Combustion Environment Diagnostics

An apparatus comprises a coaxial cavity resonator; a radio frequency power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator; a direct current power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator; a combustion process feedback module configured to sense a condition in a combustion environment by measuring a characteristic of the coaxial cavity resonator; and a controller configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator based at least in part on combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module. 122-. (canceled)23. An apparatus for igniting a combustible mixture , comprising:a coaxial cavity resonator configured to create a plasma discharge;a radio frequency power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator;a direct current power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator;a combustion process feedback module configured to sense a condition in a combustion environment by measuring a characteristic of the coaxial cavity resonator; anda controller configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator based at least in part on combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module.24. The apparatus of claim 23 , further comprising an internal combustion engine and wherein the combustion environment is a cylinder of the internal combustion engine.25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the controller is further configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator during a single combustion cycle based at least in part on the combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module.26. The apparatus of claim 25 , further comprising a motor vehicle configured to be powered by the internal combustion engine.27. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the motor vehicle is an automobile that includes a chassis supporting the internal combustion engine claim 26 , a transmission driven by the internal combustion engine claim 26 , a drive axle driven by ...

COMBUSTION ENVIRONMENT DIAGNOSTICS

An apparatus comprises a coaxial cavity resonator; a radio frequency power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator; a direct current power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator; a combustion process feedback module configured to sense a condition in a combustion environment by measuring a characteristic of the coaxial cavity resonator; and a controller configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator based at least in part on combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module. 122-. (canceled)23. An apparatus for igniting a combustible mixture , comprising:a coaxial cavity resonator configured to create a plasma discharge;a radio frequency power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator;a direct current power source coupled to the coaxial cavity resonator;a combustion process feedback module configured to sense a condition in a combustion environment by measuring a characteristic of the coaxial cavity resonator; anda controller configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator based at least in part on combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module.24. The apparatus of claim 23 , further comprising an internal combustion engine and wherein the combustion environment is a cylinder of the internal combustion engine.25. The apparatus of claim 24 , wherein the controller is further configured to modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator during a single combustion cycle based at least in part on the combustion process feedback information from the combustion process feedback module.26. The apparatus of claim 25 , further comprising a motor vehicle configured to be powered by the internal combustion engine.27. The apparatus of claim 26 , wherein the motor vehicle is an automobile that includes a chassis supporting the internal combustion engine claim 26 , a transmission driven by the internal combustion engine claim 26 , a drive axle driven by ...

Jet Engine Including Resonator-based Diagnostics

Example implementations relate to jet engines that include resonator-based diagnostics. An example implementation includes a jet engine. The jet engine includes a combustion chamber configured to house a combustion event of a fuel mixture. The jet engine also includes a resonator having a characteristic impedance and a resonant wavelength. The resonator includes a first conductor and a second conductor separated from one another by an interstitial space that is exposed to an environment of the combustion chamber. Further, the jet engine includes a controller communicatively coupled to the resonator and configured to perform operations. The operations include determining a characteristic of the resonator selected from the group consisting of the characteristic impedance and the resonant wavelength. The operations also include, based on the determined characteristic, determining a parameter of the combustion chamber. 1. A jet engine comprising:a combustion chamber configured to house a combustion event of a fuel mixture;a resonator having a characteristic impedance and a resonant wavelength, the resonator including a first conductor and a second conductor separated from one another by an interstitial space that is exposed to an environment of the combustion chamber; and determining a characteristic of the resonator selected from the group consisting of the characteristic impedance and the resonant wavelength, and', 'based on the determined characteristic, determining a parameter of the combustion chamber., 'a controller communicatively coupled to the resonator and configured to perform operations, the operations including2. The jet engine of claim 1 , further comprising: electromagnetically couple to the resonator, and', 'excite the resonator with a signal having a wavelength; and, 'a radio-frequency power source configured toa power meter configured to measure a power reflected from the resonator when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with ...

Power-generation Turbine Including Resonator-based Diagnostics

Example implementations relate to power-generation turbines that include resonator-based diagnostics. An example implementation includes a power-generation turbine. The power-generation turbine includes a combustion chamber configured to house a combustion event of a fuel mixture. The power-generation turbine also includes a resonator having a characteristic impedance and a resonant wavelength. The resonator includes a first conductor and a second conductor separated from one another by an interstitial space that is exposed to an environment of the combustion chamber. Further, the power-generation turbine includes a controller communicatively coupled to the resonator and configured to perform operations. The operations include determining a characteristic of the resonator selected from the group consisting of the characteristic impedance and the resonant wavelength. The operations also include, based on the determined characteristic, determining a parameter of the combustion chamber. 1. A power-generation turbine comprising:a combustion chamber configured to house a combustion event of a fuel mixture;a resonator having a characteristic impedance and a resonant wavelength, the resonator including a first conductor and a second conductor separated from one another by an interstitial space that is exposed to an environment of the combustion chamber; and determining a characteristic of the resonator selected from the group consisting of the characteristic impedance and the resonant wavelength, and', 'based on the determined characteristic, determining a parameter of the combustion chamber., 'a controller communicatively coupled to the resonator and configured to perform operations, the operations including2. The power-generation turbine of claim 1 , further comprising: electromagnetically couple to the resonator, and', 'excite the resonator with a signal having a wavelength; and, 'a radio-frequency power source configured toa power meter configured to measure a power ...

Jet Engine with Fuel Injection Using a Conductor of a Resonator

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a jet engine, a radio-frequency power source, a direct-current power source, a resonator, and a fuel conduit. The resonator can be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and have a resonant wavelength. Further, the resonator can include (i) a first conductor, (ii), a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator can be configured to provide at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is disposed within the first conductor. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine;a radio-frequency power source;a resonator electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves;a direct-current power source configured to provide a bias signal between the first conductor and the second conductor; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber, at least a first portion of the fuel conduit being disposed within the first conductor.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first conductor includes an internal surface that defines the first portion of the fuel conduit.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first portion of the fuel conduit is disposed ...

Jet Engine with Fuel Injection Using a Dielectric of a Resonator

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a jet engine, a radio-frequency power source, a resonator, and a fuel conduit. The resonator can be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and have a resonant wavelength. Further, the resonator can include (i) a first conductor, (ii), a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is arranged proximate to the dielectric. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine;a radio-frequency power source;a resonator electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber, a portion of the fuel conduit being arranged proximate to the dielectric.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the fuel conduit is arranged along the dielectric.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the portion of the fuel conduit is arranged ...

Jet Engine with Plasma-assisted Combustion

An example system and corresponding method can include a combustion chamber of jet engine, a radio-frequency power source, and a resonator. The combustion chamber can include a liner defining a combustion zone, and include a fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone. The resonator can have a resonant wavelength and include: a first conductor, a second conductor, a dielectric, and an electrode coupled to the first conductor. The resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides a plasma corona in the combustion zone. The controller can be configured to cause the radio-frequency power source to excite the resonator with the signal so as to provide the plasma corona. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine, the combustion chamber including (i) a liner defining a combustion zone and (ii) a fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone for combustion;a radio-frequency power source;a resonator electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and (iv) an electrode electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor, the electrode having a distal end disposed in the combustion zone, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides a plasma corona in the combustion zone; anda controller configured to cause the radio-frequency power source to excite the resonator with the signal so to as provide the plasma corona and cause ...

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Plasma-assisted Combustion

An example system and corresponding method can include a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine, a radio-frequency power source, and a resonator. The combustion chamber can include a liner defining a combustion zone, and include a fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone. The resonator can have a resonant wavelength and include: a first conductor, a second conductor, a dielectric, and an electrode coupled to the first conductor. The resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides a plasma corona in the combustion zone. The controller can be configured to cause the radio-frequency power source to excite the resonator with the signal so as to provide the plasma corona.

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Fuel Injection Using a Conductor of a Resonator

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine, a radio-frequency power source, a direct-current power source, a resonator, and a fuel conduit. The resonator can be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and have a resonant wavelength. Further, the resonator can include (i) a first conductor, (ii), a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator can be configured to provide at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is disposed within the first conductor. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine;a radio-frequency power source;a resonator electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves;a direct-current power source configured to provide a bias signal between the first conductor and the second conductor; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber, at least a first portion of the fuel conduit being disposed within the first conductor.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first conductor includes an internal surface that defines the first portion of the fuel conduit.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first ...

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Fuel Injection Using a Dielectric of a Resonator

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine, a radio-frequency power source, a resonator, and a fuel conduit. The resonator can be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and have a resonant wavelength. Further, the resonator can include (i) a first conductor, (ii), a second conductor, and (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is arranged proximate to the dielectric.

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Fuel Injection Using a Conductor of At Least One of Multiple Resonators

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine, one or more radio-frequency power sources, a plurality of resonators, and a fuel conduit. The plurality of resonators can be electromagnetically coupled to the one or more radio-frequency power sources and each have a respective resonant wavelength. Further, each resonator can include (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and can be configured to provide at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is disposed within the first conductor of a given resonator of the plurality of resonators. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a power-generation gas turbine;one or more radio-frequency power sources;a plurality of resonators electromagnetically coupled to the one or more radio-frequency power sources, each resonator of the plurality of resonators having a respective resonant wavelength and including (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor, wherein each resonator of the plurality of resonators is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by a corresponding radio-frequency power source of the one or more radio-frequency power sources with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the respective resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber, at least a first portion ...

Jet engine with plasma-assisted afterburner

A system includes a radio-frequency power source, a resonator, a fuel outlet, and an afterburner. The afterburner includes a duct that defines a channel, and can receive gas from a turbine of a jet engine into the channel and output a gas resulting from combusting fuel within the channel. The resonator can be configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the power source and has a resonant wavelength. The resonator includes first and second conductors, a dielectric between the first and second conductors, and an electrode coupled to the first conductor and disposed within the afterburner. The fuel outlet outputs fuel into the channel for mixing with the gas from the turbine. The resonator, when excited by the power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, provides electromagnetic waves and/or a plasma corona proximate to a concentrator of the electrode.

Plasma-Distributing Structure and Directed Flame Path in a Jet Engine

An example system can include a combustor of a jet turbine engine, a radio-frequency power source, a plasma-distributing structure, and a resonator having a first concentrator. The combustor can include one or more fins protruding into a combustion zone and can be configured to guide combustion of fuel along a flame path defined by the fin(s). The resonator can be configured to provide a plasma corona when excited by the power source. The plasma-distributing structure can be arranged within the combustor and proximate to the plasma corona, and can include a second concentrator. When the resonator is excited, the plasma corona can be provided proximate to the first concentrator. Further, when the plasma corona is provided proximate to the first concentrator and the plasma-distributing structure is at a predetermined voltage, an additional plasma corona can be established proximate to the second concentrator and at least partly within the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a jet turbine engine, the combustor including (i) an interior wall defining a combustion zone, and (ii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of fuel along a flame path defined by the one or more fins;a radio-frequency power source; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor,', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and', 'an electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor and including a first concentrator, wherein the resonator is configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the first concentrator when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength; and, 'a resonator configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator includinga plasma-distributing structure including a second ...

Plasma-Distributing Structure and Directed Flame Path in a Power Generation Turbine

An example system can include a combustor of a power-generation turbine, a radio-frequency power source, a plasma-distributing structure, and a resonator having a first concentrator. The combustor can include one or more fins protruding into a combustion zone and can be configured to guide combustion of fuel along a flame path defined by the fin(s). The resonator can be configured to provide a plasma corona when excited by the power source. The plasma-distributing structure can be arranged within the combustor and proximate to the plasma corona, and can include a second concentrator. When the resonator is excited, the plasma corona can be provided proximate to the first concentrator. Further, when the plasma corona is provided proximate to the first concentrator and the plasma-distributing structure is at a predetermined voltage, an additional plasma corona can be established proximate to the second concentrator and at least partly within the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a power-generation turbine, the combustor including (i) an interior wall defining a combustion zone, and (ii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of fuel along a flame path defined by the one or more fins;a radio-frequency power source; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor,', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and', 'an electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor and including a first concentrator, wherein the resonator is configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the first concentrator when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength; and, 'a resonator configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator includinga plasma-distributing structure including a ...

Jet Engine with Plasma-assisted Combustion and Directed Flame Path

An example system and corresponding method includes a jet engine combustor and a resonator. The combustor includes (i) a combustion zone, (ii) one or more fuel inlets for introducing fuel into the combustion zone for combustion, and (iii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path. The resonator can have a resonant wavelength and can provide a plasma corona in the combustion zone when excited with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength. A radio-frequency power source can excite the resonator with the signal so as to provide the plasma corona in the combustion zone and cause combustion of the fuel along the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a jet turbine engine, the combustor including (i) a combustion zone in which combustion of fuel is configured to occur, (ii) at least one fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone, and (iii) at least one fin protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path defined by the at least one fin; anda resonator having a resonant wavelength and configured to be electromagnetically coupled to a radio-frequency power source, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and (iv) an electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor, and the resonator being configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the electrode when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength,wherein the radio-frequency power source is configured to excite the resonator with the signal, which concentrates an electric field at the electrode, provides the plasma corona proximate to the ...

Jet Engine with Plasma-assisted Combustion Using Multiple Resonators and a Directed Flame Path

An example system and corresponding method includes a jet engine combustor and a plurality of resonators. The combustor includes (i) a combustion zone, (ii) one or more fuel inlets for introducing fuel into the combustion zone for combustion, and (iii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path. The resonators can each have a respective resonant wavelength and can each provide a respective plasma corona in the combustion zone when excited with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the respective resonant wavelength. A radio-frequency power source can excite the resonators with the respective signals so as to provide the respective plasma coronas in the combustion zone and cause combustion of the fuel along the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a jet turbine engine, the combustor including (i) a combustion zone in which combustion of fuel is configured to occur, (ii) at least one fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone, and (iii) at least one fin protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path defined by the at least one fin; anda plurality of resonators, each resonator of the plurality of resonators having a respective resonant wavelength and including (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor, and (iv) a respective electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the respective first conductor, the respective electrode having a distal end disposed in the combustion zone, and each resonator being configured to provide a respective plasma corona proximate to the respective electrode when excited with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of ...

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Plasma-assisted Combustion and Directed Flame Path

An example system and corresponding method includes a power-generation turbine combustor and a resonator. The combustor includes (i) a combustion zone, (ii) one or more fuel inlets for introducing fuel into the combustion zone for combustion, and (iii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path. The resonator can have a resonant wavelength and can provide a plasma corona in the combustion zone when excited with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength. A radio-frequency power source can excite the resonator with the signal so as to provide the plasma corona in the combustion zone and cause combustion of the fuel along the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a power-generation turbine, the combustor including (i) a combustion zone in which combustion of fuel is configured to occur, (ii) at least one fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone, and (iii) at least one fin protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path defined by the at least one fin; anda resonator having a resonant wavelength and configured to be electromagnetically coupled to a radio-frequency power source, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and (iv) an electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor, and the resonator being configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the electrode when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength,wherein the radio-frequency power source is configured to excite the resonator with the signal, which concentrates an electric field at the electrode, provides the plasma corona ...

Fuel Injection Using a Dielectric of a Resonator

An example system can include a radio-frequency power source and a resonator. The resonator can be configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and can have a resonant wavelength. The resonator can include: a first conductor, a second conductor, and a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator can also be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The system can also include a fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having one or more outlets for expelling fuel, where at least a portion of the fuel conduit is arranged proximate to the dielectric.

Electromagnetic Wave Modification of Fuel in a Jet Engine

Example implementations relate to electromagnetic wave modification of fuel in a jet engine. An example implementation includes a jet engine. The jet engine includes a combustion chamber, a radio-frequency power source, and a fuel conduit configured to provide a fuel to the combustion chamber. In addition, the jet engine includes a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength. The resonator includes a first conductor, a second conductor, and a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator radiates electromagnetic waves usable to modify (i) the fuel within the fuel conduit or (ii) a fuel mixture, which includes the fuel, within the combustion chamber. 1. A jet engine comprising:a combustion chamber;a radio-frequency power source;a fuel conduit configured to provide a fuel to the combustion chamber; and a first conductor,', 'a second conductor, and', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator radiates electromagnetic waves usable to modify (i) the fuel within the fuel conduit or (ii) a fuel mixture, which includes the fuel, within the combustion chamber., 'a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including2. The jet engine of claim 1 , wherein the resonator is selected from the group consisting of a coaxial-cavity resonator claim 1 , a dielectric resonator claim 1 , a crystal ...

Electromagnetic Wave Modification of Fuel in a Power-generation Turbine

Example implementations relate to electromagnetic wave modification of fuel in a power-generation turbine. An example implementation includes a power-generation turbine. The power-generation turbine includes a combustion chamber, a radio-frequency power source, and a fuel conduit configured to provide a fuel to the combustion chamber. In addition, the power-generation turbine includes a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength. The resonator includes a first conductor, a second conductor, and a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor. The resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator radiates electromagnetic waves usable to modify (i) the fuel within the fuel conduit or (ii) a fuel mixture, which includes the fuel, within the combustion chamber. 1. A power-generation turbine comprising:a combustion chamber;a radio-frequency power source;a fuel conduit configured to provide a fuel to the combustion chamber; and a first conductor,', 'a second conductor, and', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator radiates electromagnetic waves usable to modify (i) the fuel within the fuel conduit or (ii) a fuel mixture, which includes the fuel, within the combustion chamber., 'a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including2. The power-generation turbine of claim 1 , wherein the resonator is selected from the group consisting of a ...

Plasma-Distributing Structure in a Resonator System

An example system can include a radio-frequency power source, a resonator, and a plasma-distributing structure. The resonator can include an electrode having a first concentrator. The resonator can be configured to provide a plasma corona when excited by the power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of a resonant wavelength of the resonator. The plasma-distributing structure can be arranged proximate to the plasma corona provided by the resonator and include a second concentrator. When the power source excites the resonator with the signal, an electric field can be concentrated at the first concentrator and the plasma corona can be provided proximate to the first concentrator. Further, when the plasma corona is provided proximate to the first concentrator and the plasma-distributing structure is at a predetermined voltage, an additional plasma corona can be established proximate to the second concentrator. 1. A system comprising:a radio-frequency power source; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor,', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and', 'an electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor and including a first concentrator, wherein the resonator is configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the first concentrator when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength; and, 'a resonator configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator includinga plasma-distributing structure including a second concentrator, the plasma-distributing structure being arranged proximate to where the plasma corona is provided by the resonator,wherein when the radio-frequency power source excites the resonator with the signal, an electric field is concentrated at the ...

Magnetic Direction of a Plasma Corona Provided Proximate to a Resonator

Example implementations relate to magnetic direction of a plasma corona provided proximate to a resonator. An example implementation includes a system. The system includes a radio-frequency power source. The system also includes a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source. The resonator includes a dielectric between a first conductor and a second conductor. The resonator also includes an electrode configured to electromagnetically couple to the first conductor and including a concentrator. The resonator is configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the concentrator when excited by the radio-frequency power source. Still further, the system includes a magnetic-field source configured to provide a magnetic field proximate to the concentrator so as to modify at least one feature of the plasma corona. 1. A system comprising:a radio-frequency power source; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor,', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and', 'an electrode configured to electromagnetically couple to the first conductor and including a concentrator, wherein the resonator is configured to provide a plasma corona proximate to the concentrator when excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength; and, 'a resonator configured to electromagnetically couple to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator includinga magnetic-field source configured to provide a magnetic field proximate to the concentrator so as to modify at least one feature of the plasma corona selected from the group consisting of a shape of the plasma corona, an angle of the plasma corona, and a position of the plasma corona with respect to the electrode.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a switchable direct-current power source configured to provide a bias signal ...

Power-generation Gas Turbine with Plasma-assisted Combustion Using Multiple Resonators and a Directed Flame Path

An example system and corresponding method includes a power-generation turbine combustor and a plurality of resonators. The combustor includes (i) a combustion zone, (ii) one or more fuel inlets for introducing fuel into the combustion zone for combustion, and (iii) one or more fins protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path. The resonators can each have a respective resonant wavelength and can each provide a respective plasma corona in the combustion zone when excited with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the respective resonant wavelength. A radio-frequency power source can excite the resonators with the respective signals so as to provide the respective plasma coronas in the combustion zone and cause combustion of the fuel along the flame path. 1. A system comprising:a combustor of a power-generation turbine, the combustor including (i) a combustion zone in which combustion of fuel is configured to occur, (ii) at least one fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone, and (iii) at least one fin protruding into the combustion zone and configured to guide combustion of the fuel along a flame path defined by the at least one fin; anda plurality of resonators, each resonator of the plurality of resonators having a respective resonant wavelength and including (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor, and (iv) a respective electrode configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the respective first conductor, the respective electrode having a distal end disposed in the combustion zone, and each resonator being configured to provide a respective plasma corona proximate to the respective electrode when excited with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of ...

Jet Engine with Fuel Injection Using a Conductor of At Least One of Multiple Resonators

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a jet engine, one or more radio-frequency power sources, a plurality of resonators, and a fuel conduit. The plurality of resonators can be electromagnetically coupled to the one or more radio-frequency power sources and each have a respective resonant wavelength. Further, each resonator can include (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and can be configured to provide at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is disposed within the first conductor of a given resonator of the plurality of resonators. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine;one or more radio-frequency power sources;a plurality of resonators electromagnetically coupled to the one or more radio-frequency power sources, each resonator of the plurality of resonators having a respective resonant wavelength and including (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor, wherein each resonator of the plurality of resonators is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by a corresponding radio-frequency power source of the one or more radio-frequency power sources with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the respective resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber, at least a first portion of the fuel conduit being disposed ...

Jet Engine with Fuel Injection Using a Dielectric of At Least One of Multiple Resonators

An example system can include a combustion chamber of a jet engine, one or more radio-frequency power sources, a plurality of resonators, and a fuel conduit. Each resonator has a respective resonant wavelength. Further, each resonator can include (i) a respective first conductor, (ii), a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor. Each resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by a corresponding radio-frequency power source with a respective signal, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves. The fuel conduit can be configured to couple to a fuel source and have a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion chamber. A portion of the fuel conduit is arranged proximate to the respective dielectric of a given resonator of the plurality of resonators. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine;one or more radio-frequency power sources;a plurality of resonators electromagnetically coupled to the one or more radio-frequency power sources, each resonator of the plurality of resonators having a respective resonant wavelength and including (i) a respective first conductor, (ii) a respective second conductor, and (iii) a respective dielectric between the respective first conductor and the respective second conductor, wherein each resonator of the plurality of resonators is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by a corresponding radio-frequency power source of the one or more radio-frequency power sources with a respective signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the respective resonant wavelength, the resonator provides at least one of a plasma corona or electromagnetic waves; anda fuel conduit configured to couple to a fuel source and having a fuel outlet for expelling fuel into a combustion zone of the combustion ...

Jet engine with plasma-assisted afterburner having Resonator with Fuel Conduit

A system includes a radio-frequency power source, a resonator, and an afterburner including a duct that defines a channel. The afterburner receives input gas from a turbine of a jet engine into the channel and outputs an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel within the channel. The resonator, having a resonant wavelength, is electromagnetically coupled to the power source. The resonator includes first and second conductors, a dielectric between the conductors, an electrode coupled to the first conductor and disposed within the afterburner, and a fuel conduit having a fuel outlet that is configured to output fuel for mixing with the input gas from the turbine of the jet engine. The resonator, when excited by the power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength, provides electromagnetic waves and/or a plasma corona proximate to a concentrator of the electrode. 1. A system comprising:an afterburner including an afterburner duct that defines an afterburner channel, the afterburner being configured to receive input gas from a turbine of a jet engine into the afterburner channel and to output an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel within the afterburner channel;a radio-frequency power source; and a first conductor,', 'a second conductor,', 'a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor,', 'an electrode coupled to the first conductor and disposed within the afterburner, and', 'a fuel conduit having a first fuel outlet that is configured to output fuel for mixing with the input gas from the turbine of the jet engine,, 'a resonator configured to be electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator includingwherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter ...

Jet engine with plasma-assisted afterburner having Ring of Resonators and Resonator with Fuel Conduit

A system includes an afterburner including an afterburner duct that defines an afterburner channel. The afterburner is configured to receive input gas from a jet engine turbine into the channel and to output an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel. The system includes a plurality of resonators electromagnetically coupled to at least one radio-frequency power source. Each resonator has a resonant wavelength, first and second conductors, and a dielectric between those conductors. Each resonator is configured such that, when that resonator is excited by the power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of the resonant wavelength of that resonator, that resonator provides within the afterburner at least one of electromagnetic waves or a plasma corona proximate to that resonator. A first resonator further includes a fuel conduit having a fuel outlet configured to output fuel for mixing with the input gas. 1. A system comprising:an afterburner including an afterburner duct that defines an afterburner channel, the afterburner being configured to receive input gas from a turbine of a jet engine into the afterburner channel and to output an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel within the afterburner channel; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor, and', 'a dielectric between the first conductor of that resonator and the second conductor of that resonator,, 'a plurality of resonators configured to be electromagnetically coupled to at least one radio-frequency power source, each resonator having a resonant wavelength and includingwherein each resonator is configured such that, when that resonator is excited by the at least one radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength of that resonator, that resonator provides within the afterburner at least one of electromagnetic waves or a plasma corona proximate to ...

Jet engine with plasma-assisted afterburner having Ring of Resonators and Resonator with Fuel Conduit in Dielectric

A system includes an afterburner including an afterburner duct that defines an afterburner channel. The afterburner receives input gas from a jet engine into the channel and outputs an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel. The system includes multiple resonators electromagnetically coupled to at least one radio-frequency power source. Each resonator has a resonant wavelength, first and second conductors, and a dielectric between those conductors. Each resonator is configured such that, when that resonator is excited by the power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter of that resonator's resonant wavelength, that resonator provides within the afterburner electromagnetic waves and/or a plasma corona proximate to that resonator. A resonator also includes a fuel conduit having a fuel outlet configured to output fuel for mixing with the input gas, and at least a portion of that resonator is arranged proximate to the dielectric. 1. A system comprising:an afterburner including an afterburner duct that defines an afterburner channel, the afterburner being configured to receive input gas from a turbine of a jet engine into the afterburner channel and to output an exhaust gas resulting from combustion of fuel within the afterburner channel; a first conductor,', 'a second conductor, and', 'a dielectric between the first conductor of that resonator and the second conductor of that resonator,, 'a plurality of resonators configured to be electromagnetically coupled to at least one radio-frequency power source, each resonator having a resonant wavelength and includingwherein each resonator is configured such that, when that resonator is excited by the at least one radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength of that resonator, that resonator provides within the afterburner at least one of electromagnetic waves or a ...

WIND TURBINE APPARATUS

A wind turbine shaft includes tubes that are centered on a longitudinal axis, coupled to rotate together about the axis, and movable telescopically along the axis between a retracted condition and an extended condition. A mounting structure is configured to mount wind turbine vanes on the tubular structure when the tubes are in the extended condition. A generator has a pair of parts including a rotor and a stator, and is configured for coupling with the tubular structure for one of the parts to rotate about the axis with the tubular structure while the other part is stationary. 1. An apparatus comprising:a wind turbine vane;a tubular structure including tubes that are centered on a longitudinal axis, coupled to rotate together about the axis, and movable telescopically along the axis between retracted positions and extended positions;a mounting structure configured to mount the vane on the tubular structure when the tubes are in the extended positions; anda generator having a pair of parts including a rotor and a stator, and being configured for coupling with the tubular structure for one of the parts to rotate about the axis with the tubular structure while the other part is stationary.2. An apparatus as defined in wherein the generator is configured for installation within the tubular structure.3. An apparatus as defined in wherein the generator has a housing configured for installation within a tube in a fit that blocks rotation of the housing about the axis relative to the tube claim 2 , and that also blocks movement of the housing along the axis relative to the tube.4. An apparatus as defined in wherein the one part of the generator is the stator and the other part is the rotor.5. An apparatus as defined in further comprising a support structure configured to support the tubular structure in an operative position claim 1 , and a bearing configured to support the one part of the generator for rotation about the axis relative to the support structure.6. An ...

Combustion Environment Diagnostics

An apparatus for igniting a combustible mixture. In one example, the apparatus can include a coaxial cavity resonator assembly in a combustion environment. The apparatus can also include an operational feedback system and a controller. The operational feedback system can measure at least one of a voltage value and a current value of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly in the combustion environment. The controller can be configured to determine a condition of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly and modulate operation of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly based at least in part on the determined condition. 1. A method , comprising:measuring at least one of a voltage value and a current value of a coaxial cavity resonator assembly in a combustion environment, the coaxial cavity resonator assembly comprising a conductor structure that extends through a first coaxial cavity resonator and a second coaxial cavity resonator;determining a condition of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly by comparing the measured value to a known possible condition state; andmodulating operation of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly based at least in part on the determined condition.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the combustion environment is a cylinder of an internal combustion engine.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising measuring a second condition of the combustion environment by using an auxiliary sensor.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein modulating operation of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly is further based at least in part on the second condition measurement of the combustion environment by the auxiliary sensor.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein modulating operation of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly comprises modifying an ignition of a combustible mixture in the combustion environment based at least in part on the determined condition.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein modulating operation of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly comprises ...

NEAR-FIELD MAGNETIC OBJECT TRACKING

An object tracking system includes a sensor grid having a plurality of sensor clusters configured to sense the presence of a magnetic field of an object. Each sensor cluster includes three or more single-axis magnetic sensors. The sensors in a cluster may be arranged with their axes parallel to one another. The sensor grid may account for ambient magnetic noise by measuring the magnetic field in a zone a distance away from the object to update the ambient magnetic field noise measurement. The sensor grid or a portion thereof may include a plurality of sensors printed on a common sheet. The sensor grid may comprise one or more sheets overlapped or interconnected. The system may track an object and determine up to three degrees of positioning and three degrees of orientation by using a geometric solution of the intercepts of magnetic field strengths obtained from information collected by the magnetic sensors. 1. An object tracking system comprising:a sensor grid comprising a plurality of sensor clusters configured to sense the presence of an object having a source capable of generating a magnetic field;wherein each sensor cluster comprises three or more single-axis magnetic sensors;wherein the sensor grid comprises a first zone near the object and a second zone including all area within the sensor grid not in the first zone; andwherein the system is configured to update the ambient magnetic field reading of sensors within the second zone.2. The object tracking system of claim 1 , wherein the first zone comprises the area of the sensor grid where the magnetic field read by the sensors from the source object is greater than the ambient magnetic noise.3. The object tracking system of claim 1 , wherein the sensors in a cluster are arranged with their axes parallel to one another.4. The object tracking system of claim 1 , wherein the axes of sensors in a first cluster are not parallel to axes of sensors in a second cluster.5. The object tracking system of claim 1 , wherein ...

Dual signal coaxial cavity resonator plasma generation

A plasma generator comprises a radio frequency power source, a coaxial cavity resonator assembly, and a direct current power source. The radio frequency power source provides a voltage supply of radio frequency power having a first ratio of power over voltage. The resonator assembly includes a center conductor coupled to the radio frequency power source, and also includes a virtual short circuit. The direct current power source is connected to the center conductor at the virtual short circuit, and provides a voltage supply of direct current power having a second ratio of power over voltage that is less than the first ratio.

Method and Apparatus for Passive Detection of Near-Surface Human-Scale Underground Anomalies Using Earth Field Measurements

A method for detecting a subsurface anomaly at a near-surface depth, comprises positioning an electromagnetic sensor configured to measure a component of a planetary electromagnetic field such that the electromagnetic sensor is suspended just above a ground-air barrier and does not contact a ground surface; selecting an electromagnetic frequency by calculating a function of properties of the ground that include relative permittivity, relative permeability, and resistivity; moving the electromagnetic sensor over the surface of the ground; repeatedly measuring intensity of the component of the planetary electromagnetic field at the frequency to obtain a set of measurements; and comparing at least a first measurement in the set of measurements to at least a second measurement in the set of measurements to identify a change in the intensity of the component of the planetary electromagnetic field that is indicative of a presence of a subsurface anomaly. 1. A computer-implemented method for detecting a subsurface anomaly at a near-surface depth , comprising the steps of:positioning an electromagnetic sensor that is configured to measure a component of a planetary electromagnetic field such that the electromagnetic sensor is suspended just above a ground-air barrier and does not contact a ground surface;selecting an electromagnetic frequency by calculating, with a computing device, a function of properties of the ground that include relative permittivity, relative permeability, and resistivity;moving the electromagnetic sensor over the surface of the ground;repeatedly measuring intensity of the component of the planetary electromagnetic field at the frequency to obtain a set of measurements; andcomparing, with the computing device, at least a first measurement in the set of measurements to at least a second measurement in the set of measurements to identify a change in the intensity of the component of the planetary electromagnetic field that is indicative of a presence of ...

DUAL SIGNAL COAXIAL CAVITY RESONATOR PLASMA GENERATION

A plasma generator comprises a radio frequency power source, a coaxial cavity resonator assembly, and a direct current power source. The radio frequency power source provides a voltage supply of radio frequency power having a first ratio of power over voltage. The resonator assembly includes a center conductor coupled to the radio frequency power source, and also includes a virtual short circuit. The direct current power source is connected to the center conductor at the virtual short circuit, and provides a voltage supply of direct current power having a second ratio of power over voltage that is less than the first ratio. 1. A plasma generator comprising:a source of radio frequency power;a coaxial cavity resonator assembly including a center conductor that is both oriented in a coupling arrangement to the source of radio frequency power and is configured to maintain a voltage null at a first location; anda source of direct current power connected to the center conductor proximal to the first location.2. The plasma generator of claim 1 , further comprising:a radio frequency control component connected between the source of direct current power and the coaxial cavity resonator assembly, and configured to restrict the passage of a voltage supply of radio frequency power to the source of direct current power.3. The plasma generator of claim 2 , wherein the radio frequency control component is an additional resonator assembly configured to shift the voltage supply of radio frequency power 180 degrees out of phase relative to a ground plane of the coaxial cavity resonator assembly.4. The plasma generator of claim 1 , wherein the coaxial cavity resonator assembly comprises a plurality of quarter wave coaxial cavity resonators coupled in a series arrangement claim 1 , the resonators including center conductors coupled to the source of radio frequency power.5. The plasma generator of claim 1 , further comprising:a power source controller configured to direct the source of ...

JET ENGINE WITH PLASMA-ASSISTED COMBUSTION

An example system and corresponding method can include a combustion chamber of jet engine, a radio-frequency power source, and a resonator. The combustion chamber can include a liner defining a combustion zone, and include a fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone. The resonator can have a resonant wavelength and include: a first conductor, a second conductor, a dielectric, and an electrode coupled to the first conductor. The resonator can be configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides a plasma corona in the combustion zone. The controller can be configured to cause the radio-frequency power source to excite the resonator with the signal so as to provide the plasma corona. 1. A system comprising:a combustion chamber of a jet engine, the combustion chamber including (i) a liner defining a combustion zone and (ii) a fuel inlet configured to introduce fuel into the combustion zone for combustion;a radio-frequency power source;a resonator electromagnetically coupled to the radio-frequency power source and having a resonant wavelength, the resonator including (i) a first conductor, (ii) a second conductor, (iii) a dielectric between the first conductor and the second conductor, and (iv) an electrode electromagnetically coupled to the first conductor, the electrode having a distal end disposed in the combustion zone, wherein the resonator is configured such that, when the resonator is excited by the radio-frequency power source with a signal having a wavelength proximate to an odd-integer multiple of one-quarter (¼) of the resonant wavelength, the resonator provides a plasma corona in the combustion zone; anda controller configured to cause the radio-frequency power source to excite the resonator with the signal so to as provide the plasma corona and cause ...

Radio frequency directional coupler and filter

Wind turbine apparatus

A wind turbine shaft includes tubes that are centered on a longitudinal axis, coupled to rotate together about the axis, and movable telescopically along the axis between a retracted condition and an extended condition. A mounting structure is configured to mount wind turbine vanes on the tubular structure when the tubes are in the extended condition. A generator has a pair of parts including a rotor and a stator, and is configured for coupling with the tubular structure for one of the parts to rotate about the axis with the tubular structure while the other part is stationary.

Dual signal coaxial cavity resonator plasma generation

A plasma generator comprises a radio frequency power source, a coaxial cavity resonator assembly, and a direct current power source. The radio frequency power source provides a voltage supply of radio frequency power having a first ratio of power over voltage. The resonator assembly includes a center conductor coupled to the radio frequency power source, and also includes a virtual short circuit. The direct current power source is connected to the center conductor at the virtual short circuit, and provides a voltage supply of direct current power having a second ratio of power over voltage that is less than the first ratio.

Method and apparatus for passive detection of near-surface human-scale underground anomalies using earth field measurements

Methods and apparatus are provided for passively detecting the presence of near-surface human-scale underground anomalies using earth field measurements. A sensor is used to measure at least one electric or magnetic component of the Earth's electromagnetic field at a frequency of 5 kHz or greater in proximity to the Earth's surface for a given area. The measured intensities are used to identify variations indicative of the presence of a near-surface human-scale underground anomaly. Measuring the intensity of at least one component of the electromagnetic field at a plurality of frequencies of 5 kHz or greater can be used to determine the depth and characteristic of a near-surface human-scale underground anomaly.