СПОСОБЫ СОЗДАНИЯ ПОЛИКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКОГО АЛМАЗА, РЕЖУЩИХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ И ИНСТРУМЕНТОВ, СОДЕРЖАЩИХ ПОЛИКРИСТАЛЛИЧЕСКИЙ АЛМАЗ

Изобретение может быть использовано при изготовлении бурильных и режущих элементов, например бурильного долота для роторного бурения подземных пластов. Осколки алмаза, оксид и диоксид углерода инкапсулируют в сосуде в отсутствие металлического катализатора, герметизируют сосуд и воздействуют давлением не менее 4,5 ГПа и температурой не менее 1400°С, в результате чего между осколками алмаза образуется поликристаллический алмаз с межкристаллическими связями. Сосуд может дополнительно содержать инертный газ или подложку, химический состав которой отличается от химического состава поликристаллического алмаза. Часть оксида углерода может преобразовываться в алмаз за счет образования межкристаллических связей. Соотношение парциальных давлений оксида и диоксида углерода, равное примерно 5,0×10или ниже, выбирают в области стабильности алмаза. Полученный поликристаллический алмаз имеет плотность не менее 3,49 г/сми модуль упругости не менее 1000 ГПа. Режущий элемент для бурильного инструмента, полученный ...

СПОСОБ НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ОСАЖДЕНИЯ ЛИГНИНА ИЗ ЧЕРНОГО ЩЕЛОКА

Изобретение относится к способу непрерывного осаждения лигнина из черного щелока, в котором pH черного щелока понижают до точки осаждения лигнина и осажденный лигнин отделяют от черного щелока. При этом черный щелок подают так, что он протекает в виде находящегося под давлением потока в реакторе (2) при времени пребывания менее 300 с, подкисляющий агент, выбранный из группы, состоящей из диоксида углерода, кислоты и их комбинаций, вводят в поток в одной или большем количестве точек (2a) подачи, чтобы снизить pH черного щелока, под действием подкисляющего агента в находящемся под давлением потоке pH дают возможность понизиться до точки осаждения лигнина, давление в находящемся под давлением потоке резко сбрасывают и частицы лигнина отделяют от черного щелока. Способ позволяет получать лигнин с высоким выходом, имеющий подходящий размер частиц с коротким временем пребывания и в промышленном масштабе при низких эксплуатационных затратах, позволяющих быстро изменять условия процесса. 2 н. и ...

СПОСОБ ПРОПИТКИ МАТРИЦЫ-НОСИТЕЛЯ ТВЕРДЫМИ И/ИЛИ ЖИДКИМИ СОЕДИНЕНИЯМИ С ПОМОЩЬЮ СЖАТЫХ ГАЗОВ И ПРОПИТАННЫЕ ТАКИМ СПОСОБОМ МАТЕРИАЛЫ

Настоящее изобретение относится к области использования сжатых газов сверхкритических газов в качестве растворителей в различных химических процессах и химико-технических процессах, преимущественно в фармацевтической, агрохимической, косметической и технической областях. Задачей изобретения является обеспечение возможности эффективно транспортировать пропитывающий агент с поверхности внутрь матрицы-носителя, причем должен быть охвачен как можно более широкий спектр применения. Способ пропитки матрицы-носителя твердыми и/или жидкими соединениями с помощью сжатого газа (смеси газов) заключается в том, что твердые или жидкие соединения и нерастворимую матрицу-носитель приводят в контакт с помощью сжатого газа при плотности газа между 0,15 и 1,3 кг/л в течение, по меньшей мере, двух несимметрично протекающих последовательностей перемены давления (пульсаций). При каждой отдельной пульсации продолжительностью от по меньшей мере 5 секунд до 60 минут промежуток времени достижения максимума давления ...

СПОСОБ ПАРОВОГО КРЕКИНГА

Описан способ парового крекинга, включающий нагревание жидкого исходного сырья в конвекционной секции крекинг-печи и последующую подачу указанного материала в радиационную секцию крекинг-печи для проведения в ней реакции крекинга, при этом для проведения реакции крекинга в крекинг-печь подают моноолефинсодержащий поток в соответствии с по меньшей мере одним из следующих режимов: режим А (смешивание первой смеси с жидким исходным сырьем, нагревание полученной смеси в конвекционной секции и затем подача ее в радиационную секцию для проведения реакции крекинга), режим В (подача моноолефинсодержащего потока или первой смеси к впускному отверстию радиационной секции и смешивание его с материалом из конвекционной секции) и режим С (подача моноолефинсодержащего потока или первой смеси к выпускному отверстию радиационной секции и смешивание его с продуктами первой реакции крекинга для проведения второй реакции крекинга). При этом моноолефинсодержащий поток представляет собой поток углеводородов ...

МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РЕАКТОР

Изобретение относится к химическим реакторам для обработки отходов посредством процессов окисления в сверхкритической воде или газификации в сверхкритической воде. Реактор содержит первый реакционный объем, который сообщается по текучей среде с впускным проходом для окисляющего агента, с впускным проходом первого реагента и с выпускным проходом для продукта реакции, и второй реакционный объем, который сообщается по текучей среде с впускным проходом для второго реагента, с выпускным проходом для второго продукта реакции и дополнительно связан с возможностью теплообмена с первым реакционным объемом, причем в процессе работы в первом реакционном объеме происходит реакция окисления между первым реагентом и окисляющим агентом с образованием первого продукта реакции, а во втором реакционном объеме происходит реакция газификации второго реагента с участием потока тепловой энергии, обмен которым происходит между первым и вторым реакционными объемами, с образованием второго продукта реакции. Изобретение ...

СПОСОБ ПОКРЫТИЯ ПОРОШКОВ ОБОЛОЧКОЙ

Изобретение касается способа покрытия оболочкой твердых порошкообразных активных веществ, а также покрытых оболочкой микрочастиц активного вещества и использования этих частиц. Способ покрытия оболочкой активных веществ содержит следующие этапы: а) готовят (2, 3, 4) смесь, содержащую, по меньшей мере, одно обволакивающее вещество, в котором до степени насыщения растворяют сверхкритическую или субкритическую текучую среду, выбранную из группы, состоящей из диоксида углерода, бутана, азота или закиси азота, в условиях давления и температуры, позволяющих поддерживать указанную текучую среду в условиях сверхкритического или субкритического состояния; б) готовят (7) находящиеся в движении индивидуальные частицы, по меньшей мере, одного твердого порошкообразного активного вещества; в) смесь и находящиеся в движении индивидуальные частицы активного вещества вводят в контакт (8) в условиях температуры и давления, одновременно обеспечивающих: расширение сверхкритической или субкритической текучей ...

Рабочее колесо шестой ступени ротора компрессора высокого давления (КВД) турбореактивного двигателя (варианты), диск рабочего колеса ротора КВД, лопатка рабочего колеса ротора КВД, лопаточный венец рабочего колеса ротора КВД

Группа изобретений, связанных единым творческим замыслом, относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Рабочее колесо шестой ступени вала ротора КВД ТРД содержит диск и образующие лопаточный венец рабочие лопатки. Диск включает ступицу с центральным отверстием, полотно и обод. Лопатка содержит, каждая, хвостовик, перо с профилем, образованным вогнутым корытом и выпуклой спинкой, и корневую полку по обе стороны пера, формируя совместно в ободом диска втулочную поверхность проточной части. При этом хорда боковых кромок пера в корневой зоне лопатки образует с осью ротора в проекции угол установки пера α, нарастающий по радиальной высоте пера с градиентом закрутки пера, составляющим G=(170,2÷242,9) [град/м]. Перо лопатки выполнено с переменной относительно оси ротора осевой закруткой, нарастающей с радиальным удалением от оси ротора. Внешняя поверхность обода диска выполнена с радиусом, возрастающим в осевом сечении КВД в сторону потока рабочего тела. Радиус Rдиска от оси ротора КВД до верхней ...

УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ОКСИДОВ АЛЮМИНИЯ ВЫСОКОЙ ЧИСТОТЫ

Полезная модель относится к технологии и оборудованию для получения оксидов алюминия высокой чистоты и может найти применение при выращивании монокристаллического оксида алюминия для производства лейкосапфира, используемого при изготовлении подложек микросхем, светодиодов, катализаторов и др.Актуальной задачей при получении оксидов алюминия высокой чистоты по указанной технологии является обеспечение полноты реакции гидротермального окисления алюминия. Достигаемый технический результат заключается в устранении недостатков известных технических решений, упрощении установки для получения оксидов алюминия высокой чистоты, снижении себестоимости и увеличении выхода целевого продукта.Указанный технический результат достигается тем, что в установке для получения оксидов алюминия высокой чистоты, включающей реактор высокого давления и средства для гидротермального окисления алюминия, согласно полезной модели, реактор снабжен средствами для периодической загрузки и перемешивания реагентов, включающими ...

Катализатор для селективного окисления сероводорода и способ его применения

Изобретение относится к области окисления серосодержащих соединений. Описан катализатор для селективного окисления сероводорода в элементарную серу, включающий соединения железа и кислородсодержащее соединение фосфора, силикаты и/или алюмосиликаты, соединения магния и диоксид титана и имеет следующий состав, в пересчете на оксиды, мас.%: Fe2O3- 15-45, P2O5- 4-10, MgO - 1-5, силикаты и/или алюмосиликаты - 3-10, TiO2 - остальное. Технический результат - обеспечение выхода серы 75-85%. 2 н. и 7 з.п. ф-лы, 7 табл., 9 пр.

Лопатка газовой турбины с конвективной системой охлаждения

Изобретение относится к газовым турбинам газотурбинных двигателей, - к рабочим охлаждаемым лопаткам турбин газотурбинных двигателей, используемым на приводах газоперекачивающих установок, в частности лопаткам, оснащенным развитой системой внутреннего конвективного охлаждения. Известная лопатка газовой турбины с конвективной системой охлаждения, содержащая перо, ограниченное входной кромкой и выходной кромкой со щелевым отверстием и профилированным участком с выпуклой и вогнутой стенками, ограничивающими охлаждаемую полость пера, отверстия в торцевой поверхности пера и реборду, профилированные ребра, образующие систему раздаточных и циклонных радиальных каналов в охлаждаемой полости пера, интенсификаторы охлаждения, выполненные в охлаждаемой полости, каналы в ее замковой части для подачи воздуха, каналы в замковой части сообщены с охлаждаемой полостью, с отверстиями в торцевой поверхности пера и со щелевым отверстием в выходной кромке, по предложению, профилированные ребра, образующие систему ...

Алюминат магния и способ его получения (варианты)

Изобретение относится к химической и нефтехимической промышленности и может быть использовано при изготовлении носителей для катализаторов окислительных процессов, а также гидрирования/дегидрирования. Сначала готовят водную суспензию порошков продукта центробежно-термической активации гидраргиллита (ЦТА ГГ) и нитрата или оксида магния, взятых в стехиометрическом соотношении.По другому варианту в суспензию добавляют поверхностно-активное веществ (ПАВ), в качестве которого используют поливиниловый спирт, при массовом соотношении ЦТА ГГ:ПАВ не менее 25:1. По обоим вариантам полученную суспензию подвергают гидротермальной обработке в автоклаве при 150°С, получая формуемую экструзией высококонцентрированную суспензию, относящуюся к 0 структурно-механическому типу с преобладанием упругих деформаций. Затем проводят экструзионное формование полученной высококонцентрированной суспензии. Экструдаты сушат при 120°С и прокаливают при температуре не ниже 550°С, но менее 600°С. Изобретение обеспечивает ...

РАБОЧЕЕ КОЛЕСО ТРЕТЬЕЙ СТУПЕНИ РОТОРА КОМПРЕССОРА НИЗКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ ТУРБОРЕАКТИВНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ (ВАРИАНТЫ)

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Рабочее колесо третьей ступени вала ротора компрессора низкого давления турбореактивного двигателя (КНД ТРД) содержит диск, включающий ступицу с центральным отверстием, полотно и обод, а также лопатки, имеющие каждая хвостовик и перо с профилем, образованным вогнутым корытом и выпуклой спинкой. Обод диска соединен с полотном с образованием кольцевых конических наклонных полок. Полотно диска выполнено с переменным по высоте сечением, конически сужающимся от ступицы к ободу. Ступица выполнена симметрично развитой относительно средней условной плоскости полотна, нормальной к оси вала ротора, с осевой шириной, превышающей толщину прикорневой части полотна в (3,5÷5,0) раза. Обод диска снабжен равномерно разнесенных по периметру диска системой пазов для закрепления лопаток. Продольная ось каждого паза образует с осью вала ротора в проекции на условную осевую плоскость, нормальную к радиальной оси пера лопатки, угол α установки хвостовика ...

Способ получения особочистого мелкокристаллического титаната бария

Изобретение относится к области синтеза мелкокристаллического титаната бария, используемого для изготовления керамических конденсаторов. Способ включает обработку смеси диоксида титана и барийсодержащего реагента в среде на основе пара воды при повышенных температуре и давлении, при этом в качестве барийсодержащего реагента используется моногидрат нитрита бария Ba(NO)⋅HO и обработку реагентов ведут в среде смеси пара воды и аммиака; смесь порошков моногидрата нитрита бария и оксида титана берут в мольном отношении [Ва(NO)⋅НO]/ТiOот 1,0 до 1,3; в реакционном пространстве мольное отношение NHOH/НО=1/5; термообработку смеси реагентов паром, содержащим аммиак, ведут в течение времени от 1 до 16 часов в изотермических условиях при температуре, выбранной в интервале от 250 до 400°С со скоростью нагрева в интервале 50-100°С/ч и давлении пара воды от 3,98 до 26,1 МПа. Обработку паром реакционной смеси реагентов ведут при мольном отношении NHOH/ [Ba(NO)⋅HO]=2,0-3,2. Полученный продукт промывают ...

Способ работы маслоагрегата турбореактивного двигателя (ТРД) и маслоагрегат ТРД, работающий этим способом (варианты)

Группа изобретений относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Маслоагрегат содержит сблокированные в корпусе откачивающий насос и наделенный перепускным клапаном нагнетающий насос с общими приводным и ведомым валами. На валах устанавливают две пары шестеренно-центробежных рабочих колес соответствующих насосов с центробежным подводом масла предвключенной крыльчаткой к зубчатым венцам шестерен и объемным вытеснением перекачиваемой среды из межзубных впадин взаимодействующих зубчатых венцов шестерен рабочих колес. Крутящий момент от стартера и/или вала ротора высокого давления двигателя передают на приводной ведущий вал откачивающего насоса. Установленным на валу рабочее колесо передает энергию вращения на находящееся в шестеренном зацеплении с ним ведомое рабочее колесо, установленное на втором ведомом валу откачивающего насоса. Одновременно приводной вал маслоагрегата наделяют ведомым рабочим колесом нагнетающего насоса, который свободно установлен на валу. Второй вал нагнетающего насоса ...

Автоклав для производства изделий из ячеистого бетона

Изобретение относится к строительной промышленности, а именно к устройствам автоклавов для производства строительных материалов. Автоклав для производства изделий из ячеистого бетона, включающий стальной корпус, крышку автоклава, паровпускную магистраль, паровыпускную магистраль, пароперепускную магистраль, задвижки магистралей, блок задания давления P(t) в автоклаве, блок измерения давления Рв автоклаве, блок сравнения давления Рс P(t), блок регулятора, блок измерения температуры Тв автоклаве, блок измерения расхода пара gчерез паровпускную магистраль, отличающийся тем, что он дополнительно снабжен системой автоматического управления, содержащей блок задания величины температуры Тначала формирования тоберморита, блок сравнения температуры Тв автоклаве и температуры Тначала формирования тоберморита, блок измерения расхода пара gчерез пароперепускную магистраль, блок вычисления производной расхода параблок вычисления момента времени τ, в который производная расхода параменяет знак, блок ...

Способ работы нагнетающего насоса маслоагрегата газотурбинного двигателя (ГТД) и нагнетающий насос маслоагрегата ГТД, работающий этим способом, шестерённое колесо нагнетающего насоса маслоагрегата ГТД, блок подпятников нагнетающего насоса маслоагрегата ГТД

Группа изобретений относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Нагнетающий насос содержит шестеренный рабочий орган, который включает установленные на параллельных валах два колеса, наделяя каждое с торцов подпятниками. Ведущий вал сообщен по крутящему моменту через рессору редуктора привода с источником энергии. Фронтальные подпятники устанавливают в среднем корпусе, а тыльные - в верхнем корпусе маслоагрегата. Подпятники наделяют каждый входным и выходным каналами, формирующими совместно шестеренными колесами последовательные участки масляного тракта насоса. Расстояние между валами принимают необходимым и достаточным для обеспечения максимального взаимного зацепления зубьев шестеренных колес. В способе работы нагнетающего насоса последний соединяют с маслобаком подводящей магистралью, по которой под минимальным давлением подают через фильтр грубой очистки масло в шестеренный рабочий орган насоса. Масло с повышением давления до требуемого уровня пропускают через рабочий орган насоса, откуда ...

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СПОСОБА ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ГИДРОТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО РАСТВОРЕНИЯ

... 1. Способ (100) солюбилизации органического твердого вещества, содержащегося в композитном материале, содержащем органическое твердое вещество и неорганическую матрицу, способ (100), включающий:приведение указанного композитного материала в контакт с окислителем в перегретой воде с образованием водной смеси, содержащей по меньшей мере одно солюбилизированное органическое растворенное вещество.2. Способ (100) по п.1, отличающийся тем, что окислитель представляет собой молекулярный кислород (O).3. Способ (100) по п.2, отличающийся тем, что молекулярный кислород обеспечивают любым из способов, выбранных из группы, состоящей из:in situ разложения перекиси водорода;фракционной перегонки сжиженного воздуха;электролиза воды;доставки из места хранения кислорода;мембранного выделения из воздуха;и любой их комбинации.4. Способ (100) по п.3, отличающийся тем, что молекулярный кислород обеспечивают in situ разложением перекиси водорода.5. Способ (100) по п.1, отличающийся тем, что композитный материал ...

СЕПАРАТОР С ВСТРОЕННЫМИ РАЗРЫВНЫМИ МЕМБРАНАМИ ДЛЯ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ КОМПОНЕНТОВ РЕАКЦИОННОЙ СМЕСИ, ПОЛУЧЕННОЙ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ ПОД ВЫСОКИМ ДАВЛЕНИЕМ ЭТИЛЕННЕНАСЫЩЕННЫХ МОНОМЕРОВ

Bioreactor

A bioreactor is provided for the continuous or substantially continuous anaerobic digestion of organic matter. The bioreactor is preferably a small-scale, stand alone unit (10, Figure 1), which is ideally suited for small-scale industrial or domestic use. The bioreactor includes a main reaction chamber 40 for the digestion of organic matter, and two anti-chambers 36, 38 arranged between an inlet 16 for organic matter and the main reaction chamber 240. The chambers are arranged so that organic matter can pass from the inlet, through the anti-chambers and into the main reaction chamber, under gravity. Additional organic matter can be introduced into the bioreactor through the inlet into the first anti-chamber, without substantially affecting the level of oxygen in the main reaction chamber, thus maintaining the efficiency of the rate of production of methane during digestion in the main chamber. The bioreactor can be coupled to a sewage outflow from a domestic dwelling (Figure 5).

Bioreactor

Polycrystalline diamond structure

Continuous method for the precipitation of lignin from black liquor

Continuous method for the precipitation of lignin from black liquor

Continuous method for the precipitation of lignin from black liquor

Continuous method for the precipitation of lignin from black liquor

REACTOR FOR GAS/LIQUID OR GAS/CLIQUID/CCELEBRATION REACTIONS

HOECHSTDRUCKBEHAELTNIS

COUNTER CURRENT MIXTURE REACTOR AND ON IT REFERRED PROCESS

VOLUME AIR-LOCK

DEVICE AND PROCEDURE FOR THE CONTINUOUS HIGH PRESSURE TREATMENT

PROCEDURE FOR THE TRANSFORMATION AND REDUCTION OF THE SIZE OF FIRM PARTICLES

Procedure for the production of inorganic or organic acids.

Chemical reaction

STORING DEVICE FOR STORED SUBSTANCE AND METHOD FOR STORING STORED SUBSTANCE

A filter (13) is provided at a tip portion of an injection well (9). A pumping apparatus (5) pumps carbon dioxide stored in a carbon dioxide tank (3). The pumping apparatus (5) feeds carbon dioxide from the carbon dioxide tank (3) into the injection well (9) by means of a pump. In the pumping apparatus, the pressure and temperature of carbon dioxide are maintained at respective predetermined levels or higher by means of a pressure regulation valve, a temperature regulator, etc., whereby carbon dioxide enters a supercritical state. The carbon dioxide having entered a supercritical state is fed in the direction of arrow A through the injection well (9), passes through the filter (13) provided at an end portion of the injection well (9), and is injected into a brine aquifer (11). Carbon dioxide injected into the brine aquifer (11) assumes the form of microbubbles.

ENHANCED ADSORBENT AND ROOM TEMPERATURE CATALYST PARTICLE AND METHOD OF MAKING AND USING THEREFOR

A method for producing an enhanced adsorbent and/or enhanced catalytic particle and/or for producing a catalytic particle, comprising the steps of: (a) removing an effective amount of air from a closed chamber containing an adsorbent and/or catalytic particle, wherein the resultant chamber pressure is less than one atmosphere; (b) raising the chamber pressure with an inert gas to at least one atmosphere; (c) contacting the particle with an energy beam of sufficient energy for a sufficient time to thereby enhance the adsorbent and/or catalytic properties of the particle and/or produce catalytic properties in the particle. A continuous process directed to step (c) alone is also provided. Also disclosed are adsorbent and/or catalytic particles, methods of contaminant reduction or elimination, including room temperature catalysis, particle binders, apparatuses of the present invention, and methods of increasing the surface area of adsorbent and/or catalytic particles.

METHOD FOR AUTOCLAVING POROUS MOLDED PRODUCTS

The invention relates to a method for autoclaving porous, molded products in particular calcium hydrosilicate-bound molded articles, which, after a heating phase, provides for a combined setting and drying phase followed by a pressure reduction phase, steam-containing heating medium being blown off in a controlled manner, from the autoclave which is in the setting phase, the peripheral zones of the molded products being cooled isobarically, at the end of the drying phase, by being washed around with saturated steam, to avoid the risk of cracking.

PROCESS FOR THE AMMONIA AND METHANOL CO-PRODUCTION

A process for ammonia and methanol co-production in a plant comprising a secondary reformer section, a high-temperature CO conversion section and a lowtemperature CO conversion section, arranged in series, and an ammonia synthesis section, is distinguished by the fact that the unreacted gas flow coming from a methanol synthesis section, before being fed to the lowtemperature CO conversion section, is advantageously saturated with a liquid flow comprising H2O appropriately heated by indirect heat exchange with a gaseous flow coming from the secondary reformer section.

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Säuren.

Dispositif de blocage réciproque de vannes et d'organes de verrouillage de porte de récipients à pression ou à vide

Vorrichtung zum Abschliessen von Säuretransportflaschen.

Dispositif de fermeture autoclave pour récipients à pression interne.

High-temperature lubricant

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ДИОКСИДА ХЛОРА

Настоящее изобретение относится к способу непрерывного получения диоксида хлора, содержащему стадии непрерывных: подачи в реактор кислоты, восстановителя и хлората щелочного металла; взаимодействия хлората щелочного металла с кислотой и восстановителем с образованием потока продукта, содержащего диоксид хлора и соль щелочного металла кислоты; и выведения указанного потока продукта из реактора в поглотительную башню, где он контактирует с потоком воды с образованием водного раствора, содержащего диоксид хлора. Изобретение также относится к устройству для получения диоксида хлора. Изобретение, кроме того, относится к новому водному раствору, содержащему диоксид хлора.

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ДИОКСИДА ХЛОРА

Настоящее изобретение относится к способу непрерывного получения диоксида хлора, содержащему стадии непрерывных подачи в реактор кислоты, восстановителя и хлората щелочного металла; взаимодействия хлората щелочного металла с кислотой и восстановителем с образованием потока продукта, содержащего диоксид хлора и соль щелочного металла кислоты; и выведения указанного потока продукта из реактора в поглотительную башню, где он контактирует с потоком воды с образованием водного раствора, содержащего диоксид хлора. Изобретение также относится к устройству для получения диоксида хлора. Изобретение, кроме того, относится к новому водному раствору, содержащему диоксид хлора.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF CHLORINE DIOXIDE

Chemical-physical reactions displaced by pressure for obtaining ammonia, involves carrying out transport of products at same time, by compensating pressure differences between containers, devices or exterior

Un système de dosage continu et compensation de pressions pour réactions physiques ou chimiques déplacées par pression, lesdites réactions ont lieu dans un ou plusieurs récipients ou dispositifs du système à pressions différents, comportant que les produits sont transportés entre les récipients ou dispositifs par pompes ou turbines selon que chaque transport soit rejeté ou aidé par la différence de pression, étant liés tous les axes de lesdites pompes et turbines de sorte que les turbines et les pompes sont déplacées par seulement un moteur ou freinées par seulement un frein, étant le volume relatif des turbines et des pompes le même que les produits transportés.

CONTINUOUS METHOD FOR THE PRECIPITATION OF LIGNIN FROM BLACK LIQUOR

CONTINUOUS METHOD FOR THE PRECIPITATION OF LIGNIN FROM BLACK LIQUOR

FLUID COMPOUND THERMOCHEMICAL CONVERSION PROCESS AND CONVERTER

A process for thermochemically converting fluid or fluidisable compounds (charge), in particular organic or complex toxic compounds, into low-molecular organic or inorganic compounds, has a preliminary step, during which the energy required for the conversion reaction is generated, and at least one subsequent main step during which the conversion reaction takes place. In the preliminary step, the reaction partners that are subjected to an overpressure and form an exothermic mixture are completely mixed during a mixing phase without being able to react during the mixing phase. Only at the end of the mixing phase both reaction partners react with a high reaction speed and energy density that depend on the overpressure. During the main step of the process, a second mixture to be reacted that consists of the charge and of a reactive receives the energy required for the reaction by being mixed with the reaction products from the first partial reaction that are in a high temperature and pressure ...

Device and method for continuous high-pressure treatment

A device and a method for continuous high-pressure treatment; the method, comprising the steps of increasing the pressure of raw materials (25) in a feed tank (9) by a pressurizing pump (1) so as to continuously feed the raw material to treatment containers (6) and (6a) and increasing the flow rate of the pressurizing pump (1) over that of a depressurizing pump (2) or continuously exhausting the raw material from the treatment containers (6) and (6a) through a pressure regulating flow path resistance (59) while depressurizing; the device, comprising pressure releasing bypass circuits (55) disposed in the flow path resistance (59) in parallel with each other, wherein the insides of the treatment containers (6) and (6a) are kept in a specified high-pressure state during the continuous processing.

Integrated supercritical water and steam cracking process

A method for producing a supercritical water (SCW)-treated product is provided. The method comprising the steps of introducing a crude oil stream and a water stream to a supercritical water process, wherein the crude oil stream can undergo conversion reactions to produce the supercritical water (SCW)-treated product, wherein the SCW-treated product includes an increased paraffin concentration as compared to crude oil stream. The method further includes the step of introducing the SCW-treated product to a steam cracking process, wherein the SCW-treated product can undergo conversion reactions to produce furnace effluent.

PROCESSES FOR REDUCING SHUTDOWN TIME OF SUB-SYSTEMS IN LOW-DENSITY POLYETHYLENE PRODUCTION

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ МАТЕРИАЛОВ С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СПОСОБА ОКИСЛИТЕЛЬНОГО ГИДРОТЕРМИЧЕСКОГО РАСТВОРЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к экологичным способам производства органических веществ, таких как нефтяные вещества и ароматические кислоты, фенолы и алифатические поликарбоновые кислоты, с использованием процесса окислительного гидротермического растворения (ОГР). Способ солюбилизации органического твердого вещества, содержащегося в композитном материале, содержащем органическое твердое вещество и неорганическую матрицу, включает: приведение указанного композитного материала в контакт с окислителем в перегретой воде с образованием водной смеси, содержащей по меньшей мере одно солюбилизированное органическое растворенное вещество, при этом композитный материал выбирают из группы, состоящей из битуминозного песка, углистого сланца и любой их смеси. 15 з.п. ф-лы, 31 ил., 5 табл., 7 пр.

УСТРОЙСТВО И СПОСОБ КОНВЕРСИИ МЕТАНА С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ СВЕРХЗВУКОВОГО ПРОТОЧНОГО РЕАКТОРА

Изобретение относится к получению метана пиролизом. Устройство для получения ацетилена из потока сырья, содержащего метан, включающее в себя: сверхзвуковой реактор для приема потока метанового сырья и нагревания потока метанового сырья до температуры пиролиза; оболочку сверхзвукового реактора для определения границ камеры реактора, причем реакционная камера функционирует при температуре от 1200°C до 4000°C; зону сгорания сверхзвукового реактора для сжигания источника топлива с получением высокотемпературного газа-носителя, проходящего через пространство реактора при сверхзвуковых скоростях для ускорения и нагревания потока метанового сырья до температуры пиролиза; оболочку реактора, содержащую внутреннюю оболочку и внешнюю оболочку с одним или более каналами между внутренней оболочкой и внешней оболочкой, причем внутренняя оболочка выполнена из материала, имеющего теплопроводность от 300 до 450 Вт/(м⋅K) для отведения тепла из камеры реактора и температуру плавления от 500°C до 2000°C; при ...

Опора вала ротора компрессора низкого давления газотурбинного двигателя (варианты), корпус опоры вала ротора и корпус шарикоподшипника опоры вала ротора

Группа изобретений относится к области производства и эксплуатации газотурбинных двигателей. Опора вала ротора компрессора низкого давления расположена в промежуточном корпусе двигателя и содержит выполненный опорно-упорным шарикоподшипник, разделяющий опору на статорную и роторную части. Статорная часть с внутренней стороны выполнена заодно с внешним кольцом шарикоподшипника, а по внешнему периметру закреплена в промежуточном корпусе двигателя и снабжена держателями крышек лабиринтных уплотнений. Роторная часть включает цапфу барабанно-дисковой составляющей вала ротора, разъемно соединенную с цилиндрической составляющей вала ротора, через которую роторная часть опирается на внутреннее кольцо шарикоподшипника, а также содержит полифункциональный внешний стяжной элемент в виде круглоцилиндрической гайки и соединительный элемент в виде полого болта. Роторная и статорная части опоры находятся в общей для них масляной среде. Корпус опоры снабжен дополнительными отверстиями для маслообмена и ...

СЕПАРАТОР С ВСТРОЕННЫМИ РАЗРЫВНЫМИ МЕМБРАНАМИ ДЛЯ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ КОМПОНЕНТОВ РЕАКЦИОННОЙ СМЕСИ, ПОЛУЧЕННОЙ В РЕЗУЛЬТАТЕ ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ ПОД ВЫСОКИМ ДАВЛЕНИЕМ ЭТИЛЕННЕНАСЫЩЕННЫХ МОНОМЕРОВ

Группа изобретений относится к сепаратору, работающему под давлением от 10 МПа до 50 МПа для разделения состава, содержащего жидкие компоненты и газообразные компоненты, на жидкую фракцию и газовую фракцию, способу разделения при давлении от 10 МПа до 50 МПа указанного состава и способу получения гомополимеров этилена или сополимеров из этиленненасыщенных мономеров в присутствии катализаторов полимеризации со свободными радикалами при температурах от 100°С до 350°С и давлении в пределах от 110 МПа до 500 МПа в реакторе полимеризации. Сепаратор имеет цилиндрическую форму и устанавливается вертикально, в верхней части имеет люк, окруженный утолщенной частью стенки сепаратора. Сепаратор оснащен устройствами ввода состава в сепаратор, устройствами отбора газовой фракции с верхней части сепаратора и устройствами отбора жидкой фракции с нижней части сепаратора. Сепаратор также содержит по меньшей мере одну разрывную мембрану, удерживаемую держателем разрывной мембраны, который герметично установлен ...

Рабочее колесо первой ступени ротора компрессора высокого давления (КВД) турбореактивного двигателя (варианты), диск рабочего колеса ротора КВД, лопатка рабочего колеса ротора КВД, лопаточный венец рабочего колеса ротора КВД

Группа изобретений, связанных единым творческим замыслом, относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Рабочее колесо первой ступени вала ротора КВД ТРД содержит диск и образующие лопаточный венец рабочие лопатки. Диск включает ступицу с центральным отверстием, полотно и обод. Лопатка содержит каждая хвостовик, перо с профилем, образованным вогнутым корытом и выпуклой спинкой, и корневую полку по обе стороны пера, формируя совместно в ободом диска втулочную поверхность проточной части. При этом хорда боковых кромок пера в корневой зоне лопатки образует с осью ротора в проекции угол установки пера α, нарастающий по радиальной высоте пера с градиентом закрутки пера, составляющим G=(151,6÷217,6) [град/м]. Перо лопатки выполнено с переменной относительно оси ротора осевой закруткой, нарастающей с радиальным удалением от оси ротора. Внешняя поверхность обода диска выполнена с радиусом, возрастающим в осевом сечении КВД в сторону потока рабочего тела. Радиус Rдиска от оси ротора КВД до верхней ...

Жидкоазотно-термоэлектрический термостат лабораторного назначения

Полезная модель относится к испытательной технике для исследования свойств конструкционных материалов в условиях пониженных температур.Предлагаемая полезная модель обеспечивает следующий технический результат – обеспечение возможности испытаний материалов на разрыв при пониженных температурах в диапазоне температур от 0°С до жидкоазотных температур (-196°С) без необходимости удаления охлаждающей жидкости из теплоизолированного рабочего объема.Технический результат достигается тем, что в жидкоазотно-термоэлектрическом термостате лабораторного назначения, включающем теплоизолированный рабочий объём, термоэлектрическую холодильную систему, установленную на теплоизолированный объём с возможностью её удаления и герметизацией стыковочного фланца теплоизолирующей крышкой, и жидкоазотную систему охлаждения, установленную на теплоизолированный рабочий объём с возможностью отсечения от теплоизолированного рабочего объёма герметичным теплоизолирующим шибером, причем каждая холодильная система имеет ...

РАБОЧЕЕ КОЛЕСО РОТОРА КОМПРЕССОРА НИЗКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ ГАЗОТУРБИННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ (ВАРИАНТЫ)

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Рабочее колесо четвертой ступени вала ротора компрессора низкого давления газотурбинного двигателя (КНД ГТД) содержит диск, включающий ступицу с центральным отверстием, полотно и обод, а также лопатки, имеющие каждая хвостовик и перо с профилем, образованным вогнутым корытом и выпуклой спинкой. Обод диска соединен с полотном с образованием кольцевых полок. Обод диска снабжен равномерно разнесенных по периметру диска системой пазов для закрепления лопаток. Продольная ось каждого паза образует с осью вала ротора в проекции на условную осевую плоскость, нормальную к радиальной оси пера лопатки, угол α установки хвостовика лопатки, определенный в диапазоне значений α=(20,1÷29,6)°. Лопатка выполнена с переменным по высоте пера углом γ установки профиля пера относительно фронтальной линии решетки профилей лопаточного венца, убывающим с радиальным удалением от оси ротора с градиентом G=(217,0÷311,9) [град/м]. Кроме того, перо лопатки выполнено ...

ОПОРА ВАЛА РОТОРА ГАЗОТУРБИННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ, КОРПУС ОПОРЫ ВАЛА РОТОРА ГАЗОТУРБИННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ (ВАРИАНТЫ), КОРПУС РОЛИКОПОДШИПНИКА ОПОРЫ ВАЛА РОТОРА ГАЗОТУРБИННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Передняя опора вала ротора КНД ГТД содержит роликоподшипник, разделяющий опору на статорную и роторную части. Статорная часть включает корпус опоры, который соединен с корпусом роликоподшипника и охвачен ступицей ВНА с образованием компактных кольцевых полостей. Одна полость снабжена упругим кольцом. Другая кольцевая полость содержит элемент упругого демпфирования колебаний вала с системой упругих балочек. Статорная часть опоры включает формообразующие кольцевые элементы полостей наддува воздуха, суфлирования и масляной. Роторная часть опоры включает цапфу передней опоры, состоящую из полого цилиндрического участка, с установленными на нем внутренним кольцом роликоподшипника и двумя гребешковыми кольцами лабиринтов, разделяющими масляную и суфлирующую полости, а также суфлирующую полость и полость наддува воздуха, объем которой ограничен третьим гребешковым кольцом лабиринта, установленным на конической диафрагме цапфы. Элемент упругого ...

СПОСОБ ПАРОВОГО КРЕКИНГА

... 1. Способ парового крекинга, включающий нагревание жидкого исходного сырья в конвекционной секции крекинг-печи и последующую подачу указанного материала в радиационную секцию крекинг-печи для проведения в ней реакции крекинга, при этом для проведения реакции крекинга в крекинг-печь подают моноолефин-содержащий поток в соответствии с по меньшей мере одним из следующих режимов:Режим А: смешивание первой смеси с жидким исходным сырьем, нагревание полученной смеси в конвекционной секции и затем подача ее в радиационную секцию для проведения реакции крекинга;Режим В: подача моноолефин-содержащего потока или первой смеси к впускному отверстию радиационной секции и смешивание его с материалом из конвекционной секции; иРежим С: подача моноолефин-содержащего потока или первой смеси к выпускному отверстию радиационной секции и смешивание его с продуктами первой реакции крекинга для проведения второй реакции крекинга;при этом моноолефин-содержащий поток представляет собой поток углеводородов, содержащий ...

МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РЕАКТОР

Оптимизация двух этапов ожижения биомассы

... 1. Способ, предусматривающий ожижение суспензии биомассы путем обработки в горячей воде под давлением (HCW), причем указанный способ включает:- первый этап разложения, который осуществляют при среднем уровне pH не более 4,5 и при средней температуре 200-270°C, где гемицеллюлозная фракция в суспензии биомассы разлагается на водорастворимые моно- и/или олигомеры и где целлюлозная фракция подвергается предварительной обработке с декристаллизацией целлюлозного полимера;- этап разделения и- второй этап разложения, где целлюлозная фракция в суспензии биомассы разлагается на водорастворимые моно- и/или олигомеры;при этом как первый, так и второй этапы разложения осуществляют при субкритических температурах, обеспечивающих относительно умеренные условия, причем способ также предусматривает этап(ы) мгновенного испарения, осуществляемые после первого этапа разложения и/или после второго этапа разложения, для снижения температуры до 220°C или ниже, чтобы предотвратить продолжающееся разложение и/или ...

VERFAHREN ZUR UMWANDLUNG UND REDUZIERUNG DER GRÖSSE FESTER PARTIKEL

Counter current mixing device for two different fluids

Process and apparatus for waste treatment

High pressure generation apparatus

Disclosed is a high-pressure generation apparatus, which comprises a pair of columnar-shaped anvils 2 disposed in opposed relation to one another to define a pressure-generating space therebetween. The anvils are adapted to be applied with a load therebetween to generate a high pressure in the pressure-generating space. Each of the anvils has a top portion formed in an approximately circular truncated cone shape, and the top portion has a central region formed with a depression 10 having a side surface which extends obliquely outward 11. The high-pressure generation apparatus also includes a cylindrical capsule 9 disposed in a central area of the pressure-generating space, and a laminated member formed by alternately laminating a doughnut-shaped metallic thin plate 8 and a doughnut-shaped insulating member 7 along the outer periphery of the capsule. The improved shape of the depression makes it possible to significantly reduce damages of the components. In addition, the laminated member ...

System for continuous feeding and discharging of solid material to and from a vessel operating under high pressure

PROCEDURE FOR THE CHEMO+THERMAL CONVERSION OF FLUID CONNECTIONS AND CONVERTERS FOR THE EXECUTION OF THE PROCEDURE

PROCEDURE FOR THE TRANSFORMATION OF COMPLEXES CHEMICAL STRUCTURES UNDER REDUCING CONDITIONS IN A SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

PROCEDURE AND PROCESS FOR THE CONTROLLING OF THE TEMPERATURE, PRINTING AND SEALING PROFILES DURING PROCESSES WITH DENSITIES FLUIDS AND DEVICE FOR IT

PROCEDURE FOR IMPREGNATING A CARRIER MATRIX WITH CELEBRATIONS AND/OR LIQUID CONNECTIONS WITH THE HELP OF COMPRESSED GASES

PRINTER-AVERAGED CONNECTION OF BIOMOLECULAR COMPLEXES

Method for loading pellets

A method for loading pellets into receptacles uses a pressurized fluid to form virtual blankets at a plurality of elevations inside the receptacle to reduce the acceleration of the falling pellets in order to provide gentle loading of the pellets.

Method and means for hydrolysis of organic materials

Belt discharger

Enhanced adsorbent and room temperature catalyst particle an d method of making and using therefor

Methods of consolidating radioactive containing materials by hot isostatic pressing

The present disclosure relates to a method of consolidating a calcine comprising radioactive material, the method comprising mixing 60-80% (by weight) of a radionuclide containing calcine with at least one non-radioactive additive, such as an oxide, and hot isostatic pressing the mixture to form a stable monolith of glass/ceramic. In one embodiment, the ratio of radionuclide containing calcine to additives is about 80:20 by weight, wherein the non-radioactive additive comprises oxides such as BaO, CaO, Al ...

PRODUCTION OF ORGANIC MATERIALS USING AN OXIDATIVE HYDROTHERMAL DISSOLUTION METHOD

Methods of producing organic materials such as petroleum materials and aromatic acids, phenols, and aliphatic poly-carboxylic acids using an oxidative hydrothermal dissolution (OHO) process are disclosed. The OHD method includes contacting an organic solid with an oxidant in a reactor containing superheated water to form at least one solubilized organic solute. The reaction breaks down the macromolecular structure of the organic solid into lower molecular weight fragments. These lower molecular weight fragments are soluble in water. These water-soluble fragments are referred to as dissolved organic solids, solubilized organics, or solubilized organic solutes. The solubilized fragments can then be used as raw materials for various chemical processes or as liquid fuels. If the solubilized fragments are dissolved carbohydrates such as low molecular weight sugars or oxidized low molecular weight sugars, the dissolved carbohydrates may be fermented to produce alcohols or used in other processes ...

PRESSURE CYCLING REACTOR

Methods and apparatus in which pressure provides precise control over the timing and preferably synchronization of chemical reactions, particularly enzymatic reactions.

METHOD AND MEANS FOR HYDROLYSIS OF ORGANIC MATERIALS

A method and apparatus for the hydrolysis of organic materials are described, which method comprises the following steps: a) a mixture of preheated organic material and optionally water is fed into a reaction vessel (2), whereupon the mixture of the organic material is heated further in that steam is supplied from a subsequent reaction vessel (3) having a higher pressure in that a valve (8) between the reaction vessels (2, 3) is opened; b) the valve (8) is closed when the pressure in the reaction vessel (3) reaches a predetermined value or the pressure difference between the reaction vessels (2, 3) is approximately equal to zero; c) the pressure in the reactor vessel (3) is reduced further by means of a valve (9); d) the mixture of organic material in the reaction vessel (2) is transferred to the reaction vessel (3) by means of the pressure difference between the reaction vessels (2, 3), or with the aid of a pump; e) the reaction vessel (3) is re-pressurised by adding steam; f) steps a) ...

MULTIPLE STREAM HIGH PRESSURE MIXER/REACTOR

Enhanced macromixing, mesomixing, and micromixing of multiple discrete reactant streams, particularly for precipitation reactions of low density pumpable fluids, are obtained by controlled continuous high pressure multiple reactant streams flowing into a chemical mixer/reactor (120). Individual reactant streams are pressurized to about 8,000 to 50,000 psi and achieve velocities up to about 250 meters/second in the final stage of the chemical mixer/reactor (120). Reactant flows are controlled by a combination of a fixed restriction and a variable driving pump (102, 102').

Method of producing ultra-hard abrasive particles

Ethylene/three/four-improved design of reactor

Installation for the treatment and the handling of chemicals or others

PROCESS OF SYNTHESIS UNINTERRUPTED OF METALLIC OXIDE NANOPARTICULES BY HYDROTHERMAL REACTION IN SUPERCRITICAL MEDIUM

L'invention a trait à un procédé de synthèse en continu de particules inorganiques d'oxydes métalliques de taille nanométrique par réaction hydrothermale en milieu supercritique. Il comprend : a) une introduction d'eau sous pression dans une zone annulaire et par une première extrémité d'un réacteur de forme essentiellement tubulaire comprenant une paroi externe et un tube interne ; b) un chauffage de l'eau dans la zone annulaire ; c) une introduction de l'eau chauffée et sous pression dans le tube interne et une introduction simultanée d'une solution aqueuse et/ou alcoolique de précurseurs métalliques ou organométalliques dans ledit tube interne au niveau de la deuxième extrémité du réacteur ; d) un mélange de l'eau et de la solution aqueuse et/ou alcoolique dans une première partie du tube interne, suivi d'un refroidissement du mélange obtenu dans une deuxième partie du tube interne ; et e) une évacuation isobare du mélange refroidi du réacteur à partir du tube interne. L'eau et la solution ...

Förfarande för iterativ upplösning av biomassaslurry

Austenitic stainless steel alloy component, e.g. tube, for use in supercritical water oxidation plants comprises predetermined amounts of chromium and nickel

An austenitic stainless steel alloy component for use in supercritical water oxidation (SCWO) plants comprises 15-30 wt.% chromium and 20-35 wt.% nickel. The component is intended to be in direct contact with supercritical or near supercritical solution. It may further comprise 0.5-6.0 wt.% copper, 0.01-0.10 wt.% carbon, not >4.0 wt.% molybdenum, 0.2-0.6 wt.% niobium, 0.4-4.0 wt.% tungsten, 0.10-0.30 wt.% nitrogen, 0.5-3 wt.% cobalt, and 0.02-0.10 wt.% titanium. An independent claim is included for use of an austenitic stainless steel alloy comprising 15-30% chromium (Cr) and 20-35% nickel (Ni) in supercritical water oxidation plants.

ЛЕНТОЧНЫЙ ШЛЮЗОВЫЙ ЗАТВОР

Изобретение относится к ленточному шлюзовому затвору для уплотнения первого пространства относительно второго пространства, причем в обоих пространствах проходит лента, в частности металлическая лента, причем для уплотнения пространств предусмотрены по меньшей мере два ролика, которые с двух сторон ленты прилегают к ней с обеспечением уплотнения. Чтобы достичь лучшего уплотнительного эффекта, изобретение предусматривает, что по меньшей мере один ролик имеет уплотнительный элемент в одной своей осевой конечной области, выполненный с возможностью бокового прилегания к краю ленты, причем предусмотрены установочные средства для позиционирования ролика вместе с уплотнительным элементом в осевом направлении. Технический результат при использовании заявленного изобретения позволяет взаимно уплотняться пространствам с различным давлением и с одинаковым давлением, в которых находятся различные технологические среды. 16 з.п. ф-лы, 17 ил.

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ОКТАКАРБОНИЛА ДИКОБАЛЬТА

Изобретение относится к химической промышленности, а именно к технологии получения октакарбонила дикобальта Co(CO), применяющегося, в частности, для получения высокочистого металлического кобальта, нанесения кобальтсодержащих покрытий, катализатора процессов оксосинтеза. В реактор последовательно загружают водный ацетат кобальта (II), гексан и воду с последующей продувкой азотом и подачей окиси углерода и водорода, нагреванием реакционной смеси в реакторе со скоростью 10°C в минуту, выдержкой в течение 60 минут при давлении 25-30 МПа и температуре 170°С, последующим разделением водной и органической фазы и выделением октакарбонила дикобальта из органической фазы путём низкотемпературной кристаллизации. За счёт низкотемпературной кристаллизации повышается выход целевого продукта (97,6% от теоретически возможного) и его чистота. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 1 пр.

ОПОРА ВАЛА РОТОРА ТУРБОРЕАКТИВНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ (ВАРИАНТЫ), БРАСЛЕТНОЕ УПЛОТНЕНИЕ ОПОРЫ ВАЛА РОТОРА ТУРБОРЕАКТИВНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ, УЗЕЛ УПЛОТНИТЕЛЬНОГО БРАСЛЕТА ОПОРЫ ВАЛА РОТОРА ТУРБОРЕАКТИВНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ, СЕКЦИЯ КОЛЬЦА БРАСЛЕТНОГО УПЛОТНЕНИЯ ОПОРЫ ВАЛА РОТОРА ТУРБОРЕАКТИВНОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Опора вала ротора КНД ТРД снабжена системой упругогидравлического демпфирования колебаний вала ротора и содержит роликоподшипник. Статорная часть включает корпус роликоподшипника, соединенный с корпусом опоры. Корпус опоры охвачен корпусом ВНА КНД с образованием двух кольцевых полостей. Одна из полостей снабжена упругим кольцом, которое снабжено с внешней и внутренней стороны односторонними выступами, взаимно смещенными по окружности через один с угловой частотой γ=(2,2÷4,8) [ед/рад]. Вторая полость содержит элемент типа «беличье колесо», выполненный в корпусе опоры в виде системы продольных упругих балочек, разделенных прорезями, выполненных шириной, в (1,1÷2,4) раза превышающей ширину балочек, и расположенных с угловой частотой γ, определенной в диапазоне γ=(7,2÷14,4) [ед/рад]. Статорная часть опоры содержит два кольцевых элемента, наделенных крышками лабиринтов, и два ответных гребешковых кольца лабиринта. Роторная часть опоры включает ...

ЛЕНТОЧНЫЙ ШЛЮЗОВЫЙ ЗАТВОР

... 1. Ленточный шлюзовый затвор (1) для уплотнения первого пространства (2) относительно второго пространства (3), причем через оба пространства (2, 3) проходит лента (4), в частности металлическая лента, причем для уплотнения пространства (2, 3) предусмотрены по меньшей мере два ролика (5, 6), которые с двух сторон ленты (4) прилегают к ней с обеспечением уплотнения, отличающийся тем, что по меньшей мере один ролик (5, 6) в одной из своих осевых конечных областей (7) имеет уплотнительный элемент (8), выполненный с возможностью бокового прилегания к краю (9) ленты (4), причем предусмотрены установочные средства (10) для позиционирования ролика (5, 6) вместе с уплотнительным элементом (8) в осевом направлении (a). ! 2. Ленточный шлюзовый затвор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что оба ролика (5, 6) снабжены в противолежащих осевых конечных областях (7) уплотнительным элементом (8). ! 3. Ленточный шлюзовый затвор по п.1, отличающийся тем, что уплотнительный элемент (8) является уплотнительным роликом ...

СПОСОБ НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКОЙ СИСТЕМЫ, КОТОРУЮ ИСПОЛЬЗУЮТ ДЛЯ ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ СОПРЯЖЕННОГО ДИЕНА, И УСТАНОВКА, ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕННАЯ ДЛЯ ЕГО РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ

... 1. Способ непрерывного получения каталитической системы, которую можно использовать для проведения полимеризации, по меньшей мере, одного сопряженного диенового мономера, при этом упомянутая каталитическая система в своей основе имеет, по меньшей мере: ! форполимеризуемый сопряженный диен; ! соль, полученную из органофосфорной кислоты и одного или нескольких редкоземельных металлов, причем упомянутая соль присутствует в растворе, по меньшей мере, в одном растворителе на основе насыщенного алифатического или алициклического и инертного углеводорода; ! алкилирующий реагент, включающий алкилалюминий, описываемый формулой AlR3 или HAlR2, в которой R представляет собой алкильный радикал, предпочтительно содержащий от 1 до 10 атомов углерода, а Н представляет собой атом водорода; и ! донор галогена, включающий алкилалюминийгалогенид; ! отличающийся тем, что он последовательно включает в одной линии (L): ! (i) проведение реакции алкилирования между форполимеризуемым сопряженным диеном и раствором ...

СПОСОБ НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ОСАЖДЕНИЯ ЛИГНИНА ИЗ ЧЕРНОГО ЩЕЛОКА

... 1. Способ непрерывного осаждения лигнина из черного щелока, в котором pH черного щелока понижают до точки осаждения лигнина, и осажденный лигнин отделяют от черного щелока, отличающийся тем, что- черный щелок подают так, что он протекает в виде находящегося под давлением потока в реакторе (2), при времени пребывания менее 300 с,- подкисляющий агент, выбранный из группы, состоящей из диоксида углерода, кислоты и их комбинаций, вводят в поток, в одной или большем количестве точек 2a подачи, чтобы снизить pH черного щелока,- под действием подкисляющего агента в находящемся под давлением потоке pH дают возможность понизиться до точки осаждения лигнина,- давление в находящемся под давлением потоке резко сбрасывают, и- частицы лигнина отделяют от черного щелока.2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, что находящийся под давлением поток черного щелока, после добавления подкисляющего агента, перемешивают в турбулентном режиме, чтобы смешать подкисляющий агент с потоком.3. Способ по п.2, отличающийся ...

РАБОЧЕЕ КОЛЕСО РОТОРА КОМПРЕССОРА НИЗКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ ГАЗОТУРБИННОГО ДВИГАТЕЛЯ (ВАРИАНТЫ)

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Рабочее колесо первой ступени вала ротора компрессора низкого давления газотурбинного двигателя (КНД ГТД) содержит диск, включающий ступицу с центральным отверстием, полотно и обод, а также лопатки, имеющие, каждая, хвостовик и перо с профилем, образованным вогнутым корытом и выпуклой спинкой. Обод диска соединен с полотном с образованием разноплечих кольцевых конических наклонных полок. Внешняя поверхность обода выполнена с углом наклона образующей относительно оси вала ротора, радиус которого монотонно изменяется в сторону потока рабочего тела с градиентом радиального расширения G=(0,32÷0,46) [м/м]. Обод диска снабжен равномерно разнесенной по периметру диска системой пазов для закрепления лопаток. Продольная ось каждого паза образует с осью вала ротора в проекции на условную осевую плоскость, нормальную к радиальной оси пера лопатки, угол α установки хвостовика лопатки, определенный в диапазоне значений α=(16,8÷24,1)°. Лопатка выполнена ...

Способ работы коробки двигательных агрегатов (КДА) двухвального двухконтурного турбореактивного двигателя (ТРД) и КДА, работающая этим способом; способ работы насоса-регулятора КДА ТРД и насос-регулятор, работающий этим способом; способ работы форсажного насоса КДА ТРД -и форсажный насос, работающий этим способом; способ работы суфлёра центробежного КДА ТРД и суфлёр центробежный, работающий этим способом

Группа изобретений относится к области авиадвигателестроения, а именно к коробкам двигательных агрегатов (КДА) авиационных турбореактивных двигателей (ТРД) и способам работы двигательных агрегатов. Обеспечивает совокупное повышение КПД двигателя, повышение ресурса работы редукторов приводов с меньшими потерями энергии и снижением износа зубчатых венцов. Комплекс двигательных агрегатов КДА ТРД имеет соосные валы роторов высокого давления (РВД), низкого давления (РНД), центральный конический привод (ЦКП), коробку двигательных агрегатов (КДА) и выносную коробку самолетных агрегатов (ВКА). Рабочий крутящий момент в процессе работы двигателя отбирают от вала РВД и последовательно направляют через главную коническую шестеренную пару ЦКП, рессору, сообщающую ЦКП с конической шестеренной парой главного конического привода (ГКП) КДА. Через установленную на входном валу ГКП КДА ведомую коническую шестерню подают на главное раздаточное цилиндрическое зубчатое колесо, сообщенное по крутящему моменту ...

Опора вала ротора компрессора низкого давления турбореактивного двигателя (варианты), каскад уплотнений опоры вала ротора, узел опоры вала ротора, контактная втулка браслетного уплотнения вала ротора, маслоотражательное кольцо вала ротора

Изобретение относится к области авиадвигателестроения. Задняя опора вала ротора КНД ТРД выполнена радиально-упорной, включает соединенные барабанно-дисковую и цилиндрическую составляющие вала ротора и содержит шарикоподшипник, разделяющий опору на статорную и роторную части. Статорная часть включает корпус опоры, выполненный заедино с корпусом шарикоподшипника в виде конической диафрагмы, разъемно соединенной с фланцами шарикоподшипника и промежуточного корпуса двигателя. Внутреннее силовое кольцо выполнено для разъемного соединения с корпусом браслетного уплотнения и кольцевых держателей крышек лабиринтных уплотнений. Роторная часть опоры включает выполненные заедино нижнюю часть конической диафрагмы барабанно-дисковой составляющей, переходящей в цапфу вала ротора КНД, разъемно соединенную с цилиндрической составляющей вала полым стяжным болтом. На цилиндрической составляющей вала ротора установлены многогребешковый кольцевой элемент лабиринтного уплотнения, контактная втулка браслетного ...

Method and device for thermal hydrolysis and steam explosion of biomass

It is described a process for thermal hydrolysis and team explosion of biomass, said method comprising the steps of: (i) leading the biomass approximately continuous to a first preheating step and preheat the biomass, (ii) leading the preheated biomass into at least two reactors sequentially, (iii) heating and pressurising the reactor by addition of steam, (iv) keeping the re-actor(s) at a certain temperature and pressure for a certain time, (v) leading the heated and pressurised biomass from the reactor(s) to a first pressure relief tank without any substantial pressure reduction and quickly relief the pressure of the biomass by means of a nozzle, in order to disintegrate the biomass, (vi) leading the biomass from the first pressure relief tank to a second pressure relief tank having a lower pressure than the pressure of the first pressure relief tank, (vii) leading the so treated biomass to a downstream facility for subsequent treatment. The invention also comprises a device for thermal treatment of biomass.

System for using super critical state carbon dioxide for hydrocarbon recovery and transport

A system for the use of super critical CO 2 as a carrying or suspension agent for transport of extracted or processed hydrocarbons. The super critical state CO 2 is then co-mingled with the extracted or processed hydrocarbons and transported in the co-mingled state to a delivery point. At the delivery point, the super critical state CO 2 is allowed to return to its gaseous state allowing the separation of the hydrocarbons therefrom. The hydrocarbons may be processed and the gaseous CO 2 returned to its super critical state for future transport, use in EOR, or geologically sequestered.

Fabrication of pillared graphene

A method of fabricating pillared graphene assembles alternate layers of graphene sheets and fullerenes to form a stable protostructure. Energy is added to the protostructure to break the carbon-carbon bonds at the fullerene-to-graphene attachment points of the protostructure and allow the bonds to reorganize and reform into a stable lower energy unitary pillared graphene nanostructure in which open nanotubes are conjoined between graphene sheets. The attachment points may be functionalized using tether molecules to aid in attachment, and add chemical energy to the system. The arrangement and attachment spacing of the fullerenes may be determined using spacer molecules or an electric potential.

Biomass and waste plastics depolymerization machine and methods via supercritical water

A method for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water is disclosed. The method comprises: conveying the selected polymeric material through an extruder, wherein the extruder is configured to continuously convey the selected polymeric material to a supercritical fluid reaction zone; injecting hot compressed water into the supercritical fluid reaction zone, while the extruder is conveying the selected polymeric material into the supercritical fluid reaction zone so as to yield a mixture; retaining the mixture within the reaction zone for a period of time sufficient to yield the plurality of reaction products. The reaction zone may be characterized by a tubular reactor having an adjustably positionable inner tubular spear, wherein the tubular reactor and the inner tubular spear further define an annular space within the reaction zone, and wherein the mixture flows through the annular space and into a reaction products chamber.

Method for producing catalyst-supporting carrier and apparatus for producing same

Disclosed is a method for producing a catalyst-supporting carrier, including a step of supplying subcritical carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide to a dissolving tank containing a catalyst precursor generated when a catalyst is reduced to dissolve the catalyst precursor in the subcritical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide; a step of supplying the subcritical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide in which the catalyst precursor is dissolved to a supporting tank containing a carrier and reducing the catalyst precursor to cause the catalyst to be supported on the carrier; and a step of supplying the sub-critical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide to the supporting tank containing the carrier on which the catalyst is supported to clean the carrier.

Preparation method of clay/polymer composite using supercritical fluid-organic solvent system

The present invention relates to a method for preparing a clay/polymer composite having a predetermined form such as powder or porous foam with an enhanced thermal and mechanical stability using a simple, economical and eco-friendly supercritical fluid-organic solvent system, and more particularly, to a method for preparing a clay/biodegradable polymer stereoisomeric nanocomposite and a clay/polymer composite prepared by the method thereof. The method of preparing a clay/polymer composite according to the present invention may include (a) introducing a clay, a biodegradable single-phase D-type/L-type stereoisomeric polymer and an organic solvent into a reactor, (b) introducing a supercritical fluid into the reactor to form a stereoisomeric composite, and forming a clay/polymer composite dispersed with the clay on the stereoisomeric composite, and (c) collecting the clay/polymer composite, and the clay/polymer composite of the present invention is a clay/polymer composite prepared by the preparation method.

Methods of consolidating radioactive containing materials by hot isostatic pressing

The present disclosure relates to a method of consolidating a calcine comprising radioactive material, the method comprising mixing 60-80% (by weight) of a radionuclide containing calcine with at least one non-radioactive additive, such as an oxide, and hot isostatic pressing the mixture to form a stable monolith of glass/ceramic. In one embodiment, the ratio of radionuclide containing calcine to additives is about 80:20 by weight, wherein the non-radioactive additive comprises oxides such as BaO, CaO, Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , SiO 2 and others, that combine with the waste elements and compounds to form a ceramic mineral or glass/ceramic material, after hot isostatic pressing. Non-limiting examples of mineral phases that may be formed are: hollandite (BaAl 2 Ti 6 O 16 ), zirconolite (CaZrThO 7 ), and perovskite (CaTiO 3 ).

Device for automatically analyzing nucleic acid

An apparatus for automatically analyzing a nucleic acid includes: a sample preprocessing device including a plurality of chambers in which reagents mixed with a sample are accommodated according to sample preprocessing process order for extracting a nucleic acid from the sample; and a nucleic amplifying and detecting device connected with the sample preprocessing device to receive the nucleic acid extracted from the sample.

Co-current mixer, apparatus, reactor and method for precipitating nanoparticles

A high pressure tubular reactor for production of nanoparticles by precipitation has unidirectional fluid flows of precursor and supercritical water directed from inner and outer coaxial inlets to an outlet via a reaction zone immediately downstream of the inlets. The inner inlet is for supercritical fluid, and the outer inlet is for a precursor.

Water treatment device and water treatment method

Provided is a water treatment device with which organic substances contained in raw water to be treated are decomposed to thereby alleviate the load to be imposed on a downstream filter and with which it is possible to avoid corrosion of the piping or the like. The water treatment device 12 includes a large-bore channel 22 , a small-bore channel 23 , and a pressure pump 24 which pressurize raw water 15 a to a given pressure, the raw water containing organic substances, and further includes a laser light source 25 and a condensing lens 26 which irradiates laser light 37 upon the pressurized raw water 15 a to heat the raw water to a given temperature, wherein the laser light 27 emitted from the laser light source 25 is condensed by the condensing lens 26 on a region 29 that is located in the small-bore channel 23 through which the pressurized raw water 15 a flows and that is separated from the wall of the channel, thereby heating the raw water 15 a present in this region 29 and yielding supercritical water or subcritical water to decompose the organic substances contained in the raw water 15 a.

Process for the preparation of calcium salt suspensions

The current invention is related to a novel process for the production of aqueous suspensions of micro and nanoparticles of calcium salts smaller than 10 μm particle size, along with a method to enrich nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical beverages with calcium salts. In the process, an aqueous suspension of calcium salt is subjected to pressurization with critical, subcritical, or supercritical carbon dioxide to increase the solubility of the calcium salt, which has a particle size greater than 30 μm. The resulting solution is expanded through a nozzle to generate a calcium salt suspension of micro and nanoparticles that is imperceptible to sight and taste.

Pressure vessel skirt for accommodating thermal cycling

A pressure vessel includes: a body comprising a cylindrical section; and a skirt comprising a hip, a leg, and a restraint. The hip formed with or attached to the body and has a profile for receiving an upper portion of the leg. The profile is oversized relative to the leg upper portion, thereby defining a radial clearance between the hip and the leg to account for thermal cycling of the body. The restraint fastens the hip and the leg while allowing limited movement between the hip and the leg to account for the thermal cycling.

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is mounted at an incline between 0° and 90° from horizontal.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the reactor shell is mounted vertically.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell is configured so that the carrier stream travels vertically upward.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell is configured so that the carrier stream travels vertically downward.6. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the reactor inlet is positioned at a higher elevation than the reactor outlet.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is free draining8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell includes a primary and secondary outlet.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is sealed at one end and includes a plenum at an end opposite thereof.10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure relief device of the reactor shell for removing pressure from the reactor shell.11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the pressure relief device includes a rupture valve.12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pressure relief device ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;an outer layer of the reactor shell for providing structural support thereto; andan inner layer of the reactor shell for resisting deterioration thereof due to operating conditions in the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a coating.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is a composite having the inner and outer layers.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a superalloy claim 1 , duplex stainless steel claim 1 , super duplex stainless steel claim 1 , and nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer includes a thermal barrier coating.7. The apparatus of ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andat least a portion of the reactor shell comprises a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K for conducting heat from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , niobium claim 1 , silver claim 1 , and alloys thereof.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises niobium-silver.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion has a melting temperature of between about 500 and about 2000 C.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion material has a thermal conductivity of between about 300 and about 450 W/m-K.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an active cooling ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;an outer layer of the reactor shell for providing structural support thereto; andan inner layer of the reactor shell; andat least a portion of the inner layer comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K for conducting heat from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a coating.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is a composite having the inner and outer layers.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , niobium claim 1 , silver claim 1 , and alloys thereof.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andat least a portion of the reactor shell comprising a material having a melting temperature between about 1200° C. and about 4000° C.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a superalloy.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of duplex stainless steel claim 1 , super duplex stainless steel claim 1 , and nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion material has a melting temperature of between about 1800° C. and about 3500° C.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an active cooling system for maintaining the reactor shell portion at a temperature below the melting temperature ...

PRODUCTION OF ACRYLIC ACID FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having acrylic acid. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to acrylic acid. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing acrylic acid comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor at hydrogenation reaction conditions to form an ethylene effluent stream;passing the ethylene effluent stream to a higher olefin processing unit to generate an effluent stream comprising propylene; andpassing the propylene effluent stream to an acrylic acid reactor to generate an acrylic acid product stream.2. The method of wherein the higher olefin processing unit includes apassing a first portion of the ethylene stream to a dimerization reactor to generate a butene effluent stream; andpassing a second portion of the ethylene stream, and the butene effluent stream to a metathesis reactor to generate a propylene stream.3. The method of wherein the propylene stream is passed to a light olefins recovery unit to generate a purified propylene stream.4. The method of wherein the higher olefin processing unit includes:passing the ethylene stream to on oligomerization reactor to an olefin effluent stream comprising C4+ olefins; andpassing the olefin effluent stream to an olefin cracking unit to generate a propylene stream.5. The method of wherein the propylene stream is passed to a light olefins recovery unit to generate a purified propylene stream.6. The method ...

Production of aromatics from a methane conversion process

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to a process stream having aromatic compounds. The acetylene stream can be reacted to generate larger hydrocarbon compounds, which are passed to a cyclization and aromatization reactor to generate aromatics. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon oxides in the hydrocarbon stream.

Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS WITH IMPROVED MIXING USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor having a combustion chamber for combusting a fuel source to produce a high temperature carrier stream passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a feed inlet for introducing the methane feed stream into the reactor chamber; anda mixer for mixing the methane feed stream with the high temperature carrier stream for forming a pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a microwave generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes an ultrasound generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a supersonic flow generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes an ultrasonic flow generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a vortex mixer for producing a vortex flow of fluid through the reactor chamber to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the supersonic reactor includes a supersonic expander and the vortex mixer ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process with Improved Mixing Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor having a combustion chamber for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a feed inlet for introducing the methane feed stream into the reactor chamber; anda mixer for mixing the methane feed stream with the high temperature carrier gas for forming a pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a static mixer.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a flow manipulator having at least a portion thereof extending into the reaction chamber to contact at least one of the carrier gas claim 1 , the methane feed stream claim 1 , and the pyrolysis stream to manipulate the flow thereof.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the flow manipulator includes at least one fin extending into the reaction chamber to contact at least one of the carrier gas claim 3 , the methane feed stream claim 3 , and the pyrolysis stream to manipulate the flow thereof.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the flow manipulator is formed as a casting.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the flow manipulator comprises a ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature to produce an effluent;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to mix with the methane feed stream to form a pyrolysis stream and heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda control system to detect at least one process parameter of the supersonic reactor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system includes an indirect detector for detecting a process parameter.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system comprises an infrared camera for detecting a process stream temperature within the reactor chamber.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the infrared camera is configured to detect the process stream temperature within the combustion zone.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes a window and the infrared camera is configured to detect the process stream temperature through the window.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system includes a laser meter for detecting a process parameter.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the laser meter is configured to detect a process stream temperature within the reactor chamber.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller includes a sound frequency detector for detecting a sound frequency associated with a ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature to produce an effluent;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to mix with the methane feed stream to form a pyrolysis stream and heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda quench zone for effectively decreasing the temperature of the pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising cold water.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising ethylene.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises an oil spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising oil.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising chlorine to produce vinyl chloride.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor includes a spray quench nozzle for spraying a quench fluid into the quench zone.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the nozzle comprises a material having a melting temperature of between about 1000 and about 3500 C.8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the nozzle comprises a superalloy.9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process with Improved Mixing Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan active cooling system of at least a portion of the reactor shell to cool the portion of the reactor shell to resist melting due to operating temperatures.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active cooling system includes a coolant flowing about at least a portion of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell includes passageways and the coolant flows therethrough.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include channels formed in a surface of the reactor shell portion.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include tunnels formed within the reactor shell portion.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell has a generally annular configuration and the passageways are elongate passageways extending along the reactor shell.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the elongate passageway extend helically about the annular reactor shell.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes an inner shell and an outer shell and the passageways include a gap between the inner and outer shell.9. The apparatus of claim 3 , ...

Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda liner positioned between at least a portion of the reactor shell and the reactor chamber to resist deterioration of the reactor shell portion due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner extends along an internal surface of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the liner is spaced from the internal surface of the reactor shell.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the liner abuts the internal surface of the reactor shell.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner includes a disposable liner.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the disposable liner comprises carbon.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner is a self-regenerating liner.8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes carbon that is catalyzed to promote carbon or coke formation along an internal surface of the reactor shell.9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes directional thermal conductivity.10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes a self-regenerating lining with a graphitic layer ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane , the apparatus comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan outer shell of at least a portion of the reactor shell to provide structural support; andan inner shell of the reactor shell inside at least a portion of the outer shell for resisting deterioration of the reactor shell due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the casting comprises a directional casting.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is columnar grained.5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is single crystal.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a superalloy.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane , the apparatus comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan outer shell of at least a portion of the reactor shell to provide structural support; andan inner shell of the reactor shell comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K inside at least a portion of the outer shell for conducting heat away from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the casting comprises a directional casting.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is columnar grained.5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is single crystal.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;at least a portion of the reactor shell formed of a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity; anda film barrier inside at least the portion of the reactor shell to resist deterioration of the reactor shell portion due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the film barrier extends along at least a portion of an internal surface of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the film barrier includes a cold fluid barrier.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes a cold vapor barrier.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes molten metal.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes water.7. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes air.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes hydrogen.9. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes methane.10. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes a porous wall with the cold fluid leaking therethrough to form the cold fluid barrier.11. The apparatus of ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda reactor shell module forming at least a portion of the reactor shell.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is removable from the reactor shell.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is attached to at least one other module of the reactor shell.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the module and the other module are connected with flanges and sealed on cooled portions of an interface therebetween.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is detached from at least one other module of the reactor shell and fluids are contained in the reactor chamber by differential pressure adjustment between components.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a superalloy.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;at least a portion of the reactor shell formed of a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity to conduct heat away from the reactor chamber; andan active cooling system of at least the portion of the reactor shell to cool the portion of the reactor shell to resist melting thereof due to operating temperatures.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active cooling system includes a coolant flowing about at least a portion of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell includes passageways and the coolant flows therethrough.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include channels formed in a surface of the reactor shell portion.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include tunnels formed within the reactor shell portion.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell has a generally annular configuration and the passageways are elongate passageways extending along the reactor shell.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the elongate passageways extends helically about the annular reactor shell.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , ...

PYROLYTIC REACTOR

A pyrolytic reactor comprising a fuel injection zone, a combustion zone adjacent to the fuel injections zone, an expansion zone adjacent to the combustion zone, a feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles and disposed adjacent to the expansion zone, a mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material and disposed adjacent to the feedstock injection zone, and a reaction zone adjacent to the mixing zone. The plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane transverse to the feedstock injection zone and in a second assembly transverse to the feedstock injection zone. 1. A pyrolytic reactor , comprising:a fuel injection zone;a combustion zone adjacent to said fuel injections zone;an expansion zone adjacent to said combustion zone;a feedstock injection zone adjacent to said expansion zone, said feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles;a mixing zone adjacent to said feedstock injection zone, said mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material;a reaction zone adjacent to said mixing zone;wherein:said plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane and in a second assembly defining a second plane;said first plane is transverse to the injection zone;said second plane is transverse to the injection zone;said plurality of injection nozzles in said first assembly are configured to inject feed material into said carrier stream at a first radial penetration depth; andsaid plurality of injection nozzles in said second assembly are configured to inject feed material into said carrier stream at a second radial penetration depth.2. The pyrolytic reactor of claim 1 , wherein:said plurality of injection nozzles in said first assembly are equally spaced around said feedstock injection zone; andsaid plurality of injection nozzles in said second assembly are equally spaced around said feedstock ...

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cm3 and about 0.15 g/cm3, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m2/g, 20 m2/g, 25 m2/g, 30 m2/g, 32 m2/g, 34 m2/g, or 35 m2/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided.

APPARATUS FOR DISPERSING A GAS, FOR EXAMPLE CARBON DIOXIDE, IN AT LEAST ONE REACTIVE RESIN

The invention concerns an apparatus () for the dispersion of an expansion gas even in supercritical conditions, e.g. carbon dioxide, in a reactive resin, of the kind in which a reaction chamber having an input () for gas and an input () for resin is provided. Advantageously, the chamber is a dispersion and containment chamber made into a casing () of predetermined high resistance susceptible to sustain high pressure and is divided into two sections () by a head () of a dispersion and mixing cylinder-piston group () in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage () provided with a static mixer (), motor means () being provided for piston () control of said mixing cylinder-piston group (). The invention also concerns a process for the formation of a polyurethane foam starting with the dispersion of carbon dioxide, even supercritical, in a reactive resin in which at least one initial dispersion and mixing controlled phase of the two components is provided in a dispersion and containment chamber under pressure divided into two sections () by a head () of a cylinder-piston mixing group () in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage () provided with a static mixer () and in which adduction, dispersion and mixing occurs under high pressure (at least greater than 75 bar). 1. Apparatus for the dispersion and mixing of an expansion gas , e.g. carbon dioxide , in a reactive resin , comprising:a mixing chamber having a supply input for the gas and a supply input for the resin is provided and comprising:said chamber being a dispersion and containment chamber made in a casing of predetermined high resistance susceptible to sustain high pressure;said chamber being divided into two sections by a head of a dispersion and mixing cylinder-piston group, said two sections being in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage;a static mixer in said pouring passage;a motor for ...

Supercritical Water Separation Process

A supercritical water separation process and system is disclosed for the removal of metals, minerals, particulate, asphaltenes, and resins from a contaminated organic material. The present invention takes advantage of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical water to effect the desired separation of contaminants from organic materials and permit scale-up. At a temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (374° C., 22.1 MPa), nonpolar organic compounds become miscible in supercritical water (SCW) and polar compounds and asphaltenes become immiscible. The process and system disclosed continuously separates immiscible contaminants and solids from the supercritical water and clean oil product solution. The present invention creates a density gradient that enables over 95% recovery of clean oil and over 99% reduction of contaminants such as asphaltenes and particulate matter depending on the properties of the contaminated organic material. 1. A process for treating a feedstock comprising:delivering a feedstock and supercritical water into a hydrothermal separation vessel, said hydrothermal separation vessel including an upper separation zone, a mid-level mixing zone, and a bottom concentration zone, wherein the feedstock and supercritical water are fed separately into the mixing zone to form a mixture, said mixing zone providing sufficient shear and mixing to cause dissolution of any soluble components of the feedstock into the supercritical water;maintaining a temperature and pressure within the hydrothermal separation vessel to achieve a vertical density gradient therein such that the separation zone exhibits a lower density than the concentration zone to form a product stream and a stream containing insoluble components; andremoving the product stream from the separation zone and the stream containing insoluble components from the concentration zone.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein any components present in the feedstock that are ...

SUPERCRITICAL WATER PROCESS TO PRODUCE BOTTOM FREE HYDROCARBONS

A process to produce a light hydrocarbon fraction from a heavy residue feed, the process comprising the steps of operating the first supercritical reactor such that the heavy residue feed and the supercritical water stream undergo conversion reactions to produce a reactor effluent, introducing the reactor effluent to a top inlet in a top portion of a second supercritical reactor, introducing a supercritical water stream to a bottom inlet in a bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, operating the second supercritical reactor such that the bottom of the barrel fraction is configured to settle in the bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, withdrawing an upgraded product stream from a top outlet in the top portion of the second supercritical reactor, and withdrawing a heavy product stream from a bottom outlet in the bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor. 1. A system to produce a light hydrocarbon fraction from a heavy residue feed , the system comprising:a first supercritical reactor, the first supercritical reactor configured to operate such that the heavy residue feed and a supercritical water feed undergo conversion reactions to produce a reactor effluent, wherein the temperature in the first supercritical reactor is between 380 deg C. and 450 deg C., wherein the pressure in the first supercritical reactor is greater than the critical pressure of water, wherein the reactor effluent comprises a light hydrocarbon fraction, a bottom of the barrel fraction, and water;a top inlet in a top portion of a second supercritical reactor fluidly connected to the first supercritical reactor, the top inlet configured to receive the reactor effluent, wherein the second supercritical reactor comprises a vertical reactor;a bottom inlet in a bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, the bottom inlet configured to receive a supercritical water stream, wherein the supercritical water stream comprises supercritical water, wherein the ...

REACTION METHOD WITH HOMOGENEOUS-PHASE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

A reaction method with a homogeneous-phase supercritical fluid includes introducing a first fluid into a mixing chamber. A mass is less than or equal to that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component, totally absorbing the first fluid by the molecular sieve component. A second fluid is introduced into the mixing chamber with a mass being greater than that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component. A temperature and a pressure in the mixing chamber are adjusted to a critical temperature and a critical pressure of the second fluid, respectively, releasing the first fluid in supercritical phase from the molecular sieve component into the mixing chamber, followed by homogeneously mixing with the second fluid in supercritical phase in the mixing chamber to obtain a homogeneous-phase mixing fluid. The homogeneous-phase mixing fluid is then introduced into a reaction chamber connected to the mixing chamber. 1. A reaction method with a homogeneous-phase supercritical fluid , comprising:introducing a first fluid into a mixing chamber, wherein a mass of the first fluid into the mixing chamber is less than or equal to that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component, totally absorbing the first fluid by the molecular sieve component;introducing a second fluid into the mixing chamber, wherein a mass of the second fluid into the mixing chamber is greater than that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component;adjusting a temperature and a pressure in the mixing chamber to a critical temperature and a critical pressure of the second fluid, respectively, releasing the first fluid in supercritical phase from the molecular sieve component into the mixing chamber, followed by homogeneously mixing with the second fluid in supercritical phase in the mixing chamber to obtain a homogeneous-phase mixing fluid; andintroducing the homogeneous-phase mixing fluid into a reaction chamber connected to the mixing chamber for conducting a reaction.2. The reaction method with ...

APPARATUS FOR SALT SEPARATION UNDER SUPERCRITICAL WATER CONDITIONS

Apparatus for salt separation () under supercritical water conditions, comprising a heat exchanger () and a fluidized bed reactor (). The fluidized bed reactor comprising a supercritical water pressure containing wall () defining therein a fluidized bed chamber () connected to an inlet system () at one end thereof and an outlet system () configured to separate solids from supercritical fluid at another end thereof. The fluidized bed chamber receives a fluidized bed () therein and is configured to receive through the inlet system () a liquefied aqueous substance () for treatment in the fluidized bed chamber. The inlet system () comprises an inlet chamber () and a fluidization plate () positioned between the inlet chamber () and the fluidized bed chamber (). The fluidized bed chamber extends between the inlet system () and outlet system () and comprises an entry section () adjacent the inlet system (), an outlet section () adjacent the outlet system (), and a mid-section () extending between the entry section and the outlet section. The heat exchanger () extends along the fluidized bed chamber () and is configured to generate a decreasing temperature gradient in the fluidized bed chamber from the outlet section () to the entry section (), the temperature gradient in the outlet section and mid-section being supercritical for aqueous substances and being subcritical for aqueous substances in the entry section () adjacent the fluidization plate (). 19-. (canceled)10. Apparatus for salt separation under supercritical water conditions , comprising a heat exchanger and a fluidized bed reactor , the fluidized bed reactor comprising a supercritical water pressure containing wall defining therein a fluidized bed chamber connected to an inlet system at one end thereof and an outlet system configured to separate solids from supercritical fluid at another end thereof , the fluidized bed chamber receiving a fluidized bed therein and configured to receive through the inlet system a ...

Heated Airlock Feeder Unit

A Heated Airlock Feeder is disclosed. The Heated Airlock Feeder allows for the continuous feeding of solid, shredded plastic into a reactor tube surrounded by clamshell burner boxes. Inside of the reactor tube, two augers, one with right hand flights and one with left hand flights are welded to smooth augers to create two continuous augers that push solid plastic material, liquid plastic material and molten plastic material through two small holes. As the plastic is in its molten state while being forced through the two small holes, an airlock is formed preventing air form entering the system. As the solid, shredded plastic is fed into the system, an airlock is formed allowing for the continuous feeding of the system. The clamshell burner boxes allow for convection and radiant heat allowing for even, continuous heat.

Supercritical Water Separation Process

A supercritical water separation process and system is disclosed for the removal of metals, minerals, particulate, asphaltenes, and resins from a contaminated organic material. The present invention takes advantage of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical water to effect the desired separation of contaminants from organic materials and permit scale-up. At a temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (374° C., 22.1 MPa), nonpolar organic compounds become miscible in supercritical water (SCW) and polar compounds and asphaltenes become immiscible. The process and system disclosed continuously separates immiscible contaminants and solids from the supercritical water and clean oil product solution. The present invention creates a density gradient that enables over 95% recovery of clean oil and over 99% reduction of contaminants such as asphaltenes and particulate matter depending on the properties of the contaminated organic material. 1. A process for separating contaminants from a contaminated feedstock comprised of:combining a contaminated feedstock and supercritical water to form a supercritical water and feedstock solution in a hydrothermal separation vessel, said hydrothermal separation vessel including an upper separation zone and a bottom concentration zone;maintaining a temperature and pressure within the hydrothermal separation vessel to achieve a vertical density gradient therein such that the separation zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel exhibits a lower density than the concentration zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel, to cause the contaminants to separate from the solution in the separation zone and to form a product stream;removing the product stream from the separation zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel; andremoving the contaminants from the concentration zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the separation zone is maintained at a pressure greater than 22.1 MPa ...

METHOD FOR TREATING ORGANIC WASTE BY HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION

The present invention relates to a method for treating waste comprising at least one organic phase, said method comprising the following consecutive steps: a) preparation of an oil-in-water emulsion with controlled TOD using waste to be treated comprising at least one organic phase, by mixing said waste with an aqueous phase in a mixer, preferably with high shear; b) possible adjustment of the TOD of the emulsion obtained in step a); and c) hydrothermal oxidation, under subcritical or supercritical starting conditions, of the emulsion thus obtained. The present invention also relates to a facility suitable for implementing the method for treating waste comprising at least one organic phase according to the invention. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the emulsion obtained at the end of step a) or b) has an average drop size of less than 1 claim 1 ,000 μm.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the TOD of the oil-in-water emulsion obtained at the end of step b) is comprised between 20 and 400 g/L.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous phase of the emulsion in step a) comprises at least one surfactant claim 1 , representing less than 10% by weight claim 1 , based on the total weight of the aqueous phase.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the surfactant is non-ionic claim 4 , preferably selected from among polysorbates and nonylphenol ethoxylates.6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the surfactant is mixed with the aqueous phase claim 4 , and then the waste to be treated comprising at least one organic phase is gradually incorporated in a mixer to said aqueous phase comprising the surfactant claim 4 , leading to the formation of the oil-in-water emulsion.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the steps a) and b) are conducted according to a batch-wise method.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the oxidizer used during step c) exclusively consists of dioxygen (O) or air claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.9. ...

INTERTWINED COIL HEAT EXCHANGER

The present invention relates to the field of heat exchangers, especially those having a plurality of tubular fluid channels formed as intertwined coils, with each of the centre paths of the coils forming a helix, and to a reactor for supercritical water oxidation comprising such a heat exchanger. 11. A heat exchanger () comprising:{'b': 10', '20', '30, 'claim-text': [{'b': 14', '24, 'an external tubular diameter (, ) or equivalent diameter;'}, {'b': 12', '13', '22', '23, 'two openings (, , , ) into the interior of the tubular fluid channel, said openings being arranged at distant end positions of the fluid channel;'}], 'a plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) each havingwherein{'b': 10', '20', '30', '11', '21', '31', '11', '21', '31', '11', '21', '31', '15', '25', '11', '21', '31', '16', '26', '36, 'each of the plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) are formed as a coil (, , ), such as a helical coil (, , ), over at least a part of their lengths, each coil (, , ) being provided as a plurality of windings (, ) each of said coils (, , ) evolving with a centre path (, , );'}{'b': 11', '21', '31', '10', '20', '30', '16', '26', '36', '16', '26', '36', '11', '21', '31', '16', '26', '36, 'the coils (, , ) of the plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) are intertwined around one another with the centre path (, , ) of each coil being distant from the centre path (, , ) of the other coils (, , ), and each of the centre paths (, , ) forms a helix, and'}{'b': 1', '18', '28', '38', '11', '21', '31', '18', '28', '38', '11', '21', '31', '10', '20', '30, 'in a transverse cross section of the heat exchanger (), a planar representation (, , ) of a winding of a first of said coils (, , ) overlaps a planar representation (, , ) of a winding of each of the other said coils (, , ) of said plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ).'}21182838112131102030. A heat exchanger () according to claim 1 , wherein a planar representation ( claim 1 , claim 1 , ) of a winding of each of ...

System for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis

A system for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis is provided. Firstly, a mixture of a first reactant and a second reactant and high-temperature water at an outlet of a heating furnace () are mixed and are heated to a reaction temperature, the mixture is connected to a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor (), and a product at an outlet of the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor enters a heat regenerator (); hot water at an outlet of a low-temperature section of the heating furnace () first enters the heat regenerator, and then enters a high-temperature section of the heating furnace so as to be continuously heated to a set temperature; fluid at the pipe side outlet of the heat regenerator separately passes through a heat exchange coil in a first reactant modulation pool () and a steam generator () in a waste heat power generation system (). 1124567910111213141617181920. A system for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis , comprising a first reactant modulation pool () , a steam generator () , a back pressure valve () , a gas-liquid separator () , a centrifugal separator () , an oil-water separator () , a heat regenerator () , a heating furnace () , a first material pump () , a premixer () , a mixer () , a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor () , a second material pump () , a pure water pump () , a pure water storage tank () , a second reactant storage pool () , and a waste heat power generation system () , wherein:{'b': 1', '11', '11', '12, 'an outlet of the first reactant modulation pool () is communicated with an inlet of the first material pump (), an outlet of the first material pump () is communicated with a first inlet of the premixer ();'}{'b': 19', '16', '16', '12', '12', '13, 'an outlet of the second reactant storage pool () is communicated with an inlet of the second material pump (), an outlet of the second material pump () is communicated with a second inlet of the premixer ...

Liquefaction Device Of Hard Bone And Method For Co-production Of Bone Collagen Polypeptide And Ultrafine Bone Powder

The invention discloses a liquefaction device of hard bone, comprising: outer cavity having upper end detachably sealed with upper cover, and lower end openable/closable sealed with lower sealing cover, first liquefaction cavity coaxially slidably disposed in outer cavity, stainless steel cage disposed coaxially in first liquefaction cavity, second liquefaction cavity fixed to outer sidewall of outer cavity such that lower end portion of outer cavity is located in second liquefaction cavity. The invention also provides a method for co-production of bone collagen polypeptide and ultrafine bone powder based on liquefaction device, including: selecting hard bones, crushing; performing first-stage and second-stage liquefaction to obtain liquid phase and solid phase; centrifuging, concentrating, drying liquid phase to obtain bone collagen polypeptide; drying, coarsely and superfine pulverizing solid phase to obtain ultrafine bone powder. The invention has effects of simplifying process, improving production efficiency, and reducing production and equipment investments.

Process for continuous supercritical drying of aerogel particles

Processes for drying gel particles, in particular for producing aerogels, involve providing a suspension containing gel particles and a solvent, introducing the suspension into a column where carbon dioxide flows in countercurrent, and removing dried aerogel particles from the column. The suspension is introduced in the top region of the column and dried aerogel particles are removed in the lower region. Pressure and temperature in the column are set such that the mixture of carbon dioxide and solvent is virtually supercritical or is supercritical. The aerogel particles can be discharged via discharge vessels or continuous decompression. Aerogel particles can be obtained by such a process and the aerogel particles can be used for medical and pharmaceutical applications, as additive or carrier material for additives for foods, as catalyst support, for cosmetic, hygiene, washing and cleaning applications, for production of sensors, for thermal insulation, or as a core material for VIPs.

High rate reactor system

A process and system for upgrading an organic feedstock including providing an organic feedstock and water mixture, feeding the mixture into a high-rate, hydrothermal reactor, wherein the mixture is rapidly heated, subjected to heat, pressure, and turbulent flow, maintaining the heat and pressure of the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo conversion reactions resulting in increased yields of distillate fuels, higher-quality kerosene and diesel fuels, and the formation of high octane naphtha compounds. Hydrocarbon products are cooled at a rate sufficient to inhibit additional reaction and recover of process heat, and depressurizing the hydrocarbon products, and separating the hydrocarbon products for further processing. The process and system can include devices to convert olefinic hydrocarbons into paraffinic hydrocarbons and convert olefinic byproduct gas to additional high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of hydrogenation, alkylation, or oligomerization.

METHOD FOR GRAPHENE OXIDE SYNTHESIS

The invention relates to the field of carbon structure production and, in particular, to a method for synthesis of graphene oxide which is widely used in electronics, medicine, pharmacology and construction industries. 1. A method for synthesis of graphene oxide by oxidizing of ground graphite using sulfuric acid and at least one oxidizer in a medium of supercritical fluid , characterized in that the method includesobtaining of a mixture of sulfuric acid and dry ice in an amount sufficient for the mixture to solidify, and a mixture of at least one oxidizer and dry ice, wherein at least one of said mixtures contains ground graphite;with charging of the obtained mixtures into a high pressure autoclave, and further mixing of the reagents.2. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the mixing of the reagents in the autoclave is performed by rotating and shaking of the autoclave.3. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that potassium permanganate is used as the oxidizer.4. The method according to claim 3 , characterized in that the outer wall of the autoclave is heated to a temperature between 35° C. and 50° C. The invention relates to the field of carbon structure production and, in particular, to a method for synthesis of graphene oxide which is widely used in electronics, medicine, pharmacology and construction industries.Graphene oxide is sphybridized carbon atoms which form a monolayer or a structure having several layers. Graphene oxide has a high specific active surface formed by the layers of the carbon atoms, wherein said carbon layers have a wide range of oxygen-containing functional groups. By using graphene oxide, various nanostructures can be obtained, for example flexible nanofilms, nanocomposites etc. Graphene oxide is used as an effective sorbent of heavy metal ions and a base for bone tissue regeneration, as well as in drug delivery agents, catalysis, and wound treatment. Furthermore, reduced graphene oxide is obtained from ...

PRODUCTION OF UPGRADED PETROLEUM BY SUPERCRITICAL WATER

A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes introducing the petroleum feedstock, water and an auxiliary feedstock. The method includes operating the system to combine the petroleum feedstock and the water to form a mixed petroleum feedstock and introducing separately and simultaneously into a lower portion of an upflowing supercritical water reactor. The auxiliary feedstock is introduced such that a portion of a fluid contained within the upflowing reactor located proximate to the bottom does not lack fluid momentum. An embodiment of the method includes operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the upflowing reactor product fluid is introduced into an upper portion of a downflowing supercritical water reactor. The supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes the upflowing supercritical water reactor and optionally a downflowing supercritical water reactor. 1. A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system , the method comprising the steps of:introducing the petroleum feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing a water into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system; where the auxiliary feedstock comprises supercritical water,', 'where the auxiliary feedstock further comprises aromatic hydrocarbons from a naphtha reformer, where the aromatic hydrocarbons from a naphtha reformer are present in a range of from about 1 weight percent (wt. %) to about 75 wt. % of the auxiliary feedstock;, 'introducing an auxiliary feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system,'}operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the petroleum feedstock and the water combine to form a mixed petroleum feedstock;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the mixed petroleum feedstock and the auxiliary feedstock are introduced ...

MULTIFUNCTION REACTOR

Described herein is a reactor () includes: 11. A reactor () including:{'b': '1', 'a first reaction volume (V),'}{'b': '2', 'a second reaction volume (V),'}wherein:{'b': 1', '1', '1, 'the first reaction volume (V) is in fluid communication with an inlet port for an oxidizer agent (OX_TN), an inlet port for at least one first reactant (R_IN) and an outlet port for at least one reaction product (P_OUT),'}{'b': 2', '2', '2', '1, 'said second reaction volume (V) is in fluid communication with an inlet port for at least one second reactant (R_IN), an outlet port for at least one second reaction product (P_OUT) and is furthermore in thermal exchange relationship with said first reaction volume (V),'}{'b': 1', '2', '1', '2, 'wherein, during operation, in said first reaction volume (V) an oxidation reaction occurs between said at least one first reactant and said oxidizer agent with the formation of said at least one first reaction product, and in said second reaction volume (V) a gasification reaction occurs of said second reactant with the contribution of a thermal energy flow exchanged between the first and the second reaction volumes (V, V) with formation of said at least one second reaction product.'}21. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein said oxidation reaction is a supercritical water oxidation reaction claim 1 , while said gasification reaction is a supercritical water gasification reaction.311221. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein said first reaction volume (V) and said second reaction volume (V) are arranged concentric with one another claim 1 , in particular said second reaction volume (V) is arranged around said first reaction volume (V).41. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein the flow of said at least one reactant is in counter-current with respect to the flow of said at least one second reaction product claim 1 , and wherein the flow of said at least one second reactant is in counter-current with the flow of said at least one ...

METHOD OF INJECTING AND REACTING SUPER-CRITICAL PHASE CARBON DIOXIDE WITHOUT PRESSURE LOSS

Disclosed is provided a method of injecting and reacting super-critical phase COwithout pressure loss. The method includes preparing gas phase CO, producing liquid phase COby pressurizing the prepared gas phase CO, producing super-critical phase COby adjusting a temperature of the produced liquid phase CO, filling incompressible fluid in a reactor and an injection line from an injection unit and pressurizing the incompressible fluid, injecting the produced super-critical phase COinto the reactor, and controlling a pressure of the injected super-critical phase COby a pressure regulating unit.

Pressure Vessel with High-Pressure Window

The present invention relates to a pressure vessel (1) having a pressure vessel wall (1a) which completely surrounds a reaction chamber (2) as a pressure space for the initiation and/or promotion of chemical and/or physical pressure reactions of a sample (P) to be heated which is accommodated in the reaction chamber (2), wherein the pressure vessel wall (1a) has an infrared-permeable high-pressure window (30) which extends away outward in a direction from the reaction chamber (2) and which is supported in the pressure vessel wall (1a) with respect to a pressure in the reaction chamber (2), wherein the pressure vessel (1) furthermore has an infrared to temperature sensor (40) which is situated directly opposite the high-pressure window (30), in order to measure the temperature of a sample (P), accommodated in the reaction chamber (2), during a pressure reaction through the high-pressure window (30).

METHOD OF OUTGASSING A MASK MATERIAL DEPOSITED OVER A WORKPIECE IN A PROCESS TOOL

Embodiments of the invention include methods and apparatuses for outgassing a workpiece prior to a plasma processing operation. An embodiment of the invention may comprise transferring a workpiece having a mask to an outgassing station that has one or more heating elements. The workpiece may then be heated to an outgassing temperature that causes moisture from the mask layer to be outgassed. After outgassing the workpiece, the workpiece may be transferred to a plasma processing chamber. In an additional embodiment, one or more outgassing stations may be located within a process tool that has a factory interface, a load lock coupled to the factory interface, a transfer chamber coupled to the load lock, and a plasma processing chamber coupled to the transfer chamber. According to an embodiment, an outgassing station may be located within any of the components of the process tool. 1. A method for outgassing a workpiece , comprising:transferring a workpiece having a mask to an outgassing station having one or more heating elements;heating the workpiece to an outgassing temperature that causes moisture from the mask layer to be outgassed, wherein heating the workpiece to an outgassing temperature is performed concurrently with at least one other process; andtransferring the workpiece to a plasma processing chamber after the mask layer has been outgassed.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the outgassing station is within a process tool that comprises a factory interface claim 1 , a load lock coupled to the factory interface claim 1 , a transfer chamber coupled to the load lock claim 1 , and the plasma processing chamber coupled to the transfer chamber.3. A method for outgassing a workpiece claim 1 , comprising:transferring a workpiece having a mask to an outgassing station having one or more heating elements;heating the workpiece to an outgassing temperature that causes moisture from the mask layer to be outgassed; andtransferring the workpiece to a plasma processing ...

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE CONTINUOUS HIGH-PRESSURE TREATMENT OF BULK MATERIAL AND USE THEREOF

An apparatus and method for high pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction and/or impregnation may involve high pressure treating bulk material in a high pressure treatment volume of a pressure vessel apparatus at a high pressure level, especially high pressure in the range from 40 to 1000 bar. The method comprises at least the three following step sequences that are each controllable individually: pressurization, high pressure treatment, and depressurization. The high pressure treatment is performed in a continuous manner in the high pressure treatment volume. The high pressure treatment volume or the entire pressure vessel apparatus is in a fixed arrangement during the high pressure treatment. The continuity of the high pressure treatment is ensured solely by means of the high pressure treatment volume. This especially enables engineering optimization of high pressure treatment processes, for example extraction. 116-. (canceled)17. A method for high pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction , wherein the bulk material is disposed in a high pressure treatment volume , which has cavities , of a pressure vessel apparatus and is treated at a high pressure level in a range from 40 to 1000 bar , wherein the method comprises:pressurizing the high pressure treatment volume;high pressure treating the bulk material in a continuous manner in the high pressure treatment volume, with continuity of the high pressure treating being ensured solely by way of the high pressure treatment volume, wherein the high pressure treatment volume or the pressure vessel apparatus is in a fixed arrangement during the high pressure treating, wherein the high pressure treating comprises continuously displacing the bulk material by translation of a translational actuator within the high pressure treatment volume; anddepressurizing the high pressure treatment volume.18. The method of wherein the translational actuator is a piston inserted into an end face of the high pressure ...

Horizontal supercritical fluid foaming autoclave with internal stirring device

The invention discloses a horizontal supercritical fluid foaming autoclave with an internal stirring device, comprising a horizontal autoclave body, an end cover, a stirring driver and a stirring paddle, wherein a stirring shaft of the stirring driver passes through the autoclave body and is connected with the stirring paddle positioned inside the autoclave body. The stirring driver of the invention can drive the stirring paddle to rotate, drive the fluid in the autoclave body to generate convection circulation, increase convection heat transfer, improve a uniform distribution degree of the temperature in the autoclave, enable the temperature in each position in the autoclave body to be consistent, ensure the consistency of the shape and parameters of foamed products, and improve the yield of the products.

Reactor for Substrate Oxidation

A reactor and process for the oxidation of substrates, comprising: a first reaction chamber configured to dissolve substrates in a fluid, the first reaction chamber comprising a linking outlet; the linking outlet being connected to a tubular reaction chamber downstream of the first reaction chamber, conditions in the first reaction chamber being subcritical for the fluid, and conditions in the tubular reaction chamber being supercritical for the fluid carrying the dissolved substrates

NOVEL GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION METHODS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF

Methods and systems for suppressing coking in dehydration reactions catalyzed by solid acids. Dehydration reactions catalyzed by one or more solid acid catalysts can be performed in the presence of a super critical carbon dioxide medium which prevents or minimizes coking of the solid acid catalysts. Methods and systems are provided for producing glycerol products, such as acrolein, acrylic acid, acetol, by performing a dehydration reaction of glycerol using one or more solid acid catalysts in the presence of a super critical carbon dioxide reaction medium. Such methods and systems can be nm for extended periods of time, or continuously, due to catalyst regeneration and/or recycling. Such methods and systems are configured to produce glycerol products from crude glycerol feedstock with minimal pretreatment. 1. A method for producing a glycerol product , comprising exposing glycerol to a solid acid catalyst in a supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide (SCF CO) reaction medium , whereby a glycerol product is produced by solid acid catalyzed dehydration of the glycerol.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein coking of the solid acid catalyst is decreased during the solid acid catalyzed dehydration of the glycerol in the presence of SCF COas compared to solid acid catalyzed dehydration of glycerol in the absence of an SCF COreaction medium.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the active lifetime of the catalyst is extended as compared to the active lifetime of the catalyst during glycerol dehydration in a reaction medium other than SCF CO.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycerol product is selected from the group consisting of acrolein claim 1 , acrylic acid claim 1 , acetol and combinations thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid acid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of heteropoly acids claim 1 , salts of heteropoly acids claim 1 , zeolites claim 1 , metal oxides claim 1 , cation-exchange resins claim 1 , carbonaceous solid acids claim 1 , ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING SODIUM TAURATE AS TAURINE INTERMEDIATE, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING TAURINE

A method for preparing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate is provided in the present disclosure. The method comprises the following steps: providing sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and an ammonia source; and placing the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and the ammonia source in an aminolysis reactor for an aminolysis reaction to obtain a mixture containing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate, wherein the molar ratio of ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is greater than or equal to 25:1. A method for preparing taurine is further provided. 1. A method for preparing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate , comprising:providing sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and an ammonia source; andfeeding the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and the ammonia source into an aminolysis reactor for an aminolysis reaction to obtain a mixture containing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate, wherein a molar ratio of ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is greater than or equal to 25:1.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is in a range of 25:1 to 100:1.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is in a range of 30:1 to 50:1.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:after the aminolysis reaction, separating unreacted ammonia from the mixture with an ammonia separating device, so as to obtain an ammonia-containing gas and the taurine intermediate, respectively, wherein the ammonia separating device is connected to the aminolysis reactor; andcompressing the ammonia-containing gas with a compression unit to obtain a supercritical fluid containing ammonia, and circulating the supercritical fluid to the aminolysis reactor, wherein the compression unit is connected to the ammonia separating device and the aminolysis reactor, respectively.5. The method of ...

PRESSURIZATION TYPE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER, METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER STRUCTURE, AND PRESSURIZATION TYPE APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER

A pressurization type method for manufacturing elementary metal may include a metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation of, in a state where an outlet of a chamber having a substrate is closed, increasing a pressure in the chamber by providing a metal precursor gas consisting of metal precursors, thereby adsorbing the metal precursors onto the substrate, a main purging operation of purging a gas after the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation, a reaction gas dosing operation of providing a reaction gas to reduce the metal precursors adsorbed on the substrate to elementary metal, after the main purging operation, and a main purging operation of purging a gas after the reaction gas dosing operation. 1. A pressurization type method for manufacturing elementary metal , the pressurization type method comprising:a metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation of, in a state where an outlet of a chamber having a substrate is closed, increasing a pressure in the chamber by providing a metal precursor gas consisting of metal precursors, thereby adsorbing the metal precursors onto the substrate;a main purging operation of purging a gas after the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation;a reaction gas dosing operation of providing a reaction gas to reduce the metal precursors adsorbed on the substrate to elementary metal, after the main purging operation; anda main purging operation of purging a gas after the reaction gas dosing operation.2. The pressurization type method of claim 1 , wherein the pressure in the chamber ranges from 0.3 Torr to 100 Torr in the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation.3. The pressurization type method of claim 1 , wherein a surface coverage of the metal precursors adsorbed on the substrate is 90% or more in the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation.4. The pressurization type method of claim 1 , wherein the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation includes at least two ...

Removing Particulates

In a solid waste treatment system comprising an autoclave () not having a particulate filter at its outlet, a method of removing particulates suspended in steam discharged from the autoclave following processing of solid waste is disclosed. The method includes discharging steam from the autoclave; routing the steam to the inlet () of a separation vessel () that further includes an outlet () and a baffle () between the inlet and the outlet; and collecting particulates () that drop from suspension in the steam at the bottom of the separation vessel. The baffle is configured so that steam is incident upon the baffle to reduce its flow velocity. 1. In a solid waste treatment system comprising an autoclave not having a particulate filter at its outlet , a method of removing particulates suspended in steam discharged from the autoclave following processing of solid waste , the method comprising the steps of:discharging steam from the autoclave;routing the steam to the inlet of a separation vessel that further includes an outlet and a baffle between said inlet and said outlet, whereby the baffle is so configured so that steam is incident upon the baffle to reduce its flow velocity; andcollecting particulates that drop from suspension in the steam at the bottom of the separation vessel.2. The method of claim 1 , in which the baffle is configured to extend perpendicularly with respect to the flow of the steam at the inlet.3. The method of claim 2 , in which the baffle extends downwardly to force the steam on a U-shaped path.4. The method of claim 1 , in which a filter is provided after the outlet of the separation vessel.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising the step of:charging the autoclave with steam routed from a steam storage system via the outlet and then the inlet of the separation vessel, thereby forcing particulates caught in the filter to be removed therefrom and to drop to the bottom of the separation vessel.6. The method of claim 5 , in which the ...

Alignment systems employing actuators providing relative displacement between lid assemblies of process chambers and substrates, and related methods

Alignment systems employing actuators provide relative displacement between lid assemblies of process chambers and substrates, and related methods are disclosed. A process chamber includes chamber walls defining a process volume in which a substrate may be placed and the walls support a lid assembly of the process chamber. The lid assembly contains at least one of an energy source and a process gas dispenser. Moreover, an alignment system may include at least one each of a bracket, an interface member, and an actuator. By attaching the bracket to the chamber wall and securing the interface member to the lid assembly, the actuator may communicate with the bracket and the interface member to provide relative displacement between the chamber wall and the lid assembly. In this manner, the lid assembly may be positioned relative to the substrate to improve process uniformity across the substrate within the process chamber.

SUPERCRITICAL HYDROCYCLOTRON AND RELATED METHODS

A supercritical hydrocyclotron for transforming one or more selected polymeric materials into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical or near-supercritical water reaction that enable the rapid and economic conversion of solid biomass and/or waste plastic materials (i.e., organic materials) into smaller liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon molecules—smaller hydrocarbon molecules that, in turn, are useful as chemical feedstock materials including, for example, liquid transportation fuels and bio-adhesives. The innovative supercritical hydrocyclonic systems and related mobile units disclosed herein comprise, in combination, (1) a supercritical water (or near-supercritical water) treatment system for converting organic materials into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, and (2) a hydrocyclonic separation system for recovering the smaller hydrocarbon molecules from the combined water/hydrocarbon effluent. 1. A supercritical hydrocyclotron for transforming one or more selected organic materials into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical or near-supercritical water reaction , comprising:a conveyor having an inlet and a downstream outlet;a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold, wherein the inlet manifold forms a ring having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals, wherein the plurality of exit portals is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring;a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is adjacent and fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the conveyor, and (ii) the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals of the inlet manifold, and wherein the inlet end of the reactor also comprises an axially aligned occlusion having one or more through-holes, wherein the tubular reactor is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet of the ...

PRODUCTION METHODS FOR IRON FULVATE SOLUTION, IRON HYDROXIDE FULVATE SOLUTION AND POLYSILICA-IRON FULVATE SOLUTION

An iron fulvate solution production method capable of producing an iron fulvate solution efficiently within a short period of time is provided. The method comprises: preparing a processing apparatus which comprises: a hermetic container internally having a closeable processing space; a steam jetting device operable to jet high-temperature and high-pressure steam into the hermetic container; a supply section for supplying a raw material into the hermetic container; and a discharge section for discharging, to the outside, a processed liquid produced through processing of the raw material by the steam; inputting a raw material from the supply section into the processing space of the hermetic container of the processing apparatus, wherein the raw material comprises a woody plant material (and/or a herbaceous plant material) and an iron material, as main sub-raw materials; subjecting the raw material to a subcritical water reaction processing, under stirring, while introducing steam having a temperature of 120 to 250° C. and a pressure of 5 to 35 atm for a woody plant material, or steam having a temperature of 100 to 200° C. and a pressure of 2 to 25 atm for a herbaceous plant material, into the processing space in which the raw material is input, to obtain a mixed solution containing iron fulvate; and separating the iron fulvate from the obtained mixed solution to take out an iron fulvate solution. 1. A method for production of an iron fulvate solution , comprising:preparing a processing apparatus which comprises: a hermetic container internally having a closeable processing space; a steam jetting device operable to jet high-temperature and high-pressure steam into the hermetic container; a supply section for supplying a raw material into the hermetic container; and a discharge section for discharging, to the outside, a processed liquid produced through processing of the raw material by the steam;inputting a raw material from the supply section into the processing space ...

DEVICE AND PROCESS UNDER CONDITIONS CLOSE TO THE SUPERCRITICAL RANGE OR UNDER SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS

A process including introducing, into a device, an aqueous fluid containing at least one inorganic salt, the water of the aqueous fluid being in supercritical conditions or close to the supercritical range in the device, and measuring the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt in the device, this measurement preferably being carried out before the entry of the inorganic salt into the device, Then bringing the inorganic salt into contact with an aqueous flow containing at least one hydroxide salt to obtain in the device an aqueous fluid mixture containing an inorganic salt and a hydroxide salt and adjusting the concentration or amount of the hydroxide salt as a function of the concentration or amount of the inorganic salt needed to at least partially solubilize the inorganic salt. Preferably the measurement of the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt leaving the device is also performed. 1. A process comprising the steps of:entering, into a device, an aqueous fluid containing at least one inorganic salt, the water of the aqueous fluid in the device being under supercritical conditions or close to the supercritical range,measuring the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt in the device, wherein this measurement is preferably carried out before the entry of the inorganic salt into the device,contacting the inorganic salt with an aqueous stream containing at least one hydroxide salt, so as to obtain an aqueous fluid mixture in the device containing an inorganic salt and a hydroxide salt, andadjusting the concentration or amount of the hydroxide salt as a function of the concentration or amount of the inorganic salt needed to at least partially solubilize the inorganic salt, and, preferably, the measurement of the concentration or the quantity of inorganic salt leaving the device.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein adjusting the concentration or the amount of the hydroxide salt according to the concentration or the amount of the ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING CALCIUM OXIDE USING A MULTISTAGE SUSPENSION PREHEATER KILN

The disclosure discloses a method for preparing calcium oxide using multistage suspension preheater kiln. The steps of the method are: (1) the limestone powder is fed to the multistage suspension preheater kiln for preheating to 800° C. to 900° C.; (2) A preheated material is fed to a decomposition furnace, and calcined at 900° C. to 1100° C. for 25 s to 35 s; (3) A calcined material is fed to a rotary kiln, and calcined at 1100° C. to 1300° C. for 25 to 35 minutes, and finally cooled to obtain calcium oxide. 1. A method for preparing calcium oxide using a multistage suspension preheater kiln , wherein the method comprises steps of:(1) feeding limestone powder to the multistage suspension preheater kiln for preheating to 800° C. to 900° C.;(2) feeding a preheated material to a decomposition furnace and calcining at 900° C. to 1100° C. for 25 s to 35 s;(3) feeding a calcined material to a rotary kiln and calcining at 1100° C. to 1300° C. for 25 min to 35 min; cooling to obtain calcium oxide.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the multistage suspension preheater kiln comprises six-stage hot flue gas cyclones that are sequentially connected to a hot gas duct; the hot gas duct conveys hot flue gas upward; a first-stage hot flue gas cyclone on the hot gas duct is the topmost hot flue gas cyclone claim 1 , and a material outlet of a fifth-stage hot flue gas cyclone connects to an inlet of a decomposition furnace.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein a gas temperature in the first-stage hot flue gas cyclone is lower than that in a second-stage hot flue gas cyclone;the second-stage hot flue gas cyclone has a gas temperature of 400° C. to 500° C. and a negative pressure of −4 kPa to −5 kPa;a third-stage hot flue gas cyclone has a gas temperature of 500° C. to 600° C. and a negative pressure of −3.5 kPa to −4.5 kPa;a fourth-stage hot flue gas cyclone has a gas temperature of 600° C. to 700° C. and a negative pressure of −2.5 kPa to −3.5 kPa;the fifth-stage hot ...

VACUUM PROCESSING DEVICE AND VACUUM PROCESSING METHOD

A vacuum processing device and a vacuum processing method that strongly chuck and hold an insulating substrate when plasma processing is performed are provided. The vacuum processing device includes a vacuum chamber that is grounded; a vacuum evacuation device connected to the vacuum chamber; a chuck device arranged inside the vacuum chamber; a chuck power supply for applying an output voltage to a single-pole type electrode provided in the chuck device; a plasma generation gas introduction device for introducing a plasma generation gas into the vacuum chamber; and a plasma generation portion which converts the plasma generation gas into plasma. An object to be processed is arranged on the chuck device; and the chuck power supply applies an output voltage to the single-pole type electrode while the plasma is being generated inside the vacuum chamber; and the object to be processed is processed by the plasma while the object to be processed is being chucked by the chuck device. An insulating substrate is used as the object to be processed and the chuck power supply applies the output voltage that periodically changes between a positive voltage and a negative voltage to the single-pole type electrode. 1. A vacuum processing device , comprising:a vacuum chamber connected to a ground potential;a vacuum evacuation device connected to the vacuum chamber;a chuck device arranged inside the vacuum chamber;a single-pole type electrode provided in the chuck device;a chuck power supply electrically connected to the single-pole type electrode;a plasma generation gas introduction device for introducing a plasma generation gas into the vacuum chamber; anda plasma generation portion which generates plasma of the plasma generation,wherein an object to be processed is arranged on the chuck device, the chuck power supply applying a chuck voltage to the single-pole type electrode while the plasma is being generated inside the vacuum chamber and the object to be processed is processed ...

Method for manufacturing organic thin-film element, apparatus for manufacturing organic thin-film element, method for forming organic film, and method for manufacturing organic el element

A method for reducing an internal pressure of a vacuum chamber while preventing impurity contamination within the vacuum chamber as much as possible. The method includes: rough pumping reducing an internal pressure of a vacuum chamber ( 1 ) by using a roughing pump ( 2 ), the roughing pump ( 2 ) being a mechanical pump that is capable of reducing the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber ( 1 ) to be less than 15 Pa; main pumping reducing the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber ( 1 ) by using a main pump ( 3 ) after the rough pumping, the main pump ( 3 ) being a non-mechanical pump. Transition from the rough pumping to the main pumping is performed when the internal pressure of the vacuum chamber ( 1 ) is no less than 15 Pa.

MACHINE AND METHODS FOR TRANSFORMING BIOMASS AND/OR WASTE PLASTICS VIA SUPERCRITICAL WATER REACTION

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical water—thereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., “neodiesel”), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usage—thereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. A machine for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water reaction , comprising:an extruder having an inlet and a downstream outlet, wherein the downstream outlet is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder;a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold;a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the extruder, and the inlet manifold, and wherein the outlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to;a first downstream chamber; and ...

Hinged baffle for autoclave that deploys at a target temperature during a run cycle

Apparatus and methods for operating an autoclave. One embodiment includes a baffle located in an autoclave during a run cycle of the autoclave. A release mechanism secures the baffle in a retracted position during the run cycle, and automatically releases the baffle to a deployed position during the run cycle, when a temperature inside of the autoclave reaches a target temperature, to alter airflow within the autoclave.

HORIZONTAL SELF-BALANCING SUPERCRITICAL REACTION APPARATUS

A horizontal self-balancing supercritical reaction apparatus, comprising a pressure vessel, a high pressure air compression apparatus, and at least one reactor arranged within the pressure vessel. The reactor is internally provided with front and rear pistons, two ends of the reactor are sealed by the reactor front piston and the reactor rear piston, a pressure medium is filled between the reactor front piston and an inner wall of the pressure vessel, the reactor rear piston is connected to a rear piston driving motor by a rear piston push rod, the reactor is provided with a water inlet and a water/air outlet which are controlled by valves, the reactor is internally provided with a heating apparatus, and the high pressure air compression apparatus is connected to the inside of the reactor. The present invention utilises a pressure self-balancing system, which significantly improves the stress characteristics of the reactor. 1. A horizontal self-balancing supercritical reaction apparatus , characterized by comprising a pressure vessel , a high-pressure air compression unit and at least one reactor provided in the pressure vessel;wherein a front piston and a rear piston are provided inside the reactor, two ends of the reactor are closed by the front piston of the reactor and the rear piston of the reactor, respectively; a pressure medium is filled between the front piston of the reactor and the inner wall of the pressure vessel; the rear piston of the reactor is connected with a rear piston driving motor through a rear piston push rod; a valve-controlled water inlet and a water/gas outlet are provided in the reactor, and a heating unit is provided inside the reactor;the high-pressure air compression unit communicates with the interior of the reactor.2. The apparatus as described in claim 1 , further comprising a pressure reducing buffer unit claim 1 , wherein the pressure reducing buffer unit comprises a piston claim 1 , a cylinder claim 1 , a piston push rod and a ...

Steam-explosion equipment and method for treatment of organic material

A continuous-flow steam explosion reactor for pretreatment of organic material for further processing to value-added products is provided. The reactor comprises a loading section, a high-pressure retention section with an adjustable-speed conveyor, a pressure relief section and a discharge section. The reactor comprises means for providing steam into at least said high-pressure retention section and means for providing pressurized gas (e.g. air) to further boost pressure. The loading section is suitably configured to transfer material from ambient pressure to the high-pressure retention section while retaining high pressure and temperature in the high-pressure retention section, and the pressure relief section configured to transfer material from the high-pressure retention section to a discharge section while retaining high pressure in the high-pressure retention section. The pressure relief section is configured to release material with a drop in pressure to said discharge section while retaining high pressure in the high-pressure retention section.

SOLVENT SEPARATION METHOD AND SOLVENT SEPARATION APPARATUS

A separation method and a separation apparatus for a solvent extracted by supercritical extraction. The separation method increases a solvent recovery rate by minimizing the amount of a solvent to be evaporated and lost since the pressure of a solvent is reduced by arranging two or more separators in series. The method includes: introducing a fluid having passed through a supercritical extractor into a first flash vessel; introducing the fluid which has passed through the first flash vessel into a second flash vessel; and discharging and recovering the carbon dioxide and the solvent which have passed through the second flash vessel, respectively. The pressure of the first flash vessel is 40-100 bar, and the pressure of the second flash vessel is 1-30 bar. The fluid includes carbon dioxide and a solvent. 1. A solvent separation method comprising:1) introducing a fluid having passed through a supercritical extractor into a first flash vessel, wherein the fluid comprises carbon dioxide and a solvent;2) introducing the fluid which has passed through the first flash vessel into a second flash vessel; and3) discharging and recovering the carbon dioxide and the solvent which have passed through the second flash vessel, respectively,wherein the pressure of the first flash vessel is 40-100 bar, and the pressure of the second flash vessel is 1-30 bar.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperatures of the first flash vessel and the second flash vessel are individually maintained at 10-30° C.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein discharging and recovering the solvent is carried out at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the supercritical extractor is maintained at a pressure of 73.8-300 bar and a temperature of 31.1-80° C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is pressurized and liquefied through a compressor and a heat exchanger connected to an upper portion of the second flash vessel and recovered in a liquid state in a ...

DIRECT AIR CAPTURE DEVICE

A vacuum chamber () for a direct air capture process and enclosing an interior space () for housing an adsorber structure () is given comprising a contiguous circumferential wall structure () along an axis (), which circumferential wall structure () in an axial direction is closed by an inlet and an outlet axial wall (), respectively, both axial walls () comprising at least one closing stainless steel lid () allowing for, in an open position, gas to be circulated through the vacuum chamber () for passing an adsorber structure (), and, in a closed position, to close the interior space () and to allow evacuation of the interior space () down to pressure of 500 mbaror less. 2. The vacuum chamber according to claim 1 , wherein the lid is a circular steel plate claim 1 , with a diameter in the range 0.75-1.25 m claim 1 , and/or with a thickness in the range of 6-10 mm.3. The vacuum chamber according to claim 1 , wherein the lid is a flap valve actuated with an actuation mechanism located exclusively at the face of the lid opposite to the interior space claim 1 , wherein in the open position the lid is brought into a position where its plane is aligned and essentially coinciding with said axis.4. The vacuum chamber according to claim 3 , wherein the actuation mechanism comprises a drive lever.5. The vacuum chamber according to claim 1 , wherein the axial walls and the lids in their open state allow for a flow cross-section which is at least 20% of the flow cross-section as defined by the contiguous circumferential wall structure.6. The vacuum chamber comprising a circumferential wall structure having a rectangular or square cross-section and being formed by four planar steel plates with a thickness in the range of 2-8 mm claim 1 , each with an axial length in the range of 0.6-2.0 m or 0.7-1.8 m claim 1 , and each with a width in the range of 0.6-1.8 m claim 1 , andwherein each steel plate or stainless steel plate, on its side facing away from the interior space, is ...

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.15 g/cm, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g, 20 m/g, 25 m/g, 30 m/g, 32 m/g, 34 m/g, or 35 m/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided. 1. A composition , comprising particles including at least 95% by weight of a taxane , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , wherein the particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel claim 1 , docetaxel claim 1 , and cabazitaxel claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.5. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 20 m/g.6. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 40 m/g.7. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 20 m/g and about 40 m/g.8. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is docetaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.10. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of at least 20 m/g.11. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 50 m/g.12. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 20 m/g and about 50 m/g.13. The composition ...

METAL-ORGANIC GELS AND METAL-ORGANIC AEROGELS FORMED FROM NANOFIBRES OF COORDINATION POLYMERS

The present invention relates to metal-organic gels and metal-organic aerogels made of dithiooxamidate (DTO) or rubeanate ligand-based coordination polymers, method for preparing thereof and use in chemical species capture, separation and/or catalysis, environmental cleanup, metal recovery, passive sampling, among others. 1. A metal-organic gel comprising a metal-organic matrix of cross-linked nanometric fibers , wherein said nanometric fibers comprise coordination polymer chains of general formula (M-DTO) , where M is a transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals; DTO is dithiooxamidate; and n is the number of M-DTO repeating units forming the coordination polymer , n being a number greater than or equal to 10; wherein the metal-organic gel is in monolithic form.2. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein the nanometric fibers have a diameter between 2 and 300 nanometers.3. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein the nanometric fibers have a length comprised between 0.1 and 30 μm.4. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein M is a transition metal selected from Cr claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Au claim 1 , Cd claim 1 , Pt and a mixture thereof.5. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein it further comprises between 60 and 99% by weight of a solvent with respect to the total weight of the metal-organic gel.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the transition metal salt is selected from nitrate claim 6 , chloride claim 6 , perchlorate claim 6 , bromide claim 6 , sulfate claim 6 , acetate and other organic carboxylates.8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the transition metal salt is selected from a Cr claim 6 , Mn claim 6 , Fe claim 6 , Co claim 6 , Ni claim 6 , Cu claim 6 , Zn claim 6 , Pd claim 6 , Rh claim 6 , Ru claim 6 , Ag claim 6 , Au claim 6 , Cd claim 6 , Pt salt claim ...

CARBON FOAMS, DOPED CARBON COMPOSITES, PROCESSES FOR FABRICATING CARBON FOAMS AND DOPED CARBON COMPOSITES, AND USES THEREOF

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to carbon foams, processes for forming carbon foams, doped carbon composites, processes for forming doped carbon composites, and uses thereof, e.g., as electrodes. Processes described herein relate to fabrication of carbon foam and materials derived from the pyrolyzation of biomass at supercritical and subcritical conditions for CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof. The process includes exposing biomass to CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof under various parameters for temperature, pressure, heating rate and fluid flow rate. Silicon-carbon composites and sulfur-carbon composites for use as, e.g., electrodes, are also described. 1. A process for forming a carbon foam , comprising:processing biomass into a feedstock, the feedstock comprising a plurality of particles having a particle size of about 30 μm to about 1 mm;loading the feedstock into a reactor, the reactor disposed inside a furnace; and [{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'pressurizing the reactor with CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof, the CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof in a supercritical state or subcritical state, wherein the pressure of the reactor is from about 4.1 MPa to about 10.5 MPa;'}, {'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'contacting the feedstock with the CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof;'}, 'heating the furnace at a heat rate of about 10° C./min to about 50° C./min until the reactor reaches a specified temperature of about 450° C. to about 550° C.; and', 'exposing the reactor to the specified temperature for a period of about ten minutes to about 1 hour to form the carbon foam., 'pyrolyzing the feedstock to form the carbon foam, comprising2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon foam has:a bulk density of about 0.2 g/mL to about 0.6 g/mL;a plurality of pores, the pores having an average pore diameter of about 20 μm to about 200 μm;an ultimate compressive strength of about 0.1 MPa to about 2.0 MPa;{'sup': −8', '5, 'an electrical conductivity of ...

PLANT FOR WASTE DISPOSAL AND ASSOCIATED METHOD

A plant for the disposal of wastes includes a supercritical water oxidation reactor, a supercritical water gasification reactor, and a feeding system configured for feeding at least two organic currents of wastes to the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and configured for feeding at least one aqueous flow within said plant. The feeding system is configured for feeding the at least one aqueous current with a series flow through the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor. The feeding system is configured for feeding the at least two organic currents of wastes with a parallel flow through the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and so as to selectively feed each of the organic currents of wastes to the supercritical water oxidation reactor or to the supercritical water gasification reactor. 1. A plant for the disposal of wastes including:a supercritical water oxidation reactor,a supercritical water gasification reactor,a feeding system configured for feeding at least two organic currents of wastes to said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and configured for feeding at least one aqueous current within said plant,wherein said feeding system is configured for feeding said at least one aqueous current with a series flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor andwherein said feeding system is furthermore configured for feeding said at least two organic currents of wastes with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and so as to selectively feed each of said organic currents of wastes to said supercritical water oxidation reactor or to said supercritical water gasification reactor.2. The plant according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one aqueous current ...

METHOD OF AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING A SLURRY CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPONENTS

A method of and a system for processing a slurry containing organic components, such as biomass, having a water contents of at least 50%, comprises a pump and heater or heat exchanger to bring the liquid in the slurry in a supercritical state. A reactor converts at least a part of the organic components in the slurry. A separator removes gaseous products from the converted slurry. A mixer adds fluid from the converted slurry to the slurry upstream from the reactor. 1. A method of processing a slurry containing organic components having a water contents of at least 50% ,increasing the pressure and temperature of the slurry to bring the water in the slurry in a supercritical state,converting at least a part of the organic components in the slurry andseparating gaseous products from the converted slurry, andmixing fluid with the slurry before converting at least a part of the organic components in the slurry.2. The method according to claim 1 , mixing fluid from the converted slurry with the upstream slurry.3. The method according to claim 1 , comprising mixing fluid with the slurry before liquid in the slurry is brought in a supercritical state.4. The method according to claim 1 , comprising separating gaseous products and/or solids from the fluid in the converted slurry and mixing the fluid thus obtained with the upstream slurry.5. The method according to claim 1 , comprising exchanging heat between the converted slurry and slurry before conversion.6. The method according to claim 5 , comprising exchanging heat between the converted slurry and the upstream slurry to heat the latter to a temperature above the critical temperature.7. The method according to claim 1 , comprising reducing the percentage of water in the slurry.8. The method according to claim 1 , comprising adding a fuel to the slurry before converting at least part of the organic components in the slurry.9. A system for processing a slurry containing organic components having a water contents of at least ...

NANOSTRUCTURED BACTERIA-RESISTANT POLYMER MATERIALS

Methods for creating nanostructured surface features on polymers and polymer composites involve application of low pressure during curing of solid polymer material from a solvent solution. The resulting nanoscale surface features significantly decrease bacterial growth on the surface. Polymer materials having the nanoscale structuring can be used in implantable medical devices to inhibit bacterial growth and infection. 1. A polymer material comprising a nanostructured surface , the material produced by a method comprising the steps of:(a) providing a solution comprising a polymer material dissolved in an organic solvent; and(b) evaporating the solvent from the organic solvent solution at low pressure sufficient for nanostructuring a surface of the polymer material, whereby the polymer material solidifies into a solid form comprising the polymer material, wherein the surface of the polymer material is nanostructured.2. The polymer material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of poly-lactic co-glycolic acid (PLGA) claim 1 , polyurethane claim 1 , polycaprolactone claim 1 , poly-ether-ether-ketone (PEEK) claim 1 , polyethylene claim 1 , polypropylene claim 1 , polypyrrole claim 1 , and polystyrene.3. The polymer material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material comprises two or more different polymers.4. The polymer material of claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is a composite material.5. The polymer material of claim 1 , wherein the organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of chloroform claim 1 , dimethyl formamide (DMF) claim 1 , acetone claim 1 , chlorobenzene claim 1 , cyclohexanone claim 1 , cyclopentanone claim 1 , dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) claim 1 , nitrobenzene claim 1 , 1 claim 1 , 2-dichlorobenzene claim 1 , diisopropyl ketone claim 1 , dioxane claim 1 , ethylene chloride claim 1 , isophorone claim 1 , toluene claim 1 , and mesityl oxide.6. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the low ...

SUPERCRITICAL REACTOR SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PETROLEUM UPGRADING

Provided herein are supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based composition by using one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors that alternate functions such that the supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor. The supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor. The supercritical reactors may have one or more catalyst layers and one or more purging fluid inlets, and the catalyst layers may have differing void volume ratios. 1. A process for upgrading a petroleum-based composition comprising:combining a supercritical water stream with a pressurized, heated petroleum-based composition in a mixing device to create a combined feed stream,introducing the combined feed stream into an upgrading reactor system comprising one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors,where the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor both operate at a temperature greater than a critical temperature of water and a pressure greater than a critical pressure of water,where the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor both comprise at least one catalyst layer, andupgrading the combined feed stream in the supercritical upgrading reactor to produce an upgraded product;cleaning the supercritical standby reactor by passing a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor, while the upgrading step is being performed in the supercritical upgrading reactor; andalternating functions of the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor, such that the supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor undergoing a ...

Nozzle Assembly and Methods for Use

The present disclosure provides an apparatus and methods of use for isolating particles. An example apparatus includes (a) a vessel defining a pressurizable chamber, wherein the vessel includes a distal end and a proximal end, (b) an inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel, (c) a nozzle positioned within the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an inlet tube in fluid communication with the inlet of the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an outlet aperture, wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter a distance between the proximal end of the vessel and the outlet aperture of the nozzle, and wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter an angle between a longitudinal axis of the vessel and a longitudinal axis of the nozzle, and (d) an outlet of the pressurizable chamber at the distal end of the vessel. 1. A nozzle assembly , comprising:a vessel defining a pressurizable chamber, wherein the vessel includes a distal end and a proximal end;an inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel;a nozzle positioned within the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an inlet tube in fluid communication with the inlet of the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an outlet aperture, wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter a distance between the proximal end of the vessel and the outlet aperture of the nozzle, and wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter an angle between a longitudinal axis of the vessel and a longitudinal axis of the nozzle; andan outlet of the pressurizable chamber at the distal end of the vessel.2. The nozzle assembly of claim 1 , further comprising:a second inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel.3. The nozzle assembly of claim 1 , wherein the inlet of the pressurizable chamber is in fluid communication with a first reservoir and a second reservoir.4. The nozzle assembly of claim 2 , wherein the inlet of the pressurizable chamber ...

High Pressure Homogenizer And Method For Manufacturing Graphene Using The Same

The present invention relates to a high pressure homogenizer and a method for manufacturing graphene using the same, and according to one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a high pressure homogenizer comprising a channel module which comprises a microchannel through which an object for homogenization passes, wherein the channel module comprises at least one baffle disposed so as to partition the microchannel into a plurality of spaces and the baffle is provided so as to partition the microchannel into two spaces along the width direction or the height direction.

Vacuum pressure transformation vessel and method of use

A method of forming a ceramic-metal composite part is described herein. The method includes maintaining molten metal in an interior of a housing in a liquefied state, the interior including a first chamber, a second chamber, and a port defined therebetween. The method further includes sealing the port such that the molten metal in the first chamber is maintained at a first liquid level, suspending a part at a height within the first chamber above the first liquid level, forming a pressure differential between the first chamber and the second chamber, unsealing the port such that molten metal from the second chamber flows into the first chamber, and resealing the port when the molten metal in the first chamber reaches a second liquid level such that the ceramic part is submerged in the molten metal.

SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS, SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD, AND RECORDING MEDIUM

A substrate processing apparatus performs: a pressure raising process of raising a pressure within the processing container to a processing pressure higher than a critical pressure of the processing fluid, after the substrate is accommodated in the processing container; and a circulation process of supplying the processing fluid to the processing container and discharging the processing fluid from the processing container while keeping a pressure at which the processing fluid is maintained in the supercritical state, within the processing container. In the pressure raising process, the supply of the processing fluid from the second fluid supply unit is stopped and the processing fluid is supplied from the first fluid supply unit into the processing container until at least the pressure within the processing container reaches the critical pressure. In the circulation process, the processing fluid is supplied into the processing container from the second fluid supply unit. 1. A substrate processing apparatus for drying a substrate having a liquid adhering to a surface thereof , using a processing fluid in a supercritical state , the substrate processing apparatus comprising:a processing container;a substrate holder configured to horizontally hold the substrate within the processing container in a state in which the surface of the substrate is directed upwards;a first fluid supply unit provided below the substrate held by the substrate holder, and configured to supply a pressurized processing fluid;a second fluid supply unit provided at a side of the substrate held by the substrate holder, and configured to supply a pressurized processing fluid;a fluid discharge unit configured to discharge a processing fluid from the processing container; anda controller configured to control operations of the first fluid supply unit, the second fluid supply unit, and the fluid discharge unit,wherein the controller causes the substrate processing apparatus to execute:a pressure ...

DEVICE COMPRISING A PRESSURE-BEARING DEVICE SHELL AND AN INTERIOR SCAFFOLDING SYSTEM

An apparatus contains at least one pressure-rated apparatus shell and at least one modular framework system containing ceramic fiber composite materials and arranged within the apparatus shell. A modular lining apparatus includes the modular framework system and. refractory bricks. The apparatus can be used for high-temperature reactors, especially electrically heated high-temperature reactors. 1. An apparatus , comprising:at least one pressure-rated apparatus shell; andat least one modular framework system comprising two different types of framework elements and being arranged within the apparatus shell;wherein multiple transverse elements form at least one prism or one cylinder and multiple lateral elements project into the interior of the prism or cylinder;wherein the multiple transverse elements and the multiple lateral elements can be inserted into one another and/or can be connected with the aid of one or more connecting elements;wherein a material of the framework elements comprises a ceramic fiber composite material.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one modular framework system is self-supporting.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the material of the framework elements comprises an oxidic fiber composite material.4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the transverse elements take the form of corrugated claim 1 , angled claim 1 , or flat sheets or of cylindrical shells claim 1 , andthe lateral elements take the form of corrugated or flat sheets.5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the apparatus has multiple layers formed from transverse elements and arranged one on top of another.6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein multiple parallel transverse elements or transverse elements in the form of concentric elliptical arcs in a radial direction are used claim 1 , and in a top view these are arranged as concentric polygons claim 1 , or concentric ellipses.7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , ...

PRESSURIZATION TYPE METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER, METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER STRUCTURE, AND PRESSURIZATION TYPE APPARATUS FOR MANUFACTURING METAL MONOATOMIC LAYER

A pressurization type method for manufacturing elementary metal may include a metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation of, in a state where an outlet of a chamber having a substrate is closed, increasing a pressure in the chamber by providing a metal precursor gas consisting of metal precursors, thereby adsorbing the metal precursors onto the substrate, a main purging operation of purging a gas after the metal precursor gas pressurization dosing operation, a reaction gas dosing operation of providing a reaction gas to reduce the metal precursors adsorbed on the substrate to elementary metal, after the main purging operation, and a main purging operation of purging a gas after the reaction gas dosing operation. 1. A pressurization type apparatus for manufacturing elementary metal , the pressurization type apparatus comprising:an inlet into which a metal precursor gas consisting of metal precursors, an inert gas, a reaction gas, and an inert gas are sequentially provided;a chamber connected to the inlet and configured to receive a substrate;an outlet through which a gas injected in the chamber is exhausted; anda controller increasing a pressure in the chamber to adsorb the metal precursor gas onto the substrate in a state where an inside of the chamber having the substrate is sealed by closing the outlet, when the metal precursor gas is provided into the chamber.2. The pressurization type apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller controls the pressure in the chamber in a range of 0.3 Torr to 100 Torr when the metal precursor gas is provided into the chamber.3. The pressurization type apparatus of claim 1 , wherein a surface coverage of the metal precursor gas adsorbed on the substrate is 90% or more by the pressure in the chamber.4. The pressurization type apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller provides at least two sub-pressurization dosing pressures and a sub-purging pressure between the at least two sub-pressurization dosing pressures claim 1 ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PURIFYING HYDROGEN PEROXIDE SOLUTIONS

Compositions, methods, devices, and systems for purifying a source liquid from a replenishment stock solution that includes stabilizing agents, such as metal ions, prior to vaporization. Certain embodiments effect the purification with a solid perfluoronated ionomer, such as a perfluoronated ionomer membrane. Advantageously, source liquids purified in this manner provide feed stocks for production of ultra-pure gaseous reagents. As well, performance characteristics of membrane-based vaporizers relying on transport processes are improved. 183-. (canceled)84. A method , which comprises:a) providing a solution comprising hydrogen peroxide or hydrazine and one or more cations;b) contacting the solution with an ion exchange polymer to produce a purified solution having a reduced content of the one or more cations;c) forming a vapor from the purified liquid solution; andd) delivering the vapor to a critical process or application.85. The method of claim 84 , wherein forming the vapor from the purified liquid solution in step c) comprises exposing the purified liquid solution to sub-atmospheric pressure.86. The method of claim 84 , wherein forming the vapor from the purified liquid solution in step c) comprises contacting the purified liquid solution with an ion exchange polymer membrane.87. The method of claim 85 , further comprising passing the vapor through an ion exchange polymer membrane prior to delivering the vapor to the critical process or application.88. The method of claim 86 , further comprising contacting the vapor with a carrier gas to form a combined gas stream and delivering the combined gas stream to the critical process or application.89. The method of claim 84 , wherein the solution is substantially free of water.90. The method of claim 84 , wherein the solution further comprises a non-aqueous excipient.91. The method of claim 90 , wherein the non-aqueous excipient is selected from alcohols claim 90 , phenols claim 90 , lactones claim 90 , amides claim ...

SYNTHESIS OF OXYGEN AND BORON TRIHALOGENIDE FUNCTIONALIZED TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAYERED MATERIALS IN PRESSURIZED MEDIUM

A method that uses a pressurized reactive medium composed of inert solvents such as pressurized liquid or supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (C02), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and reactive dissolved species ozone (03) and/or boron trifluoride (BF3) and general boron trihalogenides (BX3) to react with two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and thereby synthesize covalently oxygen and/or BX3 functionalized exfoliated 2D layered materials. When 2D layered materials are dispersed in these reactive liquids or fluids by ultrasound sonication or high shear mixing, a simultaneous covalent functionalization and exfoliation of the 2D layered materials happens. Following attainment of the required extent of functionalization and exfoliation, the unreacted 03, BX3, SF6 and C02 can be easily removed as gases by decompression leaving behind the solid phase, thereby leading to efficient and economical production of functionalized and exfoliated 2D layered materials. 1. A method for the synthesis of covalently or charge transfer functionalized and exfoliated two-dimensional layered materials comprising:providing a two-dimensional (2D) layered material;providing an inert solvent comprising chemical species that do not participate in any reactions during the synthesis;{'sub': 3', '1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'providing a primary mixture comprising a plurality of components including at least one of the inert solvent and at least one reactive component, the at least one reactive component including at least one of ozone (O) and boron trihalogenide, the boron trihalogenide represented by BXXX, where X, X, and/or Xare selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine;'}setting a temperature and pressure of the primary mixture, wherein the primary mixture is one of liquid and supercritical fluid at the set temperature and pressure;providing a secondary mixture comprising the two-dimensional layered material and the primary mixture, wherein the secondary ...

SIGHT GLASS APPARATUS

A sight glass apparatus for viewing the interior of a pressurised vessel, chamber or a pipe conveying fluid under pressure is described. The sight glass apparatus comprises a sight glass assembly mounted over an opening into the vessel, chamber or pipe, the sight glass assembly comprising a sight glass adjacent the opening which provides a window to the inside of the vessel, chamber or pipe, and a containment vessel mounted behind and/or around the sight glass assembly for containing fluid exiting the opening in the pipe in the event that the sight glass assembly fails. In this way, even if the sight glass assembly fails, the pressurised fluid within the pressurised vessel, chamber or pipe is safely contained. In addition, a secondary sight glass can be provided behind the first, with a liquid or gel, or minimal gap, between the primary and secondary glasses to reduce the likelihood of a failure in the first sight glass triggering failure of the second sight glass, and/or a valve can be provided to automatically isolate the pressure system upon a sight glass failure. 1. A sight glass apparatus for viewing the interior of a pressurized vessel , chamber or a pipe conveying fluid under pressure , the sight glass apparatus comprising:a sight glass assembly mounted over an opening into the vessel, chamber or pipe, the sight glass assembly comprising a sight glass adjacent the opening which provides a window to the inside of the pressurized vessel, chamber or pipe; anda containment vessel mounted at least one of behind or around the sight glass assembly for containing fluid exiting the opening in the pipe in the event that the sight glass assembly fails.2. The sight glass apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the sight glass is a first sight glass claim 1 , and wherein the sight glass apparatus further comprises a second sight glass mounted behind and spaced away from the first sight glass claim 1 , the first and second sight glasses providing a window to the inside of ...

Low cost plate reactor for exothermic reactions

A low cost and versatile plate reactor is capable of producing exothermic reactions under a wide variety of conditions using a wide variety of materials. The reactor design can be used to test various combinations of materials and triggers for exothermic reactions quickly. The reactor design can be used for solid-state materials, wet-cells/electrolytic materials, plasmas, and gases. The design will work with nanoparticles, solid materials, materials plated to a reactor wall, heavy water, or other liquid materials, and gases.

SUPERCRITICAL VESSEL AND RELATED METHODS OF SEPARATING DISSOLVED SOLIDS FROM A FLUID

A supercritical vessel for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution includes a main body defining a separation chamber adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid from which dissolved solids precipitate. The vessel further includes a fluid inlet for receiving fluid solution, a fluid outlet for discharging supercritical fluid, and a precipitate outlet for discharging precipitated solids. The main body is tilted at a tilt angle relative to horizontal such that the fluid inlet is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet and the precipitate outlet, so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet. The fluid inlet may be positioned proximate a first end of the main body, and the fluid outlet and precipitate outlet may be positioned proximate a second end. 1. A supercritical vessel for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution , comprising:a main body defining a separation chamber adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid from which dissolved solids precipitate;a fluid inlet provided on the main body and adapted to direct the fluid solution into the separation chamber;a fluid outlet provided on the main body and adapted to discharge supercritical fluid from the separation chamber; anda precipitate outlet provided on the main body and adapted to discharge the precipitated solids from the separation chamber,wherein the main body is tilted at a tilt angle relative to horizontal such that the fluid inlet is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet and the precipitate outlet, so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet.2. The supercritical vessel of claim 1 , wherein the fluid outlet is diametrically opposed from the precipitate ...

Process and apparatus for the pre-treatment of biomass

A process for pretreatment of biomass and an installation for practicing the process, the process including, as well, the subsequent biological treatment and obtaining of biofuel from the biomass. The process is based on the use of at least one scraped surface exchanger and comprises the following steps: heating the biomass to a temperature equal to or lower than 110° C. in an exchanger; further heating the heated biomass so obtained to a temperature between 150 and 175° C. in a scraped surface exchanger; thermal hydrolyzing the biomass at a temperature between 150 and 175° C.; and cooling the thermal hydrolyzed biomass for the subsequent biological treatment thereof.

Corrosion-resisant surfaces for reactors

Provided herein are corrosion-resistant reactors that can be used for gasification, and methods of making and using the same. Some embodiments include a corrosion-resistant ceramic layer. According to some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant ceramic layer has a negative charge. At temperature above water's critical point (for example, 374CC and at 22.1 MPa I 218 atm), water can behave as an adjustable solvent and can have tunable properties depending on temperature and pressure.

Continuous Synthesis Of Porous Coordination Polymers In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

This disclosure relates generally relates to methods and systems useful for continuous synthesis of materials in super-critical carbon dioxide (sCO). More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods and systems useful for continuous synthesis of coordination polymers, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and/or covalent organic frameworks (COFs), in sCO. 1. A method of preparing a coordination polymer composition under continuous flow conditions , the method comprising:{'sub': 2', '2, 'providing a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO) and one or more coordination polymer precursors to a mixing section to obtain a mixture of the supercritical COand one or more coordination polymer precursors; and'}providing the mixture to a continuous flow reactor for a period of time sufficient to obtain the coordination polymer composition.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coordination polymer is metal-organic framework (MOF) claim 1 , covalent organic framework (COF) claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor and the mixing section are maintained at a temperature sufficient to obtain the coordination polymer composition and/or maintain supercritical conditions.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sufficient temperature is in a range of 30° C. to 600° C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor and the mixing section are maintained at a pressure sufficient to maintain supercritical conditions.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the sufficient pressure is in a range of 7.3 MPa to 30 MPa.7. (canceled)8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is provided to the reactor at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min to 100 mL/min.9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising{'sub': 2', '2, 'providing gaseous COat a temperature and/or pressure sufficient to form liquid CO; and'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'maintaining liquid COat pressure and/or temperature sufficient to form supercritical CO.'}14. The ...

Autoclave system and method

An autoclave system comprises an autoclave vessel 210, for performing a leaching operation on sacrificial ceramic cores (not shown) and a storage vessel 220 for containing caustic leaching fluid 230. Interposed in a fluid flow path between the vessel 210 and the tank 220 is a heat exchange unit 240, comprising a body 250 containing a thermal exchange medium, in the form of water 260, and first and second thermal exchange conduits represented at 270 and 280. A thermal exchange medium inlet pipe 290a and a thermal exchange medium outlet pipe 290b are provided to the body so that the medium 260 can be replenished, preferably substantially continuously, to optimize thermal transfer efficiency.

Supercritical reactor systems and processes for petroleum upgrading

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based compositions comprising one or more catalyst layers and, in some embodiments, one or more purging fluid inlets, where one or more catalyst layers at least partially sift and convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions to light hydrocarbon fractions to produce an upgraded supercritical reactor product. In some embodiments, upgrading reactor systems comprise one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors alternating functions such that a supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor, where the supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor.

MODIFIED CERAMICS WITH IMPROVED BIOACTIVITY AND THEIR USE FOR BONE SUBSTITUTE

The present invention concerns ceramics having a modified surface with improved bioactivity, their process of preparation and their use for orthopedics, dentistry or reconstructive surgery, in particular for use as a bone filler. 2. The ceramic according to further comprising fluoroapatite (FHA) and/or chloro-apatite (CLHA).3. The ceramic according to wherein said phosphate is present in anyone of the following forms: Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) (Ca(HPO).HO) claim 1 , Monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA) (Ca(HPO)) claim 1 , Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) (CaHPO) claim 1 , Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) (CaHPO.2HO) claim 1 , Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) (CaH(PO).5HO) claim 1 , α-Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) (α-Ca(PO)) claim 1 , β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (β-Ca(PO)) claim 1 , Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) (Ca(PO)) claim 1 , Hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca(PO)(OH)) claim 1 , Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) (Ca(PO)O) claim 1 , as well as the deficient or ion-substituted calcium orthophosphates. According to an embodiment claim 1 , the modified surface of the ceramic of the invention further comprises one or more additional bioactive components chosen from bioactive ionic species and active ingredients.4. The ceramic according to where its modified surface further comprises one or more additional bioactive components chosen from bioactive ionic species and active ingredients.5. A bone substitute material comprising the modified ceramic according to .6. A metal implant coated with a modified ceramic according to .7. The modified ceramic according to for use for orthopedics claim 1 , dentistry or reconstructive surgery.8. A process for modifying a macroporous calcium phosphate ceramic comprising:hydroxyapatite (HA), ortricalcium phosphate (TCP), ora mixture thereof in the form of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP),Said process comprising:{'sub': '2', 'reacting said ceramic with supercritical COin the presence of an aqueous solution.'}9. The process ...

Supercritical water upgrading process to produce high grade coke

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700° C. to 1900° C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

System for treatment of a biomass material and a method for connecting a valve to a transporting pipe

A system for treatment of a biomass material, said system comprising: a first vessel ( 3 ) in which said biomass material is treated under a first pressure; a second vessel ( 5 ) in which said biomass material is received and held at a second pressure which is lower than the first pressure; a transporting pipe ( 7 ) connecting an outlet ( 9 ) of the first vessel ( 3 ) with an inlet ( 11 ) of the second vessel ( 5 ) for transporting the biomass material from the first vessel to the second vessel; and a valve ( 15; 15′; 15 ) arranged in said transporting pipe ( 7 ), said valve being configured for controlling the flow of biomass material and fluid in the transporting pipe ( 7 ), wherein said transporting pipe ( 7 ) is asymmetrically connected to an outlet ( 33′; 33 ) of said valve ( 15; 15′; 15 ) such that a generated jet stream of biomass material delivered out from the outlet ( 33′; 33 ) of the valve ( 15; 15′; 15 ) is received closer to a transporting pipe longitudinal central axis (A 1 ) than if the outlet ( 33′; 33 ) of the valve ( 15; 15′; 15 ) and the transporting pipe ( 7 ) would have been connected symmetrically.