Niederdruckpyrolyseofen zur Vorrichtung von industriellen organischen Abfällen

Process for treating kieselguhr which arises in clarifying filtration in the food and beverage industry, in particular in beer filtration in breweries and is thus exhausted, and use of this regenerated product

The solid particles adsorbed to the surface of kieselguhr exhausted in clarifying filtration are chemically converted in the presence of (atmospheric) oxygen using high-frequency, high-energy electromagnetic radiation, i.e. radiation in the frequency range from 0.3 to 300 GHz, and/or using a thermal reactor suitable for intensive short-time treatment in which a specific combustion chamber loading of up to 250 MW/m<3> is ensured, preferably up to 150 MW/m<3>.

Process and apparatus for reducing the power required for the mechanical treatment of movable masses

... 501,835. Reducing friction by electric current. SIEMENS - SCHUCKERTWERKE AKT.-GES. May 31, 1937, No. 15133. Void. Convention date, May 29, 1936. [Class 41] The power required for the mechanical treatment of materials is reduced by passing an electric current through the material during treatment, the current being insufficient to cause any evaporation of moisture. Either direct or alternating current of low or high frequency may be employed. Preferably a low voltage is used with a current density of about 1 amp. for each half square metre of treating surface, the current being automatically maintained constant. In pressing coal briquettes, clay, rubber, &c. the die may form one electrode and the mould the other, or an electrode dipping in the material may be used. In drying furnaces of the plate or drum type, current is passed between the plate or drum and a stripper or worm working therein for conveying the material through the apparatus. The current is said to reduce friction and also ...

Pyrolysis system and method

Destruction of waste.

PROCEDURES AND DEVICE FOR THE PYROLYSIS OF FLUIDS EFFLUENTEN

CONTROL DEVICE FOR A WASTE PROCESSING INSTALLATION

SYSTEM FOR THE TREATMENT OF CELEBRATIONS PRODUCTS BY THERMOLYSE THEIR REMOVAL IS ENVIRONMENTALHARMFUL.

LOW PRESSURE PYROLYSIS FURNACE TO THE DEVICE OF MANUFACTURER ORGANIC WASTES

TUNABLE, SELFPROPELLED INTEGRATIONS ARC PLASMA ARC HEATING FURNACE FOR WASTE TREATMENT AND RECOVERY OF RAW MATERIALS

METHOD FOR PRODUCING MOULDED COKE BY ELECTRIC HEATING IN A SHAFT FURNACE AND SHAFT FURNACE FOR PRODUCING SUCH COKE AND ELECTRIC HEATING METHOD BY MEANS OF A FLUID CONDUCTING GRANULATED BED

System and method for decongesting a waste converting apparatus

PLASMA PYROLSIS OF WASTE

HEATING OF CHAR, COKE OR COAL USING MICROWAVE ENERGY

METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF GRAPHITE BODIES

The present invention relates to a method for production of graphite bodies. Carbon bodies are formed from a mixture of electric calcined coke particles calcined at a temperature between 1200 and 3000°C and a binder where the coke particles have sulphur-and nitrogen content varying between 0 and 1.5% by weight and where the coke particles have an average sulphur content less than 0.6% by weight and a nitrogen content of less than 0.6% by weight, baking of the carbon bodies at a temperature between 700 and 1400°C and graphitizing of the baked carbon bodies at a temperature above 2300°C.

PYROLYSIS DEVICE

A pyrolysis device (1; 200) comprising an elongated tubular structure (2; 201 ) which extends along a longitudinal axis (X) and includes a first tubular body (3; 202) which defines an initial washing or drainage chamber, in which a shaped carriage (5; 204) containing a polymeric material to be subjected to pyrolysis thermal treatment is received, and provided with a movable front shutter (8; 207), arranged at an axial inlet mouth (9) through which the shaped carriage (5; 204) is introduced into the initial chamber (4; 203), and cooperating with first actuating means (1 0; 209) which alternately move them at least between a first position, in which the front shutter (8; 207) closes the initial chamber (4; 203) from the outer side (4a), and a second position, in which the front shutter (8; 207) opens the initial chamber (4; 203) from such an outer side (4a) putting it into communication with the external environment. The pyrolysis device (1; 200) further comprises a second tubular body (11 ...

MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS REACTOR

The present invention provides a microwave pyrolysis reactor (1) comprising an inner pipe element (2) and a housing (4), wherein the inner pipe element (2) is made of a microwave transparent material and comprises a first open end (5) and a second open end (6); the housing (4) comprises a first inner surface, enclosing an annular space (7,44) around the inner pipe element (2), a waste inlet (10), a solids outlet (11), a gas outlet (12), an inert gas inlet (45) and a port (13) for a microwave waveguide (14), the waste inlet and the solids outlet are in communication with the first open end and the second open end of the inner pipe element, respectively, and the port for a microwave waveguide is in communication with the annular space; and wherein the inner pipe element is arranged with the first open end at a higher vertical level than the second open end, such that a material entering the waste inlet during use is transported through the inner pipe element, from the first open end to the ...

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING METHANE GAS AND USE OF SUCH A DEVICE

L' invention concerne un dispositif de production d'un gaz méthane (G) comportant une enceinte (1), des moyens de convoyage du produit dans l'enceinte qui comprennent une vis (10) montée pour tourner dans l'enceinte selon un axe géométrique de rotation, des moyens de chauffage par effet Joule de la vis, une unité d'élimination (12) d'impuretés présentes dans le gaz issu du traitement thermique du produit, ladite unité étant raccordée à une sortie haute de l'enceinte, et un système de purification (21) du gaz en sortie de l'unité d' élimination.

PLASMA PYROLYSIS WASTE DESTRUCTION

THERMAL TREATMENT OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL

Carbonaceous materials are heated by microwave radiation in a first zone having an atmosphere in which flame generation is substantially prevented, and then part of the hot carbonaceous material is moved into a second zone where thermal energy is released to a heat exchanger, the thermal energy being latent or generated by combustion of the material in the second zone. Apparatus comprises a housing with first (3) and second (4) zones, a microwave radiation source (5), a gas barrier (14) between the zones, and a heat exchanger (16) in the second zone (4).

Verfahren und Ofen zur trockenen Destillation von Kohle und anderem Material.

Elektrischer Ofen.

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Austreiben flüchtiger Bestandteile aus Brennstoff von festem aggregatzustand.

Verfahren zum Beheizen von Öfen.

Verfahren zur Umwandlung von Kohlenwasserstoffen

Process for starting or maintaining a chemical reaction which takes place on heating and reactor for its use

A transparent coolant fluid circulates in an annular channel bounded by the concentric walls (14, 15) of the tube (11). The interior forms a reaction chamber (17). The tube is made, for example, of glass or quartz. An inert fluid, also transparent, enters the chamber (17) through two diffusers (21, 22) with a laminar flow, and protects the inner wall of the tube (11). …The reactants follow an axial path (25) confined by the inert fluid and out of contact with the tube (11). An external source, for example an arc or filament, produces intense electromagnetic radiations which are reflected by a reflector onto a section of the trajectory (25) to cause the reaction. …The reactor is employed especially for the dissociation or combustion of organic and inorganic compounds. …… ...

Method for the electroinductive heating of material layers having a high resistivity

A material layer, e.g. a coke bed (14), having a resistivity of from 10<-4> to 10 ohm.m is heated in a reactor chamber by means of an induction coil (12) arranged outside the reactor chamber. The heating is produced by an induction current in the coke bed (14) itself, the current being generated by a low-frequency alternating current whose frequency corresponds to at most 10 times the mains frequency being passed through the induction coil (12). A ratio is maintained of from 0.2 to 2.5 between the smallest bed cross-section (d) and the penetration depth ( delta ) of the inductive field, said ratio being defined by the equation d DIVIDED delta =k(0.54 - 0.35 . <10>log rho ), where k is a number between 1.1 and 1.5 and rho represents the resistivity of the material layer, e.g. the coke bed. The method can be employed, for example, in the coking of coal, in the production of carbide, in the reduction of metal oxides, especially iron oxides, with coke, or in the smelting of scrap metal. Подробнее

High temp. reactor

High temp. reactor uses radiant heat supplied to porous reactor tube ...

PROCEDURE FOR THE CONTINUOUS THERMAL TREATMENT OF CHAR-CASH RAW MATERIAL.

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE PYROLYTI GARBAGE DESTRUCTION.

Pyrolytic decomposition of scrap tyres, plastics etc. - by coating pieces of material with adherent powder contg. oxide(s) of zinc or titanium and carbon black, then irradiating with EM waves

Process for eliminating solid organic materials by pyrolytic decomposition comprises comminuting the material to be treated; coating the pieces of material with an adherent layer of powder consisting at least of TiO2 or ZnO and carbon black; placing the coated pieces of material in a chamber under reduced press.; irradiating the material with electromagnetic waves to heat the material in bulk to a temp. not greater than 400 deg. C whilst avoiding superficial overheating; and withdrawing the gases produced during the pyrolysis as they are formed. USE/ADVANTAGE - The powder used to coat the pieces of material to be treated facilitates penetration of the electromagnetic energy into the prim. material and catalyses the pyrolysis reaction. The process is esp. useful for pyrolytic processing of scrap tyres and plastics without working under conditions of temp. and press. at which the danger of explosion exists. The condensable gases obtd. from the pyrolysis can be refined to yield gas oil, fuel ...

Non-pyrolytic controlled redn. of organic material

Organic material is non-pyrolytically reduced by subjecting it to microwave radiation in a reducing atmos. The appts. used consists of at least two modules connected in series. Each module comprises a microwave chamber and associated microwave generator. The organic material is fed into the first of the modules, while gaseous and solid prods. are removed from the modular series. The microwave generating appts. includes a magnetron (32), an antenna (34) and a reflecting surface or wave guide (36). It is mounted on the wall (38) of a microwave chamber (40). Pref. the reflecting surface is parabolic to provide a circular area of wave appln. The top of the surface is flattened allowing easy mounting of the unit and allowing the antenna to be positioned near the focus of the parabola. A series of such generators can be mounted on the chamber providing an overlapping pattern of areas of wave appln. Pref. the appts. includes a temp. sensor (50) controlling microwave generation. The organic material ...

Pyrolysis of polymeric waste materials.

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf ein Pyrolyseverfahren und einen Pyrolysereaktor zur thermischen Zersetzung von Polymerabfällen, insbesondere Gummi- und Kunststoffabfällen, unter Verwendung eines schnellen Pyrolyseverfahrens, wobei das Recyclat einer Pyrolysekammer (1) zugeführt und durch Mikrowellenstrahlung auf eine Zersetzungstemperatur des Recyclats erhitzt wrid.

Kombiniertes Mikrowellenpyrolyse- und Plasmaverfahren und Reaktor zum Herstellen von Olefinen.

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Pyrolyseverfahren zum Zurückgewinnen mindestens einer Komponente aus einem Ausgangsmaterial unter Verwendung einer thermischen Behandlung. Das Ausgangsmaterial wird einer Pyrolysekammer (1) zugeführt, einer kontrollierten Atmosphäre ausgesetzt und durch Anwenden von Mikrowellenenergie auf eine Behandlungstemperatur der mindestens einen Komponente in der Pyrolysekammer (1) erhitzt. Die Pyrolyseabbauprodukte werden durch fraktionierte Kondensation abgetrennt und eine Zielkomponente wird in Mikrowellenplasma zersetzt. Das Mikrowellenplasma wird derart erzeugt, dass die Plasmatemperatur über einen Temperaturbereich variiert wird, der eine Zersetzungs- und/oder Cracktemperatur der mindestens einen Komponente beinhaltet.

ЭЛЕКТРОНАГРЕВАТЕЛЬНАЯ УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ РАСЩЕПЛЕНИЯ УГОЛЬНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

В заявке описана электронагревательная установка для расщепления угольного материала, которая имеет закрытую печь (1) с загрузочным отверстием (2) и выпускным отверстием (3). В печи (1) находится электронагревательное устройство (4). Между электронагревательным устройством (4) и внутренней стенкой печи (1) сформирован (10) канал продвижения и расщепления угольного материала. На печь (1) установлен коллектор (5) газа расщепления угля, который соединяется с каналом (10) продвижения и расщепления угольного материала. Коллектор (5) газа расщепления угля (5) соединен с устройством (8) для удаления пыли и сжижения газа, который находится снаружи печи (1). Электронагревательное устройство (4) путем теплопереноса и теплоотдачи отдает вырабатываемое тепло пылеобразному углю внутри канала (10) продвижения и расщепления угольного материала (10). Пылеобразный уголь в достаточной степени поглощает тепло, и его температура повышается. Внутри канала (10) продвижения и расщепления угольного материала он ...

ELECTRICAL-HEATING COAL MATERIAL DECOMPOSITION DEVICE

PLASMA PYROLYSIS AND VITRIFICATION OF MUNICIPAL WASTE

Cracking equipment

Pyrolysis desorption reaction kettle and treatment equipment including same for oily sludge of offshore platform

Medium-sized automatic control electrical heating experiment coke oven

DESTRUCTION DE DECHETS PAR PYROLYSE SOUS PLASMA

ON DECRIT UNE METHODE ET UN APPAREIL POUR LA DESTRUCTION PYROLYTIQUE DE DECHETS TOXIQUES OU DANGEREUX UTILISANT UN EQUIPEMENT QUI EST COMPACT ET TRANSPORTABLE. LES DECHETS SONT INTRODUITS DANS UN CHALUMEAU A ARC PLASMA 12 DANS LEQUEL ILS SONT ATOMISES ET IONISES, ET ENSUITE ENVOYES DANS UN REACTEUR 14 POUR ETRE REFROIDIS ET SE RECOMBINER EN PRODUIT GAZEUX ET EN MATIERE PARTICULAIRE. LES PRODUITS RECOMBINES SONT REFROIDIS PAR UN ANNEAU DE PULVERISATION ALCALIN 16 FIXE AU REACTEUR 14 POUR NEUTRALISER LES PRODUITS RECOMBINES ET HUMIDIFIER LA MATIERE PARTICULAIRE. LE PRODUIT GAZEUX EST ENSUITE EXTRAIT EN UTILISANT UN EPURATEUR 18 ET BRULE OU UTILISE COMME COMBUSTIBLE. DES DISPOSITIFS DE CONTROLE VERIFIENT LES PRODUITS RECOMBINES ET ARRETENT AUTOMATIQUEMENT L'APPAREIL SI ON TROUVE DES CONSTITUANTS DANGEREUX.

MANUFACTORING PROCESS OF COKE MOULDS IN A SHAFT FURNACE HEATS ELECTRICALLY AND SHAFT FURNACE CORRESPONDING

SYSTEM FOR the TREATMENT BY THERMOLYSIS, IN Complete absence Of OXYGEN OF the SOLID PRODUCTS OF WHICH the REJECTION EAST PREJUDICIAL FOR the ENVIRONMENT.

PROCESS AND INSTALLATION FOR THE CONVERSION OF WASTE INTO STABLE FINISHED PRODUCTS

Process and device for the fuel devalor and hydrocarbon recovery on the basis of lignites, coal, wood, peat

Process of treatment of the peat and other similar matters

PROCESS AND INSTALLATION OF TREATMENT OF THE REFUSE AND OTHER MATTERS OF REJECT

Pyrolysis apparatus

PROCESSO PARA A COQUEIFICACAO DE CARVAO,BRIQUETE DE CARVAO PARA O EMPREGO NESSE PROCESSO E FORNO DE COQUEIFICACAO PARA A EXECUCAO DO MESMO

PROCESSING UNIT AND METHOD

Embodiments of the invention provide a substantially self contained processing unit for performing pyrolysis of hydrocarbon-containing material, the unit comprising: a reactor vessel arranged to receive material to be pyrolysed; a source of microwave radiation; and control means for controlling the unit, the unit being operable by means of the control means to irradiate material contained within the reactor vessel with microwave radiation thereby to heat the material to evolve hydrocarbon compounds therefrom, the unit being operable to provide a flow of evolved hydrocarbons from pyrolysed material to a storage means.

THERMAL TREATMENT OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL

Carbonaceous materials are heated by microwave radiation in a first zone having an atmosphere in which flame generation is substantially prevented, and then part of the hot carbonaceous material is moved into a second zone where thermal energy is released to a heat exchanger, the thermal energy being latent or generated by combustion of the material in the second zone. Apparatus comprises a housing with first (3) and second (4) zones, a microwave radiation source (5), a gas barrier (14) between the zones, and a heat exchanger (16) in the second zone (4).

NON-COMBUSTION HYDROCARBON GASIFICATION

A method for non-combustive gasification of a hydrocarbon material includes introducing a mass of hydrocarbon material into a chamber, wherein a transmissive wall of the chamber has a pass band in the infrared frequency spectrum, removing air from the chamber; heating the hydrocarbon material within the chamber by radiating, from an infrared emitter, infrared radiation at a frequency corresponding to the pass band to convert at least one component of the hydrocarbon material to a gas, and turning the hydrocarbon material within the chamber to expose inner material to the infrared radiation. 1. A method for non-combustive gasification of a hydrocarbon material , the method comprising:introducing a mass of hydrocarbon material into a chamber, wherein a transmissive wall of the chamber has a pass band in the infrared frequency spectrum;removing air from the chamber; heating the hydrocarbon material within the chamber by radiating, from an infrared emitter, infrared radiation at a frequency corresponding to the pass band to convert at least one component of the hydrocarbon material to a gas; andturning the hydrocarbon material within the chamber to expose inner material to the infrared radiation.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein turning the hydrocarbon material comprises repositioning the chamber.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein repositioning the chamber includes raising or lowering one end of the chamber.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein repositioning the chamber includes rotating the chamber.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the chamber has a tubular shape and rotating the chamber includes rotating the tube with respect to its longitudinal axis.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein removing air from the chamber includes evacuating atmospheric air from the chamber before heating the hydrocarbon material.7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:removing the gas from the chamber and collecting the gas in a storage tank.8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising ...

MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS REACTOR

РЕАКТОР И СПОСОБ ДЛЯ ПО МЕНЬШЕЙ МЕРЕ ЧАСТИЧНОГО РАЗЛОЖЕНИЯ, В ЧАСТНОСТИ, ДЕПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ, И/ИЛИ ОЧИСТКИ ПОЛИМЕРНОГО МАТЕРИАЛА

... 1. Реактор для газификации и/или очистки, в частности, деполимеризации полимерного материала (12), включающий в себя(a) резервуар (14) реактора для размещения полимерного материала (12),(b) средство (18) нагрева для нагрева полимерного материала (12) в резервуаре (14) реактора,(c) при этом резервуар реактора по меньшей мере частично наполнен расплавом (26) металла,отличающийся(d) расположенным во внутреннем пространстве (22) резервуара (14) реактора устройством (24, 32) замедления для замедления потока сжиженного полимерного материала (12) в резервуаре (14) реактора,(e) при этом устройство (24, 32) замедления имеет множество подвижно расположенных во внутреннем пространстве (22) элементов (25).2. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что элементы (25) состоят из ферромагнитного материала.3. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что устройство (24) замедления выполнено так, что оно принуждает сжиженный полимерный материал (12) перемещаться по меандрообразному пути.4. Реактор по п.1, отличающийся ...

Plant for processing media which can be conveyed in a flow cross section, especially at high and low temperatures

The invention relates to a plant for processing media which can be conveyed in a flow cross section, especially at high and low temperatures, comprising at least two processing stations which are connected with one another by a flow line for the media, especially pyrolysis plants, especially comprising such processing stations in one of which, on the basis of special criteria, for example high-temperature stability, a temperature limit is predefined, and in the other of which, on the basis of special criteria, for example thermal treatment or reaction, the temperature should be about the same as in the other processing station. The purpose of the invention is to refine the plant in such a way that the temperature losses arising in the medium, as it flows through the flow line, can be compensated at least partially. This is achieved by assigning to the flow line (3) at least one heating or cooling appliance (23). ...

Conversion of organic materials into fuels

Conversion of organic material of biological origin into liquid, solid or gaseous fuels comprises heating the material using microwave radiation and degrading and disproportionating with simultaneous splitting of CO2 after raising the pressure under non-oxidising conditions. Also claimed is a reactor for carrying out the process is also claimed and comprises: (a) a pressure chamber (8) operating under 50-2000 (pref. 50-500, esp. 100-350) bar pressure; (b) generators for producing microwave radiation in a region (6) in the chamber (8); and (c) a spiral reaction tube (9) containing the reaction material running through the region (6) of the microwave radiation.

Einkoppeleinheit, Mikrowellenreaktor und Verfahren zum Einkoppeln von Mikrowellen

Zum Einkoppeln von Mikrowellen in einen Reaktor zur Pyrolyse von kohlenstoffhaltigem Material wird eine Einkoppeleinheit vorgeschlagen, die mindestens ein scheibenförmiges Element aus einem Material aufweist, das für Mikrowellen transparent ist, wobei das scheibenförmige Element im eingebauten Zustand der Einkoppeleinheit den Innenraum eines Mikrowellenreaktors vom Außenraum des Mikrowellenreaktors abtrennt, und die eine Gaszufuhr (8, 9, 10, 13) aufweist, die derart angeordnet ist, dass sie auf der im eingebauten Zustand dem Reaktorinnenraum (16) zugewandten Seite des scheibenförmigen Elements (12) mündet. Das zugeführte Gas (11) bildet ein Schutzpolster gegen mögliche störende Ablagerungen auf dem scheibenförmigen Element (12).

VERFAHREN UND APPARAT ZUR KONTROLLIERTEN REDUKTION ORGANISCHER MATERIALIEN

VERFAHREN UND ANLAGE ZUR UMWANDLUNG VON ABFALLSTOFFEN IN BESTAENDIGE ENDPRODUKTE

Pyrolysis reactor and method

PYROLYTIC DESTRUCTION OF WASTE MATERIALS

Thermal treatment of carbonaceous material

Method and plant for conversion of waste material to stable final products

The invention relates to a method and plant for converting waste material containing and/or comprising thermally disintegratable chemical substances to stable final products such as CO2, H2O and HCl, the waste material being subjected to a plasma gas of high temperature generated in a plasma generator in order to effect disintegration. The waste material in feedable form is caused to flow through a reaction zone, heated by a plasma gas to at least 2000 DEG C. The reaction zone comprises a cavity burned in a gas-permeable filling in piece form arranged in a reaction chamber, by means of the plasma jet from the plasma generator directed towards and projecting into said filling. An appropriate oxygen potential is maintained in at least the reaction zone such that the disintegration products are continuously converted to stable final products.

WASTE DESTRUCTION.

PROCEDURE FOR THE THERMAL DECOMPOSITION OF A BASIC MATERIAL WITH FOREIGN PARTICLES

PYROLYSES OF ORGANIC MATERIAL.

PROCEDURE FOR THE REMOVAL OF DOMESTIC REFUSE.

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE PLASMA PYROLYSIS OF GARBAGE

ELECTRO-PYROLYTIC UPRIGHT SHAFT TYPE SOLID REFUSE DISPOSAL AND CONVERSION PROCESS

Continuous pyrolysis system

Heat generator assembly for material processing

Apparatus and method for processing biomass

There is provided an apparatus (1) and methods for processing biomass to produce charcoal, bio-oil(s) activated carbon, recarburiser carbon, or nut coke by means of microwave energy. The apparatus has a rotatable tube (5) for receiving biomass 5 (108), an electromagnetic generator (7). One method provides applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass (108) and an absorbing material (109). An alternative method provides allowing an indirect, black body radiation field to develop, and exposing the biomass (108) to the black body radiation field and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides allowing plasma to form and 10 exposing the biomass to the plasma and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides introducing the biomass to a second container 205, introducing the second container to a first reaction container (5), applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass and an absorbing material (109), allowing a plasma to form in the first container, which heats the biomass ...

PYROLYSIS REACTOR AND METHOD

... ²²²²A continuous method for recycling a metal/organic laminate and a reactor ²therefore are ²provided. The reactor comprising a first chamber having a first rotary stirrer ²and a ²second chamber having a second rotary stirrer, each chamber containing ²particulate ²microwave absorbing material. Laminate and additional particulate microwave ²absorbing material are introduced into the first chamber, and under a reducing ²or inert ²atmosphere the mixture is stirred and microwave energy is applied to heat the ²particulate ²microwave absorbing material to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyse organic ²material in ²the laminate. A portion of the mixture is then transferred to the second ²chamber, stirred ²and further heated to a temperature sufficient to pyrolyse organic material ²remaining in ²the laminate, such that laminate or delaminated metal migrates towards and ²floats on the ²upper surface of the mixture in the second chamber.² ...

PLASMA PYROLYSIS WASTE DESTRUCTION

A method and apparatus are disclosed for the pyrolytic destruction of toxic or hazardous waste materials using equipment that is compact and transportable. The waste materials are fed into a plasma arc burner where they are atomized and ionized, and then discharged into a reaction chamber to be cooled and recombine into product gas and particulate matter. The recombined products are quenched using a spray ring attached to the reaction vessel. An alkaline atomized spray produced by the spray ring neutralizes the recombined products and wets the particulate matter, The product gas is then extracted from the recombined products using a scrubber, and the product gas is then burned or used for fuel. Monitoring devices are used to check the recombined products and automatically shut down the apparatus if hazardous constituents are encountered therein.

RECYCLING AND MATERIAL RECOVERY SYSTEM

The present invention relates to recycling tires and the like utilizing a microwave service controlling the pressure from such a process enables a more even temperature and helps prevent the buildup of explosive gas.

APPARATUS COMPRISING A MICROWAVE PROCESSING CHAMBER

A processing apparatus is described that comprises a microwave processing chamber (20), a rigid, rotatable feed wheel (16) rotatable about an axis of rotation such that a part of the feed wheel (16) is located within the processing chamber (20), a feed device (26) operable to deposit materials to be processed onto the feed wheel (16), and an output (30) into which processed materials from the feed wheel (16) can be deposited, in use.

A METHOD AND A SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING PLASTIC WASTE

A method for processing of plastic and/or rubber waste to generate energetic gas comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons C1 - C4, carbon oxide and hydrogen, wherein the waste may comprise halogens, sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen and may be contaminated by substances of inorganic origin comprising ceramic and metallic materials, the method comprising processing the waste in a pyrolysis process, wherein a powdered waste material is fed to a microwave drum reactor (102), where it is heated by microwaves while being moved through the reactor (102), the method comprising: conducting the pyrolysis reaction inside the reactor (102) at a temperature of 800 - 950°C to obtain end products comprising gases, dust and a porous char of a large surface area having absorptive properties; separating the char from the other pyrolysis products by deposition; directing a portion, preferably a quarter, of the obtained char to a filter (105); directing the dust and gases to a gas cooling apparatus (103) comprising at ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS

There is provided an apparatus (1) and methods for processing biomass to produce charcoal, bio-oil(s) activated carbon, recarburiser carbon, or nut coke by means of microwave energy. The apparatus has a rotatable tube (5) for receiving biomass (108), an electromagnetic generator (7). One method provides applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass (108) and an absorbing material (109). An alternative method provides allowing an indirect, black body radiation field to develop, and exposing the biomass (108) to the black body radiation field and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides allowing plasma to form and exposing the biomass to the plasma and the electromagnetic energy. Another method provides introducing the biomass to a second container (205), introducing the second container to a first reaction container (5), applying electromagnetic energy to the biomass and an absorbing material (109), allowing a plasma to form in the first container, which heats the biomass in ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING GRAPHITE ARTICLES

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING BIOMASS

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATMENT OF BIOMASS

HEATING INSTALLATION FOR DECOMPOSITION OF COAL MATERIAL

Plasma pyrolysis and vitrification of municipal waste

Upgrading facility by combination of industrial waste and household and/or urban/unsorted by thermolysis.

Process and furnace of heating of materials in bulk

Process for the uniform electric heating of granulous substances

System for the treatment by thermolysis, in complete absence of oxygen of the solid products whose lerejet is prejudicial for the environment

L'invention concerne un système pour le traitement par thermolyse, en absence totale d'oxygène, des produits solides dont le rejet est préjudiciable pour l'environnement. Le système est constitué d'un réacteur comportant une chambre de déshydratation -1-, d'une chambre de thermolyse -2- et d'une chambre de refroidissement -20-. Les produits à traiter sont mis dans des chariots -20- qui pénetrent dans le réacteur par un système de sas pour éviter l'entrée d'air.La chambre de déshydratation et la chambre de thermolyse sont chauffées par des panneaux radiants catalytiques -4- et par des résistances électriques -5-. Les panneaux radiants sont alimentés en air atmosphérique ou en oxygène pur d'une part et en gaz de thermolyse d'autre part. les halogènes et le soufre éventuellement contenus dans les gaz de thermolyse à la sortie du réacteur sont éliminés parle passage dans des laveurs -9- et -11- ainsi que le gaz carbonique produit par oxydation de ces gaz dans les panneaux radiants catalytiques ...

PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF POUR LA DESTRUCTION DE DECHETS SOLIDES PAR PYROLYSE

PROCEDE ET DISPOSITIF POUR LA DESTRUCTION DE DECHETS SOLIDES PAR PYROLYSE, DANS LEQUELS UNE COLONNE 10 DE TELS DECHETS EST PARCOURUE AU MOINS PARTIELLEMENT, DE BAS EN HAUT, PAR UN COURANT GAZEUX CHAUD SOUFFLE A LA BASE DE LADITE COLONNE. SELON L'INVENTION, LEDIT COURANT GAZEUX CHAUD EST ENGENDRE PAR AU MOINS UN JET DE PLASMA. DESTRUCTION DES IMBRULES ET AMELIORATION DE L'ECOULEMENT DES RESIDUS FONDUS.

Improvements with the carbonization of coal

MANUFACTORING PROCESS OF COKE MOULDS BY ELECTRIC HEATING IN a SHAFT FURNACE AND SHAFT FURNACE FOR the MANUFACTURE Of SUCH a COKE

NOUVEAU FOUR ELECTRIQUE A HAUT RENDEMENT POUR LA CALCINATION DES MATIERES CARBONEES

L'INVENTION CONCERNE UN FOUR ELECTRIQUE A CHAUFFAGE PAR PASSAGE DE COURANT A TRAVERS LA CHARGE ET PLUS PARTICULIEREMENT UN FOUR CONTINU DANS LEQUEL LA CHARGE EST UNE MATIERE CARBONEE. LE FOUR SUIVANT L'INVENTION EST EQUIPE D'UN DISPOSITIF PERMETTANT DE REALISER UNE CIRCULATION DE GAZ NON REACTIF A CONTRE COURANT DE LA CHARGE. LE FOUR SUIVANT L'INVENTION EST UTILISE EN PARTICULIER POUR LA CALCINATION DE L'ANTHRACITE.

Process and furnace for the distillation of fuels

PROCESSO DE FABRICACAO DE COQUE MOLDADO POR AQUECIMENTO ELETRICO EM UM FORNO COM CUBA E FORNO COM CUBA PARA A FABRICACAO DESSE COQUE E PROCESSO DE AQUECIMENTO ELETRICO COM O AUXILIO DE UM LEITO GRANULADO CONDUTOR DE UM FLUIDO

MICROWAVE TREATMENT OF MATERIAL USING AN AUGER

Apparatus for the destructive reclamation of materials and energy from municipal wastes and other raw materials through the use of Microwave-induced Gasification and Pyrolysis, where the waste of raw material may be mixed and transported once or several times through the process, thus enabling the programming of different processes to different materials and desired end products.

Process for plasma pyrolysis and vitrification of municipal waste

Municipal or other solid waste is delivered in loose form to a processing facility where it is compacted into a supply chute adjacent the upper portion of a reactor. The compaction serves to remove most of the air and some of the water from the waste as well as to seal the reactor against air infiltration. The supply chute is equipped with a number of pusher units which are capable of pushing a portion of the compacted waste in the form of a block into the reactor. The blocks of compacted waste are deposited in the top of the reactor in response to a signal related to the height of waste in the reactor. A pivotally and extendible mounted plasma arc torch is employed as a heat source to pyrolyze organic waste components to generate desired by-product gases. Air and steam are added in controlled quantities to improve the operational efficiency and the by-product gas composition. Residual materials which do not pyrolyze are melted and cooled into a substantially inert vitrified mass.

Pyrolysis Reactor

The disclosure provides several pyrolysis reactor configurations and associated methods for generating pyrolysis products (e.g., oil, gas, and/or char) from organic feedstock. 1. A pyrolysis reactor comprising an upper pressure vessel and a lower reaction chamber; a gas-permeable distribution screen forming a centrally-disposed plenum and a laterally-disposed gas distribution space and', 'a process gas inlet in communication with the gas distribution space;, 'wherein the lower reaction chamber compriseswherein the distribution screen is adapted to retain a feedstock within the plenum and the plenum is contiguous with the upper pressure vessel.2. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1 , wherein the lower reaction chamber comprises a plurality of process gas inlets in communication with the gas distribution space.3. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1 , wherein the lower reaction chamber comprises one or more process gas outlets in communication with the gas distribution space.4. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1 , wherein the gas distribution space further comprises one or more baffles.5. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1 , wherein the pyrolysis reactor further comprises one or more microwave waveguides configured to emit microwaves into the interior of the plenum.6. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 5 , wherein the waveguide further comprises a quartz window.7. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 6 , wherein the pyrolysis reactor further comprises a gas nozzle configured to direct a cleaning gas onto the quartz window.8. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 1 , wherein the pyrolysis reactor further comprises one or more microwave waveguides configured to emit microwaves into the interior of the upper pressure vessel.9. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 8 , wherein the waveguide further comprises a quartz window.10. The pyrolysis reactor of claim 9 , wherein the pyrolysis reactor further comprises a gas nozzle configured to direct a cleaning gas onto the quartz window.11. The pyrolysis reactor ...

Furnace for hazardous materials

A continuous thermal treatment furnace for converting hazardous materials into environmentally acceptable materials, including a continuous belt for conveying hazardous materials through a substantially air-tight heating chamber having heating elements to thermally detoxify the hazardous materials on the belt, a charging zone and a discharging zone, each being ducted to convey volatiles to an off-gas handling system in which hazardous volatiles are converted to environmentally acceptable materials, the discharge zone being at least partially water-jacketed to cool discharged solids, the continuous belt being returned to the charging zone outside of the heating chamber in order for the belt to be cooled.

Method for recycling composite materials

The invention relates to a method for recovering the glass fibres from composite materials in connection with recycling. This is of particular importance in connection with recycling of glass fibre blades from wind turbines and other fibre reinforced composite materials of the type where glass fibre is embedded in a matrix of polyester, epoxy or a similar polymeric substance or a thermoplastic material. The method of the invention consists in a thermal process in which the material is pyrolysed at a relatively low temperature in a closed furnace chamber with an inactive atmosphere, for example in the form of nitrogen. The temperature and combustion conditions are chosen such that the matrix is glasified while the glass fibres remain intact, thus making recycling possible. The by-product of the pyrolysis is combustible gas, which is carried off from the furnace. The energy in the gas may be utilised for a number of objects, such as: propellant for gas engines in combined heat and power plants ...

Automatic carbonizing collector for wastes

An automatic carbonizing collector for wastes pertains to automatic collection of wastes, reduce, and recycle wastes in producing source, to replace manual door to door collection, landfill and incineration of wastes. The carbonizing collectors set in waste producing source comprises automatically opening lid (), putting wastes into container () set in carbonizing tank (), carbonizing the wastes under anaerobic condition by heater () and burner (), collecting carbonized products by pipe () and pipeline () which connecting with the all of the carbonizing collectors in a city, storing the products in tank () and collecting tank () for fuel of the carbonizing collectors, cleaning the carbon in carbonizing tank () by taking out pail (), shredding the carbon into conductible particle, going through pipeline () to collecting tank (). A supervisory control center () and a main board () set in the carbonizing collector automatically manage the project formed by the pipeline () and the carbonizing collectors. 1. An automatic carbonizing collector for wastes is designed to reduce , recycle and disinfect all of the wastes in producing source , to replace manual door to door collection of wastes , and reach at waste management automation comprising:Setting automatic carbonizing collectors in waste producing source, kitchen, clinic and business units;{'b': 4', '7, 'Automatically opening lid () of the automatic carbonizing collectors by automatic lid infrared sensor opener assembly ();'}{'b': 2', '14, 'Putting all of wastes into container () set in carbonizing tank () of the automatic carbonizing collectors;'}{'b': 4', '2, 'Automatically closing the lid () of the automatic carbonizing collector and depositing the wastes in the container () of the automatic carbonizing collectors;'}{'b': 2', '6, 'Disinfecting the wastes in the container () and eliminating odor by ultraviolet and ozone producing assembly () instantly;'}{'b': '8', 'Setting working time and selecting mode by control ...

Pyrolysis of Biomass

A method of treating biomass material, particularly plant-derived biomass material, to produce pyrolysis thereof, comprising subjecting the biomass material to radio frequency electromagnetic radiation, e.g. microwave radiation, while the material is being agitated, under suitable conditions to produce a desired degree of pyrolysis.

Self sustained system for sorbent production

A self sustained system for sorbent production includes a thermal reactor for pyrolytic decomposing organic waste material in order to generate synthetic gases and sorbents; sorbent and gas separation unit; gas cleaning unit and gas turbine, supplying energy back to the system. Rice husk is fed continuously into a thermal reactor at a controlled feed rate. The plasma torch is used to heat the reactor to a sufficient temperature, as to convert the rice husk ‘feed’ material to a synthetic gas and solid carbon rich sorbent. Oxygen and steam are added in control quantities to optimize efficiency of production of synthetic gas composition and sorbent quality. The synthetic gas is directed through a heat exchanger, where heat is extracted for producing the process steam. Cooled synthetic gas is used to power a gas turbine as a fuel to produce electricity. In one embodiment the waste material is a rice husk. The sorbent(s) can be applied to oil/water separation process and can absorb oil 5 to 10 times its own weight. The sorbent(s) can be re-used after extracting absorbed oil. The sorbent is also effective for waste water cleaning and filtering heavy metals.

Devices and Methods for a Pyrolysis and Gasification System for Biomass Feedstock

A pyrolysis and gasification system and method convert a biomass feed stock to bio-char and synthesis gas. In one embodiment, the pyrolysis and gasification system includes a reactor for producing a synthesis gas and bio-char from a biomass feedstock. The system includes a flow measurement device and an air distribution system, which provides a fluidized bed in the reactor. The system also includes a cyclone assembly. The cyclone assembly removes the bio-char from the synthesis gas. 1. An air distribution system for a reactor , wherein bed materials are disposed in the reactor , comprising:an air distribution plate;a plurality of air distributors, wherein the plurality of air distributors are attached to the air distribution plate;wherein each of the air distributors comprises a base and a distribution arm, and wherein the distribution arm comprises distributor orifices; andwherein the distribution arm is disposed about parallel to the air distribution plate, and wherein the distribution arm comprises a bottom side, and further wherein the distributor orifices are disposed on the bottom side of the distribution arm.2. The air distribution system of claim 1 , wherein the air distribution system provides air to the bed materials to provide a fluidized bed in the reactor.3. The air distribution system of claim 2 , wherein the air distribution system is submerged in the fluidized bed.4. The air distribution system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor is disposed in a gasifier for producing a synthesis gas and bio-char from a biomass feedstock.5. The air distribution system of claim 1 , wherein the distribution arm is disposed about perpendicular to the base.6. The air distribution system of claim 1 , wherein air flows from the base to the distribution arm.7. A flow measurement device adapted for measuring biomass flow claim 1 , comprising:a plurality of feed rollers, wherein each of the feed rollers is rotatable, and wherein each feed roller comprises a roller shaft and ...

CATALYST FOR DISTRIBUTED BATCH MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS, SYSTEM AND PROCESS THEREOF

The present document describes a catalyst to initiate microwave pyrolysis of waste, a process for the microwave pyrolysis of waste using the catalyst, as well as a microwave pyrolysis system. 1. A pyrolysis system which comprises: a waste inlet;', 'a fluid inlet for injecting a fluid into said reactor vessel; and', 'an internal coating to prevent accumulation of microwave reactive residues in said reactor vessel; and, 'a) a reactor vessel having'}b) a microwave source emitting microwaves within said reactor vessel.2. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising an anaerobic means for purging said reactor vessel of air.3. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising a temperature probe for measuring a core temperature within said reactor vessel.4. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising a microwave diffuser diffusing said microwave within said reactor vessel.54. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claims 1 , wherein said internal coating is made from a refractory material.6. The pyrolysis system according to claim 5 , wherein said refractory material is chosen from a ceramic and a porcelain.7. The pyrolysis system according to claim 2 , wherein said anaerobic means is at least one of an inert gas or a liquid.8. The pyrolysis system according to claim 7 , wherein said liquid is liquid water.9. The pyrolysis system according to claim 7 , wherein said inert gas is at least one of argon claim 7 , nitrogen claim 7 , and steam.109. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claims 7 , wherein said anaerobic means is provided to said pyrolysis system through said fluid inlet in fluid communication with said reactor vessel.1110. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claims 1 , wherein said fluid is chosen from an acidic solution claims 1 , said anaerobic means or combinations thereof.12. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , wherein said anaerobic means is a source of a vacuum.13. The ...

HORIZONTAL ROTATING DRUM RETORT

A retort including a drum, an electric induction coil, a motor, and first and second jacks. The drum includes an inlet port at an inlet end, an outlet port at an outlet end, and a cylindrical tube extending between the inlet end and the outlet end. The electric induction coil is proximate the cylindrical tube for heating the cylindrical tube. The motor is operably and rotatably coupled to the cylindrical tube of the drum. The first jack is coupled to the drum proximate the inlet end, and is configured to raise and lower the inlet end of the drum. And the second jack is coupled to the drum proximate the outlet end, and is configured to raise and lower the outlet end of the drum. 1. A retort comprising:a first drum comprising a first inlet port at a first inlet end, a first outlet port at a first outlet end, and a first cylindrical tube extending between the first inlet end and the second outlet end, the first drum configured to heat a product therein in the absence of oxygen;a second drum comprising a second inlet port at a second inlet end, a second outlet port at a second outlet end, and a second cylindrical tube defining a cavity therein and extending between the second inlet end and the second outlet end, the first cylindrical tube positioned within the cavity of and coupled to the second cylindrical tube, the cavity configured to provide combustion therein so as to heat the first cylindrical tube of the first drum;a motor operably and rotatably coupled to the first and second cylindrical tubes;a first jack coupled to the second cylindrical tube proximate the second inlet end, the first jack configured to raise and lower the second inlet end of the second drum; anda second jack coupled to the second cylindrical tube proximate the second outlet end, the second jack configured to raise and lower the outlet end of the second drum.2. The retort of claim 1 , wherein the first drum further comprises a first inlet seal and bearing claim 1 , and a first outlet seal and ...

METHOD OF PROCESSING PAINT SLUDGE

In a method of processing paint sludge, measured portions of the sludge are supplied into a heating chamber for pyrolysis at about 1500° F. to disintegrate into organic and inorganic portions, the organic portion in the form of syngas is then drawn out, cooled, and pressurized to be used in kilns or combustion chambers, whereas the inorganic portion in the form of ash is directed to a calciner, where it is heated at about 1500° F. in a controlled presence of oxygen and cooled to have it ready for the reuse in paint manufacturing. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured portions of sludge in the step (a) are prepared by providing valves before the heating chamber claim 1 , the valves working in a synchronized cycling mode so that a portion of sludge from the source is allowed between the valves and then into the heating chamber.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein a non-reacting gas is injected between the valves.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein a non-reacting gas is injected into the heating chamber during the step (b) to maintain oxygen-free environment.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising moving the sludge along the heating chamber during the step (b).6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the time of pyrolysis during the step (b) is selected between 15 minutes and several hours depending on quality of the sludge and heating chamber dimensions.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein drawing the syngas in step (c) is provided by creating suction pressure outside the vent.8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising passing the syngas through a water bath between the steps (d) and (e) to thereby remove contaminants from the syngas.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ash in the step (f) is directed into the calciner in a measured manner which is secured by providing valves claim 1 , the valves working in a synchronized cycling mode so that a portion of ash from the heating chamber is allowed between the valves and then onto a conveyor to the calciner.10. ...

SUBSIDENCE CONTROL SYSTEM

A method of maintaining structural integrity of a subsiding earthen fluid containment structure is disclosed and comprises forming a lined containment infrastructure including a convex bulged crown portion, floor portion and sidewall portions which enclose a municipal waste material within an enclosed volume such that fluid flow from the lined containment compound is restricted. The bulged crown flattens, thickens and diminishes in surface area during subsidence of the municipal waste material as fluid is removed. The bulged crown is shaped to avoid tensile stresses which may otherwise result in breach or failure of lined containment during subsidence. Further, the lined containment structure can include an inner insulative layer and an outer impermeable seal layer having unique contributions as described in more detail herein. 1. A sealed containment system for subsiding earthen materials , comprising:a. a lined containment infrastructure including a floor portion, a convex bulged crown portion, and a sidewall portion connecting the floor portion and the convex bulged crown portion to form a sealed enclosed volume which restricts flow of fluid outside the lined containment infrastructure, said enclosed volume having at least one fluid outlet; andb. a municipal waste material subject to subsidence filling the enclosed volume.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein each of the floor portion claim 1 , the convex bulged crown portion and the sidewall portion include at least an inner insulative layer and an outer impermeable seal layer.3. The system of wherein the inner insulative layer and impermeable seal layer are continuous layers across the floor portion claim 2 , the convex bulged crown portion and the sidewall portion.4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the inner insulative layer includes a fines layer and the outer impermeable seal layer includes a hydrated bentonite amended soil layer.5. The system of claim 4 , further containing an impermeable outer membrane ...

HORIZONTAL ROTATING DRUM RETORT, DISTILLATION COLUMN, AND DISTILLATION SYSTEM

A distillation system including a retort and a distillation column. The retort includes an inlet end, an outlet end opposite the inlet end and including an outlet opening, a rotatable drum configured to heat a product therein and move the product between the inlet end and the outlet end. The distillation column is coupled to the outlet end of the retort and configured to receive the product therein upon exiting the outlet opening of the retort. The distillation column includes a solid particle trap section positioned above the outlet opening, a packing section positioned above the solid particle trap section and including screen at a bottom end thereof, a dust filter therein, and a first bubble tray section positioned above the packing section and including a first outlet feed for outflow of a first fluid product. 1. A distillation system comprising:a retort including an inlet end, an outlet end opposite the inlet end and including an outlet opening, a rotatable drum configured to heat a product therein and move the product between the inlet end and the outlet end; and{'claim-text': ['a solid particle trap section positioned above the outlet opening;', 'a packing section positioned above the solid particle trap section and including screen at a bottom end thereof, and a dust filter therein; and', 'a first bubble tray section positioned above the packing section and including a first outlet feed for outflow of a first fluid product.'], '#text': 'a distillation column coupled to the outlet end of the retort and configured to receive the product therein upon exiting the outlet opening of the retort, the distillation column including:'}2. The distillation system of claim 1 , wherein the distillation column further includes: a product discharge section positioned below the outlet opening of the retort and configured for receiving the product in solid form there through.3. The distillation system of claim 1 , wherein the distillation column further includes: a hat tray ...

METHOD FOR PROCESSING COMBUSTIBLE CARBON- AND/OR HYDROCARBON-CONTAINING PRODUCTS AND REACTOR FOR THE IMPLEMENTATION THEREOF

Inventions can be used in the field of industrial, processing of combustible carbon-and/or hydrocarbon-containing products. Method for processing of carbon-and/or hydrocarbon-containing products includes layer-by-layer of raw materials in reactor in presence of catalyst. Raw materials pass through derivative product heating area (), pyrolysis area (), carbonization area (), combustion area, () with conversion of solid, residual that is discharged from area for discharging of solid residuals () with discharging gate () from process area of reactor cyclically from top downward in reactor with maintaining of its leaktightness. Leak-proof process chamber () of reactor contains area for feeding of wet small particles of solid fuel waste, their pyrolysis and carbonization (), connected to areas for feeding () and heating () of oxygen-containing agent. Channel for feeding of oxygen-containing agent () is connected to metering hopper of wet small particles of solid fuel wastes (), which are used for formation of fluidized flow. Additional volume of oxygen-containing agent is injected into reactor as a part of main flow that is necessary for further combustion of small particles of solid fuel waste that passed through pyrolysis area () and carbonization area () and conversion of their moisture into superheating steam. Inventions allow complete utilization, of small fractions of derivative products, ensure generation of gas with high calorific capacity and increase output and quality of finished products and discharge is performed cyclically with maintenance of sealing of reactor processing space. 2 and 4 of depending claims, 1 dy; 2 table 1 ref. 1. Method for processing of combustible carbon- and/or hydrocarbon-containing products , including preparation of raw materials from derivative products and their consequent layer-by-layer treatment in reactor in the presence of catalytic agents , included into composition of nozzle , upon movement of raw material and nozzle from the ...

COMPACT AND MAINTAINABLE WASTE REFORMATION APPARATUS

Methods and apparatus for compact and easily maintainable waste reformation. Some embodiments include a rotary oven reformer adapted and configured to provide synthesis gas from organic waste. Some embodiments include a rotary oven with simplified operation both as to reformation of the waste, usage of the synthesized gas and other products, and easy removal of the finished waste products, preferably in a unit of compact size for use in austere settings. Yet other embodiments include Fischer-Tropsch reactors of synthesized gas. Some of these reactors include heat exchanging assemblies that provide self-cleaning effects, efficient utilization of waste heat, and ease of cleaning.

Organic matter degradation device and organic matter degradation method

An organic matter degradation device has a reaction chamber which sidewall includes at least one energy resonance/reflection/storage unit made of an infrared material. An excess heat energy of each degradation is reflected by the infrared material, and the excess heat energy and a heat energy radiated from the infrared material propagate to the non-degraded organic matter in the housing space of the reaction chamber, again, so as to continue the degradation of the organic matter. The organic matter degradation device has active heat radiation to present main advantages of uniform heat effect, low energy consumption and fast degradation time. The heat energy is accumulated after several times, and thus the degradation of the organic matter continues without using the initial heating device to continuously provide the subsequent heat energy. The present disclosure further provides an organic matter degradation method.

Non-Combustion Hydrocarbon Gasification: An Optimal Infrared Radiant Energy Thermo-Physical Transformation Process

This disclosure describes a non-vented, novel, evacuated, continuous flow infrared gasification apparatus and a method for the controlled and adaptive thermophysical transformation of non-aqueous granular organic materials to a gaseous state and specific inorganic materials to a liquid and/or gaseous state. 1. A method for causing the adaptively controlled , high temperature , thermally reactive processing of organic and/or inorganic materials in a partially evacuated (i.e. , vacuum) containment chamber such that there is no combustion (i.e. , no oxidation) by exposing the contained material to sufficient high-intensity infrared radiation that is transmitted through the walls of the chamber. This process will transform organic materials to a gas and/or may transform inorganic materials from a solid to a liquid or from a liquid to a gas. The method comprises the following steps.a. The method measures the mass of the input material as a means of computationally anticipating the energy requirement for gasification.b. The temperature of the organic and/or inorganic materials is used by the method to determine advancement of the materials through the chamber.c. The method locates the feedstream materials in the chamber as a means of computationally anticipating the energy requirement for gasification.d. The advancement is adaptively controlled by the method to allow the material optimally sufficient time in the containment chamber to be heated to the target temperature before being moved through the containment chamber.e. The method monitors the temperature of the feedstream materials in the chamber as a means of computationally anticipating the energy requirement for gasification.f. The method estimates the feedstream materials to require more or less thermal energy so the method commands the infrared emitter to a temperature that produces a wavelength that will be transmitted through the walls to put more thermal energy into the chamber while slowing the advancement of ...

RENEWABLE ENERGY USE IN OIL SHALE RETORTING

A method of retorting oil shale is provided, comprising: continuously feeding oil shale into a retorting unit; heating the retorting unit using renewable electrical energy; converting the oil-shale kerogen into kerogen oil; conveying a cross-flow sweep gas across a moving bed of the oil shale, to carry the kerogen oil out of the retorting unit; recovering the kerogen oil; and recovering spent oil shale. The combination of electrical heating and cross-flow retorting achieves uniform heating to optimize the production of hydrocarbons. A system for retorting oil shale is also provided, comprising: a retorting unit; an inlet for continuously feeding oil shale; electrical-energy elements within the retorting unit; an inlet for conveying a cross-flow sweep gas through the retorting unit; and an outlet for the cross-flow sweep gas carrying the kerogen oil. The principles of the invention may be applied to ex situ systems, in situ systems, or hybrid systems. 1. A method of retorting oil shale containing kerogen , said method comprising:(a) continuously or semi-continuously feeding oil shale into a heated retorting unit;(b) heating said heated retorting unit, at least partially, using electrical energy;(c) in said heated retorting unit, converting said kerogen into one or more retorted streams comprising kerogen oil in the form of a vapor, mist, and/or liquid;(d) conveying a cross-flow sweep gas across a moving bed of said oil shale within said heated retorting unit, wherein said heated cross-flow sweep gas carries said kerogen oil out of said heated retorting unit;(e) recovering or further processing said kerogen oil; and(f) recovering or further processing spent, kerogen-depleted oil shale.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method is ex situ oil-shale retorting.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said method is or includes in situ oil-shale retorting.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said electrical energy in step (b) is at least partially renewable electrical energy. ...

FAST PYROLYSIS REACTOR

The invention relates to shipbuilding and can be used in reconditioning in order to economize fuel and to increase speed. The technical problem is solved by the shipboard installation of air compressors, air receiver tanks, pass valves, air conduits, air separating conduits, air intakes and air injectors, which are interconnected by air ducts. An air separating conduit is mechanically secured in the bow of the ship and has air injectors secured along the centre thereof up to the stern. The injectors direct a jet of air backwards so that the jet of air thrusts the ship forwards, then the air rises along the sides of the ship, maintaining a layer of air between the ship and the water, thus reducing water resistance. The injectors in the bow direct a jet of air such that the ship is constantly sailing into an air space. 1. A fast pyrolysis reactor characterized in that the reactor is installed on a steel framework , which is a steel housing accommodating a hollow steel cylinder , comprising a charging hopper , a branch pipe for evacuation of organic destruction products and an outlet branch pipe for diversion of a product released in a course of pyrolysis , a heating element , where the housing is made up of two parts , a lower part and an upper part , interconnected with bolts on flanges , a lower part of the housing terminates with a pyramidal collector of solid pyrolysis products , through an upper plant of the housing , into which a feedstock delivery tray extends , cylinder ends are limited on two sides with rings having through apertures in a center , blades are welded along a horizontal axis of the cylinder , throughout its length , hollow semi-axles are welded to the end rings of the cylinder , an inner diameter of the above semi-axles matching a diameter of the apertures made in the end rings , the semi-axles extend through annular apertures in reactor side walls beyond housing limits , rest on rotating supports , a driven sprocket of a chain transmission is ...

Production of hydrocarbons from copyrolysis of plastic and tyre material with microwave heating

The present invention relates to the development of a microwave pyrolysis process for plastic materials selected from PE, PP, PS, PET, PVC and mixtures thereof in the presence of end-of-life tyres, or the pyrolysis residues thereof, or other carbon materials for the production of high added value pyrolysis oils containing over 50% by weight hydrocarbons distillable between 20 and 250° C. and a sulphur content less than 1% by weight.

SLEEVING CYLINDER-TYPE COAL MATTER PYROLYSIS DEVICE

The invention discloses a sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus which includes a kiln body. The inside of said kiln body is set with coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers centered on the axis of kiln body; the said circular coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers are isolated from each other; both ends of the said circular coal material decomposition-promoting layer are respectively connected to the coal inlet and coal outlet on kiln body and are also connected to the decomposition gas collecting mechanism on kiln body. The coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers are isolated from each other, which is helpful for the acquisition of pure coal decomposition gas. The heat released from circular heating layers is fully absorbed by adjacent set coal material decomposition-promoting layers via conduction and radiation forms; the full absorption of pulverized coal brings better effect of complete decomposition. 1. A sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus including a kiln body having a coal inlet and a coal outlet , wherein the inside of said kiln body is set with one or multiple circular coal material decomposition-promoting layers and one or multiple circular heating layers centered on the axis of the kiln body; said circular coal material decomposition-promoting layers and circular heating layers are isolated from each other; both ends of said circular coal material decomposition-promoting layer are respectively connected to the coal inlet and coal outlet on the kiln body and are also connected to a decomposition gas collecting mechanism on the kiln body.2. A sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said kiln body is a shaft kiln.3. A sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said kiln body is a transverse kiln.4. A sleeve-type coal material decomposition apparatus ...

Apparatus and process for the controlled reduction of organic material via microwave radiation

A controllable, continuous-feed system and process for the reduction or depolymerization of organic materials using microwave energy in a reducing, substantially oxygen-reduced atmosphere. The microwave energy is generated by a plurality of magnetrons in a microwave tunnel. Gaseous products may be extracted from the microwave tunnel for recycling and/or analysis. A collector such as a liquid trap may be used to separately collect floating and sinking constituents of the solid products while preventing the escape of the reducing atmosphere from the system.

PYROLYSIS METHOD AND REACTOR FOR RECOVERING SILICA FROM POLYMER WASTE MATERIAL

A pyrolysis method and a pyrolysis reactor for recovering silica from a polymer waste material containing silica, particularly a rubber or plastics waste material containing silica, using thermal decomposition for separating silica from at least one non-silica component of the polymer waste material, are disclosed. The waste material is delivered to a pyrolytic chamber, and heated to a decomposition temperature of at least one non-silica component of the waste materiel by microwave radiation. The decomposition temperature is selected such that the at least one non-silica component includes a higher microwave absorptivity than silica. 1. A pyrolysis method for recovering silica from a polymer waste material containing silica , using thermal decomposition for separating silica from at least one non-silica component of the polymer waste material , comprising:delivering the waste material to a pyrolytic chamber;heating the waste material to a decomposition temperature of at least one non-silica component of the waste materiel by microwave radiation; andselecting the decomposition temperature such that the at least one non-silica component comprises a higher microwave absorptivity than silica.2. The pyrolysis method according to claim 1 , wherein an oxygenated environment and/or an inert or a negative pressure environment is applied in the pyrolytic chamber.3. The pyrolysis method according to claim 2 , wherein an inert environment or a negative pressure environment is applied in the pyrolytic chamber before the oxygenated environment is applied in the pyrolytic chamber.4. The pyrolysis method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer waste material is subjected to a sequential thermal decomposition by successively applying differing target temperatures corresponding to a target decomposition temperature of at least one individual non-silica component of the waste material.5. The pyrolysis method according to claim 4 , wherein an oxygenated environment is applied in the ...

HIGH TEMPERATURE CARBONIZATION FURNACE

A high temperature carbonization furnace has a cavity, at least two microwave units and a control unit. Each microwave unit is disposed along a processing path of the cavity. The control circuit receives signals of temperature sensors distributed on the processing path of the cavity. The control unit generates controls signals to control magnetrons of the different microwave units to be turned on/off, or to control powers of the magnetrons of the different microwave units, such that a location of the processing path, on which the microwave unit disposed, can attain an expected temperature condition. Further, the temperatures in the cavity can be adjusted precisely, such that the temperature distribution in the cavity is uniform, the uniformity for heating the processing object can be increased, and the temperature gradient of different temperature control regions can be controlled and adjusted, so as to achieve the advantage of adjusting and controlling the temperature condition of the processing path according to the requirement of the processing object. 1. A high temperature carbonization furnace , comprising: a cavity , at least two microwave units and a control circuit , wherein:the cavity has a processing path, and the cavity has a material inlet and a material outlet respectively disposed at two ends of the processing path;each of the microwave units is disposed along the processing path of the cavity, and each of the microwave units has at least one magnetron;the control circuit is further configured to receive signals of temperature sensors which are distributed on the processing path of the cavity; andthe control circuit comprises at least one storage medium and a microprocessor electrically connected to each the storage medium, such that each the storage medium and the microprocessor read the signal of each the temperature sensor, and the control circuit generates a control signal to control a working mode of each the magnetron of each the microwave unit.2 ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING HUMAN REMAINS

A process for treating a human remains comprises the steps of subjecting the remains to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains. 1. A process for treating human remains comprising the steps of subjecting the remains to a pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the remains to biochar remains.2. The process of comprising a further step of oxidation of the biochar subsequent to the pyrolysis step.3. The process of in which the remains are dried prior to pyrolysis.4. The process of in which the remains are dried to have a water content of about 6-12% (w/w).5. The process of in which the remains are dried to have a water content of about 8% (w/w).6. The process of in which the remains are fragmented prior to pyrolysis.7. The process as claimed in of in which the remains are chilled prior to fragmentation by subjecting the remains claim 6 , ideally the intact remains claim 6 , to a cryogenic environment to reduce the temperature of the remains to a core temperature of −20° C. or below.8. The process of comprising the steps of:subjecting the remains to a cryogenic treatment to reduce the core temperature of the remains to a temperature of −20° C. or below;subjecting the frozen remains to a fragmentation step to provide a chilled fragmented material;drying the chilled fragmented material from the particulate to reduce the water content andsubjecting the partially dried fragmented material to pyrolysis in a pyrolysis chamber under conditions that convert the particulate material to biochar remains, whilst releasing the latent chemical energy within the remains.9. The process of in which the step of pyrolysis generates combustible gases which are removed from the pyrolysis chamber and re-cycled to power the pyrolysis and/or evaporation steps.10. The process of including a further step of removing mercury from flue gases produced in the pyrolysis step claim 1 , optionally by means of a ...

FAST PYROLYSIS APPARATUS AND METHOD

A fast pyrolizer includes an elongated tubular housing having a feed inlet to receive material, an outlet, and a flow path. The flow path has an internal contact surface extending from the inlet to the outlet. The inlet is to be oriented to a non-vertical relative elevation with respect to the outlet. At least a portion of the internal contact surface directly contacts the material. A heater heats the internal contact surface such that the material is heated via direct thermal transfer from the internal contact surface. 1. A fast pyrolizer , comprising:an elongated tubular housing having a feed inlet to receive material, an outlet, and a flow path with an internal contact surface extending from the inlet to the outlet, the inlet to be oriented to a non-vertical relative elevation with respect to the outlet to allow a flow of the material via gravity and/or vibration, at least a portion of the internal contact surface to directly contact the material; anda heater to generate heat for the internal contact surface such that the material is heated via direct thermal transfer from the internal contact surface such that pyrolysis occurs in the flow path.2. (canceled)3. The fast pyrolizer according to claim 1 , wherein the raised non-vertical elevation corresponds to a critical free-sliding angle.4. The fast pyrolizer according to claim 1 , wherein the raised non-vertical elevation corresponds to an angle that is less than a critical free-sliding angle claim 1 , and wherein the pyrolizer further includes a material driver to cooperate with gravity to direct the material through the tubular housing.5. The fast pyrolizer according to claim 4 , wherein the material driver comprises a pressure source to pressurize the inlet with respect to the outlet.6. The fast pyrolizer according to claim 1 , wherein the inlet is to be oriented to a lowered relative elevation with respect to the outlet claim 1 , and wherein the pyrolizer further includes a vibrator disposed outside of the ...

Method for the pyrolysis of raw materials, in particular raw materials deriving from tires or bitumen and pyrolysis equipment operating according to said method

A method for the pyrolysis of raw materials, especially raw materials deriving from tires or bitumen, includes the steps of feeding the material to be subjected to the pyrolysis process to a reactor; heating the material in the reactor at a temperature needed to establish the pyrolysis process; collecting the final products of the pyrolysis reaction; separating the gaseous, liquid and solid phases of the reaction products; and storing, for further treatment, the reaction products separate one from another. The heating in the pyrolysis process to the activation temperature is obtained by irradiating the raw material with laser radiation, concentrated or focused on a localized area of a pre-established surface area on the mass of raw material of the focusing area, and progressively moved along the entire surface of the mass of raw material to activate the pyrolytic reaction on all the mass of raw material. 1. A method of pyrolysis of raw materials , comprising the steps of:feeding, to a reactor, a material to be subjected to a pyrolysis process;heating said material in said reactor at an activation temperatures needed for establishing a pyrolysis process reaction;collecting final products of the pyrolysis reaction; andseparating one from another gaseous, liquid and solid phases of reaction products and storing, for further treatment, said reaction products separated one from another,wherein:heating to the activation temperature comprise irradiating the material with laser radiation, andsaid laser radiation is concentrated or focused on a localized area of a pre-established surface area of a mass of the material, said laser radiation being progressively moved along an entire surface of the mass of the material by activating the pyrolysis reaction on all of said mass of the material.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the activation temperature is such to transform the mass of the material into a mixture of ablation gas containing the reaction products intended ...

Organic Waste Carbonizer

A method for transforming organic waste into carbon using sequential physical and biological degradation, including fermentation, drying under vacuum and elevated temperature followed by heating to a temperature of between 300° C. and 500° C. to promote carbonization and production of charcoal. 1. A method for transforming waste into carbon in a carbonization chamber , said method comprising:Providing air-tight sealable a carbonization chamber and loading the carbonization chamber with organic waste materials;(a) performing three-step biological degradation by performing aerobic digestion with a first mesophilic aerobic inoculum at between 45° C. and 55° C. performed with constant mixing and aeration; followed by thermophilic aerobic digestion with a second aerobic inoculum at between 55° C. and 65° C. performed with constant mixing and aeration; followed by (3) anaerobic digestion with an anaerobic inoculum at temperatures varying between 20° C. and 57° C., performed under conditions of low oxygen; followed by(b) drying the contents of the carbonization chamber under at least a partial vacuum, at a heat of at least 200° C.; and(c) heating the interior of the carbonization chamber to a temperature of between 300° C. and 800° C. to promote carbonization and production of charcoal.2B. coagulansB. licheniformisB. stearothermophilusBacillus, Clostridium, Enterobacter MethanomicrobiaMethanosarcina. The method of wherein the organisms in (a) (1) comprise and claim 1 , the organisms in step (a) (2) comprise claim 1 , and the organisms in step (a) (3) comprise one or more of and species.3Bacillus subtilisBacillus subtilis. The method of wherein the first aerobic inoculum in (a) (1) further comprises B1U/1 and D3L/1) and Pseudomonas RAT/5.4. The method of wherein the heat in step (c) is maintained at between 250° C. and 450° C. for between 6 hours and 18 hours claim 1 , under partial vacuum.5. The method of wherein in step (c) the heat is maintained at between 300° C. and ...

Microwave pyrolysis reactor

The present invention provides a microwave pyrolysis reactor () comprising an inner pipe element () and a housing (), wherein the inner pipe element () is made of a microwave transparent material and comprises a first open end () and a second open end (); the housing () comprises a first inner surface, enclosing an annular space () around the inner pipe element (), a waste inlet (), a solids outlet (), a gas outlet (), an inert gas inlet () and a port () for a microwave waveguide (), the waste inlet and the solids outlet are in communication with the first open end and the second open end of the inner pipe element, respectively, and the port for a microwave waveguide is in communication with the annular space; and wherein the inner pipe element is arranged with the first open end at a higher vertical level than the second open end, such that a material entering the waste inlet during use is transported through the inner pipe element, from the first open end to the second open end, by gravity; and wherein the gas outlet () is arranged upstream the first open end of the inner pipe element and downstream the waste inlet of the housing, and the inert gas inlet () is arranged to provide an inert gas into the annular space () during use. 1124. A microwave pyrolysis reactor () comprising an inner pipe element () and a housing () , wherein{'b': 2', '5', '6, 'the inner pipe element () is made of a microwave transparent material and comprises a first open end () and a second open end ();'}{'b': 4', '7', '44', '2', '10', '11', '12', '45', '13', '14, 'the housing () comprises a first inner surface, enclosing an annular space (,) around the inner pipe element (), a waste inlet (), a solids outlet (), a gas outlet (), an inert gas inlet () and a port () for a microwave waveguide (), the waste inlet and the solids outlet are in communication with the first open end and the second open end of the inner pipe element, respectively, and the port for a microwave waveguide is in ...

DISTILLATION UNIT FOR CARBON-BASED FEEDSTOCK PROCESSING SYSTEM

An apparatus for distillation of feedstock, including a distillation chamber with an inlet for receiving feedstock and an outlet for discharging feedstock, and a plate for supporting the feedstock in the distillation chamber. The plate is positioned parallel to a substantially horizontal plane across a portion of the distillation chamber, and defines a plurality of transverse apertures extending transversely across a substantial portion of the width of the plate. A plurality of heating rods is included for insertion into the apertures of the plate to heat the plate. The apparatus also includes a conveyor enclosed within the distillation chamber and extending longitudinally across the distillation chamber, the conveyor having a plurality of paddles attached thereto that, when driven by the conveyor, move proximate and parallel to the plate to agitate feedstock on the plate, and to drive the feedstock from the inlet to the outlet of the distillation chamber. 1. A method of processing feedstock in a distillation device , the method comprising:a) introducing feedstock into a distillation chamber so that the feedstock rests on a substantially horizontal plate in the distillation chamber;b) inserting rods into apertures in the plate;c) heating the rods, so that the rods transfer heat to the plate, which in turn transfers heat to the feedstock;d) agitating the feedstock by driving paddles through the feedstock to move the feedstock laterally, as well as forward and vertically upward; ande) discharging the feedstock from the distillation chamber.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:arranging the paddles in rows, the lateral position of the paddles of each row varied from that of the paddles in an adjacent row, to increase the lateral and forward movement of the feedstock as the feedstock is agitated.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:orienting the paddles so that as they pass through the feedstock, they move the feedstock vertically upward so that the ...

Device and Methods for Processing Carbon Based Materials

A process for the pyrolysis of waste material and/or organic material in a pyrolysis reactor is provided. According to the process, the material is placed in the reactor and heated with an induction heater, optionally in the presence of one or more soft magnets. The products of the pyrolysis reaction, such as gases and liquids may be collected in a storage vessel attached to the reactor. A pyrolysis reactor for the pyrolysis of waste and/or organic material is also provided. 118-. (canceled)19. A pyrolysis apparatus for the processing of organic or waste material to produce one or more pyrolysis products including lower order carbon containing products , the apparatus comprising:a pyrolysis chamber having an induction coil and a pyrolysis container which is positioned within the induction coil;a generator electrically connected to the pyrolysis chamber modulated for supplying current to the induction coil at a power level for producing pyrolysis products comprising gas, liquid, or both liquid and gas, including lower order carbon containing products;a vacuum system connected to the pyrolysis chamber for evacuating the pyrolysis chamber to create a vacuum with the process chamber; and one or more storage vessels, connected exterior to the pyrolysis chamber, for the storage of pyrolysis products.20. The pyrolysis apparatus according to further comprising a cooler for delivering a coolant to the coil.21. The pyrolysis apparatus according to further comprising an insulating material for insulating the coil.22. The pyrolysis apparatus according to wherein at least one of the one or more storage vessels is a detachable gas storage vessel.23. The pyrolysis apparatus according to wherein the induction coil is positioned vertically within the pyrolysis chamber.24. The pyrolysis apparatus according to wherein the pyrolysis chamber and generator are positioned such that they are stacked vertically with respect to each other.25. The pyrolysis apparatus of wherein the pyrolysis ...

PRESSURE-CONTROLLED REACTOR

A method is provided for the pyrolysis or thermolysis of a fluid or fluidized starting material in a tube bundle reactor including a plurality of heatable reactor tubes. The method includes feeding the starting material to the tube bundle reactor at one end by at least one supply line; wherein the supply line has several pressure reduction units which enable a positive pressure before the starting material is introduced into individual reactor tubes of the tube bundle reactor and a negative pressure inside the reactor tubes. The pressure reduction units control a substantially equal inflow of the starting material into individual reactor tubes and the reactor tubes are heated to a decomposition temperature of the starting material in at least one primary section. The starting material is pyrolyzed or thermolyzed and a pyrolysis or thermolysis product is obtained. 1. A method for the pyrolysis or thermolysis of a fluid or fluidized starting material in a tube bundle reactor including a plurality of heatable reactor tubes , comprising: feeding the starting material to the tube bundle reactor at one end by means of at least one supply line; wherein the supply line has several pressure reduction units which enable a positive pressure before the starting material is introduced into individual reactor tubes of the tube bundle reactor and a negative pressure inside the reactor tubes; wherein the pressure reduction units control a substantially equal inflow of the starting material into individual reactor tubes and the reactor tubes are heated to a decomposition temperature of the starting material in at least one primary section; and whereby the starting material is pyrolyzed or thermolyzed and a pyrolysis or thermolysis product is obtained.2. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the inner surface of the reactor tubes in the primary section is inductively heated.3. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the starting material is pre- ...

A METHOD AND A SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING PLASTIC WASTE

A method for processing of plastic and/or rubber waste to generate energetic gas comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons C-C, carbon oxide and hydrogen, wherein the waste may comprise halogens, sulphur, nitrogen and oxygen and may be contaminated by substances of inorganic origin comprising ceramic and metallic materials, the method comprising processing the waste in a pyrolysis process, wherein a powdered waste material is fed to a microwave drum reactor (), where it is heated by microwaves while being moved through the reactor (), the method comprising: conducting the pyrolysis reaction inside the reactor () at a temperature of 800-950° C. to obtain end products comprising gases, dust and a porous char of a large surface area having absorptive properties; separating the char from the other pyrolysis products by deposition; directing a portion, preferably a quarter, of the obtained char to a filter (); directing the dust and gases to a gas cooling apparatus () comprising at least two synchronized screw conveyors, wherein the gases are cooled to a temperature of 120-160° C. and wherein the dust and the condensate are directed to the filter () filled with the char; and feeding back the mixture of char, condensate and dust from the filter () to the microwave reactor (). 1. A method for processing of plastic and/or rubber waste to generate energetic gas comprising aliphatic hydrocarbons C-C , carbon oxide and hydrogen , in a pyrolysis process , wherein a powdered waste is fed to a microwave drum reactor , where it is heated by microwaves while being moved through the reactor , the method comprising:conducting the pyrolysis reaction inside the microwave drum reactor at a temperature of 800-950° C. to obtain end products comprising gases, dust and a porous char of a large surface area having absorptive properties;separating the porous char from the other end products by deposition;directing a portion, of the porous char to a filter;directing the dust and the gases to a gas ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING AN ENHANCED SURFACE AREA BIOCHAR PRODUCT

Herein disclosed are apparatus and associated methods related to producing an enhanced surface area biochar product with a desired activation level based on receiving biochar into a processing vessel configured with multiple independently temperature-controlled chambers and counter-flow steam injection, controlling activation levels of the biochar by moving the biochar through the processing vessel and adjusting the temperature of the biochar by injecting steam into at least one temperature-controlled chamber of the processing vessel, recovering volatiles driven off through dehydration using a thermal oxidizer, cooling the biochar to a desired discharge temperature using steam and retention time, and discharging the activated biochar product. The processing vessel may be a calciner, a rotary calciner, or a kiln. Biochar may be heated or cooled to a desired thermochemical processing temperature depending on the temperature of the received biochar. Counter-flow saturated steam may sweep volatile gases to a thermal oxidizer using a vacuum system. 1. A method comprising:{'b': 809', '803, 'receiving biochar () into a processing vessel () configured with multiple independently temperature-controlled chambers and counter-flow steam injection;'}{'b': 809', '809', '803', '809', '831', '803, 'controlling activation levels of the biochar () by moving the biochar () through the processing vessel () and adjusting the temperature of the biochar () by steam () injection into at least one temperature-controlled chamber of the processing vessel ();'}{'b': '505', 'recovering volatiles driven off through dehydration using a thermal oxidizer ();'}{'b': 809', '831, 'cooling the biochar () to a desired discharge temperature using steam () and retention time; and'}{'b': '833', 'discharging an activated biochar product ().'}2809809600. The method of claim 1 , wherein receiving biochar () further comprises receiving biochar () from a downdraft gasifier ().3803. The method of claim 1 , ...

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING METHANE GAS AND USE OF SUCH A DEVICE

The invention relates to a device for producing methane gas including a chamber, means for conveying the product in the chamber which comprise a screw mounted to turn in the chamber along a geometric axis of rotation, Joule-effect heating means of the screw, a removal unit for removing impurities present in the gas coming from the thermal treatment of the product, said unit being connected to a high outlet of the chamber, and a purification system for purifying the gas at the outlet of the removal unit. 1. A device for producing a methane gas by heat-treating a substance in the form of divided solids , the device comprising:an enclosure comprising a substance feed inlet, a bottom outlet for recovering residues of the treated substance, and a top outlet for extracting the gas coming from the treatment of the substance;conveyor means for conveying the substance between an inlet of the enclosure and the bottom outlet, the means comprising a screw mounted to rotate inside the enclosure about an axis of rotation and having drive means for driving the screw in rotation;heater means for heating the screw by the Joule effect;an impurity elimination unit for eliminating impurities present in the gas coming from the heat treatment substance, said unit being connected to the top outlet of the enclosure; anda purification system for purifying the gas at the outlet of the elimination unit, the purification system being connected to the elimination unit.2. The device according to claim 1 , including an inlet chimney that is connected to the inlet of the enclosure and that comprises leaktight connection means for connection to the inlet of the enclosure so as to limit the air entering the enclosure.3. The device according to claim 1 , including an outlet chimney that is connected to the bottom outlet of the enclosure and that comprises leaktight connection means for connection to the bottom outlet of the enclosure so as to limit the air entering the enclosure.4. The device ...

DEVICE FOR PYROLYSIS OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS AND METHOD

The device for pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials comprises a working chamber comprising a non-magnetic wall comprising an inner graphite lining; one or more electrodes adapted to be inserted within a carbon-based bedding; a solenoid coiled around the device exterior, the solenoid adapted to create a magnetic field within the working chamber such that when the solenoid is energized, the carbon-based bedding is caused to move; a lower solids outlet comprising an airlock, the solids outlet adapted to permit solids to exit the device; and a lower gas outlet adapted to permit gaseous substances to exit after having traveled through the carbon-based bedding. The method comprises the steps of loading carbon-containing materials into the working chamber; using the first and second electrodes to heat the carbon-containing materials by passing electric current through the carbon-containing materials without air access; collecting, cleaning and releasing gaseous pyrolysis products produced by the heating. 1. A device for pyrolysis of carbonaceous materials , the device comprising:a working chamber, the working chamber comprising a non-magnetic wall comprising an inner graphite lining;one or more electrodes adapted to be inserted within a carbon-based bedding positioned within the working chamber, the carbon-based bedding comprising carbonaceous materials;the carbon-based bedding being structured and arranged to act as a resistive conductive material between the electrodes and the graphite lining such that the bedding is adapted to be heated by the electrodes when the electrodes are energized by a power supply;a solenoid adapted to create a magnetic field within the working chamber such that when the solenoid is energized, the carbon-based bedding is caused to move;a feedstock inlet comprising an airlock, the feedstock inlet adapted to permit feedstock comprising the carbonaceous materials to be introduced into the working chamber without introducing air from an exterior of ...

Catalysts Useful for Biomass Pyrolysis and Bio-Oil Upgrading

Catalysts useful in transforming biomass to bio-oil are disclosed, as are methods for making such catalysts, and methods of transforming biomass to bio-oil. The catalysts are especially useful for, but are not limited to, microwave- and induction-heating based pyrolysis of biomass, solid waste, and other carbon containing materials into bio-oil. The catalysts can also be used for upgrading the bio-oil to enhance fuel quality. 2. The method of claim 1 , additionally comprising the step of heating the catalyst/support composition to a temperature between about 250° C. and about 1000° C. in an inert atmosphere claim 1 , wherein the stability of the catalyst is enhanced by said heating step.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resulting catalyst/support composition is adapted to catalyze the formation of bio-oil from biomass at a temperature between about 250° C. and about 1000° C.4. A method of producing bio-oil from biomass; said method comprising making a catalyst/support composition by the method of ; and additionally comprising the steps of:(a) heating the catalyst/support composition to a temperature between about 250° C. and about 1000° C. by microwave irradiation, or by electromagnetic induction, or both, in an inert atmosphere inside a reactor;(b) contacting biomass with the heated catalyst/support composition for a time sufficient to transform at least a portion of the biomass into bio-oil vapors; wherein the catalyst/support composition is hotter than the biomass; and(c) condensing the bio-oil vapors, and collecting the resulting bio-oil liquid.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said contacting step is conducted as a continuous process.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein said contacting step is conducted as a batch process.7. The catalyst/support composition produced by the method of . The benefit of the 24 Jun. 2013 filing date of U.S. provisional patent application Ser. No. 61/838,565; and of the 25 Jun. 2013 filing date of U.S. provisional application Ser ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR TREATING TWO-PHASE FRAGMENTED OR PULVERIZED MATERIAL BY NON-ISOTHERMAL REACTIVE PLASMA FLUX

Method and device implemented in a reactor for the plasma treatment of carried fragmented material or of pulverized elements by a support gas where the main element is an intermediate temperature plasma (PIT) generator fed by a source of electric, pulses, the amplitude of whose current is limited and for which the generating frequency, the duration of the pulses and the duration of the time spans between the pulses are determined in such a way as to generate a nonthermal plasma (PIT) of large extent, the plasma and the carrier gas flux () laiden with the fragments of material or of pulverized elements to be treated () moving along helical trajectories coaxial with the axis of the reactor at controlled angles a and B respectively relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor, the angles a and B being able to vary in a given manner according to the properties of the material to be treated and the technological parameters and the dimensions of the reactor. Use of the invention both for the combustion of combustible powders in the boilers of electric power Plants and for the generation of solid or gaseous combustible products, of given properties and dimensions, effected through the organization of plasmochemical reactions on fragments or pulverized elements of organic materials in the reactor. 11. Method for treating fragmented or pulverized material in a reactor , for example of cylindrical or conical shape , achieved by a rotational reactive flow and a flow of support gas laden with the fragmented material or pulverized elements set in helical movement coaxial to the reactor , characterized in that the rotational flow consists of one or more continuous jet(s) (j) of nonthermal reactive plasma , quasi-stable , at so-called intermediate temperatures (PIT) , produced by PIT plasmatrons supplied by alternating current and operating at a pressure equal to or higher than atmospheric pressure , PIT plasma travelling in a turbulent movement along a helical ...

EQUIPMENT PROTECTING ENCLOSURES

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas. 1. A method of protecting material processing equipment , the method comprising;conveying a biomass material under an electron beam on a conveyor; andenclosing motor components in an equipment enclosure that does not surround the conveyor; andpurging the enclosure with a gas that has been filtered to remove ozone.2. The method of wherein the gas comprises air.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising exchanging the gas in the equipment enclosure at an exchange rate of less than once every 10 minutes.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conveyor is disposed within a vault.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the vault also contains irradiating equipment.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas is provided from within the enclosure.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes moving the equipment enclosure to access the motor components.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the equipment enclosure is configured to be movable.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the equipment enclosure includes lead.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposure of the motor components to radiation is reduced by at least 10% as compared to the radiation exposure that would occur without the equipment enclosure.11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the exposure of the motor components to ionizing radiation is reduced by at least 20% as compared to the radiation exposure that would occur without the equipment enclosure.12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the exposure of the motor components to ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING ENERGY TO A HYDROCATALYTIC REACTION

Systems and methods involving hydrocatalytic reactions that thermal energy obtained from combustion of coke generated by coking of at least a portion of the hydrocatalytic reaction product. Hydrocatalytic reactions can require substantial amounts of thermal energy. The present disclosure provides systems and methods that can allow for reducing the carbon footprint of the fuels formed from the hydrocatalytic reaction because at least a portion of the thermal energy used in the hydrocatalytic reaction has low carbon footprint. A fuel with low carbon footprint can qualify for certain governmental status that provides certain benefits. 1. A method comprising:(a) providing cellulosic biomass solids, molecular hydrogen, a slurry catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen, and a digestion solvent to a hydrothermal digestion unit in a hydrocatalytic reaction zone, wherein the slurry catalyst comprises at least one of Cr, Mo, W, Re, Mn, Cu, Cd, Fe, Co, Ni, Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Jr, Os, and any alloys thereof;(b) heating the cellulosic biomass solids, molecular hydrogen, a catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen, and digestion solvent to a temperature in a range of 110 degrees to 300 degrees C. and under a pressure in a range of 30 to 450 bar to produce a reaction product comprising an alcoholic component that comprises at least one of a monohydric alcohol, a glycol, and a triol;(c) providing at least a portion of the reaction product to a separation zone to recover a top fraction comprising the alcoholic component and a bottom fraction comprising compounds having a normal boiling point of greater than 350 degrees C.;{'sub': '4', '(d) providing at least a portion of the top fraction to a further processing zone to produce a higher molecular weight compound comprising >Chydrocarbons, wherein said further processing zone comprises a condensation reaction;'}(e) providing at least a portion of the bottom fraction to a coker unit wherein the bottom fraction is heated to ...

BLAST-FURNACE-BLOW-IN CHARCOAL AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

In blast-furnace-blow-in charcoal that is blown in from a tuyere to the interior of a blast furnace main body of a blast furnace facility, the oxygen atom content (on a dry basis) is 10-20 wt % and the average pore size is 10-50 nm. 1. Blast furnace injection coal to be blown into a blast furnace main unit of a blast furnace installation through a tuyere , whereinan oxygen atom content ratio (dry base) is between 10 and 20% by weight, andan average pore size is between 10 and 50 nm.2. The blast furnace injection coal according to claim 1 , wherein a pore volume is between 0.05 and 0.5 cm/g.3. The blast furnace injection coal according to claim 1 , wherein a specific surface area is between 1 and 100 m/g.4. A method of manufacturing the blast furnace injection coal according to claim 1 , wherein the method comprises:a drying step of heating subbituminous coal or brown coal to remove moisture; anda pyrolysis step of performing pyrolysis at a temperature between 460 and 590° C. on the coal dried in the drying step.5. The method of manufacturing the blast furnace injection coal according to claim 4 , wherein the method further comprises:a cooling step of cooling the coal subjected to the pyrolysis in the pyrolysis step to a temperature between 50 and 150° C.; anda partially oxidizing step of partially oxidizing the coal cooled in the cooling step by exposing the coal in an oxygen-containing atmosphere at a temperature between 50 and 150° C. to let the coal chemically adsorb oxygen. The present invention relates to blast furnace injection coal and a method of manufacturing the same.Blast furnace installations are designed to be capable of manufacturing pig iron from iron ore by charging raw materials such as iron ore, limestone, and coke into the blast furnace main unit through the top and blowing hot air and pulverized coal (PCI coal) as auxiliary fuel through the tuyeres on the lower lateral side.As such blast furnace injection coal, coals have been proposed which are ...

HEAT TREATMENT APPARATUS FOR CARBONACEOUS GRAINS AND METHOD THEREFOR

Provided are a heat treatment apparatus for carbonaceous grains and a method therefor allowing drifts and internal clogging in a direct energizing furnace to not occur, allowing heat treatment of the carbonaceous grains to be continued uniformly at high temperatures for a prolonged period of time, and allowing productivity and workability to be improved. A conductive tubular structure is electrically connected to an upper part of a lower electrode in a manner of surrounding an upper electrode . The rate of change between the specific electrical resistivity of grains when grains are lightly filled and the specific electrical resistivity of grains when the grains are tap filled is defined (1-tap filling/lightly filling)×100, and the rate of change is equal to less than 70%. 1. A heat treatment apparatus for carbonaceous grains , performing heat treatment by directly energizing carbonaceous grains fed into a furnace body , the heat treatment apparatus comprising:a columnar upper electrode and a tubular lower electrode that are disposed above and below along a central axis of the furnace body; anda conductive tubular structure that is electrically connected to an upper end of the lower electrode in a manner of surrounding the upper electrode.2. The heat treatment apparatus for carbonaceous grains according to claim 1 , wherein a rate of change between electrical resistivity of grains at a time of light filling in which filling is performed only by an own weight of the carbonaceous grains and electrical resistivity of grains at a time of applying a predetermined load after tap filling of the carbonaceous grains is defined as (1-tap filling/light filling)×100 claim 1 , and the rate of change is set to equal to or less than 70%.3. The heat treatment apparatus for carbonaceous grains according to claim 1 , further comprising:a gas injection portion that injects gas into the furnace body.4. A heat treatment method for carbonaceous grains claim 1 , using the heat treatment ...

Process and installation for pyrolysis of a product in the form of divided solids, in particular polymer waste

An installation for pyrolyzing divided solids, such as waste plastics, rubbers, or elastomers. The installation has a device for making divided solids suitable for facilitating pyrolysis by a pyrolysis reactor. The reactor inlet is leak-tightly connected to the preconditioning device and has at least one heating transfer member for transferring the divided solids within the reactor while also pyrolyzing the solids. The member is a conveyor screw or a vibrating tube, and being made of a material that is associated with means for heating it by the Joule effect. The preconditioning device includes liquefaction means for bringing the substance to the outlet of the preconditioning device in a liquid state at an outlet temperature, and a regulator for regulating the temperature of the substance at the outlet from the preconditioning device as a function of a temperature representative of an inlet temperature of the reactor.

METHOD OF DISTRIBUTING SMALL SCALE PYROLYSIS FOR PRODUCTION OF RENEWABLE FUELS FROM WASTE

The present document describes a method and a system of distributing pyrolysis by-products comprising the step of producing pyrolysis by-products produced by small scale pyrolysis of waste at a production site to a by-product processor. The by-product processor may be the production site itself.

DISTILLATION UNIT FOR CARBON-BASED FEEDSTOCK PROCESSING SYSTEM

An apparatus for distillation of feedstock. Including a distillation chamber with an inlet for receiving feedstock and an outlet for discharging feedstock, and a plate for supporting the feedstock in the distillation chamber. The plate is positioned parallel to a substantially horizontal plane across a portion of the distillation chamber, and defines a plurality of transverse apertures extending transversely across a substantial portion of the width of the plate. A plurality of heating rods is included for insertion into the apertures of the plate to heat the plate. The apparatus also includes a conveyor enclosed within the distillation chamber and extending longitudinally across the distillation chamber, the conveyor having a plurality of paddles attached thereto that, when driven by the conveyor, move proximate and parallel, to the plate to agitate feedstock on the plate, and to drive the feedstock from the inlet to the outlet of the distillation chamber. 1. An apparatus for distillation of feedstock , comprising:a substantially enclosed distillation chamber with an inlet for receiving feedstock and an outlet for discharging feedstock;a plate enclosed within the distillation chamber for supporting the feedstock in the distillation chamber, the plate positioned parallel to a substantially horizontal plane across a portion of the distillation chamber, the plate defining a plurality of transverse apertures extending transversely across a substantial portion of the width of the plate;a plurality of heating rods for insertion into the apertures of the plate to heat the plate;a conveyor enclosed within the distillation chamber and extending longitudinally across the distillation chamber, the conveyor having a plurality of paddles attached thereto that, when driven by the conveyor, move proximate and parallel to the plate to agitate feedstock on the plate, and to drive the feedstock from the inlet to the outlet of the distillation chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , ...

REACTOR VESSEL, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REMOVIING AND RECOVERING VOLATILIZING CONTAMINANTS FROM CONTAMINATED MATERIALS

The invention relates to a reactor, a system and a method for treating and recovery of liquid and/or solid waste materials and by-products from industrial manufacturing and production operations, such as volatilizing organic compounds, by converting these materials into valuable materials which could be recycled and re-used, while at the same time minimizing any residue for final disposal to landfill or incineration. The invention includes an insulated, magnetic, electrically conductive reactor vessel [] for receiving and treating a contaminated load, the reactor being characterised therein that it is operated under pyrolysis conditions and is heated by radio frequency induction of eddy currents into the reactor vessel [ 1. An insulated , magnetic , electrically conductive reactor vessel for use in removing and recovering volatilizing contaminants from contaminated materials , while simultaneously minimising residue for final disposal to landfill or incineration , the reactor vessel being characterised therein that it is operated under pyrolysis conditions and is heated by radio frequency induction of eddy currents into the reactor vessel , the reactor vessel comprising—a reactor base;a cylindrical reactor wall extending upright from the base;a removable lid dimensioned to rest on the cylindrical reactor wall for sealing the reactor vessel; the reactor base, cylindrical reactor wall and removable lid together defining a reactor volume for holding a contaminated material load;a transmitter in the form of a first heating element arranged approximate a circumference of the reactor vessel and magnetically coupled to the reactor vessel; andat least one exhaust for permitting egress of gasses and steam from the reactor vessel.2. The reactor vessel according to in which the reactor base claim 1 , cylindrical reactor wall and removable lid is covered by heat-insulating material.3. The reactor vessel according to in which the reactor vessel is a ferromagnetic or ...

Plastic Recycling System and Method Thereof

A plastic recycling system and method thereof is provided, wherein one or more plastic products are contained in a reaction unit and heated by an electric heating unit which converts electrical energy into thermal energy. The one or more plastic products in the reaction unit are decomposed to produce one or more decomposed product in gas phase through a decomposition reaction, such as pyrolysis reaction, to form one or more gaseous fuel products which are condensed into one or more liquid phase fuel products by a condensation unit. 1. A plastic recycling system for recycling one or more plastic products , comprising:{'sub': 10', '8', '4', 'n', '2', '4', 'n', '2', '4', 'n', '2', '4', 'n', '3', '6', 'n', '8', '8', 'n, 'a reaction unit having a reaction chamber which is sealable from outside and adapted for containing the one or more plastic products for recycling therein, wherein said reaction chamber has a decomposing reaction chamber and a gasification chamber arranged to communicate with said decomposing reaction chamber and configured for containing the one or more plastic products, selected from the group consisting of PETE (CHO), HDPE (CH), PVC (CHCl)), LDPE ((CH), PP (CH), and PS (CH);'}{'sub': 4', '4', '2', '6', '6', '8', '18', '4', '2', '6', '3', '8', '4', '10, 'an electric heating unit which is arranged and configured to convert electric energy to thermal energy to heat said reaction unit, wherein said electric heating unit is arranged to heat said gasification chamber to a first predetermined temperature ranged from 380° C. to 440° C. such that the one or more plastic products is melted and gasified to form one or more gaseous products transferring to said decomposing reaction chamber, wherein said electric heating unit is arranged to heat said decomposing reaction chamber to a second predetermined temperature ranged from 80° C. to 140° C. such that the one or more gaseous products are decomposed through a decomposition reaction to form one or more ...

Treatment of Hydrocarbon Containing Materials

An apparatus for separating a hydrocarbon content from a material matrix composes the hydrocarbon content and a water content, the apparatus comprising: a material feeder arranged to feed material through a treatment chamber, the treatment chamber comprising a window which is substantially transparent to microwaves; a microwave emitter arranged in use to expose feed material in the treatment chamber to microwaves via the window in order to cause rapid heating of at least part of the water content of the matrix to form steam, so as to remove at least part of the hydrocarbon content from the matrix; wherein the material feeder and treatment chamber are arranged so that in use, the treatment chamber is substantially tilted with material/matrix. 1. An apparatus for separating a hydrocarbon content from a material matrix comprising the hydrocarbon content and a water content , the apparatus comprising:a material feeder arranged to feed material through a treatment chamber, the treatment chamber comprising a window which is at least partially transparent to microwaves;a microwave emitter arranged in use to expose feed material in the treatment chamber to microwaves via the window in order to cause heating of at least part of the water content of the matrix to form steam, so as to remove at least part of the hydrocarbon content from the matrix:wherein the material feeder and treatment chamber are arranged so that in use, the treatment chamber is filled with material matrix.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the material feeder stops short of claim 1 , and does not extend into claim 1 , the treatment chamber.3. The apparatus of wherein the material feeder is arranged to allow at least some of the water content to drain from the material matrix before it passes through the treatment chamber.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the material feeder is vertical claim 1 ,5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the material feeder is inclined.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , ...

METHOD OF PREPARING CARBON PARTICLES FROM OIL ASH

A method of producing submicron carbon particles from oil ash. The method comprises pyrolyzing the oil ash to produce a pyrolyzed oil ash and milling the pyrolyzed oil ash to produce carbon particles having a mean particle size in the submicron regime. The method produces submicron carbon particles which have a very high carbon content (90 to 99 atom %) and a very low content of oxygen, the particles having a ratio of carbon to oxygen ratio of 10:1 to 99:1. The size of the particles may be controlled by the duration of the milling. The submicron carbon particles are devoid of functionalities containing carbon-oxygen double bonds as measured by Raman spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS). 1: A method for producing submicron carbon particles , comprising:pyrolyzing oil ash at 600 to 1000° C. for 1 to 6 hours to produce a pyrolyzed oil ash, andmilling the pyrolyzed oil ash for 1 to 24 hours to produce the submicron carbon particles,wherein the submicron carbon particles have a ratio of carbon to oxygen of 10:1 to 99:1, andwherein the submicron carbon particles are devoid of functional groups containing carbon-oxygen double bonds as determined by XPS or Raman spectroscopy.2: The method of claim 1 , wherein the oil ash comprises carbon claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , and sulfur.3: The method of claim 2 , wherein the oil ash has a carbon to oxygen ratio of 3:1 to 15:1.4: The method of claim 2 , wherein the oil ash further comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of vanadium claim 2 , iron claim 2 , aluminum claim 2 , silicon claim 2 , magnesium claim 2 , and calcium.5: The method of claim 1 , wherein the oil ash has a carbon atomic % of 65 to 89 atom % claim 1 , based on a total number of atoms in the oil ash.6: The method of claim 1 , wherein the oil ash has a sulfur atomic % of less than 2 atom % claim 1 , based on a total number of atoms in the oil ash.7: The method of claim 1 , wherein the oil ash is a heavy oil ash.8: The method ...

Integrated processes for producing fuels and biofertilizers from biomass and products produced

An IBTL system having a low GHG footprint for converting biomass to liquid fuels in which a biomass feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. Biomass residues from the direct liquefaction, and optionally additional biomass is pyrolyzed to produce structured biochar, hydrogen for the liquefaction and upgrading, and CO 2 for conversion to algae, including blue green algae (cyanobacteria) in a photobioreactor (PBR). Produced algae and diazotrophic microorganisms are used to produce a biofertilizer that also contains structured biochar. The structured biochar acts as a nucleation agent for the algae in the PBR, as a absorption agent to absorb inorganics from the biomass feed to direct liquefaction or from the liquids produced thereby, and as a water retention agent in the biofertilizer. The ratio of cyanobacteria to diazotrophic microorganisms in the biofertilizer can be selected to optimize the so as to achieve desired total chemically active carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil for a given crop.

COAL UPGRADE PLANT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING UPGRADED COAL

A coal upgrade plant includes: a dryer that dries coal; a pyrolyzer that pyrolyzes the coal dried by the dryer ; a quencher that cools the coal pyrolyzed by the pyrolyzer ; a finisher that deactivates the coal cooled by the quencher ; and cyclones and that collect pulverized coal generated from the coal, wherein the pulverized coal collected by the cyclones and is fed to an absorber fed to a scrubber that treats a flue gas. Thus, the mercury generated from the coal upgrade plant can be removed. 1. A coal upgrade plant comprising:a dryer for drying coal;a pyrolyzer for pyrolyzing the coal dried by the dryer;a quencher for cooling the coal pyrolyzed by the pyrolyzer;a finisher for deactivating the coal cooled by the quencher; anda pulverized coal collecting device for collecting pulverized coal generated from the coal,wherein the pulverized coal collected by the pulverized coal collecting device is fed to a flue gas discharged from at least one of the dryer, the pyrolyzer, the quencher, and the finisher, and/or an absorber fed to a scrubber that treats the flue gas, and/or waste water produced by treating the flue gas.2. The coal upgrade plant according to claim 1 , further comprising a scrubber for treating a carrier gas as the flue gas discharged from the dryer while catching a desorbed component desorbed from the coal when the coal is dried by the dryer claim 1 ,wherein the pulverized coal collected by the pulverized coal collecting device is fed to an absorber fed to the scrubber.3. The coal upgrade plant according to claim 1 , further comprising:a combustor for combusting a pyrolysis gas discharged from the pyrolyzer; anda flue gas treatment device for treating a combustion gas generated from the combustor,wherein the pulverized coal collected by the pulverized coal collecting device is fed to the combustion gas as the flue gas discharged from the combustor.4. The coal upgrade plant according to claim 1 , wherein the pulverized coal collecting device collects the ...

EQUIPMENT PROTECTING ENCLOSURES

Biomass (e.g., plant biomass, animal biomass, and municipal waste biomass) is processed to produce useful intermediates and products, such as energy, fuels, foods or materials. For example, systems and methods are described that can be used to treat feedstock materials, such as cellulosic and/or lignocellulosic materials, in a vault in which the equipment is protected from radiation and hazardous gases by equipment enclosures. The equipment enclosures may be purged with gas. 1. A method of protecting material processing equipment , the method comprising;conveying a biomass material under an electron beam on a vibratory conveyor; andenclosing motor components in a radiation opaque equipment enclosure that does not surround the conveyor;wherein a gap is provided between the equipment enclosure and the vibratory conveyor to accommodate movement of components of the vibratory conveyor during use.2. The method of further comprising purging the enclosure with a gas.3. The method of wherein the gas has been filtered to remove ozone.4. The method of wherein the gas comprises air.5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising exchanging the gas in the equipment enclosure at an exchange rate of less than once every 10 minutes.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the conveyor is disposed within a vault.7. The method of claim 4 , wherein the vault also contains irradiating equipment.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas is provided from within the enclosure.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further includes moving the equipment enclosure to access the motor components.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the equipment enclosure is configured to be movable.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the equipment enclosure includes lead.12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposure of the motor components to radiation is reduced by at least 10% as compared to the radiation exposure that would occur without the equipment enclosure.13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ...

Processes for producing fuels and biofertilizers from biomass and products produced

An IBTL system having a low GHG footprint for converting biomass to liquid fuels in which a biomass feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. Biomass residues from the direct liquefaction, and optionally additional biomass is pyrolyzed using microwave pyrolysis to produce structured biochar, hydrogen for the liquefaction and upgrading, and CO 2 for conversion to algae, including blue green algae (cyanobacteria) in a photobioreactor (PBR). Produced algae and diazotrophic microorganisms are used to produce a biofertilizer that also contains structured biochar. The structured biochar acts as a nucleation agent for the algae in the PBR, as a absorption agent to absorb inorganics from the biomass feed to direct liquefaction or from the liquids produced thereby, and as a water retention agent in the biofertilizer. The ratio of cyanobacteria to diazotrophic microorganisms in the biofertilizer can be selected so as to achieve desired total chemically active carbon and nitrogen contents in the soil for a given crop.

Method for Converting Agricultural Biomass or Industrial Bio Waste into Biofuel

A method for converting agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste into biofuel using concentrated radiated energy is disclosed. Biomass or bio waste is stored inside a batch reactor in either solid or semisolid state. Unwanted moisture and unwanted oxygen are removed from the stored agricultural biomass or industrial bio waste. Concentrated radiated energy is directed towards the biomass or bio waste through a radiated energy concentrator that focuses the concentrated radiated energy. Biomass or bio waste is kept within the depth of focus of the concentrated radiated energy during the conversion operation. Due to substantial matching of the absorption peak of biomass or bio waste with the emission peak of the concentrated radiated energy, the biomass or bio waste that is within the depth of focus instantaneously decomposes into biofuel. The biofuel thus generated is at ambient temperature with higher energy density.

THERMAL FRACTURE AND MICROCARBON SEPARATION OF COAL PARTICLES

A process for fracturing and devolatilizing coal particles rapidly exposes coal particles to a high temperature, oxygen-depleted work zone for a sufficient time period to cause volatile matter within the coal particles to vaporize and fracture the coal particles. The work zone has a temperature in the range from 600° C. to 2000° C. The coal particles are exposed to the high temperature, oxygen-depleted work zone for a time period less than 1 seconds, and preferably less than 0.3 second. The vaporized volatile matter is condensed and recovered as microcarbon particles. 1. A process for fracturing coal particles comprising exposing coal particles to a high temperature , oxygen-depleted work zone for a sufficient time period to cause volatile matter within the coal particles to vaporize and fracture the coal particles , wherein the work zone has a temperature in the range from 600° C. to 2000° C.2. The process for fracturing coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the coal particles are exposed to the high temperature claim 1 , oxygen-depleted work zone for a time period less than 1 second.3. The process for fracturing coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the coal particles are exposed to the high temperature claim 1 , oxygen-depleted work zone for a time period less than 0.3 second.4. The process for fracturing coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the process produces coal-derived low volatile matter and fractured particles with a diameter that is 5 times or more smaller than the original coal particles claim 1 , a volatile matter content less than 10% by weight claim 1 , a carbon content greater than 90% by weight claim 1 , a sulfur content less than 1% by weight claim 1 , a nitrogen content less than 1% by weight.5. The process for fracturing coal particles according to claim 1 , wherein the coal particles have a particle size less than 10 mm.6. The process for fracturing coal particles according to claim 5 , wherein the fractured particles ...

PLASMA ARC CARBONIZER

A system and method for plasma arc anaerobic thermal conversion processing is provided to convert waste into bio-gas; bio-oil; carbonized materials; non-organic ash, and varied further co-products. The system and process supports a variety of processes, including to make, without limitation, carbon, carbon-based inks and dyes, activated carbon, aerogels, bio-coke, and bio-char, as well as generate electricity, produce adjuncts for natural gas, and/or various aromatic oils, phenols, and other liquids, all depending upon the input materials and the parameters selected to process the waste, including real time economic and other market parameters which can result in the automatic re-configuration of the system to adjust its output co-products to reflect changing market conditions. Plasma arc carbonizer off-gases produced during carbonization are supplied to a controlled heated column for refining and recovery of the carbonizer hot gases into distillates. 1. A system for treating waste , the system comprising:at least one plasma arc unit;a carbonizer heated by said at least one plasma arc units and adapted to convert the waste to a useable product and resultant hot gases; anda thermal oxidizer in gaseous communication with said carbonizer to receive the resultant hot gases.2. The system of wherein the waste includes at least one of municipal solid waste claim 1 , infectious medical waste claim 1 , or bitumen that optionally contains non-reactive inorganics.3. The system of wherein said carbonizer employs anaerobic thermal conversion processing to treat the waste.4. The system of wherein said carbonizer comprises a thermo-chemical reactor that is one of a drag-chain reactor claim 1 , batch reactor claim 1 , continuous-stirred-tank reactor claim 1 , rotating drum claim 1 , thermal oxidizers claim 1 , or plug-in reactor.5. The system of wherein said carbonizer operates under a reduced pressure of a partial or complete vacuum.6. The system of wherein said at least one ...

Aggregates of Coal and Beneficiated Organic-Carbon-Containing Feedstock

A low energy processed biomass/coal blended compact aggregate composition made with a blending sub-system from a processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock made with a beneficiation sub-system and low energy coal is described. Renewable biomass feedstock passed through a beneficiation sub-system to reduce water content to below at least 20 wt % and an intracellular water-soluble salt reduction of at least 60% from that of unprocessed organic-carbon-containing feedstock on a dry basis. The processed feedstock is blended with sized low energy coal in a blending sub-system to form a blended aggregate that comprises at least 10 wt % of a coal having an energy density of less than 21 MMBTU/ton (24 GJ/MT) and at least 10 wt % of a processed biomass comprising a processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock with characteristics that include an energy density of at least 17 MMBTU/ton (20 GJ/MT) and a water-soluble intracellular salt content that is decreased more than 60 wt % on a dry basis for the processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock from that of unprocessed organic-carbon-containing feedstock. 1. A composition , comprising:a processed biomass/coal blended compact aggregate that comprises at least 10 wt % of a coal having an energy density of less than 21 MMBTU/ton (24 GJ/MT) and at least 10 wt % of a processed biomass comprising a processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock with characteristics that include an energy density of at least 17 MMBTU/ton (20 GJ/MT) and a water-soluble intracellular salt content that is decreased more than 60 wt % on a dry basis for the processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock from that of unprocessed organic-carbon-containing feedstock that was the source of the processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock,the processed biomass/coal blended compact aggregate is made from unprocessed organic-carbon-containing feedstock converted into the processed organic-carbon-containing feedstock with a beneficiation sub-system and ...

SYSTEM AND PROCESS FOR CONVERTING PLASTIC WASTE TO OIL PRODUCTS

In one aspect, a process is provided for converting thermoplastic waste into hydrocarbon gaseous and liquid products. The process includes: placing in a reactor an amount of thermoplastic to be converted; depressurizing the reactor to remove air; filling the reactor with an inert gas; subjecting the amount of thermoplastic to a thermal plasma arc source operating at a select temperature profile for a preselected residence time to produce a gaseous product; directing the gaseous product through at least one condenser; and collecting a liquid fraction condensed from the gaseous product in the at least one condenser. 1. A process for converting thermoplastic waste into hydrocarbon gaseous and liquid products , the process comprising:placing in a reactor an amount of thermoplastic to be converted;depressurizing the reactor to remove air;filling the reactor with an inert gas;subjecting the amount of thermoplastic to a thermal plasma arc source operating at a select temperature profile for a preselected residence time to produce a gaseous product;directing the gaseous product through at least one condenser; andcollecting a liquid fraction condensed from the gaseous product in the at least one condenser.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the inert gas is a pressurized nitrogen gas.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the pressurized nitrogen gas is added to the reactor to a pressure of 1 bar.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the thermal plasma arc source is a direct current thermal plasma arc source.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the preselected residence time is from about 20 to about 40 minutes.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the preselected residence time is from about 25 to about 35 minutes.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the preselected residence time is about 30 minutes.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic is selected from the group consisting of low density ...

Using Stimulus to Convert Coal to Mesophase Pitch and Carbon Fibers

A method for forming mesophase pitch can include applying a stimulus to a first amount of coal tar to form a first amount of mesophase pitch. The stimulus can include one or more of an electromagnetic field (“EMF”) or a magnetic field. The method can further include evaluating a characteristic of the first amount of mesophase pitch, changing a parameter of the stimulus in response to evaluating the characteristic of the first amount of mesophase pitch, and applying the stimulus exhibiting the changed parameters to a second amount of coal tar to form mesophase pitch. 1. A method for forming mesophase pitch , comprising:continuously providing coal tar to a reactor;applying a stimulus to an amount of the coal tar, the stimulus comprising one or more of an electromagnetic field (“EMF”) or a magnetic field; andcontinuously forming mesophase pitch from the coal tar.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming the amount of coal tar by at least one of:reducing a particle size of an amount of coal to form coal powder;sieving the coal powder;pyrolyzing the amount of coal and extracting the amount of coal tar from the pyrolyzed coal; or distilling the amount of coal tar to remove one or more contaminants therefrom.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulus comprises the EMF.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the EMF has a wavelength of from about 1 mm to about 1 m.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the EMF comprises a pulsed EMF.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein applying the stimulus to the amount of coal tar comprises:applying a first EMF to the amount of coal tar, the first EMF having a first property; andapplying a second EMF to the amount of coal tar, the second EMF having a second property that is different from the first property.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the stimulus comprises the magnetic field.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein applying the stimulus to the amount of coal tar comprises varying a magnetic field strength of the magnetic field.9. ...

Production of Oil by Pyrolysis of Coal

Catalysts useful in transforming biomass to bio-oil are disclosed, as are methods for making such catalysts, and methods of transforming biomass to bio-oil. The catalysts are especially useful for, but are not limited to, microwave- and induction-heating based pyrolysis of biomass, solid waste, and other carbon containing materials into bio-oil. The catalysts can also be used for upgrading the bio-oil to enhance fuel quality. 1. A method of producing oil from coal by pyrolysis; said method comprising the steps of:(a) cleaning the surface of one or more metallic substrate particles, wherein each metallic substrate particle has a longest dimension between about 100 μm and about 5 mm;(b) oxidizing or nitriding the surfaces of the metallic substrate particles, to covalently attach oxide or nitride groups to the surfaces of the metallic substrate particles;(c) covalently bonding one or more linker groups to the oxide, to the nitride, or to the metal surface;(d) covalently bonding one or more seed layers to the one or more linker groups, wherein the one or more seed layers comprise ruthenium, rhodium, palladium, silver, osmium, iridium, platinum, gold, copper, rhenium, mercury, aluminum oxide, nickel(11) oxide, or nickel(11) oxide;(e) covalently bonding a catalyst layer to the one or more seed layers, wherein the catalyst layer comprises a metal, a metal oxide, a doped metal, or a zeolite; wherein the resulting catalyst/support composition is adapted to directly absorb electromagnetic energy from microwave irradiation, or electromagnetic induction, or both, and thereby to be rapidly heated to a temperature between about 250° C. and about 1000° C.;(f) heating the catalyst/support composition to a temperature between about 250° C. and about 1000° C. by microwave irradiation, or by electromagnetic induction, or both, in an inert atmosphere inside a reactor;(g) contacting coal with the heated catalyst/support composition for a time sufficient to transform at least a portion ...

DISPOSAL OF REFUSE

Existing approaches to refuse handling are all based on historical approaches which rely on a network of refuse collection vehicles collecting waste from individual households and delivering this to a centralised landfill or MBI location. This is highly undesirable and wasteful. An alternative process is disclosed, relying on the thermal treatment of waste and like products produced or brought in to the residential property and processed within the domestic curtilage to produce fuel or other forms of energy. Thus, domestic waste will be thermally treated at the home instead of being collected by local authorities and disposed of. The waste input put material will be loaded into a domestically engineered thermal conversion unit either directly or after a pre-process such as shredding. The feedstock will be converted into fuels by a thermal treatment, such as pyrolysis. The resultant output of oil and gas can either be stored or fed into a boiler unit to be used as a fuel to produce hot water, or used to run an electricity generating unit to power the dwelling in question or for supply to a feed-in tariff. Thus, a domestic dwelling includes a thermal treatment unit for processing waste produced in the dwelling, an output of the thermal treatment unit being combusted for producing an energy output for the dwelling. A suitable pyrolysis chamber is disclosed. 1. A pyrolysis chamber for treating domestic refuse , comprising a receptacle for the refuse , the receptacle being defined by a double-skinned enclosure having an exterior wall , an interior heat-conductive wall , and a sealed void between the two walls in which a working fluid is disposed , and at least one heating element in thermal contact with the enclosure.2. The pyrolysis chamber according to in which the enclosure includes at least one heat-conductive pin extending from the interior wall into the interior of the receptacle.3. The pyrolysis chamber according to in which the at least one pin is hollow claim 2 ...

CONTROL OF COKE MORPHOLOGY IN DELAYED COKING

A delayed coking process in which shot coke and thermally cracked coker products are produced from a sponge coke- and/or transition coke-forming resid feed comprising sponge coke asphaltenes by mixing heteroatom (preferably nitrogen) containing asphaltenes from a shot coke-forming resid with a heated sponge coke-forming resid to form shot coke directing asphaltene aggregates in the resid. The mixture of resid with the added asphaltene is held at an elevated temperature to allow co-aggregates of sponge coke and shot coke asphaltenes to form which, upon delayed coking promote the production of a free-flowing shot coke product.

HIGH-EFFICIENCY PYROLYSIS APPARATUS

A high-efficiency pyrolysis apparatus comprises a first pyrolysis furnace, a second pyrolysis furnace, a fractional distillation device, and an air sucking device. The first pyrolysis furnace heats and pyrolyzes a solid-state waste. The second pyrolysis furnace interconnects with the first pyrolysis furnace through a first channel and generates a fluid. The fractional distillation device interconnects with the second pyrolysis furnace through a second channel and performs a fluid separation operation on the fluid. The air sucking device interconnects with the first pyrolysis furnace and generates a negative pressure to the first channel and the second channel to prevent from that air exists in the first pyrolysis furnace and the second pyrolysis furnace and that toxic materials are generated in the first pyrolysis furnace and the second pyrolysis furnace. The high-efficiency pyrolysis apparatus is less likely to generate toxic materials and thus less likely to pollute the air. 1. A high-efficiency pyrolysis apparatus , comprisinga first pyrolysis furnace, including a first chamber and a first heater arranged inside the first chamber, selected from the group including resistance heaters, inductive heaters and electron-beam heaters, generating a first heating temperature of 100-2000° C. in the first chamber to pyrolyze a solid-state waste;a second pyrolysis furnace, interconnecting with the first pyrolysis furnace through a first channel, including a second chamber and a second heater arranged inside the second chamber, selected from the group including resistance heaters, inductive heaters and electron-beam heaters, generating a second heating temperature of 100-2000° C. in the second chamber to generate a fluid, wherein the second heating temperature is higher than the first heating temperature;a fractional distillation device, interconnecting with the second pyrolysis furnace through a second channel, wherein the fluid is transferred to the fractional distillation ...

Microwave Processing Device

A microwave processing device includes kiln head, which runs through and is connected to the rotary kettle, and multiple parts of kiln head are equipped with microwave feeding inlet, and kiln head is connected with microwave generator via microwave tube; kiln head is connected to feeding mechanism, and rotary kettle is set up with collecting opening and discharging mechanism, and collecting opening is connected with condensing and recycling unit. The microwave processing device makes use of microwave energy to rapidly heat material inside rotary kettle, and rotates rotary kettle at the same time, to make material more uniformly heated and improve material pyrolyzing efficiency, and it can greatly improve pyrolyzing and separating efficiency of material, effectively reduce energy consumption and significantly improve safety of equipment operation; it also avoids secondary pollution to environment caused by burning of heating energy, thus effectively improves economic and social benefits. 1. A microwave processing device , including a kiln head , and the said kiln head runs through and is connected to a rotary kettle , which is characterized in that: the said kiln head is connected with a microwave generator via microwave waveguide , multiple parts of the said kiln head are equipped with microwave feeding inlet which is used to introduce the microwave generated by the microwave generator into the rotary kettle to heat the material , the said kiln head is connected to a feeding mechanism , the rotary kettle is equipped with a collecting opening and a discharging mechanism , and the said collecting opening is connected with a condensing and recycling unit.2. The microwave processing device of claim 1 , wherein the said rotary kettle is internally equipped with spiral blade.3. The microwave processing device of claim 1 , wherein a flexible sealing device is set up between the said kiln head and the said rotary kettle.4. The microwave processing device of claim 2 , ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PROCESSING NON-LIGNOCELLULOSIC WASTE

A method for processing non-lignocellulosic waste comprises pre-treating the non-lignocellulosic waste by enzymatic hydrolysis to yield a pre-treated non-lignocellulosic waste subjecting the pre-treated non-lignocellulosic waste to microwave hydrothermal carbonization to yield at least one of a hydrochar and a biocrude liquor. A system for processing non-lignocellulosic waste includes an enzymatic hydrolysis station for receiving non-lignocellulosic waste and generating a treated non-lignocellulosic waste, and a microwave hydrothermal carbonization station downstream of the enzymatic hydrolysis station for receiving the treated non-lignocellulosic waste from the enzymatic hydrolysis station and generating at least one of a hydrochar and a biocrude liquor. 1. A method for processing non-lignocellulosic waste , comprising:a) pre-treating the non-lignocellulosic waste by enzymatic hydrolysis to yield a pre-treated non-lignocellulosic waste; andb) subjecting the pre-treated non-lignocellulosic waste to microwave hydrothermal carbonization to yield at least one of a hydrochar and a biocrude liquor.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-lignocellulosic waste is not combined with any lignocellulosic waste in steps a) and b).3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-lignocellulosic waste comprises animal tissue.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-lignocellulosic waste comprises aquatic animal tissue.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the non-lignocellulosic waste comprises at least one of fish tissue and shellfish tissue.6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:c) separating the hydrochar from the biocrude liquor; andd) drying the hydrochar.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein step b) comprises subjecting the pre-treated non-lignocellulosic waste to microwave hydrothermal carbonization at a temperature of between 120 degrees Celsius and 250 degrees Celsius.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein step b) comprises subjecting the pre-treated non-lignocellulosic ...

Process For The Production of Synthesis Gas From Hard Coal

A process for the production of synthesis gas from coke is described herein. The process comprises the steps of: (a) subjecting hard coal to dry pyrolysis, resulting in the production of a gas mixture containing hydrogen, methane, nitrogen and carbon monoxide as major constituents and carbon sulphides as minor constituents; (b) subjecting the gas mixture to hydrogenation at a temperature in the range of 200 to 280° C. over a sulphidic cobalt molybdenum catalyst provided on an aluminium oxide carrier material; and (c) separating the hydrogen sulphide obtained from hydrogenation from the gas mixture. 118-. (canceled)19. A process for the production of synthesis gas from coke , comprising the steps of:(a) subjecting hard coal to dry pyrolysis, resulting in the production of a gas mixture containing hydrogen, methane, nitrogen and carbon monoxide as major constituents and carbon sulphides as minor constituents;(b) subjecting the gas mixture to hydrogenation at a temperature in the range of 200 to 280° C. over a sulphidic cobalt molybdenum catalyst provided on an aluminium oxide carrier material; and(c) separating the hydrogen sulphide obtained from hydrogenation from the gas mixture.20. The process of claim 19 , wherein the hydrogenation of step (b) is carried out in a temperature range between 240 and 260° C.21. The process of claim 19 , wherein the hydrogenation of step (b) is carried out at a pressure of 1 to 15 bar.22. The process of claim 21 , wherein the hydrogenation of step (b) is carried out at a pressure of 5 to 10 bar.23. The process of claim 19 , wherein the hydrogenation of step (b) is carried out at a GHSV of 500 to 1500 l/h.24. The process of claim 19 , wherein cobalt molybdenum catalysts are used which do not contain any other transition metals.25. The process of claim 19 , wherein cobalt molybdenum catalysts are used which claim 19 , with reference to the metal components claim 19 , predominantly consist of molybdenum sulphide and contain cobalt ...

DISTILLATION SYSTEM AND METHOD USING MICROWAVE-ASSISTED PYROLYSIS

A distillation apparatus for use in microwave-assisted pyrolysis includes a microwave, a pyrolysis reactor, a microwave-absorbent bed, and a condenser. The pyrolysis reactor is located within the microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor. The microwave-absorbent bed is located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output. The condenser is configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product. 1. A distillation apparatus comprising:a first microwave;a pyrolysis reactor located within the first microwave and configured to receive a liquid input stream and to output a vapor;a microwave-absorbent bed located within the pyrolysis reactor that converts microwave energy provided by the microwave to thermal energy to initiate pyrolysis within the pyrolysis reactor, wherein the pyrolysis reactor provides a vapor output; anda condenser configured to receive the vapor output of the pyrolysis reactor and to cool and condense the vapor into a recoverable product.2. The distillation apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the microwave-absorbent bed is comprised of microwave susceptible beads or porous foam.3. The distillation apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the microwave susceptible beads or porous foam is comprised of Silicon Carbide (SiC) or zirconium dioxide (ZrO2).4. The distillation apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the microwave susceptible beads or porous foam are coated with a catalyst material.5. The distillation apparatus of claim 1 , further including a vacuum pump configured to maintain a negative pressure within the distillation apparatus claim 1 , wherein the negative pressure is greater than approximately 4 mmHg and less than approximately 760 mmHg (atmospheric pressure).6. The distillation apparatus of ...

System and method for cold cracking under a condition of modified density of physical vacuum

Method to change the molecular composition of a target medium under a condition of modified physical vacuum structure, includes introducing into an exposure chamber the target medium having a Raman spectrum with a predetermined target spectral resonance; rotating a source hydrocarbon medium in a drum adjacent to the exposure chamber, to produce a vacuum and magnetic influence; propagating the vacuum and magnetic influence to the target medium in the exposure chamber; applying a mechanical vibration to the target medium to vibrate the target medium on a molecular scale, to create colloidal molecular vibrations; transferring energy from the colloidal molecular vibrations to an electron system of atoms in molecules of the target medium until at least a portion of the molecules of the target medium cracks into shorter molecular hydrocarbon products; and withdrawing the shorter hydrocarbon molecular products from the exposure chamber.

METHOD USING PLASMA-COUPLED SOLAR THERMAL ENERGY AND RELATED DEVICE

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor () includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current. 114-. (canceled)15. A microwave thermosolar method implemented in a tubular reactor comprising a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed , wherein said method comprises a step of circulation of an electric current in the conveyor , in order to produce heat in the conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to induce , in the substrates , under the action of the electric current , at least some of a curing , pyrolyses , gasifications , fusions and chemical reactions comprising oxidation-reduction reactions.16. A method implemented in a tubular reactor comprising a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed , wherein a fusion of the substrates , which comprise elements necessary for obtaining an electrolysis medium for reducing , into aluminium , of alumina contained in said substrates , is carried out , under action of at least one energy from solar energy , microwave energy and thermal energy produced by a circulation of electric current in the tubular conveyor.17. The method according to claim 15 , wherein one of the substrates contains aluminium that is fused in the tubular reactor claim 15 , under action of at least one energy from solar energy claim 15 , microwave energy and thermal energy produced by the circulation of said electric current in the substrate conveyor.18. A microwave thermosolar device comprising:a tubular reactor comprising a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed,and circulation ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR COAL PURIFICATION AND COMPLETE BURING FOR CLEAN FOSSIL FUEL

In one aspect, a method for coal purification and gasification may include steps of heating the coal including various hydrocarbons and harmful substances such as sulfides, phosphates, etc. to 900 to 1200° C. in a coal gasifier; providing a reaction chamber with oxygen and connecting with the coal gasifier; the sulfides, phosphates, etc. in the gasified coal entering the reaction chamber from the coal gasifier and reacting with the oxygen therein; separating mixtures from the reaction chamber to collect hydrocarbons in its fluidized phase; heating the fluidized hydrocarbons; and providing oxygen to react with the gasified form of hydrocarbons to achieve a complete burning of the hydrocarbons. 1. A method for coal purification and complete burning comprising steps of:heating the coal in a solid form to a gasified form without air including various hydrocarbons and harmful substances to a predetermined range of temperature in a coal gasifier;providing a reaction chamber with oxygen and connecting with the coal gasifier;separating the harmful substances from the hydrocarbons;condensing the gasified coal from the reaction chamber to collect hydrocarbons in its fluidized phase;heating the fluidized hydrocarbons to become a gasified form;providing oxygen to mix with the gasified form of the fluidized hydrocarbons; andigniting mixed hydrocarbons and oxygen to achieve complete burning.2. The method for coal purification and complete burning of claim 1 , wherein harmful substances include sulfides and phosphates.3. The method for coal purification and complete burning of claim 2 , wherein sulfides can be removed through a sulfonation process according to the formula below:{'br': None, 'sub': 2', '3, '2S+3O═2SO\u2003\u2003(i)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 6', '6', '3', '6', '5', '3, 'CH+SO═CHSOH\u2003\u2003(ii)'}{'br': None, 'sub': 6', '5', '3', '2', '6', '6', '2', '4, 'CHSOH+HO═CH+HSO\u2003\u2003(iii)'}4. The method for coal purification and complete burning of claim 2 , wherein ...

RECYCLING AND MATERIAL RECOVERY SYSTEM

The present invention relates to recycling tires and the like utilizing a microwave service controlling the pressure from such a process enables a more even temperature and helps prevent the buildup of explosive gas. 1. An improved process for reducing an organic-containing solid material into lower molecular gaseous hydrocarbons , liquid hydrocarbons and solid carbon constituents utilizing a microwave oven system , the improvement comprising:a) utilizing a ring vacuum pump to remove gasses from the microwave system; andb) positioning at least two sources of microwaves in parallel alignment in a ceiling of the system, each source which feeds bifurcated waves into a leaky wave guide diffuser.2. The process according to wherein the solid carbon constituents are removed utilizing a high heat auger utilizing a gas purging collar.3. The process according to wherein the purging gas is nitrogen.4. The process according to wherein the high heat auger feeds to a liquid chilled auger.5. The process according to wherein an electromechanical separator drum is used to remove residual steel pieces.6. The process according to wherein the doors utilized to seal any produced gasses are at least ¾ inch thick flat aluminum doors which bolt on an inside of the system and seams of the doors are sealed by taping with woven fiberglass tape positioned as a gasket for the doors.7. The process according to wherein impurities in the materials are removed utilizing a replaceable solid medium forced air dry system.8. The process according to wherein material is conveyed utilizing a microwave transparent claim 1 , high heat plastic belt system.9. The process according to wherein a nitrogen blanket is provided on any windows in the oven sufficient to prevent gasses produced in the process from condensing on the windows.10. An improved microwave oven system for reducing an organic-containing solid material into lower molecular gaseous hydrocarbons claim 1 , liquid hydrocarbons and solid carbon ...

MOBILE PLANT FOR THERMALLY TREATING A CONTAMINATED OR UNCONTAMINATED FEED STREAM, PROCESSES THEREOF AND USES OF PRODUCTS THEREOF

Mobile plant, for thermally treating a feed stream, comprising a first unit designed for heating the feed oil (Unit I); ii. a second unit comprising a rotating reactor designed to perform the thermal processing (pyrolizing) of the feed oil and a vapour solid separator (Unit II); and iii. a third unit (Unit III) that is a product separation unit and that is preferably configured for recycling at least part of the treated feed stream (heavy oil), recovered in Unit III, into Unit I. The first unit and/or the second unit is (are) configured for injecting a sweep gas in the feed oil and/or in the rotating reactor, and/or the second unit is configured in a way that the rotating reactor may work under positive pressure. The processes for thermally treating a feed material by using a mobile plant. The uses of the processes for various environmental and non-environmental applications. Processes for manufacturing the mobile plants. Uses of oil containing resins (such as cracked and/or polarized oils) for cleaning purposes and other specialty applications. 1. (canceled)2. The mobile plant according to claim 160 , for thermally treating a feed stream claim 160 , wherein the feed stream is:a feed oil, that is more preferably selected in the group constituted by a contaminated oil and/or an uncontaminated oil, wherein the oil is advantageously a synthetic oil, a natural oil, a vegetable oil, an animal fat oil, marpol, heavy oil, oily tank bottoms, used oil, oily water and/or emulsions, and any waste oil and/or the mixtures of at least two of these; and/ora solid feed mainly constituted of a solid material that may advantageously be selected in the group constituted by oil sands, shale oil, tires, contaminated soils, oily beaches, solids containing oil, asphalts and tars, and/or the mixtures of solids and oil.3. The mobile plant according to claim 160 , for thermally treating a feed stream claim 160 , wherein the first unit contains no sub-unit for chemically treating the feed ...

METHODS AND APPARATUS FOR THE THERMAL TREATMENT OF MIXED URBAN WASTES

The invention concerns a device for the thermal transformation of waste, in particular mixed urban waste. It comprises conveyor means, housed in an enclosed space, for discharging waste into a furnace having inductively heated zones of successively higher temperatures. Gases and oils produced by pyrolysis are removed at stages of the process. 1. A process for the thermal transformation of waste , in particular urban waste , in particular organic waste , vegetable waste , synthetic materials or the like , in which the said waste is fed into at least one confined site , in the absence of oxygen , with a view to treating it in order to obtain transformed products , in which a substantial reduction in its humidity is carried out before and during its penetration into the said confined site , and in which a gradual rise in temperature is carried out , in zones of predetermined temperatures , and in that this is done in the course of the continuous movement of the said waste , to their vertical settling by gravity in said confined site , through said zones of predetermined temperatures , characterized in that said gradual rise in temperature of said waste is carried out , in zones of predetermined temperatures , by independent electrical induction heating means disposed specifically in each of said zones of predetermined temperatures and in that said transformed products are evacuated at outlets of said confined site , after the thermal transformation of said waste according to the treatment temperatures , in gaseous , liquid or solid form.2. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the said increase in temperature of the said waste is carried out by heating heat-transferring elements which are in direct contact with the said waste to be heat-treated and which transmit at least part of their heat thereto.3. Process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the temperature of the waste to be treated is first raised to a dehydration value claim 1 , which ...

CATALYST FOR DISTRIBUTED BATCH MICROWAVE PYROLYSIS, SYSTEM AND PROCESS THEREOF

The present document describes a catalyst to initiate microwave pyrolysis of waste, a process for the microwave pyrolysis of waste using the catalyst, as well as a microwave pyrolysis system. 1. A pyrolysis system which comprises: a waste inlet;', 'a fluid inlet for injecting a fluid into said reactor vessel; and', 'an internal coating to prevent accumulation of microwave reactive residues in said reactor vessel; and, 'a) a reactor vessel having'}b) a microwave source emitting microwaves within said reactor vessel.2. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising an anaerobic means for purging said reactor vessel of air.3. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising a temperature probe for measuring a core temperature within said reactor vessel.4. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , further comprising a microwave diffuser diffusing said microwave within said reactor vessel.5. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claim 1 , wherein said internal coating is made from a refractory material.6. The pyrolysis system according to claim 5 , wherein said refractory material is chosen from a ceramic and a porcelain.7. The pyrolysis system according to claim 2 , wherein said anaerobic means is at least one of an inert gas or a liquid.8. The pyrolysis system according to claim 7 , wherein said liquid is liquid water.9. The pyrolysis system according to claim 7 , wherein said inert gas is at least one of argon claim 7 , nitrogen claim 7 , and steam.10. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claim 7 , wherein said anaerobic means is provided to said pyrolysis system through said fluid inlet in fluid communication with said reactor vessel.11. The pyrolysis system according to any one of - claim 7 , wherein said fluid is chosen from an acidic solution claim 7 , said anaerobic means or combinations thereof.12. The pyrolysis system according to claim 1 , wherein said anaerobic means is a source of a vacuum.13. The pyrolysis ...

MACROSCOPIC ARTIFICIAL DIELECTRIC SUSCEPTOR FOR MAKING BIOCHEMICALS

A macroscopic artificial dielectric susceptor for making biochemicals 1. A process for creating at least one biochemical species that is a biochemical product from at least one biochemical species that is a biochemical reactant originating from biomass where the biochemical reactant is part of a chemical species flow comprising passing the chemical species flow through a macroscopic artificial dielectric susceptor structure that is a gas-permeable susceptor , and subjecting the structure to at least one wavelength of applied electromagnetic energy , the structure consisting of at least two regions where first regions and second regions are solid materials , the second regions contain a solid catalytic material , the first regions and the second regions having different dielectric properties to at least one wavelength of the applied electromagnetic energy , the dielectric properties of the first regions being greater than the depth of penetration of the second regions , wherein: (a) the first regions are discontinuously interspersed at least a certain distance from each other between and among the second regions , (b) the transmission of the applied electromagnetic energy by the first regions provides a means for increase interaction between the applied electromagnetic energy and the chemical species flow (c) the transmission of the applied electromagnetic energy by the first regions provides a means for increased interaction between the applied electromagnetic energy and the second regions in the gas-permeable susceptor to interact with the catalyst of the second regions , and (d) the distance between each of the first regions and a volume fraction of the structure that the first regions make up assists the applied electromagnetic energy to penetrate the structure and to interact volumetrically with the susceptor and the chemical species flow passing through the susceptor and allows for the synthesis of at least one biochemical product species that is created by ...

Procedure for obtaining raw material resulting from waste material

The procedure ( 1 ) for obtaining raw materials resulting from waste material comprises: the supply (A) of harmonic steel resulting from waste material and prepared in a skein to be treated ( 3 ); a heat treatment (B) of the skein to be treated ( 3 ) for obtaining a treated skein ( 3 a );—a post-treatment (E) of the treated skein ( 3 a ) for obtaining steel reusable as raw material; where the heat treatment (B) comprises an inductive exposure step (B 1 ) of the skein to be treated ( 3 ) to at least an alternate magnetic field for the induction in the skein to be treated ( 3 ) of alternate eddy currents adapted to raise the temperature of same.

PYROLYSIS DEVICE

A pyrolysis device () comprising an elongated tubular structure () which extends along a longitudinal axis (X) and includes a first tubular body () which defines an initial washing or drainage chamber, in which a shaped carriage () containing a polymeric material to be subjected to pyrolysis thermal treatment is received, and provided with a movable front shutter (), arranged at an axial inlet mouth () through which the shaped carriage () is introduced into the initial chamber (), and cooperating with first actuating means () which alternately move them at least between a first position, in which the front shutter () closes the initial chamber () from the outer side (), and a second position, in which the front shutter () opens the initial chamber () from such an outer side () putting it into communication with the external environment. The pyrolysis device () further comprises a second tubular body (), located downstream of the first tubular body () and provided at a first end () with closing means (), defining a pyrolysis chamber () which receives the shaped carriage () to be subjected to the pyrolysis treatment, interface chimneys () for replacing the air present in the initial chamber () and/or in the pyrolysis chamber () with an inert gas, one or more microwave heating sources () coupled to the second tubular body () and facing the pyrolysis chamber () in which they activate the pyrolysis treatment on the polymeric material present in the shaped carriage (), and a movable center shutter () interposed between the first tubular body () and the second tubular body () and cooperating with second actuating means () which alternately move it between a closing position, in which the center shutter () keeps the initial chamber () and the pyrolysis chamber () mutually isolated, and an opening position in which the center shutter () puts the initial chamber () into communication with the pyrolysis chamber (), thus allowing the passage of the shaped carriage (). 1. A ...

固体热载体法烘干热解一体式回转窑及烘干热解方法

本发明涉及一种固体热载体法烘干热解一体式回转窑及烘干热解方法，该回转窑包括：外筒；驱动装置，与外筒连接，驱动装置用于驱动外筒转动；内筒，设置于外筒内，并与外筒固体连接，内筒通过外筒转动而带动其转动，内筒包括烘干段筒体和热解段筒体，烘干段筒体用于为热载体烘干物料提供第一容置空间，热解段筒体用于为热载体热解物料提供第二容置空间。本发明采用双筒结构，通过在第一通道、第二通道、第三通道、第四通道对热载体进行加热，在烘干段筒体对物料进行烘干，在热解段筒体对物料进行热解，使物料的烘干和热解在同一台设备内完成，并且还实现了热烟气、水蒸气及热解气的分开排出，同时还有效利用了空间，进而减小了设备体积小。

Cracking furnace

一种能降低生物质热解油含氧量的化学链热解脱氧工艺及系统

本发明公开了一种能降低生物质热解油含氧量的化学链热解脱氧工艺，该工艺利用金属单质或低价态金属氧化物作为脱氧催化剂对生物质热解脱氧，金属单质或低价态金属氧化物被氧化为高价态金属氧化物，将生物质热解的气相产物进行催化重整，并经冷凝后得到生物质热解油；同时将高价态金属氧化物还原为金属单质或低价态金属氧化物进行循环利用。本发明还公开了上述化学链热解脱氧工艺使用的系统。本发明化学链热解脱氧工艺能够有效降低生物质热解油的含氧量，提高热解油的品质。

Способ переработки твердых бытовых отходов

Использование: при переработке твердых бытовых отходов путем газификации. Сущность изобретения: твердые бытовые отходы (ТБО), содержащие горючие компоненты, загружают в вертикальную шахтную печь (реактор), в которую противотоком к ТБО подают газифицирующий агент, содержащий кислород. В реакторе организуют режим пиролиза ТБО с последующим сжиганием/газификацией углеродистых остатков пиролиза. Проводят оптимизацию режима переработки ТБО путем регулирования расхода газифицирующего агента и соотношения содержания в ТБО негорючих и горючих составляющих и содержания кислорода в газифицирующем агенте, а также возможно и путем введения твердого негорючего материала или твердого топлива в состав перерабатываемых ТБО. При этом температуру горения поддерживают в пределах 700 - 1400 o C и одновременно температуру газов на выходе из реактора - ниже 400 o C. Неконденсируемые газы, имеющие высокую теплотворную способность, могут быть использованы как топливо. 14 з. п. ф-лы, 2 ил. рзо60с пы ГЭ РОССИЙСКОЕ АГЕНТСТВО ПО ПАТЕНТАМ И ТОВАРНЫМ ЗНАКАМ (19) ВИ” 2 079 051 ' (51) МПК 13) Сл Е 23 С 5/027 12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ (21), (22) Заявка: 94021264/06, 23.06.1994 (46) Дата публикации: 10.05.1997 (56) Ссылки: 1. Патент США М 796390, кл. Е 23 6 5 1027, 1928. 2. Патент США М 798032, кл. Е 23 С 5027, 1928. 3. Патент США М 732091, кл. Е 23 С 50271, 1927. (71) Заявитель: Институт химической физики в Черноголовке РАН (72) Изобретатель: Манелис Г.Б., Полианчик Е.В., Фурсов В.П., Червонный А.Д. , Альков Н.Г., Рафеев В.А., Черемисин В.В., Юданов А.А., Червонная Н.А. (73) Патентообладатель: Институт химической физики в Черноголовке РАН (54) СПОСОБ ПЕРЕРАБОТКИ ТВЕРДЫХ БЫТОВЫХ ОТХОДОВ (57) Реферат: температуру газов на выходе из реактора - Использование: при переработке твердых ниже 400°С. Неконденсируемые газы, бытовых ОТХОДОВ путем газификации. имеющие высокую теплотворную Сущность изобретения: твердые бытовые способность, могут быть использованы как отходы — (ТБО) ...

一种聚光太阳能驱动含碳物料的热解反应装置

本发明公开了一种聚光太阳能驱动含碳物料的热解反应装置，包括罐体、换热单元、储热相变介质和热解反应单元；其中，所述换热单元包括一个或多个分布于所述罐体内的换热管道，用于热源介质的流通；所述储热相变介质填充在所述罐体内的空隙空间内，用于与所述换热管道内流通的热源介质进行换热，并为所述热解反应单元提供热能；所述热解反应单元包括一个或多个，一个或多个所述热解反应分布于所述罐体内，所述热解反应单元内填充有温控相变介质，用于与所述储热相变介质进行热交换，为生物质的热解提供具备稳定温度的反应场所；解决了相关技术中由于热源波动导致生物质热解反应不稳定的技术问题。

Torrefaction device for biomass

본 발명은 바이오매스 반탄화 장치에 관한 것으로서, 바이오매스 재료를 공급하는 공급부; 상기 공급부와 연결된 투입구 및 상기 투입구와 이격된 배출구가 형성된 반탄화공간을 구비하며, 상기 반탄화공간의 하부에 마련된 다공스크린과, 상기 반탄화공간으로 공급된 상기 바이오매스를 교반하면서 상기 배출구 측으로 이동시키는 교반기를 갖는 반탄화처리부; 상기 다공스크린의 하부 영역에 마련되는 히터와, 상기 히터의 하부에 인접하게 마련되는 열교환기를 갖는 가열부; 상기 가열부를 거쳐 상기 반탄화공간으로 송풍하는 송풍부를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 한다. 이에 의해, 바이오매스 재료의 연속적 투입이 가능함과 동시에, 바이오매스의 열처리 효율 및 안전성을 향상시킬 수 있고, 분진 발생을 최소화하여 장치의 구성을 간소화할 수 있는 바이오매스 반탄화 장치가 제공된다. The present invention relates to a biomass semi-carbonization apparatus, comprising: a supply unit for supplying a biomass material; A semi-carbonization space having an inlet connected to the supply part and an outlet spaced apart from the inlet, and moving to the outlet side while stirring the porous screen provided under the semi-carbonization space and the biomass supplied to the semi-carbonization space. Semi-carbonization unit having a stirrer to make; A heater having a heater provided in a lower region of the porous screen and a heat exchanger provided adjacent to the lower portion of the heater; It characterized in that it comprises a blower for blowing to the semi-carbonized space through the heating unit. As a result, a biomass semi-carbonization apparatus capable of continuously adding biomass materials, improving the heat treatment efficiency and safety of the biomass, and minimizing dust generation can simplify the configuration of the apparatus.

Gas purification method and apparatus

Pulverulent solid sorption agent is injected into a stream of noxious-contaminant-containing gas subjected to intensive turbulence and then separated from the gas. The solid sorption agent is optionally reused until exhausted, or purified before reuse. Apparatus is provided for the process.

Discharge device for a waste pyrolysis plant

Discharging device for a of waste material system

System and method for treating direct coal liquefaction residues

本发明涉及煤直接液化残渣处理工艺，具体涉及处理煤直接液化残渣的系统和方法。该系统包括：共热解单元，用于热解煤直接液化残渣与原煤的混合物，得到共热解固体产物；萃取单元，用于萃取所述共热解固体产物，得到萃取液和固液混合物；固液分离单元，用于将所述固液混合物进行固液分离，得到萃余物；磨粉单元，用于将萃余物、原煤进行干燥和磨粉，得到第一粉状混合物；气化单元，用于将所述第一粉状混合物进行气化。本发明所述系统和方法既实现了对煤直接液化残渣进行了深加工处理，又能够通过共热解‑萃取‑磨粉‑气化的工艺获得更多的高附加值油品和合成气产品，使煤直接液化残渣得到充分的回收和利用。

Downdraft type device for fast pyrolysis of biomass

一种下吸式快速热解生物质的装置，包括控制系统、螺旋进料器、搅拌器、催化剂装填管、加热套、微波磁控管、保温层、微波反应腔、热电偶、球形碳化硅、孔板、储渣器、防灰隔板、出气口、冷凝器、液体收集器、抽气泵、气体收集器。通过控制热解温度与催化温度，调节微波功率、进料速度、搅拌速度，物料通过螺旋进料器连续加入微波反应腔中，在搅拌器作用下，物料反应后的残渣通过孔板排入储渣器，热解蒸汽通过高温球形碳化硅床层进入催化剂装填管催化重整，再通过冷凝器冷凝成生物燃油进入液体收集器，不可冷凝的生物燃气通过气体收集器收集。本发明可连续操作，适合工业化生产，缩反应时间短，副反应少，可有效提高生物油和生物燃气的品质。

Method for efficiently reducing resistance genes in sludge

本发明公开了一种高效削减污泥中抗性基因的方法，其特征在于，将待处理污泥在浓缩池中经过重力沉降浓缩，浓缩后污泥浓度为15‑25g/L；将浓缩后的污泥泵送至预热反应罐，加酸调节pH值，加热进行酸化预热处理；将酸化预热处理后的污泥注入高压密闭反应罐中，加入生物质炭固体磷酸催化剂，密闭反应罐后，加热；反应结束后，待污泥降温后，卸料输送至调节池，加碱调节后进行脱水处理，获得脱水液及污泥炭。本发明提供了一种能实现污泥中抗性基因高效削减的方法，通过对污泥进行酸化预热处理，再通过高温热处理过程催化剂的作用实现高效快速去除，抗性基因削减的同时获得污泥炭，可资源化利用于农田还田和土壤改良。

Method and apparatus for testing coal coking properties

A method of testing the coking qualities of sample quantities of coal in a test container and the structure of the test container are disclosed. A test container which is ideally reusable is adapted to receive one or more samples of coal to be tested and then the test container is inserted into a coking oven along with additional, conventional coal during a conventional coking operation. Following the completion or substantial completion of the coking operation, the test container is recovered and from the conventional converted coke and the sample(s) of coke are removed from the container for testing and evaluation. The container is recharged with one or more additional samples of coke and reused in another conventional coking operation.

Mobile plant for thermally treating a contaminated or uncontaminated feed stream, processes thereof and uses of products thereof

Mobile plant, for thermally treating a feed stream, comprising a first unit designed for heating the feed oil (Unit I); ii. a second unit comprising a rotating reactor designed to perform the thermal processing (pyrolizing) of the feed oil and a vapour solid separator (Unit II); and iii. a third unit (Unit III) that is a product separation unit and that is preferably configured for recycling at least part of the treated feed stream (heavy oil), recovered in Unit III, into Unit I. The first unit and/or the second unit is (are) configured for injecting a sweep gas in the feed oil and/or in the rotating reactor, and/or the second unit is configured in a way that the rotating reactor may work under positive pressure. The processes for thermally treating a feed material by using a mobile plant. The uses of the processes for various environmental and non- environmental applications. Processes for manufacturing the mobile plants. Uses of oil containing resins (such as cracked and/or polarized oils) for cleaning purposes and other specialty applications.

Solid waste RDF treating method

本发明公开了一种固废RDF处理方法，涉及固体废弃物处理技术领域。所述固废RDF处理方法利用热解炉对固废RDF进行热解，生成热解固体混合物及热解油气；将所述热解油气通入分馏系统，利用分馏系统将所述热解油气分馏为渣油、重油与轻油；热解炉产生的尾气经过尾气处理系统净化处理后排放，余热被回收送回热解炉。本发明的有益效果在于：本发明的固废RDF处理方法将固废RDF热解产生的热解油分类处理，生产出了高值化燃油，实现了固废RDF的资源化。另外，对热解炉产生的尾气中的余热回收利用，提高了能源利用率，尾气经过多重净化后排出，不会造成空气污染。

Method and apparatus for processing fragmented material by pyrolysis

本发明涉及一种热裂解法加工粉碎原料的方法和装置，其中所述待加工的原料被填料至加工腔室(3)中并被加热。在本发明的方法中，粉碎原料被连续地供给经过加工腔室(3)，并且至少在加工过程的起始阶段被微波加热。本发明的装置包括用于将待加工的粉碎原料连续地供给通过所述腔室且对所述待加工的粉碎原料进行压缩的装置(15，16)；在加工过程的起始阶段，引发对原料进行加热的微波辐射装置(6)；以及用于收集热裂解终产物的收集装置(4，5)。

PLASMA CHEMICAL REACTOR FOR SOLID WASTE PROCESSING

Плазмохимический реактор для переработки твердых отходов, выполненный в виде шахтной печи с загрузочным устройством, плавильными камерами, газоотводом и сливным отверстием, включающий последовательно расположенные в шахте сверху вниз камеру сушки твердых отходов с плазменными генераторами подачи нагретого рабочего газа в количестве от 2 до 6, равномерно расположенными по окружности плазменного реактора камеру газификации твердых отходов с плазменными генераторами подачи нагретого рабочего газа в количестве от 2 до 6, равномерно расположенными по окружности плазменного реактора зону формирования стеклоподобного шлакового компаунда с патрубками плазменных генераторов подачи нагретого рабочего газа в количестве от 2 до 6, равномерно расположенными по окружности реактора, причем в камере сушки в качестве рабочего газа может быть использован газ из группы, включающей углекислый газ, воздух, водяной пар, аргон, в камере газификации в качестве рабочего газа может быть использован газ из группы, включающей водяной пар, углекислый газ, водород, аргон, воздух, в зоне формирования стеклоподобного шлакового компаунда в качестве рабочего газа может быть использован воздух или углекислый газ. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) 2009 105 472 (13) A (51) МПК B09B 3/00 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ, ПАТЕНТАМ И ТОВАРНЫМ ЗНАКАМ (12) ЗАЯВКА НА ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЕ (21), (22) Заявка: 2009105472/03, 18.02.2009 R U (57) Формула изобретения Плазмохимический реактор для переработки твердых отходов, выполненный в виде шахтной печи с загрузочным устройством, плавильными камерами, газоотводом и сливным отверстием, включающий последовательно расположенные в шахте сверху вниз камеру сушки твердых отходов с плазменными генераторами подачи нагретого рабочего газа в количестве от 2 до 6, равномерно расположенными по окружности плазменного реактора камеру газификации твердых отходов с плазменными генераторами подачи нагретого рабочего газа в количестве от 2 до 6, равномерно ...

Wastes photonic radiolysis

FIELD: materials. SUBSTANCE: invention discloses product from wastes obtaining method, including: a) providing wastes; b) effect of low-frequency macro wave radiation with wavelength in range from 700 nm to 1 mm on wastes, with achievement of temperature from 205 °C to 900 °C and pressure from 1.0 bar to 19.0 bar, to form coal therefore; wherein said wastes are subjected to radiation in reaction vessel with double metal wall, providing said reaction vessel outer metal wall heating by means of primary radiation source, heated to at least of 700 °C, as a result of which, said outer wall prevents heat energy transfer by conductivity and convection and as a result of which, external metal wall is secondary radiation source for said material contained within said internal metal wall; and wherein said wastes contain carbon in amount from 9 to 85 %, hydrogen in amount from 1 to 15 % and oxygen in amount from 0 to 65 % expressed as material dry mass. Invention also discloses version of product from wastes obtaining method and products obtained using said methods. EFFECT: technical result consists in obtaining useful products from solid organic and inorganic wastes, which are produced by highly effective and energy-saving method, in which power, transmitted by radiation, exponentially increases with temperature of radiating heat source. 32 cl, 2 dwg, 3 ex, 9 tbl РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 607 632 C2 (51) МПК C10L 5/46 (2006.01) C10B 53/02 (2006.01) C10L 5/44 (2006.01) C10B 47/00 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ФОРМУЛА (21)(22) Заявка: ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ РОССИЙСКОЙ ФЕДЕРАЦИИ 2012135979, 21.02.2011 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 21.02.2011 Дата регистрации: Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: (73) Патентообладатель(и): ЭНЕРПИ Б.В. (NL), ЭНЕРПИ Эс.Эй.Си.Ай. (PY) (43) Дата публикации заявки: 27.03.2014 Бюл. № 9 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: WO 2008/009644 A2 24.01.2008. US ...

Fast pyrolysis reactor

FIELD: recycling. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a device for thermal processing of initial raw material, for example, peat, sawdust, wastes of agricultural products. Reactor mounted on a frame steel structure, which is a steel housing, inside which there is a rotating hollow steel cylinder, including a loading bin, a branch pipe for evacuation of products of decomposition of organics and an outlet branch pipe to discharge released during the pyrolysis product, a heating element. Herewith the housing consists of two parts bolted together on flanges. Housing bottom is ended with a pyramidal collector for solid pyrolysis products, through the upper plane of the housing inside which a tray passes for feeding raw material. Ends of the cylinder from two sides are limited by rings with through holes in the center. Along the horizontal axis of the cylinder along its whole length there are blades welded. To the end rings of the cylinder along the central axis hollow semi-axles are welded, the inner diameter of which coincides with the diameter of holes in the end rings. Semi-axles through annular holes in side walls of the reactor fall beyond the housing and rest on rotary supports. On one of the semi-axles there is a driven sprocket of the chain transmission fixed by a helical joint. Actuator for the cylinder rotation is a motor with a drive connected with a reduction gear, on the shaft of which there is a driving sprocket fixed by a key. Cylinder assembly has a through cavity, inside which along the axis of rotation there are electrical heating elements. Through the center of the cavity a rod passes, on which the electric heating elements are fixed on insulators by clamps. Outside and inside the housing of the reactor is lined with heat-insulating materials. EFFECT: technical result is reduction of power consumption and higher efficiency of production of finished product. 3 cl, 2 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 596 169 C1 (51) МПК F23G 5/027 (2006.01) F23G 5 ...

Method for hydrothermal carbonisation of renewable raw materials and organic wastes

Изобретение относится к области переработки органического сырья методом гидротермальной карбонизации, в частности древесины, торфа, сланцев, угля, промышленных и бытовых отходов, отходов растениеводства, животноводства, и может найти применение в химической, лесо- и нефтеперерабатывающих отраслях, коммунальном, сельском хозяйстве. Способ осуществляют путем размельчения и увлажнения исходного сырья с концентрацией воды в образовавшейся смеси до 30-99% и последующей подачи образованной смеси с помощью насоса в реактор для обработки при температуре 200°С и давлении 20 бар без доступа воздуха и с добавлением катализатора до стадии карбонизации с образованием карбонизата, который обезвоживается и брикетируется. При обезвоживании карбонизата выделенную жидкость под действием электродиализа разделяют на кислоту и воду, после чего кислоту по линии обратной связи в качестве катализатора возвращают в реактор, а воду сливают. Технический результат заключается в более высокой эффективности, отсутствии необходимости предварительной сушки биомассы, возможности использования различных видов биомассы, включая низкокачественную, простоте обслуживания оборудования, низких эксплуатационных расходах и высокой экологичности технологии. 1 ил., 1 пр. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 688 620 C2 (51) МПК C10L 5/44 (2006.01) C10L 9/08 (2006.01) C10B 53/00 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК C10L 5/44 (2019.02); C10L 9/08 (2019.02); C10B 53/00 (2019.02) (21)(22) Заявка: 2017137404, 25.10.2017 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: (73) Патентообладатель(и): Ходос Александр Викторович (RU), Крысанов Олег Николаевич (RU) Дата регистрации: 21.05.2019 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: Агроконтек. Гидропонные (43) Дата публикации заявки: 25.04.2019 Бюл. № 12 (45) Опубликовано: 21.05.2019 Бюл. № 15 2 6 8 8 6 2 0 R U (54) СПОСОБ ГИДРОТЕРМАЛЬНОЙ КАРБОНИЗАЦИИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМОГО СЫРЬЯ И ...

Device and method for upgrading energy- and chemical raw materials by reacting them with cheap raw materials

The invention relates to a device and a method for upgrading energy- and chemical raw materials by reacting them with cheap raw materials. Up until now, crude oils, both natural and synthetic, have been separated by distillation and then upgraded. During distillation, constituents containing heteroatoms are first broken down into undesirable problem substances which are low in hydrogen, e.g., PAH, thiophenes, pyrroles, pyridines and dienes, and then eliminated using expensive upgrading hydrogen. According to the inventive method, the substances are first upgraded with water, without using hydrogen, and then separated. The pressurised water thermolysis uses the properties of the original substances repeatedly and in various ways so that the undesirable problem substances are never produced. The inventive method also improves the properties of the product and the waste water and makes energy-saving separation processes possible. The reactor carries out the autothermic/allothermic upgrading process and the product separation process at the same time.

Method using plasma-coupled solar thermal energy and related device

The invention relates to a method using plasma-coupled solar thermal energy and to a related device. The invention also relates to a microwave solar thermal device used in a tubular reactor (110) comprising a conveyor of substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to the invention, said method provides a step in which an electric current flows through the conveyor, to generate heat therein by means of the Joule effect, and optionally a step of inducing, in the substrates, at least some among heatings, pyrolyses, gasifications, meltings and chemical reactions including oxygen-reducing reactions, by exposure to the electric current.

Method of producing fuel gas from waste

Изобретение относитс  к способу получени  горючего газа из отходов путем пиролиза и позвол ет повысить эффективность. Согласно изобретению отходы прессуют в комки или гранулы размером 1 - 50 мм, довод т до содержани  сухой субстанции по меньшей мере 75% и непосредственно затем подают в обогреваемый барабан дл  полукоксовани , в котором образуетс  газ полукоксовани , отдел ющийс  от остаточных веществ, например золы и других мелких частиц. Полученный газ полукоксовани  в газопреобразователе при подаче воздуха и в присутствии раскаленного угольного сло  разлагаетс  в горючий газ. Отходы предварительно раздел ют на влажную фракцию и легкую фракцию, при этом легкую фракцию прессуют в брикеты, комки или гранулы и дегазируют посредством пиролиза, а влажную фракцию подают на биогазовую установку дл  образовани  метана. 6 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил. The invention relates to a method for producing a combustible gas from waste by pyrolysis and allows for increased efficiency. According to the invention, the waste is compressed into lumps or granules with a size of 1-50 mm, adjusted to a dry substance content of at least 75% and then directly fed into a heated semi-coking drum, in which a semi-coking gas is formed, separating from residual substances, such as ash and other small particles. The resulting semi-coking gas in the gas converter, when supplying air and in the presence of a hot coal layer, decomposes into a combustible gas. The waste is preliminarily separated into a wet fraction and a light fraction, wherein the light fraction is pressed into briquettes, lumps or granules and degassed by pyrolysis, and the wet fraction is fed to a biogas plant to form methane. 6 hp f-ly, 1 ill.

Method using plasma-coupled solar thermal energy and related device

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor (110) includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current.