СИСТЕМЫ И СПОСОБЫ ОБЕСПЕЧЕНИЯ УСТОЙЧИВОГО ЭКОНОМИЧЕСКОГО РАЗВИТИЯ ПУТЕМ ИНТЕГРИРОВАННОЙ ВЫРАБОТКИ ВОЗОБНОВЛЯЕМОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ПОЛНОГО СПЕКТРА

В одном варианте выполнения изобретения предложен способ подачи электроэнергии при помощи источника возобновляемой энергии, включающий: обеспечение первого источника возобновляемой энергии, причем первый источник возобновляемой энергии является непостоянным или не обеспечивает достаточного количества энергии; подачу энергии от первого источника возобновляемой энергии на электролизер с целью формирования энергоносителя посредством электролиза; избирательное реверсирование электролизера, позволяющее использовать его в качестве топливного элемента; и подачу энергоносителя на электролизер для выработки энергии, причем первый источник возобновляемой энергии, электролизер или энергоноситель получает дополнительное тепло от первого источника тепла; и первый источник тепла выбран из группы, состоящей из геотермального и солнечного источника тепла. 5 н. и 36 з.п. ф-лы, 26 ил.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА ВОДЫ

Изобретение относится к трем вариантам устройства для электролиза воды. Согласно одному из вариантов устройство содержит: корпус, содержащий боковую стенку; электролитическую ячейку с ионообменной мембраной в корпусе, выполненную с возможностью осуществления электролиза воды и выделения водорода и кислорода, причем электролитическая ячейка с ионообменной мембраной содержит первую сторону, вторую сторону, соответствующую первой стороне, ионообменную мембрану, катод, анод, трубку для вывода водорода и трубку для вывода кислорода, причем ионообменная мембрана расположена между катодом и анодом; и встроенный модуль резервуара для воды для размещения внутри корпуса и соединенный с электролитической ячейкой с ионообменной мембраной, при этом встроенный модуль резервуара для воды, содержащий резервуар для воды, выполнен с возможностью подачи воды в электролитическую ячейку с ионообменной мембраной; причем, когда электролитическая ячейка с ионообменной мембраной осуществляет электролиз воды, на ...

КАТОД, ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА И ЕЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕ

Изобретение относится к электрохимической ячейке для электрокоагуляции, содержащей катод и расходуемый анод, включающий расходуемую часть и нерасходуемую электропроводящую часть. Ячейка характеризуется тем, что расходуемая часть имеет пористость между 20 и 60% по объему и состоит из прессованного порошка, содержащего железный порошок с по меньшей мере 90% по массе железа. Также изобретения относится к способу удаления загрязнений из воды. Использование предлагаемого изобретения позволяет улучшить манипулирование расходуемым анодом при сохранении достаточно высокой скорости коагуляции. 2 н. и 23 з.п. ф-лы, 10 ил., 10 табл., 6 пр.

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА И СПОСОБ ЕЕ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ

Предложена электролитическая ячейка, содержащая герметизирующий сосуд, первый электрод, второй электрод, источник электрического тока, находящийся в электрическом сообщении с первым электродом и вторым электродом, электролит, имеющий жидкостное сообщение с первым электродом и вторым электродом; газ, причем этот газ образуется во время электролиза на первом электроде или вблизи него; при этом ячейка снабжена сепаратором, который имеет наклонную поверхность, и включает в себя электрод, чтобы можно было направлять поток электролита и газа за счет разности между плотностью электролита и суммарной плотностью электролита и газа таким образом, чтобы газ перемещался в направлении в сторону от второго электрода. Повышение циркуляции электролита при помощи наклонного сепаратора, а также увеличение эффективности массопередачи в процессе электролиза, является техническим результатом предложенного изобретения. Предложенная ячейка работает при отсутствии протоннообменной мембраны и позволяет быстро удалять ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕР, РАБОТАЮЩИЙ ПОД ДАВЛЕНИЕМ, И СПОСОБ ОТКЛЮЧЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕРА

Изобретение относится к электролизеру, работающему под давлением, и способу его отключения. Электролизер содержит автоклав с расположенным внутри него блоком электролитических ячеек, содержащим аноды и катоды. Для подвода электролита к анодам и катодам предусмотрена система циркуляции электролита. Также предусмотрены сепаратор кислорода для отделения газообразного кислорода, сепаратор водорода для отделения газообразного водорода, а также запас инертного газа, в частности азота, для инертизации работающего под давлением электролизера при его отключении. Инертный газ подают в сепаратор кислорода и в системе циркуляции электролита предусматривают соединительную трубку, через которую при подаче в сепаратор кислорода инертного газа часть электролита перемещается для вытеснения газообразного водорода из сепаратора водорода. Технический эффект - возможность отключения электролизера без декомпрессии при минимальном количестве инертного газа. 2 н. и 9 з.п. ф-лы, 4 ил.

ФОТОЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИЙ СПОСОБ РАЗДЕЛЕНИЯ ВОДЫ НА ВОДОРОД И КИСЛОРОД С ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ МЕЛАНИНОВ, ИХ АНАЛОГОВ, ИХ ПРЕДШЕСТВЕННИКОВ ИЛИ ИХ ПРОИЗВОДНЫХ В КАЧЕСТВЕ ГЛАВНОГО ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗИРУЮЩЕГО ЭЛЕМЕНТА

Изобретение относится к процессам или способам получения альтернативной энергии, в частности к процессам, известным как фотоэлектрохимические, посредством которых получают атомы водорода и кислорода посредством разделения молекулы воды, при котором генерируются атомы водорода и кислорода. Согласно изобретению в качестве электролизующего воду материала применяются меланины, предшественники меланинов или производные меланинов, варианты меланинов, аналоги меланинов, натуральные или синтетические, чистые или смешанные с органическими или неорганическими соединениями, металлами, ионами, лекарствами, используя в качестве единственного или основного источника энергии естественный или искусственный свет, когерентный или нет, в системах производства водорода из воды, известных как фотоэлектрохимические системы. Эти системы объединяют полупроводниковый материал и электролизатор воды внутри монолитной конструкции для производства водорода непосредственно из воды, используя свет (между 200 и 900 нм ...

ЭНЕРГОБЛОК С БЕЗОПАСНЫМ И НАДЕЖНЫМ УСТРОЙСТВОМ ХРАНЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА

Изобретение относится к области электротехники, а именно к водородонакопительному компоненту энергоблока, который обеспечивает безопасное и надежное хранение водорода, используемого для выработки электричества, и может быть использовано для снабжения электроэнергией удаленных объектов. Повышение безопасности хранения водорода и, соответственно, работы энергоблока является техническим результатом изобретения. Энергоблок по одному из вариантов осуществления накапливает по меньшей мере воду и водород и включает в себя электролизный компонент, функционально позволяющий получать водород из воды, водородонакопительный элемент, функционально позволяющий безопасно и надежно хранить водород в твердой форме, и топливный элемент, функционально позволяющий вырабатывать электричество из водорода. Энергоблок может быть сгруппирован с другими аналогичными энергоблоками для обеспечения постоянного питания соответствующих областей применения. 16 з.п. ф-лы, 7 ил.

ГЕНЕРАТОР ГАЗООБРАЗНОГО ВОДОРОДА

Изобретение относится к двум вариантам устройства генерирования водорода, а также способу использования устройства. Устройство по одному из вариантов включает в себя: анод; катод; корпус, имеющий внутреннюю полость и по меньшей мере одно отверстие; цилиндрическую металлическую гильзу, введенную скольжением и размещенную во внутренней полости, металлическая гильза имеет по меньшей мере одно отверстие, выровненное с по меньшей мере одним отверстием корпуса; перфорированную стенку внутри внутренней полости возле ее конца, электрически соединенную с анодом или катодом и отделяющую концевую часть внутренней полости от основной части внутренней полости; и по меньшей мере одну электропроводящую клемму, выступающую наружу из внутренней полости через выровненные отверстия гильзы и корпуса и находящуюся в электрическом контакте с анодом; и воду в корпусе, непрерывно проходящую из основной части внутренней полости через перфорированную стенку в концевую часть внутренней полости. Предлагаемое изобретение ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО

Изобретение относится к двум вариантам электролитического устройства. Устройство по одному варианту содержит: резервуар для воды, содержащий незаполненное пространство для вмещения воды; электролитическую ванну, расположенную в незаполненном пространстве резервуара для воды, содержащую камеру и внутреннюю стенку камеры, имеющую множество элементов для удержания, причем электролитическая ванна содержит верхнюю пластину и крышку, выполненную над верхней пластиной; и множество электродов, соединенных с множеством элементов для удержания и расположенных отдельно, при этом верхняя пластина электролитической ванны расположена над множеством электродов. Изобретение позволяет уменьшить потребление энергии и объем камеры. 2 н. и 13 з.п. ф-лы, 7 ил.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРЮЧЕГО ГАЗА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ГОРЮЧЕГО ГАЗА ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА, ПРЕДНАЗНАЧЕННОЕ ДЛЯ УСТАНОВКИ НА ТРАНСПОРТНЫЕ СРЕДСТВА

Изобретение относится к устройству для генерирования горючего газа и к устройству данного типа, предназначенному для установки на транспортное средство. Сущность изобретения заключается в том, что устройство содержит электролитическую ячейку, положительный и отрицательный электроды, погруженные в электролитический раствор и подключенные к источнику энергии, обеспечивающему приложение постоянного или переменного напряжения, промежуточные электроды, установленные между положительным и отрицательным электродами и изолированные от них и друг от друга, герметизирующий кожух, обеспечивающий герметизацию электролитической ячейки и снабженный отверстием для вывода газовой смеси водорода и кислород, и сепараторный блок для разделения газа и жидкости. При этом сепараторный блок установлен между верхней частью электролитической ячейки и герметизирующим кожухом и содержит сепарационную камеру, разделенную перегородками на множество камер, а в перегородках и в дне каждой камеры выполнены отверстия.

УСТРОЙСТВО РАЗЛОЖЕНИЯ ВОДЫ НА КИСЛОРОД И ВОДОРОД ЭЛЕКТРОМАГНИТНЫМИ ПОЛЯМИ

Изобретение предназначено для энергетики и может быть использовано при получении дешевых и экономичных источников энергии. Устройство разложения воды на кислород и водород содержит емкость, выполненную из изоляционного материала и имеющую входное и выходное водяные отверстия. К внешним поверхностям противоположных стенок емкости, диэлектрическая проницаемость которых превосходит диэлектрическую проницаемость воды, беззазорно примыкают водородный и кислородный электроды. В емкости имеются отверстия с установленными в них нейтрализационными сетками отрицательного и положительного потенциалов. Внутри емкости установлены термопара и датчик уровня воды. Емкость с электродами вставлена в замкнутый магнитопровод, содержащий полюса, примыкающие с внешней стороны к противоположным стенкам, не занятым электродами, емкости. При этом один полюс содержит первичную катушку, а второй - вторичную катушку, которая через выпрямители и умножители напряжения подает напряжения на электроды и нейтрализационные ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА ВОДЫ В АРКТИЧЕСКОЙ ЗОНЕ

Изобретение относится к устройству для электролиза воды в арктической зоне, содержащему твердополимерный электролизер с пневматически изолированными полостями для водорода и кислорода, подключенный к блоку питания и управления, а также к системе водоснабжения с запасом деионизированной воды, включающей газоотделители водорода и кислорода, соединенные с соответствующими полостями электролизера своими входными и выходными гидромагистралями и снабженные пневмомагистралями с запорными элементами. Устройство характеризуется тем, что содержит термокаталитический рекомбинатор, соединенный с газоотделителем водорода через запорный элемент, емкость с запасом спирта, соединенную через запорный элемент с емкостью с водным раствором спирта, в свою очередь, соединенной через насос-дозатор с контурами циркуляции водородной и кислородной полостей, емкость с запасом деионизированной воды состоит из не менее трех секций, соединенных через насос-дозатор с контурами циркуляции водородной и кислородной полостей ...

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ОДНОГО ИЛИ НЕСКОЛЬКИХ ГАЗОВ

Изобретение относится к способу получения водорода или кислорода, согласно которому воду обрабатывают электролитическим путем, при этом в воде имеется ионообменное вещество, содержащее матрицу, анкерные группы и обмениваемые ионы. Устройство для осуществления способа содержит резервуар с водой, в котором имеется ионообменное вещество, положительный электрод и отрицательный электрод, выполненные с возможностью присоединения или присоединенные к источнику тока. Изобретение направлено на усовершенствование способов получения водорода и кислорода. 2 н. и 2 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил., 3 табл.

Генератор газа Брауна

Полезная модель относится к области энергетики. Генератор газа Брауна содержит емкость, включающую последовательно соединенные с помощью трубок электролизер и два водных затвора, электролизер заполнен 10%-ным раствором сульфата натрия, в котором расположены угольные электроды, каждый из которых подключен к источнику электрической энергии, причем один конец трубки для сбора газа Брауна расположен выше уровня жидкости, а другой конец трубки погружен в воду затвора, трубки для сбора газа в затворах расположены выше уровня воды, при этом выход трубки для сбора газа оснащен соплом. В качестве источника электрической энергии может быть использован аккумулятор. Электроды могут быть соединены с источником тока через выключатель. Источник электрической энергии может генерировать постоянный ток со следующими параметрами: напряжение 1,1-2 В и сила тока 1 А. Сопло может дополнительно содержать наконечник в виде полой иглы. Технический результат - снижение энергопотребления и повышение энергоэффективности ...

Способ насыщения водного раствора водородом

Изобретение относится к способу насыщения водного раствора водородом. Способ включает электрохимическую реакцию электролиза с использованием анода, катода, колбы и блока питания. Способ характеризуется тем, что катод имеет спиральную форму и располагается коаксиально вокруг стержня анода, длина электродов составляет 50-100 мм, диаметр спирали катода 10 мм, межвитковый шаг составляет 1-3 мм, расстояние между катодом и анодом составляет 2,5-3,5 мм, толщина катодной спирали 0,1-1,5 мм, диаметр анодной трубки 1-5 мм, толщина стенки анода 0,1-0,5 мм, при этом оба электрода в рабочем состоянии находятся под напряжением 5-36 В, а сила тока составляет 0,5-2,5 А, оба электрода погружаются в колбу с водным раствором, в течение 3-30 с от блока питания подается электрический ток, при этом площадь поверхности катода в 10 раз больше площади поверхности анода. Использование предлагаемого способа позволяет снизить временные и энергозатраты на осуществление насыщения раствора. 1 пр., 1 ил.

Способ энергоснабжения и работы комбинированной электрической и гидролизной установок и устройство для его осуществления

Изобретение касается способа энергоснабжения и работы комбинированной энергетической газотурбодетандерной и щелочной гидролизной установки, при котором переменный электрический ток, выработанный энергоисточником, подают в блок электроснабжения щелочной гидролизной установки, где его выпрямляют, полученный постоянный ток направляют в щелочной электролизер, куда также подают деминерализованную воду из водоподготовки. Полученные водород и кислород сепарируют, отсепарированный кислород сбрасывают в атмосферу, а водород очищают от примесей и подают к потребителю. На компрессорной станции магистрального газопровода дополнительно устанавливают комбинированную энергетическую газотурбодетандерную и щелочную гидролизную установку. Способ ее работы осуществляют в два этапа; на первом этапе энергоснабжение щелочной гидролизной установки, а также электроснабжение собственных нужд компрессорной станции, производят переменным током высокого напряжения 6-10 кВ от электрогенератора энергетической регенеративной ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПОДВОДА К ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИМ ЯЧЕЙКАМ ИСХОДНЫХ КОМПОНЕНТОВ И ОТВОДА ПРОДУКТОВ РЕАКЦИИ

Изобретение относится к устройству для подвода к электрохимическим ячейкам исходных компонентов и отвода продуктов реакции, содержащему пластину и соединенный с одной ее стороной гофрированный слой. Устройство характеризуется тем, что содержит второй гофрированный слой, соединенный со второй стороной пластины, причем каждый гофрированный слой включает по меньшей мере два ряда, каждый из которых выполнен из двух гофрированных пластин, соединенных между собой по вершинам гофр, при этом между соседними рядами выполнен зазор. Технический результат предлагаемого изобретения заключается в предотвращении запирания каналов газовыми пробками и обеспечении равномерного распределения потоков жидкости и газа в каналах устройства без образования застойных зон. 2 з.п. ф-лы, 4 ил.

ВЫСОКОТЕМПЕРАТУРНЫЙ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕР ВЫСОКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ, ОСУЩЕСТВЛЯЮЩИЙ АЛЛОТЕРМИЧЕСКИЙ ПРОЦЕСС

... 1. Электролизер для высокотемпературного электролиза, способный работать в аллотермическом режиме и включающий корпус, по меньшей мере одну электролизную пластину, содержащую комбинацию анода и катода, и устройств (10) для нагревания активной текучей среды, подлежащей высокотемпературному электролизу, причем корпус выполнен с возможностью обеспечения электролитной ванны под высоким или очень высоким давлением, равным нескольким десяткам бар, а вышеуказанные нагревательные устройства (10) расположены в корпусе и используют текучую среду-теплоноситель, активная текучая среда является газом, нагревательные устройства представляют собой по меньшей мере одну пластину, расположенную параллельно и рядом с электролизной пластиной (8), где нагревательная пластина (10) имеет по существу такой же размер, что и электролизная пластина (8), и включает металлический корпус, в котором расположен теплообменник, содержащий несколько трубопроводов, проходящих от конца (8.1), с которого подается горячая текучая ...

РАБОТАЮЩИЙ ПОД ДАВЛЕНИЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕР И СПОСОБ ЕГО ФУНКЦИОНИРОВАНИЯ

... 1. Работающий под давлением электролизер с выдерживающим давление сосудом (2) и блоком (3) электролитических ячеек, расположенным в выдерживающем давление сосуде (2) и содержащим несколько объединенных в форме стопки электролитических ячеек (4), содержащих соответствующие аноды (11) и катоды (12), при этом предусмотрена система циркуляции электролита для подвода анолита к анодам (11) и для подвода католита к катодам (12), а блок (3) электролитических ячеек окружен кожухом (5), герметизирующим по отношению к внутренней части выдерживающего давление сосуда (2), причем кожух (5) блока (3) электролитических ячеек вместе с выдерживающим давление сосудом (2) образует по меньшей мере два пространства (7, 8), которые являются составной частью системы циркуляции электролита и которые ограничены кожухом (5) по отношению к электролитическим ячейкам (4) и выдерживающим давление сосудом (2) по отношению к окружающей среде, отличающийся тем, что пространства (7, 8) отделены друг от друга, и одно из отделенных ...

КАТОД ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА И СПОСОБ ЕГО ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ, И ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА

Изобретение относится к катоду для электролиза, содержащему проводящую подложку и слой катализатора на этой подложке, содержащий рутений. При этом в этом слое катализатора при измерении методом рентгеновской фотоэлектронной спектроскопии отношение максимальной интенсивности пика рутения 3d 5/2, возникающего между 281,4 эВ и 282,4 эВ, к максимальной интенсивности пика рутения 3d 5/2, возникающего между 280,0 эВ и 281,0 эВ, составляет 0,45 или более. Причем слой катализатора содержит: в качестве второго компонента, по меньшей мере один или более элементов, выбранных из группы: неодим, прометий, самарий, европий, гадолиний, тербий и диспрозий; в качестве третьего компонента, по меньшей мере один или более элементов, выбранных из группы: марганец, железо, кобальт, цинк, галлий, сера и свинец, причем количество элемента (элементов) второго компонента составляет 0,01 моль или более и менее чем 1 моль относительно 1 моль рутения, а количество элемента (элементов) третьего компонента составляет ...

СПОСОБ ОБРАБОТКИ СЫРОЙ ВОДЫ, СОДЕРЖАЩЕЙ ТРИТИЕВУЮ ВОДУ

Изобретение относится к способу обработки сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду. Способ обработки сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, включает: подачу части сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, и щелочной воды в циркуляционный резервуар; смешивание сырой воды со щелочной водой в циркуляционном резервуаре с образованием электролита, имеющего требуемую концентрацию щелочи; и непрерывный электролиз электролита при циркуляции электролита, при проведении которого сырую воду, находящуюся в резервуаре для хранения, подвергают электролизу щелочной воды и таким образом превращают сырую воду в газ. Превращение сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду, в газ посредством электролиза щелочной воды снижает до 1/1244 концентрацию трития в тритийсодержащем газообразном водороде, при этом может быть снижен объем сырой воды, содержащей тритиевую воду. Изобретение позволяет произвести прямое разложение дистиллированной воды, а также позволяет проводить электролиз при высоких значениях электрического тока ...

ЭЛЕКТРОВОДОРОДНЫЙ ГЕНЕРАТОР

... 1. Устройство получения кислородно-водородной смеси, именуемое «Электроводородный генератор», содержащее каналы подачи воды и электролита и отвода продуктов электролиза, электролизер, включающий цилиндрический корпус, заполненный раствором электролита и соединенный с каналами подвода воды и электролита, короткозамкнутые либо соединенные через потребитель постоянного тока электроды, один из которых образован внутренней поверхностью корпуса, и теплообменник, отличающееся наличием механизма, формирующего скрученный выворачивающийся тороидальный поток электролита, и второго электрода в виде токопроводящей штанги, расположенной вдоль продольной оси цилиндрической емкости. ! 2. Устройство по п.1, отличающееся тем, что механизм, задающий смерчеобразное вихревое движение электролита, выполнен как совокупность крыльчатки, соединенной с приводом вращения, и цилиндрическим корпусом.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА ВОДЫ

ПОДВЕРГНУТАЯ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗУ ВОДНАЯ КОМПОЗИЦИЯ

КОМПЛЕКС СОЕДИНЕНИЯ МЕТАЛЛА - ОКСИДА ГРАФЕНА

УСТРОЙСТВО ЧРЕЗКОЖНОЙ ДИФФУЗИИ ГАЗОВ, ПОДХОДЯЩЕЕ ДЛЯ ПРИМЕНЕНИЯ С ПОДКОЖНЫМ ИМПЛАНТАТОМ

СИСТЕМА И СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ПОТЕНЦИАЛЬНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

... 1. Система для диссоциации газов, включающая: источник электронов, включающий катод и выполненный с возможностью испускания электронов; генератор электрического поля, генерирующий электрическое поле, имеющий энергию, достаточную для диссоциации молекул реагирующих газов; и анод, расположенный от катода на предварительно заданном расстоянии, ограничивающем реакционную газовую камеру, имеющую выполненную с возможностью вызывать взаимодействие между электронами и молекулами указанного реагирующего газа по механизму диссоциативного прилипания электронов внутри указанной камеры, такое, что электроны, имеющие требуемую энергию, разлагают указанные молекулы с образованием продуктов, причем указанные молекулы реагирующего газа являются по меньшей мере молекулами одного из CO2 и Н2O, указанными продуктами являются О2 и по меньшей мере один из СО и Н2. ! 2. Система по п.1, включающая в себя промежуточный электрод, расположенный рядом с сепаратором газовых компонентов, причем оба они находятся между ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗЕР ВЫСОКОГО ДАВЛЕНИЯ

... 1. Электролизер (100), включающий:корпус (115) высокого давления, имеющий обечайку и противоположные закрытые концы;пакет (101) электролизных ячеек внутри корпуса высокого давления, содержащий группу биполярных электролизных ячеек, собранных в пакет между первой концевой контактной пластиной (107a) и второй концевой контактной пластиной (108a), и приспособленный для работы под внутренним давлением;соединения для текучих сред для подвода электролита к пакету ячеек и для отвода продукта(ов) электролиза от пакета ячеек, и электрические соединения, включающие по меньшей мере анодное и катодное соединения,отличающийся тем, что:первая концевая контактная пластина (107a) пакета ячеек составляет единое целое с одним из закрытых концов корпуса высокого давления, формируя стационарную головку (107) пакета ячеек, снабженную соединениями (122) для текучих сред и электрическими соединениями (120, 121) анода и катода с пакетом ячеек, авторая концевая контактная пластина (108a) пакета ячеек находится ...

ГАЗОГЕНЕРАТОР

БЛОК ЭКСТРАКЦИИ"ЖИДКОСТЬ-ЖИДКОСТЬ", УСТРОЙСТВО МНОГОСТУПЕНЧАТОЙ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ " ЖИДКОСТЬ-ЖИДКОСТЬ", В КОТОРОМ ИСПОЛЬЗУЕТСЯ ЭТОТ БЛОК И СИСТЕМА МНОГОСТУПЕНЧАТОЙ НЕПРЕРЫВНОЙ ЭКСТРАКЦИИ ДЛЯ РЕДКОЗЕМЕЛЬНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

... 1. Блок экстракции "жидкость-жидкость", выполненный с возможностью приведения в контакт водной фазы с органической фазой, их разделения и извлечения требуемого экстракта из разделенных таким образом водной фазы и/или органической фазы, который содержит:- емкость экстракции/разделения для приема водной фазы и органической фазы, которая имеет пару горизонтально противоположных боковых стенок;- впуск водной фазы, расположенный в верхней части одной боковой стенки, который предназначен для ввода упомянутой водной фазы в виде пузырьков;- впуск органической фазы, расположенный в нижней части одной боковой стенки для ввода упомянутой органической фазы в виде пузырьков;- выпуск органической фазы, расположенный в верхней части другой боковой стенки, для выгрузки упомянутой отделенной органической фазы; и- выпуск водной фазы, расположенный в нижней части упомянутой другой боковой стенки, для выгрузки упомянутой отделенной водной фазы,причем упомянутую водную фазу в виде пузырьков вводят из упомянутого ...

ЭЛЕКТРОЛИТИЧЕСКАЯ ЯЧЕЙКА ДЛЯ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ОКИСЛЯЮЩИХ РАСТВОРОВ

ИНТЕГРИРОВАННЫЙ ГЕНЕРАТОР ВОДОРОДСОДЕРЖАЩЕГО ГАЗА С ВОДОРОДНО-ВОДЯНЫМ МОДУЛЕМ

СПОСОБ ЭЛЕКТРОЛИЗА, УСТРОЙСТВО И СИСТЕМА

... 1. Способ электролиза для отделения электролизных газов от жидкого электролита посредством по меньшей мере одного электролизного электрода, находящегося под электрическим напряжением, отличающийся тем, что вызывают искусственную вибрацию указанного электролизного электрода с частотой колебаний, а упомянутое электрическое напряжение подают на электролизный электрод в частотном режиме с более низкой гармонической частотой, чем указанная частота колебаний.2. Способ электролиза по п.1, в котором упомянутая частота колебаний представляет собой резонансную частоту.3. Способ электролиза по п.1 или 2, в котором жидкий электролит содержит воду, вследствие чего отделенные электролизные газы содержат горючий водородсодержащий газ.4. Способ электролиза по п.3, в котором горючий водородсодержащий газ сжигают, а горячими выхлопными газами, образующимися в результате этого сжигания, подогревают жидкую воду и/или горючий водородсодержащий газ.5. Устройство для электролиза, содержащее:сосуд для электролиза ...

СИСТЕМЫ, УСТРОЙСТВА И СПОСОБЫ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ ПОСРЕДСТВОМ ПРЕОБРАЗОВАНИЯ ВОДЫ В ВОДОРОД И КИСЛОРОД

ГЕНЕРАТОР ВОДОРОДА

... 1. Генератор водорода, который содержит: ! кожух; ! ряды разделенных промежутками пластин, содержащихся внутри кожуха, и образующих между ними непроницаемые для жидкости ячейки, при этом пластина, образующая первую стенку каждой ячейки, выполнена из более благородного материала, чем пластина, образующая вторую стенку этой ячейки, причем первая пластина в рядах является анодом, приспособленным для соединения с источником питания, а последняя пластина в рядах является катодом, приспособленным для соединения с источником питания. ! 2. Генератор водорода по п.1, который содержит вход в каждую ячейку, приспособленный для обеспечения втекания электролита в ячейку. ! 3. Генератор водорода по п.2, который содержит выход из каждой ячейки, приспособленный для обеспечения вытекания электролита и газообразного водорода из ячейки. ! 4. Генератор водорода по п.1, в котором кожух содержит ряды нижних опорных элементов, приспособленных для того, чтобы удерживать или поддерживать нижние края пластин. !

СПОСОБ И СИСТЕМА ДЛЯ ОБРАБОТКИ УГЛЕРОДСОДЕРЖАЩИХ ГАЗОВ ПУТЕМ ЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ГИДРОГЕНИЗАЦИИ ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ СОЕДИНЕНИЯ CHO

... 1. Способ обработки COи/или CO путем электрохимической гидрогенизации для получения соединения типа CHO, где x≥1; 0 Подробнее

СПОСОБ ОПТИМИЗАЦИИ ПРОВОДИМОСТИ, ОБЕСПЕЧЕННЫЙ ВЫТЕСНЕНИЕМ H+ ПРОТОНОВ И/ИЛИ OH- ИОНОВ В ПРОВОДЯЩЕЙ МЕМБРАНЕ

... 1. Способ оптимизации проводимости, обеспеченный вытеснением протонов Н+ и/или ионов ОН- в проводящей мембране, изготовленной из материала, позволяющего введение пара в указанную мембрану, где указанный способ включает этап, на котором вводят под давлением газообразный поток, содержащий пар в указанной мембране для нагнетания указанного пара в указанную мембрану при определенном парциальном давлении с тем, чтобы получить желаемую проводимость при данной температуре, причем указанное парциальное давление выше или равно 1 бар, понижение рабочей температуры компенсируется увеличением указанного парциального давления для получения той же желаемой проводимости. ! 2. Способ по п.1, отличающийся тем, что указанное парциальное давление пара выше или равно 10 бар и ниже или равно 100 бар. ! 3. Способ по п.2, отличающийся тем, что указанное парциальное давление пара выше или равно 15 бар. ! 4. Способ по п.3, отличающийся тем, что указанная температура выше 400°С. ! 5. Способ по п.4, отличающийся ...

УСТАНОВКА ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА ТЕРМОЭЛЕКТРОХИМИЧЕСКИМ РАЗЛОЖЕНИЕМ ВОДЫ

Изобретение относится к области водородной энергетики и может быть использовано для получения водорода и кислорода за счет тепла источников высокопотенциального тепла. Установка содержит батарею топливных элементов, блок питания, управления и регулирования, систему терморегулирования батареи топливных элементов, резервуар для воды, насос подачи воды, теплопроводы подачи тепла, высокотемпературный электролизер, трубопроводы подачи водорода и кислорода потребителям. Электролизер соединен трубопроводами двух контуров циркуляции газовых смесей через рекуперативный теплообменник, промежуточный теплообменник охлаждения продуктов электролиза и теплообменник нагрева и испарения воды со входом батареи топливных элементов, а выход батареи топливных элементов через циркуляционные насосы соединен со входом высокотемпературного электролизера. Резервуар для воды через насос подачи воды, теплообменник нагрева и испарения воды и догреватель водяного пара соединен со входом высокотемпературного электролизера ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ ВОДОРОДА И КИСЛОРОДА

Изобретение относится к физико-химическим процессам получения тепловой энергии, водорода и кислорода при электролизе воды. Способ получения водорода и кислорода включает преобразование электрической энергии в плазмоэлектролитическом процессе и получение водорода и кислорода, плазмоэлектролитический процесс обеспечивается подачей раствора электролита турбулентным непрерывным потоком через систему симметрично расположенных горизонтально, полых цилиндрических электродов с отверстиями, катоды выполнены из бронзы общей площадью s=34,8⋅10-4 м2, аноды - из нержавеющей стали общей площадью s=16,4⋅10-4 м2, образующиеся газы отводятся посредством выходных патрубков сбора водорода и кислорода, при этом в качестве раствора электролита используют водный раствор щелочи Са(ОН)2 плотностью 1030 кг/м3, процесс электролиза протекает при импульсном напряжении с применением импульсного тока треугольной формы величиной 4,58 А, а регулировка интенсивности процесса осуществляется посредством изменения числа пар ...

Кислородно-водородная интегрированная машина

Изобретение относится к кислородно-водородной интегрированной машине, характеризующейся тем, что содержит корпус машины (1), в котором модуль получения кислорода молекулярным ситом и модуль электролитического получения водорода предусмотрены в корпусе машины (1) и кислородно-водородный интерфейс (5) предусмотрен на одной стороне корпуса машины (1), модуль получения кислорода молекулярным ситом и модуль электролитического получения водорода соответственно проходят через клапан регулирования давления кислорода (28) и клапан регулирования давления водорода (17) таким образом, что кислород и водород имеют одинаковое давление на выходе, при этом на выходе клапана регулирования давления кислорода (28) и клапана регулирования давления водорода (17) предусмотрены отверстие для ограничения потока кислорода (30) и отверстие для ограничения потока водорода (18) соответственно, а кислород и водород подключаются к кислородно-водородному интерфейсу (5) после прохождения через отверстие для ограничения ...

УСТРОЙСТВО ГЕНЕРИРОВАНИЯ ОКСИВОДОРОДА ДЛЯ ОКАЗАНИЯ МЕДИЦИНСКОЙ ПОМОЩИ И СПОСОБ ЕГО ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЯ

Изобретение может быть использовано в медицине. Устройство генерирования оксиводорода для оказания медицинской помощи содержит корпус, выполненный с возможностью размещения в нем электролизной ячейки, бака подачи воды и вторичного бака воды; верхнюю крышку, прикрепленную к верхней части корпуса и снабженную частью для циркуляции газа, подающей частью для подачи воды в бак подачи воды и панелью управления для управления работой генератора водорода и кислорода на основе электролиза воды; нижнюю крышку, прикрепленную к нижней части корпуса. Бак подачи воды снабжен верхней крышкой бака подачи воды. Вмещающее пространство расположено внутри верхней крышки бака подачи воды, верхняя крышка надета на внешнюю сторону верхней крышки бака подачи воды и прикреплена к корпусу. Воздухонаправляющая пластина, схемная плата, распылитель, крепежная пластина для крепления схемной платы расположены во вмещающем пространстве. Электролизная ячейка расположена на нижней крышке в нижней части корпуса и соединена ...

Электролизер для получения водорода и кислорода

Verfahren und Anordnung für die Hochtemperaturelektrolyse

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Betrieb eines Hochtemperaturelektrolyseurs und eines Reaktor mit chemischer Synthese, wobei eine thermische und stoffliche Kopplung beider Komponenten erfolgt. Mittels der Wärme der chemischen Synthese wird Wasser zu Wasserdampf erhitzt. Dieser dient dem Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur als Edukt. Zudem wird Kohlenstoffdioxid in den Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur und/oder in den Reaktor geführt. Im Hochtemperaturelektrolyseur wird dann Synthesegas mittels einer Co-Elektrolyse erzeugt. Dieses Synthesegas dient wiederum dem Reaktor als Eduktstrom für die chemische Synthese. Die chemische Synthese ist insbesondere eine Methanisierung. Als Reaktor wird ein Rohrbündelreaktor mit integrierter Wasserdampferzeugung verwendet.

ERZEUGUNG VON WASSERSTOFF AUS SOLARSTRAHLUNG MIT HOHER EFFIZIENZ

Production of hydrogen in run-of-river energy parks by means of electrolysis

The problem of environmental pollution caused by energy engineering can be solved via the reaction mechanisms of hydrogen technology. For this purpose, though, large amounts of hydrogen are required. Elemental hydrogen does not exist in nature, however. It, like the electric current, first has to be produced. The provision of adequate amounts of electrolytic hydrogen for hydrogen technology is effected via the run-of-river energy of rivers and streams, which is employed to drive electrochemical field generators. The hydrogen generators are installed along suitable rivers and streams. They are fully automated and combined, via gas conduit systems and pressure accumulators, into energy parks having high and stable capacity. The electrolytic hydrogen produced in the run-of-river energy parks serves as a fuel. Environmental protection is a possible result of the chemical energy production and arises as a free by-product in the utilisation of hydrogen technology.

Electrolytically produced hydrogen using solar energy

Solar cells are mounted on a ship, with sea water used as the electrolyte. The produced hydrogen is compressed for storage on board. A ship has solar cells that supply power not only to electrolyze the sea water and produce hydrogen but also to provide power to run compressors and to navigate the ship. Power for this is supplied directly as electrical energy or indirectly by burning some of the hydrogen. The solar cells occupy the major portion of the deck surface and are divided into a number of sets. Each set contains three stacked plates. The bottom plate is firmly attached to the ship and the other two may be fanned out about horizontal axes to provide a maximum area open to the sun. The plates can be retracted in inclement weather. Further solar collectors can be floated off-board. Sea water is filtered and desalinated before being passed to the electrolysis cells. The hydrogen produced there is compressed and stored in spherical pressure vessels that are placed both above and below ...

Speicherkraftwerk Brennstoffzelle

Wasserstoff ist Sekundärenergieträger für erneuerbare Energien. Üblicherweise wird er zur Speicherung elektrischer Energie durch Wasserelektrolyse hergestellt. In einer Brennstoffzelle kann der Wasserstoff wieder in elektrische Energie umgewandelt werden. Zur Speicherung von Wasserstoff bietet sich das Erdgasnetz an. Wegen der großen physikalischen und brandtechnischen Unterschiede zwischen Erdgas und Wasserstoff ist dessen Aufnahme im Gasnetz stark begrenzt. Die vorliegende Anmeldung beschreibt ein Verfahren, nach dem elektrolysestämmiger Wasserstoff mit Synthesegas zu Methan reagiert, Methan in das Gasnetz eingeleitet wird. Das eingeleitete Methan oder dessen Äquivalent an Erdgas kann dem Gasnetz entnommen und in einem Reformer wieder in Wasserstoff und Kohlendioxid umgewandelt werden. Um 1 Mol Methan zu bilden müssen dem Synthesegas 2 Mol Wasserstoff aus der Elektrolyse hinzugefügt werden. Bei der Rückspaltung von Methan wird dann mit 4 Mol die doppelte Menge an Wasserstoff erhalten.

Electrolysis assembly has series of enclosed tanks each with electrode electrically linked in cascade arrangement to adjacent electrode

An electrolysis assembly has first and second tanks with electrodes in tanks filled with an electrolyte fluid. The assembly especially has two housings. A positive voltage is applied to the electrode in the first tank and a negative voltage is applied to the electrode in the second tank. The two electrodes are electrically linked. Preferred Assembly: A series of such tanks are linked in series. The electrolyte is salt-enriched water that is broken down by electrolysis into hydrogen and oxygen. The salt is sodium chloride, hydrogen hexachlorioplatinate, potassium penta-chloroaquo-ruthenium. The electrolyte is dimethoxmethane or trimethoxymethane, trioxane, methanol, formaldehyde, formic acid or sulfuric acid with added water. One of the electrodes has a platinum coating.

Antriebseinrichtung für ein Kraftfahrzeug, Abgasmodul für eine Verbrennungskraftmaschine, sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer solchen Antriebseinrichtung

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Antriebseinrichtung (10) für ein Kraftfahrzeug, mit einer zum Antreiben des Kraftfahrzeugs ausgebildeten Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12), mit einem von Abgas der Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12) durchströmbaren Abgastrakt (16), mit einer mit aus dem Abgas gewonnenem Wasser versorgbaren Elektrolyseeinrichtung (30), mittels welcher das Wasser durch Elektrolyse in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff umwandelbar ist, und mit einer mit dem durch die Elektrolyse gewonnen Wasserstoff und mit Kohlendioxid aus dem Abgas versorgbaren Methanisierungseinrichtung (32), mittels welcher aus dem Kohlendioxid und dem Wasserstoff Methan erzeugbar ist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass wenigstens ein von der Verbrennungskraftmaschine (12) unterschiedlicher, mittels des erzeugten Methans betreibbarer Brenner (38) vorgesehen ist, mittels welchem unter Verbrennen des Methans Wärme zum zumindest mittelbaren Aufheizen wenigstens einer in dem Abgastrakt angeordneten Abgasnachbehandlungseinrichtung bereitstellbar ...

Anlage zur Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff sowie Verfahren zum Betrieb der Anlage

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Anlage zur Bereitstellung von Wasserstoff (100), umfassend eine Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff (101) durch elektrochemische Spaltung von Wasser in Wasserstoff und Sauerstoff, eine Anlage zur Stromerzeugung (113) sowie einen Kompressor (103), einen Druckgasspeicher (109) und einen Gasentnahmestutzen (112), wobei ein Rohrleitungssystem umfasst ist, mit dem Wasserstoff aus der Vorrichtung zur Herstellung von Wasserstoff (101) zum Kompressor (103) geleitet werden kann, vom Kompressor (103) über ein Ventil (108; 107) zum Druckgasspeicher (109) oder zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) und weiterhin Rohrleitungen zur Förderung von Wasserstoff vom Druckgasspeicher (109) zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) umfasst sind, wobei Rohrleitungen umfasst sind, mit denen Wasserstoff direkt vom Druckgasspeicher (109) zum Gasentnahmestutzen (112) geleitet werden kann und weiterhin Rohrleitungen, mit denen der Wasserstoff vom Druckgasspeicher (109) durch den Kompressor (103) zum ...

Elektrolysezelle sowie Verfahren zum Betreiben einer solchen

Erfindungsgemäß ist vorgesehen, bei der Elektrolyse von Sauerstoff und Wasserstoff aus Wasser auf die Medienversorgung auf der Anodenseite komplett zu verzichten. Da die Protonen leitende Membran diffusiv Wasser transportiert, hat es sich als ausreichend herausgestellt, wenn das zur Zerlegung vorgesehene Wasser ausschließlich der Kathodenseite bzw. dem Kathodenraum der Elektrolysezelle zugeführt wird. Das zur Zerlegung benötigte Wasser wird dann rein diffusiv durch die PEM-Elektrolytmembran zur Anode geleitet, um dort unter Protonenabgabe zu Sauerstoff zu reagieren. Die dort gebildeten Protonen diffundieren wieder zur Kathodenseite, wo sie zu Wasserstoff rekombinieren.Die Erfindung basiert auf der Idee, beim Betreiben einer PEM-Elektrolysezelle bzw. eines PEM-Elektrolysestacks komplett auf die anodische Medienversorgung, d.h. auf die Zufuhr von Wasser zu verzichten und lediglich die kathodische Versorgung zu nutzen. Das zur Zerlegung vorgesehen Wasser wird dabei ausschließlich der Kathode ...

Wasserelektrolysesystem und Steuerverfahren dafür

Ein Wasserelektrolysesystem umfasst ein Paar Elektrolysezellen, die zum Aufnehmen von aus einem Elektrolysewassertank zugefuhrtem Elektrolysewasser eingerichtet und mit einem Wasserstofftank und einem Sauerstofftank verbunden sind, ein Paar Aktivelektroden, das eine Kathode und eine Anode aufweist, die in den Elektrolysezellen aufgenommen sind und durch eine Aktivelektrodenleitung mit einer Stromversorgung verbunden sind, um Elektrolysewasser zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff bzw. Sauerstoff zu elektrolysieren, Hilfselektroden, die in dem Elektrolysezellenpaar aufgenommen sind und durch eine Hilfselektrodenleitung miteinander verbunden sind, um Elektronen an die getrennten Elektrolysezellen abzugeben oder Elektronen von diesen aufzunehmen, Sensoren zum Messen von in den Elektrolysezellen erzeugtem Wasserstoff oder Sauerstoffdruck und zum Messen einer Elektrolysewasserkapazität der Elektrolysezellen und eine Steuerung, die zum selektiven Ausleiten eines Wasserstoffgases oder Sauerstoffgases ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur Wasserstoffproduktion

Ein Verfahren zur Erzeugung von Wasserstoff durch Lieferung von Dampf an eine Kathodenseite und zur Lieferung von einem reduzierenden Gas (Reduktionsgas) an eine Anodenseite einer Hochtemperaturdampfelektrolysevorrichtung in der ein Elektrolysegefäß unterteilt ist in die Anodenseite und die Kathodenseite durch eine Festoxidelektrolytmembran als Diaphragma und Durchführung der Dampfelektrolyse bei hoher Temperatur, wobei das Verfahren dadurch gekennzeichnet ist, dass das Reduktionsgas und der Dampf, die in das Elektrolysegefäß geliefert werden, eine Temperatur im Bereich von 200 bis 500°C haben.

KATALYSATOR UND VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG DESSELBEN

Ein Elektrodenkatalysator ist derart konfiguriert, dass Nichtedelmetallpartikel, Edelmetallpartikel oder mit Nitrid dotierte Edelmetallpartikel auf einem Kohlenstoffträger geträgert werden, wobei der Kohlenstoffträger eine 2D planare Kristallstruktur oder eine 3D polyedrische Kristallstruktur aufweist und mit Stickstoff dotiert ist, wobei derselbe dadurch eine erhöhte katalytische Aktivität aufweist.

Anodes for industrial scale water electrolysis with catalytic activity

The anodes, used for water electrolysis, are formed from electrically-conductive (complex) sulphide minerals, in accordance with the classification of H.J. Rosler, Lehrbuch der Mineralogie, VEB Deutscher Verlag fur Grundstoffindustrie, Leipzig; 3. Auflage 1984; S. 295.

Verfahren zur Abgasnachbehandlung sowie Verbrennungssystem

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abgasnachbehandlung, bei dem ein nachzubehandelndes Abgas, das bei einer Verbrennung eines Brennmittels entsteht, mit einem Reduktionsmittel behandelt wird. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung ein Verbrennungssystem (2) mit einer Brennkammer (10), in der ein Brennmittel verbrennbar ist, einem Speicher (28), aus dem die Brennkammer (10) mit einem Bestandteil des Brennmittels versorgbar ist, sowie einer Reduktionskammer (20). Die Erfindung betrifft außerdem eine Verwendung eines Bestandteils eines Brennmittels. Um eine aufwands-/kostengünstige Abgasnachbehandlung zu erreichen, wird für das Verfahren vorgeschlagen, dass ein Bestandteil des Brennmittels auch als ein Bestandteil des Reduktionsmittels verwendet wird. Beim Verbrennungssystem (2) ist zu diesem Zweck vorgesehen, dass die Reduktionskammer (20) aus dem Speicher (28) mit dem Bestandteil des Brennmittels versorgbar ist. Ferner wird die Verwendung des Bestandteils des Brennmittels zur Nachbehandlung ...

Chemisch beständiger, oxidischer Elektrokatalysator für die Sauerstoffentwicklung während der alkalischen Wasserelektrolyse basierend auf BaCoO3-delta, Verfahren zu seiner Herstellung und ihn umfassende Anode sowie katalytisch aktives und chemisch stabiles Reaktionsprodukt davon

Offenbart wird ein zweiphasiges elektrisch leitfähiges Mischoxid auf Perovskitbasis der Struktur ABOmit A = Ba, und B = Co, umfassend zusätzlich 5-45 at%, bevorzugt 15 bis 50 at%, besonders bevorzugt 25 at% CoO(at % Co bezogen auf Gesamtzahl der Co-Atome im Perovskit ABOund 0,5 bis 3 at%, bevorzugt 1 bis 2,5 at%, besonders bevorzugt 2 at% (wobei die at% bezogen sind auf die Gesamtzahl der B-Kationen im Perovskit ABO) Ti als Dotierstoff. Bevorzugt hat das Mischoxid die stöchiometrische Formel BaCoTiO:CoOmit x=0,005 bis 0,03, bevorzugt x = 0,01 bis 0,025, besonders bevorzugt x = 0,02, wobei δ die Leerstellen in der Perovskit-Struktur definiert und im Bereich von im Bereich von ca. ca. 0,1 bis 0,8, bevorzugt 0,3 bis 0,7, besonders bevorzugt ca. 0,5 bis 0,6 liegt. Offenbart werden ferner ein Katalysator und eine Anode, die das Mischoxid umfassen, die Verwendung des Katalysators bei der alkalischen Wasserelektrolyse oder in Metall-Luft-Batterien, die Verwendung des Mischoxids zur Herstellung ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Synthesegas

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur elektrochemischen Herstellung von Synthesegas mit folgenden Schritten: – Reduzieren von Kohlenstoffdioxid zu einem ersten Produktgas umfassend Kohlenstoffmonoxid in einer Kohlenstoffdioxid-Elektrolysezelle, – Zerlegen von Wasser zu einem zweiten Produktgas umfassend Wasserstoff in einer Wasser-Elektrolysezelle, wobei ein erster Katholyt von der Kohlenstoffdioxid-Elektrolysezelle und/oder ein zweiter Katholyt von der Wasser-Elektrolysezelle in eine Gaswäschevorrichtung geführt werden und das erste Produktgas von nicht reduziertem Kohlenstoffdioxid in der Gaswäschevorrichtung mittels des ersten und/oder zweiten Katholyts als Absorptionsmittel gereinigt wird.

WASSERZERSETZER ZUR ERZEUGUNG VON KNALLGAS

Generating a fuel useful for operating an internal combustion engine, e.g. an automobile, comprises supplying carbon dioxide, supplying hydrogen from water, and synthesizing methanol from supplied carbon dioxide and hydrogen

Generating a fuel comprises (a) supplying carbon dioxide (6), (b) supplying hydrogen (11) from water (9), and (c) synthesizing methanol (12) from the supplied carbon dioxide and hydrogen, where the carbon dioxide provided in the step (a) is provided by a flue gas (4), which is obtained by the combustion of a fuel.

Verfahren und System zur Speicherung von elektrischer Energie

Verfahren zur Speicherung von elektrischer Energie, umfassend die Schritte a) Erzeugung von Methan aus Wasser und Ruß unter Verwendung von elektrischer Energie, b) Speichern des Methans, c) Spalten des Methans in Wasserstoff und Ruß, wobei der Wasserstoff zur Energieerzeugung verwendet wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der bei der Methanspaltung gemäß Schritt c) anfallende Ruß aufgefangen wird und beim erneuten Durchlaufen des Verfahrens für die Methanerzeugung in Schritt a) verwendet wird, so dass ein geschlossener Kohlenstoffkreislauf entsteht, wobei bei der Energieerzeugung gemäß Schritt c) Strom erzeugt wird oder Energie zum Betrieb von Transportmitteln bereitgestellt wird.

Industrielle Produktionsanlage mit minimalem Treibhausgasausstoß, insbesondere Kohlendioxidausstoß, und Verfahren zum Betrieb desselben

Bei einer industriellen Produktionsanlage (1), die eine aus einem kohlenstoffhaltigen Einsatzstoff ein CO2-armes und H2-reiches Abgas erzeugende erste Produktionsanlage (2) mit einer zugeordneten ersten Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung (3) und einer zugeordneten zweiten Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung (14) umfasst, soll eine Lösung geschaffen werden, mit der ein Carbon Capture and Utilisation-Verfahren effektiv und effizient durchführbar ist. Dies wird dadurch erreicht, dass die industrielle Produktionsanlage (1) weiterhin eine das Abgas in einen kohlenstoffhaltigen, zumindest im Wesentlichen H2-freien (6) und einen kohlenstofffreien, H2-reichen (7) Teilgasstrom aufteilende Gasaufbereitungsanlage (4) umfasst; eine Einrichtung (19) zur Erzeugung eines CO2-reichen Gasstroms umfasst, der zumindest ein Teil eines in einer Feuerungseinrichtung (11) entstehenden CO2-haltigen Abgasstroms (17) nach Durchströmen der zweiten Abgasreinigungsvorrichtung (14) zuführbar ist; und eine Wasserstoff (H2) und Sauerstoff ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtuntg zur Umsetzung wenigstens eines Edukts in einem gasförmigen Einsatzstrom zu wenigstens einem Produkt

Es wird ein Verfahren zur zumindest teilweisen Umsetzung wenigstens eines Edukts in einem gasförmigen Einsatzstrom (a) zu wenigstens einem Produkt vorgeschlagen. Der Einsatzstrom (a) und ein Spülgasstrom (b) werden erwärmt und einer Elektrolysezelle (1) zugeführt. In dieser werden aus dem Einsatzstrom (a) ein an dem wenigstens einen Edukt ab- und an dem wenigstens einen Produkt angereicherter Produktstrom (c) und aus dem Spülgasstrom (b) ein Spülgasabstrom (d) gebildet. Es wird jeweils Wärme zumindest von dem Produktstrom (c) auf den Einsatzstrom (a) und von dem Spülgasabstrom (d) auf den Spülgasstrom (a) übertragen. Zur Übertragung der Wärme von dem Produktstrom (c) auf den Einsatzstrom (a) und von dem Spülgasabstrom (d) auf den Spülgasstrom (b) wird ein Plattenwärmetauscher (2) verwendet. Durch den Plattenwärmetauscher (2) werden zumindest der Spülgasabstrom (d) im Gegenstrom zu dem Spülgasstrom (b) und der Produktstrom (c) im Gegenstrom zu dem Einsatzstrom (a) geführt. Eine entsprechende ...

Environmentally friendly energy extraction

The invention relates to environmentally friendly energy extraction from a current which occurs in varying strength or at different times and is therefore not suitable for supplying the population with power. Immense quantities of energy are stored in wind, waves, floods and tides. The water level of rivers and lakes changes with the seasons. The power required in power stations fluctuates continuously, and yet the machines can work at full load without loss. Bilaterally acting tubular turbines coupled to generators generate current which is fed via a rectifier to an electrolysis unit. Oxygen accumulates at one electrode and escapes into the atmosphere to improve the air, and hydrogen accumulates at the other electrodes and serves as an environmentally friendly fuel for driving power stations or vehicles.

VERFAHREN ZUR ERZEUGUNG VON WASSERSTOFF UND SAUERSTOFF DURCH ELEKTROLYSE VON WASSER

Hydrogen gas generator

A hydrogen gas generator comprising: an electrolyser (2) configured to include a housing (20), a first chamber (21), a second chamber (22), a membrane (25), and a pair of electrode plates (23, 24). A tank (6) is configured to store water to be electrolyzed (W); an electric power source (3) applies a DC voltage to the pair of electrode plates, a diluter (4) configured to introduce a diluent gas (such as air) into the first chamber or the second chamber. The diluent gas dilutes the hydrogen gas generated and an electric quantity detector (51) which detects an electric charge given to the electrode plate plus a flow rate detector (52) which detects the flow rate of the diluent gas from the diluter; more than one flow detector may be provided. A calculator (5) is provided to calculate a concentration of the diluted hydrogen gas on the basis of the electric charge detected by the electric quantity detector and the flow rate detected by the flow rate detector, and an indicator (54) is also present ...

Fuel cell, electrolyser or battery

A fuel cell, electrolyser or battery comprises a liquid electrolyte 202, a cathode and an anode. The cathode comprises a plurality of pipes 206a arranged, in use, to extend at least partially into the electrolyte, each pipe being arranged to allow oxygen to flow therethrough and having a permeable section, the permeable section being arranged, in use, to allow the oxygen to come into contact with the liquid electrolyte. The anode 204 comprises a plurality of elongate projections arranged, in use, also to extend at least partially into the electrolyte. These elongate projections may also comprise pipes, possibly with permeable sections in contact with the liquid electrolyte if desired. The fuel cell, electrolyser or battery may comprise a plurality of anodes 204 and cathodes 206a, arranged in the form of interleaving rows. The electrolyte 202 may be a molten carbonate or other molten salt, an ionic liquid and/or a salt solution.

Reversible cell

Catalyst-coated membrane having a laminate structure

An electrolyser cell and frame and a method of making the same

... 1,145,751. Electrolyzers. CONSTRUCTORS JOHN BROWN Ltd. J.T. ANDERSON and M.T. CROSS. May 11, 1966 [April 1, 1965], No.13919/65. Heading C7B. A component of a frame 10, for an electrolyzer cell comprising a plurality of electrode 12, 13 - separator 14 assemblies each sandwiched between two diaphragms 11, consists of a ring 16 of hardenable mouldable material, e.g. polyethylene, having an integrally moulded liquid-permeable diaphragm 11, e.g. of woven asbestos cloth, woven or sintered plastic or ceramic, or liquid impermeable separator extending across the whole area defined by the ring, and having at least two apertures 18, 21 extending therethrough perpendicular to the plane of the diaphragm or separator and at least one port 22, 23 extending outwards on one or other side of the diaphragm or separator from the inner surface 24 of the ring to connect with one or other of the apertures. When stacked together, the rings form a frame 10 for enclosure within a pressure vessel defining a tube ...

Hydrogen generation

Apparatus for electrolyzing water

Apparatus for the electrolysis of water comprises an elongated tube and an electrolysis assembly provided at one end of the tube defining an interior chamber which constitutes an extension thereof. The electrolysis assembly includes at least one fixed stator and at least one rotatably mounted rotor and drive means for rotating the rotor in the form of propeller blades mounted on a shaft which is connected to a transmission to the rotor. A pair of fixed electrodes extend across the interior chamber of the electrolysis assembly. A matrix of Wiegand modules are affixed to the rotor and a corresponding matrix of magnet pairs are fixed to the stator. Appropriate circuitry is provided which couples the positive and negative leads of the Wiegand modules to respective ones of the electrodes. When the tube is immersed in a body of water so that its upper end extends out from the water and so that the electrolysis assembly is completely immersed, water tends to rush into the interior chamber under ...

An electrochemical reactor for aqueous solutions with high electrical resistance

An electrochemical reactor that enables electrochemical reactions to be carried out in poorly conducting electrolyte media with high electrical resistance is described. The cell consists of a polymer electrolyte membrane 1 in direct contact with at least one electrode 2, in water containing little or no supporting electrolyte. A further electrode 2 can be either in direct contact with the membrane 1 or separated from it. The reactor enables electrochemical reactions to proceed without the need to add supporting electrolytes, such as, sulphuric acid or metal halides, because this is not always possible or desirable. The reactor may be used for the electrochemical de-nitrification of potable water. The electrodes may possess a catalytic layer and be of a porous or reticulate construction.

A device for cooling an electrolyser

A device comprising a cell including electrodes and an electrolyte, a chamber on one side of the cell such that the cell is mounted or embedded in a wall of the chamber and a valve through which gas generated in the chamber can be vented. The chamber is relatively large compared to the cell, with the chamber having an internal height that is at least twice the height of the cell. Preferably, the device comprises two chambers, one on each side of the cell such that the cell acts as a divider between the chambers with the chambers linked by a conduit that allows fluid transfer so that pressure difference between the cells is reduced. Ideally, the device is used for the electrolysis of water wherein the water fills the chambers so that the electrolytic cell can be considered to be immersed in the water. Heat is transferred from the electrolytic cell into the surrounding water.

ELECTROLYSIS METHOD TO PRODUCE ENERGY AND STEAM

... 1437593 Producing hydrogen and oxygen electrolytically J A BUCKLE 2 Sept 1974 [23 May 1974] 23210/74 Heading C7B Water, sea water or an aqueous electrolyte solution is electrolyzed by passing an electric current between two electrodes in contact with or immersed in the water or solution to produce hydrogen and oxygen with or without chlorine gases, one of the electrodes having a smaller area in contact with or immersed in the water or solution than the other, to cause arcing across a gap between an electrode and the water or electrolyte solution, which arcing explodes the gases to create gas expansion for compression use or expelled water for hydraulic purpose or heat to produce steam. Air may be incorporated to assist the explosions.

Electrochemical cell and method of processing a gaseous stream containing hydrogen

An electrochemical cell 1 comprising an anodic half-cell 5 having an inlet 2 receiving hydrogen at a first pressure, a cathodic half-cell 6 having an outlet 3 transferring hydrogen at a second pressure, and a power source. A membrane electrode assembly (MEA) 4 separates the half-cells and comprises anodic and cathodic electrodes separated by an anion exchange membrane (AEM). Hydroxyl anions cross the membrane instead of hydrated protons and the cathode reaction consumes water to produce H2, intended to result in dry hydrogen gas. The MEA may comprise one or more catalysts, preferably not a platinum group metal. The AEM may comprise hygroscopic particles arranged in a concentration gradient with a higher concentration on the cathodic side. The power source is preferably reverse pulse, allowing purge of poisons from the electrodes. Also disclosed are a hydrogen sensor and apparatus for stripping hydrogen from a gaseous stream, each comprising the cell.

Electrode plate vibration structure of oxygen/hydrogen mixture gas generator

Provided is an electrode plate vibration structure of an oxygen/hydrogen mixture gas generator having an electrolytic bath, and a plurality of electrode plates arranged to be at a predetermined interval in the electrolytic bath and electrolyzing electrolyte using current applied to a terminal to generate oxygen/hydrogen mixture gas. The structure includes: a vibration bar provided at one side and upper end of the electrode plate and having insertion grooves for fitting the electrode plate therein, and minutely vibrating the electrode plate depending on operation of a vibration unit.

Carbon dioxide sequestering fuel synthesis system and use thereof

A carbon dioxide sequestering, fuel synthesis system comprises an electrolyzer to electrolyze saltwater for producing hydrogen and metal hydroxide. The hydroxide solution obtained by the electrolysis is passed to an osmotic exchanger, for flow within channels defined by gas permeable walls of the osmotic exchanger. External surfaces of the permeable walls are exposed to atmosphere fluid flow, wherein carbon dioxide of the atmosphere permeates the permeable walls for sequestering via reaction with the metal hydroxide.

Combined hydrogen and power production

Fuel blending system and method

Combustion system comprising an electrolyser

Hydrogen fuel generator and its method of use

A hydrogen fuel generator (10) is described, for use with an internal combustion engine (ICE, 100). The generator (10) comprises: a chamber for receiving an electrolyte comprising water; at least one anode electrode (which can be defined by the housing 12) and at least one cathode electrode (26) for passing an electric current through the electrolyte (figure 5, 78); and control means positioned at least in part between the electrodes for controlling the electric current. The generator (10) can be a wet cell and the housing of said generator (10) may be elongate (12) in appearance with flanged ends (14). The control means may take the form of a plurality of control plates (figure 4, 38) which are disposed within the housing (12), where said control plates (figure 4, 38) are electrically isolated from each other and the electrodes. The electrolyte (figure 5, 78) may comprise an aqueous solution with added alkali salts such as sodium or potassium hydroxide (KOH, NaOH). The outflow (74) of ...

A design for an efficient symbiotic energy plant

A power station is fueled by fossil fuels or biomass increases efficiency and reduces harmful emissions. Electrolysis may separate water into hydrogen and oxygen, with a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) slurry remaining. Renewable energy, such as solar energy, may power the electrolysis. The oxygen may be used to increase combustion efficiency in the power station’s main furnace. The hydrogen may react with the carbon dioxide (CO2) produced by the main furnace, in a Sabatier reaction, to make methane (CH4), to provide further fuel for burning. The calcium carbonate may be reacted with sulfur dioxide (SO2) to form calcium sulfate (CaSO4), which may be used for cement.

A diaphram for use in electrolysis

A diaphragm for an electrolytic cell (see Group XXXVI), comprises a porous or perforated plate of titanium, tantalum, or zirconium metal which has a barrier layer provided by oxidation. The layer may be provided as described in Specification 869,865, and the plate may be formed by sintering or by etching or mechanically perforating a plate.

A hydrogen gas generator system

SMOOTHING ELECTRICAL POWER OUTPUT FROM MEANS FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY FROM WIND

Hydrophilic materials used as ionically active membranes

Electrolyzed water composition

Electrode and electrochemical cell comprising the same

An electrode assembly for use in an electrochemical cell for the production of ozone from water, the electrode assembly comprising an elongate electrode body 4a, 6a formed from a polycrystalline diamond preferably doped with boron, the electrode body 4a, 6a comprising first and second opposing contact surfaces, the first contact surface for contacting a semi­permeable membrane 8; wherein the electrode assembly further comprises a conductor having an elongate conductor portion 10a, 10b, 12a, 12b extending along a major portion of the length of the electrode body 4a, 6a, the conductor portion 10a, 10b, 12a, 12b being in electrical contact with the second contact surface of the electrode body 4a, 6a along at least a major portion of the length of the electrode body 4a, 6a. The conductor portions 10a, 10b, 12a, 12b may comprise metal in the form of one or more rods, bars or wires. An electrochemical cell comprising the electrode assembly and its use in the production of ozone by the electrolysis ...

Electrochemical reactor design for use in solutions with high electrical resistance

Oxygen generation system and method of generating oxygen gas

An oxygen generation system (100) comprises an electrolytic cell apparatus (102) for chemically decomposing water into hydrogen gas and oxygen gas. The electrolytic cell apparatus (102) has a water input port, a hydrogen output port and an oxygen output port. A source of electrical energy (118) is also provided and operably coupled to the electrolytic cell apparatus (102), the source of electrical energy having a hydrogen input port. The hydrogen output port of the electrolytic cell apparatus (102) is operably coupled to the hydrogen input port of the second source of electrical energy (128). The first electrical energy source may comprise a hydrocarbon fuel such as diesel or an electrical energy storage device such as a battery.

Combined hydrogen and power production

Method for stripping flexible substrate

A method for stripping a flexible substrate (30), comprising: providing a porous metal substrate (10); forming a buffer layer (20) on the porous metal substrate (10); forming a flexible substrate (30) on the buffer layer (20); putting the flexible substrate (30) into an electrolytic bath (51) to enable part of the porous metal substrate (10) to be immersed into an electrolyte; taking the porous metal substrate (10) as a cathode; performing electrolysis on water in the electrolyte by means of energization, so that the porous metal substrate (10) releases hydrogen; and stripping the flexible substrate (30) and the buffer layer (20) from the porous metal substrate (10) under the action force of hydrogen to obtain a flexible substrate (30) with the buffer layer (20) left at the bottom. The method has high efficiency without causing damage, thus improving the production yield of a flexible substrate (30), and has a high speed for stripping the flexible substrate (30), thus ensuring that a device ...

Electrochemical production of hydrogen from sea water

An apparatus for the electrochemical production of hydrogen gas from salt water is described where the apparatus comprises at least one cathode 05 (316L stainless steel) and at least one anode 04 (zinc 64). The anode may comprise; molybdenum tungsten, aluminium (aluminum), titanium, iron pyrite. The electrodes are spaced apart by a defined distance (the distance between each anode and cathode is equal to about three times the radius of the anode). Connectors 06,07 for electrically connecting the electrodes to a direct current electrical power supply are provided. The cathode 05 also comprises a paramagnetic material and the anode 04 comprises a diamagnetic material. A method of pretreating the cathode 05 material before the electrochemical process is performed is also defined.

Hypoxia training device

A process and application for the production of hydrogen

WATER DECOMPOSING APPARATUS

... 1519679 Water electrolyzer E SPIRIG 9 Dec 1976 51446/76 Heading C7B A bi-polar water electrolyzer for producing detonating gas comprises a plurality of nested endless laminar electrodes 11-15 (e.g. of concentric conical, cylindrical or parallelepipedal form) sealingly supported at their upper and lower edges by insulators 21, 22. The innermost and outermost electrodes to which a D.C. connection is made are imperforate. An inlet or outlet is provided in the innermost and outermost cells and the intermediate cells intercommunicate via apertures 60, 61, 62 formed only in the upper part of electrodes. Such apertures may be staggered or arranged on a line which may be horizontally inclined. Outer member 16 is electrically inoperative. The assembly, or a series-connected plurality thereof, may be immersed in an enclosed electrolyte tank or each assembly may have a separate recirculation system with a gas separator. The electrolysis current may be controlled via a thyristor or triac dependent ...

Electrolysis Apparatus

In an electrolysis apparatus (10), a D.C. electrical supply (17) is connected between two electrodes (11) (to establish an electrical path through the electrolyte) by way of a change-over switch (18) which serves for periodically reversing the polarity connections of the D.C. supply (17) to the electrodes (11). Deposits which build up on one electrode (11) are very rapidly removed when the polarity is reversed.

Steam raising for desalination processes

Saturated steam suitable for sea-water desalination distillation processes is raised by decomposing distilled water from any distillation process 3 in electrolyser 2 into hydrogen and oxygen gases which recombine in burner 4 forming superheated steam which is converted to a greater tonnage of saturated steam by mixing in desuperheater 5 with another part of distilled water from 3. Electrolyser 2 has separate cathodic and anodic half-cells, includes an integral acyclic voltage generator/converter 1, has close to nil ohmic resistance, operates at between 1.229 and 1.47 volts. It comprises conductive plate(s) having cathodic and anodic surfaces on both faces served with falling films of water electrolyte. After passing over these surfaces the electrolyte is cool and regains heat in heat exchanger 6 otherwise wasted in 3, before circulation to surfaces oppositely charged in the other half cell. Generator/converter 1 consists of permanently magnetised steel disc spinning in a slot cut in each ...

Compression casing for a fuel cell stack and a method for manufacturing a compression casing for a fuel cell stack

A fuel cell or electrolysis cell stack has force distribution members with one planar and one convex shape applied to at least its top and bottom face and in one embodiment further to two of its side faces. A compressed mat and further a rigid fixing collar surrounds the stack and force distribution members, whereby the stack is submitted to a compression force on at least the top and bottom face and potentially also to two side faces. The assembly is substantially gas tight in an axial direction of the primarily oval or circular shape and can be fitted with gas tight end plates to form robust gas inlet and outlet manifolds.

Water electrolysis system

A water electrolysis system includes a high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus, a water circulation apparatus and a vapor-liquid separation apparatus. The high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus generates oxygen and hydrogen The hydrogen has a pressure higher than a pressure of the oxygen. The water circulation apparatus circulates water to the high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus. The vapor-liquid separation apparatus separates a gas component discharged from an anode side of the high-pressure water electrolysis apparatus from the water in the water circulation apparatus. The vapor-liquid separation apparatus includes a reservoir, a blower and a movable wall. The movable wall is disposed in the reservoir. The movable wall is vertically movable in accordance with a water level in the reservoir and allows the gas component to pass therethrough.

Cavitation assisted sonochemical hydrogen production system

Embodiments of the invention are directed to an electrolyte composition of matter comprising an aqueous solvent, at least one inorganic salt dissolved in said solvent; and at least one organic acid or salt thereof, the acid being substantially soluble in the aqueous solvent and being present at a concentration sufficient to support cavitation-assisted electrolytic combustion. Low molecular weight organic acids and inorganic salts are demonstrated herein as being useful for generating hydrogen.

Method and system for generating electrical energy from water

Method and system for generating electrical energy from a volume of water.

Electrolytic conversion of waste water to potable water

A method for converting waste water into potable water using power from an electrical grid. The method comprises flowing the waste water through an electrolysis cell coupled to the grid, and, when power availability on the grid is above an upper threshold, biasing the electrolysis cell to form hydrogen. Hydrogen evolved in the electrolysis is then provided as fuel to one or more fuel cells. When the power availability on the grid is below a lower threshold, electric current and potable water are drawn from the one or more fuel cells.

Copper-based water oxidation catalysts

Methods for electrolysis of water to oxygen gas are provided. The method utilizes dimeric copper cations in water at a basic pH. The cations are provided in the water by adding a complex in solid form with an appropriate anion, or through a “self-assembly” method whereby a copper salt and appropriate ligands are added to water adjusted to a basic pH. The cations decrease the overpotential of water electrolysis, thereby providing for efficient generations of oxygen gas using a catalyst formed from an abundant material (copper).

Microbially-assisted water electrolysis for improving biomethane production

A method of producing in a bioreactor a biogas rich in methane involves electrolyzing water in an aqueous medium at a voltage in a range of from 1.8 V to 12 V in the presence of electrochemically active anaerobic microorganisms that biocatalyze production of hydrogen gas, and, contacting a species of hydrogenotrophic methanogenic microorganisms with the hydrogen gas and carbon dioxide to produce methane. Volumetric power consumption is in a range of from 0.03 Wh/L R to 0.3 Wh/L R . Current density is 0.01 A/cm E 2 or lower. The voltage is sufficient to electrolyze water without destroying microbial growth. Such a method results in improved electrolysis efficiency while avoiding the use of noble metal catalysts. Further, a combination of water electrolysis with anaerobic degradation of organic matter results in increased biogas quality and in increased biogas quantity and yield. Oxidation of hydrogen sulfide contributes to the increased quality, while an increase in the rate of organic matter hydrolysis and an increase in the production of methane from hydrogen contributes to the increased quantity and yield.

Combustion engine air supply

This disclosure relates to a dry cell system for separating water into hydrogen and oxygen in combination with catalytic-type chemicals and materials. The separated hydrogen/oxygen are provided into the air intake system of an internal combustion engine and used therein to greatly improve the operation of said internal combustion engine, both in regards to fuel consumption as well as detrimental exhaust products.

Modular electrochemical systems and methods

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Electrochemical separation modules

An electrochemical separation system may be modular and may include at least a first modular unit and a second modular unit. Each modular unit may include a cell stack and a frame. The frame may include a manifold system. A flow distribution system in the frame may enhance current efficiency. Spacers positioned between modular units may also enhance current efficiency of the system.

Process and apparatus for precipitating cationic metal hydroxides and the recovery of sulfuric acid from acidic solutions

An electric current is passed through an acidic solution containing one or more soluble metal salts in an electrolytic cell divided by an anion exchange membrane. The acidic solution is fed into the cathode compartment whereby the passage of electric current at sufficient voltage causes the generation of hydrogen at the cathode. This gives rise to a localized very highly polarized region at the cathode resulting in a localized effective high relative pH. This causes the metal cation species to precipitate as a hydroxide (or oxide) species and electroadsorption/electrocoagulation causes the finely precipitated hydroxide (or oxide) species to adhere to the cathode. Electrodialytic transport of the liberated acid anions across the anion exchange membrane selectively removes the acid anions. Oxygen and hydrogen ions are formed by hydrolysis as the counter-reaction at the anode. Hydrogen ions combine with the anions to regenerate sulfuric acid. This enables the recovery of cationic metal species within a solution in which the bulk pH would not ordinarily allow hydroxide formation, while simultaneously regenerating sulfuric acid. The anion exchange membrane keeps the acid anion separate from the metal and acid solution so as to enable the concentration and recovery of sulfuric acid.

Power dispatch system for electrolytic production of hydrogen from wind power

A system for distributing medium voltage DC electric power from a wind farm to electrolyser modules requiring low voltage DC power. The system includes one or more of each of central step down DC-DC converters, DC buses, regulated DC-DC converters, respective electrolyser module controllers, dispatch controllers, alternative loads, and alternative power sources.

Generating a chemical agent in situ

A method of cleaning teeth by providing a device for generating a chemical agent in situ on an as-needed basis via the application of an electrical potential across a pair of conductors in communication with an electrolyte. The chemical agents may include ozone, hydrogen peroxide, peroxide, chlorine and/or hypochlorite. The device may include a voltage source and a first set of electrodes for applying an electrical potential to the electrolyte. The device may also include a second set of electrodes disposed about an anode of the first set of electrodes. The first and second sets of anodes cooperate to produce ions, peroxides, ozone and/or other chemical agents via the application of electrical potential to the electrolyte.

High-pressure hydrogen producing apparatus

A high-pressure hydrogen producing apparatus includes a cell device and a piston member. The piston member is to apply a pressing force to the cell device from an end of the piston member in a stacking direction in which unit cells are stacked. The piston member is provided with a first hydrogen passage, at least one second hydrogen passage, and a hydrogen lead-out passage. The first hydrogen passage and the second hydrogen passage are spaced at substantially equal angular intervals on a virtual circle centered on a center of an end face of the piston member.

Molecular Molybdenum Persulfide and Related Catalysts for Generating Hydrogen from Water

New metal persulfido compositions of matter are described. :In one embodiment the metal is molybdenum and the metal persulfido complex mimics the structure and function of the triangular active edge site fragments of MoS 2 , a material that is the current industry standard for petroleum hydro desulfurization, as well as a promising low-cost alternative to platinum for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. This molecular [(PY5W 2 )MoS 2 ] x+ containing catalyst is capable of generating hydrogen from acidic-buffered water or even seawater at very low overpotentials at a turnover frequency rate in excess of 500 moles H 2 per mole catalyst per second, with a turnover number (over a 20 hour period) of at least 19,000,000 moles H 2 per mole of catalyst.

Cathode, electrolytic cell for electrolysis of alkali metal chloride, and method for producing negative electrode

The present invention provides a cathode that has a conductive substrate and a catalyst layer formed on the conductive substrate. The catalyst layer comprises a first layer and a second layer. The first layer at least includes palladium element and platinum element. The second layer at least includes iridium element and platinum element. The first layer is located on the conductive substrate, and the second layer is located on the first layer. The cathode is useful because it has a low hydrogen overvoltage and degradation and peel-off of the catalysis layer is reduced against reverse current generated when electrolysis is stopped.

Electrolyte supply tanks and bubbler tanks having improved gas diffusion properties for use in electrolyzer units

Electrolyte supply tanks and bubbler tanks for oxyhydrogen gas generation systems are provided which eliminate the introduction of electrolyte and water into the induction systems of internal combustion engines. Both types of tanks are equipped with porous polyethylene gas diffusers which break up incoming gas into microscopic bubbles, thereby facilitating the absorption of electrolyte mist and droplets returning to the electrolyte supply tank and minimizing splashing of incoming gas in bubbler tanks. Air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 70 μm are installed near the bottom of the electrolyte supply tanks, while air diffusers having an average pore diameter of about 35 μm are installed near the bottom of the bubbler tanks.

Hydrogen passivation shut down system for a fuel cell power plant

The invention is a hydrogen passivation shut down system for a fuel cell power plant ( 10, 200 ). During shut down of the plant ( 10, 200 ), hydrogen fuel is permitted to transfer between an anode flow path ( 24, 24′ ) and a cathode flow path ( 38, 38′ ) while a low-pressure hydrogen generator ( 202 ) selectively generates an adequate amount of hydrogen and directs flow of the low-pressure hydrogen into the fuel cell ( 12′ ) downstream from a hydrogen inlet valve ( 52′ ) to maintain the fuel cell ( 12′ ) in a passive state.

Method and apparatus for cooking using a combustible gas produced with an electrolyzer

A domestic apparatus, such as a cooking appliance, uses hydrogen and, optionally electrical heating, to cook food. The cooking appliance may have a cooking surface (e.g. a grilling surface) so as to result in an indoor barbeque, which may be used with no venting or reduced venting requirements.

Electrochemical process to recycle aqueous alkali chemicals using ceramic ion conducting solid membranes

A method for producing an alkali metal hydroxide, comprises providing an electrolytic cell that includes at least one membrane having ceramic material configured to selectively transport alkali metal ions. The method includes introducing a first solution comprising an alkali metal hydroxide solution into a catholyte compartment such that said first solution is in communication with the membrane and a cathode. A second solution comprising at least one alkali metal salt and one or more monovalent, divalent, or multivalent metal salts is introduced into an anolyte compartment such that said second solution is in communication with the membrane and an anode. The method includes applying an electric potential to the electrolytic cell such that alkali metal ions pass through the membrane and are available to undertake a chemical reaction with hydroxyl ions in the catholyte compartment to form alkali metal hydroxide.

Proton exchange membrane electrolysis using water vapor as a feedstock

A light-driven electrolytic cell that uses water vapor as the feedstock and that has no wires or connections whatsoever to an external electrical power source of any kind. In one embodiment, the electrolytic cell uses a proton exchange membrane (PEM) with an IrRuO x water oxidation catalyst and a Pt black water reduction catalyst to consume water vapor and generate molecular oxygen and a chemical fuel, molecular hydrogen. The operation of the electrolytic cell using water vapor supplied by a humidified carrier gas has been demonstrated under varying conditions of the gas flow rate, the relative humidity, and the presence or absence of oxygen. The performance of the system with water vapor was also compared to the performance when the device was immersed in liquid water.

Hydrogen production system for controlling the power output of power stations based on renewable energhy sources and control process

It stands out mainly for consisting of a nested configuration of electrolysis units ( 5 ), independently operated, the power output values of which are descendant in such a manner that, for any unit of the system, the sum of the power output values of the smaller electrolysis units ( 5 ) is always greater than or equal to the “dead band” (DB) of said units, allowing reduction of the dead band of said hydrogen production system ( 4 ) to negligible levels, avoiding loss or discharge of the energy generated in said renewable power stations, preferably one or several wind farms ( 2 ) formed by a group of wind turbines ( 1 ), connected to the power grid ( 3 ) as a consequence of the implementation of a primary control service therein or, in general, of any other active power control service, thereby optimising the total energy obtained.

FUEL CELL, CATALYST AND METHODS

A hydrogen fuel cell comprising: an anode; a cathode; an electrolyte; means for supplying a hydrogen-containing fuel to the fuel cell; and means for supplying an oxidant to the fuel cell; wherein the anode and, optionally, the cathode includes a catalyst comprising an alloy of the formula (I): PdBiM(I) wherein: M is one or more metals; x is 0.2 to 0.4; y is 0.6 to 0.8; z is not greater than 0.1; and x+y+z=1; is described. Catalysts and electrodes for hydrogen fuel cells comprising the alloy and electrochemical methods using the alloy catalysts are also described. 1. A hydrogen fuel cell comprising:an anode;a cathode;an electrolyte; andmeans for supplying a hydrogen-containing fuel to the fuel cell; andmeans for supplying an oxidant to the fuel cell; {'br': None, 'sub': x', 'y', 'z, 'PdBiM\u2003\u2003(I)'}, 'wherein the anode and, optionally, the cathode includes a catalyst comprising an alloy of the formula (I)wherein:M is one or more metals;x is 0.2 to 0.4;y is 0.6 to 0.8;z is not greater than 0.1; andx+y+z=1.2. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein x is 0.3 to 0.35 and y is 0.65 to 0.7.3. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein M is a metal selected from Groups 7 to 11 of the Periodic Table or a combination of any thereof.4. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein M is a metal selected from Re claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Os claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ir claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Pt claim 1 , Ag and Au or a combination of any thereof.5. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 4 , wherein M is Ni or Pt or a combination of any thereof.6. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein z is not greater than 0.05.7. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 6 , wherein z is not greater than 0.01.8. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 7 , wherein z is 0.9. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the alloy comprises the a-phase of BiPd.10. A hydrogen fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is present only on the ...

High Pressure Gas System

Among other things, a device for use in electrolyzing water is described. The device comprises an electrolysis unit that includes a chamber, an ion exchange structure in the chamber, a cathode, an anode, a high pressure chamber, and a reservoir. The chamber is separated by the ion exchange structure into a first compartment and a second compartment. The cathode is in the first compartment and the anode in the second compartment. The reservoir is disposed in the high pressure chamber for storing water to be supplied to the chamber of the electrolysis unit. In some implementations, the ion exchange structure is a proton exchange membrane.

System for Producing and Supplying Hydrogen and Sodium Chlorate, Comprising a Sodium Chloride Electrolyser for Producing Sodium Chlorate

A system is provided for producing hydrogen and oxygen based on decomposition of sodium chlorate (NaClO). In a service station, NaClOis produced by a sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyser. The service station is supplied with water (HO), NaCl, and energy in order to carry out an electrolysis reaction in the electroyser, to produce NaClOand gaseous hydrogen (H). The NaClOand Hare supplied to vehicles. Each vehicle includes a reactor for decomposing the NaClOand producing reaction products of NaCl and oxygen, with the oxygen being supplied to a fuel cell. 17-. (canceled)8. A system for producing and supplying hydrogen and oxygen for an electrical vehicle , the system comprising:{'sub': '3', 'a service station for producing a supply of hydrogen and a supply of sodium chlorate (NaClO), the service station including at least one sodium chloride (NaCl) electrolyser; and'}{'sub': 3', '3, 'a vehicle structured to connect to the service station in order to receive the supply of hydrogen and the supply of NaClO, the supply of hydrogen being stored in the vehicle in a hydrogen tank, and the supply of NaClObeing stored in the vehicle in a sodium chlorate tank,'}{'sub': '3', 'wherein the vehicle includes a fuel system for transforming hydrogen and NaClOinto electrical energy in order to supply at least one electrical device of the vehicle.'}9. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the at least one electrical device is a motor used to cause displacement of the vehicle.10. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station is connected to an electrical supply source that provides energy required to generate an electrolysis reaction in the electrolyser.11. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station includes intermediate storage tanks for storing the supply of hydrogen and the supply of NaClObefore delivery to the vehicle.12. The system according to claim 8 , wherein the service station includes:{'sub': '3', 'the at least one NaCl electrolyser, which ...

Method for producing hydrogen from water by means of a high-temperature electrolyzer

Water is heated to a process temperature of an electrolyzer, e.g., more than 500° C. Then, the water is electrolyzed in the electrolyzer to form product gases hydrogen (H 2 ) and oxygen (O 2 ). The product gas hydrogen (H 2 ) is compressed by a compressing apparatus and cooled by a cooling medium that feeds the thermal energy to heat the water.

Method and apparatus for an efficient Hydrogen production

Disclosed is a method, apparatus and system for sorting ions. According to some embodiments of the present invention, ions may be sorted to produce hydrogen gas from water. The apparatus may include a first electric field source, an insulation layer to electrically isolate the first field sources from the water, a first deionization surface within a field line of the first field source; and a conductor connected to the first deionization surface and adapted to discharge charge built up due to attracted ions at the first deionization surface. 1. An apparatus to produce hydrogen gas from water , said apparatus comprising:a first electric field source;an insulation layer to electrically isolate said first electric field source from the water;a first conductive deionization surface within a field line of said first electric field source; andan electric conductor connected to said first conductive deionization surface and adapted to discharge charge built up due to attracted ions at the first conductive deionization surface;wherein said first electric field source is electrically isolated from the water by said insulation layer and the apparatus is configured wherein hydrogen is produced on said first conductive deionization surface positioned within the water.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , comprising a second conductive deionization surface.3. The apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein said first and second deionization surfaces are electrically connected.4. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a second electric field source.5. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising an electric power source adapted to charge said first field source.6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , further comprising a switching circuit adapted to switchably connect said power source to said field source.7. The apparatus according to claim 6 , wherein said switching circuit includes a diode.8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a ...

Use of oxyhydrogen microorganisms for non-photosynthetic carbon capture and conversion of inorganic and/or c1 carbon sources into useful organic compounds

Compositions and methods for a hybrid biological and chemical process that captures and converts carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and/or CI carbon sources including but not limited to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formate, or formic acid, and/or mixtures containing CI chemicals including but not limited to various syngas compositions, into organic chemicals including bio-fuels or other valuable biomass, chemical, industrial, or pharmaceutical products are provided. The present invention, in certain embodiments, fixes inorganic carbon or CI carbon sources into longer carbon chain organic chemicals by utilizing microorganisms capable of performing the oxyhydrogen reaction and the autotrophic fixation of CO 2 in one or more steps of the process.

SYSTEM TO PRODUCE HYDROGEN GAS FUEL

A process for producing hydrogen gas fuel from water source or waste water source or a combination thereof, which includes the steps of generating electrical power by at least an electrical power supplying means or from a means to supply electrical power, storing the electrical power in at least an electrical power storage means, supplying electricity for pumping the from the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof to a hydrogen fuel electrolyzer while level of the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof within the electrolyzer and pump are controlled, and electrolyzing the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof in the presence of a catalyst solution such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or ethanoic acid, having 2% to 6% v/v% (or any other unit that is appropriate) for a period of at least 0.03 hours to 60 hours to produce hydrogen gas fuel. 1. A process for producing hydrogen gas fuel from water source or waste water source or a combination thereof , wherein the process includes the steps of:(a) generating electrical power by at least an electrical power supplying means or from a means to supply electrical power;(b) storing the electrical power in at least an electrical power storage means;(c) supplying electricity for pumping the from the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof to a hydrogen fuel electrolyzer while level of the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof within the electrolyzer and pump are controlled, and(d) electrolyzing the water source or waste water source or a combination thereof in the presence of a catalyst solution such as potassium hydroxide, sodium hydroxide or ethanoic acid, having 2% to 6% v/v% (or any other unit that is appropriate) for a period of at least 0.03 hours to 60 hours to produce hydrogen gas fuel.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen gas fuel is supplied to intended users via pipeline distribution ...

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION SYSTEM

Hydrogen production apparatus including an electrode pair including hydrogen electrode and oxygen electrode, a partition wall interposed between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode, and a tank containing the electrode pair, the partition wall, and an aqueous electrolyte solution, the hydrogen production apparatus generating hydrogen by electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte solution by the electrode pair, in which the oxygen electrode includes an oxide or a hydroxide of a metal, and the specific surface area of the oxygen electrode is larger than that of the hydrogen electrode. Deterioration of the electrode caused by oxidation-reduction can be suppressed and the response to the fluctuation of an inputted power by the renewable energy, and reliability can be improved since a potential at the oxygen electrode can be kept at a predetermined level or higher in the hydrogen production apparatus. 1. A hydrogen production apparatus comprising:an elect rode pair including a hydrogen electrode and an oxygen electrode;a partition wall interposed between the hydrogen electrode and the oxygen electrode; anda tank containing the electrode pair, the partition wall, and an aqueous electrolyte solution,the hydrogen production apparatus generating hydrogen by electrolysis of the aqueous electrolyte solution by the electrode pair,wherein the charge/discharge capacitance of the oxygen electrode is 10 to 10,000 times as large as that of the hydrogen electrode.2. A hydrogen production system comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a configuration having a plurality of the hydrogen production apparatuses according to connected in parallel; and'}a power generation unit,wherein charge/discharge capacitance of a part or all of the oxygen electrodes of the hydrogen production apparatuses is the hydrogen production apparatus.3. The hydrogen production apparatus according to claim 1 ,wherein hydrogen is generated by electrolysis of water by the electrode ...

High-temperature electrolyser (hte) with improved operating safety

A high-temperature electrolyser including a stack of electrolysis cells in which steam is made to flow both at a cathode and at an anode. The architecture of the electrolyser is configured to have each cathode inlet end and anode inlet end close to an oxygen, or respectably hydrogen, collection duct portion. With the structure, a buffer volume of steam is created around the oxygen and hydrogen collectors, which therefore constitutes a simple and effective sealing mechanism within the electrolyser.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN GAS

This invention relates to a process and an apparatus for generating hydrogen and oxygen gas by electrolysis of water. The process involves forming an electrolyte including alkaline ions and the water and generating plasma between electrodes immersed in the electrolyte by applying an electrical potential between the electrodes. The plasma ionises the electrolyte, thereby generating hydrogen and oxygen gas. The process further involves controlling the process by relocating the generated plasma between two or more further electrodes. 1. An apparatus for producing hydrogen gas from electrolyte , the apparatus comprising:(a) a cell defining a volume for containing an electrolyte, the cell comprising an electrically conductive material;(b) an electrolyte reservoir and a conduit linking the reservoir to the cell to supply the electrolyte to the volume;(c) at least one gas collection vessel and at least one off-gas line linking the at least one gas collection vessel to the cell to convey gas away from the cell;(d) one or more cathodes positioned within the cell for immersion within electrolyte contained within the cell and for generating plasma;(e) two or more further electrodes positioned within the cell for immersion within the electrolyte and for generating electrical field within the cell to relocate plasma generated at the or each cathode away from the or each cathode, each further electrode being electrically isolated from the cathode.2. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the two or more further electrodes define a planar surface area for spatially distributing plasma between the surface area and the cell.3. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the two or more further electrodes include an array of apertures for increasing the surface area of the electrode to enhance spatial distribution of plasma.4. An apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the cell comprises an anode for forming plasma in conjunction with the cathode and the cathode is electrically ...

Apparatus and method for generating hydrogen from water

Described herein is an apparatus is capable of generating hydrogen and oxygen gases from water containing little or no electrolyte. The apparatus includes a container and at least one electrolysis assembly comprising one or more permanent magnets which are covered with at least one pair of porous conductive electrodes separated by a non conductive insulator. The assembly is connected to the leads of a direct current power supply. After the container is filled with water to cover the electrodes, application of voltage from the power supply results in the generation of hydrogen and oxygen gases. This apparatus and method provides a means of producing and distributing hydrogen on-site, simply and inexpensively, since it uses very little energy and liquefaction, transportation, and delivery costs can be avoided.

Electrochemical cell with improved water or gas management

An electrochemical cell having a water/gas porous separator prepared from a polymeric material and one or more conductive cell components that pass through, or are located in close proximity to, the water/gas porous separator, is provided. The inventive cell provides a high level of in-cell electrical conductivity.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

A hydrogen production device of the present invention includes a photoelectric conversion portion having a light-receiving surface and a back surface, a first electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface, and a second electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface. As a result of reception of light by the photoelectric conversion portion, a potential difference is generated between a first area on the back surface and a second area on the back surface, the first area becomes electrically connected to the first electrolysis electrode, and the second area becomes electrically connected to the second electrolysis electrode. When the first electrolysis electrode and the second electrolysis electrode contact an electrolyte solution, the first electrolysis electrode forms a hydrogen generation portion that generates Hfrom the electrolyte solution using an electromotive force generated as a result of reception of light by the photoelectric conversion portion and the second electrolysis electrode forms an oxygen generation portion that generates Ofrom the electrolyte solution using the electromotive force. 1. A hydrogen production device comprising a photoelectric conversion portion having a light-receiving surface and a back surface; a first electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface; and a second electrolysis electrode provided on the back surface ,wherein, as a result of reception of light by the photoelectric conversion portion, a potential difference is generated between a first area on the back surface and a second area on the back surface, the first area becomes electrically connected to the first electrolysis electrode, and the second area becomes electrically connected to the second electrolysis electrode, and{'sub': 2', '2, 'when the first electrolysis electrode and the second electrolysis electrode contact an electrolyte solution, the first electrolysis electrode forms a hydrogen generation portion that generates Hfrom the electrolyte ...

ARTICLES, DEVICES, SYSTEMS, AND METHODS FOR SOLAR ENERGY STORAGE AND/OR UTILIZATION

The present invention generally relates to articles, devices, systems, and methods relating to the storage of solar energy and/or solar energy utilization. In some embodiments, the articles, devices, and systems may be used to carry out photocatalytic reactions, for example, the photocatalytic production of oxygen and/or hydrogen gases from water. 1. An article for carrying out an photochemical oxidation and/or reduction reaction at the surface of water , the article comprising:a first anode;a first cathode; anda first photoactive material, wherein at least a portion of the first photoactive material is in electrical communication with the first anode and the first cathode,wherein the article has a density less than or equal to the density of water such that at least a portion of the article, when placed in water, is above the surface of the water.2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first cathode is not in physical contact with the first anode.3. The article of claim 1 , further comprising a core material.4. The article of claim 3 , wherein the first anode claim 3 , the first cathode claim 3 , the first photoactive material claim 3 , and the core are integrally connected.5. The article of claim 1 , further comprising:a second anode;a second cathode, wherein the second cathode is not in physical contact with the second anode; anda second photoactive material, wherein at least a portion of the second photoactive material is in contact with the second anode and the second cathode,wherein the second anode is in contact with the first cathode and the second cathode is not in contact with the first anode, or alternatively, wherein the second cathode is in contact with the first anode and the second anode is not in contact with the first cathode.6. A device claim 1 , comprising:a first anode and a first cathode, wherein the first cathode is not in physical contact with the first anode;a first photoactive material section, wherein at least a portion of the first ...

NbON FILM, METHOD FOR PRODUCING NbON FILM, HYDROGEN GENERATION DEVICE, AND ENERGY SYSTEM PROVIDED WITH SAME

The NbON film of the present invention is a NbON film in which a photocurrent is generated by light irradiation. The NbON film of the present invention is desirably a single-phase film. The hydrogen generation device () of the present invention includes: an optical semiconductor electrode () including a conductor () and the NbON film () of the present invention disposed on the conductor (); a counter electrode () connected electrically to the conductor (); a water-containing electrolyte () disposed in contact with a surface of the NbON film () and a surface of the counter electrode (); and a container () containing the optical semiconductor electrode (), the counter electrode (), and the electrolyte (). In this device, hydrogen is generated by irradiating the NbON film () with light. 1. A NbON film in which a photocurrent is generated by light irradiation , the NbON film being a single-phase film.2. (canceled)3. The NbON film according to claim 1 , wherein the NbON film is formed by bringing claim 1 , into contact with a heated substrate claim 1 , vaporized RN═Nb(NRR)(where R claim 1 , R claim 1 , and Rare each independently a hydrocarbon group) and at least either one selected from oxygen and water vapor.4. The NbON film according to claim 3 , wherein Ris a tertiary butyl group (—C(CH)) claim 3 , and Rand Rare each independently a straight-chain alkyl group (n-CH claim 3 , where n is an integer of 1 or more).5. A method for producing a NbON film claim 3 , the method comprising the steps of:{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'sub': '3', '(I) vaporizing RN═Nb(NRR)(where R, R, and Rare each independently a hydrocarbon group); and'}{'sup': 1', '2', '3, 'sub': '3', '(II) bringing, into contact with a heated substrate, the vaporized RN═Nb(NRR)and at least either one selected from oxygen and water vapor,'}{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '1', '2', '3, 'sub': 3', '3, 'wherein in the step (II), the substrate is heated to a temperature that is equal to or higher than a boiling point ...

EXTRACTION OF CARBON DIOXIDE AND HYDROGEN FROM SEAWATER AND HYDROCARBON PRODUCTION THEREFROM

Apparatus for seawater acidification including an ion exchange, cathode and anode electrode compartments and cation-permeable membranes that separate the electrode compartments from the ion exchange compartment. Means is provided for feeding seawater through the ion exchange compartment and for feeding a dissociable liquid media through the anode and cathode electrode compartments. A cathode is located in the cathode electrode compartment and an anode is located in the anode electrode compartment and a means for application of current to the cathode and anode is provided. A method for the acidification of seawater by subjecting the seawater to an ion exchange reaction to exchange H ions for Na ions. Carbon dioxide may be extracted from the acidified seawater. Optionally, the ion exchange reaction can be conducted under conditions which produce hydrogen as well as carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide and hydrogen may be used to produce hydrocarbons. 1. A method for treatment of seawater comprising the step of subjecting the seawater to an ion exchange reaction to exchange H ions for Na ions in the seawater under conditions sufficient to lower a pH of the seawater to less than about 6.5.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the conditions are sufficient to lower a pH of the seawater to less than about 4.5.3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein a current density resulting from applied current is from about 5 to about 200 mA/cm.4. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the seawater is fed to the ion exchange reaction at a at a velocity of from about 20 to about 500 cm/min.5. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein sufficient current is applied in the ion exchange reaction to generate excess hydrogen.6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising the step of reversing the polarity of the anode and cathode.7. The method as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising the step of separating carbon dioxide from acidified seawater obtained from the ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING GAS

This invention relates to an electrolysis method and electrolysis apparatus () for producing oxygenated and hydrogenated fluid. The apparatus () comprises first and second outer end members ( and ), both being of polyethylene and at least two spaced apart permeable electrodes ( and ). The permeable electrode ( and ) are each of a foraminous or perforated material, such as nickel foam sheet material. The two permeable electrodes ( and ) are arranged generally parallel to one another and are relatively closely spaced from one another. An inlet chamber () is therefore defined between the first and second permeable electrodes ( and ). A first oxygenated fluid collection chamber () is disposed between the first permeable electrode () and the first end member () and a second hydrogenated fluid collection chamber () is disposed between the second permeable electrode () and the second end member (). 1. A method for producing combustible fluid from an electrolytic solution during a process of electrolysis comprising providing an electrolytic solution; providing an electrolysing apparatus having first and second spaced apart permeable electrodes , defining a chamber between them , having at least one inlet; passing the solution into the chamber via the inlet; and applying a voltage to the apparatus across the electrodes to electrolyse the solution in the chamber so that a first combustible fluid forms on the first electrode and a second combustible fluid forms on the second electrode , and passing the first combustible fluid out of the chamber via the first electrode and the second combustible fluid out of the chamber via the second electrode.2. A method according to wherein the combustible fluid is hydrogenated and oxygenated.3. A method according to wherein the permeable electrodes are each perforated or foraminous.4. A method according to wherein each permeable electrode is of a mesh or foam material.5. A method according to wherein each permeable electrode is made of a ...

Oxygen-Rich Plasma Generators for Boosting Internal Combustion Engines

Systems and methods for improving the efficiency and/or reducing emissions of an internal combustion engine are disclosed. The system may comprise a tank configured to store an aqueous solution consisting essentially of water and a predetermined quantity of electrolyte. The system may further comprise a cell configured for aiding in the electrolysis of the aqueous solution, the cell may comprise a plurality of plates arranged substantially parallel to one another and the plurality of plates may be spaced substantially equidistant from an adjacent one of the plurality of plates. In exemplary embodiments, at least one seal may be located between the plurality of plates to create a substantially air tight and substantially water tight seal between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates to aid in preventing the aqueous solution located between adjacent ones of the plurality of plates from leaking out of the cell. The systems and methods may provide an improved oxygen-hydrogen gas mixture for use with an internal combustion engine.

Stainless steel anodes for alkaline water electrolysis and methods of making

The corrosion resistance of stainless steel anodes for use in alkaline water electrolysis was increased by immersion of the stainless steel anode into a caustic solution prior to electrolysis. Also disclosed herein are electrolyzers employing the so-treated stainless steel anodes. The pre-treatment process provides a stainless steel anode that has a higher corrosion resistance than an untreated stainless steel anode of the same composition.

Hydrogen evolution device and fuel cell system comprising the same

A hydrogen evolution device that liberates hydrogen upon passage of an electric current, wherein an amount of liberated hydrogen is proportional to an amount of the current, includes at least one hydrogen evolution cell including an electrochemically oxidizable anode, a hydrogen cathode and an electrolyte, and at least one heating resistor thermally coupled to the hydrogen cathode directly or via a solid or liquid heat conductor.

TURBINE-INTEGRATED HYDROFOIL

A turbine integrated within a hydrofoil extracts energy from a free-flowing motive fluid. In the preferred embodiment, the turbine is of the crossflow variety with runner blades coaxial to the width of the hydrofoil. The foremost edge of the hydrofoil comprises a slot covered by a continuously adjustable gate for controlling the overall drag imposed by the turbine. The hydrofoil mounts to a sailing vessel by means of a gimbal on a structure affixed to the hull, enabling the turbine to optimally respond to changes in direction of the free-flowing motive fluid and facilitating guidance and stability of the vessel. 1. A sailing vessel including a generator which generates electricity in response to moving fluids , the sailing vessel comprising:a hull configured to provide flotation;one or more sails configured to harness wind forces to move the hull in a desired direction;a hydrofoil coupled to said hull, the hydrofoil configured to reduce drag on the hull, wherein the hydrofoil houses a turbine for extracting energy from moving fluids; anda gated opening on said hydrofoil configured to adjustably control said moving fluids to thereby adjustably reduce drag on said hull.2. The sailing vessel of wherein said turbine is a cross-flow turbine.3. The sailing vessel of further comprising a battery configured to store electricity generated by said turbine.4. The sailing vessel of wherein said turbine comprises a DC generator.5. The sailing vessel of wherein an average field coil excitation current of said DC generator is controlled using switch mode current control.6. The sailing vessel of wherein said hydrofoil is coupled to said hull using a gimbal.7. (canceled)8. A drag reducing apparatus configured to reduce drag on a vessel and generate electricity claim 1 , the drag reducing apparatus comprising:a gated hydrofoil configured to be coupled to a vessel, said gated hydrofoil housing a turbine operatively coupled to a generator, the generator configured to generate ...

Stable formulations

Described herein are aqueous formulations with stabilized reactive and/or radical species.

MIXED GAS GENERATING DEVICE

Disclosed is a mixed gas generating device and has an object to provide a mixed gas generating device capable of generating CO and Hwith favorable energy efficiency. An energy efficiency characteristic line of electrolysis with respect to a generation ratio between CO and H(CO/H) becomes a curve projecting downward. Thus, electrolysis is executed not at an operation point A where CO/H=1/2 is given but in a divided manner at an operation point B and an operation point C. However, the electrolysis time is divided into electrolysis time periods such that the generation ratio of a mixed gas becomes CO/H=1/2 after the electrolysis is executed with the respective generation ratios. As a result, energy efficiency in the vicinity of an operation point D higher than the operation point A can be obtained. 1. A mixed gas generating device for generating a mixed gas composed of hydrogen and carbon monoxide with a predetermined mixing ratio by electrolyzing water and carbon dioxide , comprising:at least one electrolytic tank provided with water and carbon dioxide therein;a pair of electrodes provided in said electrolytic tank; andpotential control means for applying, instead of a predetermined potential difference which achieves said predetermined mixing ratio, a plurality of potential differences including a potential difference larger than said predetermined potential difference and a potential difference smaller than said predetermined potential difference between said electrodes.2. The mixed gas generating device according to claim 1 , whereinsaid plurality of potential differences are determined so that an energy efficiency (a calorific value of a generated product to input energy) obtained in the case where each of said plurality of potential difference is applied between said electrodes is higher than that obtained in the case where said predetermined potential difference is applied between said electrodes.3. The mixed gas generating device according to claim 2 , ...

Solar fuels generator

The solar fuels generator includes an ionically conductive separator between a gaseous first phase and a second phase. A photoanode uses one or more components of the first phase to generate cations during operation of the solar fuels generator. A cation conduit is positioned provides a pathway along which the cations travel from the photoanode to the separator. The separator conducts the cations. A second solid cation conduit conducts the cations from the separator to a photocathode.

Method of and device for optimizing a hydrogen generating system

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied.

Pumpless, fanless electrolyte-circulation system

A pumpless, fanless electrolyte-circulation system comprises an electrolyzer core that generates hydrogen and oxygen gases and includes a water electrolyzer having a plurality of electrolytic serial clusters connected substantially in parallel with each other and assembled into respective sealed reaction cells. Each of the electrolytic serial clusters includes a plurality of electrolytic cells. An electrolyte container includes a plurality of electrolytes in form of a concentration and is substantially separated from and connected to the electrolyzer core with a supply tube and return tube. A frame is substantially resistant to the concentration and separates a plurality of electrodes. Releasing of the gases brings the electrolytes in the electrolyzer core out of the electrolyzer core through the supply tube into the electrolyte container. The return tube allows each of the electrolytes to enter the electrolyzer core such that the electrolyte is forced to circulate by a releasing force of the gases.

Unit cell for flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolyzer, and flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell and flat-tubular solid oxide electrolyzer using the same

This invention relates to a unit cell for a flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolyzer, and a flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell and a flat-tubular solid oxide electrolyzer using the same, and more particularly to a unit cell for a flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolyzer, wherein the unit cell includes a connector including connection parts, thus decreasing the thickness of the unit cell and reducing the size of a cell stack, and to a flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell and a flat-tubular solid oxide electrolyzer using the same. 1. A unit cell for a flat-tubular solid oxide fuel cell or solid oxide electrolyzer , comprising:an anode including a plurality of first gas passages therein;an electrolyte layer applied on the anode;a cathode formed on the electrolyte layer; anda connector formed on a surface of the electrolyte layer opposite a surface on which the cathode is formed,wherein the connector includes a plurality of connection parts which are spaced apart from each other in a longitudinal direction of the unit cell to form a second gas passage.2. The unit cell of claim 1 , wherein the connection parts are spaced apart from each other in a wave form in the longitudinal direction of the unit cell.3. The unit cell of claim 1 , wherein the connector further includes a support part claim 1 , and the connection parts are spaced apart from each other in the longitudinal direction of the unit cell to form the second gas passage claim 1 , and the support part is integratedly formed with the connection parts in a manner that is attached to a lateral surface of the connection parts so as to support the connection parts.4. The unit cell of claim 3 , wherein the connector is provided in a comb shape claim 3 , and the lateral surface of the connection parts is supported by the support part.5. The unit cell of claim 3 , wherein when one unit cell is stacked with another unit cell claim 3 , the lateral surface of the connection parts to ...

Novel metal complex catalysts and uses thereof

The invention relates to novel metal complexes useful as catalysts in redox reactions (such as, hydrogen (H 2 ) production). In particular, the invention provides novel transition metal (e.g., cobalt (Co) or nickel (Ni)) complexes, in which the transition metal is coupled with N,N-Bis(2-pyridinylmethyl)-2,2′-Bipyridine-6-methanamine (DPA-Bpy), 6′-((bis(pyridin-2-ylmethyl)amino)methyl)-N,N-dimethyl-2,2′-bipyridin-6-amine (DPA-ABpy), or a derivative thereof. The invention also relates to a method of producing H 2 from an aqueous solution by using the metal complex as a catalyst. In certain embodiments, the invention provides a metal complex of the formulae as described herein.

Electrolytic Apparatus and Method for Treating Water to Remove Nitrates, Phosphates, Arsenic, Molecules of High Molecular Weight, and Organic Materials

An apparatus for treating contaminated water includes an electrolytic cell and a flow directing device. The electrolytic cell includes an anode chamber, a cathode chamber, an anode, a cathode, and a membrane. The anode is in the anode chamber and the cathode is in the cathode chamber. The membrane is positioned in the electrolytic cell to maintain a pH difference between the anode chamber and cathode chamber when a voltage is applied between the anode and cathode. The contaminated water for treatment is provided with hydrogen ions at the anode and with hydroxyl ions at the cathode when the voltage is applied. The flow directing device is connected to direct the water from the anode chamber to the cathode chamber.

FUEL MANUFACTURING SYSTEM

The present invention relates to a fuel manufacturing system and has an object to provide a fuel manufacturing system which can simplify in term of the system construction. An electrolytic solution having a property of absorbing COis used in the system. Therefore, a mixed gas can be generated directly with the electrolytic solution in which COhas absorbed. In short, a COabsorbing process is only needed to execute, which is shown in FIG. . Thus, the mixed gas generating process can be simplified as compared to a system including the COreleasing process (FIG. ). And the system construction can be downsized since a device for the COreleasing process can be omitted. 1. A fuel manufacturing system , comprising:an electrolysis device for generating carbon monoxide and hydrogen by electrolyzing carbon dioxide and water, respectively; anda fuel synthesizing device for synthesizing hydrocarbon fuel, by occurring Fischer-Tropsch reaction, from carbon monoxide and hydrogen which are generated in the electrolysis device, whereinthe electrolysis device comprises ionic liquid as electrolytic solution having a property of absorbing carbon dioxide therein.2. The fuel manufacturing system according to claim 1 , wherein said ionic liquid has protonic conductivity.3. (canceled)5. The fuel manufacturing system according to claim 1 , whereinsaid electrolysis device comprises a electrolytic cell comprising a cathode room filled with said electrolytic solution, an anode room filled with water, a proton-conducting separating membrane for separating said anode room and said cathode room. The present invention relates to a fuel manufacturing system. More particularly, the present invention relates to a fuel manufacturing system for synthesizing the fuel from Hand CO generated by electrolysis.Fossil fuels including petroleum, coal, natural gas and the like are used as a material for generating heat or electricity, and fuels for transportation so as to support the modern energy consumption ...

ELECTROLYSER AND ENERGY SYSTEM

An electrolyser operates within an energy system, for example to provide grid services, energy storage or fuel, or to produce hydrogen from electricity produced from renewable resources. The electrolyser may be configured to operate at frequently or quickly varying rates of electricity consumption or to operate at a specified power consumption. In one process of operating an electrolyser, a series of dispatches is received indicating a specified power consumption for a period of time. The dispatches may occur at least once every 30 minutes. The electrolyser is operated according to the dispatches. Hydrogen produced by the electrolyser is discharged to a natural gas system. 1. A process comprising the steps of ,a) providing an electrolyser;b) receiving a series of dispatches indicating a specified power consumption for a period of time, the dispatches occurring at least once every 30 minutes;c) operating the electrolyser according to the dispatches; and,d) discharging hydrogen produced during step c) to a natural gas system.2. The process of wherein the dispatches occur at least once every 10 minutes.3. The process of wherein step c) comprises operating the electrolyser according to the dispatch order within a specified tolerance.4. The process of wherein step d) comprises converting the hydrogen into methane before injecting it into the natural gas pipeline.5. The process of wherein the electrolyser has a controller and an electricity meter claim 1 , and wherein the controller is adapted to operate a DC power supply so as to consume electricity at a pre-determined rate.6. The process of wherein in step c) the electrolyser is operated to according to the dispatches as part of an aggregation of i) multiple electrolysers or ii) at least one electrolyser and at least one other variable load.7. The process of further comprising steps of claim 1 ,a) injecting the hydrogen into the natural gas system at a first location;b) measuring the amount of hydrogen injected into the ...

Pem water electrolyser module

A PEM water electrolyser module and method comprising a plurality of structural plates each having a sidewall extending between opposite end faces with a half cell chamber opening, at least one oxygen degassing chamber opening, and at least one hydrogen gas collection manifold opening, extending through the structural plate between opposite end faces. The structural plates are arranged in face to face juxtaposition between opposite end plates.

Method for Removing Nitrogen Oxides from Combustion Fumes with On-Site Generation of Ammonia

A method for the control of nitrogen oxides content in the combustion fumes of a thermal power plant is disclosed; the method comprises the on-site production of ammonia by the steps of: electrolysis of water as a source of hydrogen; separation of air as a source of nitrogen, formation of a make-up gas and synthesis of ammonia in a suitable synthesis loop; said on-site produced ammonia, or a solution thereof, is used for a process of reduction of nitrogen oxides in the combustion fumes.

Use of oxyhydrogen microorganisms for non-photosynthetic carbon capture and conversion of inorganic and/or c1 carbon sources into useful organic compounds

Compositions and methods for a hybrid biological and chemical process that captures and converts carbon dioxide and/or other forms of inorganic carbon and/or C1 carbon sources including but not limited to carbon monoxide, methane, methanol, formate, or formic acid, and/or mixtures containing C1 chemicals including but not limited to various syngas compositions, into organic chemicals including biofuels or other valuable biomass, chemical, industrial, or pharmaceutical products are provided. The present invention, in certain embodiments, fixes inorganic carbon or C1 carbon sources into longer carbon chain organic chemicals by utilizing microorganisms capable of performing the oxyhydrogen reaction and the autotrophic fixation of CO 2 in one or more steps of the process.

Hydrogen filling station system and method of operation therefor

A hydrogen filling station system generates hydrogen on demand. The hydrogen filling station system includes a PEM electrolyzer for generating hydrogen, a compression device for compressing the hydrogen, and a filling system for filling a vehicle with the compressed hydrogen. The required space for the hydrogen filling station system is reduced and operational safety is increased in that the PEM electrolyzer is directly connected to the compression device and the compression device is directly connected to the filling system, without temporary storage respectively. That is, there is no requirement to intermediately store the compressed hydrogen.

Alkaline electrolyzer

An Alkaline Electrolyzer Cell Configuration (AECC) has a hydrogen half cell; an oxygen half cell; a GSM (Gas Separation Membrane); two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens; an outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen; a hydrogen electrode; two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens; an outer oxygen half cell spacer screen; and an oxygen electrode. The hydrogen half cell includes the hydrogen electrode which is located between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens and said outer hydrogen half cell spacer screen. The oxygen half cell includes the oxygen electrode which is located between said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens and said outer oxygen half cell spacer screen. The the GSM is provided between said two inner hydrogen half cell spacer screens of the hydrogen half cell and said two inner oxygen half cell spacer screens of the oxygen half cell to from the electrolyzer.

Ruthenium or Osmium Complexes and Their Uses as Catalysts for Water Oxidation

The present invention provides ruthenium or osmium complexes and their uses as a catalyst for catalytic water oxidation. Another aspect of the invention provides an electrode and photo-electrochemical cells for electrolysis of water molecules. 2. (canceled)46.-. (canceled)811.-. (canceled)12. A photo-electrochemical cell comprising the catalyst comprising a complex according to formula (I) according to .1317.-. (canceled)19. The method of claim 18 , further comprising exposing the electrolytic media which contains the catalyst to light radiation to generate hydrogen and/or oxygen gases.21. The method of claim 20 , further comprising exposing the reaction media which contains the catalyst to light radiation to generate methanol claim 20 , hydrocarbons and/or oxygen (O). This application claims the benefit under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) of U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/236,219, filed Aug. 24, 2009, the disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.This invention was made, in-part, with United States government support under grant number DE-FG02-06ER15788 from the Department of Energy. The U.S. Government has certain rights to this invention.The present invention generally relates to catalysts for water oxidation.Hydrogen is one of the most promising alternative energy sources. It can be obtained by electrolysis of water, which is environmentally friendly and efficient. However, the electrolysis of water is an energy intensive process, which is very expensive. On the other hand, photolysis, the splitting of water by light, presents an attractive alternative method of obtaining hydrogen. Additionally, light driven reduction of carbon dioxide by water to provide hydrocarbons or methanol may be another promising alternative to alternate energy sources. For both types of reactions, coupled water oxidation to oxygen is required. In order to facilitate the photolysis of water by light in either type of reaction, a catalyst is required ...

Method and apparatus for electro-chemical reaction

A method and an apparatus of reacting reaction components. The method comprises electro-chemically reacting reaction components on opposite sides of at least one membrane with at least one catalyst encompassing a respective volume. In another embodiment, the method includes conducting electrolysis, such as electrolysis of water. The apparatus includes at least one membrane with first and second sides encompassing a respective volume. The apparatus further includes at least one catalyst coupled to the first and second sides to electro-chemically react reaction components on the first and second sides in gaseous communication with the at least one catalyst, and a cover coupled to the at least one membrane to separate flow paths on the first and second sides.

POLYNUCLEAR METAL CLUSTERS, METHODS OF MAKING, AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

Embodiments of the present disclosure provide for polynuclear manganese cluster compounds, methods of making, methods of use, method of producing hydrogen and oxygen from water, and the like. 1. A composition , comprising a polynuclear manganese cluster compound having oxygen-containing groups , wherein each oxygen-containing group is independently selected from the group consisting of: a carboxylate group , an alcohol group , an alkoxide group , an ether group , and a combination thereof.2. The composition of claim 1 , comprising a polynuclear manganese cluster compound having the formula MnMR claim 1 , wherein R is an oxygen containing ligand claim 1 , M is Ca claim 1 , Sr claim 1 , or Ce claim 1 , x can be 2 to 84 claim 1 , y can be 0 to 2 claim 1 , and z can be 8 to 24.3. The composition of claim 1 , comprising a polynuclear manganese cluster compound having a formula selected from one of the following: MnO(OCR)(HO) claim 1 , MnO(R)(HO) claim 1 , MnCaO(R)(HO) claim 1 , MnSrO(R)(HO) claim 1 , MnCaO(R)(HO) claim 1 , MnCeO(R)(HO) claim 1 , and MnCeO(R)(HO)where each R is a oxygen-containing group and a is 1 to 6.4. The composition of claim 2 , wherein R is selected from OCCH(OH) claim 2 , OCCHO claim 2 , or OCCHO.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the compound is dissolved in an aqueous solution.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the polynuclear manganese cluster compound includes 2 claim 1 , 3 claim 1 , 4 claim 1 , 6 claim 1 , 8 claim 1 , 12 claim 1 , 13 claim 1 , and 14 claim 1 , to 84 manganese atoms.7. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the carboxylate group is selected from the group consisting of: OCCH(OH) claim 1 , where q is 2 to 5 claim 1 , OCCHO claim 1 , and OCCHO.8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the alcohol group is represented by X(X′)(X″)—C—OH claim 1 , wherein X claim 1 , X′ claim 1 , and X″ are independently selected from the group consisting of: a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group claim 1 , a substituted or unsubstituted ...

Method and apparatus for increasing combustion efficiency and reducing particulate matter emissions in jet engines

A portable on-demand hydrogen supplemental system producing hydrogen gas and mixing the hydrogen gas with the air used for combustion of the jet fuel to increase the combustion efficiency of said jet fuel. Hydrogen increases the laminar flame speed of the jet fuel during combustion thus causing more fuel to be burned and lowering particulate matter emissions. Hydrogen is supplied to the jet engine at levels well below it lower flammability limit in air of 4%. Hydrogen and oxygen is produced by an electrolyzer from nonelectrolyte water in a nonelectrolyte water tank. The system utilizes an onboard diagnostic (OBD) interface in communication with the jet's control systems, to regulate power to the system so that hydrogen production for the jet engine only occurs when the jet engine is running. The hydrogen gas produced is immediately consumed by the jet engine. No hydrogen is stored on, in or around the jet.

ELECTROLYTIC CELL AND METHOD OF USE THEREOF

In one embodiment of the present invention an electrolytic cell is provided comprising a containment vessel; a first electrode; a second electrode; a source of electrical current in electrical communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; an electrolyte in fluid communication with the first electrode and the second electrode; a gas, wherein the gas is formed during electrolysis at or near the first electrode; and a separator; wherein the separator includes an inclined surface to direct flow of the electrolyte and the gas due to a difference between density of the electrolyte and the combined density of the electrolyte and the gas such that the gas substantially flows in a direction distal to the second electrode. 134-. (canceled)35. An electrolytic cell comprising:a containment vessel configured to contain an electrolyte;one or more electrodes configured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte and in electrical communication with a power supply for producing a first gas and a second gas via electrolysis of the electrolyte;a separator configured to be in fluid communication with the electrolyte and to separate the first gas from the second gas;a first gas collection region in the containment vessel; anda second gas region in the containment vessel and substantially concentric with the first gas collection vessel, the first gas collection region is arranged to receive the first gas,', 'the second gas collection region is arranged to receive the second gas, and', 'at least one of the first and second gas collection regions have an internal volume that is at least partially conical in shape and configured to distribute pressure in the containment vessel produced by the first gas and the second gas., 'wherein—'}36. The electrolytic cell of wherein the separator is configured to be in electrical communication with the power supply and to function as an electrode.37. The electrolytic cell of wherein the separator:has a generally helical shape; ...

MEMBRANE-ENABLED REVERSE LUNG

An air revitalization apparatus and method simultaneously removes carbon dioxide, water vapor, and heat from air and produces oxygen gas, hydrogen gas, and concentrated carbon dioxide gas, does not require an explosion proof enclosure, and includes a fan configured to blow air into a first gas-liquid contactor, an electrochemical cell including first through fourth passages configured to emit hydrogen gas, permit a flow of a carbonate-hydroxide solution, permit a flow of carbonate-bicarbonate solution, and emit oxygen gas, respectively, the first and fourth passages separated by at least three gas-impermeable membranes, and a second gas-liquid contactor, where the first gas-liquid contactor, second passage, and a first pump are configured to circulate the carbonate-hydroxide solution therethrough, where the second gas-liquid contactor, third passage, and a second pump are configured to circulate the carbonate-bicarbonate solution therethrough, and where the output of the first passage is operationally coupled to the second gas-liquid contactor. 1. A method using an electrochemical process to remove gaseous carbon dioxide (CO) , water vapor , and heat from air and to generate a stream of oxygen (O) gas and a stream of concentrated COgas , comprising:circulating a hydroxide solution through a first gas-liquid contactor;{'sub': '2', 'contacting, in the first gas-liquid contactor, the hydroxide solution with air flowing through the first gas-liquid contactor to remove CO, heat, and water vapor from the air and to convert the hydroxide solution into a first carbonate solution;'}circulating the first carbonate solution through an electrochemical cell to convert the first carbonate solution into the hydroxide solution;recirculating the hydroxide solution from the electrochemical cell back through the first gas-liquid contactor;{'sup': '2', 'generating hydrogen (H) gas in the electrochemical cell from the first carbonate solution;'}circulating a bicarbonate solution through ...

Externally-reinforced water electrolyser module

A structural plate with external reinforcing means is provided for an electrolyser module. The structural plate defines at least one degassing chamber and a half cell chamber opening. The external reinforcing means contact the structural plate for mitigating outward displacement of the structural plate in response to fluid pressure within the structural plate. The structural plate and the external reinforcing means define interlocking features for achieving contact and corresponding mechanical reinforcement.

Systems for the recovery of gas and/or heat from the melting of metals and/or the smelting of ores and conversion thereof to electricity

Systems recover gas and/or heat and convert the recovered gas and/or heat to electrical power. The systems recover gas and/or heat from metal melting and/or smelting processes used in the manufacturing and/or refining of metals and/or their by-products. The recovered gas and/or heat are converted into electrical power. The heat of the metal melting and/or smelting process is converted to superheated liquid, such as steam, through a heat exchanger for operating a turbine motor and electrical power generator to produce electrical power. Flue gases from the melting and/or smelting processes used in the manufacturing and/or refining of metals and/or their by-products are utilized to drive a gas turbine motor and electrical power generator to produce electrical power. Electricity generated by the systems electrolyze water to form hydrogen gas and oxygen gas.

System and method for supplying hydrogen and deuterium to lenr and e-cat based energy generating systems

An approach for supplying hydrogen and/or deuterium to LENR and E-Cat based energy generating systems includes receiving a source material that is rich in hydrogen and/or deuterium. A gaseous form of at least one of those elements is extracted from the source material via electrochemical dissociation, hydrocarbon recovery, or a suitable mechanical process. The gaseous form of the element is preferably filtered to remove water vapor and other impurities before being pressurized and supplied to the energy generating system. Advantages of the approach include enhanced safety and system portability due to elimination of a need for pressurized gas storage tanks.

Porous electrode for proton exchange membrane

A process for manufacturing a catalytic electrode includes depositing an electrocatalytic ink on a carrier, wherein the electrocatalytic ink includes an electrocatalytic material and a product polymerizable into a protonically conductive polymer. The process also includes solidifying the electrocatalytic ink so as to form an electrode wherein the composition of the product polymerizable into a protonically conductive polymer and its proportion in the ink is defined so that the electrode formed has a breaking strength greater than 1 MPa. The process further includes separating the electrode formed from the carrier.

Trimetallic layered double hydroxide composition

A layered double hydroxide (LDH) material, methods for using the LDH material to catalyse the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in a water-splitting process and methods for preparing the LDH material. The LDH material includes nickel, iron and chromium species and possesses a sheet-like morphology including at least one hole.

INERT GAS GENERATION WITH DEHUMIDIFICATION

A method of producing inert gas uses an electrochemical gas separator with a proton exchange membrane to produce oxygen-depleted air and a water vapor transport module to dehumidify oxygen-depleted air. A drying mechanism is leveraged in conjunction with the water vapor transport module to dry the oxygen-depleted air. The dried oxygen-depleted air is then used in a location requiring inerting. 1. A system for inerting gas comprising:an electrochemical gas separator configured to remove oxygen from air and produce oxygen-depleted air;a water vapor transport module configured to receive the oxygen-depleted air from the electrochemical gas separator and to dehumidify the oxygen-depleted air to produce dried oxygen-depleted air and water vapor;a drying mechanism downstream of the water vapor transport module, the drying mechanism configured to remove the water vapor; andan inerting location configured to receive the dried oxygen-depleted air.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a heat exchanger in fluid communication with the water vapor transport module claim 1 , the heat exchanger configured to provide heated air to the water vapor transport module.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the heat exchanger is configured to cool the dried oxygen-depleted air exiting the water vapor transport module.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the drying mechanism is a vacuum source or a sweep gas.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a water tank downstream of the drying mechanism claim 1 , the water tank configured to collect water from the drying mechanism and to send water to the electrochemical gas separator.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the water vapor is routed back to the electrochemical gas separator.7. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a pump downstream of the drying mechanism claim 1 , the pump configured to direct water to the electrochemical gas separator.8. The system of claim 1 , further comprising an air source in fluid communication with ...

METHOD OF AND DEVICE FOR OPTIMIZING A HYDROGEN GENERATING SYSTEM

A method of and apparatus for optimizing a hydrogen producing system is provided. The method of optimizing the hydrogen producing system comprises producing hydrogen gas using a hydrogen producing formulation and removing a chemical substance that reduces the hydrogen gas producing efficiency. Further, the hydrogen producing system comprises a hydrogen producing catalyst, a hydrogen generating voltage applied to the hydrogen producing catalyst to generate hydrogen gas, and a catalyst regenerating device to regenerate the hydrogen producing catalyst to a chemical state capable of generating the hydrogen gas when a hydrogen generating voltage is applied. 113-. (canceled)14. A method of generating hydrogen gas comprising:a. preparing a hydrogen generating catalyst containing aluminum, copper, and silver; andb. applying a pulsed voltage to the hydrogen generating catalyst.15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage incrementally until a drop of a current.16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising increasing a density of the hydrogen generating catalyst on an electrode.17. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage to the aluminum claim 14 , wherein the aluminum comprises an aluminum metal.18. The method of claim 14 , further comprising applying a voltage to the copper claim 14 , wherein the aluminum comprises a copper metal.19. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding aluminum metal to increase a rate of hydrogen gas production until an applied current drops.20. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding AgCl.21. The method of claim 14 , further comprising adding HCl.2229-. (canceled)30. A method of forming a hydrogen gas generating system:a. preparing a hydrogen generating catalyst containing aluminum, copper, and silver in a first reactor by applying a base voltage a pulsed voltage to the hydrogen generating catalyst in the first reactor at a pre-hydrogen gas generation phase;b. generating hydrogen gas ...

Method and Apparatus for the Mass Production and Absorption of Oyxgen into Seawater

The system is one in which submerged electrolytic cells provide electricity from the seawater, that directly energizes electro-chemical cells that produce oxygen and hydrogen. The entire system is configured so that micro bubbles of oxygen are quickly adsorbed as they rise toward the surface, increasing dissolved oxidation (DO) by adsorption into the water. 1. a method for increasing dissolved oxygen levels in salt water comprising the steps of:placing an oxygen system in a salt water column, wherein said oxygen system comprises an array of electrical generating cells and one or more electrolytic cells, wherein said electrical generating cells provide power for said electrolytic cellsobserving an increase in dissolved O2 level in said salt water column.2. a system for increasing dissolved oxygen levels in salt water comprising:a lower platform comprised of an array of electrical generating cells, said lower platform separated from an upper platform of one or more electrolytic cells, one or more power transmission cables connecting said lower platform and said upper platform. Claims the benefit of provisional application No. 62/357,934 filed on Jul. 1,2016.Not applicable.Not applicable.The disclosure as detailed herein is in the technical field of industrial systems. More specifically, the present disclosure relates to the technical field of electrochemical production of electricity. Even more specifically, the present disclosure relates to the technical field of electrolytic oxidation.Hypoxia occurs when the oxygen required to support life becomes depleted, which can result in severe impairment of near-shore fisheries. Consequently, dead zones can also destabilize the businesses, families and communities that are sustained by fisheries. Further, nutrient enrichment can jeopardize the future of estuaries and coastal wetlands that depend on freshwater and sediment delivery for stability and persistence. In short, clean water is critical to the ecological, cultural and ...

HYDROMAGNETIC DESALINATION CELL WITH RARE EARTH MAGNETS

A hydromagnetic desalination cell including at least one hollow rectangular flow conduit, a first rectangular magnet and a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other, wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on opposite sides of the rectangular flow conduit, a first opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the rectangular flow conduit extending between the first and second rectangular magnets, and a first and second chamber fluidly connected to the first and second openings. A hydromagnetic desalination system and methods of desalinating brine water with the hydromagnetic desalination system are also disclosed. 1. A hydromagnetic desalination cell , comprising:a plurality of stacked hollow rectangular flow conduits with each conduit having a conduit inlet on a first end and a conduit outlet on a second end, wherein the hollow rectangular flow conduits are made of a non-magnetic and non-conductive material;a first rectangular magnet and a second rectangular magnet each having a north pole face and a south pole face opposite of each other,wherein the first rectangular magnet and the second rectangular magnet are independently selected from the group consisting of a neodymium iron boride magnet and a samarium cobalt magnet,wherein the first and second rectangular magnets are disposed along a longitudinal axis and on opposite sides of the stacked rectangular flow conduits such that the north pole face of the first rectangular magnet contacts a first face of the stacked rectangular flow conduits and the south pole face of the second rectangular magnet contacts a second face of the stacked rectangular flow conduits conduits, and the first and the second rectangular magnets provide a magnetic field that extends between the magnets;a first opening and a second opening on opposite walls of the stacked rectangular flow conduits extending between the first and ...

CATALYST ELECTRODES, AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

Methods of making catalyst electrodes comprising sputtering at least Pt and Ir onto nanostructured whiskers to provide multiple alternating layers comprising, respectively in any order, at least Pt and Ir. In some exemplary embodiments, catalyst electrodes described, or made as described, herein are anode catalyst, and in other exemplary embodiments cathode catalyst. Catalysts electrodes are useful, for example, in generating Hand Ofrom water. 1. A method of making an anode catalyst electrode comprising:sputtering at least Pt and Ir onto nanostructured whiskers to provide multiple alternating layers comprising respectively in any order Pt and Ir; andradiation annealing at least some of the multiple alternating layers comprising respectively Pt and Ir at least in part in an atmosphere comprising an absolute oxygen partial pressure of at least 2 kPa oxygen to provide the anode catalyst electrode.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the radiation annealing is at least in part conducted at an incident energy fluence of at least 20 mJ/mm.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Pt and Ir are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 10:1 to 1:10.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the whiskers are attached to a backing.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the backing is a membrane claim 4 , and wherein the method further comprises acid washing to remove cation impurities prior to attaching the nanostructured whiskers to membrane.6. A method of making an anode catalyst electrode comprising:sputtering at least Pt and Ir onto nanostructured whiskers to provide multiple alternating layers comprising respectively in any order Pt and Ir, wherein at least a portion of the multiple alternating layers are up to 20 Angstroms thick,to provide the anode catalyst electrode.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the Pt and Ir are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 1:5 to 5:1.8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the whiskers are attached to a backing.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein ...

GAS GENERATOR

The present invention provides a gas generator and comprises an electrolytic cell, a condensate filter device, and an atomizing device. The electrolytic cell is for electrolyzing electrolyzed water to generate a gas with hydrogen. The condensate filter device includes a gas pathway, a filter, and an isolated component. The isolated component is used for limiting the movement of the filter inside the gas pathway. The gas generated from the electrolytic cell is condensed and filtered through the filter for generating a filtered gas with hydrogen. The atomizing device is used for generating an atomizing gas to be mixed with the filtered gas to generate a healthy gas. The present invention uses the condensate filter device to filter out the electrolyte from the filtered gas with hydrogen to be mixed with the atomizing gas for generating the healthy gas. 1. A gas generator , comprising:an electrolytic cell, containing an electrolyzed water including an electrolyte, wherein the electrolytic cell is used for electrolyzing the electrolyzed water to generate a gas with hydrogen;a condensate filter device, comprising a gas pathway, a filter, and an isolated component, wherein the gas pathway is used for receiving the gas with hydrogen, and the filter is configured in the gas pathway for filtering the gas with hydrogen to generate a filtered gas with hydrogen, and the isolated component is configured in the condensate filter device for limiting the movement of the filter in the gas pathway; andan atomizing device, for receiving the filtered gas with hydrogen, wherein the atomizing device further generates an atomizing gas to be mixed with the filtered gas with hydrogen to generate a healthy gas.2. The gas generator of claim 1 , wherein the isolated component is an isolated cube or a pathway barrier sheet.3. The gas generator of claim 2 , wherein the condensate filter device comprises a top cover of the gas pathway and a bottom cover of the gas pathway claim 2 , and the top ...

CARBON DIOXIDE ELECTROLYTIC SYSTEM

A carbon dioxide reduction system comprises: an electrolytic unit including an electrolysis cell having a cathode to reduce a first substance containing carbon dioxide and thus produce a first product containing a carbon compound, and an anode to oxidize a second substance containing water or hydroxide ions and thus produce a second product containing oxygen, a detection unit to acquire data defining operation states of the electrolysis cell, and an electrolytic regulator to regulate electrolysis conditions of the electrolysis cell; a compression unit including a compressor to compress the first product, and a compressor regulator to regulate compression conditions of the first product by the compressor; and a controller programmed to predict a flow rate of the carbon compound discharged from the electrolysis cell in accordance with the data to control regulation of the compression conditions in accordance with the predicted flow rate. 1. A carbon dioxide reduction system , comprising: an electrolysis cell having a cathode to reduce a first substance containing carbon dioxide and thus produce a first product containing a carbon compound, and an anode to oxidize a second substance containing water or hydroxide ions and thus produce a second product containing oxygen,', 'a detection unit to acquire data defining operation states of the electrolysis cell, and', 'an electrolytic regulator to regulate electrolysis conditions of the electrolysis cell;, 'an electrolytic unit including'} a compressor to compress the first product, and', 'a compressor regulator to regulate compression conditions of the first product by the compressor; and, 'a compression unit including'}a controller programmed to predict a flow rate of the carbon compound discharged from the electrolysis cell in accordance with the data to control regulation of the compression conditions in accordance with the predicted flow rate.2. The system according to claim 1 , whereinthe first substance further ...

PHOTOCATALYST FOR EFFICIENT HYDROGEN GENERATION

Certain embodiments of the invention are directed to a water splitting photo electrochemical (PEC) thin film comprising metal nanostructures positioned between a CdZnS semiconductor and a ZnO semiconductor to form a Z-scheme for total water splitting. 1. A water splitting photoelectrochemical (PEC) catalyst comprising metal (M1) nanostructures positioned between a CdZnS semiconductor and a ZnO semiconductor to form a Z-scheme catalyst having the structure ZnO/M1/CdZnS , where x is less than 1.2. The PEC catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the M1 nanostructures comprise a transition metal.3. The PEC catalyst of claim 3 , wherein the M1 nanostructures comprise Pt claim 3 , Ni claim 3 , Cu claim 3 , Fe claim 3 , Au claim 3 , Pd claim 3 , or Ag or combinations thereof.4. The PEC catalyst of claim 3 , wherein the M1 nanostructures is Pt claim 3 , AuPd claim 3 , Au claim 3 , or Pd.5. The PEC catalyst of claim 2 , wherein the M1 nanostructures are core-shell nanoparticles.6. The PEC catalyst of claim 3 , wherein the M1 nanostructures comprise Cu claim 3 , Fe claim 3 , Au claim 3 , Pt claim 3 , Pd claim 3 , Ni claim 3 , Ag metals claim 3 , alloys of two or three metals claim 3 , or core-shell nanostructures.7. The PEC catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the ZnO to M1 nanostructure ratio is 50:1 to 1000:1.8. The PEC catalyst of claim 1 , wherein ZnO to S ratio is 4:1 to 1:2.9. The PEC catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is ZnO/1 wt. % Pt/Cd0.82ZnS or [ZnO]/1 wt. % Pt/CdZnS.10. A photocatalytic reactor comprising a reactor having an inlet for feeding water or aqueous solution to a reactor chamber claim 1 , the reaction chamber comprising:{'claim-ref': [{'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claims 1'}, {'@idref': 'CLM-00008', '8'}], '(i) a photo electrochemical (PEC) assembly comprising a PEC photocatalyst of any one of to ;'}{'sub': '2', '(ii) a Hgas product outlet; and'}{'sub': '2', '(iii) Ogas product outlet.'}11. The reactor of claim 9 , wherein the CdZnS semiconductor is deposited on a ...

ELECTRICAL POWER GENERATION SYSTEMS AND METHODS REGARDING SAME

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at least one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical fuel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of HO catalyst or HO catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of HO catalyst or HO catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the fuel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to form a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system, (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a smelter, a source or hydrogen and a source of HO, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to feed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window. 1a) producing a voltage differential between a set of electrodes separated to form an open circuit;b) injecting a conductive material between said electrodes to close said open circuit;{'sub': '2', 'wherein said conductive material comprises reactants capable of forming nascent HO and atomic hydrogen; and wherein the current and voltage in said closed circuit is capable of initiating a plasma forming ...

HIGH TEMPERATURE STEAM ELECTROLYSIS FACILITY (HTSE) WITH ALLOTHERMAL HYDROGEN PRODUCTION

A high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generating facility, including at least two electrochemical reactors fluidly connected in series to each other by their cathode compartment(s). At least one heat exchanger is arranged between two reactors in series, a primary circuit of the heat exchanger being connected to an external heat source configured to provide heat to fluid(s) at an outlet of an upstream reactor prior to be introduced at an inlet of a downstream reactor. 115-. (canceled)16. A high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generation facility , comprising:at least two electrochemical reactors;wherein each electrochemical reactor comprises at least one electrochemical unit cell, each cell including a cathode, an anode, and an electrolyte interposed between the cathode and the anode, at least one connecting element including at least one compartment for gas flow to the cathode, being arranged in electrical contact with the cathode of the unit cell, and at least one connecting element including at least one compartment for gas flow to the anode being arranged in electrical contact with the anode of the unit cell, andwherein both electrochemical reactors are fluidly connected in series to each other at least by one gas flow compartment,and further comprising at least one heat exchanger including a circuit fluidly connected in series to an outlet of one of the gas flow compartments of one of both reactors and to an inlet of one of the gas flow compartments of the other one of both reactors and including another circuit fluidly connected to a heat source external to the reactors.17. The high temperature steam electrolysis or fuel cell electric power generation facility according to claim 16 , wherein each reactor comprises a stack of a plurality of electrochemical unit cells claim 16 , an interconnecting plate being arranged between two adjacent unit cells and an electrical contact with an electrode of one of both ...

HIGHLY SUSTAINED ELECTRODES AND ELECTROLYTES FOR SALTY ALKALINE AND NEUTRAL WATER SPLITTING

A corrosion resistant anode is provided for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride ions. The anode includes: (1) a substrate; (2) a passivation layer coating the substrate; and (3) an electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer. Polyanion adjusted alkaline seawater electrolyte for hydrogen generation by electrolysis is also provided. 1. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride , comprising:a substrate;a passivation layer coating the substrate; andan electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer,wherein the passivation layer includes a sulfide of at least one metal.2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein the passivation layer includes nickel sulfide or nickel iron sulfide.3. The anode of claim 2 , further comprising an anionic layer disposed between the passivation layer and the electrocatalyst layer.4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the anionic layer includes an anionic oxide of sulfur.5. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride claim 3 , comprising:a substrate;a passivation layer coating the substrate; andan electrocatalyst layer coating the passivation layer,wherein the passivation layer includes a phosphide of at least one metal.6. The anode of claim 5 , wherein the passivation layer includes nickel phosphide or nickel iron phosphide.7. The anode of claim 6 , further comprising an anionic layer disposed between the passivation layer and the electrocatalyst layer.8. The anode of claim 7 , wherein the anionic layer includes an anionic oxide of phosphorus.9. An anode for oxygen evolution reaction in water including chloride claim 7 , comprising:a substrate;an electrocatalyst layer coating the substrate; andan anionic layer disposed between the substrate and the electrocatalyst layer.10. The anode of claim 9 , wherein the anionic layer includes polyatomic anions including carbonate claim 9 , sulfate claim 9 , phosphate claim 9 , or a combination of two or more thereof.11. The anode of claim 10 ...

3D REDUCED GRAPHENE OXIDE FOAMS EMBEDDED WITH NANOCATALYSTS, SYNTHESIZING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A method of synthesizing a three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (RGO) foam embedded with water-splitting nanocatalysts includes providing at least one solution containing at least one precursor of nanocatalysts, and a graphene oxide (GO) aqueous suspension; mixing the GO aqueous suspension with the at least one solution to form a mixture suspension; and performing hydrothermal reaction in the mixture suspension to form a 3D RGO foam embedded with the nanocatalysts. 1. A method of synthesizing a three-dimensional (3D) reduced graphene oxide (RGO) foam embedded with nanocatalysts , comprising:providing at least one solution containing at least one precursor of nanocatalysts, and a graphene oxide (GO) aqueous suspension;mixing the GO aqueous suspension with the at least one solution to form a mixture suspension; andperforming hydrothermal reaction in the mixture suspension to form a 3D RGO foam embedded with the nanocatalysts.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one precursor comprises NaMoOand L-cysteine.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mixture suspension is characterized with pH=5.8.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the 3D RGO foam embedded with the nanocatalysts is a 3D RGO-Mo Sfoam.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one solution comprises a first solution containing nickel (II) nitrate claim 1 , and a second solution containing iron (III) nitrate.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the first and second solutions are formed by dissolving Ni(NO).6HO and Fe(NO).9HO into deionized water claim 5 , respectfully.7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the mixture suspension is characterized with pH=3.5 and a molar ratio of C:Ni:Fe=14:1:0.33.8. The method of claim 5 , wherein the hydrothermal reaction in the mixture suspension is performed in a sealed autoclave for hydrothermal reaction at a predetermined temperature for a period of time.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the predetermined temperature is in a ranges of about 160-200° C. ...

Crumpled Transition Metal Dichalcogenide Sheets

An electrohydrodynamic (EHD) method results in charge driven droplet fission and volumetric shrinkage of metal dichalcogenide sheet droplets, thus wrinkling individual exfoliated metal dichalcogenide sheets on the nanoscale. For example, the method can be used to activate the basal plane of solution exfoliated, stable 2H reverted sheets of MoS2. In this manner, the basal plane of 2H MoS2 can be strained at an unprecedented scale (3.7%), resulting in charge transport to basal plane defects. The resulting crumpled MoS2 integrates few layer sheets and atomistic defects with nano- and micro-scale ridges and vertices to enable centimeter-length films that elevate the catalytic site count of MoS2 from 1.0×1014 sites/cm2 to 2.93×1017 sites/cm2 (planar 2H vs. crumpled 2H) and a turn-over-frequency (TOF) from 0.016 s−1 to 0.130 s−1.

Energy Generation from Water Waves and Storage of Energy

Disclosed is a system and method for generating and storing energy from water waves. Oscillatory motions of a floating base are transmitted to adjustable weights enclosed in a container suspended from a frame that is rigidly installed inside the floating base. The container is operably coupled to a sheave, via a crank. The movement of the adjustable weights in the container results in the movement of a sheave that is operably coupled to an output shaft that is in turn coupled to an electric generator via a network of gears. The generator supplies power to an electrolyzer producing hydrogen and oxygen from water. The hydrogen and oxygen are compressed into gas or liquid and stored in containers on-board the floating base, until they are off-loaded at a facility. 11132353152404243343337363534521435451339384144. An apparatus for converting water wave energy into usable electrical energy , said apparatus comprising: a floating base that is floating on a surface of a large body of water having water waves , said floating base moving upward and downward in response to said water waves; said floating base includes an upper surface that is configured and adapted to house more than one large unit of items and a lower surface that is configured and adapted to float on said large body of water without capsizing; a rigid stable frame that is substantially vertically disposed and firmly affixed on to said upper surface of said floating base; a sheave that is substantially vertically operably coupled to a supporting horizontal member of said rigid stable frame , said sheave being configured to vertically rotate around an axis of rotation on a bearing ; adjustable weights , suspended from said horizontal supporting member of said rigid stable frame , said adjustable weights being enclosed in a container , said container being operably coupled to said horizontal supporting member of said rigid stable frame by a least one suspension spring capable of contracting and expanding ...

ELECTROLYTIC CAPACITOR AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

An electrolytic capacitor includes an anode body, a first conductive polymer layer, and a second conductive polymer layer. The anode body includes a dielectric layer. The first conductive polymer layer covers at least a part of the dielectric layer. The second conductive polymer layer covers at least a part of the first conductive polymer layer. The first conductive polymer layer includes a first conductive polymer. The second conductive polymer layer includes a second conductive polymer. At least one of the first conductive polymer layer and the second conductive polymer layer further includes a hydroxy compound. The hydroxy compound has two or more alcoholic hydroxy groups or two or more phenolic hydroxy groups, and has a melting point ranging from 40° C. to 150° C., inclusive. 1. An electrolytic capacitor comprising:an anode body including a dielectric layer; anda solid electrolyte layer covering at least a part of the dielectric layer and including a hydroxy compound, wherein: a first conductive polymer layer covering at least a part of the dielectric layer and including a first conductive polymer; and', 'a second conductive polymer layer covering at least a part of the first conductive polymer layer and including a second conductive polymer,, 'the solid electrolyte layer includesthe second conductive polymer layer includes a polymer dopant and the hydroxy compound, andthe hydroxy compound has two or more alcoholic hydroxy groups or two or more phenolic hydroxy groups, the hydroxy compound having a melting point ranging from 40° C. to 150° C., inclusive.2. The electrolytic capacitor according to claim 1 , wherein:the first conductive polymer layer and the second conductive polymer layer each include the hydroxy compound, anda concentration of the hydroxy compound included in the second conductive polymer layer is higher than a concentration of the hydroxy compound included in the first conductive polymer layer.3. The electrolytic capacitor according to claim 1 , ...

PROTON CONDUCTOR, PROTON-CONDUCTING CELL STRUCTURE, WATER VAPOR ELECTROLYSIS CELL, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN ELECTRODE-SOLID ELECTROLYTE LAYER COMPLEX

A proton conductor contains a metal oxide that has a perovskite structure and that is represented by formula (1): ABMO, where an element A is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ba, Ca, and Sr, an element B is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Ce and Zr, an element M is at least one element selected from the group consisting of Y, Yb, Er, Ho, Tm, Gd, In, and Sc, δ indicates an oxygen deficiency amount, and 0.95≤x≤1 and 0 Подробнее

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR EFFICIENTLY OPERATING ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Disclosed are electrochemical cells and methods of use or operation. In one aspect there is disclosed a method for management of an electrochemical cell, the method comprising operating the electrochemical cell at an operational voltage that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for an electrochemical reaction. In another aspect there is disclosed an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes, an electrolyte between the electrodes, and a catalyst applied to at least one of the electrodes to facilitate an electrochemical reaction at an operational voltage of the electrochemical cell that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for the electrochemical reaction. Also disclosed are various catalysts for the electrochemical cell comprising mixtures of various catalytic materials and polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE). 1. A method for management of an electrochemical cell comprising electrodes and an electrolyte between the electrodes , the method comprising:creating an operational voltage for the electrochemical cell that is below or about the thermoneutral voltage for an electrochemical reaction at an operating temperature; andoperating the electrochemical cell at the operational voltage and the operating temperature to produce the electrochemical reaction,wherein a catalyst applied to at least one of the electrodes facilitates the electrochemical reaction at the operational voltage and the operating temperature.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operational voltage is below the thermoneutral voltage.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the operational voltage is at or about the thermoneutral voltage.4. The method of any one of to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical reaction is an endothermic electrochemical reaction and heat is applied to the endothermic electrochemical reaction from a heater or a heating element.5. The method of any one of to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical reaction is an endothermic electrochemical reaction and heat is applied to the ...

Air Purifier System

An air purifier system for removing particulate matter and gaseous particles from polluted indoor air is provided. The air purifier system comprises a filtration chamber having an amount of water. The filtration chamber receives the polluted indoor air with the polluted indoor air traveling through the water leaving behind particulate matter and gaseous particles in the water and cleaned air exiting the filtration chamber. An electrolyzer continuously electrolyzes distilled water to generate hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules in an electrolysis process with the oxygen gases added to the cleaned air exiting the filtration chamber. A fuel cell receives the hydrogen gases from the electrolyzer for generating electricity with the fuel cell electrically connected to at least the electrolyzer for at least partially powering the electrolyzer. The cleaned air exits the filtration chamber is free from particulate matter and gaseous particles.

WATER SPLITTING CATALYST CONTAINING Mn4CaO4 CORE STRUCTURE, PREPARATION PROCESS AND APPLICATION THEREOF

The present invention provides a process for preparing a water splitting catalyst containing [MnCaO] core structure and use thereof. The present invention provides clusters containing [MnCaO] core structure by a chemical synthesis using inexpensive metal ions (Mn, Ca ions), simple carboxyl ligands and a permanganate, performed single crystal X-ray diffraction on their space structure, and characterized their physical and chemical properties with electron spectrum, electrochemical and electron paramagnetic resonance technologies and the like. These compounds can catalyze water splitting in the presence of oxidant to release oxygen and can also catalyze water splitting on the surface of an electrode to release electrons onto the surface of the electrode to form a current. 2. The compound according to claim 1 , characterized in that the valence states of the four Mn ions are +3 claim 1 , +3 claim 1 , +4 and +4 respectively claim 1 , and the whole cluster is electrically neutral.3. The compound according to claim 1 , characterized in that the carboxylic acid anion (RCO—) is selected from the group consisting of formic acid claim 1 , acetic acid claim 1 , propionic acid claim 1 , butyric acid claim 1 , isobutyric acid claim 1 , valeric acid claim 1 , isovaleric acid claim 1 , pivalic acid claim 1 , hexanoic acid and other carboxylic acid anions; that is claim 1 , Rcan be hydrogen (H) claim 1 , methyl (—CH) claim 1 , ethyl (—CH) claim 1 , n-propyl (—CHCHCH) claim 1 , isopropyl (—CH(CH)) claim 1 , n-butyl claim 1 , isobutyl claim 1 , tert-butyl (—C(CH)) claim 1 , n-pentyl (—(CH)CH) claim 1 , and isopentyl (—CH(CH)CH).4. The compound according to claim 1 , characterized in that the compound is selected from any of the following compounds:{'sub': 4', '4', '1', '2', '8', '1', '2', '3', '1', '1', '2', '3, '[MnCaO(RCO)](L)(L)(L), wherein R=tert-butyl; L=pyridine; L=L=pivalic acid;'}{'sub': 4', '4', '1', '2', '8', '1', '2', '3', '1', '1', '2', '3, '[MnCaO(RCO)](L)(L)(L), wherein ...

POROUS ELECTROLYZER GAS DIFFUSION LAYER AND METHOD OF MAKING THEREOF

A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer is formed by a powder technique, such as tape casting or powder metallurgy. 1. A porous titanium sheet configured to function as an anode side gas diffusion layer of a proton exchange membrane (PEM) electrolyzer , wherein the porous titanium sheet is formed by a powder technique.2. The porous titanium sheet of claim 1 , wherein a first major side of the porous titanium sheet has a higher porosity than an opposite second major side of the porous titanium sheet.3. The porous titanium sheet of claim 2 , wherein the first major side of the porous titanium sheet is configured to face an anode side flow plate claim 2 , and the second major side of the porous titanium sheet is configured to face an anode electrode.4. The porous titanium sheet of claim 2 , wherein the first major side of the porous titanium sheet has the porosity which is at least 10 percent higher than the opposite second major side of the porous titanium sheet.5. The porous titanium sheet of claim 1 , wherein a first major side of the porous titanium sheet includes a groove and an opposite second major side of the porous titanium sheet has a substantially planar surface which lacks a groove.6. The porous titanium sheet of claim 1 , wherein:the porous titanium sheet contains a titanium nitride coating on at least one surface thereof; andthe porous titanium sheet comprises pure titanium or an alloy of titanium containing more than 50 atomic percent titanium and less than 50 atomic percent of at least one of molybdenum, vanadium, niobium, tantalum, or zirconium.7. The porous titanium sheet of claim 1 , wherein the porous titanium sheet includes a bimodal pore size distribution comprising micropores having an average pore size in a range of 1 to 5 microns claim 1 , and macropores having an average pore size in a range of 30 to 40 microns.8. The porous titanium sheet of claim 1 , ...

ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR ELECTROLYTIC HYDROGEN GENERATION

Some examples of a method for manufacturing an electrode material for electrolytic hydrogen generation are described. Tungsten salt and nickel salt are mixed in a determined molar ratio on a carbon support by effectively controlling synthesis temperature and composition. Water and adsorbed oxygen, produced by mixing the tungsten salt and nickel salt are removed. Then, methane gas is flowed over the mixture resulting in the electrode material. The electrode material is suitable for use as a catalyst in electrolytic hydrogen generation processes, for example, at an industrial scale, to produce large quantities of hydrogen. 1. A method comprising:mixing a first quantity of tungsten (W) salt and a second quantity of nickel (Ni) salt in the presence of a carbon support; andflowing methane gas over the mixture of the first quantity and the second quantity to form tungsten-nickel carbides (W—Ni—C) on said carbon support.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tungsten salt is dissolved in isopropanol.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nickel salt is on the carbon support.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing water and oxygen claim 1 , flowing the methane gas over the mixture after removing the water and the oxygen.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein claim 4 , after removing the water and the oxygen claim 4 , flowing methane gas over the mixture of the first quantity and the second quantity comprises increasing a temperature of the mixture to about 1000° C.6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising increasing the temperature at a rate of 5° C./min.7. The method of claim 5 , further comprising holding the temperature of the mixture for a respective duration at each of about 700° C. claim 5 , about 800° C. claim 5 , about 900° C. and about 1000° C.8. The method of claim 5 , further comprising claim 5 , after removing the water and the oxygen and flowing the methane gas over the mixture of the first quantity and the second quantity claim 5 , using the ...

Localized Excess Protons and Methods of Making and Using Same

Localized excess protons are created with an open-circuit water electrolysis process using a pair of anode and cathode electrodes for a special excess proton production and proton-utilization system to treat a substrate material plate/film by forming and using an excess protons-substrate-hydroxyl anions capacitor-like system. The technology enables protonation and/or proton-driven oxidation of plate/film and/or membrane materials in a pure water environment. The present invention represents a remarkable clean “green chemistry” technology that does not require the use of any conventional acid chemicals including nitric and sulfuric acids for the said industrial applications. The application of localized excess protons provides a special energy recycling and renewing technology function to extract latent heat including molecular thermal motion energy at ambient temperature for generating local proton motive force (equivalent to Gibbs free energy) to do useful work such as driving ATP synthesis and proton-driven oxidation of certain substrate metal atoms.

IN-SITU RESOURCE UTILIZATION-DERIVED WATER PURIFICATION AND HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN PRODUCTION

This disclosure provides an integrated system and method for producing purified water, hydrogen, and oxygen from contaminated water. The contaminated water may be derived from regolith-based resources on the moon, Mars, near-Earth asteroids, or other destination in outer space. The integrated system and method utilize a cold trap to receive the contaminated water in a vapor phase and selectively freeze out water from one or more volatiles. A heat source increases temperature in the cold trap to vaporize the frozen contaminated water to produce a gas stream of water vapor and volatiles. A chemical scrubber may remove one or more volatiles. The integrated system and method utilize ionomer membrane technology to separate the water vapor from remaining volatiles. The water vapor is delivered for crew use or delivered to an electrolyzer to produce hydrogen and oxygen. 1. A method of producing water , hydrogen , and oxygen from contaminated water , the method comprising:receiving contaminated water into a cold trap in a vapor phase;selectively depositing the contaminated water to provide partially contaminated water in a solid phase;generating a partially contaminated gas stream comprising water vapor and volatiles of the partially contaminated water using a heat source thermally coupled to the cold trap;removing one or more volatiles from the partially contaminated gas stream by a chemical scrubber;selectively separating the water vapor from residual volatiles at a membrane-based water separator, wherein the membrane-based water separator is downstream from the chemical scrubber; andelectrolyzing the water vapor to produce hydrogen and oxygen using an electrolyzer downstream from the membrane-based water separator.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein selectively depositing the contaminated water includes controlling a temperature and pressure of the cold trap to deposit water and keep one or more volatiles of the contaminated water in the vapor phase.3. The method of claim ...

Hydrogen supply system

A hydrogen supply system includes: a controller; and an electrochemical hydrogen pump including: an electrolyte membrane; a pair of electrodes provided on two surfaces of the electrolyte membrane; and a current adjuster adjusting a current flowing between the electrodes, the electrochemical hydrogen pump performs a hydrogen supply operation supplying pressure-boosted hydrogen to a hydrogen demander by allowing a current to flow between the electrodes by the current adjuster; and when a cumulative hydrogen supply amount which is supplied to the hydrogen demander from start to completion of the hydrogen supply operation to the hydrogen demander from the electrochemical hydrogen pump is smaller than a cumulative hydrogen supply amount in another hydrogen supply operation, the controller controls the current adjuster so that the current flowing between the electrodes is decreased to be smaller than that in the another hydrogen supply operation.

Molecular molybdenum persulfide and related catalysts for generating hydrogen from water

New metal persulfido compositions of matter are described. In one embodiment the metal is molybdenum and the metal persulfido complex mimics the structure and function of the triangular active edge site fragments of MoS 2 , a material that is the current industry standard for petroleum hydro desulfurization, as well as a promising low-cost alternative to platinum for electrocatalytic hydrogen production. This molecular [(PY5W 2 )MoS 2 ] x+ containing catalyst is capable of generating hydrogen from acidic-buffered water or even seawater at very low overpotentials at a turnover frequency rate in excess of 500 moles H 2 per mole catalyst per second, with a turnover number (over a 20 hour period) of at least 19,000,000 moles H 2 per mole of catalyst.

Apparatus for Manufacturing Hydrogen Containing Water

An apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen containing water is disclosed. An aspect of the present disclosure may provide an apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen containing water, comprising: housing having first receiving space formed therein; cylinder coupled to the housing to form second receiving space; connecting passage penetrating the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and the second receiving space; ion exchange membrane closing the connecting passage; electrolysis part comprising an anode and a cathode, the anode being disposed in the first receiving space and the cathode being disposed in the second receiving space; exhaust pipe penetrating the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and an external space; and first waterproof membrane closing the exhaust pipe and inhibiting water from being discharged while allowing gas to be discharged. 1. An apparatus for manufacturing hydrogen containing water , the apparatus comprising:housing having first receiving space formed therein;cylinder detachably coupled to a top end of the housing to form second receiving space the second receiving space bordering with a top surface of the housing;connecting passage vertically penetrating a top wall of the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and the second receiving space;ion exchange membrane closing the connecting passage;electrolysis part comprising an anode and a cathode, the anode being disposed in the first receiving space and the cathode being disposed in the second receiving space;exhaust pipe vertically penetrating a bottom wall of the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and an external space;water inlet duct vertically penetrating the top wall of the housing to interconnect the first receiving space and the second receiving space; andsecond cap being detachably coupled to a top end of the water inlet duct,wherein the top end of the water inlet duct is positioned higher than the ion exchange membrane such that gas ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR CARRYING OUT A CHEMICAL REACTION

A method and device for carrying out a chemical reaction, by supplying to the chemical reaction energy from an electron- and, optionally, photon-containing energy wave that is induced in one or more aggregated molecular ensembles, wherein the emission of which is stimulated from the ensembles. Emission is stimulated from the ensembles by a wide variety of energy inputs, and energy derived from this electron and/or photon energy wave is advantageously used as an energy source to assist chemical reduction reactions. 1. A method for carrying out a chemical reaction , comprising:conducting an endergonic chemical reaction; andsupplying to the chemical reaction energy comprising an electron polarization wave produced by a process comprising:(A) pumping energy into a bounded volume of excitable medium containing a fabricated and ordered ensemble of a material comprised of closely spaced molecules,wherein the ordered ensemble has (a) well defined energy states including a lower state, and one or more higher states above the lower state, and (b) a curve of electron binding energy levels versus a number of electrons added to one of the closely spaced molecules that is flat enough to enable an electron to be added to or subtracted from the molecule with a negligible change in total binding energy in the molecule; and (c) wherein the closely spaced molecules of the ring compound are arranged sufficiently close together to enable transfer of excited electrons between adjacent closely spaced molecules due to the property of the closely spaced molecules recited in (b), whereby an excited electron can be transferred between adjacent closely spaced molecules with a negligible change in binding energy, to form a longer-lived excited state because the excited electron is spin-forbidden to decay back to the lower state within the one of the closely spaced molecules to which it has moved,wherein energy is pumped in an amount that is sufficient to raise a plurality of electrons in the ...

PHOTOELECTRODE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL REACTION DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

A method of manufacturing a photoelectrode of an embodiment includes: preparing a stack including a first electrode layer having a light transmitting electrode, a second electrode layer having a metal electrode, and a photovoltaic layer disposed between the electrode layers; immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution containing an ion including a metal constituting a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; and passing a current to the stack through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the metal and a compound containing the metal, onto the first electrode layer, thereby forming the catalyst layer. 1. A method for manufacturing an electrode , the method comprising:preparing a stack comprising a first electrode layer, a second electrode layer comprising a metal electrode, and a voltaic layer disposed between the first electrode layer and the second electrode layer, the voltaic layer comprising a pin junction or a pn junction of semiconductors;immersing the stack in an electrolytic solution comprising an ion comprising a metal constituting at least part of a catalyst layer which is to be formed on the first electrode layer; andpassing a current to the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution through the second electrode layer to electrochemically precipitate at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal and a compound comprising the metal, onto the first electrode layer.2. The method of claim 1 ,wherein the electrolytic solution comprises: at least one cation selected from the group consisting of an ion of the metal, an oxide ion of the metal, and a complex ion of the metal; and at least one anion selected from the group consisting of an inorganic acid ion and a hydroxide ion, andwherein a counter electrode is immersed in the electrolytic solution to face the stack immersed in the electrolytic solution, and at least one selected from the group consisting of the metal, a ...

GAS GENERATOR

The present invention provides a gas generator and comprises an electrolysis device, a water supplying device, and a liquid level detector. The electrolysis device is configured for electrolyzing water to generate hydrogen. The water supplying device is coupled to the electrolysis device for supplying the supplementary water into the electrolysis device. The liquid level detector is coupled to an outer surface of the electrolysis device for detecting a liquid level of the electrolyzed water, wherein the gas generator supplies supplementary water into the electrolysis device according to the liquid level detected by the liquid level detector. The present invention is provided for measuring the liquid level by using the non-contact liquid level detector, and supplying supplementary water into the electrolysis device according to the liquid level to ensure that the electrolysis device contains sufficient water for electrolyzing, thereby improving the life and safety of the gas generator. 1. A gas generator , comprising:an electrolysis device configured to contain an electrolyzed water and to electrolyze the electrolyzed water to generate a hydrogen gas;a water supplying device configured to contain a supplementary water and to supply the supplementary water into the electrolysis device; anda liquid level detector coupled to an outer surface of the electrolysis device and not in contact with the electrolyzed water, the liquid level detector being configured to detect a liquid level of the electrolyzed water and then to generate a detecting signal.2. The gas generator of claim 1 , further comprising an atomization reaction chamber coupled to the electrolysis device claim 1 , the atomization reaction chamber being configured to receive the hydrogen gas and further generate an atomized gas to mix the atomized gas with the hydrogen gas claim 1 , and the water supplying device having a space configured to accommodate part of the atomization reaction chamber.3. The gas ...

Method And System For Electrochemical Production Of Formic Acid From Carbon Dioxide

An electrochemical device converts carbon dioxide to a formic acid reaction product. The device includes an anode and a cathode, each comprising a quantity of catalyst. The anode and cathode each have reactant introduced thereto. A cation exchange polymer electrolyte membrane and an anion exchange polymer electrolyte membrane, are interposed between the anode and the cathode, forming a central flow compartment where a carbon dioxide reduction product, such as formic acid, can be recovered. At least a portion of the cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous carbon dioxide during electrolysis. The average current density at the membrane is at least 20 mA/cm, measured as the area of the cathode gas diffusion layer that is covered by catalyst, and formate ion selectivity is at least 50% at a cell potential difference of 3.0 V. 2. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said anion exchange membrane has oppositely facing first and second major surfaces claim 1 , said first major surface contacts said cathode and said second major surface contacting an aqueous constituent.3. The electrochemical device of claim 1 , wherein said central flow compartment comprises an acidic medium.5. The electrochemical device in claim 1 , wherein at least 50% by mass of said cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous COduring electrochemical conversion of the COto said reaction product.6. The electrochemical device of claim 5 , wherein said gaseous COis directed within 2 mm of said cathode catalyst or said gas diffusion layer on which said cathode catalyst is disposed.7. The electrochemical device in claim 6 , wherein at least 90% by mass of said cathode catalyst is directly exposed to gaseous COduring electrochemical conversion of the COto said reaction product.8. The electrochemical device in claim 1 , wherein said central flow compartment contains a structure comprising an ion exchange resin.10. The electrochemical device of claim 9 , wherein said anion exchange ...

ELECTROLYTIC CELL FOR INTERNAL COMBUSTION ENGINE

An electrolytic system for an internal combustion engine includes an electrolyte tank for receiving an anode electrode, a cathode electrode, and an electrolytic fluid therein for communication with the anode and cathode. A power source applies an electrical potential between the anode and the cathode to generate a current through the electrolytic fluid and produce an electrolytic reaction in the electrolyte tank which produces combustible gases. A gas outlet communicates the combustible gases from the electrolyte tank to the internal combustion engine. At least one of the electrodes A hollow passage which does not communicate with the electrolytic fluid in the electrolyte tank extends through one of the electrodes to receive a heat exchange fluid circulated therethrough so as to be arranged to exchange heat with said at least one of the electrodes. 1. An electrolytic system for an internal combustion engine comprising:an electrolyte tank for receiving an electrolytic fluid therein;a plurality of electrodes including at least one anode and at least one cathode supported in the electrolyte tank for communication with the electrolytic fluid therein;a power source arranged to apply an electrical potential between said at least one anode and said at least one cathode so as to generate a current through the electrolytic fluid and produce an electrolytic reaction in the electrolyte tank which produces combustible gases;a gas outlet arranged to direct a flow of the combustible gases from the electrolyte tank to the internal combustion engine;a hollow passage within at least one of the electrodes, in which the hollow passage does not communicate with the electrolytic fluid in the electrolyte tank; anda coolant system arranged to circulate a heat exchange fluid through the hollow passage in said at least one of the electrodes so as to be arranged to exchange heat with said at least one of the electrodes.2. The system according to wherein the hollow passage extends through at ...