ДВУХКОМПОНЕНТНЫЙ ЭЛЕКТРОН-СЕЛЕКТИВНЫЙ БУФЕРНЫЙ СЛОЙ И ФОТОВОЛЬТАИЧЕСКИЕ ЯЧЕЙКИ НА ЕГО ОСНОВЕ

Настоящее изобретение относится к использованию производных фуллеренов в оптоэлектронных устройствах, таких как фотовольтаические ячейки, формулы (I):,где F - [60]фуллерен или [70]фуллерен, М представляет собой COOH, r представляет собой целое число от 2 до 8, Z представляет собой группу -(СН)-, Ar, или -S-, n представляет собой число от 1 до 12, Y представляет собой алифатическую С-Суглеродную цепь, Ar представляет собой фенил, бифенил или нафтил и X представляет собой Н, Cl или независимую от Y С-Суглеродную цепь. Предложено новое применение указанных соединений в двухкомпонентном электрон-селективном буферном слое органической фотовольтаической ячейке, позволяющее повысить эффективность солнечных батарей. 9 з.п. ф-лы, 1 пр., 1 табл., 5 ил.

СПОСОБ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ БАТАРЕИ ВЗАИМОСВЯЗАННЫХ СОЛНЕЧНЫХ ЭЛЕМЕНТОВ

ФОТОВОЛЬТАИЧЕСКАЯ ПАНЕЛЬ И СПОСОБ ЕЕ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ

ЛЕГИРОВАННЫЙ ТИТАНАТ

АКТИВНЫЕ МАТЕРИАЛЫ ДЛЯ ЭЛЕКТРООПТИЧЕСКИХ УСТРОЙСТВ И ЭЛЕКТРООПТИЧЕСКИЕ УСТРОЙСТВА

... 1. Инвертированное тандемное полимерное фотовольтаическое устройство, содержащее:электрод для экстракции дырок;электрод для экстракции электронов, отделенный некоторым расстоянием от указанного электрода для экстракции дырок;первый слой полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами;второй слой полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами, отделенный некоторым расстоянием от указанного первого слоя полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами; имежду указанными первым и вторым слоями полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами слой p-типа, физически контактирующий с одним слоем из первого и второго слоев полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами, и слой n-типа, физически контактирующий с другим слоем из первого и второго слоев полимерного полупроводника с объемными гетеропереходами;где по меньшей мере один слой из слоя p-типа и слоя n-типа легирован в такой степени, чтобы носители заряда туннелировали через слой p-типа и/или n-типа ...

ОРГАНИЧЕСКИЕ ПОЛУПРОВОДНИКИ

... 1. Олигомер или полимер, содержащий двухвалентные единицы формулы Iв которойVи Vнезависимо друг от друга означают O, S, Se или Te,Xи Xнезависимо друг от друга означают CRR, C=CRR, SiRRили GeRR,R, Rи Rнезависимо друг от друга, и в каждом случае одинаково или различно, означают H, F, Cl, Br, CN, с прямой цепью, разветвленный или циклический алкил, с от 1 до 30 атомами углерода, в котором один или несколько несмежных атомов углерода по выбору замещены посредством -O-, -S-, -C(O)-, -С(O)-O-, -О-С(О)-, -O-С(O)-O-, -С(S)-, -С(S)-O-, -O-С(S)-, -O-С(S)-O-, -С(O)-S-, -S-С(O)-, -O-С(O)-S-, -S-С(O)-O-, -S-С(O)-S-, -S-С(S)-S-, -O-С(S)-S-, -S-С(S)-O-, -С(S)-S-, -S-С(S)-, -NR-, -SiRR-, -CY=CY- или -С≡C- таким образом, что O и/или S атомы не соединены непосредственно друг с другом, и в котором один или несколько атомов водорода по выбору замещены посредством F, Cl, Br, I или CN, или Rи R, независимо друг от друга, и в каждом случае одинаково или различно, означают арил, гетероарил, арилокси или гетероарилокси ...

Neue Anthrazen-Derivate und organische elektronische Vorrichtung, die diese verwendet

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein neuartiges Anthracen-Derivat und eine organische elektronische Vorrichtung, die dasselbe verwendet. Die organische elektronische Vorrichtung gemäß der vorliegenden Erfindung zeigt hervorragende Eigenschaften in Effizienz, Steuerspannung und Lebensdauer.

BILDGEBUNGSELEMENT, MEHRSCHICHTBILDGEBUNGSELEMENT UND FESTKÖRPERBILDGEBUNGSVORRICHTUNG

Dieses Bildgebungselement ist mit einem fotoelektrischen Umwandlungsteil versehen, der durch Laminieren einer ersten Elektrode 21, einer fotoelektrischen Umwandlungsschicht 23A und einer zweiten Elektrode 22 erhalten wird; und eine anorganische Oxidhalbleitermaterialschicht 23B ist zwischen der ersten Elektrode 21 und der fotoelektrischen Umwandlungsschicht 23A gebildet. Die anorganische Oxidhalbleitermaterialschicht 23B ist aus wenigstens zwei Elementen konfiguriert, die aus der Gruppe ausgewählt sind, die aus Indium, Wolfram, Zinn und Zink besteht; der LUMO-Wert Edes Materials, das einen Teil der fotoelektrischen Umwandlungsschicht 23A darstellt, wobei sich der Teil in der Nähe der anorganischen Oxidhalbleitermaterialschicht 23B befindet, und der LUMO-Wert Edes Materials, das die anorganische Oxidhalbleitermaterialschicht 23B darstellt, erfüllen (E- E< 0,2 eV); oder die Beweglichkeit des Materials, das die anorganische Oxidhalbleitermaterialschicht 23B darstellt, beträgt 10 cm/V·s oder ...

FOTOELEKTRISCHER WANDLER UND FESTKÖRPER-BILDGEBUNGSVORRICHTUNG

Ein fotoelektrischer Wandler gemäß einer Ausführungsform der vorliegenden Offenbarung umfasst: eine organische fotoelektrische Umwandlungssektion; eine anorganische fotoelektrische Umwandlungssektion; und einen optischen Filter. Die organische fotoelektrische Umwandlungssektion umfasst eine erste Elektrode, eine zweite Elektrode und eine organische fotoelektrische Umwandlungsschicht. Die erste Elektrode umfasst eine Elektrode und eine weitere Elektrode. Die zweite Elektrode ist so angeordnet, dass sie der ersten Elektrode gegenüberliegt. Die organische fotoelektrische Umwandlungsschicht ist zwischen der ersten Elektrode und der zweiten Elektrode angeordnet und ist mit der einen Elektrode elektrisch gekoppelt. Die organische fotoelektrische Umwandlungsschicht und die andere Elektrode sind mit einer Isolierungsschicht dazwischen vorgesehen. Die anorganische fotoelektrische Umwandlungssektion weist die zwischen der anorganischen fotoelektrischen Umwandlungssektion und der organischen fotoelektrischen ...

Elektrolytzusammensetzung und farbstoffsensibilisierte Solarzelle

Elektrolytzusammensetzung, umfassend: (a) ein organisches Aminhydroiodid, ein Metalliodid, ein Imidazoliumsalz oder eine Kombination davon, mit 230 Gew.-%; (b) Iod mit 15 Gew.-%; (c) Guanidinthiocyanat mit 0,53 Gew.-%; (d) ein Benzimidazolderivat, ein Pyridinderivat oder eine Kombination davon, mit 210 Gew.-%; und (e) Polyethylenglycol und Propylencarbonat, mit 524,5 Gew.-%.

Komplexverbindungen mit einem mehrzähnigen, asymmetrischen Liganden und ihre Verwendung im opto-elektronischen Bereich

Beschrieben werden elektronische Vorrichtungen, enthaltend eine Metallkomplexverbindung mit einem ersten metallischen Zentrum M1 und einem zweiten metallischen Zentrum M2 und einem mehrzähnigen, asymmetrischen Liganden L1, der einen das erste und das zweite metallische Zentrum M1 und M2 verbrückenden Phosphido- oder Amido-Donor D1 aufweist sowie einen weiteren Donor D2, der entweder an das erste oder an das zweite metallische Zentrum bindet, sowie Verwendungen eines solchen Komplexes im elektronischen Bereich sowie zur Erzeugung von Licht sowie die Herstellung solcher Vorrichtungen.

A method of generating electricity

Photovoltaically active perovskite materials

A material is disclosed with perovskite-type structure having a formula selected from Formula I and Formula II [A' aA''b A'''c](3-y/x) [SnePbfBig]{[X](1-2h) [X2]h}3 Formula I [A' aA''b A'''c]((d+3-y)/x) [SnePbfBig]d{[X](1-2h) [X2]h}3d+1 Formula II in which A' represents one or more monovalent cations that can be selected from alkali metal ions, (organo)ammonium and (organo)phosphonium ions; A" represents one or more divalent cations that can be selected from alkaline earth metal cations; A"' represents one or more trivalent cations that can be selected from lanthanide ions; a, b and c are each in the range of from 0 to 1, a + b + c = 1; x = a + 2b + 3c; d is in the range of from 1 to 5, each of e, f and g are in the range of from 0 to 1, with the proviso that g is less than 1 in Formula I; e + f + g = 1; y = 2(e + + 3g; each X in "X" and "X2" is independently selected from the halogens; and h is in the range of from 0.0001 to 0.2. X2 is a dihalogen moiety, and can be the source of a valence ...

Perovskite nanofilms

Laminated interconnects for opto-electronic device modules

A method of producing an encapsulated module of interconnected opto-electronic devices such as organic photovoltaic (PV) devices or organic light emitting diode (OLED) devices is provided, which comprises: forming a patterned anode layer 104; forming a layer of opto-electronically active material 108 over the patterned anode layer 104; forming a patterned cathode layer 110 over the layer of opto-electronically active material 108, to provide a device array 100 of opto-electronically active cells on the substrate; selectively removing portions of the layer of opto-electronically active material 108 so as to expose minor portions 104a of the anodes 104; forming a patterned interconnect layer 171 on an encapsulating sheet 172 in a pattern to define an array of interconnect pads 171; and laminating the patterned encapsulating sheet 170 over the array 100 of opto-electronically active cells whereby the exposed anode portions 104a are interconnected with the cathodes 110 of adjacent cells by ...

Organic photovoltaic device comprising polycrystalline discotic liquid crystal

Salicylate substituted conjugated polymers and devices

A compound having a structural unit of Formula: (I). A polymer having a structural unit of Formula: (II). A conjugated polymer having one or more side groups of the following Formula: (III). Additionally, compositions, polymer blends, films, coatings, and electronic devices prepared from such polymers.

Method of forming an electronic device

Photoresponsive polymer systems and their use

Method of preparing opto-electronic device

Composition comprising a dielectric compound and de-doping additive, and organic electronic devices comprising such composition

A composition comprising; i) a dielectric/insulating material and ii) at least one basic additive. The dielectric material may be an inorganic dielectric material such as silicon oxide, silicon nitride, metal oxides or any blend of these. The dielectric material may be an organic material such as partially crosslinked polystyrene, polyvinylalcohol, polyvinylchloride or polycycloolefinic materials, or any blend of these. The basic additive may comprise one or more organic compounds comprising an amine group, including compounds selected from trimethylamine, triethylamine, ammonia, pyridine, an imidazole, a triazole or any combination of these. Second, third and fourth aspects are directed towards; use of the dielectric composition according to the first aspect, an organic electronic device comprising a dielectric composition according to the first aspect, and, a method of preparing an organic electronic device comprising a composition according to the first aspect, respectively.

Heterocyclic compounds and their use in electro-optical or opto-electronic devices

Compounds exhibiting high hole mobility and/or high glass transition temperatures together with favourable HOMO, LUMO and triplet levels are provided, i.e. 2-(4-diphenylamino)phenyl-8-(1-thianthrenyl)- dibenzothiophene and 4-(1-thianthrenyl)-bis(triphenylamine). Preferably, these compounds are purified via sublimation. The compounds may be used for hole transport layers e.g. in OLED devices. These compounds also have favourable highest occupied molecular orbital, lowest unoccupied molecular orbital and triplet levels. The compounds may also be used in an optical LED; an organic photovoltaic device; an imaging member for forming an electrostatic latent image device; an organic thin film transistor; a dye sensitized solar cell device; a printed device; a quantum dot based electroluminescent device; an organic LED device used as a light source to print conductive, resistive, dielectric, piezoelectric or pyroelectric films or lines or grids; and an organic LED lighting panel, and the optical ...

Electroactive polymers

Tractable doped electroactive polymers, comprising recurring units of a fused nitrogen-containing unsaturated heterocyclic ring system, are fabricated from the virgin polymer by contacting the polymer with donor or acceptor conductivity modifier atoms or groups of atoms.

PHOTOELCTRODES FOR PHOTOELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Conjugated polymers

Method of forming a crystalline or polycrystalline layer of an organic-inorganic metal halide perovskite

ORGANIC FORMULATIONS OF SEMICONDUCTOR LAYER WITH POLYACENEN AND ORGANIC BINDER POLYMERS

ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAI DEVICE WITH ENCAPSULATION

HETEROATOMI REGIOREGULÄRE POLY (3SUBSTITUIERTE THIOPHENE) IN PHOTO VOL DAY CELLS

PLANING MEANS AND DEVICES

MOLECULAR OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND PROCEDURE FOR THEIR PRODUCTION

Increased open-circuit-voltage organic photosensitive devices

A photosensitive device includes a first organic material and a second organic material forming a donor-acceptor heterojunction electrically connected between an anode and a cathode, where the first organic material and second organic material each have a Franck-Condon Shift of less than 0.5 eV. Preferably, one or both of the first organic material and the second organic material have Franck-Condon Shifts of less than 0.2 eV, or better yet, less than 0.1 eV.

CONDUCTING POLYMER DEVICES FOR INTER-CONVERTING LIGHT AND ELECTRICITY

Organic photosensitive devices

Optoelectronic device

Abstract The invention provides an optoelectronic device comprising a photoactive region, which photoactive region comprises: an n-type region comprising at least one n-type layer; a p-type region comprising at least one p-type layer; and, disposed between the n-type region and the p-type region: a layer of a perovskite semiconductor without open porosity. The perovskite semiconductor is generally light-absorbing. In some embodiments, disposed between the n-type region and the p-type region is: (i) a first layer which comprises a scaffold material, which is typically porous, and a perovskite semiconductor, which is typically disposed in pores of the scaffold material; and (ii) a capping layer disposed on said first layer, which capping layer is said layer of a perovskite semiconductor without open porosity, wherein the perovskite semiconductor in the capping layer is in contact with the perovskite semiconductor in the first layer. The layer of the perovskite semiconductor without open porosity ...

Organic solar cell of the bulk heterojunction type comprising an imide based conjugated backbone compound as photoactive material

The invention relates to a solar cell comprising at least a substrate (10), a cathode (11), a hole conductive layer (12), a bulk heterojunction photoactive layer (13) of a blend of a donor material and an acceptor material, an electron conductive layer (14) and an anode (15), wherein the blend comprises at least one photoactive material comprising a conjugated backbone system having: i) the general formula R2-imide-Ar-L-Ar-imide-R3, wherein Ar-L-Ar is a conjugated chromophore, imide is imide -OCNCO-, R2 and R3 are organic groups, bonded to the N atom of the respective imide and forming a conjugated bond with the respective imide; or. ii) repeating units (R4-imide-Ar-L-Ar-imide)n, wherein Ar-L-Ar is a conjugated chromophore, imide is imide -OCNCO-, R4 is an organic group bonded to the N atom of the respective imide and forming a conjugated bond with the respective imide and n is the number of repeating units.

Optoelectronic device

The invention provides an optoelectronic device comprising a photoactive region, which photoactive region comprises: an n-type region comprising at least one n-type layer; a p- type region comprising at least one p-type layer; and, disposed between the n-type region and the p-type region: a layer of a perovskite semiconductor without open porosity. The perovskite semiconductor is generally light-absorbing. In some embodiments, disposed between the n-type region and the p-type region is: (i) a first layer which comprises a scaffold material, which is typically porous, and a perovskite semiconductor, which is typically disposed in pores of the scaffold material; and (ii) a capping layer disposed on said first layer, which capping layer is said layer of a perovskite semiconductor without open porosity, wherein the perovskite semiconductor in the capping layer is in contact with the perovskite semiconductor in the first layer. The layer of the perovskite semiconductor without open porosity ...

Uses of a carbon nanobud molecule and devices comprising the same

A carbon nanobud molecule (3, 9, 18, 23, 29, 36) having at least one fullerene part covalently bonded to the side of a tubular carbon molecule is used to interact with electromagneticradiationin a device, wherein the interaction with electromagnetic radiation occurs through relaxation and/or excitation of the carbon nanobud molecule.

Optoelectronic devices with organometal perovskites with mixed anions

The invention provides an optoelectronic device comprising a mixed-anion perovskite, wherein the mixed-anion perovskite comprises two or more different anions selected from halide anions and chalcogenide anions. The invention further provides a mixed-halide perovskite of the formula (I) [A][B][X] 3 (I) wherein: [A] is at least one organic cation; [B] is at least one divalent metal cation; and [X] is said two or more different halide anions. In another aspect, the invention provides the use of a mixed-anion perovskite as a sensitizer in an optoelectronic device, wherein the mixed-anion perovskite comprises two or more different anions selected from halide anions and chalcogenide anions. The invention also provides a photosensitizing material for an optoelectronic device comprising a mixed-anion perovskite wherein the mixed-anion perovskite comprises two or more different anions selected from halide anions and chalcogenide anions.

OPTICALLY CONTROLLED SWITCHES

An optically controlled switch includes first and second electrodes, a channel extending between the electrodes, and a light source positioned to illuminate the channel. The light source produces a wavelength capable of changing the material's conductivity. The channel includes a photosensitive organic material and is configured to operate as a light controlled switch.

ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL STRUCTURE

The present invention provides a photovoltaic (PV) cell structure for enabling the conversion of incident light to potential electrical energy. The PV cell comprises at least one energy guiding means for converting incident light to potential electrical energy. The energy guiding means includes at least one electron donor and at least one electron acceptor adapted to be linked to a load therebetween. The electron donor is operable to release electrons based on absorption of photons and the electron acceptor may be operable to accelerate photons towards the electron donor and attract electrons released by the electron donor. The electron donor may include at least one photon receptor adapted to have a surface disposed at an angle normal to a range of incident photon angles.

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING COMPOSITIONS DERIVED FROM POLY(PHENYLENE)

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTING COMPOSITIONS DERIVED FROM POLY(PHENYLENE) Described are electrically conducting doped poly(phenylene) compositions, preferably exhibiting conductivities greater than about 10-4 ohm-1 cm-1 as measured by the four-probe method at room temperature. Preferred dopants are Group IA metal arenes, as electron donor agents, and arsenic pentafluoride as an electron acceptor agent. Semiconductors and infrared absorber materials manufactured from the compositions are also described.

ELECTROACTIVE POLYMERS

Tractable doped electroactive polymers, comprising recurring units of a fused nitrogen-containing unsaturated heterocyclic ring system, are fabricated from the virgin polymer by contacting the polymer with donor or acceptor conductivity modifier atoms or groups of atoms.

QUASI TWO-DIMENSIONAL LAYERED PEROVSKITE MATERIAL, RELATED DEVICES AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

Optoelectronic devices, such as photovoltaic device and light-emitting diode, are provided. The devices include a quasi two-dimensional layered perovskite material and a passivating agent chemically bonded to the quasi two-dimensional layered perovskite material. The passivating agent includes a phosphine oxide compound. An active material is also provided. The active material includes a quasi two-dimensional perovskite compound having outermost edge(s), and a passivating agent chemically bonded to the outermost edge(s). The passivating agent includes a phosphine oxide compound. Methods for manufacturing the optoelectronics devices and the active material are also provided.

NOVEL ELECTROLUMINESCENT POLYMERS FOR ELECTRONIC APPLICATIONS

The present invention relates to novel polymers comprising a repeating un it(s) of the formula (I) wherein at least one of the substituents R1, R2, R3 , R4, R5, R6, and R7 is a group -(Sp)x1-HEI, wherein Sp is a spacer unit, HE 1 is a group (HE1I), which increases the hole-injection and/or hole-transpor t properties of the polymers; or a group (HE1II), which increases the electr on- injection and/or electron-transport properties of the polymers, or a gro up (HE1III), which increases the hole-injection and/or hole-transport proper ties of the polymers and the electron-injection and/or electron-transport pr operties of the polymers, x1 is 0, or 1, and their use in electronic devices . The polymers according to the invention have excellent solubility in organ ic solvents and excellent film-forming properties. In addition, high charge carrier mobilities and high temperature stability of the emission color can be observed, if the polymers according to the invention are used in polymer light ...

ENERGY CONVERSION DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MAKING AND USING SAME

An energy conversion device comprises an apparatus and a method for employing energy from an electron- and, optionally, photon-containing energy wave that is induced in one or more aggregated molecular ensembles. Emission is stimulated from the ensembles by a wide variety of energy inputs, and energy derived from this electron and/or photon energy wave is useful for modulation of signals in circuits; performing chemical reduction reactions; and performing as an energy conversion device, e.g., as a photovoltaic energy converter. Although differing from a laser by virtue its production of, inter alia, a charge transfer rather than merely light, the device of the invention can be employed in virtually all of the same fields in which a laser is utilized.

BLACK SOLUBLE CONJUGATED POLYMERS WITH HIGH CHARGE CARRIER MOBILITIES

A soluble fused donor-acceptor conjugated polymer (fDA-CP) is prepared that absorbs light throughout nearly all the visible spectrum and is essentially black to the human eye when in the neutral state. The conjugated polymer has acceptor units that are isolated by a plurality of fused donor units. The fDA-CP assumes a conformation that results in a close p-stacking between adjacent lamella with a separation of less than 4.5 Å in the solid state and extended conjugation to promote high charge carrier mobilities. The fDA-CP is prepared by the polycondensation of a plurality of at least one fused donor- acceptor oligomer (fDA-oligomer) that has a flat internal acceptor unit and at least one fused donor unit incorporated in the oligomers, and optionally, an additional conjugated aromatic monomer or oligomer copolymerized with the fDA-oligomers.

PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES WITH MULTIPLE JUNCTIONS SEPARATED BY A GRADED RECOMBINATION LAYER

A recombination layer with a gradient work function is provided which increases the power-conversion efficiency of multijunction photovoltaic devices by reducing the energy barrier to charge carriers migrating between pairs of photovoltaic junctions thereby facilitating the optimal recombination of opposing electron and hole currents generated when the photovoltaic is illuminated.

CONJUGATED POLYMER, AND ELECTRON DONATING ORGANIC MATERIAL, MATERIAL FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE AND PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE USING THE CONJUGATED POLYMER

The objective of the present invention is to provide a photovoltaic element which has high photoelectric conversion efficiency and an electron-donating organic material which comprises a conjugate polymer having a structure of a thieno[3, 4-b]thiophene skeleton with an alkoxycarbonyl group in which a specific alkyl group part is a straight chain alkyl group or an alkanoyl group in which the alkyl group part is a straight chain alkyl group and a benzo[1,2-b: 4, 5-b']dithiophene skeleton with a heteroaryl group.

PREPARATION OF HIGH MOLECULAR WEIGHT POLYMERS BY DIRECT ARYLATION AND HETEROARYLATION

A method for preparing polymers by direct heteroarylation or arylation polycondensation is described herein. The method includes preparing a reaction mixture including at least a monomer to be polymerized, a catalyst and a ligand; heating the reaction mixture, and, optionally, end-capping the reaction mixture.

Process for increasing the electroconductivity of polyacetylene

The electroconductivity of polyacetylene is increased by partially oxidising polyacetylene by means of a compound of trivalent iron or of trivalent cobalt. The resultant partially oxidised polyacetylene can be used as an electrical semiconductor, conductor or as a photoconductor.

Solar cell and process for manufacturing it

The solar cell comprises a cathode (3) made of molybdenum having a high content of pure carbon and of gallium selenide in substantially equal proportions by weight, and an anode (1) formed by a layer of boron and of gallium sulphide. The anode and the cathode are separated by an intermediate sheet (2) made of plastic material, such as ethylene glycol polyterephthalate. The cell is manufactured by spraying under pressure on one of the faces of the sheet (2) a powder of boron and of gallium sulphide. The other face of the sheet (2) is coated with an aqueous mixture of molybdenum powders having a high content of carbon and of gallium selenide. A strip of tin is then applied on each of the faces of the assembly in order to constitute the electrodes. ...

Photoelectric conversion device and imaging device

Heterocyclic compounds and organic electronic device comprising the same

Printing process for enhanced jetted performance of semiconductor layer

Exemplary embodiments provide materials and processes for forming organic semiconductor features by heating a liquid composition containing semiconductor particles into a Newtonian solution for a uniform deposition.

Used as dopant and other uses of the metal complex

Phthalocyanine nanorods and photoelectric conversion element

Aromatic heterocyclic compounds, manufacturing method thereof, and use thereof

Semiconductor materials prepared from dithienylvinylene copolymers

THE OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICE.

PREPARATION OF OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES, ESPECIALLY CELLS OPV REVERSE

Cette élaboration met en œuvre une composition comprenant : du poly(3,4-éthylènedioxythiophène) ou PEDOT ; du polystyrènesulfonate ou PSS ; un composé (A) de formule : avec - 0 < x/y < 1 ; - Ar1 et Ar2 représentent des noyaux aromatiques, identiques ou différents ; - Ar1 et/ou Ar2 comprend au moins un substituant hydrophobe sur son noyau.

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE AND METHOD OF MAKING SAME

L'invention concerne un dispositif optoélectronique (30) de conversion d'un signal électrique en un rayonnement électromagnétique ou inversement, comprenant une zone active (34) prise en sandwich entre des première et deuxième électrodes (32, 40), le dispositif optoélectronique comprenant un empilement (31) de couches (32, 36, 38, 40) comprenant un bord latéral (54) et formant au moins la zone active, ledit empilement comprenant une succession de plis (42) et étant destiné à recevoir ou émettre le rayonnement électromagnétique par le bord latéral.

광전 변환 소자, 색소 증감 태양 전지, 금속 착체 색소, 색소 용액, 및 터피리딘 화합물 또는 그 에스터화물

... 도전성 지지체와, 전해질을 포함하는 감광체층과, 전해질을 포함하는 전하 이동체층과, 대극을 갖는 광전 변환 소자로서, 감광체층이 하기 식 (1)로 나타나는 금속 착체 색소가 담지된 반도체 미립자를 갖는 광전 변환 소자 및 색소 증감 태양 전지, 또한 이들에 이용되는 금속 착체 색소, 색소 용액, 및 터피리딘 화합물 또는 그 에스터화물. 식 (1) ML1L2(X)n1·CImY 식 (1) 중, M은 금속 이온을 나타낸다. L1은 하기 식 (LV-1) 또는 (LV-2)로 나타나는 LV를 갖는 3좌 배위자를 나타낸다. L2는, 고립 전자쌍으로 M에 배위하는 환 구성 질소 원자를 포함하는 환이, 유기기 RVL: -(RVL)nVL을 갖고, 음이온으로 M에 배위하는 2좌 또는 2좌 배위자를 나타낸다. X는 단좌 배위자를 나타내며, n1은 0 또는 1을 나타낸다. CI는 필요한 반대 이온을 나타내고, mY는 0~3의 정수를 나타낸다. 식 중, RV1 및 RV2는 각각 독립적으로 질소 원자 또는 CRV4를 나타내며, RV4는 수소 원자 또는 치환기를 나타낸다. RV3은 아릴기 또는 헤테로아릴기를 나타낸다. RVL은 특정 방향족환기 등을 나타내고, nVL은 0 이상의 정수를 나타낸다.

가시광선／근적외선 광검출기

... 본 발명은 포르피린 화합물을 제공한다. 이 화합물은 융합 다환식 방향족 탄화수소 또는 융합 복소환식 방향족 탄화수소를 더 포함할 수 있다. 융합 다환식 방향족 탄화수소 및 융합 복소환식 방향족 탄화수소는 포르피린 화합물의 흡수를 연장하고 확장하며, 용해도, 결정화도 및 필름 형성 특성을 변경시킬 수 있다. 추가로, 본 발명은 포르피린 화합물을 포함하는 디바이스를 또한 제공한다. C60과 같은 화합물과의 도너/억셉터 배치로 포르피린 화합물을 사용할 수 있다.

신규한 화합물 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지

... 본 발명은 신규한 화합물 및 이를 포함하는 태양전지에 관한 것으로, 본 발명에 따른 신규한 화합물은, 다양한 치환기의 도입이 가능하고, 낮은 밴드갭을 구현할 수 있으며, 저렴한 가격으로 태양전지의 염료 화합물로 사용되던 금속계 염료를 대체하여 높은 효율을 구현할 수 있다.

MATERIALS FOR ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT DEVICES

COMPOUND CONTAINING QUINOID STRUCTURE

The present invention relates to a compound containing a quinoid structure. According to one aspect of the present invention, a compound having a structure represented by chemical formula 1 is provided. In the chemical formula 1: R_1 and R_2 are hydrogen, or an alkyl group, a substituted alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, a substituted alkynyl group, an aryl group, or a substituted aryl group, having 1-60 carbon atoms; m is an integer of 1-5; n is an integer of 1-10,000; A is a conjugated structure; and B is a structure forming a conjugated system independently. The compound according to the present invention is extremely well suited for a large area securing process and mass production, as well as has excellent performance and reproducible reliability. Accordingly, the compound according to the present invention can be used as a core semiconductor in organic electronic devices in various fields from organic transistors to solar batteries. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2018 ...

전자 소자용 물질

... 본 출원은 화학식 (I) 또는 (II) 의 치환 벤즈안트라센 화합물에 관한 것이다. 본 출원은 또한 상기 벤즈안트라센 화합물을 포함하는 전자 소자에 관한 것이다.

OPTICAL WIRELESS COMMUNICATIONS SYSTEM

CONDENSATION POLYCYCLIC HETEROAROMATIC COMPOUND, ORGANIC THIN FILM INCLUDING SAME AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE INCLUDING ORGANIC THIN FILM

Provided is a condensation polycyclic heteroaromatic compound, which is represented by chemical formula 1 of a low molecular weight, has a compact plane structure in which seven or more aromatic rings are fused to each other, and thus exhibits high charge mobility as well as excellent solubility in solvents and excellent processability. In addition, provided are an organic thin film including the condensation polycyclic heteroaromatic compound and an electronic device. In the chemical formula 1, the definition of each substituent is the same as described in detailed description. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2018 ...

전자/정공 차단 층 및 엑시톤 차단 층을 사용하는 유기 광기전력 전지 개방 회로 전압의 강화

... 본 개시내용은 전자 차단 층 또는 정공 차단 층 중 하나 이상을 포함하는 감광성 광전자 디바이스에 관한 것이다. 또한, 본원에는 전자 차단 층 또는 정공 차단 층 중 하나 이상을 사용하여 감광성 광전자 디바이스에서 전력 전환 효율을 증가시키는 방법이 개시되어 있다. 본원에 개시된 전자 차단 층 및 정공 차단 층은 광기전력 전지의 암 전류 성분을 감소시킴으로써 전자 누설 전류를 감소시킬 수 있다. 이러한 작동은 광기전력 전지의 전력 전환 효율을 개선시키기 위해서 암 전류를 감소시키는 중요도를 입증해 보여준다.

ORGANIC MOLECULE, ESPECIALLY FOR USE IN ORGANIC OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICES

The present invention relates to an organic molecule, especially for use in optoelectronic components. According to the present invention, the organic molecule contains a first chemical unit having a structure of formula I and a second chemical unit having a structure of formula II, wherein the first chemical unit is joined to the second chemical unit via a single bond and the following definitions are applied: V is an attachment point of the single bond between the first chemical unit of formula I and a chemical unit, or selected from the group consisting of R^2 and CN; V is H or an attachment point of the single bond between the first chemical unit of formula I and a chemical unit; T and W are each an attachment point of the single bond between the first chemical unit and the second chemical unit, or selected from the group consisting of R^2 and CN; and X and Y are each selected from the group consisting of R^2 and CN. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2018 ...

ALLYL PHOSPHAZENE-BASED CROSS-LINKING AGENT AND SEMI-IPIN-TYPE ALL-SOLID-STATE POLYMER ELECTROLYTE COMPOSITION INCLUDING SAME

The present invention relates to an allyl phosphazene-based cross-linking agent, and a semi-interpenetrating polymer network (IPN)-type all-solid-state polymer electrolyte composition including the same. The semi-IPN-type all-solid-state polymer electrolyte composition according to the present invention reduces crystallization of an ethylene oxide group of a plasticizer even at low (room) temperature, so ion conductivity is remarkably improved and electrochemical stability and battery properties are excellent. Accordingly, the semi-IPN-type all-solid-state polymer electrolyte composition may be usefully used as an all-solid-state polymer electrolyte of a lithium-polymer secondary battery, a dye-sensitized solar cell, etc. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2016 (AA) Ion conductivity (S/cm) (BB) First time (CC) Second time ...

SLOT DIE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ORGANIC SOLAR CELL BY USING SAME

The present invention relates to a slot die for improving process stability and a method of manufacturing an organic solar cell by using the same. According to the present invention, the slot die includes: a first block disposed above a continuously supplied substrate and provided therein with a chamber for accommodating a material applied onto the substrate; a second block connected facing one surface of the first block; and a guide unit located between the first and second blocks and having an applying path communicated with the chamber to guide the material such that the material is applied to each row of the substrate, wherein a flow path narrowing unit with a reduced width is formed at one end portion of the applying path. According to the present invention, the method of manufacturing the organic solar cell includes the step of printing a laminated portion constituting the organic solar cell using the slot die described above. According to the slot die of the present invention, differences ...

ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF

Organic solar cell containing ternary based active layer and method of manufacturing the same

Immersion type production device for perovskite thin film, and application method and application

ELECTROLUMINSCENT ARRANGEMENTS

PURPOSE: An electroluminescent apparatus has the polymer organic conductors as hole and/or electron injecting layers in order to increase the brightness. CONSTITUTION: Electro luminescent arrangements contain hole and/or electron injecting layers, the polymer organic conductors being selected from the group comprising polyfurans, polypyrrols, polyanilins, polythiophenes and polypyridines. COPYRIGHT 2000 KIPO ...

SOLID-STATE IMAGE PICKUP DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

유기 정공 수송체들의 Ｐ-도핑 가교

... 본 발명은 작용성화된 유기 매트릭스 화합물(functionalized organic matrix compound)이 기판(substrate) 상에서 적어도 하나의 가교제(crosslinking reagent)와 반응함으로써 보다 높은 분자량의 화합물들이 형성되는, 정공-수송 전기 층들(hole-transporting electrical layers)을 생성하기 위한 방법으로서, 작용성화된 유기 매트릭스 화합물은 하기 화학식 1에 해당하고, 가교제가 제13족 내지 제15족으로부터의 적어도 하나의 금속 원자 및 적어도 하나의 유기 리간드(ligand)를 포함하는 방법에 관한 것이다: 화학식 1, 상기 식에서, L은 결합이거나 치환되거나 비치환된, 포화되거나 불포화된 C1-C50 알킬, 아릴, 폴리에틸렌 글리콜, 폴리에틸렌디아민, 폴리에스테르, 폴리우레탄, 또는 폴리비닐리덴페닐 사슬들 또는 이들의 혼합물들을 포함하는 군으로부터 선택되고, E1, E2는 서로 독립적으로 산소, 황, 셀레늄, NH 또는 NE3일 수 있고, 여기서 E3는 치환되거나 비치환된 알킬 또는 아릴을 포함하는 군으로부터 선택되고, E3는 R에 결합될 수 있고; R은 H, D, C1-C10 알킬-실릴 또는 아릴-실릴 에스테르, 불화되거나 비불화된, 분지되거나 비분지된 C1-C10 알킬, 아릴 또는 헤테로아릴을 포함하는 군으로부터 선택되고, RHTL은 유기 정공 수송체의 기본 구조이다.

Novel macromolecular compounds having a core-shell structure for use as semiconductors

The invention relates to novel macromolecular compounds having a core-shell structure and also their use in electronic components.

Composition having changeable solubility, hole transport material composition, and organic electronic element produced using each of said compositions

An embodiment of the present invention relates to a composition which comprises (A) a polymer or oligomer which has a repeating unit that has a hole-transporting property and a thienyl group that may have a substituent and (B) an initiator, and of which the solubility can be changed when heat, light or both of heat and light is applied to the composition.

Organic thin-film solar cell and organic thin-film solar cell module

Provided is an organic thin-film solar cell having a cathode, an electric charge generating layer, and an anode layered in this order, and an electric charge transporting later between the cathode and the electric charge generating layer and/or between the anode and the electric charge generating layer, said electric charge transporting layer having a carrier mobility of 1 10-9 cm2/Vs or more in a field intensity of 0 V/cm.

Compound and organic electronic device using the same

Provided are a novel compound and an organic electronic device using the same. The novel compound is represented by the following Formula (I): Formula (I); wherein one of G1 to G4 is selected from the group consisting of: an heteroaryl group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and containing at least one nitrogen atom, a cycloalkyl group, a heterocycloalkyl group, an aryl group, an aryloxy group, an arylsilyl group, an arylboron group having 3 to 60 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, an alkyl group, an alkenyl group, an alkynyl group, an alkoxy group, an alkylsilyl group, an alkylboron group, a phosphine group, and a phosphine oxide group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms and substituted with at least one functional group, wherein said functional group is selected from the group consisting of: a cyano group, a nitro group, a fluoro group, and a chloro group. The others of G1 to G4 and G5 are each independently selected from the substituted or nonsubstituted groups aforesaid ...

Photoactive layer, organic photovoltaic cell including the same, and method of manufacturing the same

Organic devices and organic electroluminescent devices

CARBAZOLE POLYMER AND ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT ELEMENT USING SAME

A polymer containing a structural unit represented by formula (A). In formula (A), each P represents a group represented by formula (P). L represents a linking group. a represents an integer between 2 and 5, inclusive, and b represents an integer between 0 and 5, inclusive. In formula (P), each A represents a nitrogen atom or CR. X represents a single bond, O, S, C(R)2, or NR. Each R independently represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted C1-20 alkyl group and the like, or a single bond used in the bond to another P or L. However, at least one R in (P)a is represented by one of formulas (3)-(7).

NEW ANTHRACENE DERIVATIVES AND ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICE USING THE SAME

The present invention relates to a novel anthracene derivative and an organic electronic device using the same. The organic electronic device according to the present invention shows excellent characteristics in efficiency, driving voltage, and life time.

ORGANIC/INORGANIC COMPOSITE COMPRISING THREE- DIMENSIONAL CARBON NANOTUBE NETWORKS, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE ORGANIC/INORGANIC COMPOSITE AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE USING THE ORGANIC/INORGANIC COMPOSITE

An organic/inorganic composite is provided. The organic/inorganic composite comprises a silicon (Si) substrate formed with nanorods or nanoholes and three-dimensional networks of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) grown horizontally in parallel and suspended between the adjacent nanorods or inside the nanoholes. In the organic/inorganic composite, metal catalysts can be uniformly formed on the nanorods or inside the nanoholes, irrespective of the height of the nanorods or the depth of the nanoholes and the shape and aspect ratio of the nanorods or nanoholes. In addition, the carbon nanotubes grow in a three-dimensional network structure directly over the entire surface of the nanorods or the whole inner surface of the nanoholes and are directly connected to the base electrodes. With this configuration, the three-dimensional carbon nanotube networks are highly dense per unit volume, and the organic/inorganic composite is highly electrically conductive and has a large surface area. Therefore, the use ...

AROMATIC AMINE-TERPHENYL COMPOUNDS AND USE THEREOF IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTING COMPONENTS

The present invention relates to aromatic amine-terphenyl compounds of formula (I) and to the use thereof in organic semiconducting components.

ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIAL, ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURE AND ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE

An organic semiconductor material which comprises a polymer compound and a low molecular weight compound, wherein the polymer compound has a skeleton structure comprising a specific π-electron ring as a part of the side chain thereof, the low molecular weight compound has a skeleton structure comprising a specific π-electron ring, and wherein the above compounds have a terminal group exhibiting liquid crystallinity at at least one of both terminals ; and, an organic semiconductor structure and an organic semiconductor device utilizing the organic semiconductor material. The organic semiconductor material can form an organic semiconductor layer exhibiting the mobility of an electric charge which is high and also uniform over a broad area.

Aromatic Amine-Terphenyl Compounds and Use Thereof in Organic Semiconducting Components

The present invention relates to aromatic amine-terphenyl compounds and use thereof in organic semiconducting components.

PLATINUM COMPLEXES AND DEVICES

Platinum compounds of Formulas I and II useful in a variety of devices, such as, for example organic-light emitting diodes (OLEDs).

Organic photovoltaic component with encapsulation

The invention concerns an organic photovoltaic component with a novel encapsulation, wherein the invention for the first time discloses packaging for organic solar cells that includes a low-cost film composite comprising a metal portion. The packaging meets high requirements, particularly with respect to high barrier properties against oxygen and water vapor encapsulation without or with only minimal adhesive joints, since the encapsulation can be welded/soldered to the substrate or the bottom electrode, integrated lead-through of electrical connections, including adhesive-bonded, soldered and/or welded connections.

2,7-Carbazolenevinylene derivatives as novel materials in producing organic based electronic devices

Organic Field Effect Transistor (OFET), an Organic Light Emitting Diode (OLED), an and an Organic Photovoltaic Cell (OPC) including as active material a congugated oligomeric or polymeric 2,7-carbazolenevinylene derivative described by the formula (I) or (II): Such OFETs, OLEDs and OPCs have improved devices properties and efficiencies.

Method of forming an electronic device

A method of forming an electronic circuit component using the technique of drop on demand printing to deposit droplets of deposition material, said method comprising depositing a plurality of droplets on a surface to form a patterned electronic device comprising multiple discrete portions.

Intermediate-band photosensitive device with quantum dots having tunneling barrier embedded in organic matrix

A plurality of quantum dots each have a shell. The quantum dots are embedded in an organic matrix. At least the quantum dots and the organic matrix are photoconductive semiconductors. The shell of each quantum dot is arranged as a tunneling barrier to require a charge carrier (an electron or a hole) at a base of the tunneling barrier in the organic matrix to perform quantum mechanical tunneling to reach the respective quantum dot. A first quantum state in each quantum dot is between a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO) of the organic matrix. Wave functions of the first quantum state of the plurality of quantum dots may overlap to form an intermediate band.

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE HAVING AN EMBEDDED ELECTRODE

An optoelectronic device including a first electrode arranged on a substrate, a second electrode that includes a first surface facing the first electrode, and a semiconductor material layer that is in electric contact with the first and second electrodes. The second electrode includes a side wall that is adjacent to the first surface and is covered with the semiconductor material layer by the insertion of a self-assembled monolayer. 112-. (canceled)13. An optoelectronic device comprising:a substrate,a first electrode arranged on the substrate,a second electrode comprising a first surface facing the first electrode, and a side wall adjacent to the first surface, anda layer of a semiconductor material in electric contact with the first and second electrodes and covering the side wall of the second electrode by the insertion of a self-assembled monolayer.14. The device according to claim 13 , wherein the first surface is covered with an electrically insulating layer.15. The device according to claim 14 , wherein the electrically insulating layer is in contact with the first electrode.16. The device according to claim 14 , wherein the electrically insulating layer is separated from the first electrode by a semiconductor material layer.17. The device according to claim 13 , wherein the semiconductor material layer comprises two sub-layers made from different semiconductor materials.18. The device according to claim 13 , wherein the second electrode comprises a second surface claim 13 , opposite to the first surface claim 13 , covered with the semiconductor material layer by the insertion of the self-assembled monolayer.19. The device according to claim 13 , wherein the first electrode is provided with a charge injection layer.20. The device according to claim 13 , wherein the semiconductor material layer is an organic material.21. A method for producing an optoelectronic device comprising the steps of:providing a first electrode arranged on a substrate,forming a ...

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION FILM, PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE AND COLOR IMAGE SENSOR HAVING THE PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE

A blue color photoelectric conversion film includes: a p-type layer formed by depositing tetracene; a p,n-type layer formed by co-depositing tetracene and naphthalene- tetracarboxylic-dianhydride (“NTCDA”) on the p-type layer; and an n-type layer formed by depositing NTCDA on the p,n-type layer. 1. A blue color photoelectric conversion film comprising:a p-type layer formed by depositing tetraphenyl diamine;{'sub': '60', 'a p,n-type layer formed by co-depositing tetraphenyl diamine and Con the p-type layer; and'}an n-type layer formed by depositing naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride on the p,n-type layer.3. The photoelectric conversion device of claim 2 , wherein the first electrode is a transparent electrode comprising indium tin oxide claim 2 , indium zinc oxide claim 2 , ZnO claim 2 , SnO claim 2 , antimony-doped tin oxide claim 2 , Al-doped zinc oxide claim 2 , gallium-doped zinc oxide claim 2 , TiO claim 2 , fluorine-doped tin oxide or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing claim 2 , and the second electrode is the transparent electrode or is a metal electrode comprising Al claim 2 , Cu claim 2 , Ti claim 2 , Au claim 2 , Pt claim 2 , Ag claim 2 , Cr or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing.4. The photoelectric conversion device of claim 2 , further comprising a buffer layer claim 2 , a hole transfer layer claim 2 , or an electron transfer layer interposed between the first electrode and the blue color photoelectric conversion film or the second electrode and the blue color photoelectric conversion film.5. A color image sensor comprising the photoelectric conversion device of .6. A green color photoelectric conversion film comprising:a p-type layer formed by depositing tetraphenyl diamine;a p,n-type layer formed by co-depositing tetraphenyl diamine and N-methyl-3,4,9,10-perylenetetracarboxyl-diimide on the p-type layer; andan n-type layer formed by depositing naphthalene-tetracarboxylic-dianhydride on the p,n-type layer.8. ...

FABRICATING METHOD OF ORGANIC PHOTODETECTOR

A method of fabricating an organic photodetector including a substrate, a first electrode, an insulation layer, an organic layer, and a second electrode is provided. The first electrode is disposed on the substrate. The insulation layer is disposed on the first electrode. The organic layer is disposed on the substrate and the insulation layer and covers a side surface of the insulation layer and a side surface of the first electrode. The second electrode is disposed on the organic layer and located above the insulation layer. 1. A fabricating method of an organic photodetector and an organic thin film transistor (OTFT) , comprising:forming a first electrode and a gate on a substrate;forming a first insulation layer on the first electrode and forming a second insulation layer on the gate, wherein the second insulation layer further covers a side surface of the gate;forming a first organic layer on the substrate and the first insulation layer and forming a second organic layer on the second insulation layer, wherein the first organic layer further covers the first insulation layer and a side surface of the first electrode; andforming a second electrode on the first organic layer and forming a source/drain on the second organic layer, wherein the second electrode is disposed above the first insulation layer.2. The fabricating method of the organic photodetector and the OTFT of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is an anode and the second electrode is a cathode.3. The fabricating method of the organic photodetector and the OTFT of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is a transparent electrode.4. The fabricating method of the organic photodetector and the OTFT of claim 3 , wherein the second electrode is a metal electrode and a thickness of the second electrode is smaller than 100 nanometers.5. The fabricating method of the organic photodetector and the OTFT of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is a metal electrode.6. The fabricating method of the organic ...

METAL COMPLEX DYE, PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT AND DYE-SENSITIZED SOLAR CELL

A metal complex dye, containing a ligand LL1 having a structure represented by Formula (I): 2. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , which is represented by Formula (XIII) or Formula (XV).3. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , which is represented by Formula (XIII).4. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (XIII) each are an alkynyl group having 5 to 15 carbon atoms.5. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (XIII) each are a hydrogen atom.6. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (XIII) each are a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group.7. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (XIV) each are a branched or straight-chain alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms.8. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (XV) each are a branched or straight-chain alkyl group having 4 to 10 carbon atoms.9. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Rto Rand Rto Rin Formula (XV) each are a hydrogen atom.10. The metal complex dye according to claim 1 , wherein Z is isothiocyanate claim 1 , isocyanate or isoselenocyanate.11. A photoelectric conversion element claim 1 , comprising semiconductor fine particles sensitized with the metal complex dye according to .12. A photoelectric conversion element claim 1 , comprising semiconductor fine particles sensitized with a plurality of dyes claim 1 , at least one of which is the metal complex dye according to .13. The photoelectric conversion element according to claim 12 , at least one of the plurality of dyes has a maximum absorption wavelength of 600 nm or more on the longest wavelength side in THF/water (=6:4 claim 12 , trifluoroacetic acid 0.1 v/v %) solution.15. A dye-sensitized solar cell claim 11 , comprising the photoelectric conversion element according to .16. A dye-sensitized solar cell claim 12 , comprising the photoelectric conversion element according to .17. A ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

The invention provides a bio-photovoltaic device, in which a photoelectric center, exemplified by a biological photosynthetic reaction center (RC), is dispersed and mobile in a medium, such as an aqueous solution. The charges generated by the illuminated RC are transferred to electrodes via one or more mediators. In selected embodiments, the difference between the reaction rates of two types of mediator at the electrode surfaces, in conjunction with other charge transfer reaction equilibria, determines the direction of the photocurrent in the device. In an exemplified embodiment, the magnitude of the photocurrent is proportional to the incident light intensity, and the current increases nonlinearly with an increase in the RC concentration in the medium. 1. A photovoltaic device having a cell comprising:a cathode and an anode electrically coupled to an electrical circuit;a medium in contact with the cathode and the anode; a first redox species dispersed and mobile in the medium, wherein the first redox species accepts electrons from the cathode, to form a reduced cathode charge transfer mediator, and donates electrons to the photoelectric center, to form an oxidized cathode charge transfer mediator; and,', 'a second redox species dispersed and mobile in the medium, wherein the second redox species accepts electrons from the photoelectric center, to form a reduced anode charge transfer mediator, and donates electrons to the anode, to form an oxidized anode charge transfer mediator;, 'a molecular photoelectric center dispersed and mobile in the medium; and, one or both ofwherein, the photoelectric centre absorbs electromagnetic irradiation to form an activated photoelectric centre having an electric dipole, the dipole having a rate of decay by charge recombination within the photoelectric centre.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the medium is a fluid medium.4. The device of wherein the fluid medium is a gel or an aquous solution.5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND METHOD OF ITS MANUFACTURE

A method is presented for use in manufacture of a semiconductor device, such as a photovoltaic cell. The method comprises: providing a structure comprising a ZnO layer; applying a surface treatment to said structure for a certain time period to form a layer of ZnS on said ZnO layer; and depositing an active structure on said ZnS layer. The active structure may be a light absorbing structure, including a light absorbing semiconductor or a molecular light absorbing dye. The provision of the ZnS buffer layer between the ZnO layer and the active structure improves the device performance. 1. A method for use in manufacture of a semiconductor device , the method comprising:providing a structure comprising a ZnO layer;applying a surface treatment to said structure for a certain time period to form a layer of ZnS on said ZnO layer; anddepositing an active layer structure on said ZnS layer, thereby providing substantially even coating of the ZnO layer by said active layer structure, wherein the active layer structure comprises at least one of the following: (a) a semiconductor layer structure, and (b) a molecular dye structure.2. (canceled)3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said active layer structure comprises the semiconductor layer structure comprising a light absorbing semiconductor.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said active layer structure comprises the molecular dye structure comprising a light absorbing molecular dye structure.5. A method according to claim 1 , comprising a substrate carrying the ZnO layer on its surface.6. A method according to claim 5 , characterized by at least one of the following: (i) said substrate is electrically conducting; (ii) said substrate is optically transparent.7. (canceled)8. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said surface treatment comprises immersing said structure comprising the ZnO layer in a solution containing sulfide ions.9. A method according to claim 1 , wherein said certain time period is at least a ...

Light-emitting device and photovoltaic cell, and method for manufacturing the same

Provided are a light-emitting device and a photovoltaic cell having excellent characteristics. A light-emitting device ( 10 ) includes a cathode ( 34 ), an anode ( 32 ), a light-emitting layer ( 50 ) interposed between the cathode ( 34 ) and the anode ( 32 ), and an electron injection layer ( 44 ) provided between the cathode ( 34 ) and the light-emitting layer ( 50 ) and connected to the cathode ( 34 ), in which at least one of the anode ( 32 ) and the cathode ( 34 ) contains a conductive material having an aspect ratio of 1.5 or more, and the electron injection layer ( 44 ) contains an organic compound having at least one of an ionic group and a polar group.

Methods of forming graphene by graphite exfoliation

Methods of forming graphene by graphite exfoliation, wherein the methods include: providing a graphite sample having atomic layers of carbon; introducing a salt and a solvent into the space between the atomic layers; expanding the space between the atomic layers using organic molecules and ions from the solvent and the salt; and separating the atomic layers using a driving force to form one or more sheets of graphene; the graphene produced by the methods can be used to form solar cells, to perform DNA analysis, and for other electrical, optical and biological applications. 1. A method of forming graphene , comprising:providing a graphite sample having atomic layers of carbon with spaces in between;introducing a solvent and ions into the spaces between the atomic layers;expanding the space between the atomic layers using at least one of the solvent and the ions; andseparating the atomic layers using a driving force to form one or more sheets of graphene.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the driving force is at least one of:electrochemical, thermal, microwave, solvothermal, sonochemical and acoustic.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising providing the ions as metal ions via an electrolytic solution.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of:a) providing the ions as at least one of lithium ions, solvated ions and lithium ion complexes; andb) providing the solvent as an organic solvent that includes organic molecules and the ions.5. The method of claim 1 , including forming the graphene as one or more flakes of graphene or one or more sheets of graphene derivatives.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the graphite sample is selected from the group of graphite samples comprising: natural graphite claim 1 , graphite minerals claim 1 , synthetic graphite claim 1 , highly oriented pyrolytic graphite (HOPG) claim 1 , graphite fiber claim 1 , graphite rods claim 1 , graphite powder claim 1 , and chemically modified graphite.7. The method of claim 1 , ...

DYE FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION, SEMICONDUCTOR ELECTRODE, PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT, SOLAR CELL, AND NOVEL PYRROLINE-BASED COMPOUND

Provided is a dye for photoelectric conversion containing at least one or more kind of a compound represented by the following General Formula (1) (in Formula (1), Rand Rrepresent any one of —CN, —SOR, —COOR, and —CONR(R represents a hydrogen atom, a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group, a cycloalkyl group, or an aryl group); Rrepresents a direct bond or a substituted or unsubstituted alkylene group; X represents an acidic group; and D represents an organic group having an electron donating substituent or a substituted or unsubstituted heterocyclic group). 2. The dye for photoelectric conversion according to claim 1 ,wherein the acidic group is a carboxy group, a hydroxy group, a sulfonic acid group, or a phosphonic acid group.3. The dye for photoelectric conversion according to claim 1 ,wherein the organic group having an electron donating substituent is an aryl group having an electron donating substituent.4. A semiconductor electrode comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a semiconductor layer onto which at least one or more kind of the dye for photoelectric conversion according to has been adsorbed.'}5. The semiconductor electrode according to claim 4 ,wherein the semiconductor layer is constituted with a semiconductor material containing titanium oxide or zinc oxide.6. A photoelectric conversion element using the semiconductor electrode according to .7. A solar cell comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00006', 'claim 6'}, 'the photoelectric conversion element according to .'} The present invention relates to a dye for photoelectric conversion, a semiconductor electrode, a photoelectric conversion element, a solar cell, and a novel pyrroline-based compound.Since a large amount of fossil fuels represented by petroleum have been used so far, the level of COhas increased. Consequently, global warming has become a serious problem, and there is a concern over the depletion of fossil fuels. Accordingly, how the demand for a large amount ...

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT AND SOLAR BATTERY CONTAINING THE SAME

The object is to provide a photoelectric conversion element having excellent photoelectric conversion efficiency, and high durability. 2. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the Ar claim 1 , Ar claim 1 , and Arhas at least one thiophene ring structure.3. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 2 , wherein the thiophen ring binds to the X or the Y.4. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the Ar claim 1 , Ar claim 1 , and Arhas at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of from C1 to C20 claim 1 , alkoxy groups of from C1 to C8 claim 1 , and halogen atoms.6. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the Ar claim 5 , Ar claim 5 , and Arhas at least one thiophen ring structure.7. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 6 , wherein the thiophen ring binds to the X or the Y.8. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 5 , wherein at least one of the Ar claim 5 , Ar claim 5 , and Arhas at least one substituent selected from the group consisting of alkyl groups of from C1 to C20 claim 5 , alkoxy groups of from C1 to C8 and halogen atoms.9. The photoelectric conversion element of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor is titanium oxide.10. A solar battery comprising the photoelectric conversion element set forth in . This application is based on Japanese Patent Application No. 2011-254284 filed on Nov. 21, 2011, the contents of which are incorporated herein by reference.1. Technical FieldThe present invention relates to a photoelectric conversion element and a solar battery containing the same.2. Description of Related ArtsIn recent years, the use of sunlight, which is infinite and does not generate toxic substances, is being actively considered. An example of an application method of this clean energy source, sunlight, is the application to solar batteries using the photovoltaic effect. The photovoltaic effect is a ...

RADIATION DETECTOR AND RADIATION DETECTOR MANUFACTURING METHOD

A radiation detector that includes a first scintillator layer, an organic photoelectric conversion layer and a substrate is provided. The first scintillator layer, the organic photoelectric conversion layer and the substrate are layered along a radiation incident direction. The first scintillator layer contains a blend of a first phosphor material that is mainly sensitive to low energy radiation in incident radiation and converts the radiation into light of a first wavelength, and a second phosphor material that is more sensitive to high energy than low energy radiation in the radiation and converts the radiation into light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength. The organic photoelectric conversion layer is configured by disposing a plurality of first light detection sensors and a plurality of second light detection sensors in the same plane. 1. A radiation detector comprising:a first scintillator layer containing a blend of a first phosphor material that is mainly sensitive to low energy radiation in incident radiation and converts the radiation into light of a first wavelength, and a second phosphor material that is more sensitive to high energy than low energy radiation in the radiation and converts the radiation into light of a second wavelength different from the first wavelength;an organic photoelectric conversion layer configured by disposing in the same plane a plurality of first light detection sensors that are configured from a first organic material and that absorb and convert into charge more of the first wavelength light than the second wavelength light, and a plurality of second light detection sensors that are configured from a second organic material different from the first organic material and that absorb and convert into charge more of the second wavelength light than the first wavelength light; anda substrate, the organic photoelectric conversion layer being disposed on the substrate and the substrate being formed with ...

Processes for preparing devices and films based on conductive nanoparticles

The present invention relates to a process for preparing a device comprising: (i) providing an aqueous emulsion comprising an organic solvent, a surfactant and at least one conductive organic compound; (ii) removal of the organic solvent to provide an aqueous suspension of conductive nanoparticles comprising the at least one conductive organic compound; (iii) depositing the nanoparticles onto a substrate to form a nanoparticle layer; and (iv) annealing the nanoparticle layer.

POLYMER WRAPPED CARBON NANOTUBE NEAR-INFRARED PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES

A photovoltaic device includes a photoactive region disposed between and electrically connected to two electrodes where the photoactive region includes photoactive polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes that create excitons upon absorption of light in the range of about 400 nm to 1400 nm. 1. A device comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode; anda photoactive region disposed between and electrically connected to the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein the photoactive region comprises a photoactive substantially semiconducting polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes disposed within an organic semiconductor material, whereby the organic semiconductor material and the photoactive substantially semiconducting polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes form a bulk heterojunction layer,wherein the carbon nanotubes themselves are photoactive.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the organic semiconductor material in the bulk heterojunction layer is an electron acceptor type material with respect to the photoactive substantially semiconducting polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the photoactive substantially semiconducting polymer-wrapped carbon nanotubes are substantially semiconducting polymer-wrapped single-wall carbon nanotubes.4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the polymer-wrapped single-wall carbon nanotubes are wrapped with a photoactive polymer.5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the polymer-wrapped single-wall carbon nanotubes create excitons upon absorption of light in the range of about 400 nm to 1400 nm.6. The device of claim 2 , wherein the electron acceptor type organic semiconductor material is selected from one of evaporated C claim 2 , [84]PCBM ([6 claim 2 ,6]-Phenyl Cbutyric acid methyl ester) claim 2 , F16-CuPc claim 2 , PTCBI claim 2 , PTCDA claim 2 , Poly(benzimidazobenzophenanthroline) claim 2 , TCNQ (7 claim 2 ,7 claim 2 ,8 claim 2 ,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane) claim 2 , and F4-TCNQ (tetrafluorotetracyanoquinodimethane).7. The ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC APPLICATIONS OF NON-CONJUGATED CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS

A photovoltaic structure having an electrode of a glass substrate coated with a high work function metal to which a film of a combination of a non-conjugated conductive polymer and an electron acceptor such as fullerene, carbon, iodine, or potassium iodide is applied. The structure has a second electrode of a low work function metal that has been coated on the glass substrate. This glass substrate with the low work function metal is applied to the film. Among the non-conjugated polymers are polyisoprene, poly(β-pinene), cis-polyisoprene, styrene-butadiene-rubber copolymer, polynobornene and polyalloocimene. When light strikes this photovoltaic structure it is capable of generating electric voltage greater than 100 mV for a light intensity of about 5 mW/cm. 1. A photovoltaic structure consisting essentially of an electrode of a transparent substrate coated with a high work function metal which has a cast film formed of a combination of a non-conjugated conductive polymer and an electron acceptor and a second electrode of low work function metal applied on the film.2. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , in which the high work function metal is indium-tin-oxide.3. The photovoltaic structure of in which the low work function metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , magnesium and titanium dioxide.4. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , in which the non-conjugated polymer is poly(β-pinene)5. The photovoltaic structure of claim 1 , in which the high work function metal is indium-tin-oxide claim 1 , and the non-conjugated conductive polymer film is selected from the group consisting of a styrene-butadiene-rubber copolymer claim 1 , cis-polyisoprene claim 1 , polynobornene claim 1 , polyalloocimene and poly(β-pinene) claim 1 , and the low work function metal is selected from the group consisting of aluminum claim 1 , calcium claim 1 , magnesium and titanium dioxide.6. The photovoltaic structure of in which the low function ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING FULLY AQUEOUS PHASE-SYNTHESIZED NANOCRYSTALS/CONDUCTING POLYMER HYRID SOLAR CELL

Provided is a method for producing a highly efficient organic/inorganic hybrid solar cell using fully aqueous phase-synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals and conducting polymer. The method mainly includes three steps: synthesizing nanocrystals in an aqueous phase, synthesizing a conjugated polymer precursor in an aqueous phase, and producing a device of solar cell. The nanocrystal material required for producing a solar cell by the method is widely available, diversified and size-controlled, and the used conjugated polymer has regulated molecular structure and molecular weight, which contributes to increase the absorption of sunlight. The processing of cell device can be performed at room temperature in air, and has advantages of no pollution, short processing period, and low cost. A method for producing an organic/inorganic hybrid solar cell is developed, which succeeds in introducing the high quality nanocrystals synthesized in an aqueous phase and is an eco-friendly and pollution-free technology for producing a solar cell. 1. A method for producing a fully aqueous phase-synthesized semiconductor nanocrystals/conducting polymer hybrid solar cell , comprising the steps of:(1) preparing an aqueous semiconductor nanocrystal solution in an aqueous phase;(2) preparing a conducting polymer precursor solution in an aqueous phase;(3) separating the semiconductor nanocrystals from the aqueous semiconductor nanocrystal solution;(4) preparing a mixed solution by mixing the separated semiconductor nanocrystals with the conducting polymer precursor solution in a mass ratio of 1:1 to 10:1;(5) forming a film by coating the mixed solution on a surface of a conducting anode or the surface of a conducting anode covered with an electron blocking layer and drying the same;(6) forming an active layer having an interpenetrating network structure of the conducting polymer and the semiconductor nanocrystals by heating the film under nitrogen gas; and(7) evaporating or spin-coating a ...

Photovoltaic Cell Containing Novel Photoactive Polymer

Novel photoactive polymers, as well as related photovoltaic cells, articles, systems, and methods, are disclosed.

INDENOPERYLENE COMPOUND, MATERIAL FOR ORGANIC THIN-FILM PHOTOVOTAIC CELL CONTAINING INDENOPERYLENE DERIVATIVE AND ORGANIC THIN FILM PHOTOVOTAIC CELL USING SAME

An indenoperylene derivative represented by a formula (A-1), wherein in the formula (A-1), at least one of Rto Ris an amino group represented by the formula (A-2). In the formula (A-2), Rand Rare a substituted or unsubstituted aryl group having 6 to 40 ring carbon atoms or a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group having 1 to 40 carbon atoms. 4. A material for an organic thin film solar cell comprising the indenoperylene derivative according to .5. An organic thin film solar cell comprising the indenoperylene derivative according to .6. An organic thin film solar cell comprising at least a p layer claim 1 , wherein the p layer comprises the indenoperylene derivative according to .7. An organic thin film solar cell comprising at least a p layer and an n layer claim 1 , wherein the n layer comprise a fullerene derivative and the p layer comprises the indenoperylene derivative according to .10. An organic thin film solar cell comprising the material for an organic thin film solar cell according to .11. An organic thin film solar cell having at least a p layer claim 8 , wherein the p layer comprises the material for an organic thin film solar cell according to .12. An organic thin film solar cell comprising at least a p layer and an n layer claim 8 , wherein the n layer comprises a fullerene derivative and the p layer comprises the material for an organic thin film solar cell according to . The invention relates to a novel indenoperylene derivative, a material for an organic thin film solar cell comprising the same, and an organic thin film solar cell using the same. The invention relates to a material for an organic thin film solar cell comprising an indenoperylene derivative and an organic thin film solar cell using the same.An organic thin film solar cell is a device which outputs electric power through input of light. In this regard, it is a device which shows a response opposite to an organic electroluminescence (EL) device which outputs light through input of ...

METHODS FOR FABRICATING DEVICES INCLUDING PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES

Embodiments described herein provide methods for processing various polymer materials for use in devices, such as photovoltaic devices. In some cases, oxidative chemical vapor deposition (oCVD) may be used to process conjugated polymers, including relatively insoluble conjugated polymers. The methods described herein provide processing techniques that may be used to synthesize and/or process polymers, such as unsubstituted thiophene. 1. A method of forming a semiconducting polymer on a surface , comprising:reacting a vapor-phase monomer species and a vapor-phase oxidizing agent to produce a vapor comprising a semiconducting polymer precursor;contacting the vapor with a surface to form the semiconducting polymer precursor on the surface; andtreating the semiconducting polymer precursor on the surface with a reducing agent to produce the semiconducting polymer.2. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the semiconducting polymer is a conjugated polymer.3. A method as in claim 2 , wherein the conjugated polymer is a polyacetylene claim 2 , polyarylene claim 2 , polyarylene vinylene claim 2 , or polyarylene ethynylene claim 2 , any of which are optionally substituted.4. A method as in claim 2 , wherein the conjugated polymer is polyphenylene claim 2 , polythiophene claim 2 , polypyrrole claim 2 , polyaniline claim 2 , or polyacetylene claim 2 , any of which are optionally substituted.5. A method as in claim 2 , wherein the conjugated polymer is an optionally substituted polythiophene.6. A method as in claim 2 , wherein the conjugated polymer is an unsubstituted polythiophene.7. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the monomer species is a compound comprising an aryl or heteroaryl group claim 1 , any of which is optionally substituted.8. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the monomer species is an optionally substituted heteroaryl group.9. A method as in claim 8 , wherein the heteroaryl group is an optionally substituted thiophene.10. A method as in claim 1 , wherein the oxidizing ...

Integrated Circuit and Manufacturing Method

Disclosed is an integrated circuit comprising a substrate including at least one light sensor; an interconnect structure over the substrate; at least one passivation layer over the interconnect structure, said passivation layer including a first area over the at least one light sensor; and a gas sensor such as a moisture sensor at least partially on a further area of the at least one passivation layer, wherein the gas sensor comprises a gas sensitive layer in between a first electrode and a second electrode, the gas sensitive layer further comprising a portion over the first area. A method of manufacturing such an IC is also disclosed. 1. An integrated circuit comprising:a substrate including at least one light sensor;an interconnect structure over the substrate;at least one passivation layer over the interconnect structure, said passivation layer including a first area over the at least one light sensor;and a gas sensor at least partially on a further area of the at least one passivation layer, wherein the gas sensor comprises a gas sensitive layer in between a first electrode and a second electrode, the gas sensitive layer further comprising a portion over the first area.2. The integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the gas sensor is operable to detect moisture.3. The integrated circuit of claim 2 , wherein the gas sensor is a relative humidity sensor.4. The integrated circuit of claim 1 , wherein the gas sensitive layer a polymer layer.5. The integrated circuit of claim 4 , wherein the polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of polyacrylates claim 4 , polymethacrylates claim 4 , polyimides claim 4 , polyamides claim 4 , polyamines claim 4 , polypyridines claim 4 , polycarbonates claim 4 , polyacetates claim 4 , polystyrenes claim 4 , polyacetylenes claim 4 , polyanilines claim 4 , polypyrroles claim 4 , polythiophenes claim 4 , poly(phenyl vinylene) and derivatives thereof.6. The integrated circuit of claim 5 , wherein the polymer is a polyimide.7. ...

Organic Spintronic Devices and Methods for Making the Same

An organic spintronic photovoltaic device () having an organic electron active layer () functionally associated with a pair of electrodes (). The organic electron active layer () can include a spin active molecular radical distributed in the active layer () which increases spin-lattice relaxation rates within the active layer (). The increased spin lattice relaxation rate can also influence the efficiency of OLED and charge mobility in FET devices. 1. An organic spintronic device , comprising:a) an organic electron active layer, said organic electron active layer including a spin active molecular radical distributed in the active layer which increases spin-lattice relaxation rates within the active layer; andb) a pair of electrodes functionally associated with the organic electron active layer to complete a circuit which transfers electrons via the organic electron active layer.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the spin active molecular radical distributed in the active layer induces a spin flip in at least one of a spin ½ electron and a hole to result in a spin triplet state having an increased exciton diffusion length.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the organic spintronic device is an organic photovoltaic.4. The device of claim 3 , wherein the organic electron active layer is a bulk heterojunction including a donor material blended with an acceptor material.5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the active layer is a dye sensitized layer including an electron donor dye claim 3 , an electron acceptor phase claim 3 , and a redox coupling electrolyte.6. The device of claim 3 , wherein the active layer is a bi-layer including an organic donor layer adjacent to an organic acceptor layer.7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the organic electron active layer is comprised of P3HT/PCBM.8. The device of claim 1 , wherein the spin active molecular radical is a ½ spin molecular radical.10. The device of claim 9 , wherein the spin active molecular radical is TEMPO or TOPO.11. ...

Photosensitive solid state heterojunction device

The invention provides a solid-state p-n heterojunction comprising an organic p-type material in contact with an n-type material wherein said heterojunction is sensitised by at least one sensitizing agent, characterised in that the device comprises a cathode separated from said n-type material by a porous barrier layer of at least one insulating material. Also provided are opto-electronic devices such as solar cells or photo-sensors comprising such a p-n heterojunction, and methods for the manufacture of such a heterojunction or device.

COMPOSITE OF GRAPHENE OXIDE AND NANOSTRUCTURES, METHODS OF MAKING AND APPLICATIONS OF SAME

A method of forming a graphene oxide based layer includes preparing a dispersion of graphene oxide and nanostructures, and spin coating the dispersion on a surface of a substrate to form a spin coated film thereon; and thermally annealing the spin coated film to form the graphene oxide based layer, where the mass ratio of the graphene oxide and the nanostructures in the graphene oxide based layer is in a range of about 1:0.01 w/w to 1:0.8 w/w. The nanostructures are functionalized with carboxylic acid. The nanostructures include carbon nanotubes, or nanofibers. The carbon nanotubes include single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs). 1. A method of forming a graphene oxide (GO) based layer , comprising the steps of:(a) preparing a solution of GO;(b) preparing a solution of nanostructures; and(c) applying the solution of GO and the solution of nanostructures onto a surface of a substrate to form a GO based layer with the plurality of nanostructures.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is an indium tin oxide (ITO) layer.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures comprises carbon nanotubes claim 1 , or nanofibers.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the carbon nanotubes comprise single walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNTs) or multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs).5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nanostructures are functionalized with carboxylic acid.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of preparing the solution of GO is performed by dispersing the GO in deionized water.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of preparing the solution of nanostructures comprises the steps of:(a) dispersing the nanostructures in water to form a mixture thereof;(b) ultrasonicating the mixture for a first period of time; and(c) centrifugating the ultrasonicated mixture at a predetermined speed for a second period of time.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the first period of time is about 2 hours claim 7 , the second ...

INK FOR ACTIVE LAYER OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELL, ORGANIC SOLAR CELL, AND PROCESS FOR MANUFACTURE OF ORGANIC SOLAR CELL

The present invention aims to provide an ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell, wherein an active layer having high energy conversion efficiency can be stably and easily formed from the ink; an organic solar cell having high energy conversion efficiency; and a method for producing the organic solar cell. A first aspect of the present invention is an ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell, the ink comprising: an organic semiconductor compound; an inorganic semiconductor compound; an organic solvent; and a dispersant; wherein the dispersant is a compound having a structure with an aromatic ring and/or heterocyclic ring and a polar group asymmetrically bonded to the structure, and fulfills all of the following requirements (1) to (3): 1. An ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell , the ink comprising:an organic semiconductor compound;an inorganic semiconductor compound;an organic solvent; anda dispersant;said dispersant being a compound having a structure with an aromatic ring and/or heterocyclic ring and a polar group asymmetrically bonded to the structure, and fulfilling all of the following requirements (1) to (3):(1) said dispersant has a lower LUMO level than said organic semiconductor compound;(2) solubility of said dispersant in said organic solvent is equal to or higher than solubility of said organic semiconductor compound in said organic solvent; and(3) said dispersant has a higher HOMO level than said inorganic semiconductor compound.2. The ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the dispersant is a compound having a nitrogen atom claim 1 , a sulfur atom claim 1 , a fluorine atom claim 1 , or a carbonyl group at a position other than the position of the polar group bonded to the structure.3. The ink for an active layer of an organic solar cell according to claim 2 , wherein the dispersant is a compound having a carbonyl group at a position other than the position of the polar group bonded ...

PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENT, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING PHOTOELECTRIC ELEMENT, AND PHOTOSENSITIZER

A photoelectric element includes a first electrode, an electron transport layer supporting a photosensitizer, a hole transport layer, and a second electrode, and these components are stacked in the above order. The electron transport layer is formed of an organic compound produced by electrolytic polymerization of a precursor having, within one molecule thereof, two or more moieties each having a structure represented by the following structural formula (1). The photoelectric element includes a gel layer composed of the organic compound and an electrolyte solution infiltrated into the organic compound. 2. The photoelectric element according to claim 1 , whereinthe precursor has, within one molecule thereof, two moieties each having the structure represented by the structural formula (1), andthe organic compound is a linear polymer.4. The photoelectric element according to claim 1 , whereinthe precursor has, within one molecule thereof, three or more moieties each having the structure represented by the structural formula (1), andthe organic compound has a crosslinked structure.6. The photoelectric element according to claim 1 , wherein the counter-anion in the precursor is an anion selected from the group consisting of a bromine ion claim 1 , a chlorine ion claim 1 , a perchlorate ion claim 1 , a hexafluorophosphoric acid ion claim 1 , and a tetrafluoroboric acid ion.7. The photoelectric element according to claim 1 , wherein the organic compound and the photosensitizer are chemically bonded to each other.8. A process for producing the photoelectric element according to claim 1 , the process comprising the step of:conducting electrolytic polymerization by applying a current to the first electrode and a liquid containing the precursor in a state where the first electrode is immersed in the liquid, to deposit the organic compound on a surface of the first electrode.9. The process for producing the photoelectric element according to claim 8 , whereinthe photosensitizer ...

POLYMER COMPOUND AND ORGANIC PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE

A polymer compound comprising a repeating unit represented by the formula (1) is useful for an organic photoelectric conversion device: 2. An organic photoelectric conversion device having a pair of electrodes and a functional layer disposed between the electrodes claim 1 , wherein the functional layer comprises an electron accepting compound and the polymer compound as described in .3. The organic photoelectric conversion device according to claim 2 , wherein the amount of the electron accepting compound comprised in the functional layer is 10 to 1000 parts by weight with respect to 100 parts by weight the polymer compound.4. The organic photoelectric conversion device according to claim 2 , wherein the electron accepting compound is a fullerene derivative.5. The organic photoelectric conversion device according to claim 3 , wherein the electron accepting compound is a fullerene derivative. The present invention relates to a polymer compound and an organic photoelectric conversion device using the same.Organic semiconductor materials are expected to be applied to organic photoelectric conversion devices such as organic solar batteries, optical sensors and the like. Particularly, if a polymer compound is used as the organic semiconductor material, a functional layer can be fabricated by an inexpensive coating method. For improving the properties of an organic photoelectric conversion device, there are investigations of use of organic semiconductor materials which are various polymer compounds in an organic photoelectric conversion device. As the organic semiconductor material, there is a suggestion, for example, on a polymer compound obtained by polymerizing 9,9-dioctylfluorene-2,7-diboronic acid ester and 5,5″″-dibromo-3″,4″-dihexyl-α-pentathiophene (WO2005/092947).The above-described polymer compound, however, manifests insufficient absorption of long-wavelength light.Therefore, the present invention provides a polymer compound showing large absorbance of long- ...

Organic Photovotaics

The present disclosure is for improved organic semiconductors and improved organic photovoltaics. Liquid crystalline bent-core molecules in the B4 subphase of the present disclosure may be incorporated into improved organic semiconductors. Liquid crystalline bent-core molecules in the B4 subphase of the present disclosure may be incorporated into improved organic photovoltaics that may have improved quantum efficiencies over pre-existing organic photovoltaics.

Enhanced bulk heterojunction devices prepared by thermal and solvent vapor annealing processes

A method of preparing a bulk heterojunction organic photovoltaic cell through combinations of thermal and solvent vapor annealing are described. Bulk heterojunction films may prepared by known methods such as spin coating, and then exposed to one or more vaporized solvents and thermally annealed in an effort to enhance the crystalline nature of the photoactive materials.

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION ELEMENT

A photoelectric conversion element is structured such that metallic particles, an isolation layer and a photoelectric conversion layer are held between a first electrode and a second electrode. The isolation layer is a hole transport layer. The photoelectric conversion layer is a bulk heterojunction layer. The metallic nanoparticles are two-dimensionally arranged between the first electrode and the isolation layer and are separated from the photoelectric conversion layer by the isolation layer by 2 nm to 15 nm. 1. A photoelectric conversion element comprising:a photoelectric conversion layer including organic semiconductor;metallic nanoparticles;an isolation layer held between the nanoparticles and the photoelectric conversion layer;a first electrode electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion layer on a side of a light-receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion layer; anda second electrode electrically connected to the photoelectric conversion layer on a side of the photoelectric conversion layer opposite to the light-receiving surface thereof,wherein the metallic nanoparticles are separated from the photoelectric conversion layer by the isolation layer by 2 nm to 15 nm.2. A photoelectric conversion element according to claim 1 , wherein the isolation layer is provided on the light-receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion layer claim 1 , andwherein the metallic nanoparticles are provided on a surface of the isolation layer opposite to a surface thereof on a photoelectric conversion layer side.3. A photoelectric conversion element according to claim 2 , wherein the isolation layer is a charge transport layer.4. A photoelectric conversion element according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic nanoparticles are embedded in the photoelectric conversion layer claim 1 , andwherein the isolation layer covers the metallic nanoparticles on a periphery thereof.5. A photoelectric conversion element according to claim 1 , wherein an average particle ...

Photoelectric conversion material, method for producing the same, and organic photovoltaic cell containing the same

A photoelectric conversion material, which acts as an electron donor for donating an electron or an electron acceptor for accepting an electron, contains a polymer having at least one structural unit selected from graphenes represented by the following general formulae ( 1 ) to ( 4 ):

PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION MATERIAL, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL CONTAINING THE SAME

A photoelectric conversion material, which acts as an electron donor for donating an electron or an electron acceptor for accepting an electron, contains a polymer having at least one structural unit selected from graphenes represented by the following general formulae (1) to (4): 3. The photoelectric conversion material according to claim 1 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (4) are each selected from alkyl groups.4. The photoelectric conversion material according to claim 3 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (4) are each selected from alkyl groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.5. The photoelectric conversion material according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer has a polymerization degree of 10 to 150.6. The photoelectric conversion material according to claim 5 , wherein the polymer has a molecular weight of 9 claim 5 ,900 to 364 claim 5 ,000.8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (5) are each selected from alkyl groups.9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (5) are each selected from alkyl groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.10. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the polymer has a polymerization degree of 10 to 150.11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the polymer has a molecular weight of 9 claim 10 ,900 to 364 claim 10 ,000.14. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 12 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (4) are each selected from alkyl groups.15. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 14 , wherein R1 to R6 in the general formulae (1) to (4) are each selected from alkyl groups having 3 to 20 carbon atoms.16. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 12 , wherein the polymer has a polymerization degree of 10 to 150.17. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 16 , wherein the polymer has a molecular weight of 9 claim 16 ,900 to 364 claim 16 ,000.18. The organic photovoltaic cell ...

THREE-DIMENSIONAL BICONTINUOUS HETEROSTRUCTURES, METHOD OF MAKING, AND THEIR APPLICATION IN QUANTUM DOT-POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITE PHOTODETECTORS AND PHOTOVOLTAICS

The present invention provides of a three-dimensional bicontinuous heterostructure, a method of producing same, and the application of this structure towards the realization of photodetecting and photovoltaic devices working in the visible and the near-infrared. The three-dimensional bicontinuous heterostructure includes two interpenetrating layers which are spatially continuous, they are include only protrusions or peninsulas, and no islands. The method of producing the three-dimensional biocontinuous heterostructure relies on forming an essentially planar continuous bottom layer of a first material; forming a layer of this first material on top of the bottom layer which is textured to produce protrusions for subsequent interpenetration with a second material, coating this second material onto this structure; and forming a final coating with the second material that ensures that only the second material is contacted by subsequent layer. One of the materials includes visible and/or infrared-absorbing semiconducting quantum dot nanoparticles, and one of materials is a hole conductor and the other is an electron conductor. 1forming a nanomaterial having at least one semiconductor quantum dot over the integrated circuit device, the nanomaterial having at least one semiconductor quantum dot being applied via solution-processing to the semiconductor substrate having the at least one integrated circuit device.. A method of producing a light-sensing system on a semiconductor substrate having at least one integrated circuit device defined thereon, the method comprising: This patent application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/368,747, filed on Feb. 8, 2012, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/327,655, filed on Jan. 9, 2006, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,115,232, which relates to, and claims the priority benefit from, U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 60/641,766, filed on Jan. 7, 2005, entitled “QUANTUM DOT- ...

INERT SOLUTION-PROCESSABLE MOLECULAR CHROMOPHORES FOR ORGANIC ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Small organic molecule chromophores containing a benzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTH), benzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BO), 2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (5BTR) with an electron-withdrawing substituent W in the 5-position (5BTR), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]thiadiazole (FBTH), 5-fluorobenzo[c][1,2,5]oxadiazole (FBO), or 5-fluoro-2H-benzo[d][1,2,3]triazole (FBTR) core structure are disclosed. Such compounds can be used in organic heterojunction devices, such as organic small molecule solar cells and transistors. 2. The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 ,wherein the non-polymeric compound is used in an active layer of said device.3. The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 ,wherein said device is a solar cell.4. The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 1 ,wherein M is sulfur and W is F.7. The electronic or optoelectronic device according to claim 6 , wherein Ais independently selected from substituted or unsubstituted thiophene claim 6 , pyrrole claim 6 , furan claim 6 , phenyl claim 6 , phosphole claim 6 , benzodithiophene claim 6 , spirofluorene claim 6 , spirothiophene claim 6 , bithiophene claim 6 , terthiophene claim 6 , thienothiophene claim 6 , dithienothiophene claim 6 , benzothiophene claim 6 , isobenzothiophene claim 6 , benzodithiophene claim 6 , cyclopentadithiophene claim 6 , silacyclopentadiene claim 6 , silacyclopentadienebithiophene claim 6 , indole claim 6 , benzene claim 6 , naphthalene claim 6 , anthracene claim 6 , perylene claim 6 , indene claim 6 , fluorene claim 6 , pyrene claim 6 , azulene claim 6 , pyridine claim 6 , oxazole claim 6 , thiazole claim 6 , thiazine claim 6 , pyrimidine claim 6 , pyrazine claim 6 , imidazole claim 6 , benzoxazole claim 6 , benzoxadiazole claim 6 , benzothiazole claim 6 , benzimidazole claim 6 , benzofuran claim 6 , isobenzofuran claim 6 , ...

Enhanced Efficiency Polymer Solar Cells Using Aligned Magnetic Nanoparticles

Polymer solar cells with enhanced efficiency utilize an active layer formed of a composite of polymer/fullerene and FeOnanoparticles. During the formation of the solar cell, the composite mixture is subjected to an external magnetic field that causes the nanoparticles to align their magnetic dipole moments along the direction of the magnetic field, so as to form a plurality of FeOnanochains. These nanochains serve to adjust the morphology and phase separation of the polymer/fullerene, and also serve to induce an internal electrical field by spin-polarization of the nanochains serve to increase the charge separation and charge transport processes in the solar cell, enhancing the short-current density (J) and ultimately, the photoelectric converted efficiency (PCE) of the solar cell. 1. A solar cell comprising:an at least partially light transparent electrode;{'sub': 3', '4', '3', '4, 'an active layer disposed upon said at least partially transparent, said active layer formed of a composite of at least one conjugated polymer as an electron donor, at least one fullerene as an electron acceptor, and FeOnanochains formed of FeOnanoparticles aligned along their magnetic dipole moments; and'}a second electrode disposed upon said active layer.2. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein said plurality of FeOnanochains are linear.3. The solar cell of claim 2 , wherein said FeOnanochains are induced from said nanoparticles upon the application of an external magnetic field.4. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein said at least one conjugated polymer is selected from the group consisting of poly(3-hexylthiophene) (P3HT) claim 1 , and thieno[3 claim 1 ,4-b]thiophene benzodithiophene (PT7-F20).5. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein said at least one fullerene is selected from the group consisting of thieno[3 claim 1 ,4-b]thiophene benzodithiophene (PC61BM) claim 1 , and phenyl-c71-butyric acid methyl ester (PC71BM).6. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein said at least partially light ...

Broadband Polymer Photodetectors Using Zinc Oxide Nanowire as an Electron-Transporting Layer

A polymer photodetector has an inverted device structure that includes an indium-tin-oxide (ITO) cathode that is separated from an anode by an active layer. The active layer is formed as a composite of conjugated polymers, such as PDDTT and PCBM. IN addition, a cathode buffer layer formed as an matrix of ZnO nanowires is disposed upon the ITO cathode, while a MoO 3 anode buffer layer is disposed between a high work-function metal anode and the active layer. During operation of the photodetector, the ZnO nanowires allows the effective extraction of electrons and the effective blocking of holes from the active layer to the cathode. Thus, allowing the polymer photodetector to achieve a spectral response and detectivity that is similar to that of inorganic photodetectors.

ARCHITECTURES AND CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF HIGH EFFICIENCY ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

An organic photovoltaic cell includes an anode and a cathode, and a plurality of organic semiconductor layers between the anode and the cathode. At least one of the anode and the cathode is transparent. Each two adjacent layers of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers are in direct contact. The plurality of organic semiconductor layers includes an intermediate layer consisting essentially of a photoconductive material, and two sets of at least three layers. A first set of at least three layers is between the intermediate layer and the anode. Each layer of the first set consists essentially of a different organic semiconductor material having a higher LUMO and a higher HOMO, relative to the material of an adjacent layer of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers closer to the cathode. A second set of at least three layers is between the intermediate layer and the cathode. Each layer of the second set consists essentially of a different organic semiconductor material having a lower LUMO and a lower HOMO, relative to the material of an adjacent layer of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers closer to the anode. 1. An organic photovoltaic cell comprising:an anode and a cathode, at least one of the anode and the cathode being transparent; and an intermediate layer consisting essentially of a photoconductive material having a lowest unoccupied molecular orbital (LUMO) and a highest occupied molecular orbital (HOMO);', 'a first set of at least three layers between the intermediate layer and the anode, each layer of the first set consisting essentially of a different organic semiconductor material having a higher LUMO and a higher HOMO, relative to an adjacent layer of the plurality of organic semiconductor layers closer to the cathode; and', 'a second set of at least three layers between the intermediate layer and the cathode, each layer of the second set consisting essentially of a different organic semiconductor material having a lower LUMO and a ...

Organic Solar Cell Comprising Self-Assembled Organic/Inorganic Nanocomposite in Photoactive Layer, and Method for Preparing the Same.

The present invention relates to an organic solar cell having an enhanced light efficiency by using an organic/inorganic nanocomposite in which a metal nanorod and an electron acceptor are self-assembled, in a photoactive layer, and a method of preparing the same. According to the present invention, since the metal nanorod and the electron acceptor are self-assembled, separated electrons are easily transported, and since electron transport via a metal is easier than that via an organic material, the electron transport speed via the metal nanorod of the present invention is faster than that via a related art organic material. Therefore, the organic solar cells of the present invention can increase the charge mobility within the photoactive layer to enhance the photoconversion efficiency. 1. An organic solar cell comprising:a first electrode layer formed on a substrate;a photoactive layer formed on the first electrode layer, in which an organic/inorganic nanocomposite and electron donors are mixed; anda second electrode layer formed on the photoactive layer.wherein the organic/inorganic nanocomposite may be formed by bonding of an electron acceptor of an organic material and a metal nanorod, and the metal nanorods may be dispersed in the photoactive layer to provide an electron transport pathway transporting electrons to the second electrode layer.2. The organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the electron acceptor has a sulfur group claim 1 , and is self-assembled with the metal nanorod.3. The organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the metal nanorod is made of at least one selected from gold (Au) claim 1 , silver (Ag) claim 1 , platinum (Pt) claim 1 , copper (Cu) claim 1 , iron (Fe) claim 1 , titanium (Ti) claim 1 , tungsten (W) claim 1 , indium (In) claim 1 , aluminum (Al) claim 1 , any mixtures thereof claim 1 , or any alloys thereof.4. The organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the electron acceptor is ThCBM (thienyl-C-butyricacidmethylester) claim 1 , and the ...

INVERTED ORGANIC SOLAR CELL AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME

An inverted organic solar cell including a fiber type substrate, a cathode layer formed on the fiber type substrate, an electron transport layer comprising nanorods formed on the cathode layer, a photoactive layer formed on the electron transport layer, a hole transport layer formed on the photoactive layer, and an anode layer formed on the hole transport layer. 1. An inverted organic solar cell , comprising ,a fiber type substrate;a cathode layer formed on the fiber type substrate;an electron transport layer comprising nanorods formed on the cathode layer;a photoactive layer formed on the electron transport layer;a hole transport layer formed on the photoactive layer; andan anode layer formed on the hole transport layer.2. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the fiber type substrate comprises glass fiber claim 1 , polymer fiber or fiber reinforced plastic (FRP).3. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode layer comprises ITO claim 1 , AZO claim 1 , IZO claim 1 , GZO claim 1 , ITO—Ag—ITO claim 1 , ITO—Cu—ITO claim 1 , AZO—Ag—AZO claim 1 , GZO—Ag—GZO claim 1 , IZO—Ag—IZO or IZTO—Ag—IZTO.4. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the electron transport layer comprises at least one compound selected from the compounds ZnO claim 1 , SnO claim 1 , SnO claim 1 , InO claim 1 , CsCO claim 1 , or a mixture of two or more of the compounds.5. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the nanorods of the electron transport layer are arranged upwardly from the cathode layer.6. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein each of the nanorods of the electron transport layer has a diameter in a range from approximately 10 nm to approximately 300 nm.7. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein each of the nanorods of the electron transport layer is approximately 30 nm to approximately 2 μm long.8. The inverted organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein a gap between the nanorods of the electron ...

COMPOSITE ORGANIC-INORGANIC ENERGY HARVESTING DEVICES AND METHODS

A hybrid organic-inorganic thin film is provided. The hybrid organic-inorganic thin film comprising: an organic-phase comprising a porous organic nanostructure comprised of an interpenetrating network having at least one dimension between 0.1 and 100 nm; and an inorganic phase at least partially distributed within the porosity of the organic phase. In a first aspect, the organic phase has a first band gap and the inorganic phase has a second band gap different from the first band gap. A method of producing an organic-inorganic energy harvesting device and a device therefrom comprising the hybrid organic-inorganic thin film is provided. 1. A method of producing an organic-inorganic energy harvesting device , the method comprisingintroducing an organic layer to a conductive substrate, the organic layer comprising an interpenetrating network having at least one dimension between 0.1 and 100 nm; andintroducing one or more semiconducting inorganic materials within the interpenetrating network.2. A method of claim 1 , wherein the organic layer has a first band gap and the one or more inorganic semiconducting materials have claim 1 , independently claim 1 , a second band gap different from the first band gap.3. A method of claim 1 , wherein the organic layer comprises one or more conjugated polymers.4. A method of claim 3 , wherein the one or more conjugated polymers comprises branching and/or roping.5. A method of claim 1 , wherein the organic layer is introduced to the substrate by solvent casting claim 1 , spin coating claim 1 , blade coating claim 1 , screen printing claim 1 , or spraying.6. A method of claim 1 , wherein the organic layer is an organogel of one or more conjugated polymers.7. A method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more semiconducting inorganic materials are introduced by deposition.8. A method of claim 7 , wherein the one or more semiconducting inorganic materials are introduced by plasma assisted deposition claim 7 , atomic layer deposition claim 7 , ...

Tandem Photovoltaic Cells

Tandem photovoltaic cells having a recombination layer, as well as related systems, methods, and components, are disclosed. 1. An article , comprising:first and second electrodes;a recombination layer between the first and second electrodes, the recombination layer comprising a p-type semiconductor material and an n-type semiconductor material, and having a thickness of about 10 nm to about 200 nm;a first photoactive layer between the first electrode and the recombination layer; anda second photoactive layer between the second electrode and the recombination layer;wherein:the p-type semiconductor material comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polythiophenes, polyanilines, polyvinylcarbazoles, polyphenylenes, polyphenylvinylenes, polysilanes, polythienylenevinylenes, polyisothianaphthanenes, polycyclopentadithiophenes, polysilacyclopentadithiophenes, polycyclopentadithiazoles, polythiazolothiazoles, polythiazoles, polybenzothiadiazoles, poly(thiophene oxide)s, poly(cyclopentadithiophene oxide)s, polythiadiazoloquioxalines, polybenzoisothiazoles, polybenzothiazoles, polythienothiophenes, poly(thienothiophene oxide)s, polydithienothiophenes, poly(dithienothiophene oxide)s, polytetrahydroisoindoles, and copolymers thereof;the n-type semiconductor material comprises a metal oxide;the p-type and n-type semiconductor materials are blended in the recombination layer; and the article is configured as a photovoltaic system.2. The article of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises an oxide selected from the group consisting of titanium oxides claim 1 , zinc oxides claim 1 , tungsten oxides claim 1 , molybdenum oxides claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The article of claim 1 , wherein the first or second photoactive layer comprises an electron donor material and an electron acceptor material.4. The article of claim 3 , wherein the electron donor material comprises a polymer selected from the group consisting of polythiophenes claim 3 , polyanilines ...

POLYMER SOLAR CELLS AND FUNCTIONALIZED CONJUGATED POLYMERS

A functionalized conjugated polymer comprising alternating copolymer donor and acceptor units in which at least one of the donor and acceptor units comprises a linking group and a functional group attached to the linking group. The linking group may comprise an alkyl group. The functional group may comprise one or more carboxyl, halogen (such as fluorine and chlorine), hydroxyl, carbonate, imino, cyano, nitro, amine, and amide functional groups. More than one functional group may be present for each linking group. Not every copolymer unit need have a linked functional group. The linking group may be attached to either or both of the donor and acceptor units. The functional group may terminate the linking group. 1. An organic solar cell , comprising:an anode and a cathode;a polymer photoactive layer between the anode and cathode;a hole transport layer between the photoactive layer and the anode; andthe hole transport layer comprising a polymer with a conjugated backbone, a linking group and a functional termination.2. The organic solar cell of in which the linking group comprises an alkyl chain.3. The organic solar cell of in which the functional termination comprises one or more of a carboxyl claim 1 , halogen claim 1 , hydroxyl claim 1 , carbonate claim 1 , imino claim 1 , cyano claim 1 , nitro claim 1 , amine claim 1 , and amide functional group.4. The organic solar cell of in which the hole transport layer and photoactive layer pair have orthogonal solubilities.5. A functionalized conjugated polymer comprising alternating copolymer donor and acceptor units in which at least one of the donor and acceptor units comprises a linking group and a functional group attached to the linking group.6. The functionalized conjugated polymer of in which the linking group comprises an alkyl group.7. The functionalized conjugated polymer of in which the functional group comprises one or more carboxyl claim 5 , halogen (such as fluorine and chlorine) claim 5 , hydroxyl claim 5 , ...

ELECTRON TRANSPORT LAYER

The present invention provides: a method of preparing a coating ink for forming a zinc oxide electron transport layer, comprising mixing zinc acetate and a wetting agent in water or methanol; a coating ink comprising zinc acetate and a wetting agent in aqueous solution or methanolic solution; a method of preparing a zinc oxide electron transporting layer, which method comprises: i) coating a substrate with the coating ink of the present invention to form a film; ii) drying the film; and iii) heating the dry film to convert the zinc acetate substantially to ZnO; a method of preparing an organic photovoltaic device or an organic LED having a zinc oxide electron transport layer, the method comprising, in this order: a) providing a substrate bearing a first electrode layer; b) forming an electron transport layer according to the following method: i) coating a coating ink comprising an ink according to the present invention to form a film; ii) drying the film; iii) heating the dry film such that the zinc acetate is substantially converted to ZnO; c) forming an active layer; d) forming a hole transport layer; and e) forming a second electrode layer; and an optoelectronic device comprising an electron transporting layer comprising zinc oxide and a wetting agent. 1. A method of preparing a coating ink for forming a zinc oxide electron transport layer , comprising mixing zinc acetate and a wetting agent in water or methanol.243-. (canceled)44. The method of claim 1 , wherein the zinc acetate is used in the form Zn(OAc).2HO.45. The method of claim 1 , wherein the wetting agent is Zonyl® FSO-100 (2-(perfluoroalkyl)ethanol claim 1 , CAS No 65545-80-4) or Triton® X-100 (polyethylene glycol p-(1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetramethylbutyl)-phenyl ether claim 1 , CAS No 9002-93-1).46. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises mixing AlOH(OAc)into the zinc acetate and a wetting agent in water or methanol and subsequently filtering out solids.47. A coating ...

QUANTUM DOT SOLAR CELL

Solar cells with enhanced efficiency are disclosed. An example solar cell includes a first electrode (). The first electrode () includes an electron conductor film (). A quantum dot layer () is coupled to the electron conductor film (). An electrolyte solution () is disposed adjacent to the quantum dot layer (). A second electrode () is electrically coupled to one or more of the electrolyte solution () and the quantum dot layer (). The second electrode () includes a sulfur-containing coating compound (), and the electrolyte is a polysulfide electrolyte. 1. A solar cell , comprising:an anode;a quantum dot layer electrically coupled to the anode;an electrolyte disposed adjacent to the quantum dot layer; anda cathode electrically coupled to one or more of the electrolyte and the quantum dot layer;wherein the cathode includes a sulfur-containing compound.2. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes an electron conductor film that comprises ZnO claim 1 , TiO claim 1 , or both.3. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes an electron conductor film that comprises a plurality of nanoparticles having an average outer dimension that is between 10 and 300 nanometers.4. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the anode includes an electron conductor film that is a mesoporous film.5. The solar cell of claim 4 , wherein the quantum dot layer is deposited onto the mesoporous film.6. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is a polysulfide electrolyte.7. The solar cell of claim 6 , wherein the electrolyte is a polysulfide electrolyte that includes KCl claim 6 , NaF claim 6 , or both.8. The solar cell of claim 7 , wherein the electrolyte includes a low surface tension solvent.9. The solar cell of claim 8 , wherein the low surface tension solvent includes methanol.10. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur-containing compound of the cathode includes CuS.11. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur-containing compound of the cathode ...

Method for manufacturing photoelectric conversion element and photoelectric conversion element

A method for manufacturing a photoelectric conversion element includes: forming a hole injection layer by applying a solvent containing a first p-type organic semiconductor and an oxidant capable of oxidizing the first p-type organic semiconductor on a transparent substrate and a transparent electrode provided on the transparent substrate and by removing the solvent by drying to oxidize the first p-type organic semiconductor with the oxidant; forming a photoelectric conversion layer by applying a solvent containing an n-type organic semiconductor and a second p-type organic semiconductor on the hole injection layer and by removing the solvent by drying; and forming a metal electrode using a metal layer on the photoelectric conversion layer.

Photoelectric conversion device, photoelectric conversion device material, photosensor and imaging device

A photoelectric conversion device comprising an electrically conductive film, an organic photoelectric conversion film, and a transparent electrically conductive film, wherein the organic photoelectric conversion film contains a compound represented by the following formula (1) and an n-type organic semiconductor: wherein each of R 1 and R 2 independently represents a substituted aryl group, an unsubstituted aryl group, a substituted heteroaryl group or an unsubstituted heteroaryl group, each of R 3 to R 11 independently represents a hydrogen atom or a substituent provided that an acidic group is excluded, m represents 0 or 1, n represents an integer of 0 or more, R 1 and R 2 , R 3 and R 4 , R 3 and R 5 , R 5 and R 6 , R 6 and R 8 , R 7 and R 8 , R 7 and R 9 , or R 10 and R 11 may be combined each other to form a ring, and when n is an integer of 2 or more, out of a plurality of R 7 's and R 8 's, a pair of R 7 's, a pair of R 8 's, or a pair of R 7 and R 8 may be combined each other to form a ring.

Devices comprising graphene and a conductive polymer and related systems and methods

The present invention generally relates to devices comprising graphene and a conductive polymer (e.g., poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT)), and related systems and methods. In some embodiments, the conductive polymer is formed by oxidative chemical vapor deposition.

METAL COMPLEXES FOR USE AS DOPANTS AND OTHER USES

The invention relates to electrochemical devices comprising complexes of cobalt comprising at least one ligand with a 5- or six membered, N-containing heteroring. The complex are useful as p- and n-dopants, as over of electrochemical devices, in particular in organic semiconductors. The complexes are further useful as over-discharge prevention and overvoltage protection agents. 115-. (canceled)17. The complex according to claim 16 , wherein n is 2 (M L1 L2) or 3 (M L1 claim 16 , L2 claim 16 , L3) and m is 0.18. The complex according to claim 16 , which comprises at least 2 or at least 3 ligands La of identical structure (L1=L2 or L1=L2=L3 claim 16 , respectively)19. The complex according to claim 16 , which is cationic.20. The complex according to claim 19 , which is provided together with a suitable anionic species selected from the group consisting of halogen (Cl claim 19 , Br claim 19 , F) claim 19 , CN claim 19 , NCO claim 19 , NCS claim 19 , NCSe claim 19 , ClO4 (perchlorate) claim 19 , PF6 (hexafluorophosphate) claim 19 , BF4 (tetrafluoroborate) claim 19 , B(CN)4 (tetracyanoborate) claim 19 , CF3SO3 (trifluoromethanesulfonate claim 19 , triflate) claim 19 , (CF3SO2)N (Bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide claim 19 , TFSI) claim 19 , B (C6H3 (m-CF3)2)4 (tetrakis[3 claim 19 ,5-bis(trifluoromethyl)phenyl]borate claim 19 , BARF) claim 19 , B(C6F5)4 (tetrakis(pentafluorophenyl)borate) claim 19 , B(Ph)4 (tetraphenylborate) claim 19 , Al(OC(CF3)3)4 claim 19 , and CB11H12 (carborane anion).21. An electrochemical and/or optoelectronic device comprising the complex of formula (I) as defined in .22. The electrochemical and/or optoelectronic device according to claim 21 , wherein the complex of formula (I) has n being 2 (M L1 L2) or 3 (M L1 claim 21 , L2 claim 21 , L3) and m being 0.23. The electrochemical and/or optoelectronic device according to claim 21 , wherein the complex of formula (I) comprises at least 2 or at least 3 ligands La of identical structure (L1=L2 or L1=L2= ...

Thin film solar cell

[Object] A thin-film solar cell which can be produced using an inexpensive raw material and has improved conversion efficiency has been desired. [Solution] A thin-film solar cell according to the present invention includes at least one organic semiconductor and a coordination polymer. The coordination polymer contains a repeating unit which includes a complex produced by coordinating at least one ligand to at least one metal ion, the metal ion being selected from ions of transition metal elements, and the ligand being capable of coordinating to the metal ion and selected from sulfur-containing compounds, nitrogen-containing compounds, oxygen-containing compounds, and phosphorus-containing compounds.

Field-Effect P-N Junction

Embodiments described herein provide a field-effect p-n junction. In some embodiments, the field-effect p-n junction includes (1) an ohmic contact, (2) a semiconductor layer above the ohmic contact, (3) at least one rectifying contact above the semiconductor layer, where the lateral width of the rectifying contact is less than the semiconductor depletion width of the semiconductor layer, and (4) a gate above the rectifying contact. In some embodiments, the field-effect p-n junction includes (1) an ohmic contact, (2) a semiconductor layer above the ohmic contact, (3) a thin top contact above the semiconductor layer, where the out of plane thickness of the thin top contact is less than the Debye screening length of the thin top contact, and (4) a gate above the thin top contact. 1. A field-effect p-n junction comprising:an ohmic contact;a semiconductor layer above the ohmic contact;at least one rectifying contact above the semiconductor layer, wherein the lateral width of the rectifying contact is less than the semiconductor depletion width of the semiconductor layer; anda gate above the rectifying contact.2. The p-n junction of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor layer is selected from the group consisting of an inorganic semiconductor and an organic semiconductor.3. The p-n junction of claim 1 , wherein the rectifying contact is selected from the group consisting of a metal claim 1 , a semi-metal claim 1 , and a semiconductor.4. The p-n junction of claim 1 , wherein the gate comprises:a dielectric; andan electrode above the dielectric.5. The p-n junction of claim 4 , wherein the dielectric is selected from the group consisting of an inorganic material and an organic material.6. The p-n junction of claim 4 , wherein the electrode is selected from the group consisting of a semi transparent metal claim 4 , a transparent conducting oxide (TCO) claim 4 , and a semi-metal.7. The p-n junction of claim 1 , wherein the gate comprises an electrolyte.8. The p-n junction of ...

LOW-BANDGAP RUTHENIUM-CONTAINING COMPLEXES FOR SOLUTION-PROCESSED ORGANIC SOLAR CELLS

This invention relates to a class of ruthenium(II) bis(aryleneethynylene) complexes for use in bulk heterojunction (BHJ) solar cell devices, and the method of synthesizing thereof. This invention also relates to a BHJ solar cell device comprising the ruthenium(II) bis(aryleneethynylene) complex. The ruthenium(II) bis(aryleneethynylene) complex having the following structure: 3. A method of preparing the ruthenium-containing complex of claim 1 , comprising steps of:(a) providing a ligand with structure of Ar—C≡CH;(b) providing a ruthenium-containing compound;(c) reacting the ligand with the ruthenium-containing compound in a solvent to form a crude product;(d) purifying the crude product.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the ruthenium-containing compound comprises cis-[RuCl(bis(diphenylphosphino)ethane)].5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the solvent comprises triethylamine claim 3 , dichloromethane or a mixture thereof.6. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the reacting step is conducted in the presence of a catalyst.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the catalyst comprises sodium hexafluorophosphate.8. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the purifying step is conducted by column chromatography.9. A bulk heterojunction solar cell device claim 3 , comprising:a hole-collection electrode;an electron-collection electrode;an active layer disposed between the hole-collection and electron-collection electrodes;{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'wherein the active layer comprises the ruthenium-containing complex of .'}10. The bulk heterojunction solar cell device of claim 9 , wherein the active layer further comprises a fullerene derivative.11. The bulk heterojunction solar cell device of claim 10 , wherein the fullerene derivative comprises PCBM.12. The bulk heterojunction solar cell device of claim 11 , wherein the ruthenium-containing complex and the PCBM is in a weight ratio of 1:4.13. The bulk heterojunction ...

ARCHITECTURES AND CRITERIA FOR THE DESIGN OF HIGH EFFICIENCY ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A method for fabricating an organic photovoltaic cell includes providing a first electrode; depositing a series of at least seven layers onto the first electrode, each layer consisting essentially of a different organic semiconductor material, the organic semiconductor material of at least an intermediate layer of the sequence being a photoconductive material; and depositing a second electrode onto the sequence of at least seven layers. One of the first electrode and the second electrode is an anode and the other is a cathode. The organic semiconductor materials of the series of at least seven layers are arranged to provide a sequence of decreasing lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and a sequence of decreasing highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) across the series from the anode to the cathode. 1. A method comprising:providing a first electrode;depositing a series of at least seven layers onto the first electrode, each layer consisting essentially of a different organic semiconductor material, the organic semiconductor material of at least an intermediate layer of the sequence being a photoconductive material; anddepositing a second electrode onto the sequence of at least seven layers,wherein one of the first electrode and the second electrode is an anode and the other is a cathode, andwherein the organic semiconductor materials of the series of at least seven layers are arranged to provide a sequence of decreasing lowest unoccupied molecular orbitals (LUMOs) and a sequence of decreasing highest occupied molecular orbitals (HOMOs) across the series from the anode to the cathode.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an energy difference between a HOMO of the organic semiconductor material of the layer of the series of at least seven layers closest to the anode and a LUMO of the organic semiconductor material of the layer of the series of at least seven layers closest to the cathode is between 0.5 eV and 3.0 eV.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ...

Spectrally Tunable Broadband Organic Photodetectors

A photodetector device includes multiple organic photodetector subcells arranged in a stack, each organic photodetector subcell being configured to generate an electrical current in response to absorbing light over a corresponding range of wavelengths, in which each organic photodetector subcell includes at least one electron donor material and at least one electron acceptor material. 1. A photodetector device comprising:a plurality of organic photodetector subcells arranged in a stack, each organic photodetector subcell being configured to generate an electrical current in response to absorbing light over a corresponding range of wavelengths,wherein each organic photodetector subcell comprises at least one electron donor material and at least one electron acceptor material.2. The photodetector device of claim 1 , wherein an absorption spectrum of a first organic photodetector subcell in the stack overlaps with an absorption spectrum of a second organic photodetector subcell in the stack.3. The photodetector device of claim 1 , wherein each organic photodetector subcell in the stack has a different absorption spectrum.4. The photodetector device of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the organic photodetector subcells in the stack comprises a bi-layer structure having an electron donor layer and an electron acceptor layer.5. The photodetector device of claim 1 , wherein a first organic photodetector subcell in the stack comprises a first electron donor material and a first electron acceptor in a mixture.6. The photodetector device of claim 5 , wherein a concentration of the first electron donor material or the first electron acceptor material is graded from a first end of the first organic photodetector subcell to a second end of the first organic photodetector subcell.7. The photodetector device of claim 5 , wherein a first organic photodetector subcell in the stack comprises a first electron donor material and a first electron acceptor material mixed in a first ratio ...

METHOD OF PRODUCING ORGANIC PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION DEVICE

An organic photoelectric conversion device can be easily produced by a method of producing an organic photoelectric conversion device, comprising forming an anode, forming an active layer on the anode, then, forming a cathode on the active layer by a coating method. 1. A method of producing an organic photoelectric conversion device , comprising forming an anode , forming an active layer on the anode , then , forming a cathode on the active layer by a coating method.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein after formation of the active layer and before formation of the cathode claim 1 , a coating solution containing an electron transporting material is coated on the active layer to form a functional layer.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the electron transporting material is granulous zinc oxide.4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the coating solution containing the electron transporting material contains at least one selected from the group consisting of complexes of alkali metals claim 2 , salts of alkali metals claim 2 , complexes of alkaline earth metals and salts of alkaline earth metals.5. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the electron transporting material is granulous zinc oxide and the coating solution containing the electron transporting material contains at least one selected from the group consisting of complexes of alkali metals claim 2 , salts of alkali metals claim 2 , hydroxides of alkali metals claim 2 , complexes of alkaline earth metals claim 2 , salts of alkaline earth metals and hydroxides of alkaline earth metals.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein formation of the active layer is carried out by a coating method.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode contains polythiophene and/or polythiophene derivative.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode contains polyaniline and/or polyaniline derivative.9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the cathode contains nano ...

ACTIVE MATERIALS FOR ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICES AND ELECTRO-OPTIC DEVICES

Tandem electro-optic devices and active materials for electro-optic devices are disclosed. Tandem devices include p-type and n-type layers between the active layers, which are doped to achieve carrier tunneling. Low bandgap conjugated polymers are also disclosed. 1. An inverted tandem polymer photovoltaic device , comprising:a hole-extracting electrode;an electron extracting electrode spaced apart from said hole-extracting electrode;a first bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layer;a second bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layer spaced apart from said first bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layer; andbetween said first and second bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layers, a p-type layer in physical contact with one of the first and second bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layers, and an n-type layer in physical contact with the other of the first and second bulk hetero junction polymer semiconductor layer;wherein at least one of the p-type layer and the n-type layer is doped to an extent that charge carriers tunnel through the p-type and/or n-type layer.2. A tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein said electron-extracting electrode is transparent.3. A tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein said p-type layer is closer to the electron-extracting electrode than said n-type layer.4. A tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein said p-type layer is in physical contact with said n-type layer.5. A tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein said p-type layer is doped to an extent that holes tunnel through the doped p-type layer.6. The tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 5 , wherein the p-type layer is doped with poly(styrene sulfonic acid) claim 5 , FeCl claim 5 , I claim 5 , or HO.7. A tandem polymer photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein said n-type layer is doped to an extent that electrons tunnel ...

ORGANIC SOLAR CELL

An organic solar cell includes a first sub-cell including a first active layer and a second sub-cell including a second active layer, wherein at least one of the first active layer and the second active layer includes at least two types of electron acceptors having different light absorbance from each other. 1. An organic solar cell , comprising:a first sub-cell including a first active layer; anda second sub-cell including a second active layer,wherein at least one of the first active layer and the second active layer includes at least two types of electron acceptors having different light absorbance from each other.2. The organic solar cell of claim 1 , wherein a first electron donor absorbing light of a first wavelength region, and', 'a first electron acceptor, and, 'the first active layer includes,'} a second electron donor absorbing light of a second wavelength region longer than the first wavelength region, and', 'a second electron acceptor and a third electron acceptor having different light absorbance from each other., 'the second active layer includes,'}3. The organic solar cell of claim 2 , whereinthe second electron acceptor and the third electron acceptor absorb light having equivalent wavelength regions to each other, andthe second electron acceptor and the third electron acceptor absorb light of different wavelength regions from the second electron donor.4. The organic solar cell of claim 2 , wherein the second electron acceptor and the third electron acceptor are included in a weight ratio of about 1:99 to about 99:1.5. The organic solar cell of claim 2 , whereinthe second electron acceptor includes a compound having a light absorbing moiety of an optically symmetric structure, andthe third electron acceptor includes a compound having a light absorbing moiety of an optically asymmetric structure.6. The organic solar cell of claim 5 , whereinthe second electron acceptor includes a fullerene derivative having a fullerene core of an optically symmetric ...

Photovoltaic cells

This disclosure features an article that includes first and second electrodes, a photoactive layer between the first and second electrodes, and a hole carrier layer between the first electrode and the photoactive layer. The hole carrier layer includes a Cu(I)-containing material. The article is configured as a photovoltaic cell.

Polarizing photovoltaic devices and applications in lcd displays and tandem solar cells

An electro-optic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from the first electrode, and an active layer of organic semiconducting material between the first electrode and the second electrode. The active layer includes a quasi-bilayer in which a first plurality molecules from a first layer of active material is interpenetrated by a second plurality of molecules from a second layer of active material formed on the first layer. The first and second pluralities of molecules provide donor-acceptor pairs such that the quasi-bilayer has at least a portion that is a bulk heterojunction active layer. Each of the first plurality of molecules has a long axis that is longer than corresponding transverse axes and the long axis is substantially aligned along a common direction such that the active layer is more sensitive to a first polarization of incident light than a second polarization of the incident light, wherein the first polarization and the second polarization are orthogonal polarization components of the light.

OPTOELECTRONIC COMPONENT AND USE OF A COPPER COMPLEX AS DOPANT FOR DOPING A LAYER

An optoelectronic component includes: a wet-chemically processed hole injection layer; and an additional layer doped with a dopant and adjacent to the wet-chemically processed hole injection layer, the dopant comprising a copper complex having at least one ligand with the chemical structure according to formula I in which E1 and E2 are each independently one of the following elements: sulfur, oxygen or selenium, and R is selected from the group of: hydrogen or substituted or unsubstituted, branched, linear or cyclic hydrocarbons. 2. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 1 ,wherein the copper complex is a copper(I) pentafluorobenzoate.3. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 1 ,wherein the copper complex has been introduced as a dopant in a matrix material.4. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 3 ,wherein the matrix material comprises 1-TNATA (4,4′,4″-tris(N-(1-naphthyl)-N-phenylamino)triphenylamine.5. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:an organic layer structure for separation of charge carriers of a first charge type and charge carriers of a second charge type.6. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 5 ,wherein the organic layer structure is a charge generating layer sequence.7. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 5 ,wherein the organic layer structure includes an n-doped organic semiconductor layer.8. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 7 ,wherein a nonconductive interlayer is arranged between the hole injection layer and the n-doped organic semiconductor layer.9. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 8 ,wherein the hole injection layer has a doping gradient toward the n-doped organic semiconductor layer.10. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 9 ,wherein the doping of the hole injection layer increases toward the n-doped organic semiconductor layer.11. The optoelectronic component as claimed in claim 6 ,comprising a layer stack ...

Tandem Photovoltaic Cells

This disclosure features a system that includes first and second electrodes; first and second photoactive layers between the first and second electrodes; and a recombination material between the first and second photoactive layers. The first photoactive layer is between the first electrode and the recombination material. The second photoactive layer is between the second electrode and the recombination material. The recombination material includes a first hole blocking layer and a first hole carrier layer. The first hole blocking layer includes an n-type semiconductor material and a polyamine, at least some molecules of the polyamine being cross-linked. The system is configured as a photovoltaic system. 2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the n-type semiconductor material comprises a fullerene.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the fullerene is a substituted fullerene.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the substituted fullerene is C61-PCBM or C71-PCBM.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the polyamine is a polyethylenimine or a copolymer thereof.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein at least some molecules of the polyamine are cross-linked by a cross-linking agent.7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the cross-linking agent comprises an epoxy-containing compound.8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the cross-linking agent comprises glycerol propoxylate triglycidyl ether or glycerol diglycidyl ether.9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first hole blocking layer has a thickness of from about 20 nm to about 200 nm.10. The system of claim 9 , wherein first hole blocking layer has a thickness of from about 30 nm to about 60 nm.11. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first hole blocking layer has a work function of from about 3.5 eV to about 4.5 eV.12. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first hole carrier layer comprises a p-type semiconductor material.13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the p-type semiconductor material comprises a polymer.14. The system of claim 13 , wherein ...

HIGH EFFICIENCY ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS EMPLOYING HYBRIDIZED MIXED-PLANAR HETEROJUNCTIONS

A device is provided, having a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive region disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The photoactive region includes a first photoactive organic layer that is a mixture of an organic acceptor material and an organic donor material, wherein the first photoactive organic layer has a thickness not greater than 0.8 characteristic charge transport lengths; a second photoactive organic layer in direct contact with the first organic layer, wherein the second photoactive organic layer is an unmixed layer of the organic acceptor material of the first photoactive organic layer, and the second photoactive organic layer has a thickness not less than about 0.1 optical absorption lengths; and a third photoactive organic layer disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode and in direct contact with the first photoactive organic layer. The third photoactive organic layer is an unmixed layer of the organic donor layer of the first photoactive organic layer and has a thickness not less than about 0.1 optical absorption lengths. 1. A device for generating photocurrent by absorbing photons , comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode; a first photoactive organic layer for generating excitons by absorbing photons comprising a homogenous mixture of a small molecule organic acceptor material and a small molecule organic donor material, wherein the first photoactive organic layer has a thickness not greater than 0.8 characteristic charge transport lengths;', 'a second photoactive organic layer for generating excitons by absorbing photons in direct contact with the first photoactive organic layer, wherein the second photoactive organic layer comprises an unmixed layer of the small molecule organic acceptor material of the first photoactive organic layer, and the second photoactive organic layer has a thickness not less than about 0.1 absorption lengths; and', 'a third photoactive organic layer for ...

Novel Photoactive Polymers

This disclosure relates to a photovoltaic cell that includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and a photoactive layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The photoactive layer includes a photoactive polymer containing a first monomer repeat unit, which contains a moiety of formula (1): in which A and R are defined in the specification.

POLYHEDRAL OLIGOMERIC SILSESQUIOXANE ORGANIC/POLYMERIC DYADS AND ITS APPLICATION FOR ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A bulk heterojuction for a photovoltaic cell includes a polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS) functionalized electron acceptor or electron donor or both. The electron donor may be selected from conjugated polymers and the electron donor may be selected from fullerenes and fullerene derivatives. 1. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell having a bulk heterojunction that is a mixture of an electron donor and an electron acceptor , the improvement comprising:functionalizing either the electron donor or the electron acceptor or both with polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (POSS).2. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electron acceptor is a fullerene or fullerene derivative.3. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electron donor is a conjugated polymer.4. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 1 , wherein the electron acceptor is a fullerene or fullerene derivative and the electron donor is a conjugated polymer.5. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor is functionalized with POSS.6. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 4 , wherein the electron donor is functionalized with POSS.7. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor is functionalized with POSS and the electron donor is functionalized with POSS.8. In a bulk heterojunction photovoltaic cell as in claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor is a fullerene or fullerene derivative claim 4 , and the electron donor is a POSS-functionalized conjugated polymer claim 4 , the conjugated polymer selected from poly[[[(2-ethylhexyl)oxy]methoxy-1 claim 4 ,4-phenylene]-1 claim 4 ,2-ethenediyl] (MEHPPV) claim 4 , and poly[(4 claim 4 ,4′-bis(2-ethylhexyl)dithieno[3 claim 4 ,2-b:2′ claim 4 ,3′-d]silole)-2 claim 4 ,6-diyl-alt-(4 claim 4 ,7-bis (2-thienyl)-2 claim 4 ,1 claim 4 ,3-benzothiadiazole)-5 claim 4 ,5′-diyl] (SiPCPDTBT).9. ...

METHOD OF FORMING ZINC OXIDE PROMINENCE AND DEPRESSION STRUCTURE AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SOLAR CELL USING THEREOF

A method of forming a nanometer-scale prominence and depression structure on a zinc oxide thin film in a wet-etching method, and the method includes the steps of: preparing a substrate; forming a nano structure having a height and a width of a nanometer range; forming the zinc oxide thin film on the substrate on which the nano structure is formed; and wet-etching the zinc oxide thin film, in which in the wet-etching step, zinc oxide having relatively low physical compactness is preferentially etched since the zinc oxide is positioned on the nano structure, and thus the prominence and depression structure is formed around the nano structure by the etching. 1. A method of forming a prominence and depression structure on a zinc oxide thin film , the method comprising the steps of:preparing a substrate;forming a nano structure having a height and a width of a nanometer range;forming the zinc oxide thin film on the substrate on which the nano structure is formed; andwet-etching the zinc oxide thin film, whereinin the wet-etching step, zinc oxide having relatively low physical compactness is preferentially etched since the zinc oxide is positioned on the nano structure, and thus the prominence and depression structure is formed around the nano structure by the etching.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of forming a nano structure is performed through photolithography.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of forming a nano structure is performed through physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the step of forming the zinc oxide thin film is performed through physical vapor deposition or chemical vapor deposition.5. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising claim 1 , after the step of wet-etching claim 1 , the step of removing the nano structure exposed outside by etching the zinc oxide thin film.6. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising claim 1 , before ...

PIGMENT FOR PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERTER, AND PHOTOELECTRIC CONVERSION FILM, ELECTRODE, AND SOLAR CELL USING SAME

Provided is a pigment for a photoelectric converter that has broad absorption from the visible to the near infrared regions. The pigment for a photoelectric converter comprises at least molecules that contain elemental phosphorus and form coordinate bonds at least at these phosphorus atoms and one type of metal complex that forms coordinate bonds with a terpyridine derivative that has at least one adsorbing group capable of being adsorbed by a metal oxide. The metal complex is the pigment for a photoelectric converter showing absorption derived from spin-forbidden transition. 1. A photoelectric-conversion-device dye comprising:at least one type of metal complex in which a molecule including elemental phosphorus is included and the molecule also forms a coordinate bond at least at the phosphorus atom, and in which the coordinate bond is formed involving a terpyridine derivative having at least one adsorbing group that exhibits adsorptivity toward a metal oxide.2. A photoelectric-conversion-device dye according to claim 1 , wherein the metal complex is a metal complex that exhibits absorption due to a spin-forbidden transition.4. A photoelectric-conversion-device dye according to claim 1 , wherein the adsorbing group is a carboxylic acid group (—COOH) claim 1 , a salt thereof claim 1 , or an ester thereof.6. A photoelectric-conversion-device dye according to claim 1 , wherein n is 1.7. A photoelectric conversion film at least comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a photoelectric-conversion-device dye according ; and'}a metal oxide semiconductor.8. An electrode comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00007', 'claim 7'}, 'a photoelectric conversion film according to .'}9. A solar cell at least comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00008', 'claim 8'}, 'an electrode according to ;'}a counter electrode therefor; andan electrolyte layer that is disposed therebetween.10. A solar cell according to claim 9 , wherein the electrolyte layer contains at ...

COMPOSITION FOR AN ACTIVE LAYER OR ELECTRODE OF PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A composition including a graft copolymer, having: a linear trunk including at least one non-aromatic vinyl polymer or an unsaturated polyolefin; and at least two grafts attached to said trunk via a chemical bond, each graft having a conjugated polymer, characterized in that said composition further includes: fullerenes and a conjugated polymer; or carbon and/or graphene nanotubes. Also, a photovoltaic module incorporating such a composition, and to the use of said composition for the same purposes. Finally, methods for synthesizing the molecules forming all or part of the composition. 1. A composition comprising a grafted copolymer , the grafted copolymer consisting of:a linear trunk comprising at least one nonaromatic vinyl polymer or one unsaturated polyolefin, andat least two grafts, attached to said trunk via a chemical bond, each consisting of a conjugated polymer,wherein said composition additionally comprises:fullerenes and a conjugated polymer, orcarbon nanotubes and/or graphene.2. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the two grafts have the same molar mass.3. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the grafts consist of poly(3-hexylthiophene).4. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein it comprises claim 1 , the above said conjugated polymer is of the same nature as the above said copolymeric polymer.5. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the linear trunk claim 1 , of unsaturated polyolefin nature claim 1 , consists of a polydiene.6. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the linear trunk claim 1 , of unsaturated polyolefin nature claim 1 , consists of an acrylic polymer or polyacrylate.7. The composition as claimed in claim 6 , wherein said trunk is a polyalkyl acrylate.8. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the trunk has hydroxyl functional groups so as to confer amphiphilic properties on the trunk.9. The composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the linear trunk claim 1 , of unsaturated ...

SEMI-TRANSPARENT, TRANSPARENT, STACKED AND TOP-ILLUMINATED ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES

An electro-optic device includes a first electrode, an active layer formed over and electrically connected with the first electrode, a buffer layer formed over and electrically connected with the active layer, and a second electrode formed directly on the buffer layer. The second electrode includes a plurality of nanowires interconnected into a network of nanowires. The buffer layer provides a physical barrier between the active layer and the plurality of nanowires to prevent damage to the active layer while the second electrode is formed. 1. An electro-optic device , comprising:a first electrode;an active layer formed over and electrically connected with said first electrode;a buffer layer formed over and electrically connected with said active layer; anda second electrode formed directly on said buffer layer,wherein said second electrode comprises a plurality of nanowires interconnected into a network of nanowires,wherein said buffer layer provides a physical barrier between said active layer and said plurality of nanowires to prevent damage to said active layer while said second electrode is formed.2. An electro-optic device according to claim 1 , wherein said buffer layer at least 1 nm thick.3. An electro-optic device according to claim 1 , wherein said buffer layer at least 1 nm thick and less than 1000 nm thick.43. An electro-optic device according to claim A claim 1 , wherein said buffer layer at least 30 nm thick and less than 51 nm thick.5. An electro-optic device according to claim 1 , wherein said plurality of nanowires interconnected into said network of nanowires have electrically connected junctions at overlapping nanowire portions and define spaces void of said nanowires claim 1 , andwherein said second electrode further comprises a plurality of nanoparticles disposed to at least partially fill a plurality of said spaces to provide additional electrically conducting pathways for said network of nanowires across said spaces, andwherein said plurality ...

ORGANIC THIN FILM SOLAR CELL

The present invention aims to provide an organic thin-film solar cell that has a high photoelectric conversion efficiency and excellent durability. The present invention relates to an organic thin-film solar cell including a photoelectric conversion layer, wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a portion containing a sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table and a portion containing a donor-acceptor organic semiconductor, and the portion containing a sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table and the portion containing a donor-acceptor organic semiconductor are in contact with each other. 1. An organic thin-film solar cell comprising a photoelectric conversion layer ,wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a portion containing a sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table and a portion containing a donor-acceptor organic semiconductor, andthe portion containing a sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table and the portion containing a donor-acceptor organic semiconductor are in contact with each other.2. The organic thin-film solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table is antimony sulfide.3. The organic thin-film solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the donor-acceptor organic semiconductor is a conductive polymer containing a segment as a donor and a segment as an acceptor that are conjugated to each other.4. The organic thin-film solar cell according to claim 3 ,wherein, in the conductive polymer containing a segment as a donor and a segment as an acceptor that are conjugated to each other, the segment as a donor and/or the segment as an acceptor contains a heterocyclic skeleton.5. The organic thin-film solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the photoelectric conversion layer is a laminated body including a layer containing the sulfide of a Group 15 element in the periodic table and a layer containing the donor-acceptor organic semiconductor.6. The ...

SOLID-STATE IMAGING ELEMENT AND SOLID-STATE IMAGING APPARATUS

A first solid-state imaging element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a bottom-electrode; a top-electrode opposed to the bottom-electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the bottom-electrode and the top-electrode and including a first organic semiconductor material; and—an upper inter-layer provided between the top-electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, and including a second organic semiconductor material having a halogen atom in a molecule at a concentration in a range from 0 volume % or more to less than 0.05 volume %. 124.-. (canceled)25. A solid-state imaging element comprising:a bottom-electrode;a top-electrode opposed to the bottom-electrode;a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the bottom-electrode and the top-electrode and including an organic semiconductor material that has one or two or more halogen atoms in a molecule and in which binding energy of a halogen atom having smallest binding energy in the molecule is 5.4 eV or higher; andan upper inter-layer provided between the top-electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer.26. The solid-state imaging element of claim 25 , wherein the first organic semiconductor material is selected from the group consisting of a quinacridone derivative claim 25 , boronated subphthalocyanine derivative claim 25 , pentacene derivative claim 25 , fullerene derivative claim 25 , benzothieno-benzothiphene derivative claim 25 , and combinations thereof.27. The solid-state imaging element of claim 26 , wherein the first organic semiconductor material is the boronated subphthalocyanine derivative.28. The solid-state imaging element of claim 27 , wherein the first organic semiconductor material is boron subphthalocyanine chloride.29. The solid-state imaging element of claim 25 , wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a third organic semiconductor material or a fourth organic semiconductor material or both claim 25 , the third organic ...

COMPOUND AND PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE, IMAGE SENSOR, AND ELECTRONIC DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

A compound of Chemical Formula 1, and a photoelectric device, an image sensor, and an electronic device including the same are disclosed: 25.-. (canceled)6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein in Chemical Formula 1 claim 1 , at least one of Arand Arincludes a heteroatom at No. 1 position claim 1 , and the heteroatom is one of nitrogen (N) claim 1 , sulfur (S) claim 1 , or selenium (Se).12. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a maximum absorption wavelength (λ) in a wavelength region of greater than or equal to about 500 nm and less than or equal to about 600 nm.13. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound exhibits a light absorption curve having a full width at half maximum (FWHM) of about 50 nm to about 120 nm claim 1 , in a thin film state.14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein a difference between a melting point of the compound and a temperature (deposition temperature) at which 10 wt % of an initial weight of the compound is lost is greater than or equal to about 3° C.15. A photoelectric device claim 1 , comprisinga first electrode and a second electrode facing each other, andan active layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the active layer includes the compound of .'}16. An image sensor comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00015', 'claim 15'}, 'the photoelectric device of .'}17. The image sensor of claim 16 , whereinthe image sensor includes a semiconductor substrate and a photoelectric device on the semiconductor substrate,the semiconductor substrate is integrated with a plurality of first photo-sensing devices configured to sense light in a blue wavelength region and a plurality of second photo-sensing devices configured to sense light in a red wavelength region, andthe photoelectric device is configured to selectively sense light in a green wavelength region, and{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00015', 'claim 15'}, 'the photoelectric device is the photoelectric ...

ORGANIC ELECTROLUMINESCENT MATERIALS AND DEVICES

Provided are organometallic compounds. Also provided are formulations comprising these organometallic compounds. Further provided are OLEDs and related consumer products that utilize these organometallic compounds. 2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein each of R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , and Ris independently a hydrogen or a substituent selected from the group consisting of deuterium claim 1 , fluorine claim 1 , alkyl claim 1 , cycloalkyl claim 1 , heteroalkyl claim 1 , alkoxy claim 1 , aryloxy claim 1 , amino claim 1 , silyl claim 1 , boryl claim 1 , alkenyl claim 1 , cycloalkenyl claim 1 , heteroalkenyl claim 1 , aryl claim 1 , heteroaryl claim 1 , nitrile claim 1 , isonitrile claim 1 , sulfanyl claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The compound of claim 1 , wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Os claim 1 , Ir claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Pt claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , and Au.4. (canceled)5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Zto Zare each independently C.6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one of Zto Zin each respective structure associated with is N.7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein ring A is a 6-membered aromatic ring.8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein two adjacent Rsubstituents are joined together to form a fused 5-membered or 6-membered aromatic ring.913.-. (canceled)14. The compound of claim 1 , wherein at least one R claim 1 , R claim 1 , or Ris present and is F or CF.15. (canceled)17. (canceled)1934.-. (canceled)35. The compound of claim 1 , wherein the compound has a formula of M(L)(L)(L) claim 1 ,{'sub': B', 'C, 'wherein Land Lare each a bidentate ligand; and wherein x is 1, 2, or 3; y is 0, 1, or 2; z is 0, 1, or 2; and x+y+z is the oxidation state of the metal M.'}3638.-. (canceled)40. (canceled)4246.-. (canceled)47. The compound of claim 41 , wherein the compound is selected from the group consisting of LIST 12A as described herein.4963.-. (canceled)6566.-. (canceled)67. The OLED of claim 64 ...

Compound and Organic Solar Cell Comprising Same

The present specification provides a compound including a unit of Formula 1 and an organic solar cell including the same. 2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein X1 to X3 are each S.4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R1 to R8 are the same as or different from each other claim 1 , and are each independently hydrogen; a halogen group; a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group.5. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R9 and R10 are the same as or different from each other claim 1 , and are each independently a substituted or unsubstituted alkyl group.6. The compound of claim 1 , wherein R11 and R12 are the same as or different from each other claim 1 , and are each independently hydrogen; a halogen group; or a substituted or unsubstituted alkoxy group.7. The compound of claim 1 , wherein Y1 to Y4 are each S.8. The compound of claim 1 , wherein p and q are the same as each other claim 1 , and are each 0 or 1 claim 1 , andr and s are the same as each other, and are each 1 or 2.10. An organic solar cell comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode provided to face the first electrode; andan organic material layer having one or more layers provided between the first electrode and the second electrode and comprising a photoactive layer,{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'wherein one or more layers of the organic material layer comprise the compound according .'}11. The organic solar cell of claim 10 , wherein the organic material layer comprises a hole transport layer claim 10 , a hole injection layer or a layer which simultaneously transports and injects holes claim 10 , andthe hole transport layer, the hole injection layer, or the layer which simultaneously transports and injects holes comprises the compound.12. The organic solar cell of claim 10 , wherein the organic material layer comprises an electron injection layer claim 10 , an electron transport layer or a layer which simultaneously injects and ...

Perovskite-Polymer Composite Materials, Devices, and Methods

Composite materials that include a polymer matrix and a metal halide perovskite. The metal halide perovskite may be a lead-free metal halide double perovskite. Devices that include a layer of a composite material, a first electrode, and a second electrode. Methods of forming composite materials and devices, including methods that include printing one or more layers with a 3D printer. 1. A composite material comprising:a polymer matrix comprising a polymer; anda metal halide perovskite dispersed in the polymer matrix.2. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the metal halide perovskite is a lead-free metal halide double perovskite of the following formula:{'br': None, 'sub': 2', '6, 'CsBB′X\u2003\u2003(formula (I)),'}wherein B is Sb or Bi,B′ is Cu, Ag, or Au, andX is Cl, Br, or I.3. The composite material of claim 2 , wherein (i) B is Bi claim 2 , B′ is Ag claim 2 , X is Br claim 2 , and the lead-free metal halide double perovskite has the formula CsBiAgBr claim 2 , (ii) B is Bi claim 2 , B′ is Au claim 2 , X is Br claim 2 , and the lead-free metal halide double perovskite has the formula CsBiAuBr claim 2 , (iii) B is Sb claim 2 , B′ is Ag claim 2 , X is Br claim 2 , and the lead-free metal halide double perovskite has the formula CsSbAgBr claim 2 , or (iv) B is Sb claim 2 , B′ is Au claim 2 , X is Br claim 2 , and the lead-free metal halide double perovskite has the formula CsSbAuBr.46-. (canceled)7. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the metal halide perovskite is a lead-free metal halide double perovskite.8. The composite material of claim 1 , wherein the metal halide perovskite is of the following formula:{'br': None, 'sub': '3', 'ABX\u2003\u2003(formula (II)),'}wherein A is a +1 cation,B is a +2 cation, andX is Cl, Br, or I.9. The composite material of claim 8 , wherein A is an inorganic claim 8 , single atom +1 cation.10. The composite material of claim 9 , wherein A is Cs.11. (canceled)12. The composite material of claim 8 , wherein A is an ...

ONE-STEP IN SITU SOLUTION GROWTH FOR LEAD HALIDE PEROVSKITE

A method of forming lead halide perovskite crystals in a solvent. The perovskite is form by solution processing of an organic and inorganic precursor in a polar protic solvent. 1. A method of forming a lead halide perovskite comprising:dissolving an organic halide precursor in a polar protic solvent;dissolving an lead halide precursor in the solvent to form a reaction solution;reacting the organic halide precursor and the lead halide precursor at a reaction temperature of the solvent's boiling point; andforming lead halide perovskite crystals.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic halide precursor is selected from methylammonium chloride claim 1 , methylammonium iodide claim 1 , and methylammonium bromide.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the lead halide precursor is selected from lead chloride claim 1 , lead iodide claim 1 , and lead bromide.4. The method of wherein the organic halide precursor and the lead halide precursor each comprise an identical halide.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic halide precursor and the lead halide precursor are present in substantially a 1:1 molar ratio in the solvent prior to reacting.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polar protic solvent is an alcohol.7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising evaporating the solvent after formation of lead halide perovskite crystals.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the evaporation is in an inert environment.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein within 20%+/−of the boiling point comprises at the boiling point.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction solvent has a concentration of organic precursor plus inorganic precursor of at least 40 wt %.11. A method of forming a perovskite comprising:dissolving an organic halide precursor in an alcohol solvent;dissolving an lead halide precursor in the alcohol solvent;forming a reaction solution having a concentration of dissolved organic halide precursor plus dissolved lead halide precursor of at least 40 wt % and the ...

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING LIGHT-ABSORBING LAYER HAVING SEMICONDUCTOR NANOPARTICLES AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE HAVING THE SAME LIGHT-ABSORBING LAYER

An exemplary method of manufacturing a light-absorbing layer and a method of manufacturing a semiconductor device including the same light-absorbing layer are provided. The exemplary method includes: forming a nanoparticles film by applying a semiconductor nanoparticles solution on a substrate; thermally treating the nanoparticles film at least one time to cause adhesion among the nanoparticles; and forming a light-absorbing layer by applying a light-absorbing solution on the nanoparticles film. 1. A method of manufacturing a light-absorbing layer comprising semiconductor nanoparticles , the method comprising:forming a nanoparticles film by applying a semiconductor nanoparticles solution on a substrate;thermally treating the nanoparticles film at least one time to cause adhesion among the nanoparticles; andforming a light-absorbing layer by applying a light-absorbing solution on the nanoparticles film.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the thermally treating comprises:first thermal treatment of the nanoparticles film;washing the nanoparticles film; andsecond thermal treatment of the nanoparticles film.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first thermal treatment comprises thermally treating the nanoparticles film at 40° C. to 300° C. for 1 to 600 minutes claim 2 , and the second thermal treatment comprises thermally treating the nanoparticles film at 40° C. to 300° C. for 1 to 600 minutes.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:before the forming the nanoparticles film, dispersing the semiconductor nanoparticles in a solvent; andmodifying surfaces of the nanoparticles.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the modifying the surfaces of the nanoparticles comprises modifying an X-type ligand of the surfaces of the nanoparticles to an L-type ligand.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the L-type ligand comprises one or more compounds selected from the group consisting of primary claim 5 , secondary claim 5 , or tertiary alkylamine claim 5 , primary claim 5 , secondary ...

DETECTOR FOR AN OPTICAL DETECTION OF AT LEAST ONE OBJECT

A detector for optical detection of at least one object, the detector including: at least one optical sensor including at least one sensor region. The optical sensor is configured to generate at least one sensor signal dependent on an illumination of the sensor region by an incident modulated light beam. The sensor signal is dependent on a modulation frequency of the light beam. The sensor region includes at least one capacitive device including at least two electrodes. At least one insulating layer and at least one photosensitive layer are embedded between the electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes is at least partially optically transparent for the light beam. The detector further includes at least one evaluation device configured to generate at least one item of information on a position of the object by evaluating the sensor signal. 120-. (canceled)21. A detector for optically detecting at least one object , comprising:at least one optical sensor comprising at least one sensor region, wherein the optical sensor is configured to generate at least one sensor signal dependent on an illumination of the sensor region by an incident modulated light beam, wherein the sensor signal is dependent on a modulation frequency of the light beam, wherein the sensor region comprises at least one capacitive device, the capacitive device comprising at least two electrodes, wherein at least one insulating layer and at least one photosensitive layer are embedded between the electrodes, wherein at least one of the electrodes is at least partially optically transparent for the light beam; andat least one evaluation device configured to generate at least one item of information on a position of the object by evaluating the sensor signal.22. The detector according to claim 21 , wherein the optical sensor is selected from:at least one longitudinal optical sensor configured to generate at least one longitudinal sensor signal, wherein the longitudinal sensor signal, given same ...

METAL COMPLEXES WITH DIBENZO[F,H]QUINOXALINES

This invention relates to electroluminescent metal complexes of the formula electronic devices comprising the metal complexes and their use in electronic devices, especially organic light emitting diodes (OLEDs). The metal complexes of formula (I) show high emission efficiency, excellent vaporizability, thermal stability, processing stability, high charge carrier mobilities, low turn-on voltage and high temperature stability of the emission color. 3. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein Ris C-Ccycloalkyl claim 1 , which is optionally substituted by one claim 1 , or two C-Calkyl and/or by one claim 1 , or two C-Cperfluoroalkyl; or C-Calkyl; or{'sup': 1', '2, 'sub': 2', '3', '2', '4', '1', '8', '1', '8, 'Rand Rtogether form a ring —(CH)—, or —(CH)—, which are optionally substituted by one, or two C-Calkyl and/or by one, or two C-Cperfluoroalkyl.'}5. The compound according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rare C-Calkyl claim 1 , —Si(C-Calkyl) claim 1 , or C-Ccycloalkyl.10. An organic electronic device claim 1 , comprising the compound according to .11. An emitting layer comprising the compound according to .12. The emitting layer according to claim 11 , comprising the compound in combination with a host material.13. An apparatus selected from the group consisting of a stationary visual display unit; an illumination unit; a keyboard; an item of clothing; an item of furniture; and wallpaper claim 10 , comprising the organic electronic device according to .14. An electrophotographic photoreceptor claim 1 , photoelectric converter claim 1 , organic solar cell claim 1 , switching element claim 1 , organic light emitting field effect transistor claim 1 , image sensor claim 1 , dye laser or electroluminescent device comprising the compound according to . This invention relates to electroluminescent metal complexes with dibenzo[f,h]quinoxalines, a process for their preparation, electronic devices comprising the metal complexes and their use in electronic devices, especially ...

ORGANIC PHOTOELECTRONIC DEVICE AND IMAGE SENSOR

An organic photoelectronic device includes a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other and a light-absorption layer between the first electrode and the second electrode and including a first region closest to the first electrode, the first region having a first composition ratio (p/n) of a p-type semiconductor relative to an n-type semiconductor, a second region closest to the second electrode, the second region having a second composition ratio (p/n) of the p-type semiconductor relative to the n-type semiconductor, and a third region between the first region and the second region in a thickness direction, the third region having a third composition ratio (p/n) of the p-type semiconductor relative to the n-type semiconductor that is greater or less than the first composition ratio (p/n) and the second composition ratio (p/n). 1. An organic photoelectronic device , comprising:a first electrode and a second electrode facing each other; and [{'sub': 1', '1, 'a first region closest to the first electrode, the first region having a first composition ratio (p/n) of a p-type semiconductor relative to an n-type semiconductor,'}, {'sub': 2', '2, 'a second region closest to the second electrode, the second region having a second composition ratio (p/n) of the p-type semiconductor relative to the n-type semiconductor, and'}, {'sub': 3', '3', '1', '1', '2', '2, 'a third region between the first region and the second region in a thickness direction, the third region having a third composition ratio (p/n) of the p-type semiconductor relative to the n-type semiconductor that is greater or less than the first composition ratio (p/n) and the second composition ratio (p/n).'}], 'a light-absorption layer between the first electrode and the second electrode, the light-absorption layer including,'}2. The organic photoelectronic device of claim 1 , wherein the first composition ratio (p/n) is the same as the second composition ratio (p/n).3. The organic photoelectronic ...

DIKETOPYRROLOPYRROLE POLYMERS FOR USE IN ORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES

The present invention relates to polymers comprising one or more (repeating) unit(s) of the formula (I) which are characterized in that Arand Ar are independently of each other are an annulated (aromatic) heterocyclic ring system, containing at least one thiophene ring, which may be optionally substituted by one, or more groups, and their use as organic semiconductor in organic devices, especially in organic photovoltaics (solar cells) and photodiodes, or in a device containing a diode and/or an organic field effect transistor. The polymers according to the invention have excellent solubility in organic solvents and excellent film-forming properties. In addition, high efficiency of energy conversion, excellent field-effect mobility, good on/off current ratios and/or excellent stability can be observed, when the polymers according to the invention are used in organic field effect transistors, organic photovoltaics (solar cells) and photodiodes. 1. (canceled)5. The organic semiconductor material , layer or component according to , wherein A is a repeating unit of formula (Ia) , (Ib) , (Ic) , (Id) , (Ie) , (If) , (Ig) , (Ih) , (Ii) , (Ij) , (Ik) , (H) , (Im) , (In) , (Io) , (Ip) , (Iq) , (Ir) , (Is) , (It) , (Iu) or (Iv) as defined in .7. (canceled)9. A semiconductor device claim 8 , comprising an organic semiconductor material claim 8 , layer or component according to .10. The semiconductor device according to claim 9 , which is an organic photovoltaic (PV) device (solar cell) claim 9 , a photodiode claim 9 , or an organic field effect transistor.11. Process for the preparation of an organic semiconductor device claim 8 , which process comprises applying a solution and/or dispersion of a polymer as defined in in an organic solvent to a suitable substrate and removing the solvent.12. (canceled)14. (canceled) The present invention relates to polymers comprising one or more (repeating) unit(s) of the formula I, and their use as organic semiconductor in organic devices, ...

Synthesis of Four Coordinated Palladium Complexes and Their Applications in Light Emitting Devices Thereof

Synthesis of four coordinated palladium complexes and their applications in light emitting devices thereof.

SOLAR CELL

A solar cell includes, on a support: a transparent negative electrode; auxiliary metal wiring that is in contact with the negative electrode; a positive electrode that faces the negative electrode; and a photoelectric conversion layer between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and between the negative electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, in which the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material and an insulating material, and the insulating material is a crosslinking macromolecule obtained by crosslinking a crosslinkable macromolecule with a compound having a plurality of crosslinkable groups. 1. A solar cell comprising , on a support:a transparent negative electrode;auxiliary metal wiring that is in contact with the negative electrode;a positive electrode that faces the negative electrode;a photoelectric conversion layer between the negative electrode and the positive electrode; andan electron transport layer between the negative electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer,wherein the electron transport layer includes an electron transport material and an insulating material, andwherein the insulating material is a crosslinking macromolecule obtained by crosslinking a crosslinkable macromolecule with a compound having a plurality of crosslinkable groups.2. The solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the crosslinkable group also functions as a reactive group that chemically bonds to a material for forming the negative electrode or the auxiliary metal wiring with which the electron transport layer is in contact.3. The solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the negative electrode contains a conductive macromolecule.4. The solar cell according to claim 2 ,wherein the negative electrode contains a conductive macromolecule.5. The solar cell according to claim 1 ,wherein the negative electrode contains a polymer of a compound having the plurality of crosslinkable groups.6. The solar cell according to claim 2 , ...

HIGHLY EFFICIENT SMALL MOLECULE MULTI-JUNCTION ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A highly efficient multi junction photovoltaic device, such as a two, three, or four junction device, is disclosed. The multi-junction device may include a first subcell comprising a first photoactive region and a second subcell comprising a second photoactive region. The first and second photoactive regions are designed to minimize spectral overlap and maximize photocurrent across a broad absorption spectra, such as wavelengths ranging from 400 nm to 900 nm. The device may further include an inter-connecting layer, disposed between the first subcell and the second subcell, that is at least substantially transparent. By introducing a transparent interconnecting layer, a dual element (tandem) cell achieves a power conversion efficiency of 10.0±0.5%. By adding an additional (3) sub-cell that absorbs at the second order optical interference maximum within the stack. The triple junction cell significantly improves the quantum efficiency at shorter wavelengths, achieving a power conversion efficiency of 11.1±0.5%. Adding additional sub-cells has been shown to increase power conversion efficiency above 12%. 1. A multi-junction photovoltaic device comprising:a first subcell comprising a first photoactive region; and [ 'a first donor material comprising a donor-acceptor-acceptor molecule having an NIR absorption spectra, and a first acceptor material comprising a fullerene, wherein the first donor material and the first acceptor material forms a first donor-acceptor heterojunction; and', 'the first photoactive region comprises, a second donor material having an absorption spectra that is complementary with the absorption spectra of the first donor material, and a second acceptor material comprising a fullerene, wherein the second donor material and the second acceptor material forms a second donor-acceptor heterojunction,', 'wherein the device exhibits an absorption in wavelengths ranging from λ=400 nm to 900 nm., 'the second photoactive region comprises], 'a second subcell ...

SOLID-STATE IMAGING ELEMENT AND SOLID-STATE IMAGING APPARATUS

A first solid-state imaging element according to an embodiment of the present disclosure includes a bottom-electrode; a top-electrode opposed to the bottom-electrode; a photoelectric conversion layer provided between the bottom-electrode and the top-electrode and including a first organic semiconductor material; and an upper inter-layer provided between the top-electrode and the photoelectric conversion layer, and including a second organic semiconductor material having a halogen atom in a molecule at a concentration in a range from 0 volume % or more to less than 0.05 volume %. 112.-. (canceled)13. A solid-state imaging element comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode opposed to the first electrode; anda photoelectric conversion layer provided between the first electrode and the second electrode, whereinthe photoelectric conversion layer includes an exciton generation layer including a dye material and a first semiconductor material, and an exciton disassociation layer including a second semiconductor material.14. The solid-state imaging element according to claim 13 , wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a first inter-layer including a first semiconductor material between the exciton generation layer and the exciton disassociation layer.15. The solid-state imaging element according to claim 14 , wherein the photoelectric conversion layer includes a second inter-layer including the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material between the first inter-layer and the exciton disassociation layer.16. The solid-state imaging element according to any of claim 13 , wherein the first semiconductor material and the second semiconductor material are semiconductor materials having mutually different polarities.17. The solid-state imaging element according to claim 13 , wherein a bandgap of the first semiconductor material is equal to a bandgap of the dye material or smaller than the bandgap of the dye material.18. The solid-state ...

ORGANIC TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE AND METHODS

An organic tandem photovoltaic device includes a first electrode, a second electrode spaced apart from said first electrode, first and second photoactive organic bulk heterojunction layers, and an interconnecting layer. The interconnecting layer is between and electrically connects the first and second photoactive organic bulk heterojunction layers. The interconnecting layer includes an electron extracting interface layer of a first inorganic material and a hole extracting interface layer of a second inorganic material. 1. An organic tandem photovoltaic device , comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode spaced apart from said first electrode;first and second photoactive organic bulk heterojunction layers; andan interconnecting layer between and electrically connecting said first and second photoactive organic bulk heterojunction layers,wherein said interconnecting layer comprises an electron extracting interface layer of a first inorganic material and a hole extracting interface layer of a second inorganic material.21. The organic tandem photovoltaic device according to , wherein said interconnecting layer further comprises a recombination layer of a third material.32. The organic tandem photovoltaic device according to , wherein said third material comprises indium-tin-oxide nanoparticles.41. The organic tandem photovoltaic device according to , wherein said first inorganic material comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles and said second inorganic material comprises vanadium oxide nanoparticles.51. The organic tandem photovoltaic device according to , wherein said first inorganic material comprises zinc oxide nanoparticles and said second inorganic material comprises molybdenum trioxide.6. The organic tandem photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , further comprising a hole transporting layer and an electron transporting layer claim 1 ,wherein said first photoactive organic bulk heterojunction layer is disposed between said hole extracting interface layer and ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A THIN FILM CELL ARRANGEMENT

The present invention relates to a method for the production of a thin-film solar cell array in which a plurality of individual thin-film solar cells are applied on a substrate. The individual thin-film solar cells are thereby deposited one above the other in regions so that an overlapping region is produced from respectively one pair of two individual thin-film solar cells; in this region, a series connection of the two thin-film solar cells forming the pair is present. In addition, the thin-film solar cell array has a transition region in which the thin-film solar cell applied on the first solar cell is converted into a layer situated below. 1111333222111333. A method for the production of a thin-film solar cell array , comprising a plurality of thin-film solar cells (I , II , III , . . . ) applied on a substrate (S) , which comprise respectively at least one first rear-side electrode ( , , , . . . ) , which is orientated towards the substrate (S) , and a second electrode and/or a conversion layer ( , , , . . . ) and also a photoactive layer ( , , , . . . ) disposed between the rear-side electrode ( , , , . . . ) and the second electrode and/or the conversion layer ( , , , . . . ) , the thin-film solar cell arraya) having at least one overlapping region (B) in which respectively one first (I, II, . . . ) and one second thin-film solar cell (II, III, . . . ) are disposed in two layers (n, n+1, . . . ) and in pairs (I-II, II-III, . . . ) situated one above the other, one region of the respectively first thin-film solar cell (I, II, . . . ) in a first layer (n, . . . ) and one region of the respectively second thin-film solar cell (II, III, . . . ), which is disposed on the side of the respectively first thin-film solar cell (I, II, . . . ) orientated away from the substrate (S) in a layer (n+1, . . . ) situated above the respectively first thin-film solar cell (I, II, . . . ), being connected to each other and connected electrically in series, and{'b': 1', '1', '2', ...

Solar cell and method of manufacturing the same

A solar cell is provided, and has an organic light-absorbing layer having a perovskite structure, and a hole transport layer disposed on a first surface of the organic light-absorbing layer. The hole transport layer is made of a nickel oxide. A method of manufacturing a solar cell is provided, and has the steps of (1) providing a hole transport layer which is made of a nickel oxide; (2) forming an organic light-absorbing layer having a perovskite structure, which has a first surface on which the hole transporting layer is disposed, and a second surface opposite to the first surface; and (3) forming an electron transport layer on the second surface of the organic light-absorbing layer.

Planar Structure Solar Cell with Inorganic Hole Transporting Material

A method is provided for forming a planar structure solar cell. Generally, the method forms a transparent conductive electrode, with a planar layer of a first metal oxide adjacent to the transparent conductive electrode. For example, the first metal oxide may be an n-type metal oxide. A semiconductor absorber layer is formed adjacent to the first metal oxide, comprising organic and inorganic materials. A p-type semiconductor hole-transport material (HTM) layer is formed adjacent to the semiconductor absorber layer, and a metal electrode is formed. adjacent to the HTM layer. In one aspect, the HTM layer is an inorganic material such as a p-type metal oxide. Some explicit examples of HTM materials include stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric molybdenum (VI) oxide, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric vanadium (V) oxide, stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric nickel (II) oxide, and stoichiometric and non-stoichiometric copper (I) oxide. Also provide are planar solar cell devices. 1. A planar structure solar cell comprising:a transparent substrate;a transparent conductive electrode overlying the transparent substrate;a first metal oxide having a planar top surface and a planar bottom surface overlying the transparent conductive electrode;a semiconductor absorber layer overlying the first metal oxide planar top surface, the semiconductor absorber layer formed from a single material comprising organic and inorganic components;a p-type inorganic semiconductor hole-transport material (HTM) layer overlying the semiconductor absorber layer; and,a metal electrode overlying the HTM layer.2. The solar cell of wherein the first metal oxide is an n-type metal oxide.3. (canceled)4. The solar cell of wherein the first metal oxide is selected from a group consisting of titanium oxide (TiO) claim 1 , tin oxide (SnO) claim 1 , zinc oxide (ZnO) claim 1 , niobium oxide (NbO) claim 1 , tantalum oxide (TaO) claim 1 , barium titanate (BaTiO) claim 1 , strontium titanate (SrTiO) claim 1 , ...

CONDUCTIVE THIN FILM, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME, AND ELECTRONIC ELEMENT COMPRISING SAME

Provided are a conductive thin film, a method for producing same, and an electronic element comprising same. The conductive thin film has excellent conductivity, allows the easy adjustment of a work function, also allows easy film formation, and thus can be advantageously used in various electronic elements, such as organic light-emitting devices and organic solar cells. 1. A conductive thin film comprising a conductive layer and a surface energy-tuning layer ,wherein the conductive layer comprises a conductive polymer and a first fluorine-based material,the surface energy-tuning layer comprises a second fluorine-based material but does not comprise the conductive polymer, andthe first fluorine-based material and the second fluorine-based material are the same or different from each other.2. The conductive thin film of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer comprises polythiophene claim 1 , polyaniline claim 1 , polypyrrole claim 1 , polystyrene claim 1 , polyethylenedioxythiophene claim 1 , polyacetylene claim 1 , polyphenylene claim 1 , polyphenylvinylene claim 1 , polycarbazole claim 1 , a copolymer comprising two or more different repeating units thereof claim 1 , a derivative thereof claim 1 , or a blend of two or more types thereof.3. The conductive thin film of claim 1 , wherein the conductive polymer comprises a self-doped conductive polymer doped with one or more types of an ionic group and a polymeric acid claim 1 ,the ionic group comprises an anionic group, and a cationic group disposed to counter the anionic group,{'sub': 3', '3', '3', '2, 'sup': 2−', '−', '−', '−', '−', '2−, 'the anionic group is selected from the group consisting of PO, SO, COO, I, CHCOO, and BO,'}the cationic group comprises one or more types among a metal ion and an organic ion,{'sup': +', '+', '+', '+2', '+2', '+3, 'the metal ion is selected from the group consisting of Na, K, Li, Mg, Zn, and Al, and'}{'sup': +', '+', '+', '+', '+', '+', '+', '+', '+, 'sub': 3', '2', 'n', '3', '4 ...

METHODS FOR MAKING PEROVSKITE SOLAR CELLS HAVING IMPROVED HOLE-TRANSPORT LAYERS

An aspect of the present disclosure is a device that includes a first layer that includes a hole-transport material and an acid, where the first layer has a conductivity between 20 μS/cm and 500 μS/cm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the first layer may absorb light having a wavelength between 400 nm and 600 nm. In some embodiments of the present disclosure, the hole-transport material may include at least one of 2,2′,7,7′-tetrakis(N,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD), a derivative of spiro-OMeTAD, poly(triarylamine), poly(3-hexylthiophene), and/or N,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N,N′-diphenylbenzidine. 1. A device comprising:a first layer comprising a hole-transport material and an acid, wherein:the first layer has a conductivity between 20 μS/cm and 500 μS/cm.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first layer absorbs light having a wavelength between 400 nm and 600 nm.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the hole-transport material comprises at least one of 2 claim 1 ,2′ claim 1 ,7 claim 1 ,7′-tetrakis(N claim 1 ,N-di-p-methoxyphenylamine)-9 claim 1 ,9′-spirobifluorene (spiro-OMeTAD) claim 1 , a derivative of spiro-OMeTAD claim 1 , poly(triarylamine) claim 1 , poly(3-hexylthiophene) claim 1 , or N claim 1 ,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-diphenylbenzidine.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the acid comprises at least one of an organic acid or an inorganic acid.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first layer further comprises a dopant comprising at least one of an alkaline salt claim 1 , a Co(III) salt claim 1 , 2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,5 claim 1 ,6-tetrafluoro-7 claim 1 ,7 claim 1 ,8 claim 1 ,8-tetracyanoquinodimethane claim 1 , SnCl claim 1 , Ag—N-butyl-N′-(4-pyridylheptyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonamide claim 1 , N-butyl-N′-(4-pyridylheptyl)imidazolium bis(trifluoromethane)sulfonimide claim 1 , or N(PhBr)SbCl.6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the conductivity is between 100 μS/cm and 500 μS/cm.7. The device of ...

PROCESS OF FORMING A PHOTOACTIVE LAYER OF AN OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE

A process of forming a thin film photoactive layer of an optoelectronic device comprising: providing a substrate having a surface comprising or coated with a metal M selected from at least one of Pb, Sn, Ge, Si, Ti, Bi, or In; and converting the metal surface or metal coating of the substrate to a perovskite layer. 165.-. (canceled)66. A process of forming a thin film photoactive layer of an optoelectronic device comprising:providing a substrate having a surface comprising or coated with a metal M selected from at least one of Pb, Sn, Ge, Si, Ti, Bi, or In; andconverting the metal surface or metal coating of the substrate to a perovskite layer comprising an organo-metal halide perovskite.67. A process according to claim 66 , wherein the substrate is coated with a metal M prior to the converting step by:applying at least one coating of a metal M selected from at least one of Pb, Sn, Ge, Si, Ti, Bi, or In to a substrate to form a coated substrate.68. A process according to claim 67 , wherein the at least one coating of a metal M is applied to the substrate by at least one of:a deposition method including at least one of electrodeposition, electrophoretic deposition, electroplating, or electroless deposition;a physical coating method including at least one of sputter, cold spray; or application of solid film or layer to the substrate; oran evaporative coating method.69. A process according to claim 67 , wherein the metal layer on the coating substrate is between 25 and 200 nm.70. A process according to claim 66 , wherein the converting step comprises: applying at least one perovskite precursor to the metal coating of the coated substrate to form the perovskite layer.71. A process according to claim 66 , wherein the converting step comprises:contacting the at least one coating of the metal coated substrate with a vapour X selected from a halide vapour comprising at least one of F, Cl, Br or I, or acetic acid vapour to form a metal compound MX2 coating on the coated ...

Solar Cell

The present invention is related to a solar cell comprising a first electrode; a second electrode; and a stack of layers provided between the first electrode and the second electrode; wherein the stack of layers comprises one light absorbing layer provided with a perovskite crystal structure; and at least one dopant layer, wherein the dopant layer consists of one or more n-dopant material(s); or one or more p-dopant material(s). 1. Solar cell comprising:a) a first electrode;b) a second electrode; andc) a stack of layers provided between the first electrode and the second electrode;wherein the stack of layers comprises(c1) one light absorbing layer provided with a perovskite crystal structure; and (i) one or more n-type dopant material(s); or', '(ii) one or more p-type dopant material(s)., '(c2) at least one dopant layer, wherein the at least one dopant layer consists of'}2. Solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one dopant layer is arranged between the first electrode and the light absorbing layer.3. Solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one dopant layer is arranged between the second electrode and the light absorbing layer.4. Solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the solar cell comprises two or more layer stacks and optionally at least one interconnecting layer claim 1 , wherein the interconnecting layer is arranged between two of the different stacks of layers.5. Solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the p-type dopant material is an organic compound claim 1 , a metal-organic compound or an organo-metallic compound claim 1 , wherein the total amount of electron withdrawing groups in the organic compound is from 17 atomic percent to 90 atomic percent.6. Solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the n-type dopant material is selected from the group consisting of metals claim 1 , metal salts claim 1 , metal complexes and mixtures thereof.7. Solar cell according to claim 6 , wherein the metal is selected from the group ...

OPTOELECTRONIC DEVICE AND METHODS OF USE

Provided is a device comprising a light-emitting optoelectronic element and a photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element, wherein the device further comprises an opaque element that prevents light emitted by the light-emitting optoelectronic element from reaching the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element via a pathway within the device. 1. A device comprising a light-emitting optoelectronic element and a photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element , wherein the device further comprises an opaque element that prevents light emitted by the light-emitting optoelectronic element from reaching the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element via a pathway within the device.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting optoelectronic element and the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element have identical composition claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting optoelectronic element is under an effective forward bias and the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element is under an effective reverse bias.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the light-emitting optoelectronic element comprises an emission layer and the photocurrent-generating optoelectronic element comprises an absorption layer.41212. The device of claim 3 , wherein the emission layer has a band gap E claim 3 , wherein the photocurrent-generating layer has a band gap E claim 3 , and wherein E is larger than E.5. The device of claim 3 , wherein the emission layer comprises an organic compound and the absorption layer comprises an organic compound.6. The device of claim 3 , wherein the emission layer comprises material selected from the group consisting of quantum dots and nanorods claim 3 , and the absorption layer comprises material selected from the group consisting of quantum dots and nanorods.7. The device of claim 3 , wherein the emission layer comprises nanorods claim 3 , and the absorption layer comprises nanorods.8. The device of claim 3 , wherein the emission layer comprises ...

METHOD FOR MAKING NANO-HETEROSTRUCTURE

The present disclosure relates to a method for making nanoscale heterostructure. The method includes: providing a support and forming a first carbon nanotube layer on the support, and the first carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of first source carbon nanotubes; forming a semiconductor layer on the first carbon nanotube layer; covering a second carbon nanotube layer on the semiconductor layer, and the second carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of second source carbon nanotubes; finding and labeling a first carbon nanotube in the first carbon nanotube layer and a second carbon nanotube in the second carbon nanotube layer; removing the plurality of first source carbon nanotubes and the plurality of second source carbon nanotubes; and annealing the multilayer structure. 1. A method for making a nano-heterostructure comprising:{'b': '1', 'S: providing a support and forming a first carbon nanotube layer on the support, and the first carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of first source carbon nanotubes;'}{'b': '2', 'S: forming a semiconductor layer on the first carbon nanotube layer;'}{'b': '3', 'S: covering a second carbon nanotube layer on the semiconductor layer, and the second carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of second source carbon nanotubes;'}{'b': '4', 'S: finding and labeling a first carbon nanotube in the first carbon nanotube layer and a second carbon nanotube in the second carbon nanotube layer;'}{'b': '5', 'S: removing the plurality of first source carbon nanotubes and the plurality of second source carbon nanotubes except for the first carbon nanotube and the second carbon nanotube to form a multilayer structure; and'}{'b': '6', 'S: annealing the multilayer structure.'}21. The method of claim 1 , wherein in step S claim 1 , a method for forming the first carbon nanotube layer on the support is a transfer method.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the transfer method comprises the following steps:growing the first carbon ...

CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS, THE ORGANIC PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL COMPRISING THE SAME, AND THE SYNTHESIS THEREOF

The present invention relates to a conductive polymer, the organic photovoltaic cell comprising the same, and the synthesis method of the same. The novel polymer, according to the present invention, displays more excellent optical properties and higher photoelectric conversion efficiency than the conventional RRa (regiorandom) polymer due to its symmetrical structure of quaterthiophene and benzothiadiazole substituted with fluorine. 2. The polymer compound according to claim 1 , wherein the R in formula 1 is independently selected from the group consisting of ethylhexyl claim 1 , butyloctyl claim 1 , hexyldecyl claim 1 , and octyldodecyl.4. An organic photovoltaic cell comprising a cathode and an anode opposite to each other; and at least one photoactive layer in between the anode and the cathode claim 1 , wherein the photoactive layer contains the compound of as an electron donor and an electron acceptor.5. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 4 , wherein the electron acceptor is one or more materials selected from the group consisting of fullerene (C60) claim 4 , fullerene derivative claim 4 , perylene claim 4 , perylene derivative claim 4 , and semiconductor nanoparticle.6. The organic photovoltaic cell according to claim 5 , wherein the fullerene derivative is [6 claim 5 ,6]-phenyl-C61-butyric acid methyl ether (PCBM) or [6 claim 5 ,6]-phenyl-C71-butyric acid methyl ether (PC71BM).8. The method for preparing the polymer represented by formula 1 according to claim 7 , wherein the R in the formulas above is independently selected from the group consisting of ethylhexyl claim 7 , butyloctyl claim 7 , hexyldecyl claim 7 , and octyldodecyl.9. The method for preparing the polymer represented by formula 1 according to claim 7 , wherein the palladium catalyst is selected from the group consisting of PdCl2 claim 7 , Pd(OAc)2 claim 7 , Pd(CH3CN)2Cl2 claim 7 , Pd(PhCN)2Cl2 claim 7 , Pd2(dba)3 claim 7 , and Pd(PPh3)4.10. The method for preparing the polymer ...

NANO-HETEROSTRUCTURE

The present disclosure relates to a method for making nanoscale heterostructure. The method includes: providing a support and forming a first carbon nanotube layer on the support, and the first carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of first source carbon nanotubes; forming a semiconductor layer on the first carbon nanotube layer; covering a second carbon nanotube layer on the semiconductor layer, and the second carbon nanotube layer comprises a plurality of second source carbon nanotubes; finding and labeling a first carbon nanotube in the first carbon nanotube layer and a second carbon nanotube in the second carbon nanotube layer; removing the plurality of first source carbon nanotubes and the plurality of second source carbon nanotubes; and annealing the multilayer structure. 1. A nano-heterostructure comprising:a first carbon nanotube oriented along a first direction;a semiconductor layer with a thickness ranging from 1 nanometer to 200 nanometers, and the semiconductor layer comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface;a second carbon nanotube oriented along a second direction;wherein the first carbon nanotube is located on the first surface, the second carbon nanotube is located on the second surface, the semiconductor layer is sandwiched between the first carbon nanotube and the second carbon nanotube, and the first carbon nanotube and the second carbon nanotube are crossed with each other.2. The nano-heterostructure of claim 1 , wherein the first carbon nanotube is a metallic carbon nanotube.3. The nano-heterostructure of claim 2 , wherein the first carbon nanotube is a single-walled carbon nanotube.4. The nano-heterostructure of claim 1 , wherein the second carbon nanotube is a metallic carbon nanotube.5. The nano-heterostructure of claim 4 , wherein the second carbon nanotube is a single-walled carbon nanotube.6. The nano-heterostructure of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the first carbon nanotube ranges from 1 ...

Proazaphosphatranes As N-Dopants In Organic Electronics

An organic n-dopant for doping organic electron transport materials. The n-dopant comprising at least one proazaphosphatrane compound having a triple N-substituted phosphorus atom of the formula 23-. (canceled)4. The n-dopant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least one of the X-Xis a substituted or unsubstituted C2 alkyl group.5. The n-dopant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein each of the X-Xis a substituted or unsubstituted C2 alkyl group.6. The n-dopant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein at least two of the R-Rare joined to one another via a bridge.7. The n-dopant as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the n-dopant has only one proazaphosphatrane group (PN).10. The method as claimed in claim 9 , wherein the matrix material is an electron-conducting matrix material selected from the group consisting of 2 claim 9 ,2′ claim 9 ,2″-(1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,5-benzinetriyl)tris(1-phenyl-1-H-benzimidazole) claim 9 , 2-(4-biphenylyl)-5-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,4-oxadiazole; 2 claim 9 ,9-dimethyl-4 claim 9 ,7-diphenyl-1 claim 9 ,10-phenanthroline (BCP) claim 9 , 8-hydroxyquinolinolatolithium; 4-(naphthalen-1-yl)-3 claim 9 ,5-diphenyl-4H-1 claim 9 ,2 claim 9 ,4-triazole; 1 claim 9 ,3-bis[2-(2 claim 9 ,2′-bipyridine-6-yl)-1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene; 4 claim 9 ,7-diphenyl-1 claim 9 ,10-phenanthroline (BPhen); 3-(4-biphenylyl)-4-phenyl-5-tert-butylphenyl-1 claim 9 ,2 claim 9 ,4-triazole; bis(2-methyl-8-quinolinolate)-4-(phenylphenolato)aluminum; 6 claim 9 ,6′-bis[5-(biphenyl-4-yl)-1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,4-oxadiazo-2-yl]-2 claim 9 ,2′-bipyridyl; 2-phenyl-9 claim 9 ,10-di(naphthalen-2-yl)anthracene; 2 claim 9 ,7-bis[2-(2 claim 9 ,2′-bipyridine-6-yl)-1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]-9 claim 9 ,9-dimethylfluorene; 1 claim 9 ,3-bis[2-(4-tert-butylphenyl)-1 claim 9 ,3 claim 9 ,4-oxadiazo-5-yl]benzene; 2-(naphthalen-2-yl)-4 claim 9 ,7-diphenyl-1 claim 9 ,10-phenanthroline; 2 claim 9 ,9-bis(naphthalen-2-yl)-4 claim 9 ,7-diphenyl-1 claim 9 ,10-phenanthroline; ...

Novel compound and use thereof as a hole transport material

The present invention provides novel triazatruxene derivatives that are useful as hole transport materials (HTM), particularly, in optoelectronic devices. The utility of the novel compounds was confirmed in solid-state, sensitized solar cells based on organic-inorganic perovskites used as light harvesters. The devices achieved high power conversion efficiencies.

TETRADENTATE METAL COMPLEXES CONTAINING INDOLOACRIDINE AND ITS ANALOGUES

Platinum, palladium, and gold tetradentate metal complexes of Formulas I and II including indoloacridine. 2. The complex of claim 1 , wherein:{'sup': '1', 'V and Vare C,'}{'sup': 2', '3, 'Vand Vare N,'}{'sup': 1', '2, 'Y, Y, and Yare N, and'}L is a substituted or unsubstituted pyridyl.3. The complex of claim 2 , wherein:{'sup': 8', '9, 'X is CRR, and'}{'sup': '1', 'Xis a single bond.'}4. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Pt or Pd; one of X claim 1 , X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xis BRRor AlRR; and one of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vis C or Si5. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Pt or Pd; two of X claim 1 , X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xare independently BRRor AlRR; and each of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vis independently N or P.6. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Au; one of X claim 1 , X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xis BRRor AlRR; and two of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vare independently C or Si.7. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Au; two of X claim 1 , X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xare independently BRRor AlRR; and one of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vis C or Si.8. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Au; three of X claim 1 , X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xare BRRor AlRR; and each of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vis independently N or P.10. A light emitting device comprising the complex of .11. An OLED device comprising the complex of .12. The OLED device of claim 11 , wherein the device is a phosphorescent OLED device.13. A photovoltaic device comprising the complex of .14. A luminescent display device comprising the complex of .1528-. (canceled)29. The complex of claim 1 , wherein X claim 1 , X claim 1 , and Xis independently absent claim 1 , a single bond or CRR.30. The complex of claim 29 , wherein Rand Rare both alkyl.31. The complex of claim 1 , wherein M is Pt or Pd; and each of V claim 1 , V claim 1 , V claim 1 , and Vis independently C or N.32. The complex of claim 1 , wherein L is a ...

Design and synthesis of porphyrin materials for highly efficient organic photovoltaics

The present disclosure relates to porphyrin small molecules substitutes designed and synthesized for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs). Provided are synthesized materials with strong and ordered self-assembly property, leading to form bi-continuous, interpenetrating networks which are required for efficient charge separation and transport in organic solar cells. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells devices based on the embodiments of the present disclosure have the highest PCE among the solution-processed BHJ solar cell based on porphyrin small molecules up to date. 10. The porphyrin small molecule of for use in the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells.11. The porphyrin small molecule of for use in the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells.12. The porphyrin small molecule of for use in the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells.13. The porphyrin small molecule of for use in the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells.14. The porphyrin small molecule of for use in the construction of bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells. This application claims priority from U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 62/356,018 filed on Jun. 29, 2016, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference.The present disclosure relates to porphyrin small molecules useful for bulk heterojunction (BHJ) organic solar cells (OSCs) applications. Provided are synthesized materials that can have strong and ordered self-assembly properties, leading to form bi-continuous, interpenetrating networks which can be used for efficient charge separation and transport in organic solar cells. The power conversion efficiency (PCE) of the solar cells based on the embodiments described herein can have high PCE relative to traditional solution-processed BHJ solar cell devices based on porphyrin small molecules.Solution-processed organic photovoltaics have ...

NANO-SCALE TRANSISTOR

The present disclosure relates to a nano-scale transistor. The nano-scale transistor includes a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode and a nano-heterostructure. The nano-heterostructure is electrically coupled with the source electrode and the drain electrode. The gate electrode is insulated from the nano-heterostructure, the source electrode and the drain electrode via an insulating layer. The nano-heterostructure includes a first carbon nanotube, a second carbon nanotube and a semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first carbon nanotube is located on the first surface, the second carbon nanotube is located on the second surface. 1. A nano-scale transistor comprising: a first carbon nanotube oriented along a first direction;', 'a semiconductor layer with a thickness ranging from 1 nanometer to 200 nanometers, and the semiconductor layer comprising a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface;', 'a second carbon nanotube oriented along a second direction; and', 'wherein the first carbon nanotube is located on the first surface, the second carbon nanotube is located on the second surface, the semiconductor layer is sandwiched between the first carbon nanotube and the second carbon nanotube, and the first carbon nanotube and the second carbon nanotube are crossed with each other., 'a source electrode, a drain electrode, a gate electrode, and a nano-heterostructure; the nano-heterostructure being electrically coupled with the source electrode and the drain electrode, the gate electrode being insulated from the nano-heterostructure, the source electrode and the drain electrode via an insulating layer; and, the nano-heterostructure comprises2. The nano-scale transistor of claim 1 , wherein the source electrode is located at one end of the first carbon nanotube and adhered on a surface of the first carbon nanotube.3. The nano-scale transistor of ...

Crystalline perovskite thin films and devices that include the films

Hybrid organic-inorganic perovskite thin films with average grain sizes of at least 50 micrometers were prepared and employed in solar cells. The PCE values of the solar cells did not degrade with the direction or the scan-rate of the applied voltage. The larger average grain sizes are believed to assist in reducing the influence of defect states on carrier recombination. The tunability of PCE with substrate temperature may be correlated to the quality of the crystalline perovskite formed using the hot-casting procedure. The larger average grain sizes lead to good crystalline quality, low defect density, and high carrier mobility. The process for growing hybrid organic-inorganic perovskites may be applicable to the preparation of other materials to overcome problems related to polydispersity, defect formation, and grain boundary recombination.

LIGHT DETECTOR

The present disclosure relates to a light detector. The light detector includes a first electrode, a second electrode, a current detector, a power source and a nano-heterostructure. The nano-heterostructure is electrically coupled with the first electrode and the second electrode. The nano-heterostructure includes a first carbon nanotube, a second carbon nanotube and a semiconductor layer. The semiconductor layer includes a first surface and a second surface opposite to the first surface. The first carbon nanotube is located on the first surface, the second carbon nanotube is located on the second surface. 1. A light detector comprising: a semiconductor layer with a thickness ranging from 1 nanometer to 100 nanometers, and the semiconductor layer comprising a first surface and a second surface;', 'a first carbon nanotube located on the first surface and arranged along a first direction; and', 'a second carbon nanotube located on the second surface and arranged along a second direction different from the first direction, and the second carbon nanotube being crossed with the first carbon nanotube., 'a first electrode, a second electrode, a current detector, a power source and a nano-heterostructure; the nano-heterostructure being electrically coupled with the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein a circuit is formed by the first electrode, the second electrode, the current detector, the power source and the nano-heterostructure; and the nano-heterostructure comprises2. The light detector of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode is located at one end of the first carbon nanotube and adhered on a surface of the first carbon nanotube.3. The light detector of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode is located at one end of the second carbon nanotube and adhered on a surface of the second carbon nanotube.4. The light detector of claim 1 , wherein the first carbon nanotube is a metallic carbon nanotube.5. The light detector of claim 4 , wherein the first carbon ...