ОПТИМИЗИРОВАННЫЙ СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ ОТХОДОВ ПУТЕМ ГИДРОТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

Изобретение относится к гидротермическому окислению отходов, содержащихся в сточных водах, и может быть использовано в агропищевой, бумажной, химической, фармацевтической, нефтяной, нефтеперерабатывающей, машиностроительной, металлургической, авиационной и атомной промышленности. Способ гидротермического окисления органических соединений, содержащихся в сточных водах, возможно с неорганическими соединениями и включает инжекцию сточных вод в трубчатый реактор. В трубчатом реакторе сточные воды подвергают сверхкритическому давлению. Температуру потока постепенно повышают от первоначальной температуры до сверхкритической без промежуточного понижения температуры путем введения в трубчатый реактор окислителя в количестве, достаточном для полного окисления органических соединений и возможно для по меньшей мере частичного окисления неорганических соединений. Окислитель вводят по частям в нескольких точках, расположенных по направлению к нижней части реактора. В верхней части трубчатого реактора ...

МНОГОФУНКЦИОНАЛЬНЫЙ РЕАКТОР

Изобретение относится к химическим реакторам для обработки отходов посредством процессов окисления в сверхкритической воде или газификации в сверхкритической воде. Реактор содержит первый реакционный объем, который сообщается по текучей среде с впускным проходом для окисляющего агента, с впускным проходом первого реагента и с выпускным проходом для продукта реакции, и второй реакционный объем, который сообщается по текучей среде с впускным проходом для второго реагента, с выпускным проходом для второго продукта реакции и дополнительно связан с возможностью теплообмена с первым реакционным объемом, причем в процессе работы в первом реакционном объеме происходит реакция окисления между первым реагентом и окисляющим агентом с образованием первого продукта реакции, а во втором реакционном объеме происходит реакция газификации второго реагента с участием потока тепловой энергии, обмен которым происходит между первым и вторым реакционными объемами, с образованием второго продукта реакции. Изобретение ...

Способ получения особочистого мелкокристаллического титаната бария

Изобретение относится к области синтеза мелкокристаллического титаната бария, используемого для изготовления керамических конденсаторов. Способ включает обработку смеси диоксида титана и барийсодержащего реагента в среде на основе пара воды при повышенных температуре и давлении, при этом в качестве барийсодержащего реагента используется моногидрат нитрита бария Ba(NO)⋅HO и обработку реагентов ведут в среде смеси пара воды и аммиака; смесь порошков моногидрата нитрита бария и оксида титана берут в мольном отношении [Ва(NO)⋅НO]/ТiOот 1,0 до 1,3; в реакционном пространстве мольное отношение NHOH/НО=1/5; термообработку смеси реагентов паром, содержащим аммиак, ведут в течение времени от 1 до 16 часов в изотермических условиях при температуре, выбранной в интервале от 250 до 400°С со скоростью нагрева в интервале 50-100°С/ч и давлении пара воды от 3,98 до 26,1 МПа. Обработку паром реакционной смеси реагентов ведут при мольном отношении NHOH/ [Ba(NO)⋅HO]=2,0-3,2. Полученный продукт промывают ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ГОМОПОЛИМЕРОВ ИЛИ СОПОЛИМЕРОВ ЭТИЛЕНА

Изобретение относится к способу получения гомополимеров или сополимеров этилена. Описан способ получения гомополимеров или сополимеров этилена в установке, содержащей трубчатый реактор высокого давления и предварительный нагреватель. Реакционная текучая среда, введенная в реактор, на входе в реактор нагревается в предварительном нагревателе, а средняя скорость реакционной текучей среды в предварительном нагревателе ниже, чем средняя скорость реакционной текучей среды в трубчатом реакторе на входе в реактор. Соотношение средней скорости реакционной текучей среды в трубчатом реакторе к средней скорости реакционной текучей среды в предварительном нагревателе составляет от 1,5:1 до 5:1. Технический результат - получение ПЭНП с более высокой глубиной превращения этилена за реакторный цикл и лучшими оптическими свойствами. 13 з.п. ф-лы, 1 табл., 3 пр., 3 ил.

ОПТИМИЗИРОВАННЫЙ СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ ОТХОДОВ ПУТЕМ ГИДРОТЕРМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

... 1. Способ гидротермического окисления органических соединений, содержащихся в сточных водах, возможно с неорганическими окисляемыми соединениями, в котором указанные сточные воды инжектируют в трубчатый реактор, где сточные воды подвергают сверхдавлению и где температура потока постепенно повышается от своей первоначальной температуры до сверхкритической температуры, обозначенной T, без промежуточного понижения температуры во время повышения до T, путем введения в указанный трубчатый реактор окислителя в количестве, достаточном для полного окисления органических соединений и возможно для по меньшей мере частичного окисления окисляемых неорганических соединений, при этом окислитель вводится по частям в нескольких точках, расположенных по направлению к нижней части реактора, отличающийся тем, что состав и/или концентрация органических и/или неорганических окисляемых соединений в сточных водах, подлежащих обработке, изменяется со временем и тем, что в верхней части трубчатого реактора, где ...

АППАРАТ ДЛЯ ОБРАБОТКИ МАТЕРИАЛОВ В СВЕРХКРИТИЧЕСКИХ ТЕКУЧИХ СРЕДАХ И ЕГО СПОСОБЫ

... 1. Аппарат, содержащий капсулу, выполненную с возможностью содержать сверхкритическую текучую среду; сосуд высокого давления, расположенный вокруг капсулы, причем этот сосуд высокого давления выполнен с возможностью содержать сжатый газ, окружающий капсулу; и устройство регулирования давления, выполненное с возможностью уравновешивать внутреннее давление внутри капсулы с окружающим давлением сжатого газа внутри сосуда высокого давления в ответ на измеренные условия окружающей среды внутри капсулы или сосуда высокого давления. 2. Аппарат по п.1, содержащий датчик давления, расположенный внутри капсулы, причем этот датчик давления выполнен с возможностью измерять внутреннее давление. 3. Аппарат по п.1, содержащий устройство измерения смещения, выполненное с возможностью измерять деформацию капсулы вследствие разности давлений между внутренним давлением и окружающим давлением. 4. Аппарат по п.1, содержащий по меньшей мере одну перфорированную перегородку, размещенную внутри капсулы разделяющей ...

VERFAHREN UND VORRICHTUNG ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON TEILCHEN

ÜBERKRITISCHE MIZELLENTRENNUNG IN DER FLÜSSIG-UMKEHRPHASE.

Mikrowellenunterstützte Erzeugung flüchtiger Stoffe, eines überkritischen Fluids und Vorrichtung dafür

KONTINUIERLICHE VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON FEINEN KERAMISCHEN TEILCHEN.

Verfahren zur schnellen thermischen Anregung einer chemischen Reaktion in einer überkritisch fluiden Lösung

IN SITU VERRINGERUNG DER VERKOKUNG EINES PORÖSEN KATALYSATORS IN EINEM SUPERKRITISCHEN REAKTIONSMEDIUM

VERFAHREN UND REAKTOR ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON NORBORNEN

Kohlenwasserstoff-Reformer

Verfahren zur Reformierung von Kohlenwasserstoffen, ausgewählt aus Mineralöl, Dieselöl, Benzin, Bio-Diesel und Pflanzenöle, in überkritischem Wasser mit den Schritten a) Kompression von Wasser auf einen Druck p1 und Einspeisung in eine Aufheizzone; b) Aufheizen des komprimierten Wassers in einem Kapillarrohrreaktor auf eine Temperatur T1, wobei das Wasser bei dem Druck p1 und der Temperatur T1 im überkritischen Zustand vorliegt; c) Kompression der Kohlenwasserstoffe auf den Druck p1 und Einspeisung in das überkritische Wasser, wobei ein überkritisches Wasser/Kohlenwasserstoff-Gemisch erhalten wird; d) Reagierenlassen des überkritischen Wasser/Kohlenwasserstoff-Gemischs in einem Kapillarrohrreaktor unter überkritischen Bedingungen, wobei die Kohlenwasserstoffe zumindest teilweise mit Wasser zu Kohlenmonoxid, Kohlendioxid und Wasserstoff reagieren; e) Abkühlen des in Schritt d) erhaltenen Produktgemischs auf eine Temperatur T2 und Entspannen auf einen Druck p2, wobei das Produktgasgemisch ...

Alkylation and acylation reactions

HEISGASREAKTOR AND PROCEDURES FOR ITS USE

PROCEDURE AND APPARATUS FOR THE TREATMENT OF SALT STREAM

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF CARBON NANO-MATERIAL

COUNTER CURRENT MIXTURE REACTOR AND ON IT REFERRED PROCESS

SYSTEM AND PROCEDURE FOR HYDROTHERMALEN THE OXIDATION OF WATER-INSOLUBLE ORGANIC ARREARS

PROCEDURE FOR THE ENTERPRISE OF A HIGH PRESSURE ETHYL POLYMERIZATION UNIT

SUPERCRITICAL ONE MIZELLENTRENNUNG IN THE LIQUID REVERSAL PHASE.

RECOVERY OF THE PLATINUM METALS OUT PLATINUM METALS ABSTENTION ORGANIC COMPOSITIONS BY REACTION WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER

PROCEDURE FOR THE TRANSFORMATION AND REDUCTION OF THE SIZE OF FIRM PARTICLES

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF PARTICLES

PROCEDURE AND REACTOR FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NORBORNEN

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF POLYMERS

IN SITU DECREASE OF THE COKING OF A POROUS CATALYST IN A SUPERCRITICAL REACTION MEDIUM

Catalytic supercritical gasification of wet biomass

Method and apparatus for obtaining a suspension of particles

Depolymerization process

Method and reactor for making norbornene

Precious metal recovery from organics-precious metal compositions with supercritical water reactant

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING FATTY ACID ESTERS AND FUELS COMPRISING FATTY ACID ESTER

A process for producing a fatty acid ester with a high yield from an oil or fat and an alcohol which comprises reacting an oil or fat with an alcohol in the presence of a solid base catalyst under conditions in which at least one of the oil or fat and the alcohol is in a supercritical state at a temperature exceeding 260.degree.C.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF TERTIARY-BUTYL HYDROPEROXIDE

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR CONDUCTING CHEMICAL REACTIONS AT SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS

A continuously flowing fluid is processed by being fed to the top of a hydraulic downdraft column (17) which is of a height such that the pressure at the bottom thereof will approximately be at the pressure necessary to create supercritical water conditions. The fluid is conducted to the bottom of the column (17) and received in a reaction chamber (21) in which the majority of the fluid is recirculated around an annular baffle plate (24). The material in the reaction chamber (21) is heated to a temperature above that necessary to create supercritical water conditions by an independent reaction taking place in a heating chamber (32). The result is that the fluid will undergo chemical reactions at the supercritical temperature and pressure range and will be of a lower specific gravity than the unprocessed fluid. The material not being recirculated in the chamber (21) is fed to one of two updraft columns (30, 31), a start-up column (30) used to preheat the material in the downdraft column ...

STERILIZING APPARATUS AND PROCESS

An apparatus is provided for sterilizing laboratory and hospital glassware, liquids, instruments, garments and the like comprising a sterilizer enclosure surrounded by a steam jacket to which steam is supplied at one of two predetermined pressures, means interconnecting the jacket and the interior of the sterilizer, and means responsive to a predetermined temperature setting for the interior of the sterilizer to selectively initiate and discontinue the supply of steam to the jacket. Also provided is a process for sterilizing laboratory and hospital glassware, liquids, instruments, garments and the like in a closed, sealed sterilizer surrounded by a jacket into which steam is introduced to preheat it, the jacket and the interior of the sterilizer being interconnected initially to displace air present within the sterilizer and continuing to be interconnected, the steam being supplied to the jacket at one of two different predetermined pressures while sensing the temperature within the sterilizer ...

A METHOD AND PROCESS FOR CONTROLLING THE TEMPERATURE, PRESSURE-AND DENSITY PROFILES IN DENSE FLUID PROCESSES

The present invention relates to a method of treating a material contained in a vessel. This method involves a fluid present in the vessel and comprises at least one pressurisation step in which the pressure in the vessel is increased and at least one depressurisation step in which the pressure in the vessel is decreased. The invention further relates to an apparatus for executing this method and the products obtained by this method.

PROCESS FOR CONVERSION AND SIZE REDUCTION OF SOLID PARTICLES

A combined process for the conversion of solid starting particles into solid intermediate particles and reducing the median diameter of the intermediate particles to obtain product particles. This process involves flowing a suspension of starting particles through a series of at least two conversion vessels, thereby converting at least part of the starting particles into intermediate particles, adding a supercritical fluid to one or more of the conversion vessels, thereby forming a supercritical suspension, and releasing pressure from the supercritical suspension, thereby expanding the suspension and converting the intermediate particles into product particles.

COUNTER CURRENT MIXING REACTOR

A mixing reactor for mixing efficiently streams of fluids of differing densities. In a preferred embodiment, one of the fluids is supercritical water, and the other is an aqueous salt solution. Thus, the reactor enables the production of metal oxide nanoparticles as a continuous process, without any risk of the reactor blocking due to the inefficient mixing inherent in existing reactor designs.

TAXANE PARTICLES AND THEIR USE

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cm3 and about 0.15 g/cm3, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m2/g, 20 m2/g, 25 m2/g, 30 m2/g, 32 m2/g, 34 m2/g, or 35 m2/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided.

HIGH-RATE REACTOR SYSTEM

A process and system for upgrading an organic feedstock including providing an organic feedstock and water mixture, feeding the mixture into a high-rate reactor, wherein the mixture is subjected to heat and pressure, maintaining the heat and pressure to the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo a reforming reaction resulting in the formation of high octane hydrocarbon products, cooling the hydrocarbon products at a rate sufficient to inhibit additional reaction and to enable recovering of process heat, and depressurizing the hydrocarbon products, and separating the hydrocarbon products for further processing. The process and system can include a device to convert olefinic byproduct gas to additional high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of alkylation or oligomerization.

SUPERCRITICAL VESSEL AND RELATED METHODS OF SEPARATING DISSOLVED SOLIDS FROM A FLUID

A supercritical vessel (30) for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution includes a main body (40) defining a separation chamber (48) adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid (58) from which dissolved solids precipitate. The vessel (30) further includes a fluid inlet (34) for receiving fluid solution, a fluid outlet (54) for discharging supercritical fluid (58), and a precipitate outlet (50) for discharging precipitated solids (60). The main body (40) is tilted at a tilt angle (T) relative to horizontal (P) such that the fluid inlet (34) is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet (54) and the precipitate outlet (50), so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids (60) in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet (50). The fluid inlet (34) may be positioned proximate a first end (42) of the main body (40), and the fluid outlet (54) and precipitate outlet ( ...

SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION PROCESS AND APPARATUS OF ORGANICS WITH INORGANICS

... 2111847 9300304 PCTABScor01 A method and apparatus is disclosed for oxidation of aqueous mixtures of organic material, including toxic material in the presence of inorganic materials, by reaction of said material with water and oxygen at supercritical conditions. Oxygen and the aqueous mixture are separately pressurized to greater than about 218 atmospheres, combined to form a reaction mixture and then directed through a tubular reactor (12) having a substantially constant internal diameter. The velocity of the reaction mixture is sufficient to prevent settling of a substantial portion of solids initially present in the reaction mixture and of solids which form during passage through the reactor. The mixture is heated to a temperature above about 374· C in the tubular reactor. A substantial portion of the organic material in the reaction mixture is oxidized in the tubular reactor to thereby form an effluent mixture. Inorganic salts in the effluent mixture, which are insoluble at conditions ...

MICROWAVE-ASSISTED GENERATION OF VOLATILES, OF SUPERCRITICAL FLUID, AND APPARATUS THEREFOR

The generation of volatiles from liquid or solid materials is enhanced and accelerated by exposure to microwave radiation. Normally the energy transfer is effected preferentially toward the liquid or solid materials over the generated gaseous volatiles. Sufficient energy is provided at a selected rate that enhances the generation of volatiles to produce headspace samples. Alternatively, the rate can be selected so as to disrupt the equilibrium normally present between the liquid or solid phase and the gaseous phase and produce purge and trap samples; the latter process resulting from the selective energy transfer toward the liquid or solid phase over the gaseous phase. The rate of energy transfer can be chosen so as to bring the medium being subjected to microwave radiation to its supercritical state. The material having reached that state can further be used in numerous applications such as supercritical fluid extraction.

HYDROGENATION OF UNSATURATED FATS, FATTY ACIDS OR FATTY ACID ESTERS

A process is disclosed for continuously hydrogenating unsaturated fats, fatty acids or fatty acid esters on a shaped catalyst in a solid bed. The reactants flow over the catalyst in the presence of a medium or solvent mixture in supercritical conditions. This leads to considerably improved activity and selectivity of the hydrogenation reaction compared with conventional trickle bed hydrogenation processes.

DOWNFLOW HYDROTHERMAL TREATMENT

A system and method for treatment of a feed material includes a reactor chamber in a reactor vessel. The reactor vessel has a longitudinal axis which is vertically oriented so that gravitational forces act generally in a direction along the axis between a top and a bottom of the vessel. A feed material is introduced by a nozzle into the reactor chamber as a jet stream through the top end of the vessel. This jet stream causes back-mixing in the reactor chamber, contributing to rapid initiation of reaction and general do wn flow of material through the reactor chamber. The material in the reactor chamber can be quenched to dissolve sticky solids in the effluent before the effluent is discharged from the lower end of the vessel. Further, the reacto r vessel can include a plug flow section to carry out additional reaction of t he feed material.

Zuund exhausting device of a plant to the hydrothermalen Karbonisierung.

Bei einer Zu- und Abführvorrichtung zum Ein- und Ausschleusen von feststoffbeladenem Prozessmedium in einen Karbonisierungsbehälter für die hydrothermale Karbonisierung, umfassend eine Einschleuskammer (400), koppelbar an einen Einfüllkanal des Karbonisierungsbehälters, in welchen Prozessmedium einpressbar ist, und eine Ausschleuskammer (410), welche zur Entnahme von Prozessmedium an einen Auslasskanal des Karbonisierungsbehälters koppelbar ist, soll ein energieeffizientes Vorheizen von Edukten bereits in der Einschleuskammer geschaffen werden erlaubt, wodurch der Prozess der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung aufgrund verbesserter Wärmeübertragung auf die Edukte beschleunigt werden kann. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass der Innenraum der Einschleuskammer (400) direkt mit dem Innenraum der Ausschleuskammer (410) zusammenwirkend verbindbar ist, sodass in die Einschleuskammer (400) eingefüllte Edukte zu vorgeheizten Edukten durch aufgeheiztes Prozesswasser, welches mittels Siebmitteln aus Karbonisierungsprodukten ...

Zuund exhausting device of a plant to the hydrothermalen Karbonisierung.

Bei einer Zu- und Abführvorrichtung zum Ein- und Ausschleusen von feststoffbeladenem Prozessmedium in einen Karbonisierungsbehälter für die hydrothermale Karbonisierung, umfassend eine Einschleuskammer (400), koppelbar an einen Einfüllkanal des Karbonisierungsbehälters, in welchen Prozessmedium einpressbar ist, und eine Ausschleuskammer (410), welche zur Entnahme von Prozessmedium an einen Auslasskanal des Karbonisierungsbehälters koppelbar ist, soll ein energieeffizientes Vorheizen von Edukten bereits in der Einschleuskammer geschaffen werden erlaubt, wodurch der Prozess der hydrothermalen Karbonisierung aufgrund verbesserter Wärmeübertragung auf die Edukte beschleunigt werden kann. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass der Innenraum der Einschleuskammer (400) direkt mit dem Innenraum der Ausschleuskammer (410) zusammenwirkend verbindbar ist, sodass in die Einschleuskammer (400) eingefüllte Edukte zu vorgeheizten Edukten durch aufgeheiztes Prozesswasser, welches mittels Siebmitteln aus Karbonisierungsprodukten ...

Stirrer, useful as part of a mixing and conveying device for storage in carbonation tank, where mixing and conveying device is driven from outside of tank and stirrer is configured as hollow cylindrical body comprising stirrer wall

The stirrer used as part of a mixing and conveying device for storage in a carbonation tank, where the mixing and conveying device is driven from an outside of the tank, is claimed. The stirrer is configured as a hollow cylindrical body comprising a stirrer wall, which includes outer blades projecting away from an outer surface (130) of the stirrer and inner blades (1311), disposed on an inner surface (131) of the stirrer, projecting to a center of the stirrer. The outer blades are configured in a second conveying direction opposite to a first conveying direction of the inner blades. The stirrer used as part of a mixing and conveying device for storage in a carbonation tank, where the mixing and conveying device is driven from an outside of the tank, is claimed. The stirrer is configured as a hollow cylindrical body comprising a stirrer wall, which includes outer blades projecting away from an outer surface (130) of the stirrer and inner blades (1311), disposed on an inner surface (131) ...

Carbonation tank for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium, comprises carbonation tank hollow volume enclosed by carbonation tank sheath, heat transfer channel extending from inlet to outlet

Carbonation tank (11) comprises a carbonation tank hollow volume for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium (5). The hollow volume is enclosed by a carbonation tank sheath (110) that is storable in a fluid (3). A heat transfer channel (116) is arranged completely traversing the carbonizing tank, which extends from an inlet to an outlet. The interior of the heat transfer channel is completely separable from the filled process medium by walls of the heat transfer channel, and the fluid is flowable from the interior of the heat transfer channel. Carbonation tank (11) comprises a carbonation tank hollow volume for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium (5). The hollow volume is enclosed by a carbonation tank sheath (110) that is storable in a fluid (3), where the process medium and the fluid are separated from each other. A heat transfer channel (116) is arranged completely traversing the carbonizing tank ...

Carbonation tank for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium, comprises carbonation tank hollow volume enclosed by carbonation tank sheath, heat transfer channel extending from inlet to outlet

Carbonation tank (11) comprises a carbonation tank hollow volume for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium (5). The hollow volume is enclosed by a carbonation tank sheath (110) that is storable in a fluid (3). A heat transfer channel (116) is arranged completely traversing the carbonizing tank, which extends from an inlet to an outlet. The interior of the heat transfer channel is completely separable from the filled process medium by walls of the heat transfer channel, and the fluid is flowable from the interior of the heat transfer channel. Carbonation tank (11) comprises a carbonation tank hollow volume for hydrothermal carbonizing a highly viscous and/or particulate-loaded process medium (5). The hollow volume is enclosed by a carbonation tank sheath (110) that is storable in a fluid (3), where the process medium and the fluid are separated from each other. A heat transfer channel (116) is arranged completely traversing the carbonizing tank ...

METHOD OF POLYMERIZATION OF OLEFIN MONOMERS (VERSIONS), DEVICE FOR ITS REALIZATION AND POLYMER PRODUCT

DEVICE FOR CONVERSION OF METHANE AND METHOD, USING SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

РЕАКТОР И СПОСОБ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ТЯЖЕЛЫХ УГЛЕВОДОРОДНЫХ НЕФТЕЙ

Предложен реактор для проведения процесса с использованием сверхкритической воды для повышения качества тяжелого углеводородного сырья в углеводородный продукт повышенного качества или синтетическую сырую нефть с высоко желательными свойствами (низким содержанием серы, низким содержанием металлов, более низкой плотностью (более высокой плотностью в единицах американского нефтяного института), более низкой вязкостью, более низким содержанием остатка и т.д.). Реактор работает непрерывным, полунепрерывным или периодическим способом и снабжен средствами обеспечения движущей силы процесса, тепло- и массопереноса внутри и вне реактора.

СПОСОБ И ПРОЦЕСС ДЛЯ КОНТРОЛЯ ПРОФИЛЕЙ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ, ДАВЛЕНИЯ И ПЛОТНОСТИ В ПРОЦЕССАХ С ПЛОТНЫМИ ТЕКУЧИМИ СРЕДАМИ

Настоящее изобретение относится к способу обработки материала, содержащегося в сосуде. В этом способе используют текучую среду, присутствующую в сосуде, и этот способ включает по меньшей мере одну стадию повышения давления, на которой давление в сосуде повышают, и по меньшей мере одну стадию снижения давления, на которой давление в сосуде снижают. Кроме того, изобретение относится к устройству для осуществления этого способа и продуктам, полученным этим способом.

СПОСОБ ПОЛИМЕРИЗАЦИИ ОЛЕФИНОВЫХ МОНОМЕРОВ (ВАРИАНТЫ), УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ И ПОЛИМЕРНЫЙ ПРОДУКТ

DEVICE AND METHOD OF CONVERSION OF THE METHANE WITH USE OF REACTOR WITH SUPERSONIC FLOW

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR CONVERSION OF METHANE BY MEANS OF SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Nickel-base corrosion-resistant alloy and corrosion-resistant members made of the alloy for the apparatus for reaction with supercritical ammonia

The invention intends to provide a material that exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to supercritical ammonia and is suitable for a supercritical ammonia reactor. An Ni-based corrosion resistant alloy includes from 15% or more to 50% or less by mass of Cr and any one or both of Mo and W, wherein a [(content of Mo) + 0.5 (content of W)] is from 1.5% or more to 8.5% or less by mass, a value of 1.8 [% content of Cr]/{[% content of Mo] + 0.5 [% content of W]} is from 3.0 or more to 70.0 or less and the balance is Ni and an unavoidable impurity. Preferably, content of Fe is less than 3% by mass, and content of C is less than 0.05% by mass. The alloy is used to configure a supercritical ammonia reactor or the material is coated on a surface that contacts with a supercritical ammonia fluid. The alloy exhibits excellent corrosion resistance to supercritical ammonia and a mineralizer added the supercritical ammonia. The safety and reliability of an apparatus can be improved, the producing cost ...

Taxane Particles And Their Use

PROCESS AND ENGINE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THE NORBORNENE

METHOD FOR MANAGING A CHEMICAL PROCESS

PREPARATION OF MINERAL PARTICLES IN SUPERCRITICAL MEDIUM CO2

La présente invention a pour objet un procédé de préparation de particules minérales (p) à partir de précurseurs d'espèces minérales, ledit procédé comprenant une étape (E) dans laquelle on injecte un milieu fluide (F) comprenant lesdits précurseurs, en solution et/ou dispersés dans un solvant dans un réacteur contenant du CO2 à l'état supercritique, au moyen d'une buse d'injection débouchant dans une zone où le CO2 supercritique est à une température supérieure ou égale à la température de conversion des précurseurs en les espèces minérales correspondantes. L'invention concerne également les particules (p) telles qu'obtenues selon ce procédé, ainsi que leurs utilisations.

PREPARATION OF MINERAL PARTICLES IN SUPERCRITICAL MEDIUM CO2

DEVICE FOR INTRODUCING GAS IN A SUPERCRITICAL MEDIUM IS AN AQUEOUS EFFLUENT

METHOD OF MANUFACTURE OF RUBBER CRUMB

Procédé de fabrication de poudrette de caoutchouc comportant les étapes suivantes : a) mettre en suspension des granulés de caoutchouc ayant une taille donnée dans un autoclave (1) contenant un fluide supercritique ; b) agiter le mélange pendant une durée prédéterminée à pression et température constantes ; c) réaliser une détente isenthalpique du mélange de l'étape b) en le pulvérisant à travers une buse (20).

PROCESS OF TRANSFORMATION OF CHEMICAL STRUCTURES IN A FLUID UNDER THE ACTION OF THE ULTRASOUNDS AND DEVICE FOR SA IMPLEMENTED

La présente invention concerne un procédé de transformation de structures chimiques, c'est-à-dire un procédé pour réaliser des réactions chimiques dans un fluide sous pression et en température, notamment un fluide supercritique, dans lequel ledit fluide est soumis à l'action des ultrasons. La présente invention concerne également un dispositif pour sa mise en oeuvre.

PROCESS AND ENGINE FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF THE NORBORNENE

Ce procédé de fabrication du norbornène à partir du dicyclopentadiène (DCPD) et de l'éthylène est caractérisé par le fait que l'on soumet le DCPD à une monomérisation partielle en CPD par préchauffage : - à une température de 140°C à 240°C; et - sous une pression de 20 à 300 bars abs., avant de le faire réagir avec l'éthylène - avec un rapport molaire éthylène/ DCPD de 1 à 20; - à une température de 200°C à 320°C; - sous une pression de 20 à 300 bars abs; et - avec un temps de séjour de 1 à 10 minutes, dans des conditions réactionnelles stables entre le DCPD, le CPD et l'éthylène.

GRAPHENE COMPOSITE AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME

... 전구체로서 사용하였을 때에 그래핀으로 박리하기 쉬운 그래핀 전구체로서 사용할 수 있는 흑연계 탄소 소재를 제공한다. X선 회절법에 의한 다음의 (수학식 1)에 의해 정의되는 비율 Rate(3R)가 31% 이상인 그래핀 전구체로서 사용할 수 있는 흑연계 탄소 소재. Rate(3R)=P3/(P3+P4)×100…(수학식 1) 여기서, P3은 능면정계 흑연층(3R)의 X선 회절법에 의한 (101)면의 피크 강도 P4는 육방정계 흑연층(2H)의 X선 회절법에 의한 (101)면의 피크 강도이다.

PROCESS TO UPGRADE WHOLE CRUDE OIL BY HOT PRESSURIZED WATER AND RECOVERY FLUID

APPARATUS AND A METHOD FOR MICRONIZING A PROTEIN CAPABLE OF PARTICULATING NANO-SIZED PROTEINS WITH UNIFORM PHYSICOCHEMICAL PROPERTIES THROUGH A SUPERCRITICAL FLUID PROCESS

PURPOSE: An apparatus and a method for micronizing proteins are provided to be able to develop transpulmonary and oral-administered formulations of protein drugs and ensure the production of nanoscale protein particulates having homogeneous physicochemical properties. CONSTITUTION: An apparatus for micronizing a protein using a supercritical fluid comprises a supercritical fluid feeding means(1); a protein solution feeding means(2); a precipitation vessel(36) which accommodates the supercritical fluid and the protein solution to generate protein microparticles and has a tape shape at its lower part; and a spray nozzle(35) which is connected to the supercritical fluid feeding means and the protein solution feeding means and has a coaxial arrangement consisting of an outer nozzle for spraying the supercritical fluid and an inner nozzle for spraying the protein solution, where an outlet end of the inner nozzle is more protruded than an outlet end of the outer nozzle toward an inner portion ...

HOT GAS REACTOR AND METHOD OF REACTING CHEMICAL VAPOR USING REACTOR

PURPOSE: A safe reactor is provided to have high selectivity and a conversion and to reduce installation and operation cost. CONSTITUTION: A reactor includes reaction material(A) and a mixing chamber which is not reacted in fact as being quickly mixed with other reaction material gas. The reaction material(A) is sprayed into the mixing chamber with an expansion jet. The expansion jet is formed by establishing a contraction part between a hot gas source and the mixing chamber. While reacting, reaction material(B) is sprayed into the mixing chamber contacted to the area of the reaction material(A) sprayed by a proper device such as a multi-spraying pot vertically aligned on an axis line of the expansion jet of the reaction material(A). A reaction area is separated from a mixture area by a catalyst such as a monolith, a fixing bed, or a gauze pad. COPYRIGHT 2000 KIPO ...

PROCESS FOR THE SELECTIVE HIDROGENAÇÃO OF ONE OR MORE FUNCTIONAL GROUPS

SUPERCRITICAL WATER PROCESS INTEGRATED WITH VISBREAKER

MIXING REACTOR AND RELATED PROCESS

A mixing reactor for precipitating nanoparticles by mixing a precursor fluid with a second fluid at a higher temperature than the precursor fluid. The reactor comprises: a first fluid conduit with an inlet region configured to receive a flow of the precursor fluid, and an outlet region configured to output a mixed flow; and a second fluid conduit configured to receive a flow of the second fluid. The second fluid conduit extends into the first fluid conduit in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow within the first fluid conduit, and has an opening for introducing the second fluid into the first fluid conduit. Related processes for producing nanoparticles are disclosed.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

CONTINUOUS PROCESS FOR MICROSPHERES PRODUCTION BY USING EXPANDED FLUIDS

The invention concerns a process for the continuous treatment of an emulsion and/or a micro-emulsion assisted by an "expanded liquid' for the production of micro- and/or nano-particles or micro- and/or nano- spheres containing one or more active ingredients. In particular, a liquid solvent expanded by compressed or supercritical CO2 is contacted with an O/W emulsion, or alternatively a W/O emulsion or multiple emulsions, formed by an external phase that is itself a liquid expanded by compressed CO2. The expanded liquid forms a solution with the dispersed phase of the emulsion and extracts it inducing the formation of the desired particles of the dissolved compounds. The process is carried out in a counter-current packed column wherein the expanded emulsion is fed from the top, while the expanded liquid is fed from the bottom. Thanks to the presence of the expanded liquid, any deposition of the solid particles produced on the packing elements is avoided, thus preventing any column blockage ...

BAFFLED TANK TYPE SUPERCRITICAL WATER TREATMENT REACTOR WITH SACRIFICIAL LINING

A baffled tank type supercritical water (SCW) treatment reactor with a sacrificial lining. The reactor comprises a barrel (6) and a catalyst box arranged in the barrel (6), the upper part of the barrel (6) being connected with a top cover (10), and the lower part of the barrel (6) being connected with a spherical seal head (1). The inner side of the barrel (6), the inner side of the spherical seal head (1) and the inner side of the top cover (10) form the inner wall of the reactor. The inner wall of the reactor is provided with a high-temperature resistant and heat insulating coating layer (7). The inner wall of the high-temperature resistant and heat insulating coating layer (7) is provided with a sealing coating layer (8). The inner wall of the sealing coating layer (8) is provided with the sacrificial lining. The combination of the two types of coating layers on the inner wall of the reactor reduces the temperature of the wall of the reactor and meanwhile prevents corrosion on the wall ...

METHOD FOR UTILIZATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE FROM INDUSTRIAL EMISSIONS INTO ENERGETIC PRODUCTS

The method of the utilization of carbon dioxide gas for the production of energy valuable products like formic acid, methanol and formaldehyde by the way of the low temperature conversion of carbon dioxide aqueous solutions under supercritical pressure over the heterogeneous catalyst in a form of composite membrane on the basis of the copper, zinc, and aluminium oxides supported on a carrier and activated by lead, zirconium, titanium and niobium oxides.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CONVERTING BIOMASS INTO GASEOUS PRODUCTS

The invention relates to a method and a device for converting biomass having a water content of at least 50% into gaseous products. A reactor (1), which holds supercritical water and molten salt (2) made of a salt or a salt mixture, having a melting point below a reaction temperature that is required for converting the biomass into gaseous products, and the molten salt (2) are heated to the reaction temperature. The biomass, which has been heated to a temperature at which no interfering decomposition of the organic compounds occurs yet, is fed via a first feed pipe (4) into the reactor (1), the pipe being immersed in the molten salt (2). The biomass is heated to the reaction temperature, and further salts migrate from the biomass to the molten salt (2). Parts of the molten salt (2) enriched therewith are removed from the reactor (1) and replaced with fresh salt solution. The gaseous products are removed from the reactor (1) via a discharge pipe (6). The decomposition of the biomass, and ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING ULTRAFINE PARTICLE

Organic polymer ultrafine particles having particle diameters of not more than 1 μm are obtained by subjecting a polymer material composed of a raw material polymer and/or a polymerizable raw material monomer to a high-temperature, high-pressure hydrothermal reaction using high-temperature, high-pressure water such as supercritical water or subcritical water without using a catalyst or a surface active agent.

Supercritical water upgrading process to produce high grade coke

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700° C. to 1900° C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

Heavy oil reforming method, an apparatus therefor, and gas turbine power generation system

The purpose of the invention is to provide a heavy oil reforming method which reforms a heavy oil to give a fuel suitable for a gas turbine, eliminates sulfur and vanadium, i.e., harmful components, from a heavy oil, and enables almost all the hydrocarbons in the heavy oil to be used in gas turbine combustion; an apparatus therefor; and a gas turbine power generation system using the reformed heavy oil as fuel. This method comprises reacting a heavy oil with supercritical water and then with a scavenger for sulfur and vanadium to eliminate sulfur and vanadium from the heavy oil. The apparatus for reforming a heavy oil is equipped with a reactor for reacting a heavy oil with supercritical water, a scavenging apparatus filled with a scavenger for scavenging sulfur and vanadium in the heavy oil, and a connecting pipe for connecting the reactor and the scavenging apparatus. The gas turbine power generation system has a burner for burning a heavy oil reformed with the reforming apparatus and ...

Pressure-tuned solid catalyzed heterogeneous chemical reactions

Improved methods for conducting solid acid-catalyzed, near- or supercritical heterogeneous chemical reactions (e.g., alkylation reactions) are provided which give enhanced product yields and permit longer processing runs. The preferred reactions of the invention are carried out in the presence of a solid macroporous catalyst having a surface area of from about 50-400 m2/g and a pore size of from about 70-150 Å. Product selectivity is enhanced by pressure-tuning of the reaction to promote production and separation of desired reaction products. In continuous processing, the chemical reaction may be interrupted before significant catalyst deactivation, followed by increasing reactor pressure and/or reducing reactor temperature to remove the accumulating coke; when the catalyst is regenerated, the original reaction conditions and reactant introduction may be resumed.

Process for Continuous Ringclosing Metathesis in Compressed Carbondioxide

The present invention relates to a process for carrying out olefin ring-closing metathesis (RCM) wherein compressed carbon dioxide (gaseous, liquid or supercritical) acts as solvent for the liquid or solid reactant and the products obtained therefrom, while additionally one or more ionic liquids are introduced as the 2nd phase in which homogeneous olefin metathesis catalysts are immobilised.

Downflow hydrothermal treatment

A system and method for treatment of a feed material includes a reactor chamber in a reactor vessel. The reactor vessel has a longitudinal axis which is vertically oriented so that gravitational forces act generally in a direction along the axis between a top and a bottom of the vessel. A feed material is introduced by a nozzle into the reactor chamber as a jet stream through the top end of the vessel. This jet stream causes back-mixing in the reactor chamber, contributing to rapid initiation of reaction and general down flow of material through the reactor chamber. The material in the reactor chamber can be quenched to dissolve sticky solids in the effluent before the effluent is discharged from the lower end of the vessel. Further, the reactor vessel can include a plug flow section to carry out additional reaction of the feed material.

Supercritical water oxidation reactor with wall conduits for boundary flow control

A reactor tube for supercritical water oxidation is designed to supply a thin, continuous layer of water along the inner surface of the reaction zone by a wall lining formed of laminated platelets individually etched and superimposed to form an array of engineered fluid passages through the wall. Each passage includes a flow metering channel of closely controlled configuration to impose a preselected level of resistance to water flowing through it, plus a distribution section which distributes the water emerging from the flow metering channel over the length of a slot-shaped exit port. The exit port is arranged in conjunction with neighboring exit ports in an array over the inner surface of the reactor such that the emerging water forms a continuous film over the surface, thereby protecting the surface from corrosion and salts deposition from the supercritical reaction medium.

SUPERCRITICAL REACTOR SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PETROLEUM UPGRADING

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems are provided for upgrading a petroleum-based composition using one or more purging fluid inlets to prevent plugging of the catalyst layer in the reactor. Processes for upgrading petroleum-based compositions by utilizing a reactor having at least one purging fluid inlet are also provided.

Integrated supercritical water and steam cracking process

A method for producing a supercritical water (SCW)-treated product is provided. The method comprising the steps of introducing a crude oil stream and a water stream to a supercritical water process, wherein the crude oil stream can undergo conversion reactions to produce the supercritical water (SCW)-treated product, wherein the SCW-treated product includes an increased paraffin concentration as compared to crude oil stream. The method further includes the step of introducing the SCW-treated product to a steam cracking process, wherein the SCW-treated product can undergo conversion reactions to produce furnace effluent.

BIOMASS CONVERSION SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR USE THEREOF

Digestion of cellulosic biomass solids to form a hydrolysate may be accompanied by decomposition if the soluble carbohydrates produced from the biomass under hydrothermal digestion conditions are not transformed into a more stable reaction product. Biomass conversion systems may be configured to address this issue and others. Biomass conversion systems can comprise: a hydrothermal digestion unit; a first catalytic reduction reactor unit fluidly coupled to the hydrothermal digestion unit along its height by two or more fluid inlet lines and two or more fluid return lines, the first catalytic reduction reactor unit containing a catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen; and a fluid circulation loop comprising the hydrothermal digestion unit and a second catalytic reduction reactor unit that contains a catalyst capable of activating molecular hydrogen.

Inverted pressure vessel with shielded closure mechanism

An inverted pressure vessel system for conducting automated industrial processes requiring elevated pressure and temperatures has a vertically movable pedestal for opening and closing the underside loading port, with pedestal drive system and locking mechanism located below the pedestal top and isolated from the chamber opening. The chamber is connectible to a pressure control and process fluid supply system, and has heat exchangers connected to an external source for temperature control. Process fluids are distributed across a central process cavity through divergent inflow and convergent outflow process fluid channels.

PREPARATION OF AN ELECTRODE-ACTIVE MATERIAL BY USING A DOUBLE-PIPE TYPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Preparation of an electrode-active material, which uses a reactor to produce an electrode-active material by using a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis method, and a double-pipe type heat exchanger which cools the product discharged from the reactor to a subcritical range or below it.

CONTINUOUS PREPARATION METHOD OF GINSENG GINSENOSIDES AND POLYSACCHARIDES

The present invention provides a continuous preparation method of ginseng ginsenosides and polysaccharides, whereby the ginseng extract liquor and supercritical solvent are poured continuously into a separation tank at 10-30 MPa and 40-60° C. as well as a preset flow rate; so the ginseng extract liquor can be separated in the separation tank to obtain ginsenosides and polysaccharides at different positions of the separation tank.

Apparatus for processing materials in supercritical fluids

An improved apparatus comprises a high strength enclosure; a capsule disposed inside the high strength enclosure, wherein the capsule is configured to contain one or more materials in an environment having a supercritical fluid; a heating device disposed between the high strength enclosure and the capsule, wherein the heating device is configured to transfer heat into the environment within the capsule, such that the environment becomes heated and self-pressurized from the heat, wherein the high strength enclosure is configured to surround and bear against the capsule to counterbalance internal pressures within the capsule; and thermal insulation disposed between the high strength enclosure and the heating device, wherein the thermal insulation is configured to retain heat within the capsule and to reduce heat transfer into the high strength enclosure.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR FORMING PARTICLES

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING SALT STREAMS

Continuous catalyst /wax separation method

An improved Method for the separation of catalyst particles and the wax product from the output slurry of a Fischer-Tropsch bubble column reactor comprising the contact of a hydrocarbon solvent from a cyclic solvent stream with the slurry, wherein the solvent is a hydrocarbon fraction which is pressurized and heated to its supercritical state and the temperature and the pressure of the solvent at the supercritical state are similar to those of the F-T reactor. After the separating of the catalyst from the hydrocarbon mixture of the solvent and the slurry in a catalyst separation section the hydrocarbon solvent and the wax product are separated, whereby the recovered solvent phase is lead to the cyclic solvent stream; which is used after re-pressurizing and re-heating in a supercritical solvent supply module to recycling the hydrocarbon solvent for the contact step. A system for carrying out the method is also disclosed.

System for using super critical state carbon dioxide for hydrocarbon recovery and transport

A system for the use of super critical CO 2 as a carrying or suspension agent for transport of extracted or processed hydrocarbons. The super critical state CO 2 is then co-mingled with the extracted or processed hydrocarbons and transported in the co-mingled state to a delivery point. At the delivery point, the super critical state CO 2 is allowed to return to its gaseous state allowing the separation of the hydrocarbons therefrom. The hydrocarbons may be processed and the gaseous CO 2 returned to its super critical state for future transport, use in EOR, or geologically sequestered.

Fabrication of pillared graphene

A method of fabricating pillared graphene assembles alternate layers of graphene sheets and fullerenes to form a stable protostructure. Energy is added to the protostructure to break the carbon-carbon bonds at the fullerene-to-graphene attachment points of the protostructure and allow the bonds to reorganize and reform into a stable lower energy unitary pillared graphene nanostructure in which open nanotubes are conjoined between graphene sheets. The attachment points may be functionalized using tether molecules to aid in attachment, and add chemical energy to the system. The arrangement and attachment spacing of the fullerenes may be determined using spacer molecules or an electric potential.

Biomass and waste plastics depolymerization machine and methods via supercritical water

A method for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water is disclosed. The method comprises: conveying the selected polymeric material through an extruder, wherein the extruder is configured to continuously convey the selected polymeric material to a supercritical fluid reaction zone; injecting hot compressed water into the supercritical fluid reaction zone, while the extruder is conveying the selected polymeric material into the supercritical fluid reaction zone so as to yield a mixture; retaining the mixture within the reaction zone for a period of time sufficient to yield the plurality of reaction products. The reaction zone may be characterized by a tubular reactor having an adjustably positionable inner tubular spear, wherein the tubular reactor and the inner tubular spear further define an annular space within the reaction zone, and wherein the mixture flows through the annular space and into a reaction products chamber.

Method for producing catalyst-supporting carrier and apparatus for producing same

Disclosed is a method for producing a catalyst-supporting carrier, including a step of supplying subcritical carbon dioxide or supercritical carbon dioxide to a dissolving tank containing a catalyst precursor generated when a catalyst is reduced to dissolve the catalyst precursor in the subcritical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide; a step of supplying the subcritical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide in which the catalyst precursor is dissolved to a supporting tank containing a carrier and reducing the catalyst precursor to cause the catalyst to be supported on the carrier; and a step of supplying the sub-critical carbon dioxide or the supercritical carbon dioxide to the supporting tank containing the carrier on which the catalyst is supported to clean the carrier.

Co-current mixer, apparatus, reactor and method for precipitating nanoparticles

A high pressure tubular reactor for production of nanoparticles by precipitation has unidirectional fluid flows of precursor and supercritical water directed from inner and outer coaxial inlets to an outlet via a reaction zone immediately downstream of the inlets. The inner inlet is for supercritical fluid, and the outer inlet is for a precursor.

Process for the preparation of calcium salt suspensions

The current invention is related to a novel process for the production of aqueous suspensions of micro and nanoparticles of calcium salts smaller than 10 μm particle size, along with a method to enrich nutritional, nutraceutical, and pharmaceutical beverages with calcium salts. In the process, an aqueous suspension of calcium salt is subjected to pressurization with critical, subcritical, or supercritical carbon dioxide to increase the solubility of the calcium salt, which has a particle size greater than 30 μm. The resulting solution is expanded through a nozzle to generate a calcium salt suspension of micro and nanoparticles that is imperceptible to sight and taste.

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is mounted at an incline between 0° and 90° from horizontal.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the reactor shell is mounted vertically.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell is configured so that the carrier stream travels vertically upward.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell is configured so that the carrier stream travels vertically downward.6. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the reactor inlet is positioned at a higher elevation than the reactor outlet.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is free draining8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell includes a primary and secondary outlet.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is sealed at one end and includes a plenum at an end opposite thereof.10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a pressure relief device of the reactor shell for removing pressure from the reactor shell.11. The apparatus of claim 10 , wherein the pressure relief device includes a rupture valve.12. The apparatus of claim 11 , wherein the pressure relief device ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;an outer layer of the reactor shell for providing structural support thereto; andan inner layer of the reactor shell for resisting deterioration thereof due to operating conditions in the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a coating.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is a composite having the inner and outer layers.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a superalloy claim 1 , duplex stainless steel claim 1 , super duplex stainless steel claim 1 , and nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer includes a thermal barrier coating.7. The apparatus of ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andat least a portion of the reactor shell comprises a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K for conducting heat from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , niobium claim 1 , silver claim 1 , and alloys thereof.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises niobium-silver.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion has a melting temperature of between about 500 and about 2000 C.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion material has a thermal conductivity of between about 300 and about 450 W/m-K.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an active cooling ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;an outer layer of the reactor shell for providing structural support thereto; andan inner layer of the reactor shell; andat least a portion of the inner layer comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K for conducting heat from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner layer comprises a coating.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor shell is a composite having the inner and outer layers.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the portion of the inner layer comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , niobium claim 1 , silver claim 1 , and alloys thereof.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein at least the ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andat least a portion of the reactor shell comprising a material having a melting temperature between about 1200° C. and about 4000° C.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a superalloy.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion comprises a material selected from the group consisting of duplex stainless steel claim 1 , super duplex stainless steel claim 1 , and nickel-based high-temperature low creep superalloy.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor portion material has a melting temperature of between about 1800° C. and about 3500° C.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising an active cooling system for maintaining the reactor shell portion at a temperature below the melting temperature ...

PRODUCTION OF ACRYLIC ACID FROM A METHANE CONVERSION PROCESS

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The method includes processing the acetylene to form a stream having acrylic acid. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream is be treated to convert acetylene to acrylic acid. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon monoxide to prevent undesired reactions in downstream processing units. 1. A method for producing acrylic acid comprising:introducing a feed stream comprising methane into a supersonic reactor;pyrolyzing the methane in the supersonic reactor to form a reactor effluent stream comprising acetylene;passing the reactor effluent stream to a hydrogenation reactor at hydrogenation reaction conditions to form an ethylene effluent stream;passing the ethylene effluent stream to a higher olefin processing unit to generate an effluent stream comprising propylene; andpassing the propylene effluent stream to an acrylic acid reactor to generate an acrylic acid product stream.2. The method of wherein the higher olefin processing unit includes apassing a first portion of the ethylene stream to a dimerization reactor to generate a butene effluent stream; andpassing a second portion of the ethylene stream, and the butene effluent stream to a metathesis reactor to generate a propylene stream.3. The method of wherein the propylene stream is passed to a light olefins recovery unit to generate a purified propylene stream.4. The method of wherein the higher olefin processing unit includes:passing the ethylene stream to on oligomerization reactor to an olefin effluent stream comprising C4+ olefins; andpassing the olefin effluent stream to an olefin cracking unit to generate a propylene stream.5. The method of wherein the propylene stream is passed to a light olefins recovery unit to generate a purified propylene stream.6. The method ...

Production of aromatics from a methane conversion process

Methods and systems are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. The hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to a process stream having aromatic compounds. The acetylene stream can be reacted to generate larger hydrocarbon compounds, which are passed to a cyclization and aromatization reactor to generate aromatics. The method according to certain aspects includes controlling the level of carbon oxides in the hydrocarbon stream.

Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS WITH IMPROVED MIXING USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor having a combustion chamber for combusting a fuel source to produce a high temperature carrier stream passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a feed inlet for introducing the methane feed stream into the reactor chamber; anda mixer for mixing the methane feed stream with the high temperature carrier stream for forming a pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a microwave generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes an ultrasound generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a supersonic flow generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes an ultrasonic flow generator to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a vortex mixer for producing a vortex flow of fluid through the reactor chamber to mix the feed stream with the carrier stream.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the supersonic reactor includes a supersonic expander and the vortex mixer ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process with Improved Mixing Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor having a combustion chamber for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a feed inlet for introducing the methane feed stream into the reactor chamber; anda mixer for mixing the methane feed stream with the high temperature carrier gas for forming a pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a static mixer.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the mixer includes a flow manipulator having at least a portion thereof extending into the reaction chamber to contact at least one of the carrier gas claim 1 , the methane feed stream claim 1 , and the pyrolysis stream to manipulate the flow thereof.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the flow manipulator includes at least one fin extending into the reaction chamber to contact at least one of the carrier gas claim 3 , the methane feed stream claim 3 , and the pyrolysis stream to manipulate the flow thereof.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the flow manipulator is formed as a casting.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the flow manipulator comprises a ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature to produce an effluent;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to mix with the methane feed stream to form a pyrolysis stream and heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda control system to detect at least one process parameter of the supersonic reactor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system includes an indirect detector for detecting a process parameter.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system comprises an infrared camera for detecting a process stream temperature within the reactor chamber.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the infrared camera is configured to detect the process stream temperature within the combustion zone.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes a window and the infrared camera is configured to detect the process stream temperature through the window.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the control system includes a laser meter for detecting a process parameter.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the laser meter is configured to detect a process stream temperature within the reactor chamber.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller includes a sound frequency detector for detecting a sound frequency associated with a ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature to produce an effluent;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to mix with the methane feed stream to form a pyrolysis stream and heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda quench zone for effectively decreasing the temperature of the pyrolysis stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising cold water.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising ethylene.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises an oil spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising oil.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the quench zone comprises a spray quench into the pyrolysis stream comprising chlorine to produce vinyl chloride.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactor includes a spray quench nozzle for spraying a quench fluid into the quench zone.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the nozzle comprises a material having a melting temperature of between about 1000 and about 3500 C.8. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the nozzle comprises a superalloy.9. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least a portion of the ...

Methane Conversion Apparatus and Process with Improved Mixing Using a Supersonic Flow Reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A supersonic reactor is used for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature. A high temperature carrier stream passes through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds. According to various aspects, a static mixer is provided for mixing the methane feed stream and the carrier stream.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan active cooling system of at least a portion of the reactor shell to cool the portion of the reactor shell to resist melting due to operating temperatures.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active cooling system includes a coolant flowing about at least a portion of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell includes passageways and the coolant flows therethrough.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include channels formed in a surface of the reactor shell portion.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include tunnels formed within the reactor shell portion.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell has a generally annular configuration and the passageways are elongate passageways extending along the reactor shell.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the elongate passageway extend helically about the annular reactor shell.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes an inner shell and an outer shell and the passageways include a gap between the inner and outer shell.9. The apparatus of claim 3 , ...

Methane conversion apparatus and process using a supersonic flow reactor

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process.

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda liner positioned between at least a portion of the reactor shell and the reactor chamber to resist deterioration of the reactor shell portion due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner extends along an internal surface of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the liner is spaced from the internal surface of the reactor shell.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the liner abuts the internal surface of the reactor shell.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner includes a disposable liner.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the disposable liner comprises carbon.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the liner is a self-regenerating liner.8. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes carbon that is catalyzed to promote carbon or coke formation along an internal surface of the reactor shell.9. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes directional thermal conductivity.10. The apparatus of claim 7 , wherein the self-regenerating liner includes a self-regenerating lining with a graphitic layer ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane , the apparatus comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan outer shell of at least a portion of the reactor shell to provide structural support; andan inner shell of the reactor shell inside at least a portion of the outer shell for resisting deterioration of the reactor shell due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the casting comprises a directional casting.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is columnar grained.5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is single crystal.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a superalloy.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel and alloys thereof.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane , the apparatus comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor chamber at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; andan outer shell of at least a portion of the reactor shell to provide structural support; andan inner shell of the reactor shell comprising a material having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K inside at least a portion of the outer shell for conducting heat away from the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the casting comprises a directional casting.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is columnar grained.5. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the directional casting is single crystal.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises at least one of copper and a copper alloy.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of copper chrome claim 1 , copper chrome zinc claim 1 , copper chrome niobium claim 1 , copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner shell comprises a material selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , zirconium claim 1 , ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;at least a portion of the reactor shell formed of a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity; anda film barrier inside at least the portion of the reactor shell to resist deterioration of the reactor shell portion due to operating conditions within the reactor chamber.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the film barrier extends along at least a portion of an internal surface of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the film barrier includes a cold fluid barrier.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes a cold vapor barrier.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes molten metal.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes water.7. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes air.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes hydrogen.9. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the cold fluid barrier includes methane.10. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the reactor shell includes a porous wall with the cold fluid leaking therethrough to form the cold fluid barrier.11. The apparatus of ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature; anda reactor shell module forming at least a portion of the reactor shell.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a casting.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is removable from the reactor shell.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is attached to at least one other module of the reactor shell.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the module and the other module are connected with flanges and sealed on cooled portions of an interface therebetween.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module is detached from at least one other module of the reactor shell and fluids are contained in the reactor chamber by differential pressure adjustment between components.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a superalloy.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the module comprises a material selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , a carbide claim 1 , a nitride claim 1 , titanium diboride claim 1 , a sialon ceramic claim 1 , zirconia claim 1 , thoria claim 1 , a carbon-carbon composite claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , chromium claim 1 , nickel ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;at least a portion of the reactor shell formed of a material having a relatively high thermal conductivity to conduct heat away from the reactor chamber; andan active cooling system of at least the portion of the reactor shell to cool the portion of the reactor shell to resist melting thereof due to operating temperatures.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the active cooling system includes a coolant flowing about at least a portion of the reactor shell.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell includes passageways and the coolant flows therethrough.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include channels formed in a surface of the reactor shell portion.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the passageways include tunnels formed within the reactor shell portion.6. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the portion of the reactor shell has a generally annular configuration and the passageways are elongate passageways extending along the reactor shell.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the elongate passageways extends helically about the annular reactor shell.8. The apparatus of claim 3 , ...

PYROLYTIC REACTOR

A pyrolytic reactor comprising a fuel injection zone, a combustion zone adjacent to the fuel injections zone, an expansion zone adjacent to the combustion zone, a feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles and disposed adjacent to the expansion zone, a mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material and disposed adjacent to the feedstock injection zone, and a reaction zone adjacent to the mixing zone. The plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane transverse to the feedstock injection zone and in a second assembly transverse to the feedstock injection zone. 1. A pyrolytic reactor , comprising:a fuel injection zone;a combustion zone adjacent to said fuel injections zone;an expansion zone adjacent to said combustion zone;a feedstock injection zone adjacent to said expansion zone, said feedstock injection zone comprising a plurality of injection nozzles;a mixing zone adjacent to said feedstock injection zone, said mixing zone configured to mix a carrier stream and feed material;a reaction zone adjacent to said mixing zone;wherein:said plurality of injection nozzles are radially distributed in a first assembly defining a first plane and in a second assembly defining a second plane;said first plane is transverse to the injection zone;said second plane is transverse to the injection zone;said plurality of injection nozzles in said first assembly are configured to inject feed material into said carrier stream at a first radial penetration depth; andsaid plurality of injection nozzles in said second assembly are configured to inject feed material into said carrier stream at a second radial penetration depth.2. The pyrolytic reactor of claim 1 , wherein:said plurality of injection nozzles in said first assembly are equally spaced around said feedstock injection zone; andsaid plurality of injection nozzles in said second assembly are equally spaced around said feedstock ...

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cm3 and about 0.15 g/cm3, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m2/g, 20 m2/g, 25 m2/g, 30 m2/g, 32 m2/g, 34 m2/g, or 35 m2/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided.

APPARATUS FOR DISPERSING A GAS, FOR EXAMPLE CARBON DIOXIDE, IN AT LEAST ONE REACTIVE RESIN

The invention concerns an apparatus () for the dispersion of an expansion gas even in supercritical conditions, e.g. carbon dioxide, in a reactive resin, of the kind in which a reaction chamber having an input () for gas and an input () for resin is provided. Advantageously, the chamber is a dispersion and containment chamber made into a casing () of predetermined high resistance susceptible to sustain high pressure and is divided into two sections () by a head () of a dispersion and mixing cylinder-piston group () in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage () provided with a static mixer (), motor means () being provided for piston () control of said mixing cylinder-piston group (). The invention also concerns a process for the formation of a polyurethane foam starting with the dispersion of carbon dioxide, even supercritical, in a reactive resin in which at least one initial dispersion and mixing controlled phase of the two components is provided in a dispersion and containment chamber under pressure divided into two sections () by a head () of a cylinder-piston mixing group () in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage () provided with a static mixer () and in which adduction, dispersion and mixing occurs under high pressure (at least greater than 75 bar). 1. Apparatus for the dispersion and mixing of an expansion gas , e.g. carbon dioxide , in a reactive resin , comprising:a mixing chamber having a supply input for the gas and a supply input for the resin is provided and comprising:said chamber being a dispersion and containment chamber made in a casing of predetermined high resistance susceptible to sustain high pressure;said chamber being divided into two sections by a head of a dispersion and mixing cylinder-piston group, said two sections being in fluid communication between themselves by means of at least one pouring passage;a static mixer in said pouring passage;a motor for ...

Supercritical Water Separation Process

A supercritical water separation process and system is disclosed for the removal of metals, minerals, particulate, asphaltenes, and resins from a contaminated organic material. The present invention takes advantage of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical water to effect the desired separation of contaminants from organic materials and permit scale-up. At a temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (374° C., 22.1 MPa), nonpolar organic compounds become miscible in supercritical water (SCW) and polar compounds and asphaltenes become immiscible. The process and system disclosed continuously separates immiscible contaminants and solids from the supercritical water and clean oil product solution. The present invention creates a density gradient that enables over 95% recovery of clean oil and over 99% reduction of contaminants such as asphaltenes and particulate matter depending on the properties of the contaminated organic material. 1. A process for treating a feedstock comprising:delivering a feedstock and supercritical water into a hydrothermal separation vessel, said hydrothermal separation vessel including an upper separation zone, a mid-level mixing zone, and a bottom concentration zone, wherein the feedstock and supercritical water are fed separately into the mixing zone to form a mixture, said mixing zone providing sufficient shear and mixing to cause dissolution of any soluble components of the feedstock into the supercritical water;maintaining a temperature and pressure within the hydrothermal separation vessel to achieve a vertical density gradient therein such that the separation zone exhibits a lower density than the concentration zone to form a product stream and a stream containing insoluble components; andremoving the product stream from the separation zone and the stream containing insoluble components from the concentration zone.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein any components present in the feedstock that are ...

SUPERCRITICAL WATER PROCESS TO PRODUCE BOTTOM FREE HYDROCARBONS

A process to produce a light hydrocarbon fraction from a heavy residue feed, the process comprising the steps of operating the first supercritical reactor such that the heavy residue feed and the supercritical water stream undergo conversion reactions to produce a reactor effluent, introducing the reactor effluent to a top inlet in a top portion of a second supercritical reactor, introducing a supercritical water stream to a bottom inlet in a bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, operating the second supercritical reactor such that the bottom of the barrel fraction is configured to settle in the bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, withdrawing an upgraded product stream from a top outlet in the top portion of the second supercritical reactor, and withdrawing a heavy product stream from a bottom outlet in the bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor. 1. A system to produce a light hydrocarbon fraction from a heavy residue feed , the system comprising:a first supercritical reactor, the first supercritical reactor configured to operate such that the heavy residue feed and a supercritical water feed undergo conversion reactions to produce a reactor effluent, wherein the temperature in the first supercritical reactor is between 380 deg C. and 450 deg C., wherein the pressure in the first supercritical reactor is greater than the critical pressure of water, wherein the reactor effluent comprises a light hydrocarbon fraction, a bottom of the barrel fraction, and water;a top inlet in a top portion of a second supercritical reactor fluidly connected to the first supercritical reactor, the top inlet configured to receive the reactor effluent, wherein the second supercritical reactor comprises a vertical reactor;a bottom inlet in a bottom portion of the second supercritical reactor, the bottom inlet configured to receive a supercritical water stream, wherein the supercritical water stream comprises supercritical water, wherein the ...

REACTION METHOD WITH HOMOGENEOUS-PHASE SUPERCRITICAL FLUID

A reaction method with a homogeneous-phase supercritical fluid includes introducing a first fluid into a mixing chamber. A mass is less than or equal to that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component, totally absorbing the first fluid by the molecular sieve component. A second fluid is introduced into the mixing chamber with a mass being greater than that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component. A temperature and a pressure in the mixing chamber are adjusted to a critical temperature and a critical pressure of the second fluid, respectively, releasing the first fluid in supercritical phase from the molecular sieve component into the mixing chamber, followed by homogeneously mixing with the second fluid in supercritical phase in the mixing chamber to obtain a homogeneous-phase mixing fluid. The homogeneous-phase mixing fluid is then introduced into a reaction chamber connected to the mixing chamber. 1. A reaction method with a homogeneous-phase supercritical fluid , comprising:introducing a first fluid into a mixing chamber, wherein a mass of the first fluid into the mixing chamber is less than or equal to that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component, totally absorbing the first fluid by the molecular sieve component;introducing a second fluid into the mixing chamber, wherein a mass of the second fluid into the mixing chamber is greater than that can be absorbed by the molecular sieve component;adjusting a temperature and a pressure in the mixing chamber to a critical temperature and a critical pressure of the second fluid, respectively, releasing the first fluid in supercritical phase from the molecular sieve component into the mixing chamber, followed by homogeneously mixing with the second fluid in supercritical phase in the mixing chamber to obtain a homogeneous-phase mixing fluid; andintroducing the homogeneous-phase mixing fluid into a reaction chamber connected to the mixing chamber for conducting a reaction.2. The reaction method with ...

APPARATUS FOR SALT SEPARATION UNDER SUPERCRITICAL WATER CONDITIONS

Apparatus for salt separation () under supercritical water conditions, comprising a heat exchanger () and a fluidized bed reactor (). The fluidized bed reactor comprising a supercritical water pressure containing wall () defining therein a fluidized bed chamber () connected to an inlet system () at one end thereof and an outlet system () configured to separate solids from supercritical fluid at another end thereof. The fluidized bed chamber receives a fluidized bed () therein and is configured to receive through the inlet system () a liquefied aqueous substance () for treatment in the fluidized bed chamber. The inlet system () comprises an inlet chamber () and a fluidization plate () positioned between the inlet chamber () and the fluidized bed chamber (). The fluidized bed chamber extends between the inlet system () and outlet system () and comprises an entry section () adjacent the inlet system (), an outlet section () adjacent the outlet system (), and a mid-section () extending between the entry section and the outlet section. The heat exchanger () extends along the fluidized bed chamber () and is configured to generate a decreasing temperature gradient in the fluidized bed chamber from the outlet section () to the entry section (), the temperature gradient in the outlet section and mid-section being supercritical for aqueous substances and being subcritical for aqueous substances in the entry section () adjacent the fluidization plate (). 19-. (canceled)10. Apparatus for salt separation under supercritical water conditions , comprising a heat exchanger and a fluidized bed reactor , the fluidized bed reactor comprising a supercritical water pressure containing wall defining therein a fluidized bed chamber connected to an inlet system at one end thereof and an outlet system configured to separate solids from supercritical fluid at another end thereof , the fluidized bed chamber receiving a fluidized bed therein and configured to receive through the inlet system a ...

Heated Airlock Feeder Unit

A Heated Airlock Feeder is disclosed. The Heated Airlock Feeder allows for the continuous feeding of solid, shredded plastic into a reactor tube surrounded by clamshell burner boxes. Inside of the reactor tube, two augers, one with right hand flights and one with left hand flights are welded to smooth augers to create two continuous augers that push solid plastic material, liquid plastic material and molten plastic material through two small holes. As the plastic is in its molten state while being forced through the two small holes, an airlock is formed preventing air form entering the system. As the solid, shredded plastic is fed into the system, an airlock is formed allowing for the continuous feeding of the system. The clamshell burner boxes allow for convection and radiant heat allowing for even, continuous heat.

Supercritical Water Separation Process

A supercritical water separation process and system is disclosed for the removal of metals, minerals, particulate, asphaltenes, and resins from a contaminated organic material. The present invention takes advantage of the physical and chemical properties of supercritical water to effect the desired separation of contaminants from organic materials and permit scale-up. At a temperature and pressure above the critical point of water (374° C., 22.1 MPa), nonpolar organic compounds become miscible in supercritical water (SCW) and polar compounds and asphaltenes become immiscible. The process and system disclosed continuously separates immiscible contaminants and solids from the supercritical water and clean oil product solution. The present invention creates a density gradient that enables over 95% recovery of clean oil and over 99% reduction of contaminants such as asphaltenes and particulate matter depending on the properties of the contaminated organic material. 1. A process for separating contaminants from a contaminated feedstock comprised of:combining a contaminated feedstock and supercritical water to form a supercritical water and feedstock solution in a hydrothermal separation vessel, said hydrothermal separation vessel including an upper separation zone and a bottom concentration zone;maintaining a temperature and pressure within the hydrothermal separation vessel to achieve a vertical density gradient therein such that the separation zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel exhibits a lower density than the concentration zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel, to cause the contaminants to separate from the solution in the separation zone and to form a product stream;removing the product stream from the separation zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel; andremoving the contaminants from the concentration zone of the hydrothermal separation vessel.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the separation zone is maintained at a pressure greater than 22.1 MPa ...

METHOD FOR TREATING ORGANIC WASTE BY HYDROTHERMAL OXIDATION

The present invention relates to a method for treating waste comprising at least one organic phase, said method comprising the following consecutive steps: a) preparation of an oil-in-water emulsion with controlled TOD using waste to be treated comprising at least one organic phase, by mixing said waste with an aqueous phase in a mixer, preferably with high shear; b) possible adjustment of the TOD of the emulsion obtained in step a); and c) hydrothermal oxidation, under subcritical or supercritical starting conditions, of the emulsion thus obtained. The present invention also relates to a facility suitable for implementing the method for treating waste comprising at least one organic phase according to the invention. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the emulsion obtained at the end of step a) or b) has an average drop size of less than 1 claim 1 ,000 μm.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the TOD of the oil-in-water emulsion obtained at the end of step b) is comprised between 20 and 400 g/L.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous phase of the emulsion in step a) comprises at least one surfactant claim 1 , representing less than 10% by weight claim 1 , based on the total weight of the aqueous phase.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the surfactant is non-ionic claim 4 , preferably selected from among polysorbates and nonylphenol ethoxylates.6. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the surfactant is mixed with the aqueous phase claim 4 , and then the waste to be treated comprising at least one organic phase is gradually incorporated in a mixer to said aqueous phase comprising the surfactant claim 4 , leading to the formation of the oil-in-water emulsion.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the steps a) and b) are conducted according to a batch-wise method.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the oxidizer used during step c) exclusively consists of dioxygen (O) or air claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.9. ...

INTERTWINED COIL HEAT EXCHANGER

The present invention relates to the field of heat exchangers, especially those having a plurality of tubular fluid channels formed as intertwined coils, with each of the centre paths of the coils forming a helix, and to a reactor for supercritical water oxidation comprising such a heat exchanger. 11. A heat exchanger () comprising:{'b': 10', '20', '30, 'claim-text': [{'b': 14', '24, 'an external tubular diameter (, ) or equivalent diameter;'}, {'b': 12', '13', '22', '23, 'two openings (, , , ) into the interior of the tubular fluid channel, said openings being arranged at distant end positions of the fluid channel;'}], 'a plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) each havingwherein{'b': 10', '20', '30', '11', '21', '31', '11', '21', '31', '11', '21', '31', '15', '25', '11', '21', '31', '16', '26', '36, 'each of the plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) are formed as a coil (, , ), such as a helical coil (, , ), over at least a part of their lengths, each coil (, , ) being provided as a plurality of windings (, ) each of said coils (, , ) evolving with a centre path (, , );'}{'b': 11', '21', '31', '10', '20', '30', '16', '26', '36', '16', '26', '36', '11', '21', '31', '16', '26', '36, 'the coils (, , ) of the plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ) are intertwined around one another with the centre path (, , ) of each coil being distant from the centre path (, , ) of the other coils (, , ), and each of the centre paths (, , ) forms a helix, and'}{'b': 1', '18', '28', '38', '11', '21', '31', '18', '28', '38', '11', '21', '31', '10', '20', '30, 'in a transverse cross section of the heat exchanger (), a planar representation (, , ) of a winding of a first of said coils (, , ) overlaps a planar representation (, , ) of a winding of each of the other said coils (, , ) of said plurality of tubular fluid channels (, , ).'}21182838112131102030. A heat exchanger () according to claim 1 , wherein a planar representation ( claim 1 , claim 1 , ) of a winding of each of ...

System for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis

A system for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis is provided. Firstly, a mixture of a first reactant and a second reactant and high-temperature water at an outlet of a heating furnace () are mixed and are heated to a reaction temperature, the mixture is connected to a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor (), and a product at an outlet of the supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor enters a heat regenerator (); hot water at an outlet of a low-temperature section of the heating furnace () first enters the heat regenerator, and then enters a high-temperature section of the heating furnace so as to be continuously heated to a set temperature; fluid at the pipe side outlet of the heat regenerator separately passes through a heat exchange coil in a first reactant modulation pool () and a steam generator () in a waste heat power generation system (). 1124567910111213141617181920. A system for preparing nanoparticles by supercritical hydrothermal synthesis , comprising a first reactant modulation pool () , a steam generator () , a back pressure valve () , a gas-liquid separator () , a centrifugal separator () , an oil-water separator () , a heat regenerator () , a heating furnace () , a first material pump () , a premixer () , a mixer () , a supercritical hydrothermal synthesis reactor () , a second material pump () , a pure water pump () , a pure water storage tank () , a second reactant storage pool () , and a waste heat power generation system () , wherein:{'b': 1', '11', '11', '12, 'an outlet of the first reactant modulation pool () is communicated with an inlet of the first material pump (), an outlet of the first material pump () is communicated with a first inlet of the premixer ();'}{'b': 19', '16', '16', '12', '12', '13, 'an outlet of the second reactant storage pool () is communicated with an inlet of the second material pump (), an outlet of the second material pump () is communicated with a second inlet of the premixer ...

Process for continuous supercritical drying of aerogel particles

Processes for drying gel particles, in particular for producing aerogels, involve providing a suspension containing gel particles and a solvent, introducing the suspension into a column where carbon dioxide flows in countercurrent, and removing dried aerogel particles from the column. The suspension is introduced in the top region of the column and dried aerogel particles are removed in the lower region. Pressure and temperature in the column are set such that the mixture of carbon dioxide and solvent is virtually supercritical or is supercritical. The aerogel particles can be discharged via discharge vessels or continuous decompression. Aerogel particles can be obtained by such a process and the aerogel particles can be used for medical and pharmaceutical applications, as additive or carrier material for additives for foods, as catalyst support, for cosmetic, hygiene, washing and cleaning applications, for production of sensors, for thermal insulation, or as a core material for VIPs.

High rate reactor system

A process and system for upgrading an organic feedstock including providing an organic feedstock and water mixture, feeding the mixture into a high-rate, hydrothermal reactor, wherein the mixture is rapidly heated, subjected to heat, pressure, and turbulent flow, maintaining the heat and pressure of the mixture for a residence time of less than three minutes to cause the organic components of the mixture to undergo conversion reactions resulting in increased yields of distillate fuels, higher-quality kerosene and diesel fuels, and the formation of high octane naphtha compounds. Hydrocarbon products are cooled at a rate sufficient to inhibit additional reaction and recover of process heat, and depressurizing the hydrocarbon products, and separating the hydrocarbon products for further processing. The process and system can include devices to convert olefinic hydrocarbons into paraffinic hydrocarbons and convert olefinic byproduct gas to additional high-octane naphtha and/or heavier hydrocarbons by one of hydrogenation, alkylation, or oligomerization.

METHOD FOR GRAPHENE OXIDE SYNTHESIS

The invention relates to the field of carbon structure production and, in particular, to a method for synthesis of graphene oxide which is widely used in electronics, medicine, pharmacology and construction industries. 1. A method for synthesis of graphene oxide by oxidizing of ground graphite using sulfuric acid and at least one oxidizer in a medium of supercritical fluid , characterized in that the method includesobtaining of a mixture of sulfuric acid and dry ice in an amount sufficient for the mixture to solidify, and a mixture of at least one oxidizer and dry ice, wherein at least one of said mixtures contains ground graphite;with charging of the obtained mixtures into a high pressure autoclave, and further mixing of the reagents.2. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that the mixing of the reagents in the autoclave is performed by rotating and shaking of the autoclave.3. The method according to claim 1 , characterized in that potassium permanganate is used as the oxidizer.4. The method according to claim 3 , characterized in that the outer wall of the autoclave is heated to a temperature between 35° C. and 50° C. The invention relates to the field of carbon structure production and, in particular, to a method for synthesis of graphene oxide which is widely used in electronics, medicine, pharmacology and construction industries.Graphene oxide is sphybridized carbon atoms which form a monolayer or a structure having several layers. Graphene oxide has a high specific active surface formed by the layers of the carbon atoms, wherein said carbon layers have a wide range of oxygen-containing functional groups. By using graphene oxide, various nanostructures can be obtained, for example flexible nanofilms, nanocomposites etc. Graphene oxide is used as an effective sorbent of heavy metal ions and a base for bone tissue regeneration, as well as in drug delivery agents, catalysis, and wound treatment. Furthermore, reduced graphene oxide is obtained from ...

PRODUCTION OF UPGRADED PETROLEUM BY SUPERCRITICAL WATER

A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes introducing the petroleum feedstock, water and an auxiliary feedstock. The method includes operating the system to combine the petroleum feedstock and the water to form a mixed petroleum feedstock and introducing separately and simultaneously into a lower portion of an upflowing supercritical water reactor. The auxiliary feedstock is introduced such that a portion of a fluid contained within the upflowing reactor located proximate to the bottom does not lack fluid momentum. An embodiment of the method includes operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the upflowing reactor product fluid is introduced into an upper portion of a downflowing supercritical water reactor. The supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes the upflowing supercritical water reactor and optionally a downflowing supercritical water reactor. 1. A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system , the method comprising the steps of:introducing the petroleum feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing a water into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system; where the auxiliary feedstock comprises supercritical water,', 'where the auxiliary feedstock further comprises aromatic hydrocarbons from a naphtha reformer, where the aromatic hydrocarbons from a naphtha reformer are present in a range of from about 1 weight percent (wt. %) to about 75 wt. % of the auxiliary feedstock;, 'introducing an auxiliary feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system,'}operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the petroleum feedstock and the water combine to form a mixed petroleum feedstock;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the mixed petroleum feedstock and the auxiliary feedstock are introduced ...

MULTIFUNCTION REACTOR

Described herein is a reactor () includes: 11. A reactor () including:{'b': '1', 'a first reaction volume (V),'}{'b': '2', 'a second reaction volume (V),'}wherein:{'b': 1', '1', '1, 'the first reaction volume (V) is in fluid communication with an inlet port for an oxidizer agent (OX_TN), an inlet port for at least one first reactant (R_IN) and an outlet port for at least one reaction product (P_OUT),'}{'b': 2', '2', '2', '1, 'said second reaction volume (V) is in fluid communication with an inlet port for at least one second reactant (R_IN), an outlet port for at least one second reaction product (P_OUT) and is furthermore in thermal exchange relationship with said first reaction volume (V),'}{'b': 1', '2', '1', '2, 'wherein, during operation, in said first reaction volume (V) an oxidation reaction occurs between said at least one first reactant and said oxidizer agent with the formation of said at least one first reaction product, and in said second reaction volume (V) a gasification reaction occurs of said second reactant with the contribution of a thermal energy flow exchanged between the first and the second reaction volumes (V, V) with formation of said at least one second reaction product.'}21. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein said oxidation reaction is a supercritical water oxidation reaction claim 1 , while said gasification reaction is a supercritical water gasification reaction.311221. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein said first reaction volume (V) and said second reaction volume (V) are arranged concentric with one another claim 1 , in particular said second reaction volume (V) is arranged around said first reaction volume (V).41. The reactor () according to claim 1 , wherein the flow of said at least one reactant is in counter-current with respect to the flow of said at least one second reaction product claim 1 , and wherein the flow of said at least one second reactant is in counter-current with the flow of said at least one ...

METHOD OF INJECTING AND REACTING SUPER-CRITICAL PHASE CARBON DIOXIDE WITHOUT PRESSURE LOSS

Disclosed is provided a method of injecting and reacting super-critical phase COwithout pressure loss. The method includes preparing gas phase CO, producing liquid phase COby pressurizing the prepared gas phase CO, producing super-critical phase COby adjusting a temperature of the produced liquid phase CO, filling incompressible fluid in a reactor and an injection line from an injection unit and pressurizing the incompressible fluid, injecting the produced super-critical phase COinto the reactor, and controlling a pressure of the injected super-critical phase COby a pressure regulating unit.

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE CONTINUOUS HIGH-PRESSURE TREATMENT OF BULK MATERIAL AND USE THEREOF

An apparatus and method for high pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction and/or impregnation may involve high pressure treating bulk material in a high pressure treatment volume of a pressure vessel apparatus at a high pressure level, especially high pressure in the range from 40 to 1000 bar. The method comprises at least the three following step sequences that are each controllable individually: pressurization, high pressure treatment, and depressurization. The high pressure treatment is performed in a continuous manner in the high pressure treatment volume. The high pressure treatment volume or the entire pressure vessel apparatus is in a fixed arrangement during the high pressure treatment. The continuity of the high pressure treatment is ensured solely by means of the high pressure treatment volume. This especially enables engineering optimization of high pressure treatment processes, for example extraction. 116-. (canceled)17. A method for high pressure treatment of bulk material by extraction , wherein the bulk material is disposed in a high pressure treatment volume , which has cavities , of a pressure vessel apparatus and is treated at a high pressure level in a range from 40 to 1000 bar , wherein the method comprises:pressurizing the high pressure treatment volume;high pressure treating the bulk material in a continuous manner in the high pressure treatment volume, with continuity of the high pressure treating being ensured solely by way of the high pressure treatment volume, wherein the high pressure treatment volume or the pressure vessel apparatus is in a fixed arrangement during the high pressure treating, wherein the high pressure treating comprises continuously displacing the bulk material by translation of a translational actuator within the high pressure treatment volume; anddepressurizing the high pressure treatment volume.18. The method of wherein the translational actuator is a piston inserted into an end face of the high pressure ...

Horizontal supercritical fluid foaming autoclave with internal stirring device

The invention discloses a horizontal supercritical fluid foaming autoclave with an internal stirring device, comprising a horizontal autoclave body, an end cover, a stirring driver and a stirring paddle, wherein a stirring shaft of the stirring driver passes through the autoclave body and is connected with the stirring paddle positioned inside the autoclave body. The stirring driver of the invention can drive the stirring paddle to rotate, drive the fluid in the autoclave body to generate convection circulation, increase convection heat transfer, improve a uniform distribution degree of the temperature in the autoclave, enable the temperature in each position in the autoclave body to be consistent, ensure the consistency of the shape and parameters of foamed products, and improve the yield of the products.

Reactor for Substrate Oxidation

A reactor and process for the oxidation of substrates, comprising: a first reaction chamber configured to dissolve substrates in a fluid, the first reaction chamber comprising a linking outlet; the linking outlet being connected to a tubular reaction chamber downstream of the first reaction chamber, conditions in the first reaction chamber being subcritical for the fluid, and conditions in the tubular reaction chamber being supercritical for the fluid carrying the dissolved substrates

NOVEL GLYCEROL DEHYDRATION METHODS AND PRODUCTS THEREOF

Methods and systems for suppressing coking in dehydration reactions catalyzed by solid acids. Dehydration reactions catalyzed by one or more solid acid catalysts can be performed in the presence of a super critical carbon dioxide medium which prevents or minimizes coking of the solid acid catalysts. Methods and systems are provided for producing glycerol products, such as acrolein, acrylic acid, acetol, by performing a dehydration reaction of glycerol using one or more solid acid catalysts in the presence of a super critical carbon dioxide reaction medium. Such methods and systems can be nm for extended periods of time, or continuously, due to catalyst regeneration and/or recycling. Such methods and systems are configured to produce glycerol products from crude glycerol feedstock with minimal pretreatment. 1. A method for producing a glycerol product , comprising exposing glycerol to a solid acid catalyst in a supercritical or subcritical carbon dioxide (SCF CO) reaction medium , whereby a glycerol product is produced by solid acid catalyzed dehydration of the glycerol.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein coking of the solid acid catalyst is decreased during the solid acid catalyzed dehydration of the glycerol in the presence of SCF COas compared to solid acid catalyzed dehydration of glycerol in the absence of an SCF COreaction medium.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the active lifetime of the catalyst is extended as compared to the active lifetime of the catalyst during glycerol dehydration in a reaction medium other than SCF CO.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the glycerol product is selected from the group consisting of acrolein claim 1 , acrylic acid claim 1 , acetol and combinations thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solid acid catalyst is selected from the group consisting of heteropoly acids claim 1 , salts of heteropoly acids claim 1 , zeolites claim 1 , metal oxides claim 1 , cation-exchange resins claim 1 , carbonaceous solid acids claim 1 , ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING SODIUM TAURATE AS TAURINE INTERMEDIATE, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING TAURINE

A method for preparing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate is provided in the present disclosure. The method comprises the following steps: providing sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and an ammonia source; and placing the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and the ammonia source in an aminolysis reactor for an aminolysis reaction to obtain a mixture containing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate, wherein the molar ratio of ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is greater than or equal to 25:1. A method for preparing taurine is further provided. 1. A method for preparing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate , comprising:providing sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and an ammonia source; andfeeding the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate and the ammonia source into an aminolysis reactor for an aminolysis reaction to obtain a mixture containing sodium taurine as a taurine intermediate, wherein a molar ratio of ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is greater than or equal to 25:1.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is in a range of 25:1 to 100:1.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the ammonia in the ammonia source to the sodium hydroxyethyl sulfonate is in a range of 30:1 to 50:1.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:after the aminolysis reaction, separating unreacted ammonia from the mixture with an ammonia separating device, so as to obtain an ammonia-containing gas and the taurine intermediate, respectively, wherein the ammonia separating device is connected to the aminolysis reactor; andcompressing the ammonia-containing gas with a compression unit to obtain a supercritical fluid containing ammonia, and circulating the supercritical fluid to the aminolysis reactor, wherein the compression unit is connected to the ammonia separating device and the aminolysis reactor, respectively.5. The method of ...

SUPERCRITICAL HYDROCYCLOTRON AND RELATED METHODS

A supercritical hydrocyclotron for transforming one or more selected polymeric materials into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical or near-supercritical water reaction that enable the rapid and economic conversion of solid biomass and/or waste plastic materials (i.e., organic materials) into smaller liquid and gaseous hydrocarbon molecules—smaller hydrocarbon molecules that, in turn, are useful as chemical feedstock materials including, for example, liquid transportation fuels and bio-adhesives. The innovative supercritical hydrocyclonic systems and related mobile units disclosed herein comprise, in combination, (1) a supercritical water (or near-supercritical water) treatment system for converting organic materials into smaller hydrocarbon molecules, and (2) a hydrocyclonic separation system for recovering the smaller hydrocarbon molecules from the combined water/hydrocarbon effluent. 1. A supercritical hydrocyclotron for transforming one or more selected organic materials into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical or near-supercritical water reaction , comprising:a conveyor having an inlet and a downstream outlet;a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold, wherein the inlet manifold forms a ring having a plurality of inwardly facing exit portals, wherein the plurality of exit portals is circumferentially positioned about the inner surface of the ring;a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is adjacent and fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the conveyor, and (ii) the plurality of circumferentially positioned exit portals of the inlet manifold, and wherein the inlet end of the reactor also comprises an axially aligned occlusion having one or more through-holes, wherein the tubular reactor is configured such that, under operating conditions, a flowing polymeric extrudate exiting the outlet of the ...

DEVICE AND PROCESS UNDER CONDITIONS CLOSE TO THE SUPERCRITICAL RANGE OR UNDER SUPERCRITICAL CONDITIONS

A process including introducing, into a device, an aqueous fluid containing at least one inorganic salt, the water of the aqueous fluid being in supercritical conditions or close to the supercritical range in the device, and measuring the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt in the device, this measurement preferably being carried out before the entry of the inorganic salt into the device, Then bringing the inorganic salt into contact with an aqueous flow containing at least one hydroxide salt to obtain in the device an aqueous fluid mixture containing an inorganic salt and a hydroxide salt and adjusting the concentration or amount of the hydroxide salt as a function of the concentration or amount of the inorganic salt needed to at least partially solubilize the inorganic salt. Preferably the measurement of the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt leaving the device is also performed. 1. A process comprising the steps of:entering, into a device, an aqueous fluid containing at least one inorganic salt, the water of the aqueous fluid in the device being under supercritical conditions or close to the supercritical range,measuring the concentration or the amount of inorganic salt in the device, wherein this measurement is preferably carried out before the entry of the inorganic salt into the device,contacting the inorganic salt with an aqueous stream containing at least one hydroxide salt, so as to obtain an aqueous fluid mixture in the device containing an inorganic salt and a hydroxide salt, andadjusting the concentration or amount of the hydroxide salt as a function of the concentration or amount of the inorganic salt needed to at least partially solubilize the inorganic salt, and, preferably, the measurement of the concentration or the quantity of inorganic salt leaving the device.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein adjusting the concentration or the amount of the hydroxide salt according to the concentration or the amount of the ...

MACHINE AND METHODS FOR TRANSFORMING BIOMASS AND/OR WASTE PLASTICS VIA SUPERCRITICAL WATER REACTION

The machinery and methods disclosed herein are based on the use of a specialized extruder configured to continuously convey and plasticize/moltenize selected lignocellulosic biomass and/or waste plastic materials into a novel variable volume tubular reactor, wherein the plasticized/moltenized material undergoes reaction with circumferentially injected supercritical water—thereby yielding valuable simple sugar solutions and/or liquid hydrocarbon mixtures (e.g., “neodiesel”), both of which are key chemical commodity products. The reaction time may be adjusted by changing the reactor volume. The machinery includes four zones: (1) a feedstock conveyance and plasticization/moltenization zone; (2) a steam generation and manifold distribution zone; (3) a central supercritical water reaction zone; and (4) a pressure let-down and reaction product separation zone. The machinery and methods minimize water usage—thereby enabling the economic utilization of abundant biomass and waste plastics as viable renewable feedstocks for subsequent conversion into alternative liquid transportation fuels and valuable green-chemical products. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. A machine for transforming a selected polymeric material into a plurality of reaction products via supercritical water reaction , comprising:an extruder having an inlet and a downstream outlet, wherein the downstream outlet is coincident with the longitudinal axis of the extruder;a steam generator fluidically connected to a downstream inlet manifold;a tubular reactor having an interior space fluidically connected to an inlet end and an outlet end, wherein the inlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to both (i) the outlet of the extruder, and the inlet manifold, and wherein the outlet end of the tubular reactor is fluidically connected to;a first downstream chamber; and ...

HORIZONTAL SELF-BALANCING SUPERCRITICAL REACTION APPARATUS

A horizontal self-balancing supercritical reaction apparatus, comprising a pressure vessel, a high pressure air compression apparatus, and at least one reactor arranged within the pressure vessel. The reactor is internally provided with front and rear pistons, two ends of the reactor are sealed by the reactor front piston and the reactor rear piston, a pressure medium is filled between the reactor front piston and an inner wall of the pressure vessel, the reactor rear piston is connected to a rear piston driving motor by a rear piston push rod, the reactor is provided with a water inlet and a water/air outlet which are controlled by valves, the reactor is internally provided with a heating apparatus, and the high pressure air compression apparatus is connected to the inside of the reactor. The present invention utilises a pressure self-balancing system, which significantly improves the stress characteristics of the reactor. 1. A horizontal self-balancing supercritical reaction apparatus , characterized by comprising a pressure vessel , a high-pressure air compression unit and at least one reactor provided in the pressure vessel;wherein a front piston and a rear piston are provided inside the reactor, two ends of the reactor are closed by the front piston of the reactor and the rear piston of the reactor, respectively; a pressure medium is filled between the front piston of the reactor and the inner wall of the pressure vessel; the rear piston of the reactor is connected with a rear piston driving motor through a rear piston push rod; a valve-controlled water inlet and a water/gas outlet are provided in the reactor, and a heating unit is provided inside the reactor;the high-pressure air compression unit communicates with the interior of the reactor.2. The apparatus as described in claim 1 , further comprising a pressure reducing buffer unit claim 1 , wherein the pressure reducing buffer unit comprises a piston claim 1 , a cylinder claim 1 , a piston push rod and a ...

SOLVENT SEPARATION METHOD AND SOLVENT SEPARATION APPARATUS

A separation method and a separation apparatus for a solvent extracted by supercritical extraction. The separation method increases a solvent recovery rate by minimizing the amount of a solvent to be evaporated and lost since the pressure of a solvent is reduced by arranging two or more separators in series. The method includes: introducing a fluid having passed through a supercritical extractor into a first flash vessel; introducing the fluid which has passed through the first flash vessel into a second flash vessel; and discharging and recovering the carbon dioxide and the solvent which have passed through the second flash vessel, respectively. The pressure of the first flash vessel is 40-100 bar, and the pressure of the second flash vessel is 1-30 bar. The fluid includes carbon dioxide and a solvent. 1. A solvent separation method comprising:1) introducing a fluid having passed through a supercritical extractor into a first flash vessel, wherein the fluid comprises carbon dioxide and a solvent;2) introducing the fluid which has passed through the first flash vessel into a second flash vessel; and3) discharging and recovering the carbon dioxide and the solvent which have passed through the second flash vessel, respectively,wherein the pressure of the first flash vessel is 40-100 bar, and the pressure of the second flash vessel is 1-30 bar.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperatures of the first flash vessel and the second flash vessel are individually maintained at 10-30° C.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein discharging and recovering the solvent is carried out at atmospheric pressure and room temperature.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the supercritical extractor is maintained at a pressure of 73.8-300 bar and a temperature of 31.1-80° C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon dioxide is pressurized and liquefied through a compressor and a heat exchanger connected to an upper portion of the second flash vessel and recovered in a liquid state in a ...

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.15 g/cm, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g, 20 m/g, 25 m/g, 30 m/g, 32 m/g, 34 m/g, or 35 m/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided. 1. A composition , comprising particles including at least 95% by weight of a taxane , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , wherein the particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel claim 1 , docetaxel claim 1 , and cabazitaxel claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.5. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 20 m/g.6. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 40 m/g.7. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 20 m/g and about 40 m/g.8. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is docetaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.10. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of at least 20 m/g.11. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 50 m/g.12. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 20 m/g and about 50 m/g.13. The composition ...

METAL-ORGANIC GELS AND METAL-ORGANIC AEROGELS FORMED FROM NANOFIBRES OF COORDINATION POLYMERS

The present invention relates to metal-organic gels and metal-organic aerogels made of dithiooxamidate (DTO) or rubeanate ligand-based coordination polymers, method for preparing thereof and use in chemical species capture, separation and/or catalysis, environmental cleanup, metal recovery, passive sampling, among others. 1. A metal-organic gel comprising a metal-organic matrix of cross-linked nanometric fibers , wherein said nanometric fibers comprise coordination polymer chains of general formula (M-DTO) , where M is a transition metal or a mixture of at least two transition metals; DTO is dithiooxamidate; and n is the number of M-DTO repeating units forming the coordination polymer , n being a number greater than or equal to 10; wherein the metal-organic gel is in monolithic form.2. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein the nanometric fibers have a diameter between 2 and 300 nanometers.3. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein the nanometric fibers have a length comprised between 0.1 and 30 μm.4. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein M is a transition metal selected from Cr claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Au claim 1 , Cd claim 1 , Pt and a mixture thereof.5. The metal-organic gel according to claim 1 , wherein it further comprises between 60 and 99% by weight of a solvent with respect to the total weight of the metal-organic gel.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the transition metal salt is selected from nitrate claim 6 , chloride claim 6 , perchlorate claim 6 , bromide claim 6 , sulfate claim 6 , acetate and other organic carboxylates.8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the transition metal salt is selected from a Cr claim 6 , Mn claim 6 , Fe claim 6 , Co claim 6 , Ni claim 6 , Cu claim 6 , Zn claim 6 , Pd claim 6 , Rh claim 6 , Ru claim 6 , Ag claim 6 , Au claim 6 , Cd claim 6 , Pt salt claim ...

CARBON FOAMS, DOPED CARBON COMPOSITES, PROCESSES FOR FABRICATING CARBON FOAMS AND DOPED CARBON COMPOSITES, AND USES THEREOF

Embodiments of the present disclosure generally relate to carbon foams, processes for forming carbon foams, doped carbon composites, processes for forming doped carbon composites, and uses thereof, e.g., as electrodes. Processes described herein relate to fabrication of carbon foam and materials derived from the pyrolyzation of biomass at supercritical and subcritical conditions for CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof. The process includes exposing biomass to CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof under various parameters for temperature, pressure, heating rate and fluid flow rate. Silicon-carbon composites and sulfur-carbon composites for use as, e.g., electrodes, are also described. 1. A process for forming a carbon foam , comprising:processing biomass into a feedstock, the feedstock comprising a plurality of particles having a particle size of about 30 μm to about 1 mm;loading the feedstock into a reactor, the reactor disposed inside a furnace; and [{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'pressurizing the reactor with CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof, the CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof in a supercritical state or subcritical state, wherein the pressure of the reactor is from about 4.1 MPa to about 10.5 MPa;'}, {'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'contacting the feedstock with the CO, N, HO, or combinations thereof;'}, 'heating the furnace at a heat rate of about 10° C./min to about 50° C./min until the reactor reaches a specified temperature of about 450° C. to about 550° C.; and', 'exposing the reactor to the specified temperature for a period of about ten minutes to about 1 hour to form the carbon foam., 'pyrolyzing the feedstock to form the carbon foam, comprising2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the carbon foam has:a bulk density of about 0.2 g/mL to about 0.6 g/mL;a plurality of pores, the pores having an average pore diameter of about 20 μm to about 200 μm;an ultimate compressive strength of about 0.1 MPa to about 2.0 MPa;{'sup': −8', '5, 'an electrical conductivity of ...

PLANT FOR WASTE DISPOSAL AND ASSOCIATED METHOD

A plant for the disposal of wastes includes a supercritical water oxidation reactor, a supercritical water gasification reactor, and a feeding system configured for feeding at least two organic currents of wastes to the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and configured for feeding at least one aqueous flow within said plant. The feeding system is configured for feeding the at least one aqueous current with a series flow through the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor. The feeding system is configured for feeding the at least two organic currents of wastes with a parallel flow through the supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and so as to selectively feed each of the organic currents of wastes to the supercritical water oxidation reactor or to the supercritical water gasification reactor. 1. A plant for the disposal of wastes including:a supercritical water oxidation reactor,a supercritical water gasification reactor,a feeding system configured for feeding at least two organic currents of wastes to said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and configured for feeding at least one aqueous current within said plant,wherein said feeding system is configured for feeding said at least one aqueous current with a series flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor andwherein said feeding system is furthermore configured for feeding said at least two organic currents of wastes with a parallel flow through said supercritical water oxidation reactor and supercritical water gasification reactor and so as to selectively feed each of said organic currents of wastes to said supercritical water oxidation reactor or to said supercritical water gasification reactor.2. The plant according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one aqueous current ...

METHOD OF AND SYSTEM FOR PROCESSING A SLURRY CONTAINING ORGANIC COMPONENTS

A method of and a system for processing a slurry containing organic components, such as biomass, having a water contents of at least 50%, comprises a pump and heater or heat exchanger to bring the liquid in the slurry in a supercritical state. A reactor converts at least a part of the organic components in the slurry. A separator removes gaseous products from the converted slurry. A mixer adds fluid from the converted slurry to the slurry upstream from the reactor. 1. A method of processing a slurry containing organic components having a water contents of at least 50% ,increasing the pressure and temperature of the slurry to bring the water in the slurry in a supercritical state,converting at least a part of the organic components in the slurry andseparating gaseous products from the converted slurry, andmixing fluid with the slurry before converting at least a part of the organic components in the slurry.2. The method according to claim 1 , mixing fluid from the converted slurry with the upstream slurry.3. The method according to claim 1 , comprising mixing fluid with the slurry before liquid in the slurry is brought in a supercritical state.4. The method according to claim 1 , comprising separating gaseous products and/or solids from the fluid in the converted slurry and mixing the fluid thus obtained with the upstream slurry.5. The method according to claim 1 , comprising exchanging heat between the converted slurry and slurry before conversion.6. The method according to claim 5 , comprising exchanging heat between the converted slurry and the upstream slurry to heat the latter to a temperature above the critical temperature.7. The method according to claim 1 , comprising reducing the percentage of water in the slurry.8. The method according to claim 1 , comprising adding a fuel to the slurry before converting at least part of the organic components in the slurry.9. A system for processing a slurry containing organic components having a water contents of at least ...

SUPERCRITICAL REACTOR SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PETROLEUM UPGRADING

Provided herein are supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based composition by using one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors that alternate functions such that the supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor. The supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor. The supercritical reactors may have one or more catalyst layers and one or more purging fluid inlets, and the catalyst layers may have differing void volume ratios. 1. A process for upgrading a petroleum-based composition comprising:combining a supercritical water stream with a pressurized, heated petroleum-based composition in a mixing device to create a combined feed stream,introducing the combined feed stream into an upgrading reactor system comprising one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors,where the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor both operate at a temperature greater than a critical temperature of water and a pressure greater than a critical pressure of water,where the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor both comprise at least one catalyst layer, andupgrading the combined feed stream in the supercritical upgrading reactor to produce an upgraded product;cleaning the supercritical standby reactor by passing a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor, while the upgrading step is being performed in the supercritical upgrading reactor; andalternating functions of the supercritical upgrading reactor and the supercritical standby reactor, such that the supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor undergoing a ...

Nozzle Assembly and Methods for Use

The present disclosure provides an apparatus and methods of use for isolating particles. An example apparatus includes (a) a vessel defining a pressurizable chamber, wherein the vessel includes a distal end and a proximal end, (b) an inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel, (c) a nozzle positioned within the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an inlet tube in fluid communication with the inlet of the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an outlet aperture, wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter a distance between the proximal end of the vessel and the outlet aperture of the nozzle, and wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter an angle between a longitudinal axis of the vessel and a longitudinal axis of the nozzle, and (d) an outlet of the pressurizable chamber at the distal end of the vessel. 1. A nozzle assembly , comprising:a vessel defining a pressurizable chamber, wherein the vessel includes a distal end and a proximal end;an inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel;a nozzle positioned within the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an inlet tube in fluid communication with the inlet of the pressurizable chamber, wherein the nozzle includes an outlet aperture, wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter a distance between the proximal end of the vessel and the outlet aperture of the nozzle, and wherein the nozzle is adjustable to alter an angle between a longitudinal axis of the vessel and a longitudinal axis of the nozzle; andan outlet of the pressurizable chamber at the distal end of the vessel.2. The nozzle assembly of claim 1 , further comprising:a second inlet of the pressurizable chamber at the proximal end of the vessel.3. The nozzle assembly of claim 1 , wherein the inlet of the pressurizable chamber is in fluid communication with a first reservoir and a second reservoir.4. The nozzle assembly of claim 2 , wherein the inlet of the pressurizable chamber ...

SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS, SUBSTRATE PROCESSING METHOD, AND RECORDING MEDIUM

A substrate processing apparatus performs: a pressure raising process of raising a pressure within the processing container to a processing pressure higher than a critical pressure of the processing fluid, after the substrate is accommodated in the processing container; and a circulation process of supplying the processing fluid to the processing container and discharging the processing fluid from the processing container while keeping a pressure at which the processing fluid is maintained in the supercritical state, within the processing container. In the pressure raising process, the supply of the processing fluid from the second fluid supply unit is stopped and the processing fluid is supplied from the first fluid supply unit into the processing container until at least the pressure within the processing container reaches the critical pressure. In the circulation process, the processing fluid is supplied into the processing container from the second fluid supply unit. 1. A substrate processing apparatus for drying a substrate having a liquid adhering to a surface thereof , using a processing fluid in a supercritical state , the substrate processing apparatus comprising:a processing container;a substrate holder configured to horizontally hold the substrate within the processing container in a state in which the surface of the substrate is directed upwards;a first fluid supply unit provided below the substrate held by the substrate holder, and configured to supply a pressurized processing fluid;a second fluid supply unit provided at a side of the substrate held by the substrate holder, and configured to supply a pressurized processing fluid;a fluid discharge unit configured to discharge a processing fluid from the processing container; anda controller configured to control operations of the first fluid supply unit, the second fluid supply unit, and the fluid discharge unit,wherein the controller causes the substrate processing apparatus to execute:a pressure ...

SYNTHESIS OF OXYGEN AND BORON TRIHALOGENIDE FUNCTIONALIZED TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAYERED MATERIALS IN PRESSURIZED MEDIUM

A method that uses a pressurized reactive medium composed of inert solvents such as pressurized liquid or supercritical fluid carbon dioxide (C02), and sulfur hexafluoride (SF6) and reactive dissolved species ozone (03) and/or boron trifluoride (BF3) and general boron trihalogenides (BX3) to react with two-dimensional (2D) layered materials and thereby synthesize covalently oxygen and/or BX3 functionalized exfoliated 2D layered materials. When 2D layered materials are dispersed in these reactive liquids or fluids by ultrasound sonication or high shear mixing, a simultaneous covalent functionalization and exfoliation of the 2D layered materials happens. Following attainment of the required extent of functionalization and exfoliation, the unreacted 03, BX3, SF6 and C02 can be easily removed as gases by decompression leaving behind the solid phase, thereby leading to efficient and economical production of functionalized and exfoliated 2D layered materials. 1. A method for the synthesis of covalently or charge transfer functionalized and exfoliated two-dimensional layered materials comprising:providing a two-dimensional (2D) layered material;providing an inert solvent comprising chemical species that do not participate in any reactions during the synthesis;{'sub': 3', '1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'providing a primary mixture comprising a plurality of components including at least one of the inert solvent and at least one reactive component, the at least one reactive component including at least one of ozone (O) and boron trihalogenide, the boron trihalogenide represented by BXXX, where X, X, and/or Xare selected from the group consisting of fluorine, chlorine, bromine, and iodine;'}setting a temperature and pressure of the primary mixture, wherein the primary mixture is one of liquid and supercritical fluid at the set temperature and pressure;providing a secondary mixture comprising the two-dimensional layered material and the primary mixture, wherein the secondary ...

SUPERCRITICAL VESSEL AND RELATED METHODS OF SEPARATING DISSOLVED SOLIDS FROM A FLUID

A supercritical vessel for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution includes a main body defining a separation chamber adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid from which dissolved solids precipitate. The vessel further includes a fluid inlet for receiving fluid solution, a fluid outlet for discharging supercritical fluid, and a precipitate outlet for discharging precipitated solids. The main body is tilted at a tilt angle relative to horizontal such that the fluid inlet is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet and the precipitate outlet, so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet. The fluid inlet may be positioned proximate a first end of the main body, and the fluid outlet and precipitate outlet may be positioned proximate a second end. 1. A supercritical vessel for separating dissolved solids from a fluid solution , comprising:a main body defining a separation chamber adapted to contain a fluid solution while the fluid solution is heated to a supercritical temperature so as to produce a supercritical fluid from which dissolved solids precipitate;a fluid inlet provided on the main body and adapted to direct the fluid solution into the separation chamber;a fluid outlet provided on the main body and adapted to discharge supercritical fluid from the separation chamber; anda precipitate outlet provided on the main body and adapted to discharge the precipitated solids from the separation chamber,wherein the main body is tilted at a tilt angle relative to horizontal such that the fluid inlet is positioned vertically higher than the fluid outlet and the precipitate outlet, so as to induce movement of the precipitated solids in a downward direction toward the precipitate outlet.2. The supercritical vessel of claim 1 , wherein the fluid outlet is diametrically opposed from the precipitate ...

Corrosion-resisant surfaces for reactors

Provided herein are corrosion-resistant reactors that can be used for gasification, and methods of making and using the same. Some embodiments include a corrosion-resistant ceramic layer. According to some embodiments, the corrosion-resistant ceramic layer has a negative charge. At temperature above water's critical point (for example, 374CC and at 22.1 MPa I 218 atm), water can behave as an adjustable solvent and can have tunable properties depending on temperature and pressure.

Continuous Synthesis Of Porous Coordination Polymers In Supercritical Carbon Dioxide

This disclosure relates generally relates to methods and systems useful for continuous synthesis of materials in super-critical carbon dioxide (sCO). More particularly, this disclosure relates to methods and systems useful for continuous synthesis of coordination polymers, such as metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and/or covalent organic frameworks (COFs), in sCO. 1. A method of preparing a coordination polymer composition under continuous flow conditions , the method comprising:{'sub': 2', '2, 'providing a supercritical carbon dioxide (CO) and one or more coordination polymer precursors to a mixing section to obtain a mixture of the supercritical COand one or more coordination polymer precursors; and'}providing the mixture to a continuous flow reactor for a period of time sufficient to obtain the coordination polymer composition.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the coordination polymer is metal-organic framework (MOF) claim 1 , covalent organic framework (COF) claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor and the mixing section are maintained at a temperature sufficient to obtain the coordination polymer composition and/or maintain supercritical conditions.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the sufficient temperature is in a range of 30° C. to 600° C.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor and the mixing section are maintained at a pressure sufficient to maintain supercritical conditions.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the sufficient pressure is in a range of 7.3 MPa to 30 MPa.7. (canceled)8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture is provided to the reactor at a flow rate of 0.1 mL/min to 100 mL/min.9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. The method of claim 1 , further comprising{'sub': 2', '2, 'providing gaseous COat a temperature and/or pressure sufficient to form liquid CO; and'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'maintaining liquid COat pressure and/or temperature sufficient to form supercritical CO.'}14. The ...

Supercritical reactor systems and processes for petroleum upgrading

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems for upgrading a petroleum-based compositions comprising one or more catalyst layers and, in some embodiments, one or more purging fluid inlets, where one or more catalyst layers at least partially sift and convert heavy hydrocarbon fractions to light hydrocarbon fractions to produce an upgraded supercritical reactor product. In some embodiments, upgrading reactor systems comprise one or more supercritical upgrading reactors and one or more supercritical standby reactors alternating functions such that a supercritical upgrading reactor is converted to a supercritical standby reactor and the supercritical standby reactor is converted to a supercritical upgrading reactor, where the supercritical upgrading reactor upgrades a combined feed stream while a supercritical standby reactor delivers a cleaning fluid into the supercritical standby reactor.

MODIFIED CERAMICS WITH IMPROVED BIOACTIVITY AND THEIR USE FOR BONE SUBSTITUTE

The present invention concerns ceramics having a modified surface with improved bioactivity, their process of preparation and their use for orthopedics, dentistry or reconstructive surgery, in particular for use as a bone filler. 2. The ceramic according to further comprising fluoroapatite (FHA) and/or chloro-apatite (CLHA).3. The ceramic according to wherein said phosphate is present in anyone of the following forms: Monocalcium phosphate monohydrate (MCPM) (Ca(HPO).HO) claim 1 , Monocalcium phosphate anhydrous (MCPA) (Ca(HPO)) claim 1 , Dicalcium phosphate anhydrous (DCPA) (CaHPO) claim 1 , Dicalcium phosphate dihydrate (DCPD) (CaHPO.2HO) claim 1 , Octacalcium phosphate (OCP) (CaH(PO).5HO) claim 1 , α-Tricalcium phosphate (α-TCP) (α-Ca(PO)) claim 1 , β-Tricalcium phosphate (β-TCP) (β-Ca(PO)) claim 1 , Amorphous calcium phosphate (ACP) (Ca(PO)) claim 1 , Hydroxyapatite (HA) (Ca(PO)(OH)) claim 1 , Tetracalcium phosphate (TTCP) (Ca(PO)O) claim 1 , as well as the deficient or ion-substituted calcium orthophosphates. According to an embodiment claim 1 , the modified surface of the ceramic of the invention further comprises one or more additional bioactive components chosen from bioactive ionic species and active ingredients.4. The ceramic according to where its modified surface further comprises one or more additional bioactive components chosen from bioactive ionic species and active ingredients.5. A bone substitute material comprising the modified ceramic according to .6. A metal implant coated with a modified ceramic according to .7. The modified ceramic according to for use for orthopedics claim 1 , dentistry or reconstructive surgery.8. A process for modifying a macroporous calcium phosphate ceramic comprising:hydroxyapatite (HA), ortricalcium phosphate (TCP), ora mixture thereof in the form of biphasic calcium phosphate (BCP),Said process comprising:{'sub': '2', 'reacting said ceramic with supercritical COin the presence of an aqueous solution.'}9. The process ...

Supercritical water upgrading process to produce high grade coke

Embodiments of a process for producing high grade coke from crude oil residue include at least partially separating, in a solvent extraction unit, the crude oil residue into a deasphalted oil (DAO)-containing stream and an asphaltene containing-stream, producing a pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, where the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream, mixing a supercritical water stream with the pressurized, heated DAO-containing stream to create a combined feed stream, introducing the combined feed stream to an upgrading reactor system operating at supercritical temperature and pressure to yield one or more upgrading reactor output streams comprising upgraded product and a slurry mixture, where the slurry mixture comprises sulfur and one or more additional metals. The process also may include calcining the slurry mixture at a temperature of from 700° C. to 1900° C. to produce a product stream comprising the high grade coke.

METHOD TO PRODUCE LIGHT OLEFINS FROM CRUDE OIL

Embodiments of the disclosure provide a system and method for producing light olefins from a crude oil. A crude oil feed is introduced to a crude distillation unit to produce a distillate fraction and a residue fraction. The distillate fraction is introduced to a non-catalytic steam cracker to produce a light olefin fraction and a pyrolysis oil fraction. The residue fraction is introduced to a supercritical water reactor to produce an effluent stream. The effluent stream is introduced to a flash separator to produce a gas phase fraction and a liquid phase fraction. The gas phase fraction is introduced to a catalytic steam cracker to produce a light olefin fraction and a pyrolysis oil fraction. Optionally, the residue fraction is introduced to a vacuum distillation unit to produce a light vacuum gasoil fraction, a heavy vacuum gasoil fraction, and a vacuum residue fraction. The vacuum residue fraction is introduced to a solvent deasphalting unit to produce a deasphalted oil and a pitch fraction. The deasphalted oil fraction, optionally combined with the heavy vacuum gasoil fraction, can be introduced to the supercritical water reactor in lieu of the residue fraction. 1. A method for producing light olefins from a crude oil , the method comprising the steps of:introducing a crude oil feed to a crude distillation unit to produce a distillate fraction and a residue fraction, wherein the crude oil feed comprises the crude oil, wherein the distillate fraction comprises hydrocarbons having a true boiling point less than that of the residue fraction;introducing the distillate fraction to a first steam cracker, wherein the first steam cracker is operated at a temperature and pressure such that the distillate fraction undergoes cracking reactions in the presence of steam to produce a first light olefin fraction and a first pyrolysis oil fraction, wherein the first light olefin fraction comprises the light olefins;introducing the residue fraction to a supercritical water ...

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.15 g/cm, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g, 20 m/g, 25 m/g, 30 m/g, 32 m/g, 34 m/g, or 35 m/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided. 1. A composition , comprising particles including at least 95% by weight of a taxane , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , wherein the particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel claim 1 , docetaxel claim 1 , cabazitaxel claim 1 , taxadiene claim 1 , baccatin III claim 1 , taxchinin A claim 1 , brevifoliol claim 1 , and taxuspine D claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof claim 2 , and wherein the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.4. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g.5. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 22 m/g and about 40 m/g.6. The composition of claim 3 , wherein at least 40% (w/w) of the paclitaxel is dissolved in 30 minutes or less in a solution of 50% methanol/50% water (v/v) at 37° and pH 7.0 in a USP II paddle apparatus operating at 75 RPM.7. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is docetaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof claim 2 , and wherein the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of at least 18 m/g.9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 40 m ...

Supercritical reactor systems and processes for petroleum upgrading

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems are provided for upgrading a petroleum-based composition using one or more purging fluid inlets to prevent plugging of the catalyst layer in the reactor. Processes for upgrading petroleum-based compositions by utilizing a reactor having at least one purging fluid inlet are also provided.

Taxane Particles and Their Use

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.15 g/cm, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g, 20 m/g, 25 m/g, 30 m/g, 32 m/g, 34 m/g, or 35 m/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided. 1. A method for treating a bladder tumor , comprising administering to a subject with a bladder tumor an amount effective to treat the tumor of a composition comprising particles including at least 95% by weight of a taxane , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof , wherein the particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g , and wherein the taxane particles include both agglomerated taxane particles and non-agglomerated taxane particles.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the taxane is selected from the group consisting of paclitaxel claim 1 , docetaxel claim 1 , and cabazitaxel claim 1 , or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is paclitaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 20 m/g.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 40 m/g.7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the paclitaxel particles have a SSA of between about 20 m/g and about 40 m/g.8. The method of claim 2 , wherein the taxane is docetaxel or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.12 g/cm.10. The method of claim 8 , wherein the docetaxel particles have a SSA of between about 18 m/g and about 50 m/g.11. The method of claim ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR WET OXIDATION OF WASTES

A new wet oxidation process of wastes, specifically of mixtures of at least two, liquid (wastewaters) and dense (sludges), pumpable wastes is described. An apparatus useful for a wet oxidation process of this type is also described. 1. A wet oxidation process for decontaminating a suspension of multi-stream wastes comprising the steps of:a) feeding a stream of a pumpable suspension of at least two wastes, having a total dry matter (TDM) comprised between 5 and 18%, preferably between 7 and 15%, and a COD comprised between 10,000 and 150,000 mg/I, preferably between 30,000 and 150,000 mg/I, into a reactor at a temperature of at least 70° C., and at a pressure comprised between 8 bar and 100 bar, preferably between 30 bar and 65 bar, wherein said suspension is fed into the reactor by means of at least one first mixing ejector;b) feeding a gas phase stream comprising oxygen and high-pressure steam into said reactor at a pressure comprised between 8 bar and 100 bar, preferably between 30 bar and 65 bar, and at a temperature comprised between 150° C. and 315° C., preferably between 200° C. and 260° C., wherein said gas phase is fed into the reactor by means of at least one second mixing ejector;c) placing in contact said suspension stream and said gas phase stream into said reactor, so as to flow said streams in countercurrent;d) extracting the decontaminated suspension, after oxidation, from the lower bottom of the reactor;e) extracting the exhaust gases from the upper bottom of the reactor.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said reactor operates at a pressure comprised between 8 bar and 100 bar claim 1 , preferably between 30 bar and 65 bar claim 1 , and at a temperature comprised between 150° C. and 300° C. claim 1 , preferably between 200° C. and 260° C.3. The process according to or claim 1 , wherein said pumpable suspension of at least two wastes is fed from an inlet positioned on the upper bottom of the reactor.4. The process according to any one of to ...

SUPERCRITICAL WATER OXIDATION REACTOR AND PROCESS

The present invention relates to supercritical water oxidation reactor adapted to contain inside the reactor an aqueous fluid below and above its supercritical state, said fluid comprising organic and/or inorganic material and a method of controlling such a reactor. 1111. A supercritical water oxidation reactor () adapted to contain inside the reactor () an aqueous fluid below and above its supercritical state , said fluid comprising organic and/or inorganic material , wherein the reactor () comprising:{'b': 2', '2', '3', '2, 'a reactor body () in the form of an elongate tubular element arranged, during use, with its longitudinal extension parallel to or substantially parallel to gravity, the reactor body () being closed at its upper and lower ends thereby defining a cavity () inside the reactor body ();'}{'b': 4', '5', '3', '6', '2', '4', '5, 'sub': '1', 'a residue output connection () having an inlet () arranged at a first vertical height (h) inside the cavity () and having an outlet () arranged outside the reactor body (), said residue output connection () extends from its inlet () downwardly towards the lower of the reactor;'}{'b': 7', '8', '3', '9', '2', '7', '8, 'sub': 2', '1, 'a distillate output connection () having an inlet () arranged at a second vertical height (h) inside cavity () being higher than the first vertical height (h) and having an outlet () arranged outside the reactor body (), said distillate output connection () extends from its inlet () downwardly towards the lower end of the reactor;'}{'b': 10', '3, 'an aqueous fluid inlet connection () arranged at the lower end of the reactor body for inletting into the cavity () the aqueous fluid to be brought into and above its supercritical state,'}{'b': 11', '2', '3', '3', '3, 'sub': '1', 'a plurality of individually controllable thermal elements () arranged below the first vertical height (h) at, in the reactor body () and/or inside the cavity () and being adapted to provide an individually ...

CATALYTIC PARTIAL OXIDATION OF METHANE

Systems and methods are provided for direct methane conversion to methanol. The methods can include exposing methane to an oxidant, such as O, in a solvent at conditions that are substantially supercritical for the solvent while having a temperature of about 310° C. or less, or about 300° C. or less, or about 290° C. or less. The solvent can correspond to an electron donor solvent that, when in a supercritical state, can complex with O. By forming a complex with the O, the supercritical electron donor solvent can facilitate conversion of methane to methanol at short residence times while reducing or minimizing further oxidation of the methanol to other products. 1. A method for partial oxidation of methane comprising:{'sub': '2', 'contacting methane with Oin the presence of a solvent in a reaction environment under supercritical conditions for the solvent to form methanol, the supercritical conditions comprising a temperature of 310° C. or less.'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises an electron donor solvent.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the electron donor solvent comprises acetonitrile claim 2 , carbon dioxide claim 2 , tricholoroacetonitrile claim 2 , fluoroacetonitrile claim 2 , trifluoroacetonitrile claim 2 , or a combination thereof.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the solvent comprises acetonitrile claim 2 , carbon dioxide claim 2 , or a combination thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ois contacted with the methane under the supercritical conditions for a residence time of 10 minutes or less.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ois contacted with the methane under at least one of supercritical conditions and substantially supercritical conditions for a residence time of 10 minutes or less.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Ois contacted with the methane under at least one of supercritical conditions and substantially supercritical conditions for a residence time of 0.1 seconds or more.8. The method of claim 1 , ...

Supercritical water and ammonia oxidation system and process

The present application provides systems and methods for upgrading an oil stream. The system includes a reactor, a phase separator, an expansion device, a cooling unit, and two separation units. The reactor receives the oil stream, ammonia, and supercritical water. The supercritical water upgrades the oil stream, and the ammonia reacts with sulfur initially present in the oil stream to produce ammonia-sulfur compounds. The phase separator receives a mixture stream comprising the upgraded oil stream, supercritical water, and the ammonia-sulfur compounds, and separates out non-dissolved components. The expansion device reduces the pressure of the mixture stream below a water critical pressure. The cooling unit reduces the temperature of the mixture stream. A first separation unit separates the mixture stream it into a hydrocarbon-rich gaseous phase, a water stream containing ammonia-sulfur compounds, and a treated oil stream. A second separation unit separates the ammonia-sulfur compounds from the water stream.

CATALYTIC UPGRADING OF HEAVY OIL WITH SUPERCRITICAL WATER

Embodiments of the disclosure provide a method and system for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons. A heavy hydrocarbon feed and a non-saline water feed are introduced to a first stage reactor. The first stage reactor is operated under supercritical water conditions to produce an effluent stream. The effluent stream and a saline water feed are combined to produce a mixed stream, where the saline water feed includes an alkali or alkaline earth metal compound. The mixed stream is introduced to a second stage reactor. The second stage reactor is operated under supercritical water conditions to produce a product stream including upgrading hydrocarbons. The second stage reactor is operated at a temperature less than that of the first stage reactor. 1. A method for upgrading heavy hydrocarbons , the method comprising the steps of:introducing a heavy hydrocarbon feed and a non-saline water feed to a first stage reactor, wherein the heavy hydrocarbon feed comprises the heavy hydrocarbons, wherein the first stage reactor is operated at a pressure equal to or greater than 22.06 MPa and a temperature equal to or greater than 373.9 deg. C. to produce an effluent stream, wherein the effluent stream comprises a product from the first stage reactor;combining the effluent stream and a saline water feed to produce a feed stream, wherein the saline water feed comprises an alkali or alkaline earth metal compound, wherein the volume ratio of the saline water feed to the non-saline water feed is between 0.05 and 1, wherein the first stage reactor increases miscibility of the heavy hydrocarbons in the non-saline water, such that the heavy hydrocarbons have increased miscibility in the effluent stream; andintroducing the feed stream to a second stage reactor, wherein the second stage reactor is operated at a pressure equal to or greater than 22.06 MPa and a temperature less than that of the first stage reactor but equal to or greater than 373.9 deg. C. to produce a product stream, wherein ...

Supercritical synthetic y-grade ngl

Use of a synthetic form of Y-grade natural gas liquids when in a supercritical state for a variety of processes and across numerous industrial applications is described herein. The low viscosity, high density, and tunable solvent properties of synthetic supercritical Y-grade natural gas liquids are useful for example in control of chemical reactions and processes, and/or single or two-phase separations.

Method and apparatus for producing biofuel in an oscillating flow production line under supercritical fluid conditions

The invention discloses a method for producing bio-fuel (BF) from a high-viscosity biomass using thermo-chemical conversion of the biomass in a production line () with pumping means (PM), heating means (HM) and cooling means (CM). The method has the steps of 1) operating the pumping means, the heating means and the cooling means so that the production line is under supercritical fluid conditions (SCF) to induce biomass conversion in a conversion zone (CZ) within the production line, and 2) operating the pumping means so that at least part of the production line is in an oscillatory flow (OF) mode. The invention is advantageous for providing an improved method for producing biofuel from a high-viscosity biomass. This is performed by an advantageous combination of two operating modes: supercritical fluid (SCF) conditions and oscillatory flow (OF). 1operating a production line having a tubular reactor, pumping means (PM) capable of pumping the biomass through the tubular reactor under a controlled pressure and flow, heating means (HM) in thermal contact with a first part of the tubular reactor for controlling the temperature in the tubular reactor, and cooling means (CM) in thermal contact with a second part of the tubular reactor for cooling the biomass under conversion, in a manner such that the flow in at least part of the tubular reactor oscillates such that local flow has alternating direction between forward and backward, resulting in lower viscosity of the biomass and higher heat transfer; andthermo-chemically converting the biomass in the tubular reactor.. A method for producing bio-fuel, or other bio-based chemicals, from biomass under continuous flow comprising: The present invention relates to a method for operating an oscillating flow production line in a production system, e.g. a hydrothermal reactor, to produce bio-fuel, or bio-based chemicals, from biomass, such as lignin material from straw. The invention also relates to a corresponding production line ...

PRODUCTION OF UPGRADED PETROLEUM BY SUPERCRITICAL WATER

A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes introducing the petroleum feedstock, water and an auxiliary feedstock. The method includes operating the system to combine the petroleum feedstock and the water to form a mixed petroleum feedstock and introducing separately and simultaneously into a lower portion of an upflowing supercritical water reactor. The auxiliary feedstock is introduced such that a portion of a fluid contained within the upflowing reactor located proximate to the bottom does not lack fluid momentum. An embodiment of the method includes operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the upflowing reactor product fluid is introduced into an upper portion of a downflowing supercritical water reactor. The supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes the upflowing supercritical water reactor and optionally a downflowing supercritical water reactor. 1. A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system , the method comprising the steps of:introducing the petroleum feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing a water stream into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing an auxiliary feed stream into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that a pressure and a temperature of the petroleum feedstock are increased to produce a pre-heated petroleum feedstock;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that a pressure and a temperature of the water stream are increased to produce a pre-heated water stream;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the pre-heated petroleum feedstock and a portion of the pre-heated water combine to form a mixed petroleum feedstock;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the ...

Methods for Making Compound Particles

Compositions are provided that include having at least 95% by weight of a taxane, or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, where the particles have a mean bulk density between about 0.050 g/cmand about 0.15 g/cm, and/or a specific surface area (SSA) of at least 18 m/g, 20 m/g, 25 m/g, 30 m/g, 32 m/g, 34 m/g, or 35 m/g. Methods for making and using such compositions are also provided. 1. A method for making paclitaxel or docetaxel particles , comprising:(a) introducing (i) a solution comprising at least one solvent and at least one solute comprising paclitaxel or docetaxel into a nozzle inlet, and (ii) a compressed fluid into an inlet of a vessel defining a pressurizable chamber;(b) passing the solution out of a nozzle orifice and into the pressurizable chamber to produce an output stream of atomized droplets, wherein the nozzle orifice is located between 2 mm and 20 mm from a sonic energy source located within the output stream, wherein the sonic energy source produces sonic energy with an amplitude between 10% and 100% during the passing, and wherein the nozzle orifice has a diameter of between 20 μm and 125 μm; and(c) contacting the atomized droplets with the compressed fluid, to cause depletion of the solvent from the atomized droplets, to produce paclitaxel or docetaxel particles,wherein steps (a), (b), and (c) are carried out under supercritical temperature and pressure for the compressed fluid.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:(d) contacting the paclitaxel or docetaxel particles produced in step (c) with an anti-solvent to cause further depletion of the solvent from the paclitaxel or docetaxel particles, wherein step (d) is carried out under supercritical temperature and pressure for the anti-solvent.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein a flow rate of the solution through the nozzle has a range from about 0.5 mL/min to about 30 mL/min.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the sonic energy source comprises one of a sonic horn claim 1 , a sonic ...

Equipment Assembly for and Method of Processing Particles

An equipment assembly for preparing, harvesting and collecting particles is disclosed. The assembly comprises a tandem filter system with one or more high pressure filters, one or more low pressure filters and one or more collection vessel. Particles can be prepared, harvested and collected continuously, semi-continuously or in a batch-type operation. A tandem filter system and its method of use are also disclosed. Particles made with the assembly and according the instant methods are also disclosed. The assembly provides improved particle harvesting and collection over other systems and permits continuous particle formation, in particular by dispersion of a solute-containing process fluid within a supercritical anti-solvent. 138.-. (canceled)39) A particle formation and collection equipment assembly comprising:at least one high pressure particle formation system that forms a supercritical fluid particle-containing suspension;downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one high pressure particle formation system, at least one first valve; downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one first valve, at least one second valve;', 'downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one second valve, at least one high pressure harvesting filter system;', 'downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one second valve, at least one collection vessel system; and', 'downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one collection vessel system, at least one low pressure collection filter system., 'downstream of and conductively engaged with the at least one first valve, at least two particle collection systems in parallel, wherein each of the at least two particle collection systems comprises40) The particle formation and collection equipment assembly of claim 39 , wherein the at least one first valve is adapted to direct the supercritical fluid particle-containing suspension alternately or sequentially to the at least two ...

Synthesis of ordered microporous activated carbons by chemical vapor deposition

Embodiments provide a methane microporous carbon adsorbent including a thermally-treated CVD carbon having a shape in the form of a negative replica of a crystalline zeolite has a BET specific surface area, a micropore volume, a micropore to mesopore volume ratio, a stored methane value and a methane delivered value and a sequential carbon synthesis method for forming the methane microporous carbon adsorbent. Introducing an organic precursor gas for a chemical vapor deposition (CVD) period to a crystalline zeolite that is maintained at a CVD temperature forms the carbon-zeolite composite. Introducing a non-reactive gas for a thermal treatment period to the carbon-zeolite composite maintained at a thermal treatment temperature forms the thermally-treated carbon-zeolite composite. Introducing an aqueous strong mineral acid mixture to the thermally-treated carbon-zeolite composite forms the methane microporous carbon adsorbent.

PRODUCTION OF UPGRADED PETROLEUM BY SUPERCRITICAL WATER

A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes introducing the petroleum feedstock, water and an auxiliary feedstock. The method includes operating the system to combine the petroleum feedstock and the water to form a mixed petroleum feedstock and introducing separately and simultaneously into a lower portion of an upflowing supercritical water reactor. The auxiliary feedstock is introduced such that a portion of a fluid contained within the upflowing reactor located proximate to the bottom does not lack fluid momentum. An embodiment of the method includes operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the upflowing reactor product fluid is introduced into an upper portion of a downflowing supercritical water reactor. The supercritical water petroleum upgrading system includes the upflowing supercritical water reactor and optionally a downflowing supercritical water reactor. 1. A method for upgrading a petroleum feedstock using a supercritical water petroleum upgrading system , the method comprising the steps of:introducing the petroleum feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing a water into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;introducing an auxiliary feedstock into the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the petroleum feedstock and the water combine to form a mixed petroleum feedstock;operating the supercritical water petroleum upgrading system such that the mixed petroleum feedstock and the auxiliary feedstock are introduced separately and simultaneously into a lower portion of an upflowing supercritical water reactor, where the auxiliary feedstock is introduced into the upflowing reactor through a V-shaped false bottom such that a portion of a fluid contained within the upflowing reactor located proximate to the bottom of the upflowing reactor does ...

A method and a device for producing nanoparticles

The invention relates to a method and a device for producing nanoparticles of organic substances, in particular by controlled expansion of pressurized solutions. The method comprises: admixing the organic substance and a supercritical fluid to form a mixture at a first pressure; decreasing the first pressure gradually to a second pressure so that a flow of the mixture is formed and nucleation of the organic substance in the mixture is initiated; and, decreasing the second pressure to a third pressure, so that solidification of the fluid of the mixture, comprising the nucleated organic substance, is initiated. The device comprises: a pressure chamber () for a mixture of the organic substance and a supercritical fluid; a collection chamber () for the nanoparticles; an outlet tube () connecting the pressure chamber to the collection chamber (); and, one or more second nozzles (). The outlet tube is provided with a pressure controlling means () configured to control pressure of the mixture within the outlet tube and a first nozzle () configured to allow expansion of the mixture to the collection chamber. 1. A method for producing nanoparticles of an organic substance , the method comprising:admixing the organic substance and a supercritical fluid to form a mixture at a first pressure,decreasing the first pressure gradually to a second pressure so that a flow of the mixture is formed and nucleation of the organic substance in the mixture is initiated, anddecreasing the second pressure to a third pressure, so that solidification of the fluid of the mixture, including the nucleated organic substance, is initiated.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the solidification is adiabatic.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the flow is substantially laminar.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the flow is partially turbulent.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio of drop of pressure from the first pressure to the second pressure claim 1 , ...

Supercritical reactor systems and processes for petroleum upgrading

Supercritical upgrading reactors and reactor systems are provided for upgrading a petroleum-based composition using one or more purging fluid inlets to prevent plugging of the catalyst layer in the reactor. Processes for upgrading petroleum-based compositions by utilizing a reactor having at least one purging fluid inlet are also provided.

EFFICIENT COLLECTION OF NANOPARTICLES

An improved processing technique that can be used to collect nanoparticles produced by the RESS process. The collection efficiency by almost an order of magnitude compared to the traditional collection processes. One process does not utilize any stabilizing solid co-solvents but produces similar effects using the supercritical solvent itself (e.g. CO) as a stabilizing phase. Very small particles (diameter <10 nm) with uniform size distribution and particulate suspensions thereof may be produced. 1. A process comprising:expanding a supercritical solution of a compound of interest through a capillary at supersonic speeds;creating a stream of nanoparticles dispersed in a gaseous medium;cooling the stream of nanoparticles below the freezing point of the gaseous dispersion medium at least in part via application of external cooling provided by liquid coolant; andcapturing the nanoparticles in a solid matrix via a gas-to-solid phase change.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the cooling further comprises utilizing local cooling in the stream due to the Joule-Thomson effect.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the liquid coolant is liquid nitrogen.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the supercritical solution comprises the compound of interest claim 1 , a supercritical solvent claim 1 , and a solid co-solvent.5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the sublimation point of the supercritical solvent comprises COat atmospheric pressure is above 77K.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the supercritical solution comprises no solid co-solvent.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein greater than 80% of the nanoparticles with diameter between about 1-100 nm are captured.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein greater than 90% of the nanoparticles with diameter between about 1-100 nm are captured.9. The process according to wherein the captured nanoparticles have an average size of less than 50 nm.10. The process according to wherein the ...

Condenser system for high pressure processing system

Embodiments described herein relate to a high pressure processing system with a condenser and methods for utilizing the same. The processing system includes a process chamber, a boiler, a condenser, and one or more heat exchangers. The boiler generates a fluid, such as a vapor or supercritical fluid, and delivers the fluid to the process chamber where a substrate is processed. After processing the substrate, the system is depressurized and the fluid is delivered to the condenser where the fluid is condensed.

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR SUPERCRITICAL FLUID EXTRACTION OF METAL

A method for supercritical fluid extraction of metal from a source, the method comprising: providing a reactor chamber; providing a source comprising a target metal; optionally, providing a chelating agent; providing a solvent; adding the source comprising the target metal, the chelating agent and the solvent into the reactor chamber; adjusting the temperature and pressure in the reactor chamber so that the solvent is heated and compressed above its critical temperature and pressure; optionally, providing mechanical agitation to the reactor chamber; recovering a chelate comprising the target metal. 1. A method for supercritical fluid extraction of a metal from a source , the method comprising: providing a source comprising a target metal;', 'providing a chelating agent;', 'providing a solvent;', 'optionally, providing a co-solvent;', 'adding the source comprising the target metal, the chelating agent, the solvent and optionally the co-solvent into the reactor chamber;', 'adjusting the temperature and pressure in the reactor chamber so that the solvent is heated and compressed above its critical temperature and pressure;', 'optionally, providing mechanical agitation to the reactor chamber; and', 'recovering a chelate comprising the target metal., 'providing a reactor chamber;'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chelating agent is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of an organophosphorus compound claim 1 , a ketone claim 1 , a dithiocarbamate claim 1 , a crown ether claim 1 , an ethylene oxide diphosphate derivative claim 1 , a fluorinated compound claim 1 , 8-hydroxyquinoline or a derivative thereof claim 1 , an aminopolycarboxylic acid claim 1 , an amide claim 1 , an organic acid claim 1 , a quaternary ammonium salt and an oxime.315-. (canceled)16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of CO claim 1 , water claim 1 , methanol claim 1 , ethanol claim 1 , benzene and toluene. ...

Process for Upgrading Heavy and Highly Waxy Crude Oil Without Supply of Hydrogen

A continuous process to upgrade heavy crude oil for producing more valuable crude feedstock having high API gravity, low asphaltene content, and high middle distillate yield, low sulfur content, low nitrogen content, and low metal content without external supply of hydrogen and/or catalyst. Heavy crude oil having substantial amount of asphaltene and heavy components is mixed with highly waxy crude oil having large amount of paraffinic components and water to decompose asphaltene compounds and remove sulfur, nitrogen, and metal containing substances under supercritical conditions. Product has higher API gravity, lower asphaltene content, high middle distillate yield, lower sulfur content, lower nitrogen content, and lower metal content to be suitable for conventional petroleum refining process. 1. An apparatus for upgrading heavy crude oil and highly waxy crude oil in an environment free of an externally supplied catalyst or externally supplied hydrogen source , the apparatus comprising:a mixing zone operable to combine a heavy crude oil, which has an API gravity of less than 30°, and a highly waxy crude oil, which has a having a pour point temperature greater than room temperature and has an API gravity of greater than 30°, with a water feed at a slightly elevated temperature to create a modified oil/water mixture;a pre-heating zone that is fluidly connected with the mixing zone, the pre-heating zone operable to heat the modified oil/water mixture to a temperature up to 350° C.;a high pressure pumping means, the high pressure pumping means operable to increase pressure of the modified oil/water mixture to at least the critical pressure of water;a reaction zone comprising an inner portion of a main reactor, wherein the reaction zone is fluidly connected with the pre-heating zone; the main reactor being operable to withstand a temperature that is at least as high as the critical temperature of water; the main reactor being operable to withstand pressure in excess of ...

Reaction chamber for supercritical water oxidation reactor

Fuel mixed in water is combusted in a reactor having an internal operating pressure and temperature greater than 3200 psi and greater than 374° C., where the combustion of the fuel is exothermic. Air and fuel are pressurized for introduction into the reactor to a pressure greater than the internal operating pressure using energy generated from the combustion of the fuel, and the pressurized air and the pressurized fuel are injected into the reactor. Pressurized water from the reactor is injected into a drive water column that is partially filled with water to increase a pressure of the drive water column, and water at a temperature less than 100° C. is injected into the reactor to replace water from the reactor that is injected into the drive water column. Pressurized water from the drive water column is used to drive a hydroelectric drive system to produce electrical power.

TECHNIQUE FOR REMOVAL OF ORGANICS AND DISSOLVED SOLIDS FROM AQUEOUS MEDIAS VIA SUPERCRITICAL TREATMENT

Flow and product waste water from fracturing can be cleaned and reused utilizing a precipitation methodology incorporating, in part, a super critical reactor Initially, the waste water is treated to remove solids, destroy bacteria, and precipitate out certain salts, such as barium, strontium, calcium, magnesium and iron. The waste water then can be passed through a radioactive material adsorption unit to remove radium, as well as other radioactive materials, and then introduced into the super critical reactor The super critical reactor is designed to bring the waste water to super critical conditions at a central portion of the reactor. This causes any dissolve solids, in particular sodium chloride and the like, to precipitate out of solution in the center of the reactor thereby avoiding scale formation on the walls of the reactor. A catalyst can be utilized to promote the breakdown of carbon bonds and promote the water/gas shift reaction. The effluent from the super critical reactor is then cooled and any formed gases separated from the remaining liquid. The remaining liquid can then be introduced back into the environment and the gases can be used to heat the super critical reactor. 1. A method of removing dissolved salts from water in a reactor having a top wall , a bottom wall and a side wall comprisingintroducing water into a central portion of said reactor separate from said walls and bringing said water to super critical condition in said central portion of said reactor whereby dissolved salts in said water precipitate in said central portion of said reactor and fall to a bottom portion of said reactor and further.2. The method claimed in wherein said water is derived from one of an oil and gas well.3. The method claimed in wherein said water is treated upstream of said reactor with at least one of the following1) the addition of sulfuric acid to remove barium sulfate;2) the addition of sodium carbonate to remove calcium and magnesium; and3) the addition of a ...

SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE EXTRACTION OF RESIDUAL GLUTARALDEHYDE FROM CROSSLINKED COLLAGEN

A system and method for removing residual glutaraldehyde from a natural polymer scaffold crosslinked with glutaraldehyde is provided. The system includes a cleaning solution comprising carbon dioxide and one or more polar solvents and an environmental chamber that can include and a treatment chamber. The environmental chamber is maintained at a temperature greater than 31.1° C. and the carbon dioxide is maintained at a pressure greater than 7.38 megapascals to form supercritical carbon dioxide. A crosslinked natural polymer scaffold treated via the glutaraldehyde removal system and method can have a glutaraldehyde content of less than about 3 parts per million. A crosslinked natural polymer scaffold cleaning solution comprising supercritical carbon dioxide and one or more polar solvents is also provided. 1. A system for removing residual glutaraldehyde from a natural polymer scaffold crosslinked with glutaraldehyde , the system comprising:a cleaning solution comprising carbon dioxide and one or more polar solvents; andan environmental chamber comprising a treatment chamber, wherein the environmental chamber is maintained at a temperature greater than 31.1° C. and the carbon dioxide is maintained at a pressure greater than 7.38 megapascals to form supercritical carbon dioxide.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the treatment chamber receives the natural polymer scaffold.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the environmental chamber comprises a presaturation chamber claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution is mixed in the presaturation chamber.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the cleaning solution is deliverable from the presaturation chamber to the treatment chamber.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a pump claim 1 , wherein the pump compresses the carbon dioxide.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the cleaning solution is delivered to the treatment chamber at a flow rate ranging from about 1.5 millimeters per minute to about 3.5 milliliters per minute.7. The ...

METHANE CONVERSION APPARATUS AND PROCESS USING A SUPERSONIC FLOW REACTOR

Apparatus and methods are provided for converting methane in a feed stream to acetylene. A hydrocarbon stream is introduced into a supersonic reactor and pyrolyzed to convert at least a portion of the methane to acetylene. The reactor effluent stream may be treated to convert acetylene to another hydrocarbon process. 1. An apparatus for producing acetylene from a feed stream comprising methane comprising:a supersonic reactor for receiving the methane feed stream and heating the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;a reactor shell of the supersonic reactor for defining a reactor chamber;a combustion zone of the supersonic reactor for combusting a fuel source to provide a high temperature carrier gas passing through the reactor space at supersonic speeds to heat and accelerate the methane feed stream to a pyrolysis temperature;an outer layer of the reactor shell for providing structural support thereto;an inner layer of the reactor shell having a thermal conductivity of between about 200 and about 500 W/m-K for conducting heat from the reactor chamber the inner layer comprising at least copper chrome, copper chrome zinc, copper chrome niobium, copper nickel and copper nickel tungsten and mixtures thereof; andone or more sensors positioned within the channel and electronically connected to one or more of a display, a monitoring system and a control system.2. The apparatus of wherein the one or more sensors include pressure sensors claim 1 , temperature sensors claim 1 , chemical sensors claim 1 , hydrogen sensors claim 1 , hydrocarbon sensors claim 1 , or methane sensors.3. The apparatus of wherein the channel houses one or more support structures to support the inner shell relative to the outer shell.4. The apparatus of wherein the channels are defined by a surface of the reactor shell.5. The apparatus of wherein the channels are within a wall of the reactor shell.6. The apparatus of wherein the channels axially along the reactor shell claim 1 , ...

SYSTEM FOR CONTINUOUS FEEDING AND DISCHARGING OF SOLID MATERIAL TO AND FROM A VESSEL OPERATING UNDER HIGH PRESSURE

A continuous feeding and discharging system for solid material under high pressure is provided. The system includes a feeding assembly, a high pressure vessel, and a discharging assembly. The feeding assembly includes a raw material hopper that feeds solid raw material, a COfeeder that feeds dry ice, and a mixer that mixes the solid raw material with the dry ice to form an impermeable mixture. The high pressure vessel performs an extraction process under a supercritical condition to extract soluble components from the solid raw material. The discharging assembly includes a discharging extruder that receives the solid residue discharged from the high pressure vessel, a binder liquid feeder that feeds binder liquid to mix with the solid residue to form a uniform mixture and compacts the mixture to form impermeable pellets of residue, and a discharging valve that discharges the impermeable pellets of residue from the discharging extruder. 1. A continuous feeding and discharging system comprises: a raw material hopper that feeds solid raw material;', {'sub': 2', '2, 'a COfeeder that feeds dry ice or liquid CO;'}, {'sub': '2', 'a mixer that mixes the solid raw material with the dry ice or liquid CO; and'}, 'a piston-cylinder assembly comprises a piston and a cylinder, wherein the piston-cylinder assembly receives a mixture of the solid raw material and the dry ice, or liquid CO2 using a low pressure supply pump;, 'a feeding assembly that comprisesa high pressure vessel that performs an extraction process under a supercritical condition, wherein the piston-cylinder pushes the mixture of the solid raw material and the dry ice, or liquid CO2 to the high pressure vessel for extraction of soluble components from the solid raw material; and a discharging extruder that receives solid residue discharged from the high pressure vessel;', 'a binder liquid feeder that feeds binder liquid to the discharging extruder, wherein the discharging extruder first mixes the solid residue with ...

Systems and methods for fatty acid alkyl ester production with recycling

Provided are industrial processes for producing a fatty acid alkyl ester from a natural oil feedstock or a mixed lipid feedstock, wherein the natural oil feedstock comprises a free (un-esterified) organic acid such as a free fatty acid, comprising: producing fatty acid alkyl esters using an alcoholysis reaction such as a vapor phase alcoholysis reaction or a supercritical alcoholysis reaction, wherein the alcoholysis reaction takes place under conditions comprising: mixing the natural oil feedstock and/or mixed lipid feedstock and alcohol into an alcoholysis reactor or equivalent, and then depressurizing, and then recovering the fatty acid alkyl esters from the alcoholysis reactor or equivalent by distillation in a distillation column, leaving a still pitch or distillation bottoms in the distillation column or equivalent, wherein the fatty acid alkyl esters can be removed from the alcoholysis reactor or equivalent with or without cooling of the reaction mixture prior to depressurization.

Mixing Reactor and Related Process

A mixing reactor for precipitating nanoparticles by mixing a precursor fluid with a second fluid at a higher temperature than the precursor fluid. The reactor comprises: a first fluid conduit with an inlet region configured to receive a flow of the precursor fluid, and an outlet region configured to output a mixed flow; and a second fluid conduit configured to receive a flow of the second fluid. The second fluid conduit extends into the first fluid conduit in a direction substantially perpendicular to the flow within the first fluid conduit, and has an opening for introducing the second fluid into the first fluid conduit. Related processes for producing nanoparticles are disclosed. 1. A method for precipitating nanoparticles by mixing a precursor fluid with a second fluid at higher temperature than the precursor fluid , the method comprising: flowing the precursor fluid into a mixing reactor through a first fluid conduit , introducing the second fluid to the first fluid conduit via a second fluid conduit which extends into the first fluid conduit , the second fluid conduit having an opening for introducing the second fluid into the first fluid conduit , wherein the second fluid comprises superheated water , and the second fluid conduit extends into the first fluid conduit in a direction substantially perpendicular to the direction of flow in the first fluid conduit.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor comprises: the first fluid conduit claim 1 , the first fluid conduit having an inlet region configured to receive the flow of the precursor fluid claim 1 , and an outlet region configured to output a mixed flow; and the second fluid conduit claim 1 , the second fluid conduit having an opening for introducing the second fluid into the first fluid conduit.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the inlet region is substantially co-axial with the outlet region.4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the flow in both the inlet region and outlet region ...

PRODUCTION OF AROMATIC COMPOUNDS FROM HEAVY OIL

A process to produce aromatic compounds in a heavy oil product stream comprising the steps of separating the depressurized effluent to produce a vapor product stream and a liquid product stream, reducing a temperature of the vapor product stream to produce a cooled vapor product, separating the cooled vapor product to produce a light oil stream, wherein the light oil stream comprises olefins, separating the light oil stream to produce a light oil slip stream and a light stream, mixing the light stream with a water feed stream to produce an olefin-containing water stream, increasing a pressure of the olefin-containing water stream to produce a pressurized water feed, increasing a temperature of the pressurized water feed to produce a hot water feed, wherein a temperature of the hot water feed is greater than 450° C., converting olefins to aromatic compounds in the hot water feed. 1. A process to produce aromatic compounds in a heavy oil product stream , the process comprising the steps of:introducing a depressurized effluent to a flash column;separating the depressurized effluent in the flash column to produce a vapor product stream and a liquid product stream;introducing a vapor product stream to a vapor cooler;reducing a temperature of the vapor product stream in the vapor cooler to produce a cooled vapor product;introducing the cooled vapor product to a three-phase separator;separating the cooled vapor product in the three-phase separator to produce a light oil stream, wherein the light oil stream comprises olefins;separating the light oil stream in a splitter to produce a light oil slip stream and a light stream;introducing the light stream to a light stream pump;increasing a pressure of the light stream in the light stream pump to produce a pressurized light stream;mixing the pressurized light stream with a pressurized water feed in a water mixer to produce an olefin-containing water stream;increasing a temperature of the olefin-containing water stream in a ...