Improvements in Gas Burners.

... 5502. Heller, A. March 14. Gas burners.- The burner is designed to give a number of atmospheric flames which are solid or compact at the points at which they issue from the top of the burner. Short air tubes 8 project from the bottom 2 of the circular, Fig. 1, annular, Fig. 4, or other gas chamber 4 into the lower ends of tubes 7 depending from the top 1 of the chamber. The overlapping ends of the tubes 7, 8 occupy the relative positions shown in Figs. 1 and 4, and leave an annular gas-way between them.

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl)imidazole ligands

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR PHOTOCATALYZING OXIDATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS ON WATER

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

Pseudo-reflective read inhibitor for optical storage media

Soybean peroxidase electrochemical sensor

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR ENHANCED PHOTOCATALYZATION OF ORGANIC COMPOUNDS

Polymeric transition metal complexes and uses thereof

Electrochemical affinity assay

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl)imidazole ligands

Case No. Au 2011239358 Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. The transition metal complexes include substituted or unsubstituted (pyridyl)imidazole ligands. Test strips comprising a working electrode and a counter electrode wherein the working electrode comprises an analyte-responsive enzyme and a transition metal complex as redox mediator are also described.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, an auto turn on blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

DISTYRYLBENZENE DERIVATIVE SCINTILLATORS AND METHODS OF PREPARATION AND USE OF THE SAME

Incorporated printer with separate-sheet printing and book printing capabilities

Electrodes with multilayer membranes and methods of using and making the electrodes

Multi-sensor array for electrochemical recognition of nucleotide sequences and methods

Combinatorial electrochemical syntheses

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

Printer with separate sheet printing and book printing capabilities

A printing apparatus 10 has capabilities for printing on a separate sheet 12 and for book printing on a block of pre-bound pages 24. The apparatus includes a block support structure 22 with two height-adjustable tables 26a, 26b for supporting the block 24 in two adjacent stacks, so that when a page is turned from one stack to the other, the two adjacent stacks present substantially co-planar printable top surfaces. The apparatus 10 further includes an automatic page-turning mechanism (41, Fig.41D) for redeploying a top page from the first stack to the second stack. The apparatus 10 further includes a holder 12 for separate sheets, a printing head (32, Fig.30), and a relative motion mechanism (46, 48, Fig.3C) for providing relative motion between the printing head (32, Fig.3C) and a page of the block 24 of printable pages or a sheet 12 of the separate sheets while printing.

Electrochemical analyte sensors using thermostable soybean peroxidase

MINIATURE BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL THAT IS OPERATIONAL UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND ASSOCIATED DEVICES AND METHODS

Improved enzyme electrodes

Small volume (in vitro) analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl)imidazole ligands

Electrochemical analyte sensor

Subcutaneous glucose electrode

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a multi compatible or universal blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that require calibration code and test strips that do not require calibration code. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

Process for producing an electrochemical biosensor

Electrode and method for the detection of hydrogen peroxide

Transition metal complexes with bidentate ligand having an imidazole ring

RAPID AMPEROMETRIC VERIFICATION OF PCR AMPLIFICATION OF DNA

Rapid electrochemical verification of the amplification of DNA by a polymerase chain reaction in a small sample of the PCR product.

Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

Miniature biological fuel cell that is operational under physiological conditions, and associated devices and methods

Small volume (in vitro) analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

Materials and methods for photocatalyzing oxidation of organic compounds on water

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl) imidazole ligands

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl)imidazole ligands

Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. The transition metal complexes include substituted or unsubstituted (pyridyl)imidazole ligands. Transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones are also described.

NNTYPE ELECTRODE PHOTOCELL

ENZYME ELECTRODES

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

Method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid oligomer hybrids

Apparatus for photocatalytic fluid purification

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

Method for the electrochemical detection of nucleic acid oligomer hybrids

Non-refillable Bottles.

... 10,523. Heller, A., and Ives, W. M. May 21. Stoppers; refilling, preventing. -Relates to a non-refillable bottle with a weight - controlled valve. A sleeve or casing 5, which may be closed by a stopper, is screwed to the neck of a bottle, and is provided on the interior with ribs or projections 8. A ring 9, adapted to fit on the bottle mouth, has a gate or valve 11 hinged thereto. This valve is controlled by a weight 10 confined in an operative position by means of a shell or cone 12 secured by ears to the ring 9. The cone has a vent 15, and fits against the ribs 8, a space being left between the cone and the sleeve 5. This arrangement prevents refilling of the bottle. In a modification, the sleeve is attached at right-angles to the bottle neck ; or, the sleeve may be blown on to the bottle mouth and formed with an elbow.

Electrochemical method for high-throughput screening of minute quantities of candidate compounds

PATTERN FORMING AND TRANSFERRING PROCESSES

Small volume (in vitro) analyte sensor

Pseudo-reflective read inhibitor for optical storage media

Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

Rapid amperometric verification of pcr amplification of dna

Self-cleaning glass and method of making thereof

Small Volume in Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor designed to determine the amount and concentration of analyte in a sample having a volume of less than about 1 μL. The sensor has a working electrode coated with a non-leachable redox mediator. The redox mediator acts as an electron transfer agent between the analyte and the electrode. In addition, a second electron transfer agent, such as an enzyme, can be added to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. The redox mediator is typically a redox compound bound to a polymer. The preferred redox mediators are air-oxidizable. The amount of analyte can be determined by coulometry, amperometry, voltammetry, and potentiometry. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is provided as a second electron transfer agent.

İmidazol halkasına sahip iki dişli ligant içeren geçiş metali kompleksleri

Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided asa second electron transfer agent.

TRANSITION METAL COMPLEXES WITH (PYRIDYL)IMIDAZOLE LIGANDS

Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. The transition metal complexes include substituted or unsubstituted (pyridyl)imidazole ligands. Transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones are also described.

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl) imidazole ligands

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING DRUG PARTICLES, DEVICES FOR THEIR ADMINISTRATION, AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

Small volume in vitro analyte sensor with diffusible or non-leachable redox mediator

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Transition metal complexes with (pyridyl) imidazole ligands

Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme-based electrochemical sensors. The transition metal complexes include substituted or unsubstituted (pyridyl)imidazole ligands. Transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones are also described.

Nükleik asit oligomer hibritlerinin elektrokimyasal olarak tayin metodu

MINIATURE BIOLOGICAL FUEL CELL THAT IS OPERATIONAL UNDER PHYSIOLOGICAL CONDITIONS, AND ASSOCIATED DEVICES AND METHODS

A fuel cell is provided with an anode and a cathode. The anode is in electrical communication with an anode enzyme and the cathode is in electrical communication with a cathode enzyme. The anode enzyme is preferably an oxidase or a dehydrogenase. The cathode enzyme is a copper-containing enzyme, such as a lacasse, an ascorbate oxidase, a ceruloplasmine, or a bilirubin oxidase. Preferably, the cathode enzyme is operable under physiological conditions. Redox polymers serve to wire the anode enzyme to the anode and the cathode enzyme to the cathode. The fuel cell can be very small in size because it does not require a membrane, seal, or case. The fuel cell can be used in connection with a biological system, such as a human, as it may operate at physiological conditions. By virtue of its size and operability at physiological conditions, the fuel cell is of particular interest for applications calling for a power source implanted in a human body, such as a variety of medical applications.

Small Volume in Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor designed to determine the concentration of analyte in a sample having a volume of less than about 1 μL. The sensor has a working electrode coated with a redox mediator that acts as an electron transfer agent between the analyte and the electrode. A second electron transfer agent, such as an enzyme, can be added to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. Various electrochemical detection methods, such as amperometric, voltammetric, and potentiometric techniques, can be used to determine the analyte concentration. The sensor can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor including a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit is disclosed. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. (canceled)2. A device for continuous measurement of an analyte concentration , the device comprising:a sensing mechanism configured to continuously measure a signal associated with an analyte concentration in a host; anda membrane located over the sensing mechanism;wherein the device is configured to provide, at analyte concentrations of from about 40 mg/dL to about 80 mg/dL, a level of accuracy of a mean absolute relative difference of no more than about 10% over a sensor session of at least about 3 days, wherein one or more reference measurements associated with calculation of the mean absolute relative difference are determined by analysis of blood; andwherein the device is configured to provide, at analyte concentrations of from about 40 mg/dL to about 400 mg/dL, a level of accuracy of a mean absolute relative difference of no more than about 10% over the sensor session, wherein one or more reference measurements associated with calculation of the mean absolute relative difference are determined by analysis of blood.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises an enzyme configured to react with the analyte.4. The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises a polyurethane and a hydrophilic portion.5. The device of claim 2 , wherein the membrane comprises a copolymer comprising a polycarbonate segment.6. A device for continuous measurement of an analyte concentration claim 2 , the device comprising:a sensing mechanism configured to continuously measure a signal associated with an analyte concentration in a host; anda membrane located over the sensing mechanism;wherein, over a sensor session of at least about 3 days, the device is configured to:provide a level of accuracy corresponding to a first mean absolute ...

Subcutaneous Glucose Electrode

A small diameter flexible electrode designed for subcutaneous in vivo amperometric monitoring of glucose is described. The electrode is designed to allow “one-point” in vivo calibration, i.e., to have zero output current at zero glucose concentration, even in the presence of other electroreactive species of serum or blood. The electrode is preferably layered, with the layers serially deposited within a recess upon the tip of a polyamide insulated gold wire. A first glucose concentration-to-current transducing layer can be overcoated with an electrically insulating and glucose flux limiting layer (second layer) on which, optionally, an immobilized interference-eliminating horseradish peroxidase based film is deposited. An outer layer is preferably biocompatible.

REDOX POLYMERS FOR USE IN ANALYTE MONITORING

Polymers for use as redox mediators in electrochemical biosensors are described. The transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones can be used as redox mediators in enzyme based electrochemical sensors. In such instances, transition metal complexes accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with the sensor. The transition metal complexes include at least one substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand and may further include a second substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand or a substituted or unsubstituted bipyridine or pyridylimidazole ligand. 3. The redox polymer of claim 2 , wherein at least one of R claim 2 , R claim 2 , and R′comprises a reactive group selected from the group consisting of carboxy claim 2 , activated ester claim 2 , sulfonyl halide claim 2 , sulfonate ester claim 2 , isocyanate claim 2 , isothiocyanate claim 2 , epoxide claim 2 , aziridine claim 2 , halide claim 2 , aldehyde claim 2 , ketone claim 2 , amine claim 2 , acrylamide claim 2 , thiol claim 2 , acyl azide claim 2 , acyl halide claim 2 , hydrazine claim 2 , hydroxyamine claim 2 , alkyl halide claim 2 , imidazole claim 2 , pyridine claim 2 , phenol claim 2 , alkyl sulfonate claim 2 , halotriazine claim 2 , imido ester claim 2 , maleimide claim 2 , hydrazide claim 2 , hydroxy claim 2 , and photo-reactive azido aryl groups.4. The redox polymer of claim 3 , wherein at least one of R claim 3 , R claim 3 , and R′is coupled to a polymeric backbone.8. A regent composition deposited on a working electrode of an electrochemical biosensor claim 3 , comprising:(a) a redox polymer;(b) an enzyme; and(c) a cross-linker.10. The regent composition of claim 7 , wherein the enzyme is glucose oxidase and the cross-linker is a bi-functional epoxide.12. A sensor claim 7 , for use in detecting the concentration of an analyte in a sample claim 7 , comprising:(a) an electrode support;(b) a first electrode, the first ...

Crosslinked Adduct of Polyaniline and Polymer Acid Containing Redox Enzyme for Electrochemical Sensor

A polymer matrix that may coated on an electrode is created by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of a polyaniline formed by templated oxidative polymerization on a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme. The polymer matrix may be hydrated, and the absorbed water may make it permeable to, for example, glucose. The polyaniline may be polyaniline itself or a substituted polyaniline; the water-soluble crosslinker may be poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, and the redox enzyme may be glucose oxidase. The polymer matrix may be produced by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme in a single step at an about neutral pH, curing by drying. After hydration, the crosslinked polymer matrix may form a 3-dimensional glucose-permeable bioelectrocatalyst, catalyzing the electrooxidation of glucose.

Method and Apparatus for Detecting False Hypoglycemic Conditions

Embodiments of the present disclosure include detecting a concurrent occurrence of a decrease in monitored analyte level and a corresponding decrease in monitored on-skin temperature, confirming a presence of an impending hypoglycemic condition, and asserting a notification corresponding to the confirmed impending hypoglycemic condition. Devices, methods, systems and kits incorporating the same are also provided. 1. A method of confirming hypoglycemic condition in a patient , comprising:monitoring a directional change in glucose level based on data stream received from an analyte sensor during a monitoring time period;monitoring a directional change in a first physiological parameter during the monitoring time period;monitoring a directional change in a second physiological parameter during the monitoring time period;detecting an initialization of a hypoglycemic alarm based at least in part on the directional change of the monitored glucose level; andcomparing the directional change in one or more of the first or the second physiological parameters relative to the directional change in the glucose level prior to the assertion of the hypoglycemic alarm.2. The method of wherein the first physiological parameter or the second physiological parameter is one of a temperature level claim 1 , a perspiration level claim 1 , heart rate claim 1 , detected tremor claim 1 , or oxygen saturation level.3. The method of wherein the hypoglycemic alarm is asserted when the glucose level directional change and the first physiological parameter direction change are the same.4. The method of wherein the alarm is asserted only when the second physiological parameter directional change is opposite the first physiological parameter directional change.5. The method of wherein the monitored directional change in glucose level has a negative slope.6. The method of wherein the monitored directional change in the first physiological parameter has a negative slope claim 1 , and further claim 1 ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. An glucose monitoring device , comprising:a glucose sensor, at least a portion of which is adapted for implantation and intimate contact with bodily fluid, the glucose sensor producing a signal representative of a level of glucose in the bodily fluid, anda transmitter coupled to the glucose sensor so that the transmitter converts the signal representative of the level of glucose in the bodily fluid into a digital signal representing the level of glucose in the bodily fluid, assembles a plurality of data words into a data message, at least one of the data words containing data derived from the digital signal representing the level of glucose in the bodily fluid, each of the data words comprising a set of bits, wherein for at least two of the data words, the set of bits are organized into a set of data bits and a set of error correction bits, and transmits the data message such that the bits comprising one of the plurality of data words ...

Analyte Sensor, and Associated System and Method Employing a Catalytic Agent

An analyte sensor for use in connection with a biofluid is described. The analyte sensor may comprise any suitable interface between the biofluid and a derivative of the biofluid and any suitable transducer of information concerning an analyte. At least one catalytic agent is provided in a locale or vicinity of the interface. The catalytic agent, such as a proteinaceous agent or a non-proteinaceous, organic-metal agent, is sufficient to catalyze the degradation of reactive oxygen and/or nitrogen species that may be present in the vicinity of the interface. An analyte-sensing kit and a method of sensing an analyte are also described. 131-. (canceled)32. A method of sensing an analyte in a derivative portion of a biofluid , comprising:passing a biofluid through an interface to produce a derivative portion of the biofluid, wherein the interface comprises;an organic-metal catalytic agent sufficient to catalyze the degradation of at least one of a reactive oxygen species and a reactive nitrogen species of biological origin in at least one of the biofluid and the derivative portion of the biofluid, the agent selected from a a proteinaceous catalytic agent, a non-proteinaceous catalytic agent, or any combination thereof;contacting the derivative portion of the biofluid with a transducer sufficient for generating a signal that corresponds to a concentration of an analyte; andgenerating a signal that corresponds to a concentration of the analyte in the derivative portion of the biofluid.33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the interface comprises a cutaneous port.34. The method of claim 33 , further comprising forming the cutaneous port.35. The method of claim 34 , wherein said forming comprises ultrasonically disrupting a portion of skin.36. The method of claim 34 , wherein said forming comprises iontophoretically drawing the derivative portion of the biofluid out of a portion of skin.37. The method of claim 34 , wherein said forming comprises photothermally disrupting a ...

ELECTRO-OSMOTIC PUMPS, SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND COMPOSITIONS

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to compositions, methods, devices, and systems for delivering a composition (e.g., a fluid composition) to a subject. For example, the present disclosure relates to non-gassing, direct current (DC), electro-osmotic pumps in some embodiments. A pump may comprise an anode (e.g., a porous silver/silver oxide anode), a cathode (e.g., a porous silver/silver oxide cathode), and a membrane (e.g., a porous ceramic membrane) positioned at least partially between the anode and the cathode in some embodiments. A pump system may comprise an electro-osmotic pump, a reservoir comprising a pump fluid chamber in fluid communication with the electro-osmotic pump and a delivery fluid chamber in fluid communication with the electro-osmotic pump; a controller assembly in electrical communication with the anode and the cathode; and a cannula and/or a needle in fluid communication with the delivery fluid chamber. A pump fluid may comprise water and/or a delivery fluid may comprise a drug, in some embodiments. 195-. (canceled)96. A direct current electro-osmotic pump comprising:a porous, platinum-free cathode;a porous, platinum-free anode; anda porous ceramic membrane between the cathode and the anode,wherein at least a part of the surface of the membrane is in physical contact with the anode, and at least a part of the opposite side of the membrane is in physical contact with the cathode, andwherein the pump is configured to operate at a potential difference (V) between the anode and the cathode of V≦3 volts without producing bubbles visible to the naked eye.97. A direct current electro-osmotic pump according to claim 96 , wherein the porous ceramic membrane comprises vitreous ceramic spheres from about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm in diameter selected from the group comprising of uncoated silica spheres claim 96 , spheres comprising oxides of silicon and phosphorus claim 96 , spheres comprising oxides of silicon and boron claim 96 ...

Methods for Subcutaneously Positioning an Analyte Sensing Device

Aspects of the present disclosure include methods for determining the presence and/or concentration of an analyte. In practicing methods according to certain embodiments, an analyte sensing unit is positioned at a location on the abdomen of a that experiences involuntary movement sufficient to provide for mixing of non-circulating interstitial fluid with circulating interstitial fluid and determining an analyte concentration in the interstitial fluid. Also provided are methods for positioning an analyte sensing unit at a location on the abdomen of a subject, and methods of determining an analyte concentration while the subject is asleep, e.g., during a rapid eye movement (REM) sleep period. Devices and systems for practicing the subject methods also described.

Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Coated Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

The present invention is directed to membranes composed liquid crystals having continuous aqueous channels, such as a lyotropic liquid crystal, including a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal, and to electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes. The membranes are useful in limiting the diffusion of an analyte to a working electrode in an electrochemical sensor so that the sensor does not saturate and/or remains linearly responsive over a large range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with membranes of the present invention demonstrate considerable sensitivity and stability, and a large signal-to-noise ratio, in a variety of conditions. 170-. (canceled)71. A method of monitoring the concentration of an analyte , the method comprising: a working electrode comprising a sensing layer comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme and a redox mediator in contact with the electrode and a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal membrane disposed on top of the sensing layer; and', 'a counter electrode or reference electrode or a counter/reference electrode in communication with the working electrode; and, 'positioning at least a portion of an electrochemical sensor beneath the surface of the skin of a subject, wherein the electrochemical sensor comprisesdetermining the concentration of the analyte.72. The method according to claim 71 , wherein the method further comprises applying a potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode to electrolyze the analyte and measuring a current from the applied potential.73. The method according to claim 72 , wherein the method further comprises determining the concentration of the analyte from the measured current.74. The method according to claim 71 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.75. The method according to claim 74 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme is a glucose dehydrogenase.76. The method according to claim 75 , wherein the glucose dehydrogenase is ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 16-. (canceled)7. A method , comprising: a substrate comprising a first face and a second face;', 'an anode disposed on the first face of the substrate, wherein the anode comprises an anode enzyme; and', 'a cathode disposed on the second face of the substrate,', 'wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode comprises a mediator chemically bonded to a polymer., 'positioning in a biological system comprising oxygen an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase.10. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme further comprises an enzyme cofactor.11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the enzyme cofactor is pyrroloquinoline quinone (PQQ).12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the method further comprises electrooxidizing a biochemical reductant on the anode in the presence of the anode enzyme.13. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the redox potential of the anode enzyme is from about −0.4V to about −0.5V.14. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the cathode comprises platinum.15. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the cathode further comprises a cathode enzyme.16. The method according ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a multi compatible or universal blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that require calibration code and test strips that do not require calibration code. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. A component of an in vivo continuous glucose monitoring system that determines glucose level by way of in vivo glucose sensors and in vitro glucose test strips , comprising:a test strip receiving port that receives coded in vitro glucose test strips that require user calibration action to calibrate the test strip and no-coded in vitro glucose test strips that do not require user calibration action to calibrate the test strip;a processor programmed to determine glucose concentration from electrical signal obtained from in vivo glucose sensors at least partially inserted into the skin of a user, and from both coded and non-coded in vitro glucose test strips received in the test strip receiving port by first determining if a received in vitro glucose test strip is a coded or non-coded test strip, selecting a coded or non-coded processing algorithm to process the signal once determined, and processing the signal to determine an in vitro glucose value; anda user interface configured to communicate glucose level determined by the processor.2. The component of claim 1 , further comprising programming to automatically determine if a received in vitro glucose test strip is a coded or a non-coded test strip.3. The component of claim 1 , further comprising user-selectable inputs that identify a received in vitro glucose test strip as a coded or a non-coded test strip.4. The component of claim 1 , wherein the processor is programmed to generate a request for a calibration code if a coded test strip is received in the test strip port.5. The component of claim 1 , ...

Electron-Conducting Crosslinked Polyaniline-Based Redox Hydrogel, and Method of Making

A polymer matrix that may coated on an electrode is created by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of a polyaniline formed by templated oxidative polymerization on a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme. The polymer matrix may be hydrated, and the absorbed water may make it permeable to, for example, glucose. The polyaniline may be polyaniline itself or a substituted polyaniline; the water-soluble crosslinker may be poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, and the redox enzyme may be glucose oxidase. The polymer matrix may be produced by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme in a single step at an about neutral pH, curing by drying. After hydration, the crosslinked polymer matrix may form a 3-dimensional glucose-permeable bioelectrocatalyst, catalyzing the electrooxidation of glucose. 121-. (canceled)22. A method for producing a crosslinked polymeric matrix , the method comprising co-crosslinking a polyaniline with a polymer acid and a redox enzyme.23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the polyaniline is a ring-substituted polyaniline.24. The method according to claim 23 , wherein the ring-substituted polyaniline is a compound selected from the group consisting of poly-meta-toluidine claim 23 , poly-ortho-toluidine claim 23 , poly-ortho-fluoroaniline claim 23 , poly-ortho-methoxyaniline claim 23 , poly-ortho claim 23 ,ortho′-dimethylaniline.25. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the polymer acid is poly(2-acrylamido-2-methyl-propane sulfonic acid) (PAAMSA).26. The method according to claim 25 , wherein the polyaniline and PAAMSA are present in a molar ratio of from about 1:0.7 to about 1:0.99.27. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the method comprises crosslinking the polymeric matrix with a water soluble crosslinker.28. The method according to claim 27 , wherein the water soluble crosslinker comprises poly( ...

Electrochemical Analyte Sensor

An electrochemical analyte sensor formed using conductive traces on a substrate can be used for determining and/or monitoring a level of analyte in in vitro or in vivo analyte-containing fluids. For example, an implantable sensor may be used for the continuous or automatic monitoring of a level of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, or oxygen, in a patient. The electrochemical analyte sensor includes a substrate and conductive material disposed on the substrate, the conductive material forming a working electrode. In some sensors, the conductive material is disposed in recessed channels formed in a surface of the sensor. An electron transfer agent and/or catalyst may be provided to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte or of a second compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte. A potential is formed between the working electrode and a reference electrode or counter/reference electrode and the resulting current is a function of the concentration of the analyte in the body fluid. 1. An in vivo glucose sensor , comprising:one or more working electrodes;a sensing layer proximate to at least one of the one or more working electrodes; anda mass transport limiting layer proximate to at least one of the one or more working electrodes;wherein the flexibility of the sensor is varied along a continuum of the sensor.2. The glucose sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate claim 1 , wherein the varied flexibility of the sensor is based at least in part on the composition of the substrate.3. The glucose sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate claim 1 , wherein the varied flexibility of the sensor is based at least in part on the thickness of the substrate.4. The glucose sensor of claim 1 , further comprising a substrate claim 1 , wherein the varied flexibility of the sensor is based at least in part on the composition and the thickness of the substrate.5. The glucose sensor of claim 1 , wherein the sensor is a planar sensor.6. The glucose ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, an auto turn on blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. An integrated monitor and display unit , comprising:a housing, comprising:an rf receiver disposed in the housing and configured to receive data relating to analyte signals generated by a transcutaneous analyte sensor from a transmitter;an analyte sensor port coupled to the housing and configured to receive an in vitro analyte sensor, wherein the in vitro analyte sensor generates an analyte signal from a fluid sample; and 'wherein the processor is configured to transition from an inactivate mode to an active mode upon detection of the in vitro analyte sensor in the analyte sensor port.', 'a processor disposed in the housing and configured to validate the data relating to analyte signals from the transcutaneous analyte sensor based at least in part on the analyte signal from the in vitro analyte sensor,'}2. The integrated monitor and display unit of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to transition from the inactive mode to the active mode automatically upon detection of the in vitro test strip in the sensor port.3. The integrated monitor and display unit of claim 1 , wherein the processor is configured to turn on the integrated monitor and display unit by transitioning from the inactive mode to the active mode.4. The integrated monitor and display unit of claim 1 , wherein the active mode comprises fluid sample analysis mode.5. The integrated monitor and display unit of wherein the fluid sample analysis mode includes the processor executing one or more routines associated with determination of the analyte level from the fluid sample received from the in vitro analyte sensor.6. The integrated monitor and display unit of claim 1 , wherein processor transitions from the inactive mode to ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 16-. (canceled)7. An electrochemical cell for positioning in a biological system comprising oxygen , comprising:a substrate comprising a first face and a second face;an anode disposed on the first face of the substrate, wherein the anode comprises an anode enzyme and a mediator, wherein the enzyme and the mediator are crosslinked; anda cathode disposed on the second face of the substrate.8. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator is a metallocene derivative.9. The electrochemical cell according to claim 8 , wherein the metallocene derivative is ferrocene.10. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator comprises a transition metal complex.11. The electrochemical cell according to claim 10 , wherein the transition metal complex comprises ruthenium or osmium.12. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the anode comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold claim 7 , carbon claim 7 , platinum claim 7 , ruthenium dioxide and palladium.13. The electrochemical cell according to claim 12 , wherein the anode comprises carbon or gold.14. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface is roughened.15. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 7 , wherein the anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.16. The electrochemical cell according to ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. A therapy management device , comprising:a display unit; anda processor operatively coupled to the display unit, the processor configured to display one or more output related to an analyte level of an individual, the processor further configured to output in a superimposed manner a therapy related output over the displayed one or more outputs related to the analyte level of the individual.2. The device of wherein the output related to an analyte level of the individual includes a graphical display of a continuous monitored glucose level of the individual.3. The device of wherein the therapy related output includes one or more of an insulin action curve claim 1 , insulin on board information claim 1 , insulin sensitivity factor claim 1 , carbohydrate action curve claim 1 , or a current medication delivery profile information.4. The device of further including an insulin delivery unit claim 1 , wherein the display unit is coupled to the ...

Electrodes with Conductive Polymer Underlayer

The disclosure provides method and materials for preparing biosensors (e.g., in vitro test strips and in vivo sensors) with improved mechanical properties. In some aspects, for example, the electrochemical sensors have improved durability and are better able to withstand mechanical and electrochemical stresses such as those encountered during manufacturing, transportation, storage, and use (e.g., in vivo positioning, in vivo operation, or in vitro operation). Also for example, in some aspects the electrochemical sensors are less susceptible to pinholes and other manufacturing defects that degrade performance in traditional sensors. 1. An electrode assembly comprising:a substrate;a layer of a conductive material comprising a metal, metal oxide, or carbon; anda layer of a conductive polymeric material disposed between the substrate and the layer of conductive material.2. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the layer of conductive material and the layer of conductive polymeric material are patterned.3. The electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein the pattern of the conductive material and the pattern of the conductive polymeric material are identical such that the two layers cover the same regions of the substrate and have the same two-dimensional area.4. The electrode assembly of claim 2 , wherein the pattern of the conductive material and the pattern of the conductive polymeric material are not identical such that the two-dimensional area of the layer of conductive material is greater than or less than the two-dimensional area of the layer of conductive polymeric material.5. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the conductive material has a Young's modulus that is greater than the Young's modulus of the conductive polymeric material.6. The electrode assembly of claim 5 , wherein the Young's modulus of the conductive material is at least 10 times greater than the Young's modulus of the conductive polymeric material7. The electrode assembly of claim 1 , ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1247-. (canceled)248. A method for calibration of a continuous glucose sensor , the method comprising:receiving a signal from a continuous glucose sensor;evaluating a sensor performance during a sensor session by determining an amount of drift on the signal over a period of time, wherein determining the amount of drift comprises monitoring a change in calibration information; andprocessing the signal based on the sensor performance.249. The method of claim 248 , wherein the calibration information comprises one or more matched data pairs claim 248 , a calibration set and/or a calibration line.250. The method of claim 248 , wherein the processing comprises determining when to request reference data responsive to the sensor performance determined.251. The method of claim 248 , wherein the processing comprises diagnosing a sensor condition.252. The method of claim 248 , wherein the processing comprises controlling alarms indicative of at ...

SUBCUTANEOUSLY INFUSIBLE LEVODOPA PRODRUG COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS OF INFUSION

The invention features methods compositions and infusion pumps for infusing levodopa prodrugs (e.g., levodopa esters, levodopa amides, levodopa carboxamides, and levodopa sulfonamides) for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. 1264-. (canceled)265. A method for treating treating Parkinson's disease in a subject , said method comprising subcutaneously infusing into the subject an LD prodrug solution comprising an LD prodrug , or a salt thereof , at such a rate that:(a) the circulating plasma concentration of said LD prodrug during said infusion does not exceed 100 ng/mL; and(b) a circulating plasma LD concentration greater than 400 ng/mL is continuously maintained for a period of at least 8 hours during said infusion.266. The method of claim 265 , wherein during said infusion the circulating LD plasma concentration varies by less than +/−20% from its mean for a period of at least 1 hour.267. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an aqueous LD prodrug solution claim 265 , wherein said LD prodrug solution comprises a sterile aqueous solution containing about 0.3 M to 4.0 M LDEE hydrochloride salt and having a pH of from 1.0 to 3.5.268. A container comprising a material that is substantially impermeable to oxygen claim 265 , said container containing a reconstitutable solid comprising an LD prodrug claim 265 , or a salt thereof claim 265 , wherein said container is substantially free of oxygen and wherein said reconstitutable solid claim 265 , when reconstituted claim 265 , is suitable for subcutaneous infusion.269. A pharmaceutical composition comprising an aqueous LD prodrug solution containing greater than 0.3 M LD prodrug claim 265 , or a salt thereof claim 265 , wherein said pharmaceutical composition is substantially free of precipitated solid LD when stored at 5±3° C. for a period of 6 months claim 265 , or at about 37° C. for a period of 24 hours claim 265 , or when thawed after being stored frozen for at least 3 months.270. The pharmaceutical composition of ...

ELECTRO-OSMOTIC PUMPS WITH ELECTRODES COMPRISING A LANTHANIDE OXIDE OR AN ACTINIDE OXIDE

The present disclosure relates, according to some embodiments, to methods, devices, and systems for fluid delivery to a subject using pumps, for example, non-gassing, direct current (DC), electro-osmotic pumps. In some embodiments, delivery of an aqueous fluid may be achieved by contacting the aqueous liquid with an electro-osmotic pump comprising (i) a cathode (e.g., a cathode comprising porous carbon coated with a cerium oxide-comprising coating), (ii) an anode (e.g., an anode comprising porous carbon coated with a cerium oxide-comprising coating), and (iii) a ceramic membrane (e.g., a ceramic membrane formed by fusing uncoated silica spheres, phosphosilicic-acid-coated fused silica spheres, or borosilicic-acid-coated fused silica spheres, wherein the fused spheres are randomly packed between the cathode and the anode) and/or optionally applying (a) a constant potential difference or constant voltage between the anode and the cathode of from about 0.1 V to about 3 V between the anode and the cathode of from about 0.1 V to about 3 V such that the aqueous liquid is pumped or (b) constant current to cause a potential difference between the anode and the cathode of from about 0.1 V to about 3 V such that the aqueous liquid is pumped. 1. A direct current electro-osmotic pump comprising:a pair of porous electrodes positioned at a distance from each other; anda porous membrane comprising a first side and a second side,wherein the membrane is positioned between the pair of electrodes, andwherein at least a part of the first side of the membrane is in physical contact with one of the electrodes, and at least a part of the second side of the membrane is in physical contact with the other electrode.2. A direct current electro-osmotic pump according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of the electrodes comprises an oxide of a lanthanide or of an actinide.3. A direct current electro-osmotic pump according to claim 1 , wherein both of the electrodes are substantially metal free.4 ...

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING DRUG PARTICLES, DEVICES FOR THEIR ADMINISTRATION, AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use. 1. A drug delivery device configured to be removably inserted into a patient's mouth and for continuous or semi-continuous intraoral administration of a drug , said drug delivery device comprising:{'sub': '50', '(i) a pharmaceutical composition comprising a paste or suspension having a dynamic viscosity greater than 10,000 cP and less than 50,000,000 cP at 37° C. and comprising said drug, wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises solid drug particles or excipient particles, and wherein the Dof said solid drug or excipient particles is 25±24 μm; and'}(ii) a mechanical pump comprising a flow restrictor, configured and arranged to administer said pharmaceutical composition through said flow restrictor at a rate between 0.001 mL/hour and 1.25 mL/hour.2. The drug delivery device of claim 1 , wherein said mechanical pump is a propellant-driven pump comprising (i) a first chamber comprising the pharmaceutical composition; (ii) a second chamber comprising the propellant; and (iii) a flexible and/or deformable diaphragm separating said first chamber from said second chamber; wherein the flexible and/or deformable diaphragm transmits pressure from the second chamber comprising the propellant to the first chamber comprising the pharmaceutical composition claim 1 , and wherein 60% of the pharmaceutical composition is dispensed while the delivery rate varies by less than ±20% over a period of at least 4 hours.3. The drug delivery device of claim 2 , wherein the first chamber comprises between about 0.1 mL and about 2 mL of the pharmaceutical composition.4. The drug delivery device of claim 1 , wherein the flow restrictor comprises a nozzle claim 1 , channel claim 1 , tube claim 1 , orifice claim 1 , or glass capillary.5. The drug delivery device of claim 4 , ...

Pharmaceutical suspensions containing drug particles, devices for their administration, and methods of their use

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use.

CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT DEVICE

A carbon dioxide enrichment device, comprising: 1. A carbon dioxide enrichment device , comprising:a first gas diffusion electrode;a second gas diffusion electrode separated from the first gas diffusion electrode; andan electrolytic solution existing between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to be in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode,wherein the electrolytic solution contains a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent, and the solute is dissolved in the solvent to form a dissolved inorganic carbon containing at least one of carbonic acid, hydrogen carbonate ions, and carbonic acid ions; oxygen is consumed by an oxygen reduction reaction on the first gas diffusion electrode, whereby a dissolved inorganic carbon is formed by a dissolution and ionization reaction of carbon dioxide in the solvent; the dissolved inorganic carbon derived from the solute or the dissolved inorganic carbon formed on the first gas diffusion electrode is transported to the second gas diffusion electrode; and oxygen is formed from the solvent in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by an oxidation reaction of the solvent on the second gas diffusion electrode, and carbon dioxide is formed from the dissolved inorganic carbon.2. The carbon dioxide enrichment device according to claim 1 , wherein a total inorganic carbon concentration in the electrolytic solution claim 1 , calculated by the following [Equation 1] claim 1 , is 100 μmol or more:{'br': None, 'sub': 2', '3', '3', '3, 'sup': −', '2−, '(Total inorganic carbon concentration)=[HCO]+[HCO]+[CO].\u2003\u2003[Equation 2]'}3. The carbon dioxide enrichment device according to claim 1 , wherein pH of the electrolytic solution is in the range of from 5 to 14.4. The carbon dioxide enrichment device according to claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of carbon dioxide and oxygen to be emitted from the second gas diffusion electrode is in the range ...

FUNCTIONING OF A COMPUTER SYSTEM THAT FACILITATES DISTRIBUTION OF WORK

A request is transmitted to a computer operated by an approver, to respond with approval or disapproval for an employee to work on a project, before a bid identifying that employee can be accepted. Requests for approval or disapproval are transmitted based on one or more employees identified in a bid, by looking up a database, to identify the approver of each employee. To facilitate the look up, each employee to be identified in a bid is required to have a profile in a set of profiles of employees in an organization. After responses of approval are received for employees identified in bids, those bids are transmitted to a computer operated by a project manager. Obtaining approval(s) before a bid can be accepted increases the likelihood of work being done in a timely manner, thus improving the functioning of a computer system that facilitates distribution of work. 1. A method to improve functioning of a computer system that distributes work , the method comprising:a set of computers preparing and transmitting to a server, a set of bids to perform work on a specific project selected from a set of projects identified in a database;wherein each bid in the set of bids comprises an identifier of an employee having a profile in the database such that a plurality of first skills identified in the specific project match a plurality of second skills identified in the profile;the set of computers or the server identifying by use of the database, an approver of the employee identified in said each bid;the set of computers or the server transmitting to a first computer operated by the approver of the employee identified in said each bid, a request to respond with approval or disapproval for said employee to bid on the specific project;for any bids in the set of bids for which an approval is received by the set of computers or the server, the server transmitting said any bids to a second computer from which the specific project is received;the server receiving from the second ...

CARBON DIOXIDE ENRICHMENT DEVICE

A carbon dioxide enrichment device includes first and second gas diffusion electrodes; an anion exchange membrane; and an electrolytic solution partitioned by the anion exchange membrane. The electrolytic solution contains solvent and solute, and the solute is dissolved to form a dissolved inorganic carbon containing carbonic acid, hydrogen carbonate ions, or carbonic acid ions. The oxygen is consumed by an oxygen reduction reaction on the first gas diffusion electrode, whereby, a dissolved inorganic carbon is formed by a dissolution and ionization reaction of carbon dioxide in the solvent. The dissolved inorganic carbon from the solute or the dissolved inorganic carbon is transported to the second gas diffusion electrode through the anion exchange membrane, and oxygen is formed from the solvent near the second gas diffusion electrode by an oxidation reaction of the solvent on the second gas diffusion electrode, and carbon dioxide is formed from the dissolved inorganic carbon. 1. A carbon dioxide enrichment device , comprising:a first gas diffusion electrode;a second gas diffusion electrode separated from the first gas diffusion electrode;an anion exchange membrane located between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode; andan electrolytic solution existing between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode to be in contact with the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode and to be partitioned by the anion exchange membrane,wherein the electrolytic solution contains a solvent and a solute dissolved in the solvent, and the solute is dissolved in the solvent to form a dissolved inorganic carbon containing at least one of carbonic acid, hydrogen carbonate ions, and carbonic acid ions; oxygen is consumed by an oxygen reduction reaction on the first gas diffusion electrode, whereby a dissolved inorganic carbon is formed by a dissolution and ionization reaction of carbon dioxide in ...

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Coated Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

The present invention is directed to membranes composed liquid crystals having continuous aqueous channels, such as a lyotropic liquid crystal, including a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal, and to electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes. The membranes are useful in limiting the diffusion of an analyte to a working electrode in an electrochemical sensor so that the sensor does not saturate and/or remains linearly responsive over a large range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with membranes of the present invention demonstrate considerable sensitivity and stability, and a large signal-to-noise ratio, in a variety of conditions. 170-. (canceled)71. A method of monitoring the concentration of an analyte , the method comprising: a working electrode comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme in contact with the electrode and a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal membrane disposed on top of the analyte-responsive enzyme; and', 'a counter electrode or reference electrode or a counter/reference electrode in communication with the working electrode;, 'positioning at least a portion of an electrochemical sensor beneath the surface of the skin of a subject, wherein the electrochemical sensor comprisesapplying a potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode to electrolyze the analyte and generate hydrogen peroxide;measuring the generated hydrogen peroxide; anddetermining the concentration of the analyte from the measured hydrogen peroxide.72. The method according to claim 71 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.73. The method according to claim 72 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme is a glucose oxidase.74. The method according to claim 71 , wherein the cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal membrane forms a diamond type cubic phase.75. The method according to claim 71 , wherein the cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal membrane withstands a shear stress of about 1 N M.76. The method ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Method and Apparatus for Detecting False Hypoglycemic Conditions

Embodiments of the present disclosure include detecting a concurrent occurrence of a decrease in monitored analyte level and a corresponding decrease in monitored on-skin temperature, confirming a presence of an impending hypoglycemic condition, and asserting a notification corresponding to the confirmed impending hypoglycemic condition. Devices, methods, systems and kits incorporating the same are also provided. 1. A method , comprising:receiving a plurality of analyte data monitored by an analyte sensor in fluid contact with bodily fluid under a skin surface, the plurality of analyte data corresponding to an analyte level;receiving a plurality of on-skin temperature data for the skin surface from a temperature sensor;determining that a rate of change of the analyte level indicates a presence of a hypoglycemic condition;determining that the plurality of on-skin temperature data is not in a steady state based on a variation of the on-skin temperature data; andwhen the rate of change of the analyte level indicates the presence of the hypoglycemic condition and the plurality of on-skin temperature data is not in the steady state, asserting a notification for the hypoglycemic condition.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte sensor is one of a lactate sensor or a glucose sensor.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein asserting the notification comprises providing an alarm for the hypoglycemic condition.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein providing the alarm for the hypoglycemic condition comprises removing a hold assertion function.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining that the plurality of on-skin temperature data is not in a steady state comprises determining that the variation of the on-skin temperature data does not cross a predetermined level over a determined time period.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyte sensor comprises a plurality of electrodes including a working electrode comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme bonded to a polymer ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. An apparatus , comprising:an analyte sensor interface configured to receive an in vitro analyte sensor, wherein the in vitro analyte sensor generates an analyte signal from a fluid sample; anda processor operatively coupled to a data receiver and the analyte sensor interface, the processor configured to recognize the in vitro analyte sensor without a user input when the in vitro analyte sensor is received in the analyte sensor interface and is a no-coding in vitro analyte sensor, and to retrieve a universal calibration parameter when the recognized in vitro analyte sensor is the no-coding in vitro analyte sensor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the analyte sensor interface comprises a first contact structure and a second contact structure configured to contact the in vitro analyte sensor.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the in vitro analyte sensor is a calibration-adjusted in vitro analyte sensor.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the universal calibration parameter is stored in a memory operatively coupled to the processor claim 1 , and includes a universal calibration code.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the universal calibration parameter stored in the memory is a standard calibration code claim 4 , and the in vitro analyte sensor is manufactured to fit the standard calibration code.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , further including a data receiver operatively coupled to the processor and configured to receive data relating to analyte levels from an analyte sensor in fluid contact with interstitial fluid.7. The apparatus of claim 6 , wherein the analyte sensor comprises a plurality of ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a multi compatible or universal blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that require calibration code and test strips that do not require calibration code. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. A device , comprising:a test strip receiving port configured to receive coded in vitro glucose test strips that require user calibration action to calibrate the coded in vitro glucose test strips and non-coded in vitro glucose test strips that do not require user calibration action to calibrate the non-coded in vitro glucose test strips; anda processor configured to determine glucose concentration from the coded or the non-coded in vitro glucose test strips received in the test strip receiving port by determining if a received in vitro glucose test strip is a coded or a non-coded test strip, selecting a coded or a non-coded processing algorithm to process a signal from the coded or the non-coded in vitro test strip, and processing the signal from the coded or the non-coded in vitro test strip to determine a glucose value.2. The device of claim 1 , further comprising programming to automatically determine if the received in vitro glucose test strip is the coded or the non-coded test strip.3. The device of claim 1 , further comprising user-selectable inputs to identify the received in vitro glucose test strip as the coded or the non-coded test strip.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is programmed to generate a request for a calibration code if the coded test strip is received in the test strip receiving port.5. The device of claim 1 , further comprising an insulin administration system integrated with the device.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the processor is programmed to use the determined glucose value to calibrate signals from an in ...

SUB-STOICHIOMETRIC, CHALCOGEN-CONTAINING-GERMANIUM, TIN, OR LEAD ANODES FOR LITHIUM OR SODIUM ION BATTERIES

The disclosure relates to an anode or an electrolytic capacitor electrode including an active anode material containing a chalcogen-containing-germanium composition in which the germanium:chalcogen atom ratio is between 80:20 and 98:2. The disclosure also relates to an anode including an active anode material containing a lithium and germanium-containing alloy wherein the lithium:germanium atom ratio is 22:5 or less. The anode also includes a non-cycling lithium chalcogenide. The disclosure further relates to lithium ion batteries including such anodes. The disclosure additionally relates to capacitor electrodes containing similar materials and capacitors containing such electrodes. 1. An anode comprising an active anode material comprising a sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition of the general formula QX , wherein the Q comprises germanium , (Ge) , tin (Sn) , or lead (Pb) or a combination thereof , and X comprises a chalcogen or a combination of chalcogens , and wherein y:z is between 80:20 and 98:2.2. The anode of claim 1 , wherein Q consists essentially of Ge.3. The anode of claim 2 , wherein X consists essentially of selenium (Se).4. The anode of claim 3 , wherein y:z is between 85:15 and 95:5.5. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the active anode material further comprises lithium.6. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the active anode material further comprises sodium.7. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of nanocolumns.8. The anode of claim 3 , wherein the sub-stoichiometric chalcogen-containing composition comprises a plurality of particles.9. The anode of claim 8 , wherein the particles comprise microparticles.10. The anode of claim 8 , wherein the particles comprises nanoparticles.11. The anode of claim 2 , wherein X consists essentially of sulfur (S).12. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the active anode material further comprises lithium.13. The anode of claim 11 , wherein the ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 16-. (canceled)7. An electrochemical cell for positioning in a biological system comprising oxygen , comprising:a substrate comprising a first face and a second face;an anode disposed on the first face of the substrate, wherein the anode comprises a crosslinked anode enzyme, mediator and polymer; anda cathode disposed on the second face of the substrate.8. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator is a metallocene derivative.9. The electrochemical cell according to claim 8 , wherein the metallocene derivative is ferrocene.10. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator comprises a transition metal complex.11. The electrochemical cell according to claim 10 , wherein the transition metal complex comprises ruthenium or osmium.12. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the anode comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold claim 7 , carbon claim 7 , platinum claim 7 , ruthenium dioxide and palladium.13. The electrochemical cell according to claim 12 , wherein the anode comprises carbon or gold.14. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface is roughened.15. The electrochemical sensor according to claim 7 , wherein the anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.16. The electrochemical cell according to claim 15 , wherein the glucose- ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 16-. (canceled)7. A method , comprising: a substrate comprising a first face and a second face;', 'an anode disposed on the first face of the substrate, wherein the anode comprises an anode enzyme and a mediator, wherein the enzyme and the mediator are crosslinked; and', 'a cathode disposed on the second face of the substrate., 'positioning in a biological system comprising oxygen an electrochemical cell, the electrochemical cell comprising8. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator is a metallocene derivative.9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein the metallocene derivative is ferrocene.10. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator comprises a transition metal complex.11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein the transition metal complex comprises ruthenium or osmium.12. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the anode comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold claim 7 , carbon claim 7 , platinum claim 7 , ruthenium dioxide and palladium.13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the anode comprises carbon or gold.14. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface is roughened.15. The method according to claim 7 , wherein the anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive enzyme.16. The method according to claim 15 , wherein the glucose-responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose ...

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor designed to determine the amount and concentration of analyte in a sample having a volume of less than about 1 μL. The sensor has a working electrode coated with a non-leachable redox mediator. The redox mediator acts as an electron transfer agent between the analyte and the electrode. In addition, a second electron transfer agent, such as an enzyme, can be added to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. The redox mediator is typically a redox compound bound to a polymer. The preferred redox mediators are air-oxidizable. 1132-. (canceled)133. A method for determining a concentration of glucose in a blood sample from a patient , comprising the steps of:transporting a blood sample of the patient into a sample chamber of a test strip, the sample chamber comprising a first electrode comprising a glucose responsive enzyme and a second electrode, wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 1 μl or less; anddetermining the concentration of the glucose in the blood sample by measuring the charge passed through the first electrode over a period of time of within 1 minute after transporting the blood sample.134. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.5 μl or less.135. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.2 μl or less.136. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.1 μl or less.137. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber comprises the first electrode and the second electrode in a facing orientation.138. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber comprises the first electrode and the second electrode in a co-planer orientation.139. The method of claim 133 , wherein the glucose responsive enzyme is immobilized on the first electrode.140. The method of claim 133 , wherein the glucose responsive enzyme is glucose oxidase or glucose dehydrogenase.141. The method of claim 133 , wherein the test strip further includes a redox ...

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING DRUG PARTICLES, DEVICES FOR THEIR ADMINISTRATION, AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use. 1. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a subject , the method comprising: (a) inserting a drug delivery device having a reservoir containing the pharmaceutical composition into the mouth of the subject; (b) continuously or semicontinuously administering the pharmaceutical composition from the delivery device into the mouth of a patient at a rate between 0.001 mL/hour and 1.25 mL/hour , wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a suspension comprising (i) from about 35% to 70% (w/w) drug particles , (ii) from 19% to 30% (w/w) of one or more water-immiscible compounds , (iii) from 2% to 16% (w/w) water , and (iv) from 1% to 8% (w/w) surfactant , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is physically stable; and (c) removing said drug delivery device from the subject's mouth.2. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a subject , the method comprising: (a) inserting a drug delivery device having a reservoir containing the pharmaceutical composition into the mouth of the subject; (b) continuously or semicontinuously administering the pharmaceutical composition from the delivery device into the mouth of a patient at a rate between 0.001 mL/hour and 1.25 mL/hour , wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a suspension comprising (i) from about 20% to about 80% (w/w) solid excipients; (ii) from about 5% to 60% (w/w) drug particles , (iii) from 19% to 30% (w/w) of one or more water-immiscible compounds , (iv) from 2% to 25% (w/w) water , and (v) from 1% to 10% (w/w) surfactant , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is physically stable; and (c) removing said drug delivery device from the subject's mouth.3. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition to a subject suffering from Parkinson's disease , the ...

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent. 118-. (canceled)19. A sensor comprising:a working electrode and a counter electrode separated from one another in a range of 25 μm to 1000 μm;a sample chamber for holding a sample fluid, the working electrode and the counter electrode being located in the sample chamber, and the sample chamber being sized to contain a volume of no more than about 1 μL of the sample fluid;first and second apertures defined upon the sample chamber; and 'wherein the redox mediator comprises a transition metal complex comprising a heterocyclic nitrogen ligand.', 'an analyte-responsive enzyme and a redox mediator disposed within the sample chamber;'}20. The sensor of claim 19 , further comprising: 'wherein the working electrode is disposed between the first and second indicator electrodes.', 'first and second indicator electrodes located within the sample chamber, the first indicator electrode being positioned to indicate when the sample fluid begins to fill the sample chamber and the second indicator electrode being positioned to indicate when the sample chamber is substantially filled with the sample fluid;'}21. The sensor of claim 19 , wherein the redox mediator is ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. An apparatus , comprising:a data receiver configured to receive data relating to analyte levels from a transcutaneous analyte sensor;an analyte sensor interface configured to receive an in vitro analyte sensor, wherein the in vitro analyte sensor generates an analyte signal from a fluid sample;a memory configured to store a universal calibration parameter associated with all in vitro analyte sensors that are no-coding in vitro analyte sensors; anda processor operatively coupled to the data receiver and the memory, the processor configured to validate the data relating to the analyte levels from the transcutaneous analyte sensor based at least in part on the analyte signal generated by the in vitro analyte sensor, to recognize the in vitro analyte sensor without a user inputting information when the in vitro analyte sensor is received in the analyte sensor interface and is a no-coding in vitro analyte sensor, and to retrieve the universal calibration parameter stored in the memory when the recognized in vitro analyte sensor is the no-coding in vitro analyte sensor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the analyte sensor interface comprises a first contact structure and a second contact structure configured to contact the in vitro analyte sensor.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the in vitro analyte sensor is a calibration-adjusted in vitro analyte sensor.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the universal calibration parameter stored in the memory includes a universal calibration code.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the transcutaneous analyte sensor comprises a plurality of electrodes including a ...

Electron-Conducting Crosslinked Polyaniline-Based Redox Hydrogel, and Method of Making

A polymer matrix that may coated on an electrode is created by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of a polyaniline formed by templated oxidative polymerization on a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme. The polymer matrix may be hydrated, and the absorbed water may make it permeable to, for example, glucose. The polyaniline may be polyaniline itself or a substituted polyaniline; the water-soluble crosslinker may be poly(ethylene glycol)diglycidyl ether, and the redox enzyme may be glucose oxidase. The polymer matrix may be produced by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme in a single step at an about neutral pH, curing by drying. After hydration, the crosslinked polymer matrix may form a 3-dimensional glucose-permeable bioelectrocatalyst, catalyzing the electrooxidation of glucose.

Electrochemical Analyte Sensor

An electrochemical analyte sensor formed using conductive traces on a substrate can be used for determining and/or monitoring a level of analyte in in vitro or in vivo analyte-containing fluids. For example, an implantable sensor may be used for the continuous or automatic monitoring of a level of an analyte, such as glucose, lactate, or oxygen, in a patient. The electrochemical analyte sensor includes a substrate and conductive material disposed on the substrate, the conductive material forming a working electrode. In some sensors, the conductive material is disposed in recessed channels formed in a surface of the sensor. An electron transfer agent and/or catalyst may be provided to facilitate the electrolysis of the analyte or of a second compound whose level depends on the level of the analyte. A potential is formed between the working electrode and a reference electrode or counter/reference electrode and the resulting current is a function of the concentration of the analyte in the body fluid. 1. An in vivo glucose sensor , comprising:a substrate for partial implantation through a skin surface, the substrate including at least a first surface and a second surface;a first electrode disposed on the first surface of the substrate and configured to be positioned in fluid contact with interstitial fluid under the skin surface;a second electrode disposed on the second surface of the substrate;a plurality of conductive contacts disposed on the first surface of the substrate, wherein a first one of the plurality of conductive contacts is in electrical communication with the first electrode, and a second one of the plurality of conductive contacts is in electrical communication with the second electrode; and 'wherein a flexibility of the sensor is varied along a continuum of the substrate.', 'at least one via formed through the substrate that electrically connects the second electrode to the second one of the plurality of conductive contacts;'}2. The glucose sensor of ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. A physiological monitoring system , comprising:an analyte sensor to generate signals corresponding to monitored analyte level in bodily fluid under a skin surface of a user;a motion detector to monitor an activity level of the user;a processor operatively coupled to the analyte sensor and the motion detector to determine a variation in the analyte level monitored by the analyte sensor based on the monitored activity level of the user; anda user interface in signal communication with the processor to output the user's risk of hypoglycemic condition based on the determined variation in the analyte level based on the monitored activity level of the user.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the activity level includes a level of exercise.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein when the processor determines an increase in the risk of hypoglycemic condition claim 1 , the processor is further configured to modify one or more medication ...

Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Coated Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

The present invention is directed to membranes composed liquid crystals having continuous aqueous channels, such as a lyotropic liquid crystal, including a cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal, and to electrochemical sensors equipped with such membranes. The membranes are useful in limiting the diffusion of an analyte to a working electrode in an electrochemical sensor so that the sensor does not saturate and/or remains linearly responsive over a large range of analyte concentrations. Electrochemical sensors equipped with membranes of the present invention demonstrate considerable sensitivity and stability, and a large signal-to-noise ratio, in a variety of conditions.

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1. A method , comprising:receiving an analyte sensor at an analyte sensor interface;determining, using one or more processors, a type of the analyte sensor;recognizing, using the one or more processors, the type of the analyte sensor without a user input as a no-coding analyte sensor; anddetermining, using the one or more processors, an analyte level based on one or more signals generated by the analyte sensor and a universal calibration parameter that is associated with analyte sensors that are no-coding analyte sensors.2. The method of claim 1 , further including wirelessly receiving an analyte related data from an in vivo analyte sensor in fluid contact with a bodily fluid.3. The method of claim 2 , further including determining an analyte level in the bodily fluid in real time based on the received analyte related data.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the bodily fluid includes dermal fluid.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the bodily fluid includes interstitial fluid.6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the analyte level is related to one or more of a glucose level claim 3 , lactate level claim 3 , or oxygen level.7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the analyte sensor includes a plurality of electrodes including a working electrode comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the enzyme is bound to a polymer disposed on the working electrode.9. The method of claim 7 , wherein the working electrode comprises a mediator.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the mediator is bound to a polymer disposed on the working electrode.11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the mediator is ...

ANALYTE MONITORING DEVICE AND METHODS OF USE

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. A system , comprising: a working electrode;', 'a sensing layer comprising glucose oxidase; and', 'a layer configured to limit transport of one or more biomolecules;, 'an in vivo glucose sensor comprisingwherein the in vivo glucose sensor is configured to generate signals at the working electrode, the generated signals associated with an in vivo glucose concentration; anda sensor control unit comprising a transmitter configured to receive the generated signals associated with the in vivo glucose concentration from the in vivo glucose sensor and to communicate data associated with the generated signals received from the in vivo glucose sensor to a remote device;wherein the data associated with the generated signals has a first average level of in vivo accuracy during a first time period after a predetermined time period after sensor placement in an interstitial fluid of a user, and a second average level of in vivo accuracy during a ...

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING DRUG PARTICLES, DEVICES FOR THEIR ADMINISTRATION, AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use. 1. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a suspension comprising (i) from about 35% to 70% (w/w) drug particles , (ii) from 19% to 30% (w/w) of one or more water-immiscible compounds , (iii) from 2% to 16% (w/w) water , and (iv) from 1% to 8% (w/w) surfactant , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is physically stable.2. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a suspension comprising (i) from about 20% to about 80% (w/w) solid excipients; (ii) from about 5% to 60% (w/w) drug particles , (iii) from 19% to 30% (w/w) of one or more water-immiscible compounds , (iv) from 2% to 25% (w/w) water , and (v) from 1% to 10% (w/w) surfactant , wherein the pharmaceutical composition is physically stable.3. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a suspension comprising (i) an oil , and (ii) from about 35% to 70% (w/w) solid drug particles comprising levodopa or a levodopa prodrug and/or carbidopa or a carbidopa prodrug , wherein the pharmaceutical composition has a dynamic viscosity of at least 100 cP at 37° C.4. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 3 , wherein said suspension comprises less than or equal to about 30% (w/w) of said oil.5. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 , wherein said suspension comprises greater than or equal to about 19% (w/w) of said oil.6. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 4 , wherein said suspension comprises water and a surfactant.7. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 1 , wherein said suspension has a dynamic viscosity of at least 100 cP at 37° C.; or wherein said suspension has a dynamic viscosity of at least 1 claim 1 ,000 cP at 37° C.; or wherein said suspension has a dynamic viscosity of at least 10 claim 1 ,000 cP at 37° C.; or wherein said suspension has a dynamic viscosity of at least 100 claim 1 ,000 cP at 37° C.8 ...

Lyotropic Liquid Crystal Coated Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

Analyte sensor assemblies comprising: an electrochemical sensor for determining a concentration of an analyte and an electrochemical sensor control unit. The electrochemical sensor comprising a working electrode having a sensing layer and a non-crosslinked cubic phase lyotropic liquid crystal membrane disposed over the sensing layer, the sensing layer comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme, and a counter electrode in communication with the working electrode. And the electrochemical sensor control unit comprising a housing adapted for placement on or implantation in a patient's skin, and sensor control unit electronics. Wherein a measured current from an applied potential between the working electrode and the counter electrode correlates to a concentration of an analyte.

Method of Making an Electrochemical Sensor

A process for the manufacture of small sensors with reproducible surfaces, including electrochemical sensors. One process includes forming channels in the surface of a substrate and disposing a conductive material in the channels to form an electrode. The conductive material can also be formed on the substrate by other impact and non-impact methods. In a preferred embodiment, the method includes cutting the substrate to form a sensor having a connector portion and a transcutaneous portion, the two portions having edges that define one continuous straight line.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1an analyte sensor for generating sensor signals; and a voltage source to provide power to the analyte sensor to generate the sensor signals;', 'a memory for storing a factory set calibration data associated with the analyte sensor;', 'an application specific integrated circuit operatively coupled to the voltage source and the memory to process the sensor signals with a factory set calibration data to generate analyte data corresponding to real time monitored analyte level; and', 'a data communication unit operatively coupled to the application specific integrated circuit and configured to communicate the analyte data to a remote location using one or more spreading codes such that the transmission spectrum is spread by a predetermined factor., 'sensor electronics operatively coupled to the analyte sensor and including. An analyte monitoring system, comprising: The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. ...

Dosing regimens for subcutaneously infusible acidic compositions

The invention features methods, compositions, dosing regimens, and infusion pumps for subcutaneously infusing acidic solutions of L-DOPA prodrugs, such as esters and amides of L-DOPA, for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. The methods and acidic compositions of the invention can reduce the severity and rate of occurrence of transient local swelling, erythema, and persistent subcutaneous granulomas associated with subcutaneous delivery of certain agents used in the treatment of Parkinson's disease.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1an in vivo glucose sensor that continuously monitors glucose concentration and generates signals associated with the glucose concentration;a processor that processes the generated signals; and 'wherein the signals generated by the in vivo glucose sensor have a level of accuracy that increases on subsequent days during a sensor session of at least 3 days from sensor initialization.', 'a user interface that outputs information associated with the continuously monitored glucose concentration;'}. A system, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/747,583 filed on Jun. 23, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/283,562 filed on Oct. 27, 2011, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,066,697, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/265,787 filed on Nov. 1, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,974,386 entitled “Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use”, the disclosures of ...

In Vivo Sensors Having Ceria Nanoparticle Electrodes

Ceria nanoparticle compositions for use as electrode materials for in vivo electrochemical analyte sensors (e.g., glucose sensors) are provided, for example to form a cathode or a reference electrode. The ceria nanoparticle compositions may be combined with a conductive material (e.g., mixed with) to form the cathode or the reference electrode, or the ceria nanoparticle compositions may be deposited over conductive material to form the cathode or the reference electrode. Electrochemical in vivo sensors for monitoring the concentration of an analyte having a reference electrode and/or a cathode that includes a ceria nanoparticle composition, and methods for monitoring an analyte concentration using the electrochemical sensors are also described. Methods of making in vivo electrochemical analyte sensors having a reference electrode and/or a cathode that includes a ceria nanoparticle composition are also provided.

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same. 1an analyte sensor interface configured to receive an in vitro analyte sensor, wherein the in vitro analyte sensor generates an analyte signal from a fluid sample; anda processor operatively coupled to a data receiver and the analyte sensor interface, the processor configured to recognize the in vitro analyte sensor without a user input when the in vitro analyte sensor is received in the analyte sensor interface and is a no-coding in vitro analyte sensor, and to retrieve a universal calibration parameter when the recognized in vitro analyte sensor is the no-coding in vitro analyte sensor.. An apparatus, comprising: The present application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/562,625 filed Dec. 5, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,326,716, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/229,520 filed Mar. 28, 2014, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,915,850, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/495,798 filed Jun. 30, 2009, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,688,188, which is a continuation in part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/265,787 filed on Nov. 1, 2005, now U.S. Pat. No. 8,974,386, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes.The present invention is, in general, directed to devices and methods for the in vivo monitoring of an analyte, such as glucose or lactate. More particularly, the present invention relates to devices and methods for the in vivo monitoring of an analyte using an electrochemical sensor to provide information to a patient about the level of the analyte.The monitoring of the level of glucose or other analytes, such ...

Pharmaceutical suspensions containing drug particles, devices for their administration, and methods of their use

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use.

CARBON DIOXIDE PERMEATION DEVICE AND METHOD OF TRANSPORTING CARBON DIOXIDE

The carbon dioxide permeation device in accordance with the present invention includes a first gas diffusion electrode, a second gas diffusion electrode, an electrolyte membrane which is between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second gas diffusion electrode, and a DC power source. The carbon dioxide permeation device accelerates absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode, and accelerates emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode. 1. A carbon dioxide permeation device , comprising:a first gas diffusion electrode;a second gas diffusion electrode;an electrolyte membrane which is in contact with and between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode and includes an anion-conducting resin; anda DC power source configured to apply a voltage between the first gas diffusion electrode and the second diffusion electrode,the carbon dioxide permeation device being configured to:accelerate absorption of carbon dioxide into the electrolyte membrane from gas in a vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode so as to decrease a carbon dioxide concentration of the gas in the vicinity of the first gas diffusion electrode; andaccelerate emission of carbon dioxide from the electrolyte membrane to gas in a vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode by causing an oxidation reaction of water in the electrolyte membrane so as to enrich carbon dioxide in the gas in the vicinity of the second gas diffusion electrode.2. The carbon dioxide permeation device according to claim 1 , further comprising a catalyst claim 1 ,wherein:the ...

Test Strips Having Ceria Nanoparticle Electrodes

Ceria nanoparticle compositions for use with in vitro electrochemical chemical or biochemical sensors (e.g., test strip glucose sensors), for example to form a cathode or a reference electrode, are provided. The ceria nanoparticle compositions may be combined with a conductive material (e.g., mixed with) to form the cathode or the reference electrode or the ceria nanoparticle compositions may be deposited over a layer of conductive material to form the cathode or the reference electrode. Electrochemical in vitro sensors for determining the concentration of an analyte having a reference electrode and/or a cathode including a ceria nanoparticle composition, and methods for determining an analyte concentration using the electrochemical sensors are also described. Methods of making in vitro electrochemical sensors having a reference electrode and/or a cathode including a ceria nanoparticle composition are also provided.

Electron-Conducting Crosslinked Polyaniline-Based Redox Hydrogel, and Method of Making

A polymer matrix that may coated on an electrode is created by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of a polyaniline formed by templated oxidative polymerization on a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme. The polymer matrix may be hydrated, and the absorbed water may make it permeable to, for example, glucose. The polyaniline may be polyaniline itself or a substituted polyaniline; the water-soluble crosslinker may be poly(ethylene glycol) diglycidyl ether, and the redox enzyme may be glucose oxidase. The polymer matrix may be produced by co-crosslinking (1) an adduct of an electrically conductive polymer and a polymer acid; (2) a water-soluble crosslinker; and (3) a redox enzyme in a single step at an about neutral pH, curing by drying. After hydration, the crosslinked polymer matrix may form a 3-dimensional glucose-permeable bioelectrocatalyst, catalyzing the electrooxidation of glucose. 121-. (canceled)22. A hydrogel matrix comprising a polyaniline crosslinked with a polymer acid and a redox enzyme through a crosslinker.23. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 22 , wherein the polyaniline is a ring-substituted polyaniline.24. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 23 , wherein the ring-substituted polyaniline is a compound selected from the group consisting of poly-meta-toluidine claim 23 , poly-ortho-toluidine claim 23 , poly-ortho-fluoroaniline claim 23 , poly-ortho-methoxyaniline claim 23 , poly-ortho claim 23 ,ortho′-dimethylaniline.25. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 23 , wherein the ring-substituted polyaniline comprises an electron donating substituent.26. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 25 , wherein the electron donating substituent is an alkyl claim 25 , phenyl claim 25 , alkoxy or amino substituent.27. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 23 , wherein the ring-substituted polyaniline comprises an electron withdrawing substituent.28. The hydrogel matrix according to claim 27 , wherein the electron withdrawing ...

Method and Apparatus for Detecting False Hypoglycemic Conditions

Embodiments of the present disclosure include detecting a concurrent occurrence of a decrease in monitored analyte level and a corresponding decrease in monitored on-skin temperature, confirming a presence of an impending hypoglycemic condition, and asserting a notification corresponding to the confirmed impending hypoglycemic condition. Devices, methods, systems and kits incorporating the same are also provided. 1. A system , comprising:an analyte sensor positioned in fluid contact with interstitial fluid under a skin layer and configured to generate signals corresponding to a monitored analyte level in the interstitial fluid;sensor electronics electrically coupled to the analyte sensor and configured to generate analyte data based on the signals generated by the analyte sensor; anda data receiver configured to receive the generated analyte data from the sensor electronics, the data receiver configured to trigger a hold assertion function to prevent the assertion of a programmed notification when a rate of change of the monitored analyte level determined from the generated analyte data exceeds a predetermined analyte threshold during a monitoring time period, and to assert the programmed notification when the rate of change of a monitored temperature exceeds a predetermined temperature threshold during the monitoring time period.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the predetermined analyte threshold includes a decreasing rate of the analyte level of approximately 2 mg/dL/minute.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the asserted programmed notification indicates a hypoglycemic condition.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the data receiver is configured to assert the programmed notification when a direction of the analyte level rate of change and a direction of the monitored temperature rate of change are the same.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the monitored analyte level includes one or more of glucose level or lactate level.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. (canceled)2. A system for measurement of an analyte concentration , the system comprising:an implantable sensor configured to measure in vivo a signal indicative of an analyte concentration in a host, wherein the sensor further comprises a membrane located over the sensor;a processor configured to process sensor data; and wherein, over a sensor session length of from 3 to 7 days, the system is configured to:', 'provide a level of accuracy corresponding to a first mean absolute relative difference value, wherein one or more reference measurements used to calculate the first mean absolute relative difference are determined by analysis of blood; and', 'provide a level of accuracy corresponding to a second mean absolute relative difference value, wherein one or more reference measurements used to calculate the second mean absolute relative difference are determined by analysis of blood; and', 'wherein the first mean absolute relative ...

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor designed to determine the amount and concentration of analyte in a sample having a volume of less than about 1 μL. The sensor has a working electrode coated with a non-leachable redox mediator. The redox mediator acts as an electron transfer agent between the analyte and the electrode. In addition, a second electron transfer agent, such as an enzyme, can be added to facilitate the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the analyte. The redox mediator is typically a redox compound bound to a polymer. The preferred redox mediators are air-oxidizable. 1132-. (canceled)133. A method for determining a concentration of an analyte in a body fluid of a patient , comprising the steps of:transporting a body fluid sample of the patient into a sample chamber of a test strip, the sample chamber comprising a working electrode and a reference electrode and/or a counter electrode; anddetermining the concentration of the analyte in the body fluid sample by measuring the charge passed through the working electrode over a period of time of within 1 minute after transporting the body fluid.134. The method of claim 133 , wherein the determining comprises measuring the charge over a first time period and a second time period.135. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 1 μl or less.136. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.5 μl or less.137. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.2 μl or less.138. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber has a volume of 0.1 μl or less.139. The method of claim 133 , wherein the sample chamber comprises a counter electrode and wherein the working electrode and the counter electrode are a facing electrode pair.140. The method of claim 133 , wherein the test strip further includes an enzyme on the working electrode.141. The method of claim 133 , wherein the enzyme is immobilized on the working electrode.142. The method of claim 140 , wherein ...

DEVICES AND METHODS FOR CONTINUOUS DRUG DELIVERY VIA THE MOUTH

The invention features a drug delivery device held in the mouth and continuously administering either a fluid comprising drug dissolved and/or dispersed in water or in a non-toxic liquid, or a drug in solid form. 1. A drug delivery device configured to be removably inserted in a patient's mouth for continuous or semi-continuous intraoral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug , said device comprising:(i) a fastener to removably secure said drug delivery device to a surface of said patient's mouth;(ii) an electrical or mechanical pump;(iii) an oral liquid impermeable drug reservoir having a volume of from 0.1 mL to 5 mL and comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising levodopa or a levodopa prodrug as a suspension or as a solid; and(iv) an automatic stop/start.2. A drug delivery device configured to be removably inserted in a patient's mouth for continuous or semi-continuous intraoral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug , said device comprising:(i) a fastener to removably secure said drug delivery device to a surface of said patient's mouth;(ii) an electrical or mechanical pump;(iii) an oral liquid impermeable drug reservoir having a volume of from 0.1 mL to 5 mL and comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising levodopa or a levodopa prodrug as a suspension or as a solid; and(iv) a suction-induced flow limiter.3. A drug delivery device configured to be removably inserted in a patient's mouth for continuous or semi-continuous intraoral administration of a pharmaceutical composition comprising a drug , said device comprising:(i) a fastener to removably secure said drug delivery device to a surface of said patient's mouth;(ii) an electrical or mechanical pump;(iii) an oral liquid impermeable drug reservoir having a volume of from 0.1 mL to 5 mL and comprising a pharmaceutical composition comprising levodopa or a levodopa prodrug as a suspension or as a solid; and(iv) a temperature-induced flow limiter.4. ...

Redox Polymers

Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme based electrochemical sensors. In such instances, transition metal complexes accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with the sensor. The transition metal complexes include at least one substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand and may further include a second substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand or a substituted or unsubstituted bipyridine or pyridylimidazole ligand. Transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones are also described. 115-. (canceled)17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising an analyte-responsive enzyme.18. The method of claim 17 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is an enzyme selected from the group consisting of glucose oxidase and glucose dehydrogenase.19. The method of claim 17 , wherein the analyte-responsive enzyme is covalently coupled to the polymer backbone.20. The method of claim 16 , wherein the polymer backbone comprises a nitrogen containing heterocyclic ring21. The method of claim 16 , wherein the spacer comprises —C(O)NR—.22. The method of claim 16 , wherein the nitrogen-containing heterocycle comprises a substituted or unsubstituted pyridine claim 16 , imidazole claim 16 , 2 claim 16 ,2′-bipyridine claim 16 , 2-(2-pyridyl)imidazole claim 16 , or 2 claim 16 ,2′-biimidazole.23. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least two of L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , and Lare combined to form at least one multidentate ligand.24. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least four of L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , and Lare combined to form at least two multidentate ligand.25. The method of claim 16 , wherein at least four of L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , L claim 16 , and Lare combined to form ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 1. A method of generating electrical power in a biological system , comprising:(a) inserting an anode and a cathode into the biological system;(b) electrooxiding a biochemical anode reductant on the anode in the presence of an anode enzyme; and(c) electroreducing a biochemical cathode oxidant on the cathode in the presence of a cathode enzyme.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein electrooxiding a biochemical anode reductant on the anode in the presence of an anode enzyme comprises:(a) electrooxiding the biochemical anode reductant on the anode in the presence of the anode enzyme and an anode redox polymer present on the anode.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein electroreducing a biochemical cathode oxidant on the cathode in the presence of a cathode enzyme comprises:(a) electroreducing a biochemical cathode oxidant on the cathode in the presence of the cathode enzyme and a cathode redox polymer present on the cathode.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein inserting an anode and a cathode into the biological system comprises: (i) the anode;', '(ii) the anode enzyme disposed on the anode;', '(iii) the cathode spaced from the anode; and', '(iv) the cathode enzyme disposed on the cathode., '(a) inserting a fuel cell into the biological system, the fuel cell comprising'}5. A method of generating electrical power in a biological system claim 1 , comprising:(a) inserting a fuel cell ...

Analyte Monitoring Device and Methods of Use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor. 1. A system , comprising:an in vivo glucose sensor that continuously monitors glucose concentration and generates signals associated with the glucose concentration;a processor that processes the generated signals; and 'wherein the signals generated by the in vivo glucose sensor have a level of accuracy that increases on subsequent days during a sensor session of at least 3 days from sensor initialization.', 'a user interface that outputs information associated with the continuously monitored glucose concentration;'}2. The system of claim 1 , wherein one or more reference measurements associated with a calculation of the mean absolute relative difference are determined by analysis of blood.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the level of accuracy corresponds to a mean absolute relative difference.4. The system of claim 3 , wherein the mean absolute relative difference decreases during the sensor session.5. The system of claim 4 , wherein ...

Biological Fuel Cell and Methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme. 16-. (canceled)7. An electrochemical cell for positioning in a biological system comprising oxygen , comprising:a substrate comprising a first face and a second face;an anode disposed on the first face of the substrate, wherein the anode comprises a crosslinked anode enzyme and polymer; anda cathode disposed on the second face of the substrate.8. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the anode further comprises a mediator.9. The electrochemical cell according to claim 8 , wherein the mediator is a metallocene derivative.10. The electrochemical cell according to claim 9 , wherein the metallocene derivative is ferrocene.11. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the mediator comprises a transition metal complex.12. The electrochemical cell according to claim 11 , wherein the transition metal complex comprises ruthenium or osmium.13. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the anode comprises a conductive material selected from the group consisting of gold claim 7 , carbon claim 7 , platinum claim 7 , ruthenium dioxide and palladium.14. The electrochemical cell according to claim 13 , wherein the anode comprises carbon or gold.15. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the substrate surface is roughened.16. The electrochemical cell according to claim 7 , wherein the anode enzyme is a glucose-responsive ...

Redox Polymers

Novel transition metal complexes of iron, cobalt, ruthenium, osmium, and vanadium are described. The transition metal complexes can be used as redox mediators in enzyme based electrochemical sensors. In such instances, transition metal complexes accept electrons from, or transfer electrons to, enzymes at a high rate and also exchange electrons rapidly with the sensor. The transition metal complexes include at least one substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand and may further include a second substituted or unsubstituted biimidazole ligand or a substituted or unsubstituted bipyridine or pyridylimidazole ligand. Transition metal complexes attached to polymeric backbones are also described.

Low-temperature pyrolysis of organic acid salts providing graphene rich carbons

Methods of pyrolytically producing carbons comprising graphene sheets at temperatures below 800° C. are disclosed. The graphene sheets, which are not substantially stacked, are formed by templating on hexagonal metal oxides, for example. Extensive stacking of the graphene sheets, which would lead to formation of graphite, is avoided at the low temperatures employed. Also provided are methods of producing heavily nitrogen doped graphene comprising carbons. Methods of using graphene and heavily nitrogen doped graphene are also disclosed.

Small Volume In Vitro Analyte Sensor

A sensor utilizing a non-leachable or diffusible redox mediator is described. The sensor includes a sample chamber to hold a sample in electrolytic contact with a working electrode, and in at least some instances, the sensor also contains a non-leachable or a diffusible second electron transfer agent. The sensor and/or the methods used produce a sensor signal in response to the analyte that can be distinguished from a background signal caused by the mediator. The invention can be used to determine the concentration of a biomolecule, such as glucose or lactate, in a biological fluid, such as blood or serum, using techniques such as coulometry, amperometry, and potentiometry. An enzyme capable of catalyzing the electrooxidation or electroreduction of the biomolecule is typically provided as a second electron transfer agent. 118-. (canceled)19. A sensor for determining the concentration of an analyte in a sample fluid , the sensor comprising:a first electrode disposed on a first substrate and a second electrode disposed on a second substrate, wherein the first electrode and the second electrode are in a facing configuration;a spacer comprising a first part and a second part disposed between the first and second substrates, wherein the first part of the spacer, the second part of the spacer, the first substrate, and the second substrate define a first aperture along a first side edge of the sensor and a second aperture along a second side edge of the sensor, wherein either the first aperture or the second aperture is used for sample application and the sensor has no more than two apertures;a sample chamber for holding the sample fluid and sized to contain a volume of no more than about 1 μL of the sample fluid, wherein the sample chamber has a length which extends from the first aperture to the second aperture and a substantially uniform width between the first part of the spacer and the second part of the spacer along the entire length of the sample chamber, and ...

Methods, Devices and Systems for Distinguishing Cancerous and Non-Cancerous Tissue

Provided herein are methods, devices and systems that distinguish between cancerous and healthy tissue. 1. An in vivo method comprising:obtaining a difference signal from two lactate and/or pyruvate sensing elements located at two spaced apart locations in a tissue of a subject;determining the locations of the lactate and/or pyruvate sensing elements in the tissue;determining direction of increase or decrease in lactate and/or pyruvate signals between the locations; andcorrelating the difference signal and the direction of increase or decrease to a boundary between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue, wherein the boundary is between the spaced apart locations.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the method is electrochemical.3. The method of or claim 1 , comprising inserting the two lactate and/or pyruvate sensing elements at the two locations prior to the obtaining.4. The method of any of - claim 1 , comprising obtaining a first lactate and/or pyruvate signal from a first location and a second lactate and/or pyruvate signal from a second location prior to the obtaining a difference signal.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the obtaining the first and second lactate and/or pyruvate signal is performed simultaneously or sequentially.6. The method of any one of - claim 4 , comprising detecting a lactate and/or pyruvate signal at a plurality of locations in the tissue; determining a differential signal between the plurality of locations claim 4 , determining locations of the signals in the tissue; identifying the plurality of locations as cancerous or non-cancerous tissue based on the value of the signals and further determining boundary of the cancerous and non-cancerous tissues.7. The method of any one of - claim 4 , comprising generating a two-dimensional or a three-dimensional map depicting the boundary between cancerous and non-cancerous tissue.8. An in vivo method comprising:obtaining a first lactate and/or pyruvate signal and a second lactate and/or pyruvate signal ...

PHARMACEUTICAL SUSPENSIONS CONTAINING DRUG PARTICLES, DEVICES FOR THEIR ADMINISTRATION, AND METHODS OF THEIR USE

The invention features a pharmaceutical suspension containing drug particles, a drug delivery device anchored in the mouth for continuously administering the pharmaceutical suspension, and methods of their use. 1. A method of treating a disease comprising administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising one or more drugs into a mouth of a patient via continuous or frequent intermittent administration for a period of at least 4 hours , said method comprising:(i) inserting a drug delivery device into the mouth of the patient;(ii) administering said pharmaceutical composition into the mouth of said patient via continuous or frequent intermittent administration at a rate between 0.001 mL/hour and 1.25 mL/hour for a period of at least 4 hours; and(iii) removing said drug delivery device from the mouth of said patient,wherein said pharmaceutical composition has a dynamic viscosity greater than 1,000 cP at 37° C. and comprises greater than about 35% (w/w) of said one or more drugs, and wherein a fluctuation index of one of said one or more drugs is less than or equal to 2.0 during said period.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said pharmaceutical composition comprises a suspension.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein said period begins after the drug's plasma concentration has reached a steady-state concentration.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein said dynamic viscosity is greater than 100 claim 2 ,000 cP at 37° C.5. The method of claim 2 , wherein said fluctuation index is less than or equal to 1.0 during said period.6. The method of claim 2 , wherein an average hourly rate of delivery into the mouth of said pharmaceutical composition varies by less than ±20% per hour over said period.7. The method of claim 2 , wherein said period begins after the patient is administered a bolus of said one or more drugs.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein said bolus is administered using said drug delivery device.9. A method of administering a pharmaceutical composition comprising one ...

Biological fuel cell and methods

A fuel cell has an anode and a cathode with anode enzyme disposed on the anode and cathode enzyme is disposed on the cathode. The anode is configured and arranged to electrooxidize an anode reductant in the presence of the anode enzyme. Likewise, the cathode is configured and arranged to electroreduce a cathode oxidant in the presence of the cathode enzyme. In addition, anode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the anode to transduce a current between the anode and the anode enzyme and cathode redox hydrogel may be disposed on the cathode to transduce a current between the cathode and the cathode enzyme.

Miniature biological fuel cell that is operational under physiological conditions, and associated devices and methods

A fuel cell is provided with an anode and a cathode. The anode is in electrical communication with an anode enzyme and the cathode is in electrical communication with a cathode enzyme. The anode enzyme is preferably an oxidase or a dehydrogenase. The cathode enzyme is a copper-containing enzyme, such as a lacasse, an ascorbate oxidase, a ceruloplasmine, or a bilirubin oxidase. Preferably, the cathode enzyme is operable under physiological conditions. Redox polymers serve to wire the anode enzyme to the anode and the cathode enzyme to the cathode. The fuel cell can be very small in size because it does not require a membrane, seal, or case. The fuel cell can be used in connection with a biological system, such as a human, as it may operate at physiological conditions. By virtue of its size and operability at physiological conditions, the fuel cell is of particular interest for applications calling for a power source implanted in a human body, such as a variety of medical applications.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a multi compatible or universal blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that require calibration code and test strips that do not require calibration code. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, an auto turn on blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

In aspects of the present disclosure, a no coding blood glucose monitoring unit including a calibration unit is integrated with one or more components of an analyte monitoring system to provide compatibility with in vitro test strip that do not require a calibration code is provided. Also disclosed are methods, systems, devices and kits for providing the same.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor including a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit is disclosed. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.

Analyte monitoring device and methods of use

An analyte monitor includes a sensor, a sensor control unit, and a display unit. The sensor has, for example, a substrate, a recessed channel formed in the substrate, and conductive material disposed in the recessed channel to form a working electrode. The sensor control unit typically has a housing adapted for placement on skin and is adapted to receive a portion of an electrochemical sensor. The sensor control unit also includes two or more conductive contacts disposed on the housing and configured for coupling to two or more contact pads on the sensor. A transmitter is disposed in the housing and coupled to the plurality of conductive contacts for transmitting data obtained using the sensor. The display unit has a receiver for receiving data transmitted by the transmitter of the sensor control unit and a display coupled to the receiver for displaying an indication of a level of an analyte. The analyte monitor may also be part of a drug delivery system to alter the level of the analyte based on the data obtained using the sensor.