Eye-based activation and tool selection systems and methods

Presented are eye-controlled user-machine interaction systems and methods that, based on input variables that comprise orientation and motion of an electronic contact lens, assist the wearer of the contact lens carrying a femtoprojector to control and navigate a virtual scene that may be superimposed onto the real-world environment. Various embodiments provide for smooth, intuitive, and naturally flowing eye-controlled, interactive operations between the wearer and a virtual environment. In certain embodiments, eye motion information is used to wake a smart electronic contact lens, activate tools in a virtual scene, or any combination thereof without the need for blinking, winking, hand gestures, and use of buttons.

Method to determine the throughput speed of a pore

A method to determine the throughput speed v of a pore, comprising the steps of feeding, by means of a driving force F, a filiform calibration element through the pore, the calibration element having a plurality of markers spaced apart by known distances and configured to produce an interaction event that transmits a signal away from the pore upon interaction with the pore, detecting a plurality of interaction events, and determining a time interval Δt between successive interaction events, and/or a frequency ω of interaction events.

Phase-locked loop with phase noise cancellation

A clock generator includes a first phase-locked loop (PLL), a converter circuit, and a second PLL. The first PLL generates an oscillating signal based on a reference signal and outputs a noise signal indicating a noise component of the oscillating signal. The converter circuit produces an electrical signal based on the noise signal. The second PLL receives the electrical signal from the converter circuit at a loop filter of the second PLL and generates a clock signal based on the oscillating signal and the electrical signal.

SELF-ASSEMBLED HELICAL SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNALS

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers for high-frequency signals, including terahertz signals, and methods for making a slow-wave structure for the traveling-wave tube amplifiers are provided. The slow-wave structures include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release and relaxation of strained films from a sacrificial growth substrate.

Electroplated helical slow-wave structures for high-frequency signals

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers and methods for making slow-wave structures for the amplifiers are provided. The SWSs include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release of stressed electrically conductive strips from a sacrificial material. The helical conductors can be electroplated post-self-assembly to fortify the helix, reduce losses, and tailor the dimensions and operating parameters of the helix.

Radio-Frequency Nanopore Sensor

An electrically conductive nanoscale pore may be employed as an antenna to provide precise localized measurements of the impedance-altering characteristics of a molecule such as DNA or RNA or the like passing through the pore. The use of radiofrequency measurements promises high-speed analysis of long molecules (polymers).

Planar High-Speed Molecule Sequencer

A molecule sequencer uses a planar nanochannel for aligning molecules to flow past impedance interrogation electrodes mounted across the channel for rapid sequencing. The electrodes may be fixed to the channel walls to provide improved registration by co-fabrication with the channel. Extended channel length over normally used nanopores can provide improved control of longer molecules and allow parallel sequencers to be readily fabricated on a single substrate.

Radio-frequency nanopore sensor

An electrically conductive nanoscale pore may be employed as an antenna to provide precise localized measurements of the impedance-altering characteristics of a molecule such as DNA or RNA or the like passing through the pore. The use of radiofrequency measurements promises high-speed analysis of long molecules (polymers).

High-speed DNA sequencing with optically active nanopore

A nanoscale-sized pore positioned between two reservoirs may sequence biomolecules by detecting changes in the emitted light due to a change in charge of portions of the biomolecules as they pass through the pore such as affect an emission frequency of a quantum structure proximate to the pore opening. The nanopores may be fabricated using local droplet etching whose randomness is accommodated by lowering the droplet density to permit isolation of nanopores in tiles that may be adhered to an underlying supporting substrate having an aligned opening. The nanopore-tiles may be integrated with commonly applied glass chips and may be employed in microfluidic circuitry.

Traveling wave tube amplifier having a helical slow-wave structure supported by a cylindrical scaffold

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers for high-frequency signals, including terahertz signals, and methods for making a slow-wave structure for the traveling-wave tube amplifiers are provided. The slow-wave structures include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release and relaxation of strained films from a sacrificial growth substrate.

Low area equalizer with lane mismatch adaptation for sub-rate receivers

A receiver is provided that includes a plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes each of which is configured to receive an analog receive signal from an analog front-end and produce digital sub-rate receiver data. The receiver includes one or more first digital-to-analog converters (DACs) (also referred to herein as “average” DACs) shared across the plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes, and one or more second DACs (also referred to herein as “mismatch cancellation” DACs) for each sub-rate receiver lane of the plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes. The one or more second DACs of a respective sub-rate receiver lane provide output to be combined with an output of a corresponding one of the one or more first DACs during processing of the analog receive signal in the respective sub-rate receiver lane to account for a sub-rate receiver lane specific offset with respect to a corresponding one of the one or more first DACs.

Radio-frequency nanopore sensor

An electrically conductive nanoscale sensor includes a nanoscale pore that may be employed as a first antenna to provide precise localized measurements of the impedance-altering characteristics of a molecule such as DNA or RNA or the like passing through the pore. The use of radiofrequency measurements via a second antenna communicating with the first antenna promises high-speed analysis of long molecules (polymers).

High-quality, single-crystalline silicon-germanium films

High-quality, single-crystalline silicon-germanium (Si(1-x)Gex) having a high germanium content is provided. Layers of the high-quality, single-crystalline silicon-germanium can be grown to high sub-critical thicknesses and then released from their growth substrates to provide Si(1-x)Gex films without lattice mismatch-induced misfit dislocations or a mosaic distribution of crystallographic orientations.

FREQUENCY TRACKING LOOP USING A SCALED REPLICA OSCILLATOR FOR INJECTION LOCKED OSCILLATORS

An accurate replica oscillator-based frequency tracking loop (FTL) is provided. The replica oscillator used in the FTL can be at a lower frequency and therefore can consume much lower power compared to a main oscillator, such as an injection locked oscillator (ILO). The proposed FTL accurately sets the free running frequency of an ILO across process, voltage and temperature (PVT). Techniques are also provided to compensate the gain and offset error between the replica oscillator and the ILO.

Dual-core dual-resonance compact inductor-capacitor voltage controlled oscillator

A voltage controlled oscillator (VCO) is described. The VCO includes a plurality of nodes coupled with a plurality of transistors, and a first inductor-capacitor (LC) tank coupled with a second LC tank. The first LC tank and the second LC tank include a shared inductor structure coupled to the plurality of nodes. The first LC tank and the second LC tank each include a capacitor. The capacitors are each coupled on a first side to a node of the plurality of nodes and on a second side to a respective capacitor in the other LC tank. The first LC tank and the second LC tank are configured to resonate at a fundamental frequency for differential-mode signals, and the first LC tank and the second LC tank are configured to resonate at twice the fundamental frequency for common-mode signals.

Eardrum Transducer with Nanoscale Membrane

A transducer supported by the eardrum provides a piezoelectric material exchanging energy with the eardrum through a nanoscale membrane, the latter serving to boost the coupling between the piezoelectric material and the eardrum

Radio-Frequency Nanopore Sensor

An electrically conductive nanoscale pore may be employed as an antenna to provide precise localized measurements of the impedance-altering characteristics of a molecule such as DNA or RNA or the like passing through the pore. The use of radiofrequency measurements promises high-speed analysis of long molecules (polymers).

Calibration loop for differential sub-sampling phase detector in sub-sampling phase locked loop

Presented herein are techniques for implementing a differential sub-sampling phase locked loop (PLL). A method includes detecting a common-mode voltage on an output of a differential sub-sampling phase detector operating in the differential sub-sampling phase locked loop, and controlling, based on the common-mode voltage, a duty cycle of a feedback signal of the differential sub-sampling phase locked loop that is fed back to the differential sub-sampling phase detector.

Integration of semiconductor membranes with piezoelectric substrates

Piezoelectrically actuated devices constructed from thin semiconductor membranes bonded directly to piezoelectric substrates are provided. Methods for fabricating these devices are also provided. The bonding of the semiconductor to the piezoelectric material does not require the use of any intermediate layers, such as bonding agents.

ELECTROPLATED HELICAL SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNALS

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers and methods for making slow-wave structures for the amplifiers are provided. The SWSs include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release of stressed electrically conductive strips from a sacrificial material. The helical conductors can be electroplated post-self-assembly to fortify the helix, reduce losses, and tailor the dimensions and operating parameters of the helix.

Eardrum transducer with nanoscale membrane

A transducer supported by the eardrum provides a piezoelectric material exchanging energy with the eardrum through a nanoscale membrane, the latter serving to boost the coupling between the piezoelectric material and the eardrum.

HIGH-QUALITY, SINGLE-CRYSTALLINE SILICON-GERMANIUM FILMS

High-quality, single-crystalline silicon-germanium (Si(1-x)Gex) having a high germanium content is provided. Layers of the high-quality, single-crystalline silicon-germanium can be grown to high sub-critical thicknesses and then released from their growth substrates to provide Si(1-x)Gex films without lattice mismatch-induced misfit dislocations or a mosaic distribution of crystallographic orientations.

Planar high-speed molecule sequencer

A molecule sequencer uses a planar nanochannel for aligning molecules to flow past impedance interrogation electrodes mounted across the channel for rapid sequencing. The electrodes may be fixed to the channel walls to provide improved registration by co-fabrication with the channel. Extended channel length over normally used nanopores can provide improved control of longer molecules and allow parallel sequencers to be readily fabricated on a single substrate.

SELF-ASSEMBLED HELICAL SLOW-WAVE STRUCTURES FOR HIGH-FREQUENCY SIGNALS

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers for high-frequency signals, including terahertz signals, and methods for making a slow-wave structure for the traveling-wave tube amplifiers are provided. The slow-wave structures include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release and relaxation of strained films from a sacrificial growth substrate.

Frequency tracking loop using a scaled replica oscillator for injection locked oscillators

An accurate replica oscillator-based frequency tracking loop (FTL) is provided. The replica oscillator used in the FTL can be at a lower frequency and therefore can consume much lower power compared to a main oscillator, such as an injection locked oscillator (ILO). The proposed FTL accurately sets the free running frequency of an ILO across process, voltage and temperature (PVT). Techniques are also provided to compensate the gain and offset error between the replica oscillator and the ILO.

Multi-port coupled inductor with interference suppression

A multi-port coupled inductor with interference suppression is provided with a first signal port connected to a first resistor port via a first inductor; a second resistor port connected to the first resistor port via a second inductor; a second signal port connected to the second resistor port via a third inductor; a third resistor port connected to the first resistor port via a first resistor; a fourth resistor port connected to the third resistor port via a fourth inductor and to the second resistor port via a second resistor; a third signal port connected to the third resistor port via a fifth inductor; and a fourth signal port connected to the fourth resistor port via a sixth inductor.

Radio-frequency ion channel antenna

An antenna is used for radio frequency measurements of cell wall impedance changes due to ion channels. The antenna provides enhanced direct readout of lipid bilayers and cells containing pores and ion channels. The antenna is placed around a nanopore, which may be fabricated from glass, quartz or other material, and is shaped to provide an enhanced sensitivity to electrical activity in the vicinity of the nanopore. As such, the antenna may be of a class of bi-cone- or other stub-antennas providing high gain and broad bandwidth, for example a planar variant of a bow-tie antenna. Accordingly, improved sensitivity of at least an order of magnitude may be achieved over past systems.

Frequency tracking loop using a scaled replica oscillator for injection locked oscillators

An accurate replica oscillator-based frequency tracking loop (FTL) is provided. The replica oscillator used in the FTL can be at a lower frequency and therefore can consume much lower power compared to a main oscillator, such as an injection locked oscillator (ILO). The proposed FTL accurately sets the free running frequency of an ILO across process, voltage and temperature (PVT). Techniques are also provided to compensate the gain and offset error between the replica oscillator and the ILO.

LOW AREA EQUALIZER WITH LANE MISMATCH ADAPTATION FOR SUB-RATE RECEIVERS

A receiver is provided that includes a plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes each of which is configured to receive an analog receive signal from an analog front-end and produce digital sub-rate receiver data. The receiver includes one or more first digital-to-analog converters (DACs) (also referred to herein as “average” DACs) shared across the plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes, and one or more second DACs (also referred to herein as “mismatch cancellation” DACs) for each sub-rate receiver lane of the plurality of sub-rate receiver lanes. The one or more second DACs of a respective sub-rate receiver lane provide output to be combined with an output of a corresponding one of the one or more first DACs during processing of the analog receive signal in the respective sub-rate receiver lane to account for a sub-rate receiver lane specific offset with respect to a corresponding one of the one or more first DACs.

CALIBRATION LOOP FOR DIFFERENTIAL SUB-SAMPLING PHASE DETECTOR IN SUB-SAMPLING PHASE LOCKED LOOP

Presented herein are techniques for implementing a differential sub-sampling phase locked loop (PLL). A method includes detecting a common-mode voltage on an output of a differential sub-sampling phase detector operating in the differential sub-sampling phase locked loop, and controlling, based on the common-mode voltage, a duty cycle of a feedback signal of the differential sub-sampling phase locked loop that is fed back to the differential sub-sampling phase detector.

INTEGRATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR MEMBRANES WITH PIEZOELECTRIC SUBSTRATES

Piezoelectrically actuated devices constructed from thin semiconductor membranes bonded directly to piezoelectric substrates are provided. Methods for fabricating these devices are also provided. The bonding of the semiconductor to the piezoelectric material does not require the use of any intermediate layers, such as bonding agents. 1. A piezoelectric transducer comprising:a piezoelectric substrate having a membrane-bonding surface with a surface roughness of no greater than 100 nm RMS;a semiconductor membrane having a thickness of 5 μm or less bonded directly to the membrane-bonding surface; anda set of electrodes in electrical communication with the piezoelectric substrate and configured to apply an electric signal to the piezoelectric substrate.2. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein the membrane-bonding surface has a surface roughness of no greater than 50 nm RMS.3. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor membrane has a thickness of no greater than 500 nm.4. The transducer of claim 3 , wherein the semiconductor membrane has a thickness of no greater than 100 nm.5. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein the semiconductor membrane comprises a Group IV semiconductor.6. The transducer of claim 5 , wherein the semiconductor membrane is a silicon membrane.7. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein the piezoelectric ceramic substrate is a lead zirconium titanate substrate.8. The transducer of claim 7 , wherein the semiconductor membrane is a silicon membrane.9. The transducer of further comprising an external voltage source configured to apply a voltage across the piezoelectric substrate.10. The transducer of further comprising one or more electronic devices integrated into the semiconductor membrane.11. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein an aperture is defined in the membrane-bonding surface and a portion of the semiconductor membrane is suspended over the aperture.12. The transducer of claim 11 , wherein one or more through-holes are defined in the portion of ...

Operating an electronic contact lens based on recognized objects in captured images

An augmented reality system recognizes objects in a user's environment and operates an electronic contact lens based on the recognition. The electronic contact lens includes an integrated femtoimager that captures images corresponding to the user's gaze direction. The augmented reality system recognizes objects in the images and generates visual information relevant to the recognized objects that is presented using a femtoprojector integrated with the electronic contact lens. The visual information may include virtual control elements that the user can interact with to control smart devices. The augmented reality system can also configure various calibration parameters of the electronic contact lens based on a recognized environment associated with the recognized objects.

METHOD TO DETERMINE THE THROUGHPUT SPEED OF A PORE

A method to determine the throughput speed v of a pore, comprising the steps of feeding, by means of a driving force F, a filiform calibration element through the pore, the calibration element having a plurality of markers spaced apart by known distances and configured to produce an interaction event that transmits a signal away from the pore upon interaction with the pore, detecting a plurality of interaction events, and determining a time interval Δt between successive interaction events, and/or a frequency ω of interaction events. 1. A method to determine the throughput speed v of a pore , comprising the steps of:feeding, by means of a driving force F, a filiform calibration element through the pore, the calibration element having a plurality of markers spaced apart by known distances and configured to produce an interaction event that transmits a signal away from the pore upon interaction with the pore;detecting a plurality of interaction events; anddetermining a time interval Δt between successive interaction events, and/or a frequency ω of interaction events.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a condition for production of the event by a marker is fulfilled at most in an interval along the path that the marker follows when the filiform calibration element is fed through the pore claim 1 , wherein the length of this interval is at most 20% of the length of the pore.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:determining, from the known distances and from the time interval Δt and/or the frequency ω, the speed with which the filiform calibration element passes through the pore as the throughput speed v.4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising: determining a throughput resistance R of the pore as a ratio of the speed v per unit of the driving force F.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:detecting at least one increase in the mechanical resistance that the filiform calibration element experiences when moving through the pore as an interaction event.6 ...

EYE-BASED ACTIVATION AND TOOL SELECTION SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Presented are eye-controlled user-machine interaction systems and methods that, based on input variables that comprise orientation and motion of an electronic contact lens, assist the wearer of the contact lens carrying a femtoprojector to control and navigate a virtual scene that may be superimposed onto the real-world environment. Various embodiments provide for smooth, intuitive, and naturally flowing eye-controlled, interactive operations between the wearer and a virtual environment. In certain embodiments, eye motion information is used to wake a smart electronic contact lens, activate tools in a virtual scene, or any combination thereof without the need for blinking, winking, hand gestures, and use of buttons. 1. A method for activating a contact lens virtual display , the method comprising:tracking an orientation of a contact lens based on tracking data generated by at least one sensor disposed within the contact lens;analyzing the tracking data to identify when the orientation of the contact lens crosses an activation threshold; andin response to the orientation of the contact lens crossing the activation threshold, activating the contact lens virtual display by projecting at least one virtual tool onto a user retina resulting in the at least one virtual tool becoming visible to the user within the contact lens virtual display.2. The method of wherein the step of tracking the orientation of the contact lens comprises angular measurements of pitch and roll relative to a first reference.3. The method of wherein the first reference is defined in relation to a gravitational field of the earth.4. The method of wherein the at least one sensor comprises an accelerometer that enables the angular measurements of pitch and roll.5. The method of wherein the step of tracking the orientation of the contact lens comprises measurements of yaw relative to a second reference.6. The method of wherein the second reference is defined in relation to magnetic north and the at ...

Radio-Frequency Ion Channel Antenna

An antenna is used for radio frequency measurements of cell wall impedance changes due to ion channels. The antenna provides enhanced direct readout of lipid bilayers and cells containing pores and ion channels. The antenna is placed around a nanopore, which may be fabricated from glass, quartz or other material, and is shaped to provide an enhanced sensitivity to electrical activity in the vicinity of the nanopore. As such, the antenna may be of a class of bi-cone- or other stub-antennas providing high gain and broad bandwidth, for example a planar variant of a “bow-tie” antenna. Accordingly, improved sensitivity of at least an order of magnitude may be achieved over past systems.

A method to determine the throughput speed of a pore

A method (100) to determine the throughput speed v of at least one pore (1), comprising the steps of: • feeding (110), by means of a driving force F, a filiform calibration element (2) through the pore (1), said calibration element (2) having a plurality of markers (21) spaced apart by known distances (22) and configured to produce an interaction event (3) that transmits a signal away from the pore (1) upon interaction with the pore (1); • detecting (120) a plurality of interaction events (3); and determining (130) a time interval Δt between successive interaction events (3), and/or a frequency of interaction events (3). A filiform calibration element (2), configured to pass through a pore (1) of at most 5 jam diameter and comprising a plurality of light sources, configured to absorb excitation light of a first wavelength λ1 and to emit light of a second wavelength λ2 in response to said excitation light, as markers (21). A liquid solution (20) as a tool for determining the throughput speed v of at least one pore (1), comprising a solvent (24) and a plurality of filiform calibration elements (2). (Figure 1)

Eye-based activation and tool selection systems and methods

Presented are eye-controlled user-machine interaction systems and methods that, based on input variables that comprise orientation and motion of an electronic contact lens, assist the wearer of the contact lens carrying a femtoprojector to control and navigate a virtual scene that may be superimposed onto the real-world environment. Various embodiments provide for smooth, intuitive, and naturally flowing eye-controlled, interactive operations between the wearer and a virtual environment. In certain embodiments, eye motion information is used to wake a smart electronic contact lens, activate tools in a virtual scene, or any combination thereof without the need for blinking, winking, hand gestures, and use of buttons.

Electroplated helical slow-wave structures for high-frequency signals

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers and methods for making slow-wave structures for the amplifiers are provided. The SWSs include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release of stressed electrically conductive strips from a sacrificial material. The helical conductors can be electroplated post-self-assembly to fortify the helix, reduce losses, and tailor the dimensions and operating parameters of the helix.

Two-eye tracking based on measurements from a pair of electronic contact lenses

A system includes a pair of electronic contact lenses that obtain respective motion sensor measurements in response to eye movements. A tracking module derives estimated orientations for both eyes based on the sensor measurements and a set of correlations and constraints that describe human eye movement. The model describes the limited number of ways that an individual eye can move and relationships between relative movement of the left and right eye. The tracking module performs filtering based on the measurements and the eye model to suppress noise and generate orientation estimates for both eyes.

Integration of semiconductor membranes with piezoelectric substrates

Piezoelectrically actuated devices constructed from thin semiconductor membranes bonded directly to piezoelectric substrates are provided. Methods for fabricating these devices are also provided. The bonding of the semiconductor to the piezoelectric material does not require the use of any intermediate layers, such as bonding agents.

Two-eye tracking based on measurements from a pair of electronic contact lenses

A system includes a pair of electronic contact lenses that obtain respective motion sensor measurements in response to eye movements. A tracking module derives estimated orientations for both eyes based on the sensor measurements and a set of correlations and constraints that describe human eye movement. The model describes the limited number of ways that an individual eye can move and relationships between relative movement of the left and right eye. The tracking module performs filtering based on the measurements and the eye model to suppress noise and generate orientation estimates for both eyes.

Eye-based activation and tool selection systems and methods

Hybrid fractional-N sampling phase locked loop (PLL) with accurate digital-to-time converter (DTC) calibration

Presented herein are techniques for implementing a hybrid fractional-N sampling phase locked loop with accurate digital-to-time calibration. A method includes receiving, at a comparator, an output of a sampling phase detector of a phase locked loop, the output of the sampling phase detector of the phase locked loop also being supplied as a control source for a proportional control input of a voltage-controlled oscillator, supplying an output of the comparator as an input signal to a calibration loop of a digital-to-time converter, supplying an output of the digital-to-time converter to an input of the sampling phase detector, and supplying the output of the comparator as a control source for an integral control input of the voltage-controlled oscillator.

Eardrum transducer with nanoscale membrane

Integration of semiconductor membranes with piezoelectric substrates

Piezoelectrically actuated devices constructed from thin semiconductor membranes bonded directly to piezoelectric substrates are provided. Methods for fabricating these devices are also provided. The bonding of the semiconductor to the piezoelectric material does not require the use of any intermediate layers, such as bonding agents.

Integration of semiconductor membranes with piezoelectric substrates

Eardrum transducer with nanoscale membrane

A transducer supported by the eardrum provides a piezoelectric material exchanging energy with the eardrum through a nanoscale membrane, the latter serving to boost the coupling between the piezoelectric material and the eardrum

Diagnose-verfahren zum betreiben eines sensors zum nachweis mindestens eines anteils einer messgaskomponente mit gebundenem sauerstoff in einem messgas

Es wird ein Diagnose-Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Sensors (100) zum Nachweis mindestens eines Anteils einer Messgaskomponente mit gebundenem Sauerstoff in einem Messgas vorgeschlagen. Bei dem Verfahren wird ein elektronisches Steuergerät (122), das zumindest über einen ersten gesonderten Anschluss (P1) für eine erste Pumpzelle (112) eines Sensorelements (110) des Sensors (100) und einen zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) für eine zweite Pumpzelle (140) des Sensorelements (110) des Sensors (100) verfügt, mit dem Sensorelement (110) verbunden wird, wobei die erste Pumpzelle (112) mittels einer elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (120) mit dem ersten gesonderten Anschluss (P1) verbunden wird, wobei die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mittels einer elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (146) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbunden wird, wobei in der elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (146), die die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbindet, ein Messwiderstand (160) vorgesehen wird, wobei mittels des Steuergeräts (122) eine Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung der zweiten Pumpzelle (140) zum Erzeugen eines Messsignals (U P2p-P2n ) an dem Messwiderstand (160) durchgeführt wird, wobei die elektrisch leitende Verbindung (146), die die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbindet, als intakt identifiziert wird, falls ein Betrag einer zeitlichen Veränderung des Messsignals (U P2p-P2n ) während der Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung einen vorbestimmten Schwellwert (212) überschreitet, und als defekt identifiziert wird, falls der Betrag der zeitlichen Veränderung des Messsignals (U P2p-P2n ) während der Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung den vorbestimmten Schwellwert (212) unterschreitet.

Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Sensors zum Nachweis mindestens eines Anteils einer Messgaskomponente mit gebundenem Sauerstoff in einem Messgas

Es wird ein Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Sensors (100) zum Nachweis mindestens eines Anteils einer Messgaskomponente mit gebundenem Sauerstoff in einem Messgas vorgeschlagen. Bei dem Verfahren wird ein elektronisches Steuergerät (122), das zumindest über einen ersten gesonderten Anschluss (P1) für eine erste Pumpzelle (112) eines Sensorelements (110) des Sensors (100) und einen zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) für eine zweite Pumpzelle (140) des Sensorelements (110) des Sensors (100) verfügt, mit dem Sensorelement (110) verbunden wird, wobei die erste Pumpzelle (112) mittels einer elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (120) mit dem ersten gesonderten Anschluss (P1) verbunden wird, wobei die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mittels einer elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (146) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbunden wird, wobei in der elektrisch leitenden Verbindung (146), die die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbindet, ein Messwiderstand (160) vorgesehen wird, wobei mittels des Steuergeräts (122) eine Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung der zweiten Pumpzelle (140) zum Erzeugen eines Messsignals (UP2p-P2n) an dem Messwiderstand (160) durchgeführt wird, wobei die elektrisch leitende Verbindung (146), die die zweite Pumpzelle (140) mit dem zweiten gesonderten Anschluss (P2) verbindet, als intakt identifiziert wird, falls ein Betrag einer zeitlichen Veränderung des Messsignals (UP2p-P2n) während der Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung einen vorbestimmten Schwellwert (212) überschreitet, und als defekt identifiziert wird, falls der Betrag der zeitlichen Veränderung des Messsignals (UP2p-P2n) während der Strom- und/oder Spannungsanregung den vorbestimmten Schwellwert (212) unterschreitet.

Hybrid fractional-n sampling phase locked loop (pll) with accurate digital-to-time converter (dtc) calibration

Presented herein are techniques for implementing a hybrid fractional-N sampling phase locked loop with accurate digital-to-time calibration. A method includes receiving, at a comparator, an output of a sampling phase detector of a phase locked loop, the output of the sampling phase detector of the phase locked loop also being supplied as a control source for a proportional control input of a voltage-controlled oscillator, supplying an output of the comparator as an input signal to a calibration loop of a digital-to-time converter, supplying an output of the digital-to-time converter to an input of the sampling phase detector, and supplying the output of the comparator as a control source for an integral control input of the voltage-controlled oscillator.

Operating an electronic contact lens based on recognized objects in captured images

An augmented reality system recognizes objects in a user's environment and operates an electronic contact lens based on the recognition. The electronic contact lens includes an integrated femtoimager that captures images corresponding to the user's gaze direction. The augmented reality system recognizes objects in the images and generates visual information relevant to the recognized objects that is presented using a femtoprojector integrated with the electronic contact lens. The visual information may include virtual control elements that the user can interact with to control smart devices. The augmented reality system can also configure various calibration parameters of the electronic contact lens based on a recognized environment associated with the recognized objects.

Segmented digital-to-time converter

A multi-segment digital-to-time converter is provided. The digital-to-time converter includes a plurality of delay stages arranged in series, and a plurality of local synchronization logic circuits each configured to control an associated delay stage of the plurality of delay stages. Each local synchronization logic circuit provides a digital-to-time converter code and a reset signal to the associated delay stage synchronized to a local input clock and a local output clock of the associated delay stage.

Estimating a mental state based on sensor measurements from an electronic contact lens

A system includes an electronic contact lens that obtains sensor measurements from integrated motion sensors or other types of sensors and a processing module that estimates a mental state of an individual based on the sensor measurements. The processing module identifies patterns of eye movements and analyzes how these patterns change over time. Based on anatomical relationships between eye movement and mental state, the processing module estimates characteristics of the individual such as fatigue, intoxication, injury, or a medical condition that have known effects on eye movement patterns. The electronic contact lens system generates an output indicative of the estimated mental state to alert the individual to the detected condition or to initiate an automated action.

Clock jitter and spurious tone cancellation system using optical delay

Techniques to reduce or eliminate phase noise and jitter from a noisy clock signal. A method includes generating an electrical clock signal, generating a delayed optical clock signal based on the electrical clock signal, detecting a phase difference between the electrical clock signal and the delayed optical clock signal, and processing, based on the phase difference, the electrical clock signal to obtain a reduced phase noise version of the electrical clock signal.

Estimating a mental state based on sensor measurements from an electronic contact lens

A system includes an electronic contact lens that obtains sensor measurements from integrated motion sensors or other types of sensors and a processing module that estimates a mental state of an individual based on the sensor measurements. The processing module identifies patterns of eye movements and analyzes how these patterns change over time. Based on anatomical relationships between eye movement and mental state, the processing module estimates characteristics of the individual such as fatigue, intoxication, injury, or a medical condition that have known effects on eye movement patterns. The electronic contact lens system generates an output indicative of the estimated mental state to alert the individual to the detected condition or to initiate an automated action.

Methods of making a self-assembled slow-wave structures

Traveling-wave tube amplifiers for high-frequency signals, including terahertz signals, and methods for making a slow-wave structure for the traveling-wave tube amplifiers are provided. The slow-wave structures include helical conductors that are self-assembled via the release and relaxation of strained films from a sacrificial growth substrate.

Control of an electronic contact lens using eye gestures

A system includes an electronic contact lens that can detect eye gestures for initiating various actions. The electronic contact lens includes integrated sensors for obtaining sensor measurements characterizing eye motion. The sensor measurements are processed to detect gestures mapped to specific actions such as changing a power state of the electronic contact lens, activating or deactivating a user interface or other feature, or selecting an item from a virtual menu. The eye gestures may involve the user sequentially performing a first saccade quickly followed by a second saccade in an opposite direction from the first saccade.