methods for preparing functional polypeptide by multi-mode ultrasound enhancement on enzymolysis, and it relates to the field of functional peptide production technologies. The objective of the invention is to improve the degree of hydrolysis of protein, increase the anti-hypertensive activity of protein hydrolysate, shorten the enzymolysis time and reduce the energy consumption. To achieve this, some methods are developed, such as the method for preparing the anti-hypertensive peptide from wheat gluten by sequential ultrasound enhanced enzymatic hydrolysis, preparation of anti-hypertensive peptide from corn gluten by ultrasonic reverberation field, and the technology for preparing functional polypeptide by countercurrent mode dual frequency ultrasound pretreatment of prion protein. The invention of solid-liquid scanning ultrasonic pretreatment of corn gluten meal suspension leads to an improved efficiency of enzymatic hydrolysis. The invention of multi-mode ultrasonic pretreatment of wheat gluten suspension also improves the enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency. Compared with the traditional enzymatic hydrolysis method, the effect of multi-mode ultrasonic pretreatment on the ACE inhibitory rate of enzymatic hydrolysate is increased by 16.4%˜25.4%, and compared with single frequency ultrasound, the ACE inhibitory rate of enzymatic hydrolysate is increased by 6.0%˜13.7%. 1. A method for preparing functional polypeptide by multi-mode ultrasonic-assisted enzymolysis , and method for preparing blood pressure reducing peptide of protein of wheat gluten by sequential ultrasonic intensification , comprising the following steps: (1) the gluten is formulated as a suspension with a mass concentration of 3% , and pretreated by the order of triple frequency ultrasound. (2) under the conditions of pH 9.0 , temperature of 50° C. , substrate concentration of 3% , alkaline protease enzyme dosage 4560 U/g , enzymatic hydrolysis for 30 minutes , use of 0.2 mol/L HCl ...

DEVICE FOR CONDUCTING SONOCHEMICAL REACTIONS AND PROCESSING LIQUIDS

A device for processing a liquid via hydrodynamic cavitation, the device including a housing, a channel element and a rotor, the channel element defining a channel and having at least one discharge orifice extending from the channel perpendicular to the longitudinal axis of the channel element. The rotor has a rotor channel and rotates about the portion of the channel element containing the discharge orifice, to periodically open and close the discharge orifice, thereby creating a water hammer hydraulic pulse in the channel. 1. A device for processing a liquid comprising a housing , a channel element and a rotor , the channel element being connected to the housing and extending at least partially within the housing , a distal portion of the channel element having a cylindrical external surface , the channel element having a first longitudinal axis , the channel element having at least one discharge orifice having a second longitudinal axis which extends through a point on the first longitudinal axis and is perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis , the rotor being mounted on a shaft and being located within the housing , the rotor having a cylindrical internal surface facing the channel element cylindrical external surface , the rotor having at least one rotor channel having a third longitudinal axis which is perpendicular to the first longitudinal axis , the rotor being rotatable about the distal portion of the channel element such that , as the rotor rotates , the rotor channel will periodically line up with the discharge orifice so that the discharge orifice is open , the channel element having at least one local constriction which defines an opening and which is located upstream from the discharge orifice.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the rotor is rotatable about the distal portion of the channel element such that claim 1 , as the rotor rotates claim 1 , the discharge orifice is periodically closed by being covered by the internal surface of the rotor.3 ...

A NOVEL CATALYTIC MULTI-REACTION ZONE REACTOR SYSTEM

The present invention is a production method for ammonia and ammonia derivatives in a Multi-Reaction Zone Reactor. Said production method comprising the steps of: a) producing at least some section of ammonia as a result of balance reaction of ammonia by means of nitrogen and hydrogen catalyst in at least one primary reaction zone (RZ-), b) realizing absorption by means of chemical or physical absorbents of at least some section of ammonia which is in gas form and which is produced in primary reaction zone (RZ-) in at least one secondary reaction zone (RZ-) which is not separated by discrete physical barriers with the primary reaction zone (RZ-). 1. A production method for ammonia and ammonia derivatives in a Multi-Reaction Zone Reactor , comprising:a) producing at least some section of ammonia as a result of balance reaction and/or conversion into ammonia by means of nitrogen and hydrogen with catalyst in at least one primary reaction zone,{'b': '1', 'b) realizing absorption in at least one secondary reaction zone by means of chemical or physical absorbents of at least some section of ammonia which is in gas form and which is produced in primary reaction zone, wherein the secondary reaction zone is not separated from the primary reaction zone by discrete physical barriers.'}2. Production method according to claim 1 , wherein the temperatures of each reaction zone are controlled by means of at least one heating/cooling coil.3. Production method according to claim 2 , wherein in said heating/cooling coil claim 2 , at least one of nitrogen claim 2 , hydrogen claim 2 , and ammonia is circulated.4. Production method according to claim 1 , wherein in step (a) claim 1 , a temperature of the primary reaction zone is in a range from 100 and 300° C.5. Production method according to claim 4 , wherein in step (a) claim 4 , the temperature of the primary reaction zone is in a range from 200 and 250° C.6. Production method according to claim 1 , wherein in step (b) claim 1 , the ...

Process Stream Decontamination Systems and Methods

A decontamination system for decontaminating at least one contaminant in a process stream. Decontaminant liquid is dispersed into the process stream using atomization. A controller detects contaminant levels in the process stream and adjusts the flow of decontaminant fluid into the process stream in response.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR FLAMMABLE GAS DETECTION

The present disclosure relates to a nanostructured palladium-based flammable gas detector synthesized using sonochemistry. The nanostructured palladium-based flammable gas detectors may use nanostructured sensing materials to allow reduction of power consumption, where the nanostructures reduce power consumption due to their large specific area and increased porosity. The nanostructures may increase the number of active sensing sites, allowing the surface energy to be high enough for sensing reactions to occur without requiring significant external thermal energy, 1. A one-pot method of making a nanostructured metal oxide , the method comprising:obtaining an aqueous solution, the aqueous solution comprising a tin (IV) oxide source, a palladium (II) source, and a nanostructuring guiding agent; andsonicating the aqueous solution to form a solution comprising a nanostructured palladium-doped tin dioxide.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising isolating the nanostructured palladium-doped tin dioxide.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising washing the nanostructured palladium-doped tin dioxide with an organic solvent.4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising centrifuging and drying the nanostructured palladium-doped tin dioxide to form a nanostructured palladium-doped tin dioxide powder.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the aqueous solution comprises ethanol and ammonium hydroxide;the tin oxide source comprises tin tetrachloride;the palladium source comprises palladium chloride; andthe nanostructuring guiding agent comprises a tetraalkylammonium salt.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the aqueous solution comprises ethanol;the tin oxide source comprises tin (IV) acetate;the palladium source comprises palladium acetate; andthe nanostructuring guiding agent comprises dimethylformamide.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the aqueous solution comprises 2-methoxyethanol;the tin oxide source comprises dibutyltindiacetate;the palladium source comprises palladium ...

METHOD OF MAKING GRAPHENE NANOCOMPOSITES BY MULTIPHASE FLUID DYNAMIC DISPERSION

A method of dispersing graphene and graphitic nanomaterials uses multiphase fluid dynamic technique. The method includes a device, incorporating high intensity fluid dynamics technique (), controlling the expansion and compression ratio of the working stream that leads to an effective dispersion of the nanomaterial in the matrix. The condensation of the injected steam creates high intensity and controllable cavitation, leading to effective dispersion of the graphitic nanomaterial. The dispersion is most preferably done in a medium that creates a repulsive potential to balance the attractive inter-graphitic layer potential. 1. A method of dispersing graphitic nanomaterials using multiphase fluid dynamic dispersion to produce graphene nanocomposites using shock waves with extremely high specific energy wherein the flowing multiphase working stream converts potential energy of the stream into high energy cavitation nanobubbles that when collapse generates supersonic shock interactions , the method comprising:injecting an entity comprising a graphitic nanomaterial and a host material, and a driving force into a supersonic dispersion reactor to generate a multiphase mixture;providing compression to the multiphase mixture and increasing the speed of the multiphase mixture to supersonic range and subsequent condensing the driving force in the multiphase mixture to generate nanobubbles; anddecelerating the speed of the multiphase mixture through supersonic threshold to collapse the nanobubbles and generate high intensity cavitation leading to effective dispersion of the graphitic nanomaterials into the host material,wherein the entity and the driving force merge into a highly compressible multiphase mixture.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the driving force has at least one of fluid flow velocities: supersonic claim 1 , transonic or hypersonic condition in the multiphase mixture.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphitic material comprises at least one of graphene ...

Pulse Jet System and Method

A pulse jet system and method is disclosed. In an example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber, intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber, and an exhaust to exit the cooled gas from the expansion chamber. In another example, the pulse jet system includes a combustion chamber with intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber, wherein the combustion chamber is part of a four cycle engine. The pulse jet system also includes an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber. 1. A pulse jet system comprising:a combustion chamber configured to produce pulse detonations including heat, pressure, and shock waves during combustion for production of a variety of products depending on amount and ratio of gases combusted and temperature and pressure achieved, during combustion;intake ports to deliver combustion agents to the combustion chamber;an expansion chamber to cool a combustion product following combustion of the combustion agents in the combustion chamber; andan exhaust to exit the cooled gas from the expansion chamber.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the combustion agents include hydrogen and oxygen to produce purified water as the combustion product.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the combustion agents are selected to prevent combustion from adversely affecting reaction of chemicals added into the combustion chamber at or beyond a front of a flame of combustion.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the combustion agents include hydrocarbons to produce carbon-containing products as the combustion product.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein carbon monoxide or carbon dioxide in the combustion chamber facilitates production of a chemical product.6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a separation chamber to ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR FACILITATING DISSOCIATION OF METHANE UTILIZING A REACTOR DESIGNED TO GENERATE SHOCKWAVES IN A SUPERSONIC GASEOUS VORTEX

Methane may be dissociated at low temperatures and/or pressures utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex. Within a preprocessing chamber, the methane may be pressurized to a pressure of 700 kPa or more, and heated to a temperature below a dissociation temperature of methane. The methane may be introduced as a gas stream substantially tangentially to an inner surface of a chamber of the reactor to effectuate a gaseous vortex rotating about a longitudinal axis within the chamber. The gas stream may be introduced using a nozzle that accelerates the gas stream to a supersonic velocity. A frequency of shockwaves emitted from the nozzle into the gaseous vortex may be controlled. Product gas and carbon byproduct may be emitted from the chamber of the reactor. The carbon byproduct may be separated out from the product gas using a gas/solid separator. 1. A system configured for facilitating dissociation of methane at low temperatures and/or pressures utilizing a reactor designed to generate shockwaves in a supersonic gaseous vortex , the system comprising:a preprocessing chamber configured to receive methane, pressurize the methane to a pressure of 350 kPa or more, and heat the methane to a temperature below a dissociation temperature of methane;a reactor configured to dissociate methane received from the preprocessing chamber, the reactor being further configured to operate at a temperature above the dissociation temperature of methane, the reactor including:a chamber having an internal surface that is axially symmetrical about a longitudinal axis;a gas inlet disposed at a first end of the chamber and arranged to emit the methane as a gas stream tangentially to the inner surface of the chamber to effectuate a gaseous vortex rotating about the longitudinal axis within the chamber, the gas inlet comprising a converging diverging nozzle that accelerates the gas stream to a supersonic velocity, wherein the nozzle is configured to cause ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR SUPERSONIC COLLISION SHOCKWAVE REACTION MECHANISM FOR MAKING CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS

A novel process and apparatus is disclosed for performing chemical reactions. Highly compressed gaseous streams such as H, CO, CO, HO, O, or CHare raised to Mach speeds to form supersonic jets incorporating shockwaves. Two or more such jets are physically collided together to form a localized reaction zone where the energy from the shockwaves causes endothermic reactions wherein the chemical bonds of the reactant gases are broken. Between and among reactants molecular surface interaction and molecular surface chemistry take place. In the ensuing exothermic reactions a desired new chemical product is formed and this product is locked into a lower state of enthalpy (state of energy of formation) through adiabatic cooling by means of a free jet expansion. 1. A process for the production of chemical products employing supersonic shockwaves comprisingpressurizing a first compressible fluid reactant;passing said first compressible fluid reactant through a first supersonic nozzle so as to produce a first supersonic jet containing shockwaves extending beyond an exit end of said first supersonic nozzle;pressurizing a second compressible fluid reactant; wherein said first and second supersonic nozzles are positioned within an injection tube so that axes of said first and said second nozzles intersect with each other to form a localized reaction zone within said injection tube in a region where said first supersonic jet and said second supersonic jet collide and interact with said shockwaves,', 'whereby temperature and pressure are raised in at least portions of said localized reaction zone by means of the collisions and interaction with said shockwaves, and rapid chemical reactions between said first compressible fluid reactant and said second compressible fluid reactant occur to produce a chemical product., 'passing said second compressible fluid reactant through a second supersonic nozzle so as to produce a second supersonic jet containing shockwaves extending beyond an ...

IN SITU PRODUCTION AND FUNCTIONALIZATION OF CARBON MATERIALS VIA GAS-LIQUID MASS TRANSFER AND USES THEREOF

A method for making a solid carbon material comprises: delivering a liquid comprising at least one liquid organic compound into a reaction region of a reactor; delivering a gas comprising at least one gaseous organic compound into the reaction region of the reactor; and inducing a chemical reaction between the at least one liquid organic compound and the at least one gaseous organic compound, wherein: the chemical reaction occurs in the reaction region of the reactor; the solid carbon material is made via the reaction; the solid carbon material is made during the reaction in the form of a dispersion comprising the solid carbon material dispersed in the liquid; and the chemical reaction is a homogeneous reaction comprising homogeneous nucleation of the solid carbon material in the reaction region of the reactor.

PROCESS FOR SOLID-PHASE PEPTIDE SYNTHESIS AND DEVICE

The invention relates to a method for carrying out solid-phase peptide synthesis, to an automated parallel solid-phase peptide synthesis, and to a device designed to carry out such a method.

METHOD FOR SURFACE TREATMENT OF QUARTZ COMPONENT

A surface treatment method for quartz component includes: sandblasting the quartz component; ultrasonically treating the sandblasted quartz component to remove a sharp corner formed on the surface of the quartz component; immersion cleaning the quartz component; and drying the cleaned quartz component.

FLOW-THROUGH CAVITATION-ASSISTED RAPID MODIFICATION OF CRUDE OIL

A device and method are provided for manipulating petroleum, non-conventional oil and other viscous complex fluids made of hydrocarbons that comprise enforcement of fluid in a multi-stage flow-through hydrodynamic cavitational reactor, subjecting said fluids to a controlled cavitation and continuing the application of such cavitation for a period of time sufficient for obtaining desired changes in physical properties and/or chemical composition and generating the upgraded products. The method includes alteration of chemical bonds, induction of interactions of components, changes in composition, heterogeneity and rheological characteristics in order to facilitate handling, improve yields of distillate fuels and optimize other properties. 1. A process for modification of crude oil , comprising the steps of:combining crude oil with water and a catalyst to create a fluidic crude oil;pumping the fluidic crude oil through a flowpath in a multi-stage, flow-through, hydrodynamic cavitation device;generating localized zones of reduced fluid pressure in the fluidic crude oil as it is pumped through the flowpath;creating cavitational features in the localized zones of reduced fluid pressure;collapsing the cavitational features to expose components of the fluidic crude oil to sudden, localized increases in temperature and pressure; andinducing chemical reactions between components in the fluidic crude oil to promote molecular rearrangement of the components and modify rheological parameters of the fluidic crude oil.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the fluidic crude oil is pumped at a controlled inlet pressure approximating ambient pressure.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the flowpath has a series of chambers with varying diameters and static elements to create sudden reductions in fluid pressure.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cavitational features comprise cavitation bubbles containing vapors of volatile components in the fluidic crude oil.5. The process of ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR ACOUSTICALLY TREATING MATERIAL

Methods and systems for acoustically treating material using an acoustic energy system having a movable outer surface that contacts a sample holder. The outer surface may be cylindrical and rotate about a central axis, e.g., so that a sample holder may be driven to move by the outer surface. Acoustic energy may be emitted from within the outer surface to a treatment area outside of, and near, the outer surface. Thus, a sample holder in contact with the outer surface may have a sample exposed to acoustic energy while rotation of the outer surface may move the sample holder relative to treatment area. One or more additional rollers or other components may bias the sample holder into contact with the outer surface, to e.g., so the sample holder is squeezed between the outer surface and a roller or other biasing component. 1. A system for treating a material with acoustic energy , comprising:a coupling medium container that is closed and defines an internal volume, the coupling medium container having an outer surface arranged to rotate about an axis;an acoustic energy source arranged to emit acoustic energy into the internal volume; anda coupling medium located in the internal volume of the coupling medium container, the coupling medium being arranged to transmit acoustic energy from the acoustic energy source to a treatment area outside of the coupling medium container and near the outer to surface;wherein a sample holder is positionable in contact with the outer surface of the coupling medium container and the outer surface is rotatable with movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the outer surface is cylindrical and the axis passes through a center longitudinal axis of the cylindrical outer surface.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the outer surface is rotatable with linear movement of the sample holder relative to the treatment area.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the outer surface is rotatable with ...

Method and Device for Generating Hydrogen Plasma

A method for generating hydrogen plasma includes a step for preparing a solution in which hydrogenated hydrogen with ion binding properties or ortho hydrogen molecules have been dissolved. The method also includes exposing the solution to ultrasonic waves or microwaves. Preferably, microbubbles are agitated by projecting ultrasonic waves or microwaves as solar energy, generating hydrogen plasma when the microbubbles burst. 111-. (canceled)12. A method for generating hydrogen plasma , the method comprising:preparing a solution that contains ortho-hydrogen molecules that are dissolved in the solution; andirradiating the solution with ultrasonic waves or microwaves.13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein claim 12 , in the solution claim 12 , ionization of hydrogen molecules as in HH++H− causes micro bubbles to be formed claim 12 , and the irradiation with the ultrasonic waves or microwaves causes the micro bubbles to burst claim 12 , wherein hydrogen plasma is generated.14. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the ultrasonic waves or microwaves for the irradiation comprise ultrasonic waves or microwaves as solar energy.15. A method for emulsification claim 12 , the method comprising emulsifying oil by hydrogen plasma that is generated by the method for generating hydrogen plasma according to .16. The method according to claim 15 , further comprising injecting oil into the solution.17. A method for generating hydrogen plasma claim 15 , the method comprising:preparing a solution that contains ionically bonded hydrogen that is dissolved in the solution; andirradiating the solution with ultrasonic waves or microwaves.18. The method according to claim 17 , wherein claim 17 , in the solution claim 17 , ionization of hydrogen molecules as in HH++H− causes micro bubbles to be formed claim 17 , and the irradiation with the ultrasonic waves or microwaves causes the micro bubbles to burst claim 17 , wherein hydrogen plasma is generated.19. The method according to ...

ACOUSTICALLY DRIVEN NANOPARTICLE CONCENTRATOR

Methods and systems for concentrating and allowing for separation of nanoparticles from fluids use acoustically driven nanoparticle concentrators which have an aerogel as the reflecting material and include tuning capabilities to alter the location at which the particles are being concentrated. 1. A system for concentrating particulate matter to a desired location within a fluid stream , the system comprising:an acoustic resonator for concentrating the particulate matter in a location within the fluid stream;a monitoring device for monitoring the location of the concentrated particulate matter in the fluid stream; anda positioning system for altering the location of the concentrated particulate matter in the fluid stream to the desired location.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic resonator comprises:a cavity for flow of the fluid therethrough, the cavity having a first side and a second side opposite the first side;an acoustic transducer disposed external to the cavity and adjacent the first side for introducing an acoustic wave into at least a portion of the cavity, the introduced acoustic wave having a wavelength;an impedance matching material disposed between the acoustic transducer and the first side; anda reflecting material disposed adjacent the second side for reflecting the acoustic wave within the at least a portion of the cavity, the reflecting material being configured in conjunction with the wavelength of the introduced acoustic wave to produce a standing wave within the fluid cavity, the standing wave having at least one node or at least one antinode; andthe location of concentrating particulate matter is substantially at the at least one node or the at least one antinode.3. (canceled)4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the reflecting material comprises an aerogel claim 2 , cork claim 2 , rubber claim 2 , foam or a combination thereof.5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the reflecting material comprises a silica aerogel.6. The system of claim ...

APPLICATION OF ULTRASOUND IN VINIFICATION PROCESSES

The present invention refers to a method and an equipment for the extraction of compounds from grapes by means of ultrasound in vinification processes generated through a sonoplate coupled to the walls of the pipe/duct through which the crushed grapes flow. During this extraction the transfer of phenols responsible for color from the solid portion (skin) to the liquid portion after crushing the grapes takes place as a consequence of the phenomenon known as cavitation, which allows the breaking of the skin cells and makes the phenolic compounds responsible for the color available to the liquid medium to be integrated in said liquid medium enhancing wine color. 121-. (canceled)22. A method for the extraction of compounds from crushed grapes by means of ultrasound in vinification processes comprising:flowing crushed grapes through a conduit, wherein at least one sonoplate is coupled to an outside of the conduit;transmitting ultrasound to the flowing crushed grapes, without contact between the crushed grapes and the sonoplate, wherein the temperature does not rise above 50° C.23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the sonoplate is of piezoceramic type or magnetostrictive type.24. The method according to claim 22 , wherein an energy intensity or power density of ultrasound claim 22 , which is transmitted by the sonoplate to the crushed grapes claim 22 , comprises between 0.1 W/cm-500 W/cm.25. The method according to claim 24 , wherein the energy intensity or power density of the ultrasound transmitted by the sonoplate is preferably comprised between 0.15 W/cmto 200 W/cm.26. The method according to claim 22 , wherein a range of working frequencies of the sonoplate is between 15 and 35 kHz.27. The method according to claim 26 , wherein the range of working frequencies of the sonoplate is preferably between 20 and 30 kHz.28. The method according to claim 26 , wherein the range of working frequencies of the sonoplate is more preferably between 22 kHz claim 26 , and ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR DISRUPTION OF SOLID MATERIALS IN A FLUID MEDIUM

An apparatus for disrupting solid materials suspended in a fluid medium includes a plurality of hammer elements that transfer acoustic energy from an acoustic transducer into a concentration zone between heads of the hammer elements and inner walls of a fluid duct which act as an anvil, thereby causing cavitations to form within the concentration zone. The transducer may be a cylindrical transducer compression fit into an acoustic projector from which the hammer elements extend towards a distal end, and mass balance elements extend towards a proximal end. The apparatus can be used to efficiently extract juice from fruit pulp, separate oils from plant matter, and process various organic and inorganic materials. 1. An apparatus for disrupting solid materials in a fluid medium , the apparatus comprising:a cylindrical fluid duct;a fluid inlet disposed on a first end of the fluid duct;a fluid outlet disposed on a second end of the fluid duct;a cylindrical acoustic projector concentric with the fluid duct and disposed inside the fluid duct, the acoustic projector comprising a plurality of hammer elements spaced apart from one another by a first plurality of slots in the acoustic projector; andan acoustic transducer coupled to the acoustic projector.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the hammer elements extend along a longitudinal axis of the acoustic projector and are evenly spaced apart from one another by the first plurality of slots.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the first plurality of slots run from a distal end of the acoustic projector and terminate at a position between 50 and 20% of a total length of the acoustic projector from a proximal end of the acoustic projector.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the acoustic projector further comprises:a second plurality of slots that extend from the proximal end of the acoustic projector and partially overlap with the first plurality of slots.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the acoustic transistor is a ...

PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes the further conversion of the acetylene to a hydrocarbon stream having propylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon, and in particular olefins. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of contaminants in the hydrocarbon stream. 1. A method for producing olefins comprising:introducing a hydrocarbon feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a first hydrocarbon conversion zone to form a second process stream comprising a second hydrocarbon compound; andpassing the second process stream to a second hydrocarbon conversion zone to form a third process stream comprising propylene.2. The method of wherein the first hydrocarbon conversion zone comprises a hydroprocessing zone claim 1 , and the second hydrocarbon conversion zone comprises an olefin conversion zone.3. The method of wherein the olefin conversion zone is a metathesis zone.4. The method of wherein the metathesis zone includes a catalyst comprising tungsten deposited on a silica support claim 3 , and wherein the silica support has a surface area between 400 m/g and 550 m/g with an average pore diameter between 45 Å and 170 Å.5. The method of wherein the tungsten comprises between 1% and 10% by weight of the catalyst.6. The method of wherein the silica support has been acid washed using an inorganic acid selected from the group consisting of nitric acid claim 4 , sulfuric acid claim 4 , and hydrochloric acid.7. The method of wherein the amount of aluminum in the acid washed support is decreased by at least 35% relative to the amount of aluminum ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CHANGING THE PROPERTIES OF AT LEAST ONE LIQUID MEDIUM

Method and device for changing the properties of at least one liquid medium, in which method the liquid medium is exposed in at least one container to vibrations in the low-frequency power ultrasonic range and, to regulate the flow speed of the liquid material in the container in which the liquid medium is present for ultrasonic irradiation and/or to regulate the internal pressure of the container, the cross-section inside a line upstream of an inlet of the container in the direction of flow and/or downstream of an outlet of the container in the direction of flow is varied by means of at least one pinch valve. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for changing a property of at least one liquid medium , comprising:exposing the at least one liquid medium contained in at least one vessel to ultrasonic oscillations in a low-frequency high-power ultrasound range, andregulating at least one of a flow velocity of the at least one liquid medium in the at least one vessel in which the at least one liquid medium is contained for exposure to ultrasound and an internal pressure of the at least one vessel by varying with at least one pinch valve a cross-section of at least one of a line located upstream of an inlet of the at least one vessel in a flow direction and a line located downstream of an outlet of the at least one vessel.17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the exposure to ultrasound occurs at a pressure in the at least one liquid medium that is different from ambient pressure.18. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the at least one pinch valve is pneumatically controlled.19. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the at least one pinch valve is hydraulically controlled.20. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the at least one pinch valve is electrically controlled.21. The method according to claim 16 , wherein the at least one pinch valve is controlled by at least one spring element.22. The method according to claim 18 , wherein a constant control ...

SONICATION IN A UREA OR MELAMINE SYNTHESIS PROCESS

Process and respective reactor for urea or melamine synthesis, comprising sonication treatment of at least part of a reaction liquid mass or two-phase mixture contained inside said reactor. 1. A process for the synthesis of urea from ammonia and carbon dioxide , or for the synthesis of melamine from urea , inside a chemical reactor , said process comprises comprising a sonication treatment of at least part of a reaction liquid mass or two-phase mixture contained inside said chemical reactor.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said sound waves have a frequency in the range 1 kHz to 1 MHz.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein said sound waves have a frequency equal to or greater than 20 kHz.4. The process according to claim 1 , said sound waves being generated by one or more electrical or mechanical sources.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the sonication treatment is performed in a sonication zone inside said chemical reactor.6. The process according to claim 5 , comprising the circulation of a liquid phase or liquid/vapour phase through at least one reaction zone and a recirculation zone claim 5 , which are arranged coaxial and concentric inside said reactor claim 5 , wherein the sonication treatment is performed in at least one of said two reaction and recirculation zones.7. The process according to claim 6 , for melamine synthesis claim 6 , wherein the reaction zone is a primary reaction zone fed with urea melt.8. A reactor for urea synthesis or melamine synthesis according to the process of claim 1 , wherein it comprises at least one sonication sound waves source.9. The reactor according to claim 8 , wherein said sound waves source is located inside a sonication chamber.10. The reactor according to claim 9 , said sonication chamber being delimited claim 9 , inside the reactor claim 9 , by a cylindrical wall or by a vertical-axis tube.11. The reactor according to claim 10 , said chamber being coaxial with the reactor.12. The reactor ...

Providing wear resistance in a reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions and/or comminution of solid feed materials using shockwaves created in a supersonic gaseous vortex

Various wear resistance designs may be applied to a reactor configured to facilitate chemical reactions, and/or comminution using shockwaves created in a supersonic gaseous vortex. The reactor may include a rigid chamber having a substantially circular cross-section. A first gas inlet may be configured to introduce a high-velocity gas stream into the chamber. A first replaceable wear part may be disposed in the chamber to absorb wear impact caused by the gas stream. In some implementations, the first replaceable wear part may be a cylindrical rod continuously fed into the chamber. In some implementations, the first replaceable wear part may be coated with, or composed of, a catalytic material, and/or may be electrically isolated from the rest of the reactor. In some implementations, a second gas inlet may be disposed to steer the gas stream to a desired area within the chamber to even out the wear impact.

SINGLE AND TWIN SCREW EXTRUDERS WITH ULTRASOUND HORNS FOR DECROSSLINKING AND DEVULCANIZATION

Processes for decrosslinking crosslinked plastic and devulcanizing vulcanized rubber include advancing such materials through single screw or twin screw extruders including special ultrasonic treatment zones wherein threadless shaft (single screw) or shafts (twin screw) rotate under an ultrasonic horn having a distal end aligned with the shaft or shafts and being shaped complimentary thereto. Special arcuate (single screw) or double-arcuate ultrasonic treatment flow paths confine the materials to flow under the horn where the material is subjected to ultrasonic waves to decrosslink the material, in the case of crosslinked plastic, or devulcanize the material, in the case of vulcanized rubber, with the extrudate leaving the die as a continuous stream or rope as is typical of virgin plastic or rubber. 1. A process for decrosslinking crosslinked plastics or devulcanizing vulcanized rubber comprising the steps of:feeding crosslinked plastic or vulcanized rubber to a screw extruder having a screw in a barrel, the screw having an axis; a body having a cylindrical bore therethrough defining a bore axis, the body also having a horn passage communicating with the cylindrical bore,', 'a cylindrical shaft associated with the screw to rotate therewith, the shaft rotating in the bore of the body and providing no threads such that the crosslinked plastic or vulcanized rubber is not advanced by rotation of the shaft, but rather is advanced by rotation of the screw forcing the crosslinked plastic or vulcanized rubber into the ultrasonic treatment zone, and', 'an ultrasonic horn extending into said horn passage, the ultrasonic horn being aligned over the cylindrical shaft and having a distal end spaced from the cylindrical shaft, the distal end being shaped complimentary to the shaft to define a portion of an arcuate ultrasonic treatment flow path;, 'advancing the crosslinked plastic or vulcanized rubber, by rotation of the screw, to an ultrasonic treatment zone in the barrel, the ...

NON-METALLIC SEMICONDUCTOR QUANTUM DOT AND METHOD OF CARRYING OUT CHEMICAL REACTION OR PHOTOLUMINESCENCE REACTION BY USING THE SAME

A non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot is provided with a non-metallic substrate, and has a particle size ranged from 0.3 to 100 nm. A method of carrying out a chemical reaction or a photoluminescence reaction by using the non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot is also provided. A redox reaction of a target sample is carried out, an active substance is generated, or an electron-hole pair is produced from the non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot by providing the non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot with a predetermined energy. Photons are released by the combination of the electron-hole pair so as to perform the photoluminescence reaction. 1. A non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot , comprising a non-metallic substrate , and having a particle size ranged from 0.3 nm to 100 nm.2. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 1 , wherein the non-metallic substrate is made of a group IVA element.3. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 2 , wherein the non-metallic substrate is a carbon-based material or a silicon-based material.4. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 3 , wherein the carbon-based material is graphene or graphene oxide.5. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 1 , wherein the non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot comprises at least one dopant.6. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 5 , wherein the dopant is selected from at least one of group IIIA element claim 5 , group IVA element claim 5 , group VA element claim 5 , group VIA element claim 5 , and transition element having an empty d orbital.7. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 6 , wherein the dopant is O claim 6 , N claim 6 , P claim 6 , B claim 6 , Fe claim 6 , Co claim 6 , or Ni.8. The non-metallic semiconductor quantum dot according to claim 5 , wherein the dopant has a doping ratio more than 0 mol % and less than 50 mol %.9. The non-metallic ...

LAYERED-SUBSTANCE-CONTAINING SOLUTION AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME

A solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of layered substances is irradiated with at least one of sonic waves and radio waves. Alternatively, a solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of layered substances is heated. 1. A layered-substance-containing solution comprising:an ionic liquid;a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound; anda layered substance.2. The layered-substance-containing solution according to claim 1 , whereinthe hydrolyzable polymer compound includes at least one of an ether bond, a sulfide bond, an ester bond, an amide bond, a carbonate bond, a urea bond, and an imide bond, andthe thermally-decomposable polymer compound includes at least one of compounds each causing a decrease in weight at a temperature of 180 degrees Celsius or lower when the weight is measured by thermogravimetry (TG: Thermogravimetry).3. A method of manufacturing a layered-substance-containing solution claim 1 , the method comprisingirradiating a solution with at least one of sonic waves and radio waves, the solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of layered substances.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein ultrasonic waves are used as the sonic waves claim 3 , and microwaves are used as the radio waves.5. A method of manufacturing a layered-substance-containing solution claim 3 , the method comprisingheating a solution containing an ionic liquid, a polymer compound including at least one of a hydrolyzable polymer compound and a thermally-decomposable polymer compound, and a laminate of ...

ACOUSTOPHORETIC CLARIFICATION OF PARTICLE-LADEN NON-FLOWING FLUIDS

Acoustophoretic devices for separating particles from a non-flowing host fluid are disclosed. The devices include a substantially acoustically transparent container and a separation unit, with the container being placed within the separation unit. An ultrasonic transducer in the separation unit creates a planar or multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave within the container, trapping particles disposed within the non-flowing fluid and causing them to coalesce or agglomerate, then separate due to buoyancy or gravity forces. 1. An acoustophoretic device for clarifying a discrete volume of fluid , comprising:a substantially acoustically transparent container; anda separation unit surrounding the container and defined by at least one wall and a first opening into which the container can be inserted, the separation unit including at least one ultrasonic transducer having a piezoelectric material driven by a voltage signal to create an acoustic standing wave.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the container comprises a material selected from the group consisting of plastic claim 1 , glass claim 1 , polycarbonate claim 1 , low-density polyethylene claim 1 , and high-density polyethylene.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic standing wave is a planar one-dimensional acoustic standing wave.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the acoustic standing wave is a multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave.5. The device of claim 5 , wherein the multi-dimensional acoustic standing wave results in an acoustic radiation force having an axial force component and a lateral force component that are of the same order of magnitude.6. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a support structure for moving the container and the at least one ultrasonic transducer relative to each other.7. The device of claim 6 , wherein the support structure moves the at least one ultrasonic transducer along one wall of the separation unit.8. The device of claim 6 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic ...

DEVICE FOR DERIVING ANTARCTIC CHIONODRACO RASTROSPINOSUS SKIN ANTIFREEZE PROTEIN

A device for manufacturing Antarctic chionodraco rastrospinosus skin antifreeze protein includes a de-frozen and cleaning device for de-frosting frozen grass carp skin and then cleaning carp skin; a skin slurry for making de-fat skin slurry; upper fat on the skin slurry being removed to get de-fat skin slurry; an ultrasonic generator for ultrasonic treatment to change organizational structure of skin antifreeze proteins of the slurry; a composite protease adder for adding composite protease added to the slurry; a collector receiving the slurry from the adder, and then the slurry are retained a time period and cooled to room temperature; then a 4000 g centrifugation is performed through 10 min; and a two-step filter connected to the collector for receiving the supernatant from the collector for performing a two-step ultra-filtration process so as to get skin antifreeze protein with molecular weight of 8000˜10000 Dalton and. 1. A device for manufacturing Antarctic chionodraco rastrospinosus skin antifreeze protein , comprising:a de-frozen and cleaning device for de-frosting frozen Esox-luciu carp skin through 12 hours at 7° C.; and then cleaning carp skin with cleaning water under a temperature of approximate 10° C.;a skin slurry maker connected to the de-frozen cleaning device for making de-fat skin slurry; in that after skin cleaning in the de-frozen cleaning device, the skin is beat by a beater into skin pulp; then water is added thereto; a colloid mill grinds the skin pulp into skin slurry; then by centrifuging operation to the skin slurry, upper fat on the skin slurry being removed to get de-fat skin slurry;an ultrasonic generator connected to the skin slurry maker which receives the de-fat skin slurry; and then by ultrasonic treatment with a power of 800 w and frequency of 25 KHz through 10 minutes to change organizational structure of skin antifreeze proteins of the slurry;a composite protease adder connected to the ultrasonic generator, wherein composite ...

PRODUCTION OF ACRYLIC ACID FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having acrylic acid. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to acrylic acid. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing acrylic acid comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor at hydrogenation reaction conditions to form an ethylene effluent stream;passing the ethylene effluent stream to a higher olefin processing unit to generate an effluent stream comprising propylene;passing the propylene effluent stream to an aldehyde reactor at aldehyde reaction conditions to generate an acrolein process stream; andpassing the acrolein process stream and an oxygen stream to an acrylic acid reactor to generate an acrylic acid product stream.2. The method of wherein the aldehyde reaction conditions include contacting with a catalyst on a support claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of copper claim 1 , Raney nickel claim 1 , zinc oxide claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.3. The method of wherein the aldehyde reaction conditions include contacting with a catalyst on a support claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from the group consisting of Bi claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , and mixtures thereof claim 1 , and wherein the catalyst includes an alkali metal.4. The method of wherein the alkali metal is selected from the group consisting of K claim 3 , Na claim 3 , and mixtures thereof.5. The method ...

PARTICLE CONTROL METHOD

A particle control method is provided which can prevent an extremely small quantity of particles descending on a stream of a laminar flow in a clean zone through which the laminar flow flows as in a RABS or isolator device from descending to a specific position or can guide it so as to descend to the specific position by controlling movement of the particles. A particle descent position is separated away from a board surface of the oscillation board by using an acoustic radiation pressure generated by prompting ultrasonic vibration of the oscillation board disposed with a board surface substantially in parallel with a flow direction of the laminar flow. 1. A particle control method characterized in thatin a clean zone through which unidirectional air flow flows from an upper side toward a lower side in a work chamber, an oscillation board, the surface thereof is disposed substantially in parallel with a flow direction of the unidirectional air flow is subjected to ultrasonic vibration so as to oscillate an ultrasonic wave in a perpendicular direction from the board surface and in a direction crossing the flow direction of the unidirectional air flow; andthe ultrasonic wave is made to act on particles made to flow by the air in the unidirectional air flow and descending from the upper side toward the lower side so that the descent position is controlled.2. The particle control method according to claim 1 , whereinthe oscillation board has its board surface disposed on only one surface substantially in parallel with the flow direction of the unidirectional air flow in the clean zone;the oscillation board is subjected to ultrasonic vibration so as to generate an acoustic flow by the ultrasonic wave in the perpendicular direction from the board surface and in the direction crossing the flow direction of the unidirectional air flow;the particles made to flow by the air in the unidirectional air flow and descending from the upper side toward the lower side is subjected to ...

SULPHUR AND METALS REMOVAL PROCESS FOR FUELS THROUGH THE USE OF A MULTI-STAGE ULTRASOUND APPARATUS WITH THE ADDITION OF METHYLATE AND WATER/FLUORIDE MIX IN MULTIPLE SEPERATE STAGES

The present invention provides a novel system and method for sulphur and metal removal from crude oil and all liquid fuel fractions to biofuels by means of ultrasonic cavitation to enhance chemical reactions of said contaminants with sodium or potassium methylate and a water/fluoride mix in separate stages obtaining a solid form which is filtered out by the use of a centrifuge system. The resulting fuel is molecularly stable and cleaner than regular fuels. 1. A method for molecular rupture and recombination of fuels with additives or fuel enhancers comprising:preheating fuel;mixing said preheated fuel with sodium or potassium methylate in a first stage for ten minutes for a micro-emulsion mixture to form;passing said mixture through a pump until 300 atmospheres of pressure is reached; anddirecting the mixture to an ultrasonic cavitation reactor where cavitation bubbles are formed and collapse to allow depolymerization and reaction of sulfur, silica, and zinc with the methylate to form solids for later removal from the fuel.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said modified fuel is stored in an insulated storage tank.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising a centrifuge filter to remove solid contaminates from the treated fuel.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said treated fuel is mixed with water containing 0.5% fluoride in a second stage for ten minutes for a micro-emulsion mixture to form; passing said mixture through a pump until 300 atmospheres of pressure is reached; and directing the mixture to an ultrasonic cavitation reactor where cavitation bubbles are formed and collapse to allow depolymerization and reaction of mercury claim 3 , cadmium claim 3 , lead claim 3 , and vanadium with the fluoride to form solids for later removal from the fuel.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said modified fuel is stored in an insulated storage tank.6. The method of claim 4 , further comprising a centrifuge filter to remove solid contaminates from the treated fuel.7. The ...

ABSORBABLE IMPLANT MATERIAL COMPOSED OF MAGNESIUM OR A MAGNESIUM ALLOY CONTAINING DOPED NANODIAMONDS

An absorbable implant material comprising homogeneously distributed Fe-doped nanodiamonds in a matrix composed of magnesium or a magnesium alloy and a method for the production thereof is provided. The absorbable implant material is produced by a method in which magnesium or a magnesium alloy is melted, Fe-doped nanodiamonds are added to the melt, and the melt composed of magnesium or a magnesium alloy that has been provided with Fe-doped nanodiamonds is subjected to an ultrasound treatment. 1. An implant material comprising homogeneously distributed Fe-doped nanodiamonds in a matrix composed of magnesium or a magnesium alloy.2. The implant material of claim 1 , wherein the homogeneously distributed Fe-doped nanodiamonds are present in the matrix in an amount of 0.01% to 3% by weight claim 1 , based on the weight of the magnesium or the magnesium alloy.3. The implant material of claim 2 , wherein the homogeneously distributed Fe-doped nanodiamonds are present in the matrix in an amount of 0.5% to 1.5% by weight claim 2 , based on the weight of the magnesium or the magnesium alloy.4. The implant material of claim 1 , wherein the Fe-doped nanodiamonds have a particle size of 1 to 20 nm.5. The implant material of claim 4 , wherein the Fe-doped nanodiamonds have a particle size of 3 to 8 nm.6. A method for producing an implant material according to claim 1 , comprising:melting magnesium or a magnesium alloy;adding Fe-doped nanodiamonds to the melt; andsubjecting the melt composed of magnesium or a magnesium alloy that has been provided with nanodiamonds to an ultrasound treatment, thereby producing the implant material.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the magnesium or the magnesium alloy is melted under a protective gas and with stirring in a permanent mould situated in an oven in a first step claim 6 , the melt is mechanically stirred and the Fe-doped nanodiamonds are subsequently added to the melt claim 6 , and the melt is treated with ultrasound after addition of ...

METHOD FOR THE MANAGEMENT OF PHOSPHOGYPSUM

A method for the management of phosphogypsum consists in that a reactor () is charged with apatite and/or phosphorite phosphogypsum and with an aqueous or ammoniacal solution of ammonium carbonate and/or bicarbonate from a pre-reactor (), at 1: (0.1-4) ratio of phosphogypsum to the aqueous or ammoniacal solution of ammonium carbonate and/or bicarbonate, the entire contents are stirred at −10° C. to 200° C. for at least 2 minutes, CObeing released in the course of the process is directed to the pre-reactor (), and the post-reaction mixture is directed to a filter () to obtain an aqueous ammonium sulphate solution, whereas the precipitate from the filter () is heat-treated, followed by dissolving it in nitric acid in a reactor (), and the resultant suspension is filtered through a filter () to obtain an aqueous calcium nitrate solution, and CObeing released in the reactor () is recirculated to the pre-reactor () wherein COis reacted with ammonia in an aqueous solution to obtain the aqueous or ammoniacal solution of carbonate and/or bicarbonate which is directed to the reactor (), with the process for obtaining the aqueous or ammoniacal solution of ammonium carbonate and/or bicarbonate being conducted until the pH 7-12 of the solution is reached. 1. A method for the management of phosphogypsum , characterized in that a reactor is charged with apatite and/or phosphorite phosphogypsum and with an aqueous or ammoniacal solution of ammonium carbonate and or bicarbonate from a pre-reactor , at 1:(0.1-4) ratio of phosphogypsum to the aqueous or ammoniacal solution of ammonium carbonate and/or bicarbonate , the entire contents are stirred at −10° C. to 200° C. for at least 2 minutes , CObeing released in the course of the process is directed to the pre-reactor , and the post-reaction mixture is directed to a filter to obtain an aqueous ammonium sulphate solution , whereas the precipitate from the filter is heat-treated , followed by dissolving it in nitric acid in a reactor , ...

DEVICE, SYSTEM, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ADVANCED OXIDATION PRODUCTS

The present invention relates generally to an advanced oxidation process for providing advanced oxidation products to an environment. More particularly, the present invention provides a device, system, and method utilizing an advanced oxidation process to react with and neutralize compounds in an environment, including microbes, odor causing chemicals, and other organic and inorganic chemicals. The device, system, and method of the present invention employ a wick structure to collect and concentrate water vapor, so that the water vapor may subsequently be used to generate advanced oxidation products. 1. An apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products comprising:a wick structure comprising a porous base material and having an interior surface and an exterior surface;at least one high frequency ultrasonic emitter targeted to the interior surface of the wick structure;a light source; anda chamber wherein the formation of advanced oxidation products occurs disposed adjacent to the interior surface of the wick structure.2. The apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products of claim 1 , further comprising a gas inlet configured to flow gas along at least one of the interior surface and the exterior surface of the wick structure.3. The apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products of claim 2 , wherein the gas is air.4. The apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products of claim 1 , wherein ultra-sonic energy produced by the ultrasonic emitter is targeted to the interior surface of the wick structure by one or more digital reflectors.5. The apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products of claim 4 , wherein the one or more digital reflectors are planar or conical in structure.6. The apparatus for generating advanced oxidation products of claim 4 , wherein the digital reflectors comprise a plurality of planar convex reflectors that are configured to reflect and disperse the ultrasonic energy onto targeted points or surfaces of the interior ...

MODIFIED SULFUR, METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME, APPARATUS FOR PREPARING SAME, AND USE THEREOF

Disclosure relates to modified sulfur, preparation method thereof, preparation equipment thereof. The modified sulfur has spinnability or includes micro-structures such as fiber-, film- and network-like structure. The modified sulfur can be prepared by inducing polymerization with ultrasonic or ageing. The modified sulfur has various excellent features such as anticorrosiveness, waterproofing, strength, and fast drying and can control the features depending on its viscosity or polymerization degree. In addition due to the above features, the modified sulfur can be applied to anticorrosive or waterproofing material and can prepare anticorrosive or waterproofing material which has good workability, hardening, salt spray resistance, and weldability exceeding a certain level, and specially improved adhesiveness. Furthermore, when applying the modified sulfur to asphalt composition, gelation and depression are reduced, properties such as bending strength and tensile strength are improved, and it is possible to obtain asphalt composition with good working stability at RT. 1. Modified sulfur comprising 100 parts by weight of sulfur and 1˜300 parts by weight of dicyclopentadiene-based modifier and having 3 ,000˜2 ,000 ,000 cP of viscosity at 135° C. , which comprises micro-structures such as fiber , film , or network structure , or has spinnability.2. The modified sulfur of which comprises 1˜200 parts by weight of initiator claim 1 , based on 100 parts by weight of the sulfur.3. The modified sulfur of claim 2 , wherein the initiator comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of sulfur claim 2 , modified sulfur claim 2 , asphalt claim 2 , sulfide claim 2 , polysulfide claim 2 , hydrocarbon compound claim 2 , and their combinations.4. The modified sulfur of claim 2 , wherein the initiator comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of trans cinnamaldehyde claim 2 , dimethylaniline claim 2 , dibuthylphthalate claim 2 , diiodomethane claim 2 , ...

POROUS DIACETYLENE PARTICLES, SYNTHESIS METHOD THEREOF

Provided are a radial porous diacetylene particle, which is synthesized by ion-bonding a diacetylene-containing dicarboxylic acid or diamine monomer represented by Formula 1 above with a diamine or dicarboxylic acid monomer represented by Formula 2 above, and a method of manufacturing the same. 1. A method of manufacturing a radial porous diacetylene particle , comprising the steps of: {'br': None, 'sub': x', 'y, 'G-(A)-C≡C—C≡C—(B)-G\u2003\u2003[Formula 1]'}, '(a) respectively dissolving a diacetylene-containing dicarboxylic acid or diamine monomer represented by Formula 1 below and a diamine or dicarboxylic acid monomer represented by Formula 2 below in a solvent to prepare a solution including the diacetylene-containing dicarboxylic acid or diamine monomer and a solution including the diamine or dicarboxylic acid monomer{'sub': '2', 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'sub': m', 'n, 'Q-(D)-Z-(E)-Q\u2003\u2003[Formula 2]'}, 'wherein A and B are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of two or more carbon atoms, an ethylene oxide group, an amide group and an ester group, G is selected from COOH and NH, and x and y are each independently an integer of 1 to 20,'}{'sub': '2', 'wherein Z is selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of one or more carbon atoms, a benzene group, a cycloalkyl group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group and a naphthalene group, D and E are each independently selected from a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group of one or more carbon atoms, a benzene group, a cycloalkyl group, a pyridine group, a pyrimidine group and a naphthalene group, D, E and Z are different from each other, Q is selected from COOH and NH, m and n are each independently an integer of 0 to 20, and G of Formula 1 above is different from Q of Formula 2 above;'}(b) ultrasonically treating each of the solutions;(c) maintaining each of the ultrasonically-treated solutions at room temperature; and(d) mixing the solution including ...

POLYPHOSPHAZENES

Substituted poly(phosphazene) compounds comprising a combination of units having one or more of the structures (i) to (iii) wherein: the combination comprises Rand R; each R, is independently an optionally substituted alkyl- or alkyl ether-based side chain containing an isocyanate-reactive moiety, an epoxide-reactive moiety, an amine-reactive moiety, a supramolecular noncovalent bonding moiety, or combinations thereof; and each Ris independently an optionally substituted alkyl- or alkyl ether-based side chain containing nitro, nitramine, nitrate ester, azide, an ammonium compound moiety with energetic counter-ion, or combinations thereof. Methods of making the compounds are also described. 2. The compound of wherein at least one R claim 1 , comprises a side chain containing a supramolecular bonding moiety that is a hydrogen bonding moiety capable of establishing hydrogen bonds with one or more partner moieties.3. The compound of wherein the hydrogen bonding moiety comprises at least two hydrogen bond donation or acceptance sites.4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen bonding moiety comprises at least two hydrogen bond donation sites and at least two hydrogen bond acceptance sites.5. The compound of wherein the hydrogen bonding moiety is self-complementary claim 1 , such that it is capable of establishing hydrogen bonds with one or more partner moieties of the same structure.7. The compound of wherein at least one Rcomprises a side chain comprising a supramolecular bonding moiety that is an electrostatic bonding moiety capable of establishing electrostatic bonds with one or more partner moieties.8. The compound of wherein at least one Rcomprises a side chain containing an amine-reactive moiety comprising epoxy claim 1 , isocyanate claim 1 , aldehyde claim 1 , carboxy claim 1 , or combinations thereof.9. The compound of wherein at least one R claim 1 , comprises a side chain containing an epoxide-reactive moiety comprising amino claim 1 , phenol claim 1 , ...

INDUSTRIAL MICROWAVE ULTRASONIC REACTOR

An industrial microwave ultrasonic reactor has an inner wall liner. A microwave generation device is formed by microwave units distributed on an outer sidewall, or by a microwave pipe disposed outside the reactor and microwave units distributed on the microwave pipe. One end of the microwave pipe communicates with the bottom of the reactor via a connection pipe I, and the other end communicates with the top via a return pipe. A shield is disposed outside the microwave generation device to separate the microwave units from the outside, and a heat removal device is disposed outside the shield. An ultrasonic wave generation device is formed by 10 to 30 sets of ultrasonic pulse units disposed at intervals along the outer sidewall. Each set has 10 to 50 members distributed along the circumferential direction of the reactor. A stirring shaft is fixed below a stirring motor and extends into the reactor. 1. An industrial microwave ultrasonic reactor , comprising a reactor , a microwave generation device , an ultrasonic wave generation device , a stirring device , and a heat removal device , wherein a feed port and an exhaust port are disposed at the top of the reactor , a discharge port is disposed at the bottom of the reactor , and an inner wall of the reactor has a liner made of an anti-corrosion wave-transmitting material;the microwave generation device is formed by microwave units distributed at intervals on an outer sidewall of the reactor, or is formed by a microwave pipe disposed outside the reactor and microwave units distributed at intervals on the microwave pipe, and each microwave unit comprises a magnetron, a diode, a transformer, and a waveguide that are electrically connected; one end of the microwave pipe communicates with the bottom of the reactor via a connection pipe I, and the other end communicates with the top of the reactor via a return pipe;a shield is disposed outside the microwave generation device to separate the microwave units from the outside, a ...

Treated Oils Having Reduced Densities and Viscosities

A treated oil, such as a treated heavy oil, which has a viscosity which is lower than the viscosity of the oil prior to the treatment thereof (i.e., the initial oil). The temperature at which 80 mass % of the treated oil has boiled is within 25° C. of temperature at which 80 mass % of the oil prior to the treatment thereof has boiled. Thus, the treated oil and the oil prior to the treatment thereof, have distillation curves or boiling point curves which are the same as or approximate to each other. 110-. (canceled)11. A treated heavy crude oil , wherein said heavy crude oil has been treated ex situ , which has a viscosity at 15° C. which is less than the viscosity of said heavy crude oil at 15° C. prior to the treatment thereof , and wherein the temperature at which 80 mass % of the treated heavy crude oil boils is within 25° C. of the temperature at which 80 mass % of the heavy crude oil prior to the treatment thereof has boiled , wherein said heavy crude oil , prior to the treatment thereof , has an API gravity that does not exceed 22.3°.12. The treated heavy crude oil of wherein the temperature at which 80 mass % of the treated heavy crude oil has boiled is within 15° C. of the temperature at which 80 mass % of the heavy crude oil prior to the treatment thereof has boiled.13. The treated heavy crude oil of wherein the temperature at which 80 mass % of the treated heavy crude oil has boiled is within 10° C. of the temperature at which 80 mass % of the heavy crude oil prior to the treatment thereof has boiled.14. The treated heavy crude oil of wherein said treated heavy crude oil has a viscosity at 15° C. which is at least 85% less than the viscosity of said heavy crude oil at 15° C. prior to the treatment thereof.15. The treated heavy crude oil of wherein said treated heavy crude oil has a viscosity at 15° C. which is at least 90% less than the viscosity of said heavy crude oil at 15° C. prior to the treatment thereof.16. The treated heavy crude oil of wherein ...

Ultrasonic Horn With A Large High-Amplitude Output Surface

Ultrasonic horns having improved longevity and simplified manufacturing approaches that can be more easily adapted to ultrasonic reactor chambers or batch processing containers. The ultrasonic horn designs increase the uniformity and intensity of acoustic energy radiated into a liquid medium and thus better correspond to the requirements of a particular sonochemical or sonomechanical process. The ultrasonic horns do not require a specific number of cylindrical sections and allow for various lengths and profiles of variable-diameter sections. The ultrasonic horns also reduce stress in the material of the ultrasonic horns and therefore extend longevity. 1. An ultrasonic horn , comprising:a first section that reduces in diameter from a first diameter to a second diameter; anda second section directly connected to and extending from the first section that increases in diameter from the second diameter to a third diameter.2. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the first section defines an input surface.3. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the second section defines an output surface.4. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , further comprising an entrance section defining an input surface claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the entrance section has the first diameter.5. The ultrasonic horn of claim 4 , wherein the entrance section is a cylinder having the first diameter.6. The ultrasonic horn of claim 4 , wherein the entrance section has a shape that varies between a fourth diameter and the first diameter.7. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , further comprising an exit section defining an output surface claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the exit section has the third diameter.8. The ultrasonic horn of claim 7 , wherein the exit section is a cylinder having the third diameter.9. The ultrasonic horn of claim 7 , wherein the exit section has a shape that varies between a fifth diameter and the third diameter.10. The ultrasonic horn of claim 1 , wherein the ...

THIN LAYER SONOCHEMISTRY AND SONOELECTROCHEMISTRY DEVICES AND METHODS

A device which can increase the rates of interfacial reactions including heterogeneous electron transfer reactions, the device comprising at least one sono(electro)chemical cell adapted to hold a thin layer of condensed fluid which is optionally adapted to participate in a heterogeneous electron transfer reaction, wherein the cell is further adapted to provide an ultrasonic transducer face to propagate sound waves into the thin layer of condensed fluid, and wherein the cell is still further adapted with an opening to provide the thin layer of condensed fluid with at least one interface which provides for reflection of the sound waves from the interface back into the thin layer of condensed fluid. The cells are configured to provide for a thin layer operation as opposed to a bulk operation. In method embodiments, ultrasound is applied to the thin layer of condensed fluid. The application of ultrasound is carried out both without cooling of the cell and without pressurization of the cell. Methods of using the device include fuel cells and fuel cell electrodes. Systems having anodes and cathodes are also provided. 1. A device comprising: at least one sonochemical cell adapted to hold a thin layer of condensed fluid , wherein the cell is further adapted to provide an ultrasonic transducer , optionally as an ultrasonic transducer face , to propagate sound waves into the thin layer of condensed fluid , and wherein the cell is still further adapted with an opening to provide the thin layer of condensed fluid with at least one interface which provides for reflection of the sound waves from the interface back into the thin layer of condensed fluid.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the transducer is adapted to avoid turbulence in the thin layer of condensed fluid.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the transducer is a piezoelectric transducer.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the transducer is a polymer transducer.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the transducer is a ...

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING GRAPHENE AND APPARATUS THEREFOR

Disclosed are a method of manufacturing graphene and an apparatus therefor. The method of manufacturing graphene and the apparatus therefor according to the present disclosure allow production of high-quality graphene in a simple manner in a short time without addition of a separate additive. 1. A method of manufacturing graphene , the method comprising:a step of preparing a mixture by mixing expanded graphite and liquid nitrogen; anda step of applying ultrasonic waves to the mixture, {'br': None, 'i': X+', 'Y<−', 'X+, '529035000<3360117310\u2003\u2003[Equation 1]'}, 'wherein the ultrasonic energy applied to the mixture satisfies Equation 1 belowwherein X represents the weight percentage of expanded graphite (%) expressed by the weight of expanded graphite (g)/[the weight of liquid nitrogen (g)+the weight of expanded graphite (g)]×100, andY represents the total energy of ultrasonic waves applied to a mixture, and a unit thereof is J.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein X is 0.5 to 9% by weight.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein Y is 40 claim 1 ,000 to 120 claim 1 ,000 J.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the expanded graphite is manufactured through a step of chemically expanding graphite by mixing graphite with a sulfur or nitrogen compound.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the expanded graphite is manufactured by additionally performing a step of physically expanding the chemically expanded graphite by applying energy to the chemically expanded graphite.7. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the step of chemically expanding the graphite comprises a first stirring step of adding graphite to a mixed liquid of sulfuric acid and nitric acid and stirring the same such that the mixed liquid penetrates between layers of the graphite claim 5 , thereby forming a mixture; anda second stirring step of adding an oxidizer to the mixture and mixing the same such that a surface of the graphite is oxidized.8. The method according to ...

PRODUCTION APPARATUS AND PRODUCTION METHOD FOR ELECTRIC STORAGE MATERIAL

A production apparatus for an electric storage material includes a dissolution device that dissolves a thickener in a solvent by applying vibration to the solvent, and a kneading device that kneads a solution of the thickener having an adjusted viscosity and an active substance. The thickener is dissolved in the solvent, and a powder of the active substance and the like are dispersed and kneaded in the solution of the thickener having the adjusted viscosity. Thus, kneading can be performed in a short time, and damage to the active substance can be suppressed. 1. A production apparatus for an electric storage material that contains at least a thickener and an active substance , comprising:a dissolution device that dissolves the thickener in a solvent by applying vibration to the solvent, anda kneading device that kneads a solution of the thickener, and the active substance.2. The production apparatus for an electric storage material according to claim 1 , wherein the dissolution device dissolves the thickener in the solvent by applying the vibration to the solvent with use of microwaves.3. The production apparatus for an electric storage material according to claim 1 , wherein the kneading device kneads the solution of the thickener claim 1 , the active substance and a conductive agent.4. The production apparatus for an electric storage material according to claim 1 , further comprisinga viscosity adjusting device that adjusts a viscosity of the solution of the thickener, wherein the kneading device kneads the solution of the thickener having the adjusted viscosity, and the active substance.5. The production apparatus for an electric storage material according to claim 4 , wherein the dissolution device dissolves the thickener in the solvent by applying the vibration to the solvent with use of microwaves.6. The production apparatus for an electric storage material according to claim 4 , wherein the viscosity adjusting device adjusts the viscosity of the solution of ...

Exfoliating Laminar Material by Ultrasonication in Surfactant

Disclosed herein is a method for exfoliating a laminar material to form an exfoliated material, in which the laminar material is ultrasonicated in a solution of a surfactant for sufficient time to form the exfoliated material. At all times during the ultrasonication the concentration of the surfactant in the solution is maintained sufficient to form a complete monolayer on the surfaces of the laminar material and the exfoliated material in the solution, or sufficient to sterically stabilise the laminar and exfoliated materials against aggregation. 1. A method for exfoliating a laminar material to form an exfoliated material , said method comprising ultrasonicating said laminar material in a solution of a surfactant for sufficient time to form said exfoliated material , wherein at all times during the ultrasonication the concentration of the surfactant in the solution is maintained sufficient to form a complete monolayer on the surfaces of the laminar material and the exfoliated material in the solution.2. A method for exfoliating a laminar material to form an exfoliated material , said method comprising ultrasonicating said laminar material in a solution of a surfactant for sufficient time to form said exfoliated material , wherein at all times during the ultrasonication the concentration of the surfactant in the solution is maintained sufficient to sterically stabilise the laminar and exfoliated materials against aggregation.3. The method of wherein the concentration of the surfactant is maintained sufficient to form a complete monolayer on the surfaces of the laminar material and the exfoliated material in the solution.4. The method of any one of to wherein the concentration is about 0.5 to about 5 mg surfactant per mof exfoliated material.5. The method of any one of to wherein the surfactant is a polymeric surfactant.6. The method of any one of to wherein the surfactant is a non-ionic surfactant.7. The method of or wherein the surfactant is a copolymer of ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CONCENTRATED AQUEOUS SOLUTION OF ORGANIC COMPOUND

After an aqueous solution containing, at a concentration of less than 40% by mass, an organic compound having two or more hydrophilic groups in a molecule is adjusted to contain the organic compound at a concentration of equal to or greater than 40% by mass, the aqueous solution whose organic compound concentration is adjusted to equal to or greater than 40% by mass is irradiated with an ultrasonic wave to atomize water, and is dehydrated and concentrated. 1. A method for producing a concentrated aqueous solution of an organic compound , comprising:a concentration adjustment step of adjusting an aqueous solution containing the organic compound at a concentration of less than 40% by mass to contain the organic compound at a concentration of equal to or greater than 40% by mass, the organic compound having two or more hydrophilic groups in a molecule; anda dehydration concentration step of irradiating the aqueous solution whose organic compound concentration is adjusted to equal to or greater than 40% by mass at the concentration adjustment step with an ultrasonic wave to atomize water.2. The method of claim 1 , whereinconcentration adjustment is performed at the concentration adjustment step in such a manner that the aqueous solution containing the organic compound at the concentration of less than 40% by mass is mixed with the organic compound or an aqueous solution containing the organic compound at a concentration of greater than 40% by mass.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:a recovery step of recovering the concentrated aqueous solution of the organic compound formed by dehydration concentration at the dehydration concentration step.4. The method of claim 1 , whereinthe concentration adjustment at the concentration adjustment step is performed in an ultrasonic atomizer including an atomization tank provided with an ultrasonic oscillator.5. The method of claim 1 , whereinat the concentration adjustment step, the aqueous solution whose organic compound ...

METHOD OF PREPARING ESTER COMPOUND AND ESTER COMPOUND PREPARED THEREBY

This invention relates to a method of preparing an ester compound, including adding carboxylic acid to a mixture of glycerol and acetone in the presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst and applying an ultrasonic wave to induce an esterification reaction, and to an ester compound prepared thereby. 1. A method of preparing an ester compound , comprising adding carboxylic acid to a mixture of glycerol and acetone in presence of a sulfuric acid catalyst and applying an ultrasonic wave to induce an esterification reaction.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid is formic acid.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is a one-pot process.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic wave is performed at a power density of 20˜700 W/cm.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic wave is performed at a power density of 70˜500 W/cm.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic wave is performed for 1˜400 min.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein applying the ultrasonic wave is performed for 5˜100 min.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acetone is added in an amount of 3˜15 equivalents based on the glycerol.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the formic acid is added in an amount of 1˜5 equivalents based on the glycerol.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the esterification reaction is carried out at −20˜10° C.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ester is prepared at a yield of 30% or more.12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ester compound is any one or more selected from the group consisting of (2 claim 1 ,2-dimethyl-1 claim 1 ,3-dioxolan-4-yl)methyl formate claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,2-dimethyl-1 claim 1 ,3-dioxan-5-yl formate claim 1 , glyceryl formate and 2-hydroxypropane-1 claim 1 ,3-diyl diformate.13. An ester compound prepared by the method of .14. The ester compound of claim 13 , wherein the ester compound is any one or more selected from the group consisting of (2 claim 13 ,2-dimethyl-1 claim 13 ,3-dioxolan-4-yl ...

AEROSOLIZATION METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLID PRODUCT PARTICLES HAVING DESIRED CHARACTERISTICS FROM PRECURSOR PARTICLES

The present application provides aerosol processes for selectively incorporating properties of solid precursor particles into processed materials is provided. In one aspect, a carrier gas and a precursor mixture are injected into an aerosol generator. The precursor mixture includes solid precursor particles and a liquid component. One or more ultrasonic transducers are applied to the to the precursor mixture in the aerosol generator to aerosolize a portion of the precursor mixture that comprises solid particles that are smaller than a predetermined size. The aerosolized portion of the precursor mixture is transferred, via the carrier gas, into a reactor. The aerosolized portion in the reactor is then dried and sometimes reacted to produce solid product particles, and the solid product particles are collected in a particle collector. 1. An aerosol process for selectively incorporating properties of solid precursor particles into processed materials , the process comprising:injecting a carrier gas and a precursor mixture into an aerosol generator, wherein the precursor mixture includes solid precursor particles and a liquid component;applying one or more ultrasonic transducers to the precursor mixture in order to aerosolize a portion of the precursor mixture that comprises solid particles that are smaller than a predetermined size;transferring, via the carrier gas, the aerosolized portion of the precursor mixture into a reactor;drying the aerosolized portion in the reactor to produce solid product particles; andcollecting the solid product particles in a particle collector.2. The aerosol process of claim 1 , wherein the solid precursor particles included in the precursor mixture comprise a set of particles having variable sizes including a subset having a largest dimension smaller than the predetermined size.3. The aerosol process of claim 1 , wherein the liquid droplets form over the surface of the solid precursor particles.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR DISPERSION OF DRY POWDERS

Systems and methods for preparing and dispersing dry powders are disclosed herein. The system includes a powder feeder, a rotating holder or disc configured to receive an input powder from the powder feeder, and one or more ultrasonic transducers. The ultrasonic transducer is configured to create standing waves, which suspend the input powder within a space above the rotating holder disc for collection and subsequent processing and/or use. Also disclosed herein is an adapter configured to fit existing off-the-shelf powder dispensers that includes an ultrasonic transducer configured to suspend an input powder in midair for collection. 1. A system for preparing dry powders for dispersion , comprising:a rotatable holder configured to receive an input powder;a powder feeder tube adapted to deliver the input powder to the rotatable holder; andat least one ultrasonic transducer adjacent to the rotatable holder, configured to suspend particles of the input powder on the rotatable holder as it passes the at lest one ultrasonic transducer.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a tube with an inlet end proximate the suspended input powder claim 1 , configured to draw the suspended particles into the tube.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tube is a probe tube.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tube directs the suspended particles to a de-agglomeration system.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the tube direts the suspended particles to an aerosol outlet.6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a brush attached to the powder feeder.7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a motor in mechanical connection with the rotatable holder.8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ultrasonic transducer is suspended above the rotatable holder.9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable holder comprises a rotary disk or round rotary table.10. The system of claim 9 , further comprising a continuous circular groove in a surface of the rotary disk or ...

ULTRASOUND GENERATION MEMBER, ULTRASOUND EMISSION DEVICE, AND ULTRASOUND DENATURATION OBSERVATION DEVICE

An ultrasound generation member according to an aspect of the present invention includes an ultrasound generation element configured to emit ultrasound in a direction of a target object in one specific container of a plurality of containers. An ultrasound emission device according to an aspect of the present invention includes the ultrasound generation member, and a drive power supply configured to apply voltage across the ultrasound generation element of the ultrasound generation member. An ultrasound emission device according to an aspect of the present invention includes the ultrasound generation member that includes, as the ultrasound generation element, a plurality of ultrasound generation elements, and a drive power supply configured to apply voltage across the plurality of ultrasound generation elements of the ultrasound generation member. 1. An ultrasound generation member , comprisingan ultrasound generation element configured to emit ultrasound to a target object in one specific container of a plurality of containers.2. The ultrasound generation member according to claim 1 , whereinthe ultrasound generation element includes an oscillator, a first electrode provided for the oscillator, and a second electrode provided for the oscillator.3. The ultrasound generation member according to claim 2 , whereinthe oscillator is elongated in a longitudinal direction, andthe first electrode and the second electrode are elongated in a direction that is the same as the longitudinal direction in which the oscillator is elongated.4. The ultrasound generation member according to claim 2 , whereinthe ultrasound generation element further includes an acoustic coupling member connected to the oscillator.5. The ultrasound generation member according to claim 1 , comprising claim 1 , as the ultrasound generation element claim 1 , a plurality of ultrasound generation elements.6. The ultrasound generation member according to claim 5 , further comprisinga holding member that holds ...

REVERSE-PHASE POLYMERISATION PROCESS

A reverse-phase suspension polymerisation process for the manufacture of polymer beads comprising forming aqueous monomer beads comprising an aqueous solution of water-soluble ethylenically unsaturated monomer or monomer blend and polymerising the monomer or monomer blend, to form polymer beads while suspended in a non-aqueous liquid, and recovering polymer beads, in which the process comprises providing in a vessel () a volume () of non-aqueous liquid wherein the volume of non-aqueous liquid extends between at least one polymer bead discharge point () and at least one monomer feed point (), feeding the aqueous monomer or monomer blend through orifices () into, or onto, the non-aqueous liquid to form aqueous monomer beads, allowing the aqueous monomer beads to flow towards the polymer bead discharge point initiating polymerisation of the aqueous monomer beads to form polymerising beads, wherein the polymerising beads form polymer beads when they reach the polymer bead discharge point, removing a suspension of the polymer beads in non-aqueous liquid from the vessel at the polymer bead discharge point and recovering, water soluble or water swellable polymer beads from the suspension, in which the aqueous monomer or monomer blend and/or the orifices is/are vibrated such that the frequency multiplied by the weight average droplet diameter is between 150 and 800 mm/s. The invention also relates to the apparatus suitable for carrying out a reverse-phase suspension polymerisation and polymer beads obtainable by the process or employing the apparatus. Furthermore, the invention also relates to polymer beads having a weight mean particle size in the range of 0.05 to 5 mm which are held in a container in an amount of at least 300 kg having a standard deviation of particle size less than 20%. In addition, the invention also provides polymer beads having a weight mean particle size in the range 0.05 to 5 mm having a standard deviation of particle size less than 20% and having ...

MANUFACTURING CORE-SHELL CATALYST AND APPARATUS FOR SCALE-UP MANUFACTURING THE SAME

To provide a reactor to improve evenness in the thickness of shell metals coated on the surface of core particles by increasing area sizes in the reactor chamber to control electric potentials, the present invention is configured to comprise a top surface able to move up and down while serving as a working electrode, a wall serving as a working electrode, a bottom surface, a standard electrode, a power supplying part and a solution injecting part, wherein the top surface can move up and down automatically by an electric motor or manually. Also, the top surface is configured to be suitable for the interior diameter of the reactor chamber, for solutions inside the reactor chamber not to leak from the top surface or from the crevice between the top surface and the wall of the reactor chamber. The bottom surface of the reactor chamber may comprise an impeller or an ultrasonic wave diffuser to bring about even diffusion in the reactor chamber. 1. A UPD reactor configured to comprise a top surface configured as an electric conductor to serve as a working electrode while being able to move up and down;a wall configured to have the same shape as the top surface and configured to have the bore which is the same as the diameter of the top surface to allow the top surface to move up and down, and configured as an electric conductor to serve as a working electrode;a bottom surface configured to face the top surface and to join the wall; anda power supplying part to input voltages into a standard electrode and an electrode and a solution injecting part.2. The UPD reactor of claim 1 , wherein the UPD reactor comprises one or more of titanium claim 1 , niobium or graphite.3. The UPD reactor of claim 1 , wherein the UPD reactor is configured to comprise a displaying part to show the kind of precursors claim 1 , the amount of precursors claim 1 , the kind of reaction liquids claim 1 , temperatures claim 1 , pressures claim 1 , voltages and concentration of products.4. The UPD ...

SONOCHEMICAL SYNTHESIS OF PARTICLES

Sonochemical synthesis methods of particles (e.g., nanoparticles, microparticles, quantum dots) in emulsion reaction mixtures are described herein. The methods allow for control of the bulk temperature of the reaction mixtures to minimize the effects of solvent temperature increases. The sonochemical synthesis methods (e.g., in emulsion reaction mixtures) offer efficient, accelerated, and controllable pathways towards the on-demand synthesis of complex materials. 1. A sonochemical method of making particles , comprising:providing an emulsion comprising uniformly dispersed immiscible droplets in a continuous phase, and one or more particle precursors;exposing the emulsion to ultrasound irradiation having a frequency of at least 20 kHz to nucleate and form particles in the emulsion, without increasing an emulsion bulk temperature in excess of 50° C.; andisolating the particles from the emulsion,wherein when the emulsion is an aqueous emulsion, the particle precursors do not comprise a gold salt.2. The sonochemical method of claim 1 , wherein the emulsion further comprises a surface stabilizer selected from polymers claim 1 , surfactants claim 1 , particles claim 1 , and any combination thereof3. The sonochemical method of claim 1 , wherein the emulsion does not comprise an aqueous solvent.4. The sonochemical method of claim 1 , wherein the droplets comprise a solvent selected from a terpene claim 1 , a fatty acid claim 1 , a fatty amine claim 1 , a triglyceride claim 1 , an ionic liquid claim 1 , a deep-eutectic solvent claim 1 , an alkane claim 1 , an alkene claim 1 , an aromatic solvent claim 1 , a silicone oil claim 1 , a long-chain alcohol claim 1 , or any combination thereof5. The sonochemical method of claim 1 , wherein the continuous phase of the emulsion comprises a solvent selected from water claim 1 , alcohol claim 1 , fatty acid claim 1 , deep eutectic solvent claim 1 , a polymer claim 1 , an ionic liquid claim 1 , an organic solvent claim 1 , or any ...

Process for preparing an oil-in-water mixture and apparatus for preparing an oil-in-water mixture

The present disclosure relates to a method for preparing an oil-in-water mixture having a predeterminable oil concentration which can be used as a reference mixture in the determination of oil concentrations of oil-in-water mixtures, comprising the steps of arranging at least one oil storage element in a container, feeding a predeterminable amount of a water-containing fluid into the container; and introducing ultrasonic waves into the fluid that are emitted in the direction of the oil storage element covered by the fluid, wherein the oil received in the oil storage element is released from the oil storage element by means of ultrasonic waves acting on the oil storage element and is distributed in the fluid. The present disclosure further relates to an apparatus for preparing an oil-in-water mixture.

METHODS AND REACTORS FOR PRODUCING ACETYLENE

Methods and reactors are provided for producing acetylene. The method includes combusting a fuel with oxygen in a combustor to produce a carrier gas, and accelerating the carrier gas to a supersonic speed in a converging/diverging nozzle prior to the carrier gas entering a reaction zone. A nozzle exit temperature of the carrier gas is controlled from about 1,200 degrees centigrade (° C.) to about 2,500° C. by adding a heat sink gas to the carrier gas before the reaction zone, where the heat sink gas is different than the fuel and the oxygen. Methane is added to the carrier gas in the reaction zone, and a shock wave is produced in the reaction zone by adjusting a back pressure such that the methane reacts to form acetylene. 1. A method of producing acetylene , the method comprising the steps of:combusting a fuel with oxygen in a combustor to produce a carrier gas;accelerating the carrier gas to a supersonic speed in a converging/diverging nozzle prior to the carrier gas entering a reaction zone;controlling a nozzle exit temperature of the carrier gas from about 1,200 degrees centigrade to about 2,500 degrees centigrade by adding a heat sink gas to the carrier gas in a reactor, wherein the heat sink gas is different than the fuel and the oxygen, and wherein the reactor comprises the combustor, the converging/diverging nozzle, and the reaction zone;adding methane to the carrier gas in the reaction zone; andconverting kinetic energy in the carrier gas to thermal energy in the reaction zone to increase the temperature of the carrier gas such that the methane reacts by pyrolysis to form the acetylene.2. The method of wherein controlling the nozzle exit temperature further comprises controlling the nozzle exit temperature by adding the heat sink gas wherein the heat sink gas comprises steam.3. The method of wherein controlling the nozzle exit temperature further comprises controlling the nozzle exit temperature by adding the heat sink gas between the combustor and the ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. An acid washing system is employed to wash the reactor effluent to remove any copper acetylide byproducts that may be present in the reactor effluent, or alternatively to decompose any copper acetylide byproducts that may remain in the reactor after shutdown of the reactor. 1. A system for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;at least a portion of the reactor shell comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy, wherein upon heating and accelerating the methane stream, a reactor effluent is generated comprising acetylene and a copper acetylide byproduct; andan acid washing unit that washes the reactor effluent from the supersonic reactor with an acid to decompose the copper acetylide byproduct.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acid washing unit comprises an acid sprayer unit.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acid washing unit comprises an acid pool.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the acid washing unit comprises a static mixer.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a separation system for separating the acid from the reactor effluent.6. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a drier unit for removing water from the reactor effluent.7. The system of claim 1 , ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ACOUSTICALLY-ASSISTED HYDROPROCESSING AT LOW PRESSURE

Hydroprocessing can be performed at low pressure using acoustic energy. For example, hydroprocessing a feedstock having one or more hydrocarbon compounds carried in, or mixed with, a transport gas involves flowing the feedstock through a reaction zone in a reactor that has a bulk pressure less than 68 atm and applying acoustic energy through the reaction zone. The hydrocarbon compounds are chemically reacted with a hydrogen source in the presence of a catalyst, wherein the reacting occurs in the reaction zone. 1. A method of hydroprocessing a feedstock comprising one or more hydrocarbon compounds carried in , or mixed with , a transport gas , the method characterized by:Flowing the feedstock through a reaction zone in a reactor, the reaction zone having a bulk pressure less than 68 atm,Applying acoustic energy through the reaction zone; andChemically reacting the hydrocarbon compounds with a hydrogen source in the presence of a catalyst, said reacting occurring in the reaction zone.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compounds comprise solid particulates.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compounds comprise liquid fluid.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compounds comprise vapor.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said applying acoustic energy further comprises inducing non-linear acoustic effects.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone has a bulk pressure approximately equivalent to atmospheric pressure.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone has a bulk pressure less than 34 atm.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone has a bulk pressure less than 17 atm.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone has a bulk pressure less than 7 atm.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction zone has a bulk pressure less than 3 atm.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon compounds comprise derivatives or distillate cuts of oils claim 1 , tars claim 1 , or asphaltenes.12. ...

METHODS AND REACTORS FOR PRODUCING ACETYLENE

Methods and reactors are provided for producing acetylene. The method includes combusting a fuel with oxygen in a combustor to produce a carrier gas, and accelerating the carrier gas to a supersonic speed in a converging/diverging nozzle prior to the carrier gas entering a reaction zone. A nozzle exit temperature of the carrier gas is controlled from about 1,200° C. to about 2,500° C. Methane is added to the carrier gas in the reaction zone, and kinetic energy in the carrier gas is converted to thermal energy in the reaction zone to increase the temperature of the carrier gas such that the methane reacts by pyrolysis to form the acetylene. 1. A method of producing acetylene , the method comprising the steps of:combusting a fuel with oxygen in a combustor to produce a carrier gas;accelerating the carrier gas to a supersonic speed in a converging/diverging nozzle prior to the carrier gas entering a reaction zone;controlling a nozzle exit temperature of the carrier gas from about 1,200° C. to about 2,500° C.;adding methane to the carrier gas in the reaction zone; andconverting kinetic energy in the carrier gas to thermal energy in the reaction zone to increase the temperature of the carrier gas such that the methane reacts by pyrolysis to form the acetylene.2. The method of wherein controlling the nozzle exit temperature comprises adding a heat sink gas to the carrier gas before the reaction zone.3. The method of wherein the heat sink gas comprises one or more of steam claim 2 , carbon dioxide claim 2 , carbon monoxide claim 2 , nitrogen claim 2 , argon claim 2 , or helium.4. The method of wherein the heat sink gas is the fuel and wherein the fuel is added to the combustor in excess of a stoichiometric oxygen to fuel ratio.5. The method of wherein the fuel is 5-200% in excess of the stoichiometric oxygen to fuel ratio.6. The method of wherein the heat sink gas is preheated prior to mixing with the carrier gas.7. The method wherein the heat sink gas is superheated steam ...

POLYMERS CONTAINING A 1,1-DISUBSTITUTED ALKENE COMPOUND

Disclosed is a block copolymer having a first polymer block including a first primary monomer that is a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound, wherein the first primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more, based on the total weight of the first polymer block, the first polymer block covalently bonded to a second polymer block including a second primary monomer different from the first primary monomer, wherein the second primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more, based on the total weight of the second polymer block. Also disclosed is a polymer comprising at least one monomer of a 1,1-disubstituted alkene compound having a weight average molecular weight of about 3000 daltons or more, wherein the polymer is substantially free of a melting temperature and is substantially free of a glass transition temperature of about 15° C. or more. 1. A composition comprising a block copolymer having a first polymer block including a first primary monomer that is a 1 ,1-disubstituted alkene compound , wherein the first primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more , based on the total weight of the first polymer block , the first polymer block covalently bonded to a second polymer block including a second primary monomer different from the first primary monomer , wherein the second primary monomer is present at a concentration of about 50 weight percent or more , based on the total weight of the second polymer block.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is a block copolymer having a first polymer block and a second polymer block claim 1 , wherein the second polymer block and the first polymer block have different concentration of monomers.3. The composition of wherein the polymer has a weight average molecular weight of about 3000 daltons or more claim 2 , the first block has a first glass transition temperature and the second polymer block has a second glass ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A GRAPHENE

The present invention is disclosed a method for producing a graphene, comprising: Providing a carbon material; processing a rolling procedure; processing a ultrasound procedure; and obtaining a solution containing a graphene, wherein the solution containing the graphene is obtaining from a upper liquid of a solution processing a ultrasound procedure. The present invention provides the ability for reducing the manufacturing cost of graphene, reducing the environmental pollution, and increasing the graphene yield. 1. A method for producing graphene , comprising:providing a carbon material;processing a rolling procedure, the rolling procedure comprising: pressing the carbon material to disperse and crush the carbon material into a smashed carbon material; and forming a first solution by mixing the smashed carbon material and a solvent;processing a ultrasound procedure, the ultrasound procedure comprising: ultrasonicating the first solution; and obtaining a second solution after ultrasonication; andobtaining a solution containing the graphene from an upper liquid of the second solution after ultrasonication.2. The method for producing graphene of claim 1 , wherein the step of processing the ultrasound procedure further comprising: still standing the second solution for obtaining a stood still second solution; obtaining a middle solution from the stood still second solution and obtaining a filtrate by filtering the middle solution with a microporous filter; forming a third solution by stirring the filtrate and the solvent; and ultrasonicating the third solution and obtaining a fourth solution from the ultrasonicated third solution.3. The method for producing graphene of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material comprising at least one of single-wall carbon nanotubes and multi-wall carbon nanotubes.4. The method for producing graphene of claim 1 , wherein a pressure in the pressing step is from 100 kg f/cmto 700 kg f/cm.5. The method for producing graphene of claim 1 , ...

APPARATUS FOR TREATING A SUBSTANCE WITH WAVE ENERGY FROM AN ELECTRICAL ARC AND A SECOND SOURCE

A substance is treated using a device having: (a) a volute or cyclone head, (b) a throat connected to the volute or cyclone head, (c) a parabolic reflector connected to the throat, (d) a first wave energy source comprising a first electrode within the volute or cyclone head that extends through the outlet into the opening of the throat along the central axis, and a second electrode extending into the parabolic reflector and spaced apart and axially aligned with first electrode, and (e) a second wave energy source disposed inside the throat, embedded within the throat or disposed around the throat. The substance is directed to the inlet of the volute or cyclone head and irradiated with one or more wave energies produced by the first and second wave energy sources as the substance passes through the device.