Method for improving wall heat transfer in a chemical reactor

Methods for improving heat transfer at the interface between the internal reactor wall and mesh media containing microfibrous entrapped catalysts (MFECs) and/or microfibrous entrapped sorbents (MFESs) are described herein. Improved (e.g., more rapid) heat transfer can be achieved using a variety of approaches including increasing the contacting area of the interface between the mesh media and the reactor wall so that more contacting points are formed, enhancing the contacting efficiency at the contacting points between the mesh media and the reactor wall, increasing the number of contact points between the mesh media and the reactor wall using fine fibers, and combinations thereof.

Thermal management systems for energy storage cells having high charge/discharge currents and methods of making and using thereof

Thermal management systems for high energy density batteries, particularly arrays of such batteries, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The system includes one or more thermal conductive microfibrous media with one or more phase change materials dispersed within the microfibrous media and one or more active cooling structures. Energy storage packs or arrays which contain a plurality of energy storage cells and the thermal management system are also described. Further described are thermal or infrared shielding blankets or barriers comprising one or more thermal conductive microfibrous media comprising one or more phase change materials dispersed within the microfibrous media.

CATALYSTS FOR OXIDATIVE SULFUR REMOVAL AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THEREOF

Catalysts for oxidative sulfur removal and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The catalysts contain one or more reactive metal salts dispersed on one or more substrates. Suitable reactive metal salts include those salts containing multivariable metals having variable valence or oxidation states and having catalytic activity with sulfur compounds present in gaseous fuel streams. In some embodiments, the catalyst contains one or more compounds that function as an oxygen sponge under the reaction conditions for oxidative sulfur removal. The catalysts can be used to oxidatively remove sulfur-containing compounds from fuel streams, particularly gaseous fuel streams having high sulfur content. Due to the reduced catalyst cost, anticipated long catalyst life and reduced adsorbent consumption, the catalysts described herein are expected to provide a 20-60% reduction in annual desulfurization cost for biogas with sulfur contents ranges from 1000-5000 ppmv compared with the best adsorbent approach. 128-. (canceled)29. A method for removing sulfur-containing compounds from fluid fuel streams , the method comprising contacting the gaseous fuel stream with one or more catalysts comprising one or more substrates and one or more reactive metal salts to convert the sulfur-containing compounds to elemental sulfur , wherein the one or more reactive metal salts are selected from chlorides of transition metals having multiple oxidation states , sulfates of transition metals have multiple oxidation states , and combinations thereof , wherein the metal is in the lowest possible oxidation state.30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the method further comprises contacting the gaseous fuel stream with the one or more catalysts in the presence of an oxygen containing gas.31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the oxygen-containing gas is selected from the group consisting of oxygen claim 30 , sulfur dioxide claim 30 , air claim 30 , ozone claim 30 , hydrogen peroxide ...

Methods for Preparing Highly Porous Microfibrous Media With Functional Particles Immobilized Inside

Improved methods for preparing highly porous mesh media and loading functional particles into the media are described herein. The highly porous media can be used as supports for catalyst materials for a variety of applications, such as desulfurization. Pre-manufactured catalyst can be loaded into the sintered open media. Thus, the contamination issues associated wetlay paper making and pre-oxidation, the deactivation issues associated with the sintering and pre-oxidation steps, and the corrosion issues associated with the catalyst formation step can be avoided. The methods described herein result in the formation of highly porous media with functional particles immobilized inside. 1. A method for preparing porous mesh media comprising fibers and functional particles , the method comprising:(a) dispersing the fibers in a liquid suspension, wherein the fibers are kinked, bent, or curved prior, during, or after dispersing the fibers in the suspension;(b) applying the dispersion in step (a) on a sheet former to minimize the compression of the media;(c) removing the solvent in step (b) to form green media;(d) drying and pre-oxidizing the green media in step (c);(e) sintering the dried media in step (d) in a reducing environment to form fiber-fiber junctions, wherein the void space is from about 85 to about 99.5% in the porous mesh media; and(f) loading the functional particles into the porous mesh media.24-. (canceled)5. The method of claim 1 , wherein after step (e) the fibers are present in an amount of 0.5-15 vol. %.6. (canceled)7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fibers have a diameter of 0.5-200 μm.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the resulting pore sizes of the media are from about 40 to about 100 mesh.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the length of the fibers is about 0.1-10 mm.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are formed from a material selected from the group consisting of metals claim 1 , polymers claim 1 , glasses and ceramics claim 1 , and ...

Method for Improving Wall Heat Transfer in a Chemical Reactor

Methods for improving heat transfer at the interface between the internal reactor wall and mesh media containing microfibrous entrapped catalysts (MFECs) and/or microfibrous entrapped sorbents (MFESs) are described herein. Improved (e.g., more rapid) heat transfer can be achieved using a variety of approaches including increasing the contacting area of the interface between the mesh media and the reactor wall so that more contacting points are formed, enhancing the contacting efficiency at the contacting points between the mesh media and the reactor wall, increasing the number of contact points between the mesh media and the reactor wall using fine fibers, and combinations thereof. 1. A method for improving heat transfer of a reactor wherein the reactor comprises mesh media comprising microfibrous entrapped catalysts (MFEC) and/or microfibrous entrapped sorbents (MFES) , wherein the mesh media comprises micron-sized fibers , the method comprising:soldering the mesh media to an interior reactor wall using a soldering agent to form metal junctions between the interior reactor wall and the micron-sized fibers.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micron-sized fibers have a diameter of about 6-1000 μm.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micron-sized metal fibers have a length of about 1-50 millimeters.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal fibers are made of thermally conductive metals and other thermally conductive materials.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mesh media comprises one or more fibers of different diameters claim 1 , lengths claim 1 , and/or composition.6. (canceled)7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising forming grooves claim 1 , screw threads claim 1 , or other patterns to increase the surface area of the interior reactor wall.8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising incorporating fine structures onto the interior reactor wall to increase the surface area of the interior reactor wall.910-. (canceled)11. The method of claim 1 , ...

Thermal Management Systems for Energy Storage Cells Having High Charge/Discharge Currents and Methods of Making and Using Thereof

Thermal management systems for high energy density batteries, particularly arrays of such batteries, and methods of making and using thereof are described herein. The system includes one or more thermal conductive microfibrous media with one or more phase change materials dispersed within the microfibrous media and one or more active cooling structures. Energy storage packs or arrays which contain a plurality of energy storage cells and the thermal management system are also described. Further described are thermal or infrared shielding blankets or barriers comprising one or more thermal conductive microfibrous media comprising one or more phase change materials dispersed within the microfibrous media. 1. A thermal management system comprising one or more thermal conductive microfibrous media comprising one or more phase change materials dispersed within the microfibrous media and one or more active cooling structures.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the microfibrous media comprise sintered metal fibers selected from the group consisting of copper claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , aluminum claim 1 , steel claim 1 , stainless steel claim 1 , silver claim 1 , gold claim 1 , and alloys claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the microfibrous media comprise wet-lay sheets claim 1 , bonded threads or yarns claim 1 , and/or woven sheets of carbon/graphite claim 1 , natural claim 1 , ceramic claim 1 , or polymer fibers and various single wall and multi-wall nanotubes claim 1 , and combinations thereof.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the microfibrous media comprise thermal conductive fibrous media filled with fine micronsized or nano-sized fibers claim 1 , and media partially filled with fine micronsized or nano-sized fibers concentrated near the contacting surfaces for heat transfer.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the diameter of the metal fibers is from about 0.5 microns to about 250 microns and the diameter of the carbon fibers is from ...

DIRECT IN SITU MONITORING OF ADSORBENT AND CATALYST BEDS

Methods and devices for directly measuring the degree of saturation or degree of deactivation of an adsorbent and/or catalytic bed are described herein. The devices contain an inlet, an outlet, a catalytic and/or adsorbent bed, and optionally a support bed for supporting the catalytic and/or adsorbent bed. The devices further contain one or more structures attached to the reactor that allow for insertion of one or more sensors into the reactor. The sensor is used to spectroscopically interrogate the adsorbent and/or catalyst in situ, providing real-time information regarding adsorbant saturation and/or catalyst deactivation. The devices and methods described herein can be used to determine the saturation degree of adsorbent materials or catalyst beds that are involved in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid heterogeneous systems, such as those used in scrubbing and extraction. 120-. (canceled)21. A method for determining the degree of saturation or deactivation of an adsorbent bed or a catalyst bed which is in contact with one or more species to be adsorbed , the method comprising measuring changes in the electromagnetic radiation reflected from the bed at one or more locations within the bed and determining the degree of saturation or deactivation of the bed.221. The method of claim , wherein the reflected electromagnetic radiation is measured using UV-Vis spectroscopy.231. The method of claim , wherein the reflected electromagnetic radiation is measured using Raman spectroscopy.241. The method of claim , wherein the reflected electromagnetic radiation is measured using Infrared spectroscopy.251. The method of claim , wherein the changes in the electromagnetic radiation are measured at the bottom of the bed.261. The method of claim , wherein the changes in the electromagnetic radiation are measured at multiple locations within the bed along the direction of flow.271. The method of claim , wherein the adsorbent bed or the catalyst bed changes color in response to the ...

Direct in situ monitoring of adsorbent and catalyst beds

Methods and devices for directly measuring the degree of saturation or degree of deactivation of an adsorbent and/or catalytic bed are described herein. The devices contain an inlet, an outlet, a catalytic and/or adsorbent bed, and optionally a support bed for supporting the catalytic and/or adsorbent bed. The devices further contain one or more structures attached to the reactor that allow for insertion of one or more sensors into the reactor. The sensor is used to spectroscopically interrogate the adsorbent and/or catalyst in situ, providing real-time information regarding adsorbant saturation and/or catalyst deactivation. The devices and methods described herein can be used to determine the saturation degree of adsorbent materials or catalyst beds that are involved in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid heterogeneous systems, such as those used in scrubbing and extraction.

Direct in situ monitoring of adsorbent and catalyst beds

Methods and devices for directly measuring the degree of saturation or degree of deactivation of an adsorbent and/or catalytic bed are described herein. The devices contain an inlet, an outlet, a catalytic and/or adsorbent bed, and optionally a support bed for supporting the catalytic and/or adsorbent bed. The devices further contain one or more structures attached to the reactor that allow for insertion of one or more sensors into the reactor. The sensor is used to spectroscopically interrogate the adsorbent and/or catalyst in situ, providing real-time information regarding adsorbant saturation and/or catalyst deactivation. The devices and methods described herein can be used to determine the saturation degree of adsorbent materials or catalyst beds that are involved in gas-liquid and liquid-liquid heterogeneous systems, such as those used in scrubbing and extraction.

Methods for preparing highly porous microfibrous media with functional particles immobilized inside

Improved methods for preparing highly porous mesh media and loading functional particles into the media are described herein. The highly porous media can be used as supports for catalyst materials for a variety of applications, such as desulfurization. Pre-manufactured catalyst can be loaded into the sintered open media. Thus, the contamination issues associated wetlay paper making and pre-oxidation, the deactivation issues associated with the sintering and pre-oxidation steps, and the corrosion issues associated with the catalyst formation step can be avoided. The methods described herein result in the formation of highly porous media with functional particles immobilized inside.

Methods for preparing highly porous microfibrous media with functional particles immobilized inside

Improved methods for preparing highly porous mesh media and loading functional particles into the media are described herein. The highly porous media can be used as supports for catalyst materials for a variety of applications, such as desulfurization. Pre-manufactured catalyst can be loaded into the sintered open media. Thus, the contamination issues associated wetlay paper making and pre-oxidation, the deactivation issues associated with the sintering and pre-oxidation steps, and the corrosion issues associated with the catalyst formation step can be avoided. The methods described herein result in the formation of highly porous media with functional particles immobilized inside.

Thermal management systems for energy storage cells having high charge/discharge currents and methods of making and using thereof

Sposób wytwarzania wysoce porowatego ośrodka z mikrowłókien z unieruchomionymi wewnątrz cząstkami funkcjonalnymi

Method for preparing highly porous microfibrous media with functional particles immobilized inside