СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ ПЕРЕКИСНЫХ РАСТВОРОВ

Группа изобретений относится к многостадийному способу обработки перекисных растворов для повторного использования или утилизации. Для обработки перекисного раствора осуществляют сбор первичного перекисного раствора, включающего перекись водорода или перкислоту и перекись водорода. Добавляют восстанавливающий перекись водорода фермент в первичный перекисный раствор. Затем добавляют восстановитель перекисных соединений в первичный перекисный раствор, где по меньшей мере на 0,1 часть перекисных соединений, разрушенных ферментом, приходится 1 часть перекисных соединений, разрушенных восстановителем. В итоге получают обработанный перекисный раствор как результат добавления фермента и восстановителя. Использование группы изобретений позволяет эффективно снизить уровни перекисных соединений в перекисных растворах без существенного повышения уровня общих растворенных сухих веществ. 3 н. и 18 з.п. ф-лы, 4 ил., 9 табл., 8 пр.

СПОСОБЫ ОПРЕСНЕНИЯ И ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ УДОБРЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к многостадийным способам опреснения, включающим последовательное удаление примесей без добавления агрессивных химических веществ. Кроме того, изобретение включает получение полезного побочного продукта (удобрения) во время удаления солей морской воды. Во время начальной обработки морскую воду или соленые сточные воды обрабатывают для осаждения минералов, выпадающих в осадок, в виде фосфатов, в том числе фосфата магния-аммония, применяемых в качестве удобрения. Во время начальной фазы фосфат аммония и фосфат натрия добавляют к морской воде или соленым сточным водам с последующим добавлением аммиака и заряженного растворителя на водной основе. После отделения осажденного твердого вещества очищенную морскую воду или соленые сточные воды подвергают аэрации и фильтрации с получением питьевой или другим образом пригодной для применения воды. Изобретение обеспечивает получение питьевого продукта, способ получения которого оптимизирован и экономически эффективен вследствие ...

Функционализованная пористым или сетчатым пеноматериалом открытая сетчатая структура для селективного отделения минеральных частиц в водной системе

Изобретение относится к средствам сбора для применения в отделении минералов. Средство сбора для извлечения минеральных частиц содержит: твердофазное тело, выполненное с трехмерной структурой с открытыми порами, для обеспечения множества поверхностей сбора, и множество молекул, обеспеченных на поверхностях сбора, причем молекулы содержат функциональную группу, имеющую химическую связь для притягивания одной или более минеральных частиц в водной смеси к молекулам, вызывая присоединение минеральных частиц к поверхностям сбора, где твердофазное тело включает покрытие или слой, выполненный с гидрофобным химикатом, выбранным из производного полисилоксана, и покрытие или слой модифицирован усилителями клейкости, пластификаторами, сшивающими агентами, агентами переноса цепи, удлинителями цепи, усилителями адгезии, арильными или алкильными сополимерами, фторированными сополимерами, гексаметилдисилазаном, диоксидом кремния или гидрофобным диоксидом кремния. 3 н. и 25 з.п. ф-лы, 22 ил.

КОМПОЗИЦИЯ И СПОСОБ БОРЬБЫ С ОТЛОЖЕНИЯМИ В РЕГУЛИРУЕМЫХ ИСПАРИТЕЛЬНЫХ СИСТЕМАХ

Изобретение относится к композиции для борьбы с отложениями в водных системах, а также к способу борьбы, предупреждения и/или подавления образования отложений и/или осадков в регулируемой испарительной системе. Способ включает добавление к регулируемой испарительной системе композиции, содержащей а) полиаспарагиновую кислоту и b) полиакрилат, в котором полиаспарагиновую кислоту и полиакрилат можно добавить к регулируемой испарительной системе предварительно перемешанными, одновременно или последовательно. При этом регулируемая испарительная система имеет значение рН от 1,0 до 5,0. Технический результат заключается в улучшенной способности предупреждать образование отложений и/или осадков, а также к сокращению потребления энергии, повышении производительности и уменьшении расходов на техническое обслуживание. 2 н. и 11 з.п. ф-лы, 6 ил., 3 табл., 5 пр.

РЕГУЛИРОВАНИЕ РАЗБАВЛЕНИЯ С ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЕМ ЖЕСТКОСТИ СЫРОЙ ВОДЫ ПО ПРОВОДИМОСТИ МЯГКОЙ И СМЕШАННОЙ ВОДЫ

Изобретение относится к способу эксплуатации водоумягчительной установки с автоматическим разбавительным устройством. Способ эксплуатации водоумягчительной установки (1) с автоматическим разбавительным устройством (19) заключается в том, что поступающий поток Vсырой воды подразделяется на первый частичный потоккоторый умягчается, и второй частичный потоккоторый не умягчается, и оба частичных потокаVобъединяются в поток Vсмешанной воды, причем долиAобоих частичных потоков в потоке Vсмешанной воды так регулируются автоматическим разбавительным устройством (19), что получается заданная жесткость SW в потоке Vсмешанной воды, причем регулируемые долиAобоих частичных потоков рассчитываются по жесткости Hсырой воды и жесткости Hумягченной воды, и величина жесткости Hсырой воды выводится из проводимости LFсырой воды, проводимость LFумягченной воды измеряется датчиком (9а) электропроводности в умягченном первом частичном потокеи проводимость LFсмешанной воды измеряется датчиком (9b) электропроводности ...

Гранула для сорбции лития из водного раствора

Изобретение относится к области извлечения лития из литийсодержащих хлоридных рассолов, из природных рассолов, технологических растворов и сточных вод нефтегазодобывающих, химических, химико-металлургических и биохимических производств. Гранула для сорбции лития из водного раствора содержит частицы сорбента из хлорсодержащей разновидности двойного гидроксида алюминия и лития (ДГАЛ-Cl) и водонепроницаемое сферическое ядро, покрытое проницаемым для раствора композитом из частиц сорбента и гидрофильного связующего. Гидрофильное связующее имеет открытопористую структуру. Изобретение позволяет повысить эффективность процесса сорбции лития из масло-, жиро-, нефтезагрязненного водного раствора и десорбции лития из гранул. 9 з.п. ф-лы, 6 ил., 11 пр.

СПОСОБ ОЧИСТКИ ВОДЫ

Изобретение может быть использовано в химической промышленности и водоочистке. Прореагировавший на поверхности содержащий карбонат кальция минеральный материал и/или прореагировавший на поверхности осажденный карбонат кальции покрывают по меньшей мере одним анионным полимером с плотностью общего отрицательного заряда в пределах от 1 мкэкв/г до 15000 мкэкв/г. Полученный содержащий карбонат кальция материал с поверхностным покрытием используют для очистки воды, обезвоживания осадков или взвешенных отложений. Заявленная группа изобретений обеспечивает повышение эффективности флокуляции, способствует обезвоживанию или фильтрации осадков или взвешенных отложений. 5 н. и 16 з.п. ф-лы, 3 табл., 7 пр.

Verfahren zur Rückgewinnung von Silber aus photographischen Lösungen

Bioaktiver Filter

Bioaktiver Filter zur Desinfektion von Flüssigkeiten, insbesondere Wasser oder wässrigen Lösungen in Behältnissen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein kugelförmiger oder ovaler Filterkörper (1) gebildet ist, der mit Edelmetallen beschichtet ist.

Process for chemically improving drinking and service waters

Water is freed from sulphate ions by treatment with a barium salt, and, preferably after the deposition of the barium sulphate formed, with calcium sulphate. The chloride, carbonate and aluminate of barium are mentioned as suitable salts. The treatment with calcium sulphate may be carried out by passing the water through a porous slab of gypsum or a bed of granular gypsum.

A process for treating a waste liquid containing boron compounds and organic compounds

A process for the treatment of a waste liquid containing boron compounds and organic compounds, such as resulting from the oxidation of paraffins with oxygen in the presence of boron compounds, includes combusting the waste liquid in a furnace at a temperature higher than 1000 DEG C. in the presence of a large amount of steam. The combustion gas may be introduced into a heat recovery zone, preferably a boiler, to recover the heat thereof and then into a contacting vessel to bring same into contact with water and to recover the boron components contained in the gas. Since substantially all the boron components contained in the combustion gas are present in the form of gaseous metaboric acid, there is caused no deposition of boron oxide onto the interior walls of the combustion furnace or gas passages in the boiler.

DEPRESSANTS FOR USE IN SEPARATION PROCESSES

HEAVY METAL RECYCLING PROCESS AND MATERIAL USEFULL IN SUCH PROCESS

Water treatment process comprising floatation combined with gravity filtration, and corresponding equipment

WATER TREATMENT

Water treatment process comprising floatation combined with gravity filtration, and corresponding equipment

DEPRESSANTS FOR USE IN SEPARATION PROCESSES

SILICA PRODUCTS FROM GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS

Water treatment

DEPRESSANTS FOR USE IN SEPARATION PROCESSES

Water treatment

Water treatment process comprising floatation combined with gravity filtration, and corresponding equipment

HEAVY METAL RECYCLING PROCESS AND MATERIAL USEFULL IN SUCH PROCESS

SILICA PRODUCTS FROM GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS

HEAVY METAL RECYCLING PROCESS AND MATERIAL USEFULL IN SUCH PROCESS

Water treatment

Water treatment process comprising floatation combined with gravity filtration, and corresponding equipment

SILICA PRODUCTS FROM GEOTHERMAL FLUIDS BY REVERSE OSMOSIS

PROCEDURE AND POLYMER FOR THE AVOIDANCE OF BA/SRKESSELSTEIN WITH PROVABLE PHOSPHORUS FUNCTIONALITY

PROCEDURE FOR THE CRYSTALLIZATION OF SOLUBLE SALTS OF BIVALENT ANIONS FROM SALINE SOLUTION

Waste management in electrochemical systems

Waste management in electrochemical systems, such as electrochemical systems in which an electrochemically active material comprising aluminum is employed, is generally described.

Cold water generating apparatus and water purifier having the same

A cold water generating apparatus according to the present invention includes a tank having an inlet port and an outlet port, a cooling module coupled to the tank to cool purified water introduced into the tank through the inlet port, and 5 an internal passage unit formed inside the tank to guide the purified water from the inlet port to the outlet port, wherein a part of the purified water is phase-changed into ice within the tank by the cooling module, and another part of the purified water flows along the internal passage unit to be brought into contact with the ice so as to be discharged through the outlet port. 122a 123 121 122 113 130111 ...

An improved electrochemical cell arrangement and method for separating impurities

An electrochemical method for separating impurities from aqueous solutions, comprises the steps of circulating an aqueous feed solution containing an impurity ion to a cathode chamber of an electrochemical cell containing a cathode; circulating an acidic electrolyte solution to an anode chamber containing an anode; separating the anode chamber from the cathode chamber with a central chamber, to form a 3-chamber cell, having an anion exchange membrane forming a boundary between the cathode chamber and the central chamber, and a cation exchange membrane forming a boundary between the anode chamber and the central chamber; circulating or adding a chloride solution within or to the central chamber; applying a current across the anode and cathode to facilitate hydrogen ions generated at the anode to migrate through the cation exchange membrane into the central chamber, and chloride ions generated in the cathode chamber to migrate across the anion exchange membrane to the central chamber to form ...

Method and arrangement for process water treatment

A method for treating process water of a flotation arrangement (1) is disclosed. The process comprising the steps of a) dewatering overflow of a mineral flotation circuit (10) in a gravitational solid-liquid separator (21) to separate a sediment (212) from a supernatant (211) comprising water, silica-containing particles and soluble SiO ...

Methods for reducing boron concentration in high salinity liquid

Electrodesalination system and method

Systems and methods for the desalination of seawater or brackish water for the purpose of obtaining potable water. Systems may include a combination of electrodialysis and electrodeionization modules. The system configuration and process controls may achieve low energy consumption and stable operation.

Surface-treated calcium carbonate and phyllosilicate and its use in water purification

The invention relates to a process for the purification of water and/or dewatering of sludges and/or sediments, to the use of a combination of a phyllosilicate and a surface-treated calcium carbonate for water purification and/or dewatering of sludges and/or sediments, as well as to the use of a combination of a phyllosilicate and a surface-treated calcium carbonate for reducing the amount of polymeric flocculation aids in water and/or sludges and/or sediments and to a composite material comprising at least one surface-treated calcium carbonate, at least one phyllosilicate and impurities originated from different sources obtainable by said process. At least 1 % of the accessible surface area of the calcium carbonate is covered by a coating comprising at least one cationic polymer.

Water treatment using cryptocrystalline magnesite

A process for the treatment of contaminated water (10) includes contacting the contaminated water with cryptocrystalline magnesite (14) thereby to remove one or more contaminants from the water. The invention extends to powdered cryptocrystalline magnesite with a particle size such that the powdered or particulate cryptocrystalline magnesite is able to pass through a 125 µm particle size sieve for use in the treatment of water.

Concentration of suspensions

A process of concentrating an aqueous suspension of solid particles, comprising the steps of, introducing the aqueous suspension of solid particles into a vessel, addition of at least one organic polymeric flocculant to the aqueous suspension of solid particles thereby forming flocculated solids, allowing the flocculated solids to settle to form a bed of solids in suspension at the lower end of the vessel, flowing the bed of solids from the vessel as an underflow, in which a portion of the bed of solids or underflow is transferred as a recycle stream to the vessel into or above the bed of solids, in which an active agent is added to the solids in the recycle stream and wherein the active agent is selected from the group consisting of free radical agents, oxidising agents and reducing agents.

Process for removing salts from a processing liquid

A process for removing acid decomposable contaminants from a processing liquid wherein an acid is admixed with a processing liquid and the mixture of acid and processing liquid are introduced into a degassing vessel such that the gas formed by the reaction of the acids and the decomposable gases is released and a processing liquid freed of acid decomposable contaminants is removed from the degassing vessel.

Water treatment process

Watewater refinery

A wastewater refinery comprising one or more electrodialytic cells with mono-, di-, or multi-valent selective membranes interspersed with one or more concentrate compartments to selectively recovery ions from wastewater. The wastewater refinery may harvest ions by utilising techniques including ion selective resins and pervaporation. The refinery finds particular application for recovery of potassium, phosphate and ammonium.

Mine drainage remediation using barium carbonate dispersed alkaline substrate

The present invention relates to a treatment system having a barium carbonate (BaCO ...

Systems and methods for use of water with switchable ionic strength

Methods and systems for use of switchable water, which is capable of reversibly switching between an initial ionic strength and an increased ionic strength, is described. The disclosed methods and systems can be used, for example, in distillation-free removal of water from solvents, solutes, or solutions, desalination, clay settling, viscosity switching, etc. Switching from lower to higher ionic strength is readily achieved using low energy methods such as bubbling with C0 ...

Biofilm filtration device and backwash method for biofilm filtration device

A non-chemical-feed biofilm filtration method is elucidated, and a biofilm filtration device that can achieve a desired filtration water quality level by controlling the backwash flow for a filter medium is provided. The biofilm filtration device has a biofilm formed on the surface of a granular filter medium filled into a container main body and cleans water to be filtered by passing the water in a filtration direction to a filter layer formed from the filter medium. A backwashing mechanism is provided such that the flow velocity (V) for backwashing water passing through in a direction opposite to the filtration direction during backwashing of the filter medium is set in a range having a lower limit which is a value (Vs) at which a prescribed backwashing effect can be obtained and an upper limit which is the value (Vm) when the backwashing expansion coefficient for the filter medium is 0.

Laundry washing machine and method for controlling a laundry washing machine

Laundry washing machine (1) comprising an outer casing (2), a washing tub (3), which is arranged inside the casing (2), a rotatable drum (4), which is arranged in axially rotating manner inside the washing tub (3) and is designed to receive laundry to be washed, a detergent dispensing assembly (12), which is designed for supplying laundry detergent into the washing tub (3), a water softening system (14), which is designed to receive fresh water from a water mains (13) and to reduce the hardness degree of the fresh water in order to supply softened water to the detergent dispensing assembly (12) and/or to the washing tub (3), during one or more softened water laundry washing phases of a laundry washing program, a user control panel (28) configured to allow an operator to input information associated with the kind of laundry to be washed, an electronic controller (15) configured to receive information and to control the water softening system (14) in order to perform one or more softened ...

Ready-mix concrete production utilizing carbon capture and related systems

An illustrative method for C02 sequestration may include the step of sequestering at least a portion of a C02 gas emitted during operation of the ready-mix concrete production system in (i) a ready-mix concrete produced by the read-mix concrete production system, and / or (ii) calcium carbonate formed by processing water used during operation of the ready-mix concrete production and delivery system.

Compact waste water concentrator and contaminant scrubber

The invention provides a wastewater concentrating and contaminant removal system comprising: a gas inlet; a gas outlet; a concentrating section disposed between the gas inlet and the gas outlet, the concentrating section having a narrowed portion in which gas flow within the concentrating section accelerates; a liquid inlet through which wastewater is injected into the concentrating section, the liquid inlet being disposed in the concentrating section upstream of the narrowed portion; a demister disposed downstream of the narrowed portion, the demister removing entrained liquid droplets from the gas flow; and wherein the concentrating section is adapted to be connected to a sequential mixing and settling tank, a reagent tank that holds a supply of reagent being connected to the sequential mixing and settling tank. Fig. 3 134 CONTROLLER 308- 1313 3V12 315 19 196 14193 177 175 172 317 122 ...

SYNTHETIC ACID AND ASSOCIATED METHODS

The present invention is directed to a synthetic acid, method of making, and method of using. The acid comprises a glycine compound that is made by mixing glycine with hydrogen chloride gas. The present invention further relates to compositions comprising the synthetic acid.

METHOD FOR THE SEPARATION OF AMMONIA AND CARBON DIOXIDE FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

The present invention relates to a method for contemporaneously recovering ammonia and carbon dioxide from an aqueous solution thereof, possibly comprising their condensates, in a synthesis process of urea, characterized in that it comprises a hydrophobic microporous membrane distillation phase of an aqueous solution comprising ammonia, carbon dioxide and their saline compounds or condensates, said distillation being carried out at a temperature ranging from 50 to 250°C and a pressure ranging from 50 KPa to 20 MPa absolute, with the formation of a residual aqueous solution, possibly comprising urea, and a gaseous permeate stream, comprising ammonia, carbon dioxide and water. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for effecting the above method and a production process of urea which comprises the above method.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR SOFTENING WATER FOR USE IN A SCRUBBER

The present invention relates generally to the field of emission control equipment for boilers, heaters, kilns, or other flue gas, or combustion gas, generating devices (e.g., those located at power plants, processing plants) and, in particular to a new and useful method and apparatus designed to improve the water supplied to non-calcium-based, aqueous wet SOx scrubbers. In another embodiment, the present invention relates to a system and method for softening water for use in non-calcium-based, aqueous wet SOx scrubbers.

BIOMETRIC MEMBRANES AND USES THEREOF

A liquid membrane system is disclosed in the form of a biochannel containing bulk liquid membrane (BLM), biochannel containing emulsion liquid membrane (ELM), and biochannel containing supported (immobilised) liquid membrane (SLM), or a combination thereof, wherein said liquid membrane system is based on vesicles formed from amphiphilic compounds such as lipids forming a bilayer wherein biochannels have been incorporated and wherein said vesicles further contain a stabilising oil phase. The uses of the membrane system include water extraction from liquid aqueous media by forward osmosis, e.g. for desalination of salt water.

PROCESS FOR REMOVAL AND STABILIZATION OF ARSENIC AND SELENIUM FROM AQUEOUS STREAMS AND SLURRIES

A process for removing or stabilizing arsenic and/or selenium from aqueous streams or slurries is provided that includes contacting the streams or slurry with a composition containing lanthanum chloride. The lanthalum chloride composition can optionally contain various lanthanides. The composition can optionally contain ferric or ferrous sulfate. The process is preferably conducted by adjusting the pH of solution to between about 8 or 10, adding 2 moles of lanthanum chloride for every mole of arsenic or selenium ions present in solution, adding 5 to 6 moles ferric or ferrous ions for every mole of arsenic or selenium ions present in solution and adjusting the oxidation potential of the solution to between 200-400 mV for removal of selenium ions and between 100-200 mV for removal of arsenic ions. Using the processes of this invention, the selenium and arsenic concentrations can be reduced to less than currently acceptable limits and arsenic and selenium can be stabilized from leaching, decomposition ...

SUSTAINED RELEASED COMPOSITE CALCIFICATION INHIBITOR

Embodiments of the present invention pertain to a composite decalcification agent of calcified anaerobic granular sludge and a decalcification regeneration process.

MODULAR EXTRACTION APPARATUS

Apparatuses and methods for extracting desired chemical species from input flows in a modular unit.

FACILITY AND METHOD FOR SEPARATING AT LEAST ONE IONIC SPECIES FROM A SOLUTION COMPRISING AT LEAST SAID IONIC SPECIES AND LITHIUM

L'installation de séparation d'une espèce cationique multivalente, à partir d'une solution comprenant cette espèce cationique multivalente et du Lithium, comprend un dispositif de capture (3) doté d'une entrée (2) et d'une sortie (4). Le dispositif de capture (3) comprend, entre l'entrée (2) et la sortie (4), un produit microfibre (12) avec une affinité supérieure aux cations multivalents qu'aux cations monovalents, L'installation comprend un système de circulation (5) adapté pour faire circuler la solution de l'entrée (2) vers la sortie (4) en contact avec le produit microfibre (21), le produit microfibre (21) captant ladite espèce cationique multivalente.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MINERALS AND WATER SEPARATION

A method and apparatus for the treatment of wastewater streams to form purified water and a mineral-containing by-product. The wastewater stream may be a brine or produced water from an oil/gas extraction operation. The method includes passing the wastewater stream through a membrane assembly having a pervaporation membrane, whereby purified water vapor is collected from the permeate side of the membrane. A mineral-rich product may be recovered from the retentate, and/or a mineral-rich crystalline phase may deposit on the membrane and may be recovered as a solid from the membrane or may be washed off the membrane and collected.

METHOD FOR OPERATING A WATER ELECTROLYSIS DEVICE

The invention relates to a method for operating a water electrolysis device for producing hydrogen and oxygen from water. In the electrolysis device, a PEM electrolyzer (1) is integrated into a water circuit (4). The water circuit (4) serves to supply reaction water and to lead away excess water. During the start-up of the electrolysis device, the water circuit (4) is led past the PEM electrolyzer (1) by means of a bypass line (14).

ENHANCED FLOCCULATION OF INTRACTABLE SLURRIES USING SILICATE IONS

Methods are provided for treating intimately dispersed mixtures of water, bitumen, and fine clay particles, such as oil sands mature fine tailings (MFT). Select methods use dissolved silicate ions and a base (alkali), optionally in combination with a biopolymer, to flocculate a slurry. A mixing regime is disclosed involving the addition to MFT of silicate ions in solution and alkali, to initiate aggregation/destabilization of clay particles. Methods are exemplified that provide distinct sediment layers in conjunction with the release of residual bitumen (for example 40-50% of the initial bitumen content). In these exemplified embodiments, a densely packed bottom layer containing ¨75 wt.% solids showed high yield stress values (3.5-5.5 kPa) and entrapped little residual bitumen (0.2-0.3 wt.%). The methods accordingly segregate a material suitable for reclamation.

COAGULANT BLEND IN SAGD WATER TREATMENT

Described herein is a coagulant blend for use in SAGD water treatment systems. Specifically, a blend of high charge density polyamine and low charge density poly(diallylmethyl ammonium chloride (poly-DADMAC) is used in the warm lime softening treatment process to coagulate and flocculate solids.

CONTROLLED PRODUCED WATER DESALINATION FOR ENHANCED HYDROCARBON RECOVERY

ABSTRACT Processes, systems, and techniques for treating produced water drawn from a subterranean formation. The produced water is provided and contains dissolved solids and magnesium, calcium, and sodium ions. The produced water is desalinated using an electrically-driven membrane separation apparatus that includes alternating anion exchange membranes and cation exchange membranes defining opposing sides of alternating product and concentrate chambers. The desalinating involves flowing the produced water through the product chamber, flowing a second water through the concentrate chamber, and applying an electric potential across the cation and anion exchange membranes as the produced and second waters flow through the product and concentrate chambers, respectively. The product water is consequently produced and has a total dissolved solids content of between 300 mg/L and 8,000 mg/L, a total concentration of calcium ions and magnesium ions less than 100 mg/L, and a sodium adsorption ratio ...

AIRBORNE RIGID KITE WITH ON-BOARD POWER PLANT FOR SHIP PROPULSION

A vehicle-based airborne wind turbine system having an aerial wing, a plurality of rotors each having a plurality of rotatable blades positioned on the aerial wing, an electrically conductive tether secured to the aerial wing and secured to a ground station positioned on a vehicle, wherein the aerial wing is adapted to receive electrical power from the vehicle that is delivered to the aerial wing through the electrically conductive tether; wherein the aerial wing is adapted to operate in a flying mode to harness wind energy to provide a first pulling force through the tether to pull the vehicle; and wherein the aerial wing is also adapted to operate in a powered flying mode wherein the rotors may be powered so that the turbine blades serve as thrust- generating propellers to provide a second pulling force through the tether to pull the vehicle.

PROCESS FOR TREATING PRODUCED WATER EVAPORATOR CONCENTRATE

The present invention relates to a process for treating evaporator concentrate. The process includes generating or producing a vent stream that includes carbon dioxide and mixing the carbon dioxide with the evaporator blowdown to reduce the pH of the evaporator blowdown. In cases where the evaporator blowdown includes a significant concentration of silica, lowering the pH will precipitate silica from the evaporator blowdown.

DIVALENT ION REMOVAL FROM MONOETHYLENE GLYCOL-WATER STREAMS

A system and process for the removal of divalent ions from a MEG-water stream (10) are presented. The system includes a chemical treatment tank (5) that receives the MEG-water stream (10), means for precipitating the calcium, magnesium, and hydroxide ions that are contained in the MEG-water stream (10), means for discharging the MEG-water stream (10) from the chemical treatment tank (5), and means for recycling the discharged MEG-water stream (10) back to the chemical treatment tank (5) or routing it to a solids removal system (75). The means for precipitating the calcium, magnesium, and sulfate ions may be employed simultaneously or sequentially.

NOVEL COMPLEXES FOR THE SEPARATION OF CATIONS

L'invention concerne des complexes comprenant un support solide et un matériau à structure matricielle comportant des domaines complexant des terres rares ou des métaux stratégiques, leur procédé de préparation, et leur utilisation pour extraire ou séparer les terres rares ou les métaux stratégiques dans un milieu aqueux ou organique.

ADSORBENT FOR RARE EARTH ELEMENT AND METHOD FOR RECOVERING RARE EARTH ELEMENT

... [Problem] To provide: an adsorbent for a rare earth element, which is capable of easily adsorbing and recovering a rare earth element contained in an aqueous solution at low cost, and which is also capable of selectively adsorbing and recovering a rare earth element that is coexistent with a base metal in an aqueous solution; and a method for recovering a rare earth element. [Solution] In order to solve the above-mentioned problem, this adsorbent for a rare earth element, which is disposed in an aqueous phase and is brought into contact with an aqueous solution containing a rare earth element in order to adsorb and recover the rare earth element, has a configuration that is characterized by being composed of a base and a diglycol amic acid that is introduced into the base. This method for recovering a rare earth element is characterized by: bringing an aqueous solution containing a rare earth element into contact with the above-described adsorbent for a rare earth element so that the rare ...

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS AND WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

Provided are a water treatment system and a water treatment method with which salt-containing water can be recycled with a high water recovery rate. This water treatment system includes: a first desalinization unit for separating water to be treated including Ca ions, SO4 ions, and carbonate ions, into treated water and concentrated water in which the Ca ions, SO4 ions, and carbonate ions are concentrated; a crystallization unit which is provided at a downstream side of the first desalination unit, and which is provided with a first crystallization tank (21) for inducing crystallization of gypsum from the concentrated water, and a seed-crystal supply unit (22) for supplying gypsum seed crystals to the first crystallization tank (21); a first pH measurement unit (543) for measuring the pH of first concentrated water inside the first crystallization tank (21); and a control unit (24) which, in cases when the pH measured by the first pH measurement unit (543) is in a pH range in which scale-inhibiting ...

WATER TREATMENT PROCESS AND WATER TREATMENT SYSTEM

Provided are a water treatment system and a water treatment method with which salt-containing water can be recycled with a high water recovery rate. In this water treatment system (300) and water treatment method, a scale inhibitor is supplied to water to be treated including Ca ions, SO4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica, and the water to be treated is adjusted to a pH capable of dissolving silica. Having had a calcium-scale inhibitor added thereto and the pH thereof adjusted, the water to be treated is separated by a first desalination unit (10) into treated water, and concentrated water in which the Ca ions, SO4 ions, carbonate ions, and silica are concentrated. In a first crystallization unit (20), gypsum seed crystals are supplied to first concentrated water, and gypsum crystallizes and is removed from the first concentrated water. The silica in the water to be treated is removed from the first concentrated water at a downstream side of the first crystallization unit (20) with respect ...

A SALT SEPARATOR AND A METHOD FOR PRODUCING A METHANE-CONTAINING GAS MIXTURE FROM BIOMASS USING A SALT SEPARATOR

A salt separator separates salts and/or solid materials from a pumpable aqueous fluid mixture under process conditions, which lie in the range of the critical point for the fluid mixture. The salt separator contains a reaction zone in a cavity for transforming the pumpable aqueous fluid mixture into a raw mixture, e.g. a methanation reaction, and a feed opening for the pumpable aqueous fluid mixture to the cavity. The feed opening is realized in a rising pipe that protrudes into the cavity. A first extraction opening is provided for the raw mixture freed of salts and/or solid materials. The first extraction opening is arranged in the upper region of the cavity and a second extraction opening is provided for a brine containing the salt and/or the solid materials. The second extraction opening is arranged in the lower region of the cavity and is located lower down than the feed opening.

METHOD FOR PURIFYING LITHIUM-CONTAINING WASTE WATERS DURING THE CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURE OF LITHIUM TRANSITION METAL PHOSPHATES

The present invention relates to a method for continuously producing lithium transition metal phosphates of the formula LiMPO4, comprising the steps of: a) providing an aqueous reactive mixture containing LiOH, H3PO4, and a transition metal sulfate; b) reacting the reactive mixture to form a lithium transition metal phosphate; c) separating the solid lithium transition metal phosphate from the soluble part of the reactive mixture; d) subjecting the soluble part (diluate) to electrodialysis; e) isolating the part of the electrodialysate which contains an aqueous LiOH solution.

METHOD FOR PURIFYING LITHIUM-CONTAINING WASTE WATERS DURING THE CONTINUOUS MANUFACTURE OF LITHIUM TRANSITION METAL PHOSPHATES

The present invention relates to a method for continuously manufacturing lithium transition metal phosphates of the formula LiMPO4, comprising the steps of: a) providing an aqueous reaction mixture containing LiOH, H3PO4 as well as a transition metal sulphate b) converting the reaction mixture into a lithium transition metal phosphate c) separating the solid lithium transition metal phosphate from the soluble part of the reaction mixture d) subjecting the soluble part (diluate) to an electrodialysis e) isolating the part of the electrodialysate that contains an aqueous LiOH solution.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REMOVING FINELY DISPERSED PARTICULATE MATTER FROM A FLUID STREAM

Disclosed are methods of removing particulate matter from potash tailings fluid. The invention includes providing an activating material capable of being affixed to the particulate matter, affixing the activating material to the particulate matter to form an activated particle, providing an anchor particle and providing a tethering material capable of being affixed to the anchor particle; and attaching the tethering material to the anchor particle and the activated particle to form a removable complex in the potash tailings fluid. The invention also includes providing an activating material capable of being affixed to the particulate matter in the potash tailings fluid; affixing the activating material to the particulate matter to form an activated particle; providing an anchor particle and enveloping it with an enveloping agent to form an enveloped anchor particle capable of attaching to the activated particle; and combining the enveloped anchor particle with the activated particle to ...

REMOVAL OF ARSENIC FROM WATER

PROCESS FOR REMOVING SALTS FROM A PROCESSING LIQUID

A process for removing acid decomposable contaminants from a processing liquid wherein an acid is admixed with a processing liquid and the mixture of acid and processing liquid are introduced into a degassing vessel such that the gas formed by the reaction of the acids and the decomposable gases is released and a processing liquid freed of acid decomposable contaminants is removed from the degassing vessel.

MAGNETIC FILTRATION DEVICE

A magnetic filtration device (105) configured to entrap magnetically susceptible material and non-magnetically susceptible material. An array of magnetic columns (703, 704) of alternating north and south polarity are positioned within a plurality of chambers (308, 309) that direct the fluid flow in an extended flowpath through a magnetic field circuit created by the columns of magnets (703, 704). A separator flange (305) acts to entrap non-ferrous particles for subsequent removal and isolation from a fluid network in which the device (105) maybe installed.

PROCESS OF RECOVERING SILVER FROM PHOTOGRAPHIC SOLUTIONS

A process for removing silver from a silver containing photoprocessing solution, comprising the steps of: a) mixing a mercapto-s-triazine, or a water soluble salt thereof, with the solution thereby causing formation of a mixture of i) precipitates and fines of silver mercapto-s-triazine and ii) the solution; b) mixing a copolymer flocculant with the mixture thereby causing flocculation and agglomeration of the silver TMT fines; wherein the copolymer i) consist of monomers selected from the group consisting of acryloyloxyethyl trimethylamine chloride and acrylamide and ii) has a reduced viscosity of 21 to 30 dL/g.

Permeable reactive barrier for removing unwanted materials from groundwater in a groundwater bearing underground, comprises stakes, which contain fluid or gaseous agent, and a device for supplying the fluid/gaseous agent into the stakes

The permeable reactive barrier for removing unwanted materials from groundwater (4) in a groundwater bearing underground (3), comprises stakes (8) arranged to deliver a fluid or gaseous agent into the ground water, and a device for supplying the fluid/gaseous agent into the stakes, which contain fluid or gaseous agent to remove the unwanted materials partially from the ground water or to bind the unwanted materials by adsorption, bulk material bounded of the underground surrounding the stakes, and iron in the oxidation state of zero and/or +2. The permeable reactive barrier for removing unwanted materials from groundwater (4) in a groundwater bearing underground (3), comprises stakes (8) arranged to deliver a fluid or gaseous agent into the ground water, and a device for supplying the fluid/gaseous agent into the stakes, which contain fluid or gaseous agent to remove the unwanted materials partially from the ground water or to bind the unwanted materials by adsorption, bulk material bounded ...

Liquid preparation system is for pre-treatment in such liquids of impurities containing minimum particles treatable by a successive filtration apparatus

The liquid preparation system is for pre-treatment in such liquids of impurities containing minimum particles treatable by a successive filtration apparatus. The system contains several chambers (3,8,10,15,18), in which the liquid is exposed in succession to:- a high frequency electric field to ionize non-metal particles contained in the impurities; a first magnetic field to charge negatively metallic particles; a second magnetic field for temporary union between metallic and non-metallic particles; a process of flocculation for the definite union of the particles in floccules of dimensions treatable by the filtration apparatus.

Cleaning container.

Die vorliegende Anmeldung betrifft einen Behälter (1) zur Reinigung und Entwässerung von Schlämmen und Betonschmutzwasser auf einer Baustelle. Der Behälter besteht aus einer Wasserzuflusseinrichtung und einer Wasserabflusseinrichtung und einer im Behälter herausnehmbar eingesetzten Filtereinrichtung (3) zum Auffangen von Grobstoffen, welche herausnehmbar ist sowie einer Kammer (4) zum Neutralisieren von verunreinigtem Wasser.

Mobile device for cleaning.

Die mobile Vorrichtung (5) besteht aus einem Behälter mit Geländer und Podest, mit einer Wasser-Zu- (1) und Abflusseinrichtung (4) und einer im Behälter eingesetzten Filtereinrichtung (3), welche mit dem Aufhängungselement (2) herausnehmbar ist.

SELECTIVE CESIUM RESIN

ОБЕЗВОЖИВАНИЕ СИЛИКАТНЫХ БУРОВЫХ ЖИДКОСТЕЙ

Предложен способ обработки буровых жидкостей на основе силиката, включающий флокуляцию по меньшей мере части загрязняющих примесей, содержащихся в буровой жидкости на основе силиката, из жидкой фазы; и отделение флокулированных загрязняющих примесей от жидкой фазы. Предложены также способы рециркуляции жидкостей на основе силиката, способы удаления жидкости на основе силиката и способы удаления отработанной буровой жидкости.

ELECTRIC DESALTING SYSTEM AND METHOD

СПОСОБ БУРЕНИЯ ИЛИ ЗАКАНЧИВАНИЯ БУРОВОЙ СКВАЖИНЫ

Предложен способ обработки буровых жидкостей на основе силиката, включающий флокуляцию по меньшей мере части загрязняющих примесей, содержащихся в буровой жидкости на основе силиката, из жидкой фазы; и отделение флокулированных загрязняющих примесей от жидкой фазы. Предложены также способы рециркуляции жидкостей на основе силиката, способы удаления жидкости на основе силиката и способы удаления отработанной буровой жидкости.

A SALT RECOVERY SOLUTION AND PROCESSES OF USE THEREOF

IMPREGNATED WITH ELECTRODE FOR CAPACITIVE DEIONIZATION, METHOD OF ITS MANUFACTURING AND DEVICE, USING SUCH ELECTRODES

NEW METHODS OF MANUFACTURING MUCH LAYER POLYMERIC AND MIXED MATRIX MEMBRANES AND DEVICE FOR MEMBRANE DISTILLATION

СПОСОБ РАЗЛОЖЕНИЯ ОРГАНИЧЕСКИХ ВЕЩЕСТВ В ВОДНОЙ КОМПОЗИЦИИ

Способ разложения органических веществ в водной композиции, включающий стадию (а), на которой в жидкой реакционной среде указанная водная композиция взаимодействует по крайней мере с одной композицией, включающей гидроксид-ионы (ОН-) и гипохлорит с мольным соотношением между гидроксидом и гипохлоритом, превышающим или равным 0,001 и меньшим чем 1,5, для окисления указанных органических веществ.

COMPACT CONCENTRATOR WASTEWATER AND SCRUBBER

TREATMENT OF WATER, CONTAINING SODA, WATER, HAVING HIGH SALINITY, OR WATER WITH HIGH CONTENT OF SODIUM PURPOSES ITS APPLICATION IN AGRICULTURE

CONCENTRATION OF SUSPENSIONS

depressanty for use in separation methods

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR ENRICHING SILICATE IN DRINKING WATER

Compositions and methods for fouling control in regulated evaporation systems

Separation membrane for efficiently treating sewage and preparation method thereof

CYCLIC PROCESS FOR REMOVAL OF ACID RADICALS FROM AQUEOUS MEDIA USING LEAD OXIDE OR BASIC LEAD CARBONATE

METHOD AND INSTALLATION FOR DRYING A SLURRY OF THRUST SALT RESIDUES

Procédé de déshydratation poussée, par pressage, de résidus salins issus d'une production d'eau potable, ou d'un traitement d'eaux résiduaires urbaines ou industrielles, procédé selon lequel les résidus salins sont introduits dans le cylindre (12a) d'une presse à piston (12) comportant des drains souples (12e), la presse fonctionnant par fournée, et en ce que lors du pressage, le piston effectue des mouvements d'aller et retour et applique des pressions alternatives et variables sur la boue, tandis que les drains souples se déforment, le liquide exprimé du produit traversant la paroi des drains et étant évacué comme filtrat, tandis que les boues déshydratées demeurent à l'extérieur des drains et sont évacuées par ouverture de la presse.

INFLATABLE AND INSOLUBLE NANOFIBERS AND THEIR USE IN THE TREATMENT OF EFFLUENTS PREDOMINATELY WATER

La présente invention concerne des nanofibres insolubles et gonflables dans un effluent essentiellement aqueux, une méthode de préparation de ces nanofibres et l'utilisation de ces nanofibres pour l'extraction dans un effluent des métaux, notamment les sels métalliques issus des métaux lourds, des terres rares, des métaux alcalins, des alcalinoterreux ou des actinides, dans leurs formes isotopiques stables ou instables.

Arsenic sorbent and method for remediating arsenic-contaminated material

An arsenic sorbent includes monohydrocalcite that has been precipitated by mixing an aqueous solution of a soluble carbonate or a carbonate with an aqueous solution that includes an Mg 2+ ion and a Ca 2+ ion in a ratio “Mg/Ca” of 0.3 or more, the monohydrocalcite having a molar ratio “Mg/(Ca+Mg)” of 0.1 or less. The arsenic sorbent exhibits a high arsenic sorption ability, and can stably retain a sorbate. A purification method using the same is also disclosed.

Methods and Materials for Selective Boron Adsorption from Aqueous Solution

A method for reducing a boron concentration in a boron-containing aqueous liquid involves administering micelle(s) for selective boron adsorption to the boron-containing aqueous liquid to produce boron-bonded micelle(s), wherein the micelle(s) comprise a reaction product of an N-substituted-glucamine and a glycidyl ether; passing the micelle-containing aqueous liquid through a membrane to separate the boron-bonded micelle(s) from the aqueous liquid; and recovering a permeate having a reduced boron concentration from the membrane. A material capable of selectively adsorbing boron from a boron-containing aqueous liquid contains at least one micelle having a hydrophobic tail and a head comprising a hydrophilic functional group having formula (I): R 1 —O-A  (I) R 1 represents a hydrocarbon group selected from the group consisting of substituted and unsubstituted aromatic, linear aliphatic, and branched aliphatic hydrocarbon groups and mixtures thereof, and A contains hydroxyl and amine groups.

Method of Recovering Potassium from Waste Waters for Use in Purification of Waste Water, including the Waste Water from which the potassium is Recycled, while retaining the Potassium in forms suitable for use as a Nutrient in Growing Microbes, Plants and Algae

A method for recovering and/or utilizing potassium from waste waters for a plurality of applications. As algae and plants are able to survive and flourish in environments with high salt concentrations, waste waters containing potassium can be applied as fertilizers to the growth of microbes, algae and plants. The microbes, plants, and algae are able to absorb the necessary nutrients, such as nitrogen and potassium, from the waste waters. After depletion of the potassium content from the waste water, that waste water can then be treated to separate other contaminants. In another aspect of the present invention, the potassium content may be first separated from the waste water to be applied for growth of microbes, plants, and algae and again used for regeneration of cation resins in specific potassium forms. The remaining contaminants that are separated through treatment of the waste water can be utilized for different productions.

Element removal process and apparatus

A process and apparatus for removing elements is described herein.

Ozone and anaerobic biological pretreatment for a desalination process

In one embodiment, a method of treating a source water containing at least one toxin is provided, the method comprising: (i) exposing a source water to a gas comprising ozone under a condition that promotes an interaction between the toxin and the ozone; and then (ii) subjecting the treated source water to a biological treatment.

Formulations for use in sulfur scale control in industrial water systems

Formulations of the present invention contain compounds of Formula (I) that are used as Sulfur Scale Inhibition and/or Removal Agents in the treatment of Industrial Water Systems.

Wetland Biofilter Chamber with Peripheral Catch Basin and Method of Use Thereof

A horizontal flow water treatment method and wetland biofilter apparatus provides a chamber with impermeable outer walls spaced away from permeable interior walls of a media filtration bed such that a catch basin is formed between the outer walls and the interior walls. The catch basin creates an open area around the perimeter of the interior walls for influent water to fill within the open area on all sides before penetrating the filtration media, providing a large surface area for influent water to interact with the media filtration bed. The influent water enters the catch basin in a horizontal flow path to provide for pre-settling of particulates before making contact with the filtration media. The biofilter design increases the available surface area of the media filtration bed by up to four times for a given volume of water, and thereby minimizes the loading or infiltration rate on the media filtration bed.

Thiosulfate removal methods and systems

Described herein is a cost effective method and system for removal of thiosulfate from a solution in-line with a process system. The method and system include passing the solution in contact with an open-structured substrate impregnated with a Group 16 element, which results in removal of thiosulfate from the solution and conversion of the thiosulfate to at least sulfite.

Water purification and enhancement systems

Water purification system comprising filtration media sized with respect to each other to allow a first contaminant in the water to saturate the first medium with a delay prior to saturation of the second medium with a second contaminant.

Method for sewage and industrial wastewater treatment

A process for wastewater treatment, comprising aerating and mixing wastewater containing organic and/or inorganic pollutants and bentonite clay in a vessel at a first temperature and for a time sufficient to reduce the concentration of said pollutants, raising the temperature of said mixture to at least 100° C. to evaporate water vapor, passing said water vapor through a fritted membrane and into a condenser, and collecting condensed water.

Synergistic methods for odor control

An odor control composition may be dosed to a wastewater treatment system to control hydrogen sulfide levels. The composition may include a sulfide-reducing agent and an oxidizer. Synergy between the compounds of the odor control composition may facilitate efficient reduction of hydrogen sulfide levels. The sulfide-reducing agent and the oxidizer may be present in a single odor control composition or may be dosed to the system separately.

Method for recovering a boron adsorbent

The present embodiment relates to a method for recovering a boron adsorbent, including: preparing water having an electric resistivity of 0.01 MΩ·cm or more and kept at a temperature within a temperature range; and contacting the water with the boron adsorbent to release boron adsorbed at the boron adsorbent.

Method for the separation of ammonia and carbon dioxide from aqueous solutions

The present invention relates to a method for contemporaneously recovering ammonia and carbon dioxide from an aqueous solution thereof, possibly comprising their condensates, in a synthesis process of urea, characterized in that it comprises a hydrophobic microporous membrane distillation phase of an aqueous solution comprising ammonia, carbon dioxide and their saline compounds or condensates, said distillation being carried out at a temperature ranging from 50 to 250° C. and a pressure ranging from 50 KPa to 20 MPa absolute, with the formation of a residual aqueous solution, possibly comprising urea, and a gaseous permeate stream, comprising ammonia, carbon dioxide and water. The present invention also relates to an apparatus for effecting the above method and a production process of urea which comprises the above method.

Rare earth removal of phosphorus-containing materials

This disclosure relates generally to methods and rare earth-containing additives for removing inorganic and organic phosphorus-containing target materials.

Method for removing carbon dioxide from ocean water and quantifying the carbon dioxide so removed

Disclosed herein are methods and systems for removing carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) from water and quantifying the carbon so removed, thus facilitating valuation of that carbon for schemes (e.g., Kyoto agreement) that attach financial rewards for capture, sequestration or removal of carbon or CO 2 .

Garden runoff treatment system

A system for treating runoff water from a plastic container includes a tray having at least one drainage hole defined in a lower surface thereof. Remediation media is positioned within the tray for absorbing at least one nutrient from the runoff water. A container support member may be connected to the tray for supporting a number of potted plants above the space within the tray that is occupied by the remediation media.

Decontamination System with Insoluble Additives

Exemplary decontamination systems of the present disclosure may allow for removing contaminants from a fluid. In an embodiment, a decontamination system may include a filtration unit operable to receive an adsorbent and contaminated fluid. The filtration unit may include a filter operable to separate the fluid from the adsorbent and contaminants adsorbed onto the adsorbent. In an embodiment, the decontamination system may further include a recovery unit operable to separate the adsorbent and the contaminants adsorbed onto the adsorbent.

Systems and methods for reducing phosphorous in phosphorous-containing outflows

Systems and methods for removing phosphorous (P) from P-containing wastewater from agricultural and urban outflow sources are disclosed. The system includes at least one water attenuation unit (WAU) fluidly coupled to at least one main filter unit (MFU) that contains P-adsorbing material. A high-flow diverter unit is arranged between the WAU and the MFU and diverts a portion of the flow of influent wastewater at high flow rates. The P-filter system is compact and has a modular construction. The effluent wastewater discharged from the P-filter system has 60% to 90% less phosphorous than the influent wastewater.

Poly (sulfoaminoanthraquinone) materials and methods for their preparation and use

Poly(sulfoaminoanthraquinone) polymer compositions and methods of making these compositions are disclosed herein. The polymer compositions can, for example, be used for removing metal ions from a sample.

Apparatus and method for brine separation and reuse

According to one embodiment, an electrolytic membrane separation (EMS) subsystem is configured to remove one or more impurities from a contaminated reject solution and to recycle the reusable reject solution for subsequent use in regenerating ion exchange resins. According to another embodiment of the invention, the EMS subsystem is configured to concentrate the impurities recovered from the contaminated brine solution for subsequent disposal or treatment.

Advanced Biologic Water Treatment Using Algae

An advanced water treatment method processes a continuous flow of water in a sequence of stages including pre-filtering [ 200 ] to remove solids, conditioning [ 202 ] to adjust pH, blending [ 210 ] with a recycled dense microalgae culture, and passing the resulting mixture through an enclosed, environmentally-controlled photobioreactor [ 212 ] where nutrients, PCB's, trace metals and other pollutants and regulated compounds are taken up by the algae. The flow from the PBR is separated using cross-flow filtration [ 222 ] to produce a treated water flow and a dense microalgae flow that is recycled to the blending stage [ 210 ] upstream. Thus, whereas the algae is recycled, the water entering the system is treated by flowing sequentially through the stages of the system, without any recycling or repetition of treatment stages. A pig-type cleaning system is also provided.

Methods and compounds for improving sulfide scavenging activity

Methods for reducing sulfides from fluid streams are provided. The methods comprise adding secondary amine-formaldehyde adduct (SAFA) scavengers to fluid streams. The SAFA scavengers added comprise less than about 40 wt % N-methyl secondary amines of the total weight of SAFA scavengers. Methods for distilling N-methyl secondary amines from secondary amine-formaldehyde adduct (SAFA) scavengers are also provided. Purified SAFA scavengers are also disclosed.

Water treatment processes for norm removal

Methods for treating water to remove radium include contacting the water with a magnetic adsorbent comprising manganese oxide(s), and applying a magnetic field to separate the magnetic adsorbent from the water, whereby radium is removed from the water. The methods may additionally include regenerating the magnetic adsorbent, and contacting the water with regenerated magnetic adsorbent. Alternately, calcium and/or strontium may be precipitated as carbonate salts from lime-treated water containing radium and barium without precipitating a significant fraction of the barium or radium; and removing radium from calcium- and strontium-free water by precipitating the barium and radium as carbonate salts. The barium- and radium carbonate precipitate may be redissolved in hydrochloric acid and disposed of by deep-well injection.

Organic templated nanometal oxyhydroxide

Disclosed are granular composites comprising a biopolymer and one or more nanometal-oxyhydroxide/hydroxide/oxide particles, along with methods for the preparation and use thereof.

Apparatus for phosphorous removal from waste water

Provided are an apparatus for removing phosphorous from wastewater including: a first coagulation sedimentation unit including a first rapid mixing tank, a first flocculation tank and a first sedimentation tank; and a second coagulation sedimentation unit including a second rapid mixing tank, a second flocculation tank and a second sedimentation tank, and a method for removing phosphorous using the same. The first rapid mixing tank stirs wastewater and an inorganic coagulant with low basicity at high speed and the second rapid mixing tank stirs the treated water supplied from the first sedimentation tank and an inorganic coagulant with high basicity at high speed. As a result, removal of phosphorous from the wastewater is maximized and coagulation and sedimentation may be optimized through control of metal content in the inorganic coagulants added to the first rapid mixing tank and the second rapid mixing tank.

Titanium dioxide-based hybrid ion-exchange media

A titanium dioxide-based hybrid ion-exchange media including anatase titanium dioxide nanoparticles supported by an ion-exchange resin for removing strong acid ions and oxo-anions from water. The titanium dioxide-based hybrid ion-exchange media is prepared in situ by combining ion-exchange media with a TiO 2+ precursor solution to form a mixture and heating the mixture to yield the hybrid ion-exchange media.

Method for dispersing and aggregating components of mineral slurries and high-molecular weight multivalent polymers for clay aggregation

The disclosure relates generally to the use of polymers to assist in aggregating mineral components in aqueous mineral slurries to release and separate individual components of the slurry, which may then be recovered from the slurry.

Renewable resource-based metal oxide-containing materials and applications of the same

Metal nanocomposites and methods of producing the same are disclosed. The nanocomposites have metal nanoparticles dispersed in a matrix carrier and can be produced by: treating a matrix material having a functional group with a quaternary amine compound to form a function site; treating the matrix material with a metal salt such that a metal ion of the metal salt is chelated with the functional site; treating the matrix material with an alkali; and microwaving the matrix material to form the metal nanocomposites.

Selenium recovery from bioreactor sludge

Wastewater, for example flue gas desulphurization blowdown water, containing soluble selenium is treated in a bioreactor. Microorganisms in the reactor reduce the selenium to elemental selenium, which is insoluble. The elemental selenium is discharged from the reactor in waste sludge also comprising biomass and other suspended solids. Non-microbial suspended solids are removed by way of acid dissolution followed by de-watering. The remaining sludge is burned at a temperature below the selenium oxidation temperature to remove biomass while leaving selenium particles behind.

System for treating selenium-containing liquid, wet flue gas desulfurization device, and method for treating selenium-containing liquid

A system for treating a selenium-containing liquid, a wet flue gas desulfurization device, and a method for treating a selenium-containing liquid treat a selenium-containing liquid by adding bivalent manganese to the selenium-containing liquid, thereby suppressing oxidation of tetravalent selenium to hexavalent selenium. The system includes: a potential measurement unit for measuring an oxidation-reduction potential of the selenium-containing liquid, and a pH measurement unit for measuring a pH value of the selenium-containing liquid; a detection unit for detecting whether or not the selenium-containing liquid is in a state where selenium stabilizes at a valence of 4 or higher, based on the measured oxidation-reduction potential and the measured pH value; and an addition unit for adding bivalent manganese into the selenium-containing liquid when the selenium-containing liquid is in a state where selenium stabilizes at a valence of 4 or higher.

Selenium removal using chemical oxidation and biological reduction

Selenium in the form of a reduced species such as selenocyanate is oxidized to produce an oxidized selenium species such as selenate or selenite, and then a biological reduction process is used to remove selenium from the oxidized selenium species. In an example, a chemical oxidant is added to a wastewater containing selenocyanate to produce selenate and selenite. The partially treated wastewater is then fed to a reactor containing a fixed media supporting a biofilm with selenium reducing organisms. The selenium in the selenate and selenite is reduced to an insoluble form of selenium, such as elemental selenium, which precipitates from the wastewater.

Water treatment system

A treatment system for removing a plurality of pollutants from wastewater includes a removal device for removing a plurality of gross solids from the wastewater, an aeration device for reducing a biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) and a chemical oxygen demand (COD) of the wastewater and a bioreactor containing a bacterial biofilm, said bioreactor including a plurality of cells configured for operation on a predetermined drain fill cycle.

Iron coordination polymers for adsorption of arsenate and phosphate

A method includes combining an aqueous solution of sodium fumarate with an aqueous solution of iron chloride to form a mixture, and obtaining an iron coordination polymer as an amorphous compound formed as a precipitate from the mixture. The iron coordination polymer may be used to bind contaminants, such as arsenate and phosphate from water.

Composite adsorbent material

The invention relates to composite adsorbent materials, and in particular, to highly porous carbon-based composite materials for the adsorption and stabilisation of inorganic substances. The composite adsorbent material comprises a porous carbon carrier matrix and an adsorbent species, wherein the adsorbent species is precipitated within the pores of the carrier matrix. The invention extends to various uses of such adsorbent materials, for example in water purification, recovery of metals from waste streams and remediation applications, and where the adsorbant material is amended into soil, waste etc. for the purpose of breaking pollutant-receptor linkages.

Selective Removal of Silica from Silica Containing Brines

This invention relates to a method for selective removal of silica and silicon containing compounds from solutions that include silica and silicon containing compounds, including geothermal brines.

Complex and uses thereof

The present invention provides a complex of a metal reducing substance and a culture medium component, which is produced in the culturing process of reducing bacteria and the use thereof. The complex of the present invention is a complex produced in the culturing process of reducing bacteria and a compound of a metal reducing substance and a culture medium component. The complex is an adsorbent for quickly and efficiently adsorbing ionic substances present in a solution, and also functions as a reducing agent for reducing specific precious metal ions or platinum-group metal ions.

PHOSPHATE RECOVERY FROM WASTEWATER

Provided are methods for recovering phosphate from wastewater by treating the wastewater with calcium containing compounds to raise its pH to near neutral values in order to precipitate calcium phosphate compounds, such as brushite, from the wastewater. 1. A process for removing phosphates from wastewater containing solubilized phosphates , the process comprising the steps of:raising the pH of the wastewater to a pH of less than 8 by adding calcium containing compounds to the wastewater, whereby solubilized phosphates are precipitated and the precipitated phosphates comprise brushite; andremoving the precipitated phosphates from the wastewater.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the calcium containing compounds comprise calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the calcium containing compounds consist of calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the pH is raised to a value of no greater than 7.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the pH is raised to a value in the range from 6.1 to 7.6. The process of claim 1 , wherein brushite is the predominant mineral in the precipitated phosphates.7. The process of claim 1 , further comprising removing non-phosphate particles from the wastewater prior to raising the pH of the wastewater.8. A process for removing phosphates from wastewater containing solubilized phosphates claim 1 , the process comprising the steps of:raising the pH of the wastewater to a value in the range from 6.1 to 7 by adding calcium oxide or calcium hydroxide to the wastewater, whereby solubilized phosphates are precipitated and further wherein brushite is the predominant mineral in the precipitated phosphates; andremoving the precipitated phosphates from the wastewater.9. The process of claim 8 , further comprising removing non-phosphate particles from the wastewater prior to raising the pH of the wastewater. The present application is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/942,900, ...

METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND COMPOSITIONS FOR DELIVERY OF NANOBUBBLES IN WATER TREATMENT SYSTEMS

Methods, systems, and devices for water treatment or for preventing fouling of components of water treatment systems can include the upstream introduction of nanobubbles in-line and/or in close proximity to a reverse osmosis membrane in the water treatment system. The nanobubbles can bind to and cluster (flocculate) nanoparticles (and possible larger solid particles) so that they can be removed and not foul water purification components such as reverse osmosis membranes. The nanobubbles can also interact with and change some characteristics of nanoparticles and thereby reduce fouling of some system components, such as reverse osmosis membranes, or other components. The systems, methods, and devices disclosed herein can help produce potable water safe for human consumption in a more cost-effective manner, e.g., by reducing maintenance costs and in some cases manufacturing costs. 160-. (canceled)61. A method for treating raw water containing suspended particles including suspended nanoparticles by way of introduction of nanobubbles for interacting with the suspended nanoparticles , the method comprising:collecting raw water in a reservoir, the water including suspended nanoparticles of calcium carbonate and other contaminates;filtering an amount of the other contaminates out of the water, thereby generating filtered water containing nanoparticles of calcium carbonate;detecting a concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water;mixing nanobubbles into the filtered water so as to raise a concentration of nanobubbles in the filtered water to a concentration at least as high as the concentration of the nanoparticles of calcium carbonate in the filtered water, thereby creating a mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles;pumping the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles to a reverse osmosis membrane device having a membrane with pores having a size from 0.01 to 0.05 nanometers, wherein the mixture of filtered water and nanobubbles do not ...

POROUS DECONTAMINATION REMOVAL COMPOSITION

The present disclosure provides enhanced zeolites and methods of making and using same. 1. An enhanced zeolite comprising zeolite and metal oxide ,wherein the metal oxide is lanthanum oxide, magnesium oxide, iron oxide, or mixed metal oxides including one or more lanthanides, the metal oxide being in the form of a nanomaterial;wherein the enhanced zeolite is stable below about pH 4; andwherein the enhanced zeolite is stable above about pH 10.2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. The enhanced zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the enhanced zeolite is stable at about 450° C.6. The enhanced zeolite of claim 1 , wherein the enhanced zeolite may be regenerated at least about 6 times.7. The enhanced zeolite of claim 6 , wherein the enhanced zeolite may be regenerated at least about 10 times.8. A method of removing phosphorous from water or wastewater comprising contacting the water or wastewater with the enhanced zeolite of .9. A method of removing phosphorous from water or wastewater comprising passing the water or wastewater through a column filter comprising the enhanced zeolite of .10. A method of removing phosphorous from water or wastewater comprising absorbing phosphorous from the water or wastewater with a permeable or semi-permeable fabric comprising the enhanced zeolite of .11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. A method of regenerating the enhanced zeolite of any claim 1 , comprising:(a) removing phosphorous from lanthanum phosphate in a solution comprising the enhanced zeolite;(b) oxidizing lanthanum in the solution comprising the enhanced zeolite;(c) precipitating phosphorous from the solution; and(d) separating the precipitated phosphorous in step (b) from the solution.14. (canceled)15. A method of manufacturing an enhanced zeolite claim 1 , comprising:(a) mixing a precursor zeolite into a mixture of a solution of a metal salt and a first alcohol,wherein the metal salt comprises a lanthanum salt;(b) stirring the mixture at a temperature greater than about 60° C.; and ...

FLUID REMANUFACTURING

Waste water is remanufactured with ozone in a series of mixing vessels. The ozone is dispersed to both a top and a bottom portion of each mixing vessel, but in different amounts. This creates an electrical potential difference across the height of each mixing vessel which significantly improves the oxidation of organic carbon-based impurities and eliminates HS and bacteria. Sludge and solids floating to the top of each mixing vessels are removed, as well as sludge and solids settling to the bottom of the mixing vessels. When oil and gas well waste water is treated in this manner, the resulting treated water is purified and has a high salt content suitable for oil or gas well injection. 1. A process for treating waste water containing organic impurities , the process comprising:in a series of mixing vessels, treating the waste water with ozone, wherein ozone is dispersed through inline venturi mixers into waste water entering an upper portion of each mixing vessel, and additional ozone is dispersed into waste water in a lower portion of each mixing vessel;continual or cyclic removal of the organic impurities as sludge and solid contaminates floating to the top of each mixing vessel and of sludge and solid contaminates settling to the bottom of each mixing vessel; andwithdrawing treated waste water from a final mixing vessel in the series of mixing vessels, wherein greater than 96% by weight of the organic impurities have been removed.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein a greater amount of ozone is added to the waste water entering the upper portion of the mixing vessel relative to the additional ozone dispersed into waste water in the lower portion of the mixing vessel.3. The process of claim 1 , further including the step of filtering the waste water to remove solids prior to treating the waste water with ozone in the series of mixing vessels.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the ozone is added in sufficient quantity to kill greater than 95% of the bacteria in the ...

REMOVING NITRATE FROM WATER

A sulphur denitrification system includes a liquid input fluidly coupled to a source of saltwater that includes nitrate; a liquid output fluidly coupled to the source of saltwater; a plurality of vertically-oriented tanks, at least one of the tanks including a liquid inlet that is fluidly coupled to the liquid input to receive a flow of the saltwater, a volume configured to enclose a plurality of sulphur particles that support denitrification bacteria that biologically transform the nitrate into at least one of nitrous oxide or nitrogen gas, and a liquid outlet fluidly coupled to the liquid output and the liquid inlets of the tanks; and a circulation system configured to circulate a portion of the saltwater though the liquid input to the liquid inlets of the plurality of tanks, through the plurality of tanks, and from the liquid outlets of the tanks to the liquid output and the liquid inlets of the tanks. 133-. (canceled)34. A computer implemented method performed with a computing system that comprises one or more hardware processors , the method comprising:receiving, from at least one sensor of a marine habitat system, a measurement associated with a nitrate concentration in a flow of water, the marine habitat system comprising a water holding tank that comprises a volume of water that includes nitrate; and a denitrification system fluidly coupled to the water holding tank to receive a flow of water from the water holding tank, circulate the flow of water through a plurality of denitrification tanks, and transform at least a portion of the nitrate into nitrogen gas in the tanks;comparing the measurement with a nitrate concentration setpoint; andadjusting a component of the denitrification system based on the measurement exceeding the nitrate concentration setpoint.35. The computer implemented method of claim 34 , wherein adjusting a component of the denitrification system comprises:modulating at least one valve of the denitrification system to change a rate of the ...

IMMOBILIZED LIGANDS FOR THE REMOVAL OF METAL IONS AND METHODS THEREOF

Disclosed are immobilized dimercapto succinate compounds (immobilized dithiol compounds), a method to synthesize these immobilized dithiol compounds, and a method of using the immobilized dithiol compounds to remove metals, such as lead, cadmium and mercury from an aqueous solution. Also disclosed are immobilized mono- and di-citrate compounds (immobilized citrate compounds), a method to synthesize these solid-supported compounds, and a method of using the immobilized citrate compounds to remove trivalent metals, such as iron and aluminum from an aqueous solution. 1. A composition for the removal of metal ions from an aqueous solution , the composition comprising a polymer and at least one ligand selected from the group consisting of a dithiol compound and a citrate compound , wherein said at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer by a covalent bond.3. The composition claim 1 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through a branched linker scaffold.4. The composition claim 2 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through a branched linker scaffold.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through an amide linkage.6. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through an amide linkage.7. The composition of claim 3 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through an amide linkage.8. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the at least one ligand is immobilized to the polymer through an amide linkage.9. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polystyrene claim 1 , polyacrylate claim 1 , sepharose claim 1 , and silica gel.10. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the polymer comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of ...

THERMALLY TREATED EXPANDED PERLITE

A thermally treated expanded perlite that can be coated or impregnated with at least one active material and the use of the thermally treated expanded perlite as a light-weight filtration media. Methods for forming thermally treated expanded perlite as well as methods for forming thermally treated perlite coated or impregnated with an active material are also disclosed. 16-. (canceled)7. A method for forming expanded perlite thermally impregnated with an active material comprising:forming a mixture comprising (i) expanded perlite and (ii) an active material or an active-forming material to produce a composition containing perlite pellets coated with the active material or active-forming material; andheating the composition containing the coated perlite pellets to a temperature of about 850 to 1300° C. to produce expanded perlite pellets thermally impregnated with the active material.8. A method in accordance with wherein said active material comprises an element selected from the group consisting of calcium claim 7 , magnesium claim 7 , aluminum claim 7 , iron and mixtures thereof.9. A method in accordance with wherein the average particle size of the expanded perlite pellets thermally impregnated with an active material is about 0.5 mm to about 12.5 mm.10. A method in accordance with wherein the expanded perlite pellets thermally impregnated with an active material have a crush strength of at least 6 lbs.11. A method in accordance with wherein said mixture comprises an active material and said active material comprises calcium or magnesium or both.12. A method in accordance with wherein said mixture comprises an active-forming material and said active-forming material is selected from the group consisting of calcium acetate claim 7 , calcium carbonate claim 7 , calcium bicarbonate claim 7 , calcium hydroxide and mixtures thereof.13. A method in accordance with wherein said mixture comprises an active-forming material and said active-forming material is selected ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR TREATING SPENT CAUSTIC SOLUTION

A process for treating a spent caustic solution and an apparatus for treating a spent caustic solution. The treatment provides an environmentally acceptable solution for discharge into a conventional wastewater treatment plant or for further processing. A spent caustic solution enters a reactor and is cycled through the reactor and into a process liquid line where it is contacted with ozone and with carbon dioxide to form a treated solution of pH 7.0 to 11.0. 1. A process for treating spent caustic solution , the process comprising: (i) a gas comprising ozone; and', '(ii) carbon dioxide;, 'contacting a spent caustic solution with'}to form a treated solution having a pH of 7.0 to 11.0; anddischarging at least a portion of the treated solution.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the spent caustic solution comprises sodium hydroxide.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the spent caustic solution is contacted with a gas comprising ozone in a first reactor to form a partially treated solution and the partially treated solution is contacted with carbon dioxide in a second reactor to form the treated solution.4. The process of claim 3 , wherein at least a portion of the treated solution is recycled from the second reactor to the first reactor.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein the spent caustic solution is contacted with a gas comprising ozone and carbon dioxide in a first reactor to form the treated solution.6. The process of claim 5 , wherein at least a portion of the spent caustic solution is contacted with the gas comprising ozone claim 5 , carbon dioxide claim 5 , or a mixture of ozone and carbon dioxide claim 5 , prior to introducing the portion of the spent caustic solution and the gas into the first reactor.7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprising ozone consists of oxygen and ozone.8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprising ozone comprises a percentage volume ratio of ozone to oxygen of 10% to 15%.9. The process of claim 1 , wherein ...

METAL SILICATE AND ORGANIC DEPOSIT INHIBITOR/DISPERSANT FOR THERMAL RECOVERY OPERATIONS OF HYDROCARBON FUELS

The present invention generally relates to methods for removing an organic deposit or for inhibiting deposition of deposit-forming comprising contacting a cleaning composition or an anti-coking composition with a surface. The surface can have an organic deposit or be susceptible to forming an organic deposit and the surface can be in contact with a liquid containing organics. The liquid can be produced from a thermal recovery system, and the surface can be an internal surface of a piece of steam-generating or vapor-generating equipment. 1. A method for removing an organic deposit or for inhibiting deposition of deposit-forming organics comprising contacting a cleaning composition with a surface , the surface having an organic deposit or being susceptible to forming an organic deposit and the surface being in contact with a liquid containing organics , the liquid being produced from a thermal recovery system , and the surface being an internal surface of a piece of steam-generating or vapor-generating equipment; wherein the cleaning composition comprises an alkoxylated polymer , an alkoxy alcohol , and an aromatic solvent.2. The method of wherein the alkoxylated polymer comprises an alkoxylated alkylphenol-formaldehyde polymer.3. The method of wherein the alkoxylated polymer comprises an ethoxylated nonylphenol-formaldehyde polymer.4. The method of wherein the nonylphenol-formaldehyde polymer has a molar ratio of nonylphenol to formaldehyde of about 1:1.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the molar ratio of ethylene oxide to nonylphenol-formaldehyde polymer is from about 6:1 to about 10:1.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the molecular weight of the ethoxylated nonylphenol polymer is from about 4000 to about 10000 Daltons.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the molar ratio of ethylene oxide to nonylphenol-formaldehyde polymer is from about 8:1 to about 10:1 and the molecular weight of the polymer is from about 4000 to about 5500 Daltons.8. The method of wherein the ...

Water purification compositions of magnesium oxide and applications thereof

The present disclosure provides a composition for purifying water comprising a magnesium oxide component and a binder. The magnesium oxide component includes magnesium oxide, a pH regulator, and an additional water purifying material. The binder can be an organic polymer, an inorganic binder, or a combination of both.

Removing Arsenic from Water with Acid-Activated Clay

The description relates to a composition and a method for reducing the concentration of arsenic in water. Contaminated water is contacted with acid-activated clay characterized by a removal efficiency for arsenic of at least 95 wt %. Following sufficient contact, the water is separated from the acid-activated clay. In preferred form, the acid activated clay is characterized by a BET surface area of at least about 200 m/gram. 1. A composition for removing arsenic from contaminated water comprises:a. an acid-activated clay selected from the group consisting of bentonite, montmorillonite, hectorite, talc, vermiculite, saponite, nontronite, kaolinite, halloysite, illite, and chlorite and mixtures thereof;b. a water-soluble oxidizer that can oxidize arsenite to arsenate at the ambient temperature and pressure in water.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acid-activated clay is bentonite.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acid-activated clay is generated by mixing the clay with an acid or acid solution or by incorporating the acid by kneading at a temperature between room temperature (20° C.) and 60° C. for at least 1 hour.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the acid activated clay has specific surface area of at least 100 m/g claim 1 , preferably has specific surface area of least 200 m/g.5. The composition of claim 1 , the oxidizer comprises chlorine.6. The composition of claim 5 , the oxidizer is calcium hypochlorite.7. A composition according to any preceding claim in unit dosage form for the batch wise arsenic removal of a relatively small predetermined volume of contaminated water.8. A composition according to any preceding claim in unit dosage form for treating a volume of contaminated water claim 5 , the acid-activated clay dosage to the volume of the contaminated water is in the range from about 1 to about 25 claim 5 , preferably 2 to about 15 claim 5 , more preferably from about 4 to about 10 g/liter of contaminated water.9. A composition ...

WATER PURIFICATION COMPOSITIONS AND THE METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME

The present disclosure relates to water purification compositions and the method of producing the same. Specifically, the present disclosure relates to compositions containing a substrate that has hydroxyl, thiol, carboxyl or amino groups, a metal oxide, and a carboxylic acid compound, and the method of producing the same. The composition is useful for the removal of soluble phosphorus, selenium, fluoride, arsenic and other heavy metal contaminants that may be present in water. The composition could be of use in numerous fields, including but not limited to, oil and gas, mining, storm water, agricultural runoffs, municipal wastewater, and industrial wastewater. 1. A water purification composition comprising a substrate with a surface containing hydroxyl , thiol , carboxyl and/or amino groups , a carboxylic acid compound , and a metal , wherein the metal cross-links the hydroxyl , thiol , carboxyl and/or amino groups on the surface of the substrate , and the carboxylic acid compound.2. The water purification composition of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylic acid compound contains a positively charged group.3. The water purification composition of claim 1 , wherein the composition consisting of a substrate with a surface containing hydroxyl claim 1 , thiol claim 1 , carboxyl and/or amino groups claim 1 , a carboxylic acid compound claim 1 , and a metal claim 1 , wherein the metal cross-links the hydroxyl claim 1 , thiol claim 1 , carboxyl and/or amino groups on the surface of the substrate claim 1 , and the carboxylic acid compound.4. The water purification composition of claim 1 , wherein the substrate with a surface containing hydroxyl groups claim 1 , and the metal cross-links the hydroxyl groups on the surface of the substrate to form metal oxide.5. The water purification composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from a group consisting of Al claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Zr claim 1 ...

ENHANCED FLOCCULATION OF INTRACTABLE SLURRIES USING SILICATE IONS

Methods are provided for treating intimately dispersed mixtures of water, bitumen, and fine clay particles, such as oil sands mature fine tailings (MFT). Select methods use dissolved silicate ions and a base (alkali), optionally in combination with a biopolymer, to flocculate a slurry. A mixing regime is disclosed involving the addition to MFT of silicate ions in solution and alkali, to initiate aggregation/destabilization of clay particles. Methods are exemplified that provide distinct sediment layers in conjunction with the release of residual bitumen (for example 40-50% of the initial bitumen content). In these exemplified embodiments, a densely packed bottom layer containing ˜75 wt. % solids showed high yield stress values (3.5-5.5 kPa) and entrapped little residual bitumen (0.2-0.3 wt. %). The methods accordingly segregate a material suitable for reclamation. 1. A process for treating a slurry comprising an intimately dispersed mixture of water , bitumen , and fine clay particles , having a slurry solids content of 20-50% , a pH of 7 to 8.5 , an aluminate concentration of less than 85 mg/L and a sulfate concentration of less than 110 mg/L the process comprising:{'sub': 3', '4, 'sup': '−', 'adding a source of silicate HSiO ions to the slurry to provide a silicate-treated slurry having a silicate ion dosage of about 350-20,000 ppm (or 350-20,000 g silicate ion per metric ton of dry tailings);'}optionally adding a biopolymer co-agent in the form of polysaccharides in the dosage of 500-2000 ppm (or 500-2000 g of agent per metric ton of dry tailings);adding an alkali to the silicate-treated slurry to raise the pH to provide a basic silicate-treated slurry having a pH of from about 9 to about 12, or about 10; and,allowing the basic silicate-treated slurry to separate into a plurality of layers having distinct densities, wherein a bottom layer comprises packed clay particles.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein adding the alkali to the silicate-treated slurry to raise ...

Ecological Remediation Method for Controlling Sulphur Pollution inBlack and Odorous Sludge of Rivers

The Invention discloses an ecological remediation method for controlling sulphur pollution in black and odorous sludge of rivers. Firstly, the sludge from pollution layer of the rivers will be dredged and stacked on the banksides with slope protection built along the outer edge of the sludge storage site; then innocent pretreatment will be conducted for the sludge. Specific steps comprise solarization and ploughing, and mixed ameliorant of certain proportion will be added for modification between first solarization and intermittent ploughing. Then, large emergent aquatic plants will be planted on the stacked sludge after pretreatment. The technical method provided by the Invention may control the release of acid-volatile sulfide in the contaminated sludge on one hand and reduce concentration of volatile organic sulfide in the waters on the other hand. With simple technical process and strong operable technology, the Invention meets the current requirements for controlling sulphur pollution in black and odorous sludge of rivers in China and facilitates realizing the goal of long-term control of sulphur pollution in the deposit of the waters. 1. An ecological remediation method for controlling sulphur pollution in black and odorous sludge of rivers , wherein , said method comprises the following steps:Step 1: Determining the optimal dredging depth of the black and odorous sludge in the middle of the riverbed; dredging the contaminated sludge and stacking it on both banksides of the river; building a gentle slope with slope protection and slope toe reinforcement along the riparian zone;Step 2: Pre-treatment of contaminated sludge on gentle slope of the banksides: stacking the sludge on the banksides for solarization and ploughing the surface layer of the sludge during this period; spraying a compound ameliorant into the sludge during ploughing; said compound ameliorant is a mixer of slaked lime and iron-ore slag;Step 3: Planting large aquatic vascular plant communities ...

BIOMINERALOGICAL METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING CESIUM IONS

Provided are a biomineralogical method for removing cesium ions. The method for removing cesium ions, the method comprising: adding metal-reducing bacteria, an iron source, and a sulfur source into a solution containing the cesium ions to convert the cesium ions into a solid mineral incorporating cesium. The method for removing cesium ions according to the present invention has advantages in that the cesium ions may be removed with high efficiency and small volume even in the case in which competing ions are present at a high concentration like sea water. 1. A method for removing cesium ions , the method comprising: adding metal-reducing bacteria , an iron source , and a sulfur source into a solution containing the cesium ions to convert the cesium ions into a solid mineral incorporating cesium.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mineral incorporating cesium is Pautovite (CeFeS).3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the converting of the cesium ions into the mineral incorporating cesium claim 1 , a pH of the solution is 7 to 8.5.4Pseudomonas, Shewanella, Clostridium, Desulfovibrio, Desulfosporosinus, Desulfotomaculum, AnaeromyxobacterGeobacter.. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal-reducing bacteria are one or two or more selected from the group consisting of claim 1 , and5. The method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the metal-reducing bacteria (based on a protein concentration) is 0.3 to 5 mg/L.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the iron source is one or two or more selected from iron (II) chloride claim 1 , iron (II) sulfate claim 1 , iron (II) acetate claim 1 , iron (II) bromide claim 1 , and iron (II) nitride.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the iron source is 0.5 to 5 mM.8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the sulfur source is a compound forming anions represented by SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , SO claim 6 , or SO.9. The method of claim 1 ...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR MITIGATING HYDROGEN SULFIDE CONTAMINATION

In some embodiments, the present invention provides a recombinant protein comprising an affinity tag configured to attach the recombinant protein to a silicate surface, fused to a hydrogen sulfide scavenging enzyme. 1. A recombinant protein , comprising: an affinity tag configured to attach the recombinant protein to a silicate surface , fused to a hydrogen sulfide scavenging enzyme.2. The recombinant protein of claim 1 , wherein the affinity tag is nonarginine.3E. Coli. The recombinant protein of claim 1 , wherein the affinity tag is the 30 kDa L2 protein from the 50S ribosomal subunit.4. The recombinant protein of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen sulfide scavenging enzyme is sulfide quinone reductase.5Acidophilus ferroxidans.. The recombinant protein of claim 4 , wherein the sulfide quinone reductase is derived from6. The recombinant protein of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant protein comprises the protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID. No: 1.7. The recombinant protein of claim 1 , wherein the recombinant protein comprises the protein having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID. No: 2.8. The recombinant protein of claim 2 , wherein the affinity tag is the peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID. No: 3.9. The recombinant protein of claim 3 , wherein the affinity tag is the peptide having the amino acid sequence set forth in SEQ ID. No: 4.10. A method claim 1 , wherein the method scavenges hydrogen sulfide claim 1 , mercaptans claim 1 , or any combination thereof claim 1 , from a liquid within a reservoir defined by a solid silicate surface claim 1 , the method comprising contacting the solid silicate surface with a catalytically effective amount of the recombinant protein according claim 1 , wherein the recombinant protein catalyzes the oxidation of the hydrogen sulfide claim 1 , mercaptans claim 1 , or any combination thereof claim 1 , to a sulfur containing oxidation product.11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the ...

CONTROLLING DIGESTER BIOSOLIDS AND WASTEWATER ACTIVATED SLUDGE SYSTEMS

Disclosed are various embodiments for measuring ionic activity by quantifying total dissolved solids (TDS) concentration in wastewater. In some embodiments, ionic activity of wastewater is monitored by quantifying the total dissolved solids concentration, which can be used for determining the ammonia reduction progress through nitrification and the luxurious phosphorous uptake process reaction and/or the reaction progress of soluble phosphorous species and reactive ions, including one or more alkali and alkaline-earth species and/or soluble metals species, to form non-soluble ionic phosphorous precipitate during biological activated wastewater processes and digester biosolids treatment processes. 1. A system , comprising:at least one sensor configured to obtain at least one measurement from wastewater; determine a calculated slope progress of ionic activity of the wastewater as a function of treatment duration time using the at least one measurement obtained by the at least one sensor; and', 'perform a wastewater treatment process based at least in part on the calculated slope progress of the ionic activity of the wastewater., 'a controller configured to2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater comprises at least one of:influent wastewater, waste activated sludge, primary sludge, and septage.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater contains at least one pollutant claim 1 , the at least one pollutant comprising at least one of: soluble or insoluble phosphorous species claim 1 , soluble or insoluble nitrogen species claim 1 , and soluble or insoluble carbon species.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the wastewater treatment process comprises at least one of: aerobic claim 1 , anaerobic claim 1 , and anoxic treatment.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the slope progress of ionic activity is determined by the controller as a function of at least one of: a rolling average claim 1 , a standard deviation claim 1 , a slope claim 1 , global maxima claim 1 , ...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR SCALE INHIBITION

A method for inhibiting the formation, deposition and adherence of scale to metallic and other surfaces in the equipment, vessels and/or piping of facilities for the handling of oil and gas produced fluid is disclosed. An effective scale inhibiting amount of alginate is added to a produced fluid containing a scale-forming divalent cation. The alginate effectively cross-links with a scale-forming divalent cation, e.g., calcium, forming an alginate gel for subsequent separation and removal from the produced fluid. 1. A method of inhibiting formation of scale on equipment in contact with a produced fluid containing at least a scale-forming divalent cation , the method comprising:adding an alginate in an amount effective for the alginate to cross-link with the divalent cation in the produced fluid to form cross-linked alginate gel;separating the cross-linked alginate gel in the produced fluid;removing the cross-linked alginate gel from the produced fluid; andredissolving the cross-linked gel thus returning it to a reusable form.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the produced fluid contains calcium carbonate claim 1 , calcium carboxylate claim 1 , calcium naphthenate claim 1 , or any mixture thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the scale forming divalent cation is calcium and wherein alginate is added in an amount sufficient to convert at least 75% of calcium cations into a cross-linked calcium alginate gel.4. The method of claim 1 , for inhibiting the formation of scale in a pipeline carrying produced fluid.5. The method of claim 1 , for inhibiting the formation of scale in a brine or glycol treatment facility claim 1 , wherein the produced fluid is recycled produced water for use in hydraulic fracturing operations.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the produced fluid is recycled produced water and wherein the cross-linked alginate gel is removed from the recycled produced water by floatation claim 1 , sieving claim 1 , a centrifuge claim 1 , a cyclone claim 1 , a ...

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND APPARATUS FOR INCREASED WASTEWATER EFFLUENT AND BIOSOLIDS QUALITY

Methods of delivering microorganisms loaded onto an inorganic porous medium. Methods of treating wastewater to increase effluent and biosolids quality. Methods of reducing ammonia and denitrifying wastewater effluent. Methods of reducing phosphorous concentration in wastewater effluent. Composition of biosolids derived from wastewater treatment. Wastewater treatment assemblage for increasing wastewater effluent and biosolids quality. 1. A method of producing fertilizer or compost comprising:a) providing a microbial solution comprising at least one microbial species loaded onto an inorganic porous medium;b) providing a reaction vessel comprising an influent stream, an effluent stream, an aqueous phase, and a biosolids phase, wherein the biosolids phase comprises at least one nutrient source for the at least one microbial species;c) adding the microbial solution comprising the at least one microbial species loaded onto the inorganic porous medium to the reaction vessel, wherein the at least one microbial species consumes a portion of the biosolids phase;d) separating the effluent stream into a treated aqueous phase and a treated biosolids phase; ande) dewatering the treated biosolids phase to produce the fertilizer or compost.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic porous medium comprises silica claim 1 , zeolite claim 1 , aluminosilicate claim 1 , silicate claim 1 , diatomaceous earth claim 1 , or any combination thereof.3. The method of any one of or claim 1 , wherein the at least one microbial species is aerobic.4. The method of any one of or claim 1 , wherein the at least one microbial species is anaerobic.5. The method of any one of or claim 1 , wherein the at least one microbial species is facultative.6. The method of any one of or claim 1 , wherein the influent stream includes residential wastewater claim 1 , agricultural wastewater claim 1 , industrial wastewater claim 1 , runoff wastewater claim 1 , or any combination thereof.7. The method of any one ...

Water Treatment with Notification

A water treatment device includes a water treatment material contained within a housing of the water treatment device. The incoming water is exposed to the water treatment material to produce treated water. A magnetic field-based or a light-based sensor may determine an amount of the water treatment material remaining in the water treatment device and provide notification. 1. A water treatment device comprising:a water treatment material contained within a housing of the water treatment device, wherein incoming water is exposed to the water treatment material to produce treated water;a magnetic object having a magnetic field, wherein the magnetic object rests on the water treatment material; anda magnetic sensor circuit that senses the magnetic field of the magnetic object, wherein the magnetic object moves closer to the magnetic sensor circuit as the water treatment material becomes depleted and wherein the magnetic sensor circuit provides a notification when the water treatment material is depleted to a threshold amount.2. The water treatment device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic sensor circuit determines whether the water treatment material is depleted to the threshold amount based on a strength of the magnetic field of the magnetic object.3. The water treatment device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic sensor circuit provides a second notification when the water treatment material is depleted to a second threshold amount.4. The water treatment device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic sensor circuit provides periodic notifications corresponding to amounts of the water treatment material.5. The water treatment device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic sensor circuit provides the notification by generating a visual or audio indicator.6. The water treatment device of claim 1 , wherein the magnetic sensor circuit provides the notification by transmitting a message wirelessly or via a wired connection.7. The water treatment device of claim 1 , further comprising an ...

PRODUCTION OF ULTRA-HIGH-DENSITY BRINES USING TRANSIENTLY-OPERATED DESALINATION SYSTEMS

Systems and methods related to desalination systems are described herein. According to some embodiments, the desalination systems are transiently operated and/or configured to facilitate transient operation. In some embodiments, a liquid stream comprising water and at least one dissolved salt is circulated through a fluidic circuit comprising a desalination system. In some embodiments, a portion of the desalination system (e.g., a humidifier) is configured to remove at least a portion of the water from the liquid stream to produce a concentrated brine stream enriched in the dissolved salt. In certain cases, the concentrated brine stream is recirculated through the fluidic circuit until the concentrated brine stream reaches a relatively high density (e.g., at least about 10 pounds per gallon) and/or a relatively high salinity (e.g., a total dissolved salt concentration of at least about 25 wt %). In certain embodiments, additional salt is added to the concentrated brine stream to produce an ultra-high-density brine stream (e.g., a brine stream having a density of at least about 11.7 pounds per gallon). Some aspects relate to a system that is configured to promote energy efficiency by recovering heat from the recirculated concentrated brine stream upon discharge from the fluidic circuit. 130-. (canceled)31. A method for producing a concentrated brine stream , comprising:supplying a liquid stream comprising water and a dissolved salt at an initial concentration to a fluidic circuit comprising a humidifier, wherein the humidifier removes at least a portion of the water from the liquid stream to produce a concentrated brine stream comprising water and the dissolved salt at a second concentration higher than the initial concentration of the liquid stream; andrecirculating the concentrated brine stream through the fluidic circuit to remove at least a portion of the water from the concentrated brine stream, forming a recirculated concentrated brine stream comprising water ...

EFFLUENT TREATMENT PROCESS - pH REFINEMENT FOR SULPHATE REMOVAL

Disclosed is a method of decomposing ettringite, to form amorphous aluminium trihydroxide, which includes the step of lowering a pH of a slurry containing ettringite to a value between 8 and 8.5.

IMPROVED EFFLUENT TREATMENT PROCESS FOR SULPHATE REMOVAL

Disclosed is an acid waste water treatment and method wherein heavy metal hydroxides and gypsum are precipitated in a single operation and wherein amorphous aluminium trihydroxide and gypsum are separated in a single solid-solid separation unit. 1. A method for the removal of sulphates and calcium from an acidic waste water stream which includes the steps of:(1) raising the pH of the acidic waste water stream to precipitate impurities from the stream and form a first supersaturated calcium sulphate-containing stream;(2) removing the impurities and de-supersaturating the first supersaturated calcium sulphate-containing stream in a first solid/liquid separation step to form a first saturated calcium sulphate-containing solution;(3) adding amorphous aluminium trihydroxide to the first saturated calcium sulphate solution to precipitate ettringite in a product water stream;(4) removing the precipitated ettringite, in the form of an ettringite-containing slurry from the product water stream using a second liquid-solid separation step;(5) lowering the pH of the ettringite-containing slurry to decompose the ettringite and form amorphous aluminium trihydroxide (recovered) and gypsum contained in a second supersaturated calcium sulphate-containing stream, and(6) separating the recovered amorphous aluminium trihydroxide and gypsum in a solid-solid separation step to form an aluminium trihydroxide containing slurry and a second saturated calcium sulphate-containing solution.2. A method according to wherein claim 1 , in step (1) claim 1 , calcium hydroxide or calcium oxide is added to the acidic waste water stream.3. A method according to wherein claim 1 , in step (1) claim 1 , the pH is raised to a value of between 10.0 and 12.0.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the impurities include iron claim 1 , aluminium claim 1 , manganese claim 1 , magnesium and other heavy metals.5. A method according to wherein claim 1 , following step 4 claim 1 , the pH of the product water ...

CHELATING BASE PRODUCT FOR USE IN WATER-BASED SYSTEM TREATMENTS

A base product fluid is produced by adding anhydrous liquid ammonia and a first portion of sulfuric acid to water in a process line to form a mixed fluid. The mixed fluid may be cooled and a second portion of sulfuric acid may be added to the mixed fluid to form the base product fluid. The base product fluid may include a molecular compound that is a chelating compound. The molecular compound may have the formula: ((NH)SO).(HSO).(HO).(NHHSO). In the formula, a may be between 1 and 5, b may be between 1 and 5, c may be between 0 and 5, and x may be between 1 and 20. 118.-. (canceled)19. A chelating compound formed by the process comprising:{'sub': 4', '2', '4', 'a', '2', '4', 'b', '2', 'c', '4', '4', 'x, 'combining a molecular compound with sulfuric acid and water, the molecular compound having the formula: ((NH)SO).(HSO).(HO).(NHHSO);'}wherein a is between 1 and 5, b is between 1 and 5, c is between 0 and 5, and x is between 1 and 20.20. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the molecular compound is crystalline.21. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the chelating compound comprises a cluster of the molecular compound claim 19 , sulfuric acid claim 19 , and water.22. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the molecular compound is hydroscopic.23. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the chelating compound is capable of chelating a metal salt.24. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the chelating compound has a pH below about 2 when mixed with water.25. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein combining the molecular compound with sulfuric acid and water comprises adding an amount of sulfuric acid to the molecular compound that is greater claim 19 , by weight claim 19 , than an amount of sulfuric acid used to form the molecular compound.26. The chelating compound of claim 19 , wherein the molecular compound is formed by a process comprising:flowing water through a process line;adding and mixing anhydrous liquid ammonia and a ...

Process and apparatus for dosing nutrients to a bioreactor

The present invention relates to a control system for a bioreactor. More particularly, this invention relates to a process and apparatus for reading the characteristics of an industrial waste water stream and dosing amount of nutrients that play a key role to help the microorganisms in the bioreactor work efficiently to remove impurities from the industrial wastewater stream.

Efficient Bottom-Improving Bacillus and Compound Bottom-Improving Microbial Agent Prepared From the Same and Applications Thereof

The applicant provides a strain of Bacillus tequilensis ZSGD5, with accession number of the deposit of CCTCC NO.: M 2014004, deposited at the China Center for Type Culture Collection, Wuhan University, Wuhan City, China on Jan. 6, 2014. The applicant also provides a compound microecological Bacillus agent. The compound microbial agent comprises the following bacterial species: Bacillus tequilensis, Type I Bacillus subtilis, Type II Bacillus subtilis, Type I Bacillus licheniformis, Type II Bacillus licheniformis, Bacillus pumilus, and Bacillus megaterium. The Bacillus tequilensis provided in the present invention has an efficient water bottom cleaning capability, and can rapidly decompose and decrease the sludge at the bottom of a pond and effectively improve environmental waters for such phenomena as black water, and turbid water, so the Bacillus tequilensis can be used for water environment treatment in aquaculture and for urban wastewater treatment.

Rare earth metal compounds, methods of making, and methods of using the same

Rare earth metal compounds, particularly lanthanum, cerium, and yttrium, are formed as porous particles and are effective in binding metals, metal ions, and phosphate. A method of making the particles and a method of using the particles is disclosed. The particles may be used in the gastrointestinal tract or the bloodstream to remove phosphate or to treat hyperphosphatemia in mammals. The particles may also be used to remove metals from fluids such as water.

METHOD FOR REMOVING CALCIUM IONS FROM HIGH CONCENTRATION ORGANIC WASTEWATER

A method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic wastewater is provided. The method comprises the steps of: (1) introducing high concentration organic wastewater containing Ca, inorganic carbon and a seed crystal into a reactor with a molar ratio of Ca to inorganic carbon of 1:(3.2-6.2); (2) adjusting the hydrogen ion activity α(H) and ionic strength of the solution in the reactor; (3) sequentially stirring and precipitating in the reactor to convert Ca in the high concentration organic wastewater into calcium carbonate which is then precipitated for calcium removal. 1. A method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic wastewater , wherein the method comprises the steps of:{'sup': 2+', '+, '(1) introducing high concentration organic wastewater containing Ca, inorganic carbon and a seed crystal into a reactor with a molar ratio of Ca to inorganic carbon of 1:(3.2-6.2);'}{'sup': '+', '(2) adjusting a hydrogen ion activity α(H) and ionic strength of the solution in the reactor;'}{'sup': '2+', '(3) sequentially stirring and precipitating in the reactor to convert Ca in the high concentration organic wastewater into calcium carbonate which is then precipitated for calcium removal.'}2. The method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic wastewater according to claim 1 , wherein a COD and Ca concentration of the high concentration organic wastewater in step (1) is more than 2000 mg/L and more than 500 mg/L claim 1 , respectively.3. The method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic wastewater according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic carbon in step (1) is a kind of liquid or soluble solid that can directly release the inorganic carbon.4. The method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic wastewater according to claim 1 , wherein the seed crystal in step (1) is biomass with negative potential on a surface.5. The method for removing calcium ions from high concentration organic ...

METHOD FOR ADVANCED NITROGEN AND PHOSPHORUS REMOVAL IN SEWAGE TREATMENT

A method for advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in sewage treatment includes the following steps: feeding raw water and return sludge into a pre-denitrification zone for denitrification; allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor discharged from the pre-denitrification zone to enter an anaerobic zone to undergo a biological phosphorus removal reaction; allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor discharged from the anaerobic zone and a return nitrification liquid to enter an anoxic zone for denitrification; allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor discharged from the anoxic zone to enter an aerobic zone for nitrification and excessive phosphorus uptake, and allowing part of a nitrification liquid to be returned to the anoxic zone; allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor discharged from the aerobic zone to enter a sedimentation zone for separation; passing a resulting supernatant through a biological filtration zone; returning part of resulting sludge to the pre-denitrification zone; and the like. 1. A method for advanced nitrogen and phosphorus removal in sewage treatment , comprising the following steps:a. feeding raw water into a pre-denitrification zone, or feeding the raw water into the pre-denitrification zone and an anaerobic zone through step feed;b. allowing sludge returned from a sedimentation zone to enter the pre-denitrification zone to undergo denitrification;c. allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor obtained after the denitrification in the pre-denitrification zone to enter the anaerobic zone to undergo a biological phosphorus removal reaction;d. allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor discharged from the anaerobic zone to enter an anoxic zone filled with a suspended filler, such that the sludge-containing mixed liquor is mixed with a nitrification liquid returned from an aerobic zone to the anoxic zone for denitrification;e. allowing a sludge-containing mixed liquor obtained after the denitrification in the anoxic zone to enter an aerobic ...

EVAPORATIVE TREATMENT METHOD FOR AQUEOUS SOLUTION

The present invention provides an aqueous solution evaporative treatment method that makes it possible to efficiently perform evaporative treatment of a silica-containing aqueous solution. The aqueous solution evaporative treatment method comprises a seed crystal mixing step of adding to and mixing with a silica-containing aqueous solution a silicate as seed crystals and an evaporative concentration step of evaporatively concentrating the aqueous solution together with the seed crystals. The silicate is preferably magnesium silicate and/or calcium silicate. 1. An evaporative treatment method for an aqueous solution , comprising:a seed crystal mixing step of adding to and mixing with a silica-containing aqueous solution a silicate as seed crystals, andan evaporative concentration step of evaporatively concentrating the aqueous solution together with the seed crystals.2. The evaporative treatment method for an aqueous solution according to claim 1 , wherein the silicate is magnesium silicate and/or calcium silicate.3. The evaporative treatment method for an aqueous solution according to claim 1 , wherein in the seed crystal mixing step claim 1 , the aqueous solution before adding the seed crystals comprises silica in a concentration of 50 ppm or higher and magnesium and calcium each in a concentration of 10 ppm or lower.4. The evaporative treatment method for an aqueous solution according to claim 1 , wherein the seed crystals contained in a concentrated liquid produced in the evaporative concentration step are used in the next seed crystal mixing step. This application claims priority to Japanese Application No. 2013-142346, filed on Jul. 8, 2013, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to an evaporative treatment method for an aqueous solution, and more specifically, relates to an aqueous solution evaporative treatment method in which a silica-containing aqueous solution is evaporated by indirect ...

COMPOSITE SEMIPERMEABLE MEMBRANE AND PRODUCTION THEREOF

A composite semipermeable membrane including: a substrate; a porous supporting layer formed on the substrate; and a separation functional layer formed on the porous supporting layer, in which the separation functional layer contains crosslinked wholly aromatic polyamide as a main component and contains a carboxy group, a ratio of (molar equivalent of the carboxy group)/(molar equivalent of an amide group) in functional groups contained in the separation functional layer is 0.40 or more, and an average ratio of oxygen atoms/nitrogen atoms in front and rear sides of the separation functional layer is 0.95 or less. 1. A composite semipermeable membrane comprising:a substrate;a porous supporting layer formed on the substrate; anda separation functional layer formed on the porous supporting layer,wherein the separation functional layer contains crosslinked wholly aromatic polyamide as a main component and contains a carboxy group,a ratio of (molar equivalent of the carboxy group)/(molar equivalent of an amide group) in functional groups contained in the separation functional layer is 0.40 or more, andan average ratio of oxygen atoms/nitrogen atoms in front and rear sides of the separation functional layer is 0.95 or less.2. The composite semipermeable membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the separation functional layer contains a phenolic hydroxyl group claim 1 , and a ratio of (molar equivalent of the phenolic hydroxyl group)/(molar equivalent of the amide group) is 0.10 or less.3. The composite semipermeable membrane according to claim 1 , wherein the separation functional layer is coated with a hydrophilic polymer.4. The composite semipermeable membrane according to claim 3 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer has an average molecular weight of 8 claim 3 ,000 or more.5. The composite semipermeable membrane according to claim 3 , wherein the hydrophilic polymer is polyethylene glycol or a copolymer containing polyethylene glycol.6. The composite semipermeable membrane ...

MICROWAVE ASSISTED SYNTHESIS OF METAL DIOXIDE BASED HYBRID MEDIA

Hybrid media formed by combining a metal precursor solution with particulate media to yield a mixture, decanting the mixture to yield a decanted mixture, heating the decanted mixture in via microwave radiation to yield hybrid media, rinsing the hybrid media with water, soaking the rinsed hybrid media in a salt solution, and rinsing the soaked hybrid media with water. The hybrid media includes a metal dioxide derived from the metal precursor, such as TiOderived from TiOSO. 1. A method of synthesizing hybrid media , the method comprising:combining a metal precursor solution with particulate media to yield a mixture;decanting the mixture to yield a decanted mixture;heating the decanted mixture in via microwave radiation to yield hybrid media, wherein the hybrid media comprises a metal dioxide derived from the metal precursor;rinsing the hybrid media with water;soaking the rinsed hybrid media in a salt solution; andrinsing the soaked hybrid media with water.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising preparing the metal precursor solution before combining the metal precursor solution with the particulate media.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particulate media comprises ion exchange media or activated carbon based media.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the ion exchange media is strong base ion exchange media or weak base ion exchange media.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising placing the hybrid media in contact with contaminated water comprising strong acid ions claim 4 , weak acid oxo-anions claim 4 , or a combination thereof claim 4 , and wherein the hybrid media removes at least some of the strong acid ions and some of the weak acid oxo-anions from the contaminated water.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the strong acid ions are selected from the group consisting of nitrate and chlorate.7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the weak acid oxo-anions are selected from the group consisting of arsenate claim 5 , arsenite claim 5 , chromate claim 5 , and ...

Wastewater treatment system and methods

The instant disclosure is directed towards methods of treating wastewater and related systems, where the system includes: an aerated zone comprising media (e.g. with sufficient surface area and porosity to sustain microbial growth and retain bacteria) and a non-aerated zone comprising compost, wherein the system is configured to remove emulsified oil (e.g. and grease) from a wastewater stream.

PROCESS FOR THE BIOLOGICAL CONVERSION OF BISULPHIDE INTO ELEMENTAL SULPHUR

The invention is directed to a process for the biological conversion of bisulphide into elemental sulphur, comprising the following steps: a) converting bisulphide as dissolved in an aqueous solution to elemental sulphur in the presence of sulphide-oxidising bacteria and under anaerobic conditions to obtain a first liquid effluent comprising elemental sulphur and used sulphide-oxidising bacteria; b) regenerating the used sulphide-oxidising bacteria as obtained in step (a) and as comprised in an aqueous solution in the presence of an oxidant to obtain a second liquid effluent comprising regenerated sulphide-oxidising bacteria; c) separating elemental sulphur from either the first and/or the second liquid effluent; d) using the regenerated sulphide-oxidising bacteria in step (a) as the sulphide-oxidising bacteria. 1. A process for the biological conversion of bisulphide into elemental sulphur , comprising the following steps:a) converting bisulphide as dissolved in an aqueous solution to elemental sulphur in the presence of sulphide-oxidising bacteria and under anaerobic conditions wherein the concentration of molecular oxygen in the aqueous solution is at most 1 μM to obtain a first liquid effluent comprising elemental sulphur and used sulphide-oxidising bacteria;b) regenerating the used sulphide-oxidising bacteria as obtained in step (a) and as comprised in an aqueous solution in the presence of an oxidant to obtain a second liquid effluent comprising regenerated sulphide-oxidising bacteria;c) separating elemental sulphur from either the first and/or the second liquid effluent;d) using the regenerated sulphide-oxidising bacteria in step (a) as the sulphide-oxidising bacteria.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of molecular oxygen in the aqueous solution is at most 0.1 μM in step (a).3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein more than 80 mol % of the dissolved bisulphide is removed from the aqueous solution by biological remediation by ...

METHOD AND COMPOSITION FOR REDUCING SILICA BASED EVAPORATOR SCALING

Some embodiments of the present invention relate to a method for reducing the concentration of reactive silica in a first composition comprising adding a first amount of a calcium salt and a second amount of a magnesium salt to the first composition to form a solid silicate composition comprising one or more silicates, wherein the first composition comprises an aqueous solution; and a significant portion of the reactive silica in the first composition is converted to one or more silicate in the solid silicate composition. 1. A method for reducing silica based scaling in a first composition to be treated comprising an aqueous solution , comprising adding a first amount of a soluble calcium salt and a second amount of a soluble magnesium salt to the first composition to form a solid composition comprising one or more silicates , wherein:the first composition comprising an aqueous solution comprises a pulping composition or a composition associated with pulping; anda significant portion of the reactive silica in the first composition is converted to one or more silicate in the solid composition.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of the first amount of the soluble calcium salt: the second amount of the soluble magnesium salt is 1:1.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein at least one silicate of the solid composition is a mineral diopside claim 1 , MgCaSiO.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first composition is a black liquor.5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising removing a significant portion of the solid composition.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the significant portion of a composition is at least about 50% of the total amount of the composition claim 5 , at least about 75% of the total amount of the composition claim 5 , at least about 90% of the total amount of the composition claim 5 , at least about 95% of the total amount of the composition claim 5 , at least about 98% of the total ...

RARE EARTH CLARIFYING AGENT AND METHOD FOR USE IN PRIMARY TREATMENT OF WASTEWATER

Chloride salts of certain rare earth elements have beneficial effects as clarifying agents in the primary treatment of wastewater. Disclosed herein are methods for treating wastewater comprising dosing wastewater, as part of a primary treatment system, with a clarifying agent of chloride salts of rare earth elements, either individually or mixtures. The rare earth clarifying agents are added or dosed at any point upstream of the primary treatment operation, within the primary treatment operation, or both upstream of and within the primary treatment operation. Also disclosed herein are clarifying agents for use in the primary treatment of wastewater comprising an aqueous solution of chloride salts of the rare earth elements. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method for treating wastewater , including removing phosphorus while maintaining a ratio of C-P , comprising:dosing wastewater as part of a primary treatment or before the primary treatment with a clarifying agent of chloride salts of Ce and La in an amount to provide a rare earth (RE):phosphorus (P) molar ratio of approximately 0.1:1 RE:P to approximately 0.8:1 RE:P and at a rare earth concentration of 0.01 to 0.5 mmol/L of wastewater,wherein the dosing provides a ratio of C to P ranging from 150C:1P to 25C:1P for dosed wastewater and wherein the dosing reduces one or more of orthophosphate (OP), total phosphorous (TP), total organic carbon (TOC), chemical oxygen demand (COD), and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD); andpassing the dosed wastewater to a secondary treatment, wherein the ratio of C to P maintains microorganisms in the secondary treatment.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the wastewater is dosed to provide a rare earth concentration of 0.03 to 0.30 mmol RE/L wastewater.23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the clarifying agent contains less than 2% of other rare earth elements.24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the clarifying agent contains less than 10 g/L of sodium claim 21 , iron claim 21 , lead claim 21 , ...

Synthetic Acid and Associated Methods

Glycine is an organic compound that can be used in the making of a synthetic acid that obviates all the drawbacks of strong acids such as hydrochloric acid. The new compound is made by dissolving glycine in water, in a weight ratio of approximately 1:1 to 1:1.5. The solution is mixed until the glycine is essentially fully dissolved in the water. Once dissolution is complete, hydrogen chloride gas is dissolved in the solution to produce the new compound, which can be referred to as hydrogen glycine. Also disclosed is a method for adjusting the pH of a fluid, the method comprising adding an effective amount of a solution to the fluid for adjusting the pH thereof to a desired level, wherein the solution is prepared by mixing glycine in water to form a glycine solution; and adding hydrogen chloride to the glycine solution. 1. A synthetic acid made by a process comprising:dissolving glycine into water to generate a solution; andintroducing hydrogen chloride gas into the solution.2. The synthetic acid of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving comprises mixing the glycine into the water with the use of an eductor pump.3. The synthetic acid of claim 1 , wherein the introducing is performed with the use of an inline eductor.4. The synthetic acid of claim 1 , wherein the dissolving is performed with the use of an inline static mixer.5. The synthetic acid of claim 1 , wherein a corrosion level of the synthetic acid is about 0.04 mmpy.6. A synthetic acid formed from a combination of glycine claim 1 , water claim 1 , and hydrogen chloride.7. The synthetic acid of claim 6 , wherein a corrosion level of the synthetic acid is about 0.04 mmpy. This application is a Continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/915,204, filed Jun. 29, 2020, which itself is a Continuation of, and claims priority to, U.S. patent application Ser. No. 16/433,760, filed Jun. 6, 2019, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,723,640, which itself is a Continuation of, and claims priority to U.S. ...

IN-SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION-DERIVED WATER PURIFICATION AND HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN PRODUCTION

This disclosure provides an integrated system and method for producing purified water, hydrogen, and oxygen from contaminated water. The contaminated water may be derived from regolith-based resources on the moon, Mars, near-Earth asteroids, or other destination in outer space. The integrated system and method utilize a cold trap to receive the contaminated water in a vapor phase and selectively freeze out water from one or more volatiles. A heat source increases temperature in the cold trap to vaporize the frozen contaminated water to produce a gas stream of water vapor and volatiles. A chemical scrubber may remove one or more volatiles. The integrated system and method utilize ionomer membrane technology to separate the water vapor from remaining volatiles. The water vapor is delivered for crew use or delivered to an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and oxygen. 1. A method of producing water , hydrogen , and oxygen from contaminated water , the method comprising:receiving contaminated water into a cold trap in a vapor phase;selectively depositing the contaminated water to provide partially contaminated water in a solid phase;generating a partially contaminated gas stream comprising water vapor and volatiles of the partially contaminated water using a heat source thermally coupled to the cold trap;removing one or more volatiles from the partially contaminated gas stream by a chemical scrubber;selectively separating the water vapor from residual volatiles at a membrane-based water separator, wherein the membrane-based water separator is downstream from the chemical scrubber; andelectrolyzing the water vapor to produce hydrogen and oxygen using an electrolyzer downstream from the membrane-based water separator.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein selectively depositing the contaminated water includes controlling a temperature and pressure of the cold trap to deposit water and keep one or more volatiles of the contaminated water in the vapor phase.3. The method of claim ...

BORON REMOVAL AND MEASUREMENT IN AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS

In one embodiment, the invention relates to a carbon-based boron removal medium with hydroxyl groups and amine group, and in particular, to a method for forming the carbon-based boron removal medium. In a specific embodiment, nitrogen-doped (“N-doped”) graphene oxide is synthesized by a simple two-step process: (1) oxidation of graphite to graphene oxide, and (2) nitrogen-doping (“N-doping”) the graphene oxide to form the amine group. The resultant N-doped graphene oxide can efficiently remove boron from aqueous solutions. In another embodiment, a method of sensing or detecting the presence of boron in an aqueous solution by using a boron sensing medium comprises at least two hydroxyl groups and at least one pyridinic nitrogen or pyrrolic nitrogen or quaternary nitrogen (i.e. pyridoxine, in particular vitamin B6). The boron ions in the solution would form a highly ionized complex, which can cause significant increase in electrical conductivity of the solution, which can then be used to measure the concentration of boron in said solution. 1. A method of removing or reducing the amount of boron present in an aqueous solution , wherein the boron exists in a form of boric acid (HBO) or borate ions (B(OH) , BO , HBO) in the aqueous solution , the method comprising:contacting a boron removal medium with the aqueous solution, wherein the boron removal medium comprises a carbon-based material comprising at least one hydroxyl group and at least one nitrogenous group selected from the group consisting of a pyridinic nitrogen, a pyrrolic nitrogen, a graphitic nitrogen, an amine group, and combinations thereof; wherein the carbon-based material comprises at least one of a graphene, a graphite, a graphene oxide, a carbon nanotube, an activated carbon, lonsdaleite, a fullerene, a carbon fiber, a carbon black, a charcoal, and an amorphous carbon; andseparating the boron removal medium from the aqueous solution.26-. (canceled)7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon- ...

METHOD FOR RECYCLING OILFIELD AND OTHER WASTEWATER

The present invention pertains to a process for treating waste water from mining. The process involves contacting the mining waste water with an emulsion of a nano scale compound comprising iron, magnesium, or both. Mixing results in a substantially foam-like layer at the surface of the mixture which may be further oxidized to form treated water. 1. A process for treating mining waste water wherein the process comprises:contacting the mining waste water with an aqueous emulsion comprising one or more oil-liquid membranes surrounding a nano scale compound comprising iron, magnesium or both wherein the weight ratio of emulsion to mining waste water is from about 1:150 to about 1:3000; andmixing the mining waste water and emulsion for a time and under conditions sufficient to lower the surface tension of said waste water to from about 35 to about 75 dynes per cm at 25° C. according to the definition of kilogram-force for all gravitational units and form a substantially foam-like layer at the surface of the mixture; andoxidizing the mixture such that the mixture comprises treated water.2. The process of which further comprises removing at least a substantial portion of any solids from the waste water prior to contacting it with the emulsion.3. The process of wherein the time of contacting and mixing is from about 1 minute to about 30 minutes.4. The process of wherein the oxidizing is conducted during or subsequent to mixing.5. The process of wherein the oxidizing employs an oxidizing agent.6. The process of wherein the oxidizing agent is supplied by applying a feed of air claim 5 , ozone claim 5 , peroxide claim 5 , or other oxygen containing substance.7. The process of wherein the oxidizing agent is selected from the group consisting of metal salts of chromates claim 5 , dichromates claim 5 , chlorates claim 5 , perchlorates claim 5 , and nitrates claim 5 , perborates; perchloric acid; hydrogen peroxide; salts of hypochlorite claim 5 , permanganate claim 5 , and ...

FLOW EQUALIZATION REACTOR HAVING MULTIPLE WASTEWATER TREATMENT ZONES

A method of treating wastewater is disclosed in which a flow equalization reactor is provided that includes at least one wastewater treatment zone. A first wastewater treatment process is performed in the at least one wastewater treatment zone, which can be switched to a second wastewater treatment process. The flow equalization reactor is designed with a variable liquid depth and volume that can operated as a mixed wastewater zone, an anaerobic reactor zone, an anoxic reactor zone or an aerobic reactor zone. The equalization reactor provides sufficient variable liquid depth and volume above a minimum liquid depth and residual volume to provide the necessary hydraulic flow equalization or surge volume to achieve a relatively constant effluent pumping rate or feed forward flow rate over 24 hours per day, seven days per week into the downstream biological treatment processes, clarifiers, filters, or disinfection units, etc. 1. A method of treating wastewater comprising:providing a flow equalization reactor having at least one wastewater treatment zone;receiving an inflow of wastewater into the flow equalization reactor;performing a first wastewater treatment process in the at least one wastewater treatment zone;conducting an outflow from the at least one wastewater treatment zone to a downstream wastewater treatment stage; and,switching from the first wastewater treatment process to a second wastewater treatment process in the at least one wastewater treatment zone;wherein at least one of the first wastewater treatment process and the second wastewater treatment process is a biological wastewater treatment process.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the biological wastewater treatment process is selected from the group consisting of carbonaceous biological oxygen demand (BOD) removal claim 1 , luxury biological phosphorous uptake claim 1 , nitrite removal claim 1 , nitrate removal claim 1 , nitrite and nitrate removal claim 1 , and ammonium nitrogen removal.3 ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING A PHOSPHORUS PRODUCT FROM WASTEWATER

The present invention concerns a process for producing a high purity phosphorus product from wastewater, by carrying to the process phosphate-containing wastewater that has been treated to remove biomass and other impurities, not including dissolved phosphates, creating floes using one or more iron, aluminium, magnesium or calcium salts, adding an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide to the flocs in an amount effective to react the iron, aluminium, magnesium or calcium salt into the corresponding hydroxide, separating the hydroxide from the formed phosphate, and obtaining the high purity phosphorus product in a form of a liquid or solid phosphate salt. 1. A process for producing a phosphorus product from wastewater , the process comprising:a) carrying to the process phosphate-containing wastewater that has been treated to remove biomass and other impurities, not including dissolved phosphates,b) creating phosphate-containing flocs from the treated wastewater using at least one metal salt selected from the group iron, magnesium, calcium and aluminium salts,c) adding an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal hydroxide or oxide to the flocs in an amount effective to react said metal salt into the corresponding hydroxide,d) separating the hydroxide from the formed phosphate of step c), ande) obtaining the phosphorus product in a form of a liquid or solid phosphate salt.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the phosphate-containing flocs are separated from the remaining treated wastewater by using a physical separation step claim 1 , preferably the physical separation step being selected from sedimentation claim 1 , flotation claim 1 , centrifugation and filtration claim 1 , preferably the physical separation step is performed by using a device selected from disk filter claim 1 , chamber filter press claim 1 , decanter centrifuge claim 1 , and hydrocyclone.3. The process according to or claim 1 , wherein said iron salt is selected from the group ...

DECENTRALIZED WASTEWATER TREATMENT SYSTEM FOR REMOVING PHOSPHOROUS

An on-site decentralized wastewater treatment system for treating phosphorous-containing wastewater including a sedimentation chamber and an anaerobic treatment system and/or an aerobic treatment system, along with a recirculation system which recirculates treated wastewater within the treatment system. The system further includes a system for introduction of a chemical agent into the recirculation system for complexing the phosphorous-containing compounds present in the wastewater. 1. An on-site , decentralized wastewater treatment system for treating phosphorous-containing wastewater comprisingan inlet for receiving the wastewater,a sedimentation chamber for receiving wastewater from the inlet,an anaerobic treatment system and/or an aerobic treatment system for receiving and treating wastewater,a recirculation system which recirculates treated wastewater back to the sedimentation chamber,a system for introduction of chemical agents into the recirculation system for treating phosphorous-containing compounds present in the wastewater, andan outlet to discharge treated wastewater from the wastewater treatment system.2. The wastewater treatment system of wherein the system for introduction of chemical agents into the recirculation system is selected from the group consisting of a venturi apparatus claim 1 , a liquid pump claim 1 , syphon or gravity dripped structure claim 1 , and a structure for holding solid tablets or other solids containing metals or metal salts.3. The recirculation system of wherein the chemical agents used for complexing of the phosphorous-containing compound is selected from the group consisting of ammonium compounds claim 1 , ferric compounds claim 1 , aluminum compounds and calcium compounds.4. The wastewater treatment system of wherein the chemical agents are contained in dissolvable tablets containing a compound comprising a metal or metal salt with the metal selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , iron and calcium.5. The ...

GUANIDINE COMPOUNDS FOR REMOVAL OF OXYANIONS FROM AQUEOUS SOLUTIONS AND FOR CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE

Methods for removing oxyanions from water according to the following steps: (i) dissolving an oxyanion precipitating compound into the aqueous source to result in precipitation of an oxyanion salt of the oxyanion precipitating compound; and (ii) removing the oxyanion salt from the water containing the oxyanion to result in water substantially reduced in concentration of the oxyanion; wherein the oxyanion precipitating compound has the following composition: 114.-. (canceled)16. The method of claim 15 , wherein said oxyanion is selected from the group consisting of sulfate claim 15 , nitrate claim 15 , chromate claim 15 , selenate claim 15 , phosphate claim 15 , arsenate claim 15 , carbonate claim 15 , bicarbonate claim 15 , and perchlorate.17. The method of claim 15 , wherein said oxyanion is sulfate.18. The method of claim 15 , wherein A is a monocyclic ring.19. The method of claim 15 , wherein said monocyclic ring is a five-membered claim 15 , six-membered claim 15 , or seven-membered ring.20. The method of claim 15 , wherein A is a carbocyclic ring or ring system.21. The method of claim 20 , wherein said carbocyclic ring or ring system is unsaturated.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein A comprises a benzene ring.23. The method of claim 15 , wherein A is a heterocyclic ring or ring system.24. The method of claim 23 , wherein said heterocyclic ring or ring system is unsaturated.25. The method of claim 23 , wherein said heterocyclic ring or ring system contains at least one nitrogen ring atom.26. The method of claim 25 , wherein A comprises a pyridine ring.28. The method of claim 27 , wherein A is a monocyclic ring.29. The method of claim 28 , wherein said monocyclic ring is a five-membered claim 28 , six-membered claim 28 , or seven-membered ring.30. The method of claim 27 , wherein A is a carbocyclic ring or ring system.31. The method of claim 30 , wherein said carbocyclic ring or ring system is unsaturated.32. The method of claim 31 , wherein A comprises a ...

(METH)ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER-CONTAINING COMPOSITION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING (METH)ACRYLIC ACID COPOLYMER

The present invention provides a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition which can sufficiently exhibit both stability at low temperatures and a calcium phosphate scale inhibition ability. The present invention relates to a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition containing a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer including: a structural unit (a) derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid and salts thereof; and a structural unit (b) derived from a sulfonic acid monomer (B), the copolymer containing the structural unit (b) in a proportion of 5 to 90 mol % based on 100 mol % of all structural units, and having a weight average molecular weight of 4,500 to 18,000, the composition containing a sulfur-containing inorganic component not incorporated into the copolymer at a concentration of 6,000 ppm or lower in terms of sulfur atoms. 1. A (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition comprising a (meth)acrylic acid copolymer including:a structural unit (a) derived from at least one selected from the group consisting of (meth)acrylic acid and salts thereof; anda structural unit (b) derived from a sulfonic acid monomer (B),the copolymer containing the structural unit (b) in a proportion of 5 to 90 mol % based on 100 mol % of all structural units, and having a weight average molecular weight of 4,500 to 18,000,the composition containing a sulfur-containing inorganic component not incorporated into the copolymer at a concentration of 6,000 ppm or lower in terms of sulfur atoms.2. The (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition according to claim 1 ,wherein the copolymer contains the structural unit (b) in a proportion of 10 to 90 mol % based on 100 mol % of all structural units.3. The (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition according to claim 1 ,wherein the copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of 4,500 to 17,000.5. The (meth)acrylic acid copolymer-containing composition according to ...

Method and System for Phosphate Recovery from a Stream

The invention relates to a method and system for phosphate recovery from a stream such as waste flow, sewage or another sludge stream. The method comprises the steps of: providing an incoming stream comprising an initial amount of phosphate; dosing/controlling iron salt to the stream such that precipitates are formed in the stream, wherein the precipitates comprise vivianite like structures comprising more than 60% of the initial amount of phosphate in the incoming stream, and preferably also the steps of: separating the vivianite like structures from the stream; and recovering the phosphates from the separated vivianite like structures. 1. A method for phosphate recovery from a stream such as waste flow , sewage or another sludge stream , the method comprising the steps of:providing an incoming stream comprising an initial amount of phosphate;dosing and/or controlling iron salt to the stream such that precipitates are formed in the stream, wherein the precipitates comprise vivianite like structures comprising more than 60% of the initial amount of phosphate in the incoming stream;separating the vivianite like structures from the stream; andrecovering the phosphates from the separated vivianite like structures.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the vivianite like structures comprise more than 70% of the initial amount of phosphate in the incoming stream.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the iron salts comprise one or more of iron chloride and iron sulphate.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein dosing iron salt comprises adding an amount of iron with a molar ratio iron:phosphorus of at least 1.25.5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising the step of controlling the dosing of iron salt in response to a measurement of the initial amount of phosphate in the incoming stream.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein separating the vivianite like structures from the stream comprises magnetic separating the structures with a ...

MIXED ALUMINUM (III) AND IRON (II) SALT SOLUTION FOR ENHANCING THE HYBRID ZERO-VALENT IRON MEDIA SYSTEM REACTIVITY FOR TREATING METAL-CONTAMINATED WASTEWATER

Methods for reducing the concentration of one or more contaminants in water using zero-valent iron media. In the method, a mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is added to water containing one or more contaminants that is in contact with a zero-valent iron media that comprises (a) a reactive solid comprising zero-valent iron and one or more iron oxide minerals in contact therewith and (b) magnetite to provide an aqueous reaction medium. The aqueous reaction medium is contacted with the zero-valent iron media for a period of time sufficient to reduce the concentration of one or more of the contaminants. 1. A method for reducing the concentration of one or more contaminants in water , comprising:adding a mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution to water containing one or more contaminants in contact with a zero-valent iron media comprising (a) a reactive solid comprising zero-valent iron and one or more iron oxide minerals in contact therewith and (b) magnetite to provide an aqueous reaction medium, andmixing the aqueous reaction medium for a period of time sufficient to reduce the concentration of one or more of the contaminants.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is formed from dissolving an aluminum (III) salt and an iron (II) salt in water.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of aluminum (III) to iron (II) in the mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is from 0.05:1 to 1:3.47-. (canceled)8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of aluminum (III) in the mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is from about 50 to about 200 mM.9. (canceled)10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of iron (II) in the mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is from about 50 to about 200 mM.11. (canceled)12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of aluminum (III) in the mixed aluminum (III) and iron (II) salt solution is about 50 mM and ...

BIOREACTOR FOR SULFATE REDUCTION

Embodiments of the present disclosure are directed towards a bioreactor, a floating bioremediation platform system, and a process for reducing sulfates, in surface water. 1. A bioreactor , comprising:a liquid-tight vessel having a volume, the liquid-tight vessel having a water inlet and a water outlet;{'sup': '2', 'a non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media in the liquid-tight vessel, wherein the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media is capable of supporting a sulfate-reducing bacterial biofilm and wherein the surface area density of the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media in the bioreactor is at least 2000, or at least 3000, or at least 5000, or at least 6000, square meter (m) of non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media per cubic meter volume of the liquid-tight vessel.'}2. The bioreactor of wherein the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media have an average surface area of at least 0.01 m2/g claim 1 , or 0.02 m/g claim 1 , or 0.03 m/g claim 1 , or 0.04 m/g of the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media.3. The bioreactor of wherein the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media comprises synthetic carpet fibers.4. The bioreactor of wherein the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media comprises fibers selected from the group consisting of polypropylene fibers claim 1 , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) fibers and nylon fibers claim 1 , and where in the non-biodegradable polymeric fibrous media optionally comprise reclaimed claim 1 , post-consumer carpet fibers and optionally are a blend of polypropylene claim 1 , PET claim 1 , nylon and/or polyethylene fibers.5. The bioreactor of wherein the liquid-tight vessel comprises a flexible wall claim 1 , and optionally wherein the wall comprises a water-tight claim 1 , flexible polymeric bladder fabricated from a flexible polymer sheet.6. The bioreactor of wherein the volume of the liquid-tight vessel is filled with water to provide a water filled void volume of 75% to 95%.7. The bioreactor of wherein the ...

Lithium adsorption-desorption apparatus and lithium adsorption-desorption method using the same

Therefore, the lithium adsorption desorption apparatus can fix a large amount of lithium adsorbent and immerse it in a lithium-containing solution to effectively adsorb lithium and then quickly desorb lithium in a desorption solution, and can efficiently wash the lithium adsorbent in a cleaning solution.

System and method of desalinating seawater

Saline water from a body of water is desalinated using a water purification system. Chambers of a plurality of tanks are filled with a volume of saline water. The saline water is heated to increase a pressure and produce water vapor within the chamber of each tank. A condensation valve disposed within a condensing tube is moved to an open position such that the water vapor is released into a respective condensing tube. The water vapor is condensed to provide potable water.

METHODS OF PREPARING DUAL-LAYER POLYVINYLIDENE FLUORIDE HOLLOW FIBER MEMBRANES AND USES THEREOF

Disclosed herein are compositions, systems, and methods of using dual-layer hollow fiber membranes. The compositions and systems of the disclosure can be used to desalinate water from an underground formation. The compositions and systems of the disclosure can be further used to capture carbon dioxide from a gaseous sample. 1110-. (canceled)112. A method comprising contacting a fluid sample with a fiber , wherein the fiber comprises:a) an inner layer, wherein the inner layer comprises a fluoropolymer, wherein the inner layer has a tubular shape, wherein the inner layer further comprises an inner surface and an outer surface; and wherein the outer surface of the inner layer is in contact with the inner surface of the outer layer to form a tubular structure,', 'wherein in the tubular structure, the tubular shape of the inner layer is inside the tubular shape of the outer layer with the tubular shape of the inner layer oriented in a common direction with the tubular shape of the outer layer, and wherein the inner surface of the inner layer forms a tubular channel through the fiber., 'b) an outer layer, wherein the outer layer comprises crosslinked polyvinylidene, wherein the outer layer has a tubular shape, wherein the outer layer further comprises an inner surface,'}113. The method of claim 112 , wherein the contacting removes an impurity from the fluid sample.114. The method of claim 113 , wherein the impurity is a salt.115116-. (canceled)117. The method of claim 112 , wherein the fluid sample is a water sample.118. (canceled)119. The method of claim 112 , wherein prior to the contacting the fluid sample has a salinity of at least about 35 claim 112 ,000 mg/L.120123-. (canceled)124. The method of claim 112 , wherein the contacting comprises flowing the fluid sample through the outer layer.125. The method of claim 124 , wherein the fluid sample is flowed through the outer layer with a linear velocity of from about 1 m/s to about 3 m/s.126. (canceled)127. The method of ...

IN-SITU REMEDIATION OF SULFATE CONTAMINATION

The present disclosure provides an in-situ method for removing sulfates. The method comprises delivering at least one low molecular weight organic compound (LMWOC) to soil or groundwater to attain a concentration of the LMWOC of 750-3000 mg/L, such as 1000-2000 mg/L, or about 1500 mg/L, especially whereby sulfate is reduced to below 250 mg/L in the soil or groundwater. The method may further comprise contacting the soil or groundwater with an oxidizer, such as hydrogen peroxide, whereby the concentration of metals or metalloids is reduced in the soil or groundwater. 1. An in-situ method for removing sulfates , comprising:delivering at least one low molecular weight organic compound (LMWOC) to soil or groundwater to attain a concentration of the LMWOC of 750-3000 mg/L in the soil or groundwater; andcontacting the soil or groundwater with an oxidizer.2. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one LMWOC is delivered through an injection well claim 1 , extending from the ground surface to soil or groundwater in a sulfate-containing zone claim 1 , to attain a concentration of the LMWOC of 750-3000 mg/L in the sulfate-containing zone.3. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery uses an injection pumped into the ground.4. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery uses a direct push system.5. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery further comprises one or more sulfate-reducing bacteria species.6. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the delivery step comprises delivering a high molecular weight organic compound (HMWOC) and a population of microorganisms claim 1 , wherein the population of microorganisms ferments the HMWOC into the at least one LMWOC.7. The in-situ method of claim 1 , further comprising delivering a high molecular weight organic compound (HMWOC) to create an anoxic or low redox condition favorable for sulfate-reducing bacteria.8. The in-situ method of claim 1 , wherein the LMWOC is delivered as a slurry ...

Phosphate Recovery by Acid Retardation

A method of recovering phosphoric acid from process water includes directing a process water stream having a pH and a first concentration of phosphoric acid and at least one salt into a vessel, contacting the process water stream with a sorption agent in the vessel, the sorption agent adsorbing phosphoric acid from the process water, withdrawing a first effluent including a first concentration of the at least one salt and a second concentration of phosphoric acid from the vessel, and contacting the sorption agent including the phosphoric acid with water, at least a portion of the phosphoric acid desorbing from the ion exchange media into the water to form a second effluent having a third concentration of phosphoric acid. 1. A method comprising:directing a process water stream having a pH and a first concentration of phosphoric acid and at least one salt into a vessel;contacting the process water stream with a sorption agent in the vessel, the sorption agent adsorbing phosphoric acid from the process water stream;withdrawing a first effluent including a first concentration of the at least one salt and a second concentration of phosphoric acid from the vessel; andcontacting the sorption agent including the adsorbed phosphoric acid with water, at least a portion of the phosphoric acid desorbing from the sorption agent into the water to form a second effluent having a third concentration of phosphoric acid.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the third concentration of phosphoric acid is higher than the second concentration of phosphoric acid.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adjusting the pH of the process water stream by the addition of an acid and/or a base prior to contacting the process water stream with the sorption agent.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one salt comprises one of a sulfate and a hexafluorosilicate.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising concentrating the recovered phosphoric acid by reverse osmosis.6. The method of ...

Synergistic Wastewater Odor Control Composition, Systems, and Related Methods Therefor

Some aspects of the invention can involve compositions, systems, and related techniques that control or reduce objectionable odor characteristics of a body or a stream of wastewater. The compositions, systems, and related techniques can comprise one or more compounds that adjust metabolic activity of at least a portion of microorganisms in wastewater to inhibit or disfavor the formation of at least one objectionable odorous compound or species and one or more compounds that modify, shift, or promote one or more states or characteristics of one or more objectionable odorous species in wastewater. The metabolic modifying compound can be an anthraquinone and the state modifying compound can be an alkaline or pH-elevating compound. 1. A method of controlling odor in a sewerage system , comprising:adding at least one alkaline compound to a wastewater in the sewerage system; andadding at least one anthraquinone to the wastewater.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkaline compound is at least one hydroxide selected from the group consisting of alkali hydroxides claim 1 , alkaline earth hydroxides claim 1 , alkali earth oxides claim 1 , and ammonium hydroxides.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anthraquinone is 9 claim 2 ,10-anthraquinone and the alkaline compound is at least one of sodium hydroxide claim 2 , potassium hydroxide claim 2 , calcium hydroxide claim 2 , and magnesium hydroxide.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the anthraquinone is at least one of 9 claim 2 ,10-anthraquinone claim 2 , a haloanthraquinone claim 2 , an aminoanthraquinone claim 2 , a hydroxyanthraquinone claim 2 , and a nitroanthraquinone.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one alkaline compound is added to the wastewater in an amount sufficient to raise the pH of at least a portion of the wastewater to be at least about 8 units.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the at least one alkaline compound is added to the wastewater in an amount sufficient to raise the pH of the at ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR GENERATING STABILIZED, GAS INFUSED LIQUIDS CONTAINING HIGH AND ULTRA-HIGH CONCENTRATIONS OF INFUSED GAS, AND METHODS USING THE STABILIZED, GAS INFUSED LIQUIDS

A method for producing stabilized, gas-infused liquids containing ultra high concentrations of infused gas, includes steps of: generating a gas-infused liquid in a sealed vessel under a high pressure of at least 20 psi; stabilizing the gas-infused liquid by passing the liquid while still under the high pressure through a tubular flow path arrangement which compresses the infused gas into nano bubbles in the liquid; infusing an additional amount of the gas into the stabilized liquid by injecting the same, while still under high pressure, back into the sealed pressure vessel along with more of the gas; and again stabilizing the liquid by again passing liquid, while still under the high pressure, through the tubular flow path arrangement to thereby form the additional amount of infused gas into nano bubbles in the liquid. 1. A method for producing stabilized , gas-infused liquids containing ultra high concentrations of infused gas , comprising the steps of:a) generating a gas-infused liquid by injecting a pressurized liquid and a gas into a sealed vessel under a high pressure of at least 20 psi;b) stabilizing the infused gas in the liquid by discharging the gas-infused liquid from the sealed vessel, while still under the high pressure, into a tubular flow path arrangement which is configured to effect a multi-dense compaction of elements of the gas-infused liquid, and thereby form the infused gas into nano bubbles in the gas-infused liquid;c) infusing an additional amount of the gas into the stabilized, gas-infused liquid by injecting the stabilized, gas-infused liquid, while still under high pressure, back into the sealed pressure vessel along with more of the gas; andd) stabilizing the additional amount of gas into the stabilized, gas-infused liquid by again discharging the gas-infused liquid from the sealed vessel, while still under the high pressure, into the tubular flow path arrangement to thereby form the additional amount of infused gas into nanobubbles in the ...

Systems for water extraction

The present invention relates to a water extraction system comprising a flow cell comprising a membrane; said membrane comprising an active layer comprising immobilized aquaporin water channels and a support layer, and said membrane having a feed side and a non-feed side; and an aqueous source solution in fluid communication with the feed side of the membrane.

Treating Liquids With Electromagnetic Fields

Dual-field electric and magnetic probes create and apply electromagnetic fields to liquids, such as water, to treat unwanted material in the liquid. 1. A system for treating unwanted material in a liquid comprising: an immersible magnetic field section operable to generate a time-varying magnetic field and an induced electric field; and', 'an immersible electric field section operable to generate a time-varying electric field, and an induced magnetic field., 'a dual-field probe comprising,'}2. The system as in wherein the immersible magnetic field section is operable to apply the generated magnetic field and induced electric field to unwanted material in a liquid at substantially the same time the immersible electric field section applies the generated electric field and induced magnetic field to the unwanted material in the liquid.3. The system as in wherein the immersible magnetic field section is operable to apply the generated magnetic field and induced electric field to unwanted material in a liquid after the immersible electric field section applies the generated electric field and induced magnetic field to the unwanted material in the liquid.4. The system as in wherein the immersible magnetic field section comprises at least two immersible claim 1 , radial coils configured as Helmholtz coils.5. The system as in wherein the immersible electric field section comprises at least two immersible elements claim 1 , wherein one of the elements is a positively charged element and the other element is a negatively charged element.6. The system as in wherein the at least two immersible elements are cylindrically shaped.7. The system as in wherein the immersible magnetic field section is further operable to generate a time-varying magnetic field modulated at an ionic cyclotron frequency of an unwanted material in a liquid claim 1 , and the immersible electric field section is further operable to generate a time-varying electric field modulated at the ionic cyclotron ...

OPERATING METHOD FOR ORGANIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT DEVICE AND ORGANIC WASTEWATER TREATMENT DEVICE

An organic wastewater treatment apparatus includes (a) a treatment tank, (b) a plurality of membrane separation devices immersed in the treatment tank, where each membrane separation device is provided with a diffuser device and a permeated liquid extracting device, (c) a plurality of sludge characteristics measuring devices dispersedly disposed in the treatment tank, and (d) a controller. An operating method divides the treatment tank into a plurality of regions, and sets at least one of an amount of air diffusion and a flow rate of permeated liquid for each membrane separation device based on a measured value of the sludge characteristics measuring device disposed in the corresponding region. The controller sets at least one of the amount of air diffusion and the flow rate of permeated liquid based on the measured value of the sludge characteristics measuring device in a vicinity of which the membrane separation device is disposed.

Application of formaldehyde sulfoxylates for scavenging h2s

A scavenger comprising a formaldehyde sulfoxylate may be used to scavenge hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) from systems that are brine or mixed production. Suitable formaldehyde sulfoxylates include, but are not necessarily limited to, sodium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, zinc formaldehyde sulfoxylate, and calcium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, potassium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, magnesium formaldehyde sulfoxylate, iron formaldehyde sulfoxylate, copper formaldehyde sulfoxylate, alkene aldehyde sulfoxylates, and combinations thereof.

Water Supply Assembly for Laundry Washing Machine

A water supply assembly () for laundry washing machines () provided with a detergent drawer () which is structured for receiving a given amount of detergent, softener or other washing agent and is fitted in extractable manner into a corresponding drawer housing (); the water supply assembly () being structured for selectively pouring the water arriving from the fresh-water supply circuit () of the laundry washing machine () into the detergent drawer () so as to selectively flush the detergent, softener or other washing agent out of the same detergent drawer (). 111001151161108100115115. A water supply assembly () for laundry washing machines () provided with a detergent drawer () which is structured for receiving a given amount of detergent , softener or other washing agent and is fitted in extractable manner into a corresponding drawer housing (); the water supply assembly () being structured for selectively pouring the water arriving from a fresh-water supply circuit () of the laundry washing machine () into the detergent drawer () so as to selectively flush the detergent , softener or other washing agent out of the same detergent drawer ();{'b': 1', '2', '2', '116', '115', '115', '116', '3', '108', '2', '4', '2, 'the water supply assembly () being characterized by comprising: a water delivery member () which forms or is associated to the upper lid () of the drawer housing () so as to be located above the detergent drawer () when said detergent drawer () is inserted/recessed into the drawer housing (), and a discrete flow-diverter module () which is connectable to the fresh-water supply circuit () for receiving the fresh water of the water mains and is attached outside the water delivery member () at a coupling socket () formed on the water delivery member ();'}{'b': 2', '4', '5', '6', '8', '9', '2, 'the water delivery member () being provided, at said coupling socket (), with a number of water inlets (, , , ) each separately communicating with a respective water- ...

Method for Improving Overflow Clarity in Production of Coal

A transitional treatment composition and methods of treating coal refuse are provided. The transitional treatment composition comprises an anionic acrylate-acrylamide copolymer having from about 30 mole percent to about 50 mole percent (meth)acrylate, from about 50 mole percent to about 70 mole percent (meth)acrylamide, and a reduced specific viscosity of from about 18 dL/g to about 30 dL/g. The transitional treatment composition can be made down in an aqueous liquid. 1. A transitional treatment composition comprising an anionic acrylate-acrylamide copolymer having from about 30 mole percent to about 50 mole percent (meth)acrylate , from about 50 mole percent to about 70 mole percent (meth)acrylamide , and a reduced specific viscosity of from about 18 dL/g to about 30 dL/g.2. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , made down in an aqueous liquid.3. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acrylate is acrylate.4. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , wherein the (meth)acrylamide is acrylamide.5. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , wherein the anionic acrylate-acrylamide copolymer has been formed via free radical polymerization.6. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , wherein the anionic acrylate-acrylamide copolymer has a reduced specific viscosity of from about 22 dL/g to about 28 dL/g.7. The transitional treatment composition of claim 1 , wherein the anionic acrylate-acrylamide copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of from about 4 million to about 7 million Daltons.8. A method of treating coal refuse comprising: combining the transitional treatment composition of and coal refuse.9. A method of separating water from coal refuse comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'combining the transitional treatment composition of and coal refuse downstream of a coal flotation operation to form treated coal refuse; and'}allowing the treated coal refuse to stand in ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TREATING DILUTE WASTEWATER

In one embodiment, a dilute wastewater treatment system includes a separation subsystem configured to receive dilute wastewater and separate it into a product stream containing a low concentration of organic material and a reject stream containing a high concentration of organic material, and a conversion subsystem configured to receive the reject stream from the separation subsystem and anaerobically treat the reject stream to break down the organic material and separate it from water within the reject stream. 1. A dilute wastewater treatment system comprising:a separation subsystem configured to receive dilute wastewater and separate the wastewater into a product stream containing a low concentration of organic material and a reject stream containing a high concentration of organic material; anda conversion subsystem configured to receive the reject stream from the separation subsystem and anaerobically treat the reject stream to break down the organic material and separate it from water within the reject stream.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the separation subsystem comprises one or more filtration units configured to filter the wastewater.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the separation subsystem comprises multiple filtration units arranged in series.4. The system of claim 2 , wherein the filtration unit comprises a microfiltration membrane capable of rejecting molecules claim 2 , colloids or particles 0.05 μm and larger.5. The system of claim 2 , wherein the filtration unit comprises an ultrafiltration membrane capable of rejecting molecules claim 2 , colloids or particles 0.003 μm and larger.6. The system of claim 2 , wherein the separation subsystem further comprises a settling tank configured to directly receive the dilute wastewater.7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the filtration unit is located within the settling tank.8. The system of claim 6 , wherein the settling tank is configured as a hydrocyclone.9. The system of claim 6 , wherein the ...

Processes for Treating Acid Producing Waste Rock

A process for reducing the volume of a collection of acid producing mine waste material is disclosed. The process comprises: contacting a mine waste material with water under oxidative conditions to produce a mineral containing acidic water and mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material; separating the mineral containing acidic water and mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material; treating the mineral containing acidic water to remove one or more minerals therefrom and provide treated water; and further contacting the mine waste material and/or the mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material with the treated water and carrying out the steps one or more times until a total volume of the mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material is less than a total volume of the starting acid producing mine waste material. Also disclosed is a process for converting acid producing mine waste material to a more environmentally acceptable substantially non-acid producing mine waste material. 1. A process for reducing the volume of a collection of acid producing mine waste material , the process comprising:a) contacting the mine waste material with water under oxidative conditions to produce a mineral containing acidic water and mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material;b) separating the mineral containing acidic water and mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material;c) treating the mineral containing acidic water to remove one or more minerals therefrom and provide treated water; andd) further contacting the mine waste material and/or the mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material with the treated water and carrying out steps b) and c) one or more times until a total volume of the mineral and/or sulphide depleted mine waste material is less than a total volume of the starting acid producing mine waste material.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein step a) is preceded by a step of comminuting the volume of acid producing ...

METHOD OF REMOVING ARSENIC FROM A LIQUID

A method for removing arsenic from a liquid includes adding a two-dimensional metal carbide adsorbent to the liquid to adsorb the arsenic from the liquid. The two-dimensional metal carbide adsorbent can include at least one MXene, having the formula MX, where n=1, 2 or 3, where M is an early transition metal, such as scandium (Sc), titanium (Ti), vanadium (V), chromium (Cr), yttrium (Y), zirconium (Zr), niobium (Nb), molybdenum (Mo) or the like, and X is either carbon or nitrogen. The MXene may be TiC. 1. A method of removing arsenic from a liquid , comprising the steps of:{'sub': n+1', 'n, 'providing an MXene, having the formula MX, where n is an integer ranging between 1 and 3 inclusive, M is an early transition metal, and X is selected from the group consisting of carbon and nitrogen; and'}adding the MXene to a liquid, the MXene adsorbing arsenic from the liquid.2. The method of removing arsenic from a liquid as recited in claim 1 , wherein the MXene comprises TiC.3. The method of removing arsenic from a liquid as recited in claim 2 , wherein the step of providing the MXene comprises room temperature exfoliation of Titanium (III) Aluminum Carbide (II) (TiAlC) using hydrofluoric (HF) acid.4. The method of removing arsenic from a liquid as recited in claim 1 , wherein the liquid comprises water.5. The method removing arsenic from a liquid as recited in claim 1 , wherein the liquid comprises a solution including lead (Pb) and chromium (Cr (VI)).6. A method of removing arsenic from a liquid claim 1 , comprising the steps of:{'sub': 3', '3', '3', '2, 'performing room temperature exfoliation of Titanium (III) Aluminum Carbide (II) (TiAlC) using hydrofluoric (HF) acid to produce TiC; and'}{'sub': 3', '2', '3', '2, 'adding the TiCto a liquid including arsenic, the TiCadsorbing the arsenic from the liquid.'}7. The method of removing arsenic from a liquid as recited in claim 6 , wherein the liquid comprises water.8. The method of removing arsenic from a liquid as recited ...