Process for separation of gases

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

CONTROL OF THE VISCOSITY OF REACTION SOLUTIONS IN HYDROFORMYLATION METHODS

The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling the viscosity of reaction solutions in the hydroformylation of olefin-containing mixtures.

Jet loop reactor having nanofiltration

The invention relates to a device for the continuous, homogeneous-catalysis reaction of a liquid with a gas and optionally an additional fluid, wherein the device comprises at least one reactor having an external liquid circulation driven by a pump, and wherein the device has at least one membrane separation stage that preferably holds back the homogeneous catalyst. The aim of the invention is to specify a device that allows homogeneous-catalysis gas/liquid phase reactions, in particular hydroformylations, which operate with membrane separation of the catalyst to be performed economically at an industrially relevant scale. Said aim is achieved in that a jet loop reactor is provided as the reactor, and that the pump and the membrane separation stage are arranged in the same external liquid circuit.

Two-stage hydroformylation process with circulating gas and SILP technology

The invention relates to processes for preparing aldehydes by hydroformylation of alkenes, in which an alkene-containing feed mixture is subjected to a primary hydroformylation with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst system, the primary hydroformylation being effected in a primary reaction zone from which a cycle gas containing at least some of the products and unconverted reactants of the primary hydroformylation are drawn off continuously and partly condensed, with recycling of uncondensed components of the cycle gas into the primary reaction zone, and with distillative separation of condensed components of the cycle gas in an aldehyde removal stage to give an aldehyde-rich mixture and a low-aldehyde mixture. The problem that it addresses is that of developing the process such that it achieves high conversions and affords aldehyde in good product quality even in the case of a deteriorating raw material position. More particularly, a solution is to be found for making legacy oxo process plants capable of utilizing lower-value raw material sources. This problem is solved by separating the low-aldehyde mixture into a retentate and a permeate by means of a membrane separation unit in such a way that alkenes present in the low-aldehyde mixture become enriched in the permeate, while alkanes present in the low-aldehyde mixture become enriched in the retentate. The alkene-rich permeate is then transferred into a secondary reaction zone and subjected to a secondary hydroformylation therein with synthesis gas in the presence of an SILP catalyst system. The reaction product obtained from the secondary hydroformylation is recycled into the aldehyde removal stage.

CONTROL OF THE VISCOSITY OF REACTION SOLUTIONS IN HYDROFORMYLATION METHODS

Strahlschlaufenreaktor mit Nanofiltration

Die Erfindung betrifft eine Vorrichtung für die kontinuierliche, homogenkatalytische Umsetzung einer Flüssigkeit mit einem Gas und gegebenenfalls einem weiteren Fluid, wobei die Vorrichtung mindestens einen Reaktor mit einem von einer Pumpe getriebenen, äußeren Flüssigkeitsumlauf umfasst, und wobei die Vorrichtung mindestens eine den Homogenkatalysator bevorzugt zurückhaltende Membrantrennstufe aufweist. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, eine Vorrichtung anzugeben, welche es gestattet, homogenkatalytische gas/flüssigphasen-Reaktionen, insbesondere Hydroformylierungen, welche mit Membranabscheidung des Katalysators arbeiten, in industrierelevantem Maßstab wirtschaftlich durchzuführen. Gelöst wird die Aufgabe dadurch, dass als Reaktor ein Strahlschlaufenreaktor vorgesehen wird, und dass Pumpe und Membrantrennstufe in demselben äußeren Flüssigkeitsumlauf angeordnet werden.

Process for separation of gases

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIXTURE

The invention relates to a method for producing a product mixture (2) by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream (1) that contains isobutene, and for separating the product mixture (2) that is obtained, as well as to a device for the claimed method and to the use of a claimed device. The problem addressed thereby is that of providing a method and an associated device that allow the amount of high-boiling substances in the product mixture (2) to be kept as low as possible and thus the yield of the reaction to be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nano-filtration device (M) for separating the catalyst from the product mixture (2), said device having especially high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

OPTIMISED SEPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR WORK-UP OF HOMOGENEOUSLY CATALYSED HYDROFORMYLATION MIXTURES

The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydration of the aldehydes. The invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method. The main focus is on the separation technique for work-up of the hydroformylation mixture. The problem addressed by the invention is that specifying a work-up method for hydroformylation mixtures that utilises the specific advantages of known separation technologies but at the same time largely avoids the specific disadvantages of said separation technologies. The most important objective is to create a catalyst separation system that is as complete and at the same time conservative as possible and that operates in a technically reliable manner and entails low investment and operating costs. The method should be unrestrictedly suitable for processing the reaction output from oxo systems in "world scale" format. The problem is solved by combining membrane ...

Optimised separation technique for work-up of homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation mixtures

The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydration of the aldehydes. The invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method. The main focus is on the separation technique for work-up of the hydroformylation mixture. The problem addressed by the invention is that specifying a work-up method for hydroformylation mixtures that utilises the specific advantages of known separation technologies but at the same time largely avoids the specific disadvantages of said separation technologies. The most important objective is to create a catalyst separation system that is as complete and at the same time conservative as possible and that operates in a technically reliable manner and entails low investment and operating costs. The method should be unrestrictedly suitable for processing the reaction output from oxo systems in "world scale" format. The problem is solved by combining membrane ...

A device and a membrane process for separating gas components from a gas stream having varying composition or flow rate

A device for separating a gas stream which has a compressor and three membrane separation units in series, connected to pass the retentate stream of each of the first two units to the subsequent membrane separation unit, comprises conduits for recycling the permeate streams of the second and the third membrane separation unit to upstream of the compressor and a control device controlling the fraction of the second permeate stream which is recycled. Adjusting which fraction of the second permeate is recycled can be used to maintain a target composition of the retentate obtained in the third membrane separation unit when the flow rate or the composition of the gas stream changes.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES WITH REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS

The invention relates to a specific process and apparatus for separation of gas mixtures with reduced maintenance costs.

Process for separation of gases with reduced maintenance costs

The invention relates to a specific process and apparatus for separation of gas mixtures with reduced maintenance costs.

A DEVICE AND A MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR SEPARATING GAS COMPONENTS FROM A GAS STREAM HAVING VARYING COMPOSITION OR FLOW RATE

A device for separating a gas stream which has a compressor and three membrane separation units in series, connected to pass the retentate stream of each of the first two units to the subsequent membrane separation unit, comprises conduits for recycling the permeate streams of the second and the third membrane separation unit to upstream of the compressor and a control device controlling the fraction of the second permeate stream which is recycled. Adjusting which fraction of the second permeate is recycled can be used to maintain a target composition of the retentate obtained in the third membrane separation unit when the flow rate or the composition of the gas stream changes.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIXTURE

The invention relates to a method for producing a product mixture (2) by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream (1) that contains isobutene, and for separating the product mixture (2) that is obtained, as well as to a device for the claimed method and to the use of a claimed device. The problem addressed thereby is that of providing a method and an associated device that allow the amount of high-boiling substances in the product mixture (2) to be kept as low as possible and thus the yield of the reaction to be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nano-filtration device (M) for separating the catalyst from the product mixture (2), said device having especially high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid.

Membrangestützte Katalysatorabtrennung bei der Epoxidierung von cyclischen, ungesättigten C12-Verbindungen zum Beispiel Cyclododecen (CDEN)

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung homogener Katalysatorsystemen aus organischen Reaktionsmischungen. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde ein Verfahren anzugeben welches in Reaktionsgemischen zur Epoxidierung von cyclischen, ungesättigten C12-Verbindungen eingesetzt wird. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch Einsatz einer Membran, deren trennaktive Schicht vernetzte Siliconacrylate und/oder Polydimethyl-siloxan (PDMS) und/oder Polyimid umfasst. The present invention relates to a process for the separation of homogeneous catalyst systems from organic reaction mixtures. It is based on the object of specifying a process which is used in reaction mixtures for the epoxidation of cyclic, unsaturated C12 compounds. This object is achieved by using a membrane whose separation-active layer comprises crosslinked silicone acrylates and / or polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) and / or polyimide.

SEPARATION OF HOMOGENEOUS CATALYSTS BY MEANS OF A REGULATED MEMBRANE SEPARATION UNIT

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur technischen Hydroformylierung von Isobuten und zum Auftrennen des Produktgemisches

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines Produktgemisches (2) durch technische Hydroformylierung eines Isobuten enthaltenden Kohlenwasserstoffstroms (1) und zum Auftrennen des erhaltenen Produktgemisches (2), sowie eine Vorrichtung für das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren und die Verwendung einer erfindungsgemäßen Vorrichtung. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde ein Verfahren und eine zugehörige Vorrichtung anzugeben, die es ermöglichen, den Anteil an Hochsiedern im Produktgemisch (2) möglichst gering zu halten und damit die Ausbeute der Reaktion zu steigern. Diese Aufgabe wird gelöst durch die Verwendung einer Nanofiltrationseinrichtung (M) zum Abtrennen des Katalysators aus dem Produktgemisches (2) welche eine besonders hohe Durchlässigkeit für 3-Methylbutansäure aufweist.

Membrankaskade mit sinkender Trenntemperatur

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Trennung eines Stoffgemisches mit Hilfe einer mindestens zwei Stufen aufweisenden Membrankaskade, bei welchem in jeder Stufe eine Stofftrennung an mindestens einer Membran bei einer der jeweiligen Stufe zugeordneten Trenntemperatur erfolgt. Ferner betrifft die Erfindung eine entsprechende Membrankaskade, die Verwendung dieser Membrankaskade zur Katalysatorabtrennung aus homogen katalysierten Reaktionsgemischen sowie ein Verfahren zur Hydroformylierung, bei welchem die Katalysatorabtrennung mittels einer Membrankaskade erfolgt. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde ein membranbasiertes Verfahren zur Trennung von Stoffgemischen anzugeben, welches mit einer möglichst geringen Membranfläche auskommt und dennoch die geforderte Trennaufgabe und Trennleistung erfüllt. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch den Einsatz einer Membrankaskade mit sinkender Trenntemperatur. The invention relates to a method for the separation of a substance mixture by means of a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation of substances takes place at least one membrane at a separation temperature associated with each stage in each stage. Furthermore, the invention relates to a corresponding membrane cascade, the use of this membrane cascade for catalyst removal from homogeneously catalyzed reaction mixtures and a process for hydroformylation, in which the catalyst is separated off by means of a membrane cascade. It has the object to provide a membrane-based method for the separation of mixtures, which manages with the smallest possible membrane area and yet meets the required separation task and separation efficiency. This problem is solved by the use of a membrane cascade with decreasing separation temperature.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES WITH REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS

MEMBRANE-SUPPORTED CATALYST REMOVAL IN THE EPOXIDATION OF CYCLIC UNSATURATED C12 COMPOUNDS, FOR EXAMPLE CYCLODODECENE (CDEN)

An apparatus for the epoxidation of a cyclic unsaturated Ccompound with hydrogen peroxide is provided. The apparatus includes a reactor for carrying out the reaction, wherein the walls of the reactor are at least partially furnished with a separation-active layer of crosslinked silicone acrylates and/or polydimethylsiloxane. 1. An apparatus for the epoxidation of a cyclic unsaturated Ccompound with hydrogen peroxide , said apparatus comprising:a reactor for carrying out the reaction,wherein the walls of the reactor are at least partially furnished with a separation-active layer of crosslinked silicone acrylates and/or polydimethylsiloxane.2. The apparatus according to which is suitable for carrying out simultaneously an epoxidation of a cyclic unsaturated Ccompound with hydrogen peroxide and a method according to .3. A method of synthesizing lactams using the epoxidized cyclic unsaturated compound comprising twelve carbon atoms obtained from the method according to . This application is a divisional application of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/714,985 filed May 18, 2015, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The parent application claims priority to German Application No. 102014209421.6, filed May 19, 2014, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to a method of removing homogeneous catalysts from organic reaction mixtures.Discussion of the BackgroundMethods of recovering catalysts from reaction mixtures are of fundamental importance for the economics of industrial chemical processes since without these methods it would be impossible to reuse often costly catalyst material. Yet, the recovery of catalysts presents those skilled in the art with particular challenges, particularly when homogeneous catalysis is concerned. Since in homogeneous catalysis the catalyst and the reactants are in the same phase it is usually impossible to separate the ...

Zweistufige Hydroformylierung mit Kreisgas- und SILP-Technologie

Die Erfindung betrifft Verfahren zur Herstellung von Aldehyden durch Hydroformylierung von Alkenen, bei welchem ein alkenhaltiges Einsatzgemisch mit Synthesegas in Gegenwart eines homogenen Katalysatorsystems einer primären Hydroformylierung unterworfen wird, wobei die primäre Hydroformylierung in einer primären Reaktionszone erfolgt, aus welcher kontinuierlich ein Kreisgas enthaltend zumindest ein Teil der Produkte, sowie nicht umgesetzte Edukte der primären Hydroformylierung abgezogen und teilweise kondensiert wird, wobei nicht kondensierte Anteile des Kreisgases in die primäre Reaktionszone zurückgeführt werden, und wobei kondensierte Anteile des Kreisgases in einer Aldehydabtrennung destillativ aufgetrennt werden in ein aldehydreiches Gemisch und in ein aldehydarmes Gemisch. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, das Verfahren dahingehend weiterzubilden, dass es auch bei sich verschlechternder Rohstofflage hohe Umsätze erzielt und Aldehyd in guter Produktqualität liefert. Insbesondere soll eine Lösung gefunden werden, bestehende Oxo-Anlagen für die Verwertung minderwertiger Rohstoffquellen zu ertüchtigen. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe dadurch, dass das aldehydarme Gemisch mittels einer Membrantrenneinheit in ein Retentat und in ein Permeat dergestalt aufgetrennt wird, dass im aldehydarmen Gemisch enthaltene Alkene im Permeat angereichert werden währenddessen im aldehydarmen Gemisch enthaltene Alkan im Retentat angereichert werden. Das alkenreiche Permeat wird dann in eine sekundäre Reaktionszone überführt und dort mit Synthesegas in Gegenwart eines SILP-Katalysatorsystems einer sekundären Hydroformylierung unterworfen. Das aus der sekundären Hydroformylierung erhaltene Reaktionsprodukt wird in die Aldehydabtrennung zurückgeführt. The invention relates to processes for the preparation of aldehydes by hydroformylation of alkenes, in which an alkene-containing feed mixture is subjected to a primary hydroformylation with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst ...

Process for separation of gases with reduced maintenance costs

The invention relates to a specific process and apparatus for separation of gas mixtures with reduced maintenance costs.

Verfahren zur Abtrennung und teilweiser Rückführung von Übergangsmetallen bzw. deren katalytisch wirksamen Komplexverbindungen aus Prozessströmen

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung und teilweisen Rückführung von Übergangsmetallen und/oder deren katalytisch wirksamen Komplexverbindungen aus einem Reaktionsgemisch durch Kombination einer mindestens einstufigen Membrantrennung und einer Adsorption, wobei ein katalysatorhaltiger Strom, enthaltend ein Übergangsmetall, über mindestens einen einstufigen Membrantrennschritt in einen übergangsmetallangereicherten Retentatstrom, welcher dem Reaktionsgemisch wieder zugeführt, und einen übergangsmetallabgereicherten Permeatstrom aufgeteilt wird und weiter der übergangsmetallabgereicherte Permeatstrom einem Adsorptionsschritt zugeführt wird. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Tridecanalen und Tridecanole-haltigen Gemischen, wobei die Abtrennung des Rhodium-haltigen Katalysatorkomplexes folgende Schritte umfasst: e) thermische Abtrennung des Tridecanale- und Tridecanole-haltigen Produktgemisches aus dem Reaktionsgemisch der Hydroformylierung ...

Process and apparatus for industrial hydroformylation of isobutene and for separation of the product mixture

The invention relates to a process for preparing a product mixture (2) by industrial hydroformylation of an isobutene-containing hydrocarbon stream (1) and for separating the resulting product mixture (2), and to an apparatus for the process according to the invention and to the use of an inventive apparatus. It is based on the problem of specifying a process and a corresponding apparatus which enable minimization of the proportion of high boilers in the product mixture (2) and hence enhancement of the yield of the reaction. This problem is solved by the use of a nanofiltration device (M) for separation of the catalyst from the product mixture (2), this having a particularly high permeability for 3-methylbutanoic acid.

Reinigung chlorverschmutzter Organophosphorverbindungen

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Reinigung eines verunreinigten Organophosphorprodukts, welches mindestens eine Organophosphorverbindung, sowie als Verunreinigung mindestens eine Chlorverbindung enthält. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, eine Aufreinigungsmethode anzugeben, bei der der Chlorgehalt von einem Organophosphorprodukt, welches mindestens eine Organophosphorverbindung, sowie mindestens eine Chlorverbindung als Verunreinigung enthält, von ursprünglich 1000 bis 100.000 ppm auf einem Gesamtchlorgehalt zwischen 10 ppm und 10.000 ppm reduziert werden kann. Gelöst wird dies durch ein Verfahren mit den Schritten: a) Bereitstellen des verunreinigten Organophosphorprodukts; b) vollständiges Auflösen des verunreinigten Organophosphorprodukts in einem Lösungsmittel unter Erhalt einer verunreinigten Lösung; c) Trennung der verunreinigten Lösung mittels eines Filters und/oder mittels einer Membrantrenneinheit unter Erhalt einer gereinigten Lösung; d) Entfernung des Lösungsmittels aus ...

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zur technischen Hydroformylierung von Isobuten und zum Auftrennen des Produktgemisches

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES

Membrangestützte Katalysatorabtrennung bei der Epoxidierung von Fettsäurealkylestern

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung homogener Katalysatorsystemen aus organischen Reaktionsmischungen. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde ein Verfahren anzugeben welches in Reaktionsgemischen zur Epoxidierung von Fettsäurealkylester eingesetzt wird. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch Einsatz einer Membran, deren trennaktive Schicht vernetzte Siliconacrylate und/oder Polydimetyl-siloxan (PDMS) und/oder Polyimid umfasst.

Method for enriching a homogeneous catalyst from a process flow

The invention relates to a method for enriching a homogenous catalyst from a process flow comprising said homogenous catalyst as a component, wherein the process flow is conducted over at least one membrane and wherein the membrane wholly or partially comprises a polymer that has planar polymer units connected to one another via a rigid link and wherein the linker is contorted, such that at least one planar polymer unit is connected to at least one second planar polymer unit via the link, in a non-co-planar arrangement. The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing tridecanal.

Process for separation of gases with reduced maintenance costs

The invention relates to a specific process and apparatus for separation of gas mixtures with reduced maintenance costs.

Optimierte Trenntechnik zur Aufarbeitung von homogen katalysierten Hydroformylierungsmischungen

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Alkoholen durch homogen katalysierte Hydroformylierung von Olefinen zu Aldehyden und anschließender Hydrierung der Aldehyde. Des Weiteren betrifft sie eine Anlage für die Durchführung des Verfahrens. Dabei liegt das Hauptaugenmerk auf der Trenntechnik zur Aufarbeitung der Hydroformylierungsmischung. Der Aufgabe der Erfindung besteht darin, ein Aufarbeitungsverfahren für Hydroformylierungsmischungen anzugeben, welches die spezifischen Vorteile bekannter Trenntechnologien nutzt, dabei aber die spezifischen Nachteile dieser Trenntechnologien weitestgehend vermeidet. Wichtigstes Ziel ist es dabei, eine möglichst vollständige und zugleich schonende Katalysatorabscheidung zu schaffen, die technisch zuverlässig arbeitet und geringe Investitions- und Betriebskosten verursacht. Das Verfahren soll uneingeschränkt tauglich sein, den Reaktionsaustrag von Oxo-Anlagen im world scale-Format zu verarbeiten. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch geschickte ...

METHOD FOR SEPARATION AND PARTIAL RETURN OF RHODIUM AND CATALYTICALLY EFFECTIVE COMPLEX COMPOUNDS THEREOF FROM PROCESS STREAMS

The invention relates to a method for separating and partially returning transition metals and/or catalytically effective complex compounds thereof from a reaction mixture by combining one at least one-stage membrane separation and an adsorption, wherein a current comprising a catalyst, comprising a transition metal, is divided over at least one one-stage membrane separation step in a transition metal enriched retentate stream that resupplies the reaction mixture and a transition metal depleted permeate stream and the transition metal depleted permeate stream is further supplied to an adsorption step. The invention further relates to a method for producing tridecanals.

JET LOOP REACTOR HAVING NANOFILTRATION

Control of the viscosity of reaction solutions in hydroformylation processes

The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling the viscosity of reaction solutions in the hydroformylation of olefin-containing mixtures.

Verfahren zur Anreicherung eines Homogenkatalysators aus einem Prozessstrom

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Anreicherung eines Homogenkatalysators aus einem Prozessstrom, der diesen Homogenkatalysator als Bestandteil enthält, wobei der Prozessstrom über mindestens eine Membran geführt wird und wobei die Membran ganz oder teilweise aus einem Polymer besteht, das planare Polymereinheiten aufweist, die über einen starren Linker miteinander verbunden sind, wobei der Linker in sich verdreht ist, so dass mindestens eine planare Polymereinheit über den Linker in einer nicht coplanaren Anordnung mit mindestens einer zweiten planaren Polymereinheit verbunden ist. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Tridecanal. The invention relates to a process for enrichment of a homogeneous catalyst from a process stream containing this homogeneous catalyst as a component, wherein the process stream is passed over at least one membrane and wherein the membrane consists wholly or partly of a polymer having planar polymer units, which via a rigid linkers are interconnected, wherein the linker is twisted in, so that at least one planar polymer unit is connected via the linker in a non-coplanar arrangement with at least one second planar polymer unit. Another object of the invention is a process for the preparation of Tridecanal.

Jet loop reactor having nanofiltration

The invention relates to a device for the continuous, homogeneous-catalysis reaction of a liquid with a gas and optionally an additional fluid, wherein the device comprises at least one reactor having an external liquid circulation driven by a pump, and wherein the device has at least one membrane separation stage that preferably holds back the homogeneous catalyst. The aim of the invention is to specify a device that allows homogeneous-catalysis gas/liquid phase reactions, in particular hydroformylations, which operate with membrane separation of the catalyst to be performed economically at an industrially relevant scale. Said aim is achieved in that a jet loop reactor is provided as the reactor, and that the pump and the membrane separation stage are arranged in the same external liquid circuit.

Steuerung der Viskosität von Reaktionslösungen in Hydroformylierungverfahren

Die vorliegende Erfindung umfasst ein Verfahren und eine Vorrichtung zur Steuerung der Viskosität von Reaktionslösungen in der Hydroformylierung von olefinhaltigen Gemischen.

Membrane cascade with falling separation temperature

本發明係關於藉由具有至少兩個階段的膜串列之輔助而分離物質組合物的方法，其中在各階段中係於對特定階段所設定的分離溫度在至少一膜進行分離。本發明進一步關於相應的膜串列、使用該膜串列從均質催化混合物分離催化劑、以及氫甲醯化之方法(其中係藉由膜串列分離催化劑)。因而所解決的問題為具體提出以膜為基礎之用於分離物質組合物的方法，其具最小的膜面積需求但滿足所需的分離作業與分離效能。藉由使用具下降之分離溫度的膜串列而解決此問題。

Process and apparatus for industrial hydroformylation of isobutene and for separation of the product mixture

Abtrennung von Homogenkatalysatoren mittels einer geregelten Membrantrenneinheit

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung eines Homogenkatalysators aus einem Reaktionsgemisch mittels mindestens einer Membrantrenneinheit, bei welchem das aus einer Reaktionszone stammende, den Homogenkatalysator enthaltende Reaktionsgemisch als Feed der Membrantrenneinheit aufgegeben wird, bei welchem der Homogenkatalysator im Permeat der Membrantrenneinheit abgereichert und im Retentat der Membrantrenneinheit angereichert wird, und bei welchem das Retentat der Membrantrenneinheit in die Reaktionszone zurückgeführt wird. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung von Homogenkatalysator aus Reaktionsmischungen anzugeben, welches bei schwankendem Volumenstrom des aus der Reaktionszone ausgetragenen Reaktionsgemisches die Zugabe von Frischkatalysator in die Reaktionszone vereinfacht und Störungen der Hydrodynamik innerhalb der Reaktionszone vermeidet. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe dadurch, dass sowohl der Retentatvolumenstrom der Membrantrenneinheit, als auch der ...

METHOD FOR SEPARATION AND PARTIAL RETURN OF RHODIUM AND CATALYTICALLY EFFECTIVE COMPLEX COMPOUNDS THEREOF FROM PROCESS STREAMS

METHOD FOR SEPARATION AND PARTIAL RETURN OF RHODIUM AND CATALYTICALLY EFFECTIVE COMPLEX COMPOUNDS THEREOF FROM PROCESS STREAMS AbstractThe invention relates to a method for separating and partially returning transition metals and/or catalytically effective complex compounds thereof from a reaction mixture by combining one at least one-stage membrane separation and an adsorption, wherein a current comprising a catalyst, comprising a transition metal, is divided over at least one one-stage membrane separation step in a transition metal enriched retentate stream that resupplies the reaction mixture and a transition metal depleted permeate stream and the transition metal depleted permeate stream is further supplied to an adsorption step. The invention further relates to a method for producing tridecanals.Figure 2.

Optimized separation technique for work-up of homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation mixtures

The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydration of the aldehydes. The invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method. The main focus is on the separation technique for work-up of the hydroformylation mixture. The problem addressed by the invention is that specifying a work-up method for hydroformylation mixtures that utilizes the specific advantages of known separation technologies but at the same time largely avoids the specific disadvantages of said separation technologies. The most important objective is to create a catalyst separation system that is as complete and at the same time conservative as possible and that operates in a technically reliable manner and entails low investment and operating costs. The method should be unrestrictedly suitable for processing the reaction output from oxo systems in “world scale” format. The problem is solved by combining membrane separation units and a thermal separation unit, the thermal separation unit being operated in such a manner that 80% to 98% of the mass introduced with the product stream into the thermal separation unit exits the thermal separation unit again as a head product.

Method and device for the hydroformylation of isobutene and for the separation of the product mixture

The invention relates to a method for producing a product mixture (2) by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream (1) that contains isobutene, and for separating the product mixture (2) that is obtained, as well as to a device for the claimed method and to the use of a claimed device. The problem addressed thereby is that of providing a method and an associated device that allow the amount of high-boiling substances in the product mixture (2) to be kept as low as possible and thus the yield of the reaction to be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nano-filtration device (M) for separating the catalyst from the product mixture (2), said device having especially high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIXTURE

The invention relates to a method for producing a product mixture (2) by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream (1) that contains isobutene, and for separating the product mixture (2) that is obtained, as well as to a device for the claimed method and to the use of a claimed device. The problem addressed thereby is that of providing a method and an associated device that allow the amount of high-boiling substances in the product mixture (2) to be kept as low as possible and thus the yield of the reaction to be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nano-filtration device (M) for separating the catalyst from the product mixture (2), said device having especially high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid.

OPTIMISED SEPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR WORK-UP OF HOMOGENEOUSLY CATALYSED HYDROFORMYLATION MIXTURES

Optimized separation to work up homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation mixtures

Method for separation and partial return of rhodium and catalytically effective complex compounds thereof from process streams

The invention relates to a method for separating and partially returning transition metals and/or catalytically effective complex compounds thereof from a reaction mixture by combining one at least one-stage membrane separation and an adsorption, wherein a current comprising a catalyst, comprising a transition metal, is divided over at least one one-stage membrane separation step in a transition metal enriched retentate stream that resupplies the reaction mixture and a transition metal depleted permeate stream and the transition metal depleted permeate stream is further supplied to an adsorption step. The invention further relates to a method for producing tridecanals.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIXTURE

PURIFYING ORGANOPHOSPHORUS COMPOUNDS CONTAMINATED WITH CHLORINE

The invention relates to a process for the purification of a contaminated organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and, as contaminant, at least one chlorine compound. It is based on the object of indicating a purification method in which the chlorine content of an organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and at least one chlorine compound as contaminant, can be reduced from originally 1000 to 100 000 ppm to a total chlorine content between 10 ppm and 10 000 ppm. This is achieved by a process with the steps: 115-. (canceled)16. A process for the purification of a contaminated organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and , as contaminant , at least one chlorine compound , having the following steps:a) providing the contaminated organophosphorus product;b) completing dissolution of the contaminated organophosphorus product in a solvent to give a contaminated solution;c) separating the contaminated solution by means of a filter and/or by means of a membrane separation unit to give a purified solution;d) removing the solvent from the purified solution to give a purified organophosphorus product.17. The process according to claim 16 , in which the stepsa) providing the contaminated organophosphorus product;andb) completing dissolution of the contaminated organophosphorus product in a solvent to give a contaminated solution;take place in one operation by providing the contaminated organophosphorus product completely dissolved in the contaminated solution.18. The process according to claim 16 , wherein the total chlorine content of the purified solution is less than that of the total chlorine content of the contaminated solution.19. The process according to claim 18 , wherein the total chlorine content of the contaminated organophosphorus product is between 1000 ppm and 100 claim 18 ,000 ppm claim 18 , and that the total chlorine content of the purified ...

Separation of homogeneous catalysts by means of a membrane separation unit under closed-loop control

本發明關於一種利用至少一個膜分離單元而從反應混合物分離均質觸媒之方法，其中將含有該均質觸媒且源自反應區之反應混合物作為進料施加至該膜分離單元，其中該均質觸媒在該膜分離單元之滲透液中耗盡且在該膜分離單元之阻留物中增濃，且其中該膜分離單元之阻留物係再循環至該反應區中。本發明係基於找出一種從反應混合物分離均質觸媒之方法的問題，該方法應簡化反應區中新鮮觸媒之添加及避免因從該反應區排放之反應混合物的體積流率變化所造成之反應區內流體力學的擾動。該問題係藉由閉迴路控制使該膜分離單元之阻留物體積流率及該膜分離單元之阻留率二者保持恆定來解決。

MEMBRANE CASCADE WITH FALLING SEPARATION TEMPERATURE

The invention relates to a process for separating a composition of matter with the aid of a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for the particular stage. The invention further relates to a corresponding membrane cascade, to the use of said membrane cascade for catalyst separation from homogeneously catalysed mixtures, and to a process for hydroformylation, in which the catalyst is separated by means of a membrane cascade. The problem addressed thereby is that of specifying a membrane-based process for separating compositions of matter, which has a minimum membrane area requirement and nevertheless fulfils the separation task and separation performance required. This problem is solved by the use of a membrane cascade with falling separation temperature. 1. Process for separating a composition of matter with the aid of a membrane cascade having at least two stages , in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for the particular stage ,characterized in thatthe particular separation temperature falls from stage to stage in the direction of the incoming composition of matter.2. Process according to claim 1 ,characterized in thatthe membrane cascade is an enriching cascade.3. Process according to claim 2 ,characterized in thatthe permeate that results from the membrane cascade has permeated through all the stages of the membrane cascade.4. Process according to claim 2 ,characterized in thatat least the retentate of one stage is recycled into the feed to the same stage and/or into the feed to another stage positioned counter to the direction of the incoming composition of matter.5. Process according to claim 1 ,characterized in thatthe membrane cascade has exactly two or exactly three or exactly four stages.6. Process according to claim 1 ,characterized in thateach stage of the membrane cascade has a ...

Optimized separation to work up homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation mixtures

The invention relates to a process for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydrogenation thereof. The invention further relates to a plant for conducting the process. The main focus of the invention is on the separation technique for working up the hydroformylation mixture. The problem addressed by the invention is that of specifying a process for reprocessing hydroformylation mixtures which takes advantage of the specific advantages of known separation technologies while very largely avoiding the specific disadvantages thereof. The most important objective here is to provide for catalyst removal which is very complete yet gentle and which is technically reliable and creates low capital and operating costs. The process shall be unreservedly suitable for processing the reaction effluent from "world scale" oxo plants. We have found that this problem is solved by skilfully combining different separation technologies while complying ...

JET LOOP REACTOR HAVING NANOFILTRATION

The invention relates to a device for the continuous, homogeneous-catalysis reaction of a liquid with a gas and optionally an additional fluid, wherein the device comprises at least one reactor having an external liquid circulation driven by a pump, and wherein the device has at least one membrane separation stage that preferably holds back the homogeneous catalyst. The aim of the invention is to specify a device that allows homogeneous-catalysis gas/liquid phase reactions, in particular hydroformylations, which operate with membrane separation of the catalyst to be performed economically at an industrially relevant scale. Said aim is achieved in that a jet loop reactor is provided as the reactor, and that the pump and the membrane separation stage are arranged in the same external liquid circuit.

Process for separation of gases

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

METHOD FOR ENRICHING A HOMOGENOUS CATALYST FROM A PROCESS FLOW

Method for enriching a homogeneous catalyst from a process flowAbstractThe invention relates to a method for enriching a homogenous catalyst from a process flow comprising said homogenous catalyst as a component, wherein the process flow is conducted over at least one membrane and wherein the membrane wholly or partially comprises a polymer that has planar polymer units connected to one another via a rigid link and wherein the linker is contorted, such that at least one planar polymer unit is connected to at least one second planar polymer unit via the link, in a non-co planar arrangement. The invention furthermore relates to a methodfor producing tridecanal.Figure 1 & 2.

METHOD FOR ENRICHING A HOMOGENEOUS CATALYST FROM A PROCESS FLOW

The invention relates to a method for enriching a homogenous catalyst from a process flow comprising said homogenous catalyst as a component, wherein the process flow is conducted over at least one membrane and wherein the membrane wholly or partially comprises a polymer that has planar polymer units connected to one another via a rigid link and wherein the linker is contorted, such that at least one planar polymer unit is connected to at least one second planar polymer unit via the link, in a non-co-planar arrangement. The invention furthermore relates to a method for producing tridecanal. 1. A method of concentrating a homogeneous catalyst from a process stream comprising the homogeneous catalyst , the method comprising:passing the process stream over at least one membrane,wherein the membrane comprising a polymer comprising at least one planar polymer unit, connected to one another via a rigid linker, with the linker being intrinsically twisted so that at least one first planar monomer unit is joined via the linker in a noncoplanar arrangement to at least one second planar polymer unit.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has at least one spirobisindane bond which functions as a linker within a structure of the polymer.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the homogeneous catalyst comprises one or more metal complexes.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the process stream comprises at least one high boiler and at least one homogeneous catalyst from a homogeneously catalyzed organic reaction output of a reacton catalyzed by at least one organic metal complex claim 1 , andwherein the at least one high boiler is separated off with a permeate and the catalyst system remains in a retentate.6. The method of claim 1 , carried out over at least one membrane having a separation limit of from 200 to 2000 g/mol.7. The method of claim 1 , carried out at a temperature of from 40 to 150° C.8. The method of claim 1 , carried out at a transmembrane pressure of from 0.5 to ...

Purification of chlorine-contaminated organophosphorus compounds

The invention relates to a process for the purification of a contaminated organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and, as contaminant, at least one chlorine compound. It is based on the object of indicating a purification method in which the chlorine content of an organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and at least one chlorine compound as contaminant, can be reduced from originally 1000 to 100 000 ppm to a total chlorine content between 10 ppm and 10 000 ppm. This is achieved by a process with the steps: (a) provision of the contaminated organophosphorus product; (b) complete dissolution of the contaminated organophosphorus product in a solvent to give a contaminated solution; (c) separation of the contaminated solution by means of a filter and/or by means of a membrane separation unit to give a purified solution; (d) removal of the solvent from the purified solution to give a purified organophosphorus product ...

TWO-STAGE HYDROFORMYLATION PROCESS WITH CIRCULATING GAS AND SILP TECHNOLOGY

The invention relates to processes for preparing aldehydes by hydroformylation of alkenes, in which an alkene-containing feed mixture is subjected to a primary hydroformylation with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst system, the primary hydroformylation being effected in a primary reaction zone from which a cycle gas containing at least some of the products and unconverted reactants of the primary hydroformylation are drawn off continuously and partly condensed, with recycling of uncondensed components of the cycle gas into the primary reaction zone, and with distillative separation of condensed components of the cycle gas in an aldehyde removal stage to give an aldehyde-rich mixture and a low-aldehyde mixture. The problem that it addresses is that of developing the process such that it achieves high conversions and affords aldehyde in good product quality even in the case of a deteriorating raw material position. More particularly, a solution is to be found for making legacy oxo process plants capable of utilizing lower-value raw material sources. This problem is solved by separating the low-aldehyde mixture into a retentate and a permeate by means of a membrane separation unit in such a way that alkenes present in the low-aldehyde mixture become enriched in the permeate, while alkanes present in the low-aldehyde mixture become enriched in the retentate. The alkene-rich permeate is then transferred into a secondary reaction zone and subjected to a secondary hydroformylation therein with synthesis gas in the presence of an SILP catalyst system. The reaction product obtained from the secondary hydroformylation is recycled into the aldehyde removal stage. 1. Process for preparing aldehydes by hydroformylation of alkenes , in which an alkene-containing feed mixture is subjected to a primary hydroformylation with synthesis gas in the presence of a homogeneous catalyst system , the primary hydroformylation being effected in a primary reaction zone ...

Membrane cascade with falling separation temperature

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

Membrane-Supported Catalyst Removal In The Epoxidation of Cyclic Unsaturated C12 Compounds, For Example Cyclododecene (CDEN)

Jet loop reactor having nanofiltration

The invention relates to a device for the continuous, homogeneous-catalysis reaction of a liquid with a gas and optionally an additional fluid, wherein the device comprises at least one reactor having an external liquid circulation driven by a pump, and wherein the device has at least one membrane separation stage that preferably holds back the homogeneous catalyst. The aim of the invention is to specify a device that allows homogeneous-catalysis gas/liquid phase reactions, in particular hydroformylations, which operate with membrane separation of the catalyst to be performed economically at an industrially relevant scale. Said aim is achieved in that a jet loop reactor is provided as the reactor, and that the pump and the membrane separation stage are arranged in the same external liquid circuit.

A DEVICE AND A MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR SEPARATING GAS COMPONENTS FROM A GAS STREAM HAVING VARYING COMPOSITION OR FLOW RATE

MEMBRANE CASCADE WITH FALLING SEPARATING TEMPERATURE

Membrane-supported catalyst removal in the epoxidation of cyclic unsaturated C12 compounds, for example cyclododecene (CDEN)

A homogeneous catalyst system is removed from a reaction mixture of two liquid phases by separating the two liquid phases with a membrane having at least one separation-active layer in such a way that the homogeneous catalyst system is at least partially concentrated in a membrane retentate; wherein the reaction mixture contains at least one partially epoxidized cyclic unsaturated compound having twelve carbon atoms; and wherein the membrane separation-active layer contains crosslinked a silicone acrylate and/or polydimethylsiloxane and/or polyimide.

Absorption assembly with co2 absorber and water collector and method for filtering co2

The invention relates to an absorption assembly (100) comprising a CO2 absorber (4) and a water collector (2) and to a method for filtering carbon dioxide from a gas mixture by absorption using such an absorption assembly (100). A gas mixture flows from a source to a sink through the absorption assembly (100) on a path through a supply fluid guide unit (3), a lower diverting fluid guide unit (9), a CO2 absorber (4), an upper diverting fluid guide unit (6), a connection fluid guide unit (33), a water collector (2) and a discharge fluid guide unit (34). The gas mixture flows vertically or obliquely upwards through the CO2 absorber (4) and vertically or obliquely downwards through the connecting fluid guiding unit (33) to the water collector (2).

Facility and membrane process for separating methane and carbon dioxide from gas stream

The invention discloses a facility and a method having four membrane separation units, where the second separation unit separates retentate of the first unit, the third separation unit separates permeate of the first unit, the fourth separation unit separates retentate of the third unit, and the fourth separation unit separates permeate of the third unit. The permeate of the second unit and the retentate of the fourth unit are recycled to the feed of the first unit, the permeate of the fourth unit is passed to the methane oxidation unit and the permeate of the third unit is discharged to the atmosphere, which can separate methane and carbon dioxide from the gas stream, a methane-rich stream is provided for the retentate of the second unit at a high methane yield, and methane emitted to the atmosphere is made to meet the lower limit using a small size methane oxidation unit.

Purifying organophosphorus compounds contaminated with chlorine

The invention relates to a process for the purification of a contaminated organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and, as contaminant, at least one chlorine compound. It is based on the object of indicating a purification method in which the chlorine content of an organophosphorus product which comprises at least one organophosphorus compound and at least one chlorine compound as contaminant, can be reduced from originally 1000 to 100 000 ppm to a total chlorine content between 10 ppm and 10 000 ppm. This is achieved by a process with the steps: a) provision of the contaminated organophosphorus product; b) complete dissolution of the contaminated organophosphorus product in a solvent to give a contaminated solution; c) separation of the contaminated solution by means of a filter and/or by means of a membrane separation unit to give a purified solution; d) removal of the solvent from the purified solution to give a purified organophosphorus product.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity. 1. An apparatus for separating gases , comprising:membrane separation stages; and,a compressor, a vacuum pump, or both,wherein the membrane separation stages comprise a feed stream separation stage, a retentate separation stage, and a permeate separation stage:the feed stream separation stage is configured to separate a feed stream comprising at least two components into a first permeate stream and a first retentate stream, 'the second permeate stream is supplied to the feed stream, and the second retentate stream is withdrawn as a product, and', 'wherein'}, 'the retentate separation stage is configured to divide the first retentate stream into a second permeate stream and a second retentate stream,'} 'the third retentate stream is supplied to the feed stream, and the third permeate stream is withdrawn as a product,', 'wherein'}, 'the permeate separation stage is configured to divide the first permeate stream into a third retentate stream and a third permeate stream,'}the apparatus is configured not to subject the first permeate stream to any recompression,the feed stream separation stage comprises, a gas separation membrane module having a mixed gas selectivity of at least 30,the apparatus is configured such that a gas volume recycled in the second permeate stream and in the third retentate stream totals less than 60% by volume of a crude gas stream,the apparatus is configured to increase a concentration of at least one permeate gas of the feed stream separation stage, after recycling of the second permeate stream and of the third retentate stream, in the feed stream, compared to a concentration in the crude gas stream.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , whereinthe apparatus is configured to pass the second permeate stream and the third retentate stream along a suction side of the ...

OPTIMIZED SEPARATION TECHNIQUE FOR WORK-UP OF HOMOGENEOUSLY CATALYSED HYDROFORMYLATION MIXTURES

The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalysed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydration of the aldehydes. The invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method. The main focus is on the separation technique for work-up of the hydroformylation mixture. The problem addressed by the invention is that specifying a work-up method for hydroformylation mixtures that utilises the specific advantages of known separation technologies but at the same time largely avoids the specific disadvantages of said separation technologies. The most important objective is to create a catalyst separation system that is as complete and at the same time conservative as possible and that operates in a technically reliable manner and entails low investment and operating costs. The method should be unrestrictedly suitable for processing the reaction output from oxo systems in “world scale” format. The problem is solved by combining membrane separation units and a thermal separation unit, the thermal separation unit being operated in such a manner that 80% to 98% of the mass introduced with the product stream into the thermal separation unit exits the thermal separation unit again as a head product. 1. A process for producing an alcohol , the process comprising:a) providing at least one olefin, syngas and a catalyst system and optionally a solvent;b) hydroformylating the olefin in the presence of the syngas and of the catalyst system in at least one hydroformylation reactor in a homogeneously catalysed hydroformulation to form at least one aldehyde and at least one high boiler;c) withdrawing a liquid hydroformylation effluent comprising the aldehyde, the olefin, dissolved syngas, the catalyst system and the high boiler from the hydroformylation reactor;d) optionally devolatilizing the liquid hydroformylation effluent;e) separating the liquid hydroformylation effluent in a first membrane separation unit into a product ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMYLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIXTURE

The invention relates to a method for producing a product mixture () by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream () that contains isobutene, and for separating the product mixture () that is obtained, as well as to a device for the claimed method and to the use of a claimed device. The problem addressed thereby is that of providing a method and an associated device that allow the amount of high-boiling substances in the product mixture () to be kept as low as possible and thus the yield of the reaction to be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nano-filtration device (M) for separating the catalyst from the product mixture (), said device having especially high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid. 1. A method for preparing a product mixture from an isobutene-containing hydrocarbon stream and for separating the resulting product mixture , said method comprising:a) hydroformylating an isobutene-containing hydrocarbon stream in a hydroformylation reactor in the presence of a transition metal complex catalyst, thereby obtaining a product mixture comprising 3 methylbutanal, conversion products in the form of high boilers, 3-methylbutanoic acid, the transition metal complex catalyst, and the free ligands thereof,b) separating the product mixture with a nanofiltration device comprising one or more membrane separation stages, such that the transition metal complex catalyst and the free ligands thereof are enriched in the resulting retentate of the nanofiltration device with respect to 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanoic acid, and such that 3-methylbutanal and 3-methylbutanoic acid are each enriched in the resulting permeate of the nanofiltration device (with respect to the transition metal complex catalyst, the concentration of the 3-methylbutanoic acid being lower in the resulting retentate than in the permeate,c) separating the resulting permeate of the nanofiltration device with a thermal separating device comprising one or more ...

Separation of homogeneous catalysts by means of a membrane separation unit under closed-loop control

The invention relates to a method for separating a homogeneous catalyst out of a reaction mixture by means of at least one membrane separation unit, in which method: the reaction mixture coming from a reaction zone and containing the homogeneous catalyst is applied as a feed to the membrane separation unit; the homogeneous catalyst is depleted in the permeate of the membrane separation unit and enriched in the retentate of the membrane separation unit; and the retentate of the membrane separation unit is recirculated into the reaction zone. The invention addresses the problem of specifying a method for separating homogeneous catalyst out of reaction mixtures that simplifies the feeding of fresh catalyst into the reaction zone and avoids disruptions to the hydrodynamics within the reaction zone when the volumetric flow of the reaction mixture output from the reaction zone varies. This problem is solved in that both the retentate volumetric flow of the membrane separation unit and the retention of the membrane separation unit are kept constant by regulation.

A DEVICE AND A MEMBRANE PROCESS FOR SEPARATING GAS COMPONENTS FROM A GAS STREAM HAVING VARYING COMPOSITION OR FLOW RATE

A device for separating a gas stream which has a compressor and three membrane separation units in series, connected to pass the retentate stream of each of the first two units to the subsequent membrane separation unit, comprises conduits for recycling the permeate streams of the second and the third membrane separation unit to upstream of the compressor and a control device controlling the fraction of the second permeate stream which is recycled. Adjusting which fraction of the second permeate is recycled can be used to maintain a target composition of the retentate obtained in the third membrane separation unit when the flow rate or the composition of the gas stream changes.

Control of the viscosity of reaction solutions in hydroformylation methods

The present invention relates to a method and a device for controlling the viscosity of reaction solutions in the hydroformylation of olefin-containing mixtures.

MEMBRANE-SUPPORTED CATALYST REMOVAL IN THE EPOXIDATION OF CYCLIC UNSATURATED C12 COMPOUNDS, FOR EXAMPLE CYCLODODECENE (CDEN)

A homogeneous catalyst system is removed from a reaction mixture of two liquid phases by separating the two liquid phases with a membrane having at least one separation-active layer in such a way that the homogeneous catalyst system is at least partially concentrated in a membrane retentate; wherein the reaction mixture contains at least one partially epoxidized cyclic unsaturated compound having twelve carbon atoms; and wherein the membrane separation-active layer contains crosslinked a silicone acrylate and/or polydimethylsiloxane and/or polyimide.

Jet loop reactor having nanofiltration

The invention relates to a device for the continuous, homogeneous-catalysis reaction of a liquid with a gas and optionally an additional fluid, wherein the device comprises at least one reactor having an external liquid circulation driven by a pump, and wherein the device has at least one membrane separation stage that preferably holds back the homogeneous catalyst. The aim of the invention is to specify a device that allows homogeneous-catalysis gas/liquid phase reactions, in particular hydroformylations, which operate with membrane separation of the catalyst to be performed economically at an industrially relevant scale. Said aim is achieved in that a jet loop reactor is provided as the reactor, and that the pump and the membrane separation stage are arranged in the same external liquid circuit.

PROCESS FOR SEPARATION OF GASES WITH REDUCED MAINTENANCE COSTS

The invention relates to a specific process and apparatus for separation of gas mixtures with reduced maintenance costs. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for separating gases from a crude gas stream comprising at least two components , wherein in an apparatus comprising a feed stream separation stage , a retentate separation stage and a permeate separation stage , each stage being a membrane separation stage with gas separation membranes ,a) a feed stream is separated in the feed stream separation stage into a first permeate stream and a first retentate stream,b) the first retentate stream is separated in the retentate separation stage a second permeate stream and a second retentate stream,c) the first permeate stream is separated in the permeate separation stage into a third retentate stream and a third permeate stream,d) the second retentate stream is removed as a first product,e) the third permeate stream is removed as a second product, andf) the second permeate stream and the third retentate stream are combined with the crude gas stream to give the feed stream,and whereini) the combined gas volume of the second permeate stream and the third retentate stream is from 60 to 200% of the volume of the crude gas stream,ii) the total capacity of the gas separation membranes in the retentate separation stage is higher than the total capacity of the gas separation membranes in the feed stream separation stage, the total capacity being measured for nitrogen Grade 4.8 under standard conditions as defined in the description, andiii) the quotient of the pressure ratio over the permeate separation stage to the pressure ratio over the feed stream separation stage is in a range of from 0.5 to 8.17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the apparatus comprises a compressor arranged up-stream of the feed stream separation stage.18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the apparatus comprises at least one vacuum device arranged in at least one permeate stream of the feed stream separation ...

A facility and a membrane process for separating methane and carbon dioxide from a gas stream

A facility and a process with four membrane separation units, where the second separation unit separates the retentate of the first unit, the third separation unit separates the permeate of the first unit, the fourth separation unit separates the retentate of the third unit, the permeate of the second unit and the retentate of the fourth unit are recycled to the feed to the first unit, the permeate of the fourth unit is passed to a methane oxidation unit and the permeate of the third unit is discharged to the atmosphere allows separating methane and carbon dioxide from a gas stream, providing a methane rich stream with the retentate of the second unit at a high methane yield and adhering to low limits for methane discharge to the atmosphere with a small size methane oxidation unit.

Reactor de circuito de chorro que tiene nanofiltracion.

La invención se refiere a un dispositivo para la reacción de catálisis homogenea, continua, de un líquido con un gas y opcionalmente un fluido adicional, en donde el dispositivo comprende al menos un reactor que tiene una circulación de líquido externa accionada por una bomba, y en donde el dispositivo tiene al menos una etapa de separación por membrana que preferentemente detiene la catálisis homogenea. El objetivo de la invención es especificar un dispositivo que permita las reacciones de catálisis homogenes de fase gas/líquido, en particular hidroformilaciones, que operan con separación por membrana del catalizador para realizarse de manera económica a una escala industrialmente relevante. Dicho objetivo se logra en cuanto se proporciona un reactor de circuito de chorro como el reactor, y que la bomba y la etapa de separación por membrana se disponen en el mismo circuito de líquido externo.

Process for separation of gases

The invention relates to a specific apparatus, more particularly a chain of gas separation membrane modules, for separation of gas mixtures into two fractions each of elevated purity.

Jet loop reactor having nanofiltration

Process for gas separation with low maintenance costs

Un método para separar gases, en el que dicho método se lleva a cabo en un aparato que comprende: una fase de separación de corriente de alimentación (1), una fase de separación de retenido (2) y una fase de separación de permeado (3), y opcionalmente un compresor (4) dispuesto aguas arriba de la fase de separación de corriente de alimentación (1) y/o al menos un dispositivo de vacío dispuesto en al menos una corriente de permeado de la fase de separación de corriente de alimentación (1), la fase de separación de retenido (2) y/o la fase de separación de permeado (3), en el que la fase de separación de corriente de alimentación (1) separa una corriente de alimentación (5) que comprende al menos dos componentes en una primera corriente de permeado (6) y una primera corriente de retenido (7), y la fase de separación de retenido (2) separa la primera corriente de retenido (7) en una segunda corriente de permeado (9) y una segunda corriente de retenido (8), y la fase de separación de permeado (3) separa la primera corriente de permeado (6) en una tercera corriente de retenido (10) y una tercera corriente de permeado (11), y la segunda corriente de retenido (8) se retira como primer producto o se procesa adicionalmente u opcionalmente puede desecharse si la tercera corriente de permeado (11) se retira o se procesa adicionalmente; y la tercera corriente de permeado (11) se retira como producto o se procesa adicionalmente u opcionalmente puede desecharse si la segunda corriente de retenido (8) se retira o se procesa adicionalmente, y la segunda corriente de permeado (9) y la tercera corriente de retenido (10) se alimentan a la corriente de alimentación, y la primera corriente de permeado (6) preferiblemente no se somete a una recompresión, y la fase de separación de corriente de alimentación (1), la fase de separación de retenido (2) y la fase de separación de permeado (3) son fases de separación por membrana, y el volumen de gas recirculado en la segunda corriente de ...

process for the hydroformylation of isobutene and for the separation of the product mixture

MÉTODO E DISPOSITIVO PARA A HIDROFORMILAÇÃO DE ISOBUTENO E PARA A SEPARAÇÃO DA MISTURA DE PRODUTO A invenção refere-se a um método para a produção de uma mistura de produto (2) por meios da hidroformilação técnica de uma corrente de hidrocarboneto (1) que contém isobuteno, e para a separação da mistura de produto (2) que é obtida, bem como para um dispositivo para o método reivindicado e para a utilização de um dispositivo reivindicado. O problema em questão, deste modo, é o de proporcionar um método e um dispositivo associado que permita que a quantidade de substâncias de elevado ponto de ebulição na mistura de produto (2) seja mantida tão baixa quanto possível e, portanto, o rendimento da reação deva ser aumentado. O problema é resolvido pela utilização de um dispositivo de nanofiltração (M) para a separação do catalisador da mistura do produto (2), o referido dispositivo tendo, especialmente, elevada permeabilidade ao ácido 3-metilbutanóico. METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE HYDROFORMILLATION OF ISOBUTENE AND FOR THE SEPARATION OF THE PRODUCT MIX The invention relates to a method for the production of a product mixture (2) by means of the technical hydroformylation of a hydrocarbon stream (1) containing isobutene, and for the separation of the product mixture (2) obtained, as well as for a device for the claimed method and for the use of a claimed device. The problem in question, therefore, is to provide a method and an associated device that allows the quantity of substances with a high boiling point in the product mixture (2) to be kept as low as possible and, therefore, the yield of the product. reaction should be increased. The problem is solved by the use of a nanofiltration device (M) for the separation of the catalyst from the product mixture (2), said device having, especially, high permeability to 3-methylbutanoic acid.

optimized separation technique for processing homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation mixtures

resumo “técnica de separação otimizada para processamento de misturas de hidroformilação catalisadas homogeneamente” a invenção refere-se a um método para a produção de álcoois por hidroformilação catalisada homogenea de olefinas para aldeídos e hidratação subsequente dos aldeídos. a invenção refere-se ainda a um sistema para realizar o método. o foco principal é sobre a técnica de separação para o trabalho da mistura de hidroformilação. o problema abordado pela presente invenção é que a especificação de um método de tratamento final para as misturas de hidroformilação que utiliza as vantagens específicas de tecnologias de separação conhecidas, mas, ao mesmo tempo, em grande parte evita as desvantagens específicas das referidas tecnologias de separação. o objetivo mais importante é a criação de um sistema de separação de catalisador que seja o mais completo e, ao mesmo tempo, conservador quanto possível e que opere de um modo fiável e que tecnicamente implica baixos custos de investimento e de funcionamento. o método deve ser irrestritamente adequado para processar a reação de saída dos sistemas de oxo em formato de "escala mundial". o problema é resolvido através da combinação de unidades de separação de membrana e uma unidade de separação térmica, a unidade de separação térmica sendo operada de uma tal maneira que 80% a 98% da massa introduzida com a corrente de produto para a unidade de separação térmica saia da unidade de separação térmica novamente como um produto de principal. abstract "optimized separation technique for processing homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation mixtures" The invention relates to a method for producing alcohols by homogeneously catalyzed hydroformylation of olefins to aldehydes and subsequent hydration of the aldehydes. the invention further relates to a system for carrying out the method. the main focus is on the separation technique for hydroformylation mixture work. the problem addressed by the present invention is ...

“Process for enriching a homogeneous catalyst of a process flow and process for tridecanol production”

Membrane cascade with falling separation temperature

The invention relates to a process for separating a composition of matter with the aid of a membrane cascade having at least two stages, in which a separation is effected in each stage at at least one membrane at a separation temperature set for the particular stage. The invention further relates to a corresponding membrane cascade, to the use of said membrane cascade for catalyst separation from homogeneously catalyzed mixtures, and to a process for hydroformylation, in which the catalyst is separated by means of a membrane cascade. The problem addressed thereby is that of specifying a membrane-based process for separating compositions of matter, which has a minimum membrane area requirement and nevertheless fulfills the separation task and separation performance required. This problem is solved by the use of a membrane cascade with falling separation temperature.

Method for enriching a homogenous catalyst from a process flow

Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Anreicherung eines Homogenkatalysators aus einem Prozessstrom, der diesen Homogenkatalysator als Bestandteil enthält, wobei der Prozessstrom über mindestens eine Membran geführt wird und wobei die Membran ganz oder teilweise aus einem Polymer besteht, das planare Polymereinheiten aufweist, die über einen starren Linker miteinander verbunden sind, wobei der Linker in sich verdreht ist, so dass mindestens eine planare Polymereinheit über den Linker in einer nicht coplanaren Anordnung mit mindestens einer zweiten planaren Polymereinheit verbunden ist. Ein weiterer Gegenstand der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Tridecanal.

Apparatus and method for simultaneous treatment of different fluctuating gas streams

The present invention relates to a novel apparatus and to a method of simultaneous separation of multiple gas streams having different compositions by means of gas separation membranes, wherein the respective gas streams supplied to the apparatus and to the method may be subject to fluctuations in their respective volume flow rates and compositions.

Apparatus and method for simultaneously treating different fluctuating gas flows

The present invention relates to a new apparatus and a method for simultaneously separating a plurality of gas flows of different compositions by means of gas separation membranes, the gas flows supplied to the apparatus or the method being subject to fluctuations in terms of their respective volume flows and compositions.

A computer-implemented method, a computer program and a computer for generating a digital twin for a chemical process or an apparatus or a system of a chemical plant

The invention concerns a computer-implemented method for generating a digital twin (20) for a chemical process or an apparatus or a system of a chemical plant, in particular for substance synthesis and/or substance separation, the method comprising the steps of: a) Inputting a plurality of boundary conditions (1) to a computational model (2), the computational model (2) comprising a system of equations, wherein each boundary condition (1) comprises a plurality of parameter values (4) respectively, b) Inputting initial conditions for solving the system of equations, c) Solving the system of equations using each of the boundary conditions (1) to provide a corresponding simulation result, respectively, in a simulation step, wherein a single one of the parameter values (4) of a respective boundary condition (1) is changed from one simulation step to the next simulation step, while the other parameter values (4) belonging to the respective boundary condition remain unchanged, and d) Providing the digital twin (20) as a set of data points obtained from the simulation steps. The invention also concerns a computer program and a computer (55) for generating a digital twin for a chemical process or an apparatus or a system of a chemical plant, in particular for substance synthesis and/or substance separation.

Membrangestützte katalysatorabtrennung bei der epoxidierung von fettsäurealkylestern

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung homogener Katalysatorsystemen aus organischen Reaktionsmischungen. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde ein Verfahren anzugeben welches in Reaktionsgemischen zur Epoxidierung von Fettsäurealkylester eingesetzt wird. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe durch Einsatz einer Membran, deren trennaktive Schicht vernetzte Siliconacrylate und/oder Polydimetyl-siloxan (PDMS) und/oder Polyimid umfasst.

Separación de catalizador asistida por membrana en la epoxidación de compuestos C12 cíclicos insaturados, por ejemplo ciclododeceno (CDEN)

Procedimiento para la separación de un sistema catalítico homogéneo a partir de una mezcla de reacción, en el que la mezcla de reacción comprende dos fases líquidas, estando separada una de estas fases por una membrana que comprende al menos una capa con actividad de separación de forma que el sistema catalítico homogéneo se acumula en el retenido de la membrana al menos parcialmente, caracterizado por que la mezcla de reacción contiene al menos un compuesto insaturado cíclico parcialmente epoxidado con doce átomos de carbono y por que la capa con actividad de separación de la membrana comprende acrilatos de silicona reticulados y/o polidimetilsiloxano (PDMS) y/o poliimida, y el sistema catalítico comprende un producto de reacción de un derivado de wolframio, molibdeno o vanadio con un derivado de fósforo en combinación con un reactivo de transferencia de fase, seleccionándose el derivado de wolframio, molibdeno y vanadio de entre óxidos, óxidos mixtos, ácidos que contienen oxígeno, sales de ácidos que contienen oxígeno, sulfuros, cloruros, oxicloruros, estearatos y los carbonilos metálicos W(CO)6 y Mo(CO)6, seleccionándose el derivado de fósforo de entre óxidos, oxoácidos, sales de un oxoácido, sulfuros, cloruros, oxicloruros o fluoruros, y siendo el reactivo de transferencia de fase un compuesto de amonio terciario o cuaternario.

Processo de separação de um fluxo de gás bruto

aparelho para separar gases e processo para separar misturas de gás. a invenção refere-se a um aparelho especifíco, mais particularmente corrente dos módulos da membrana de separação de gás, para separação de misturas de gás frações com pureza elevada.

Membrankaskade mit sinkender trenntemperatur

Dispositivo e processo de membrana para separar componentes gasosos de uma corrente de gás que tem uma taxa de fluxo ou composição variante

dispositivo e processo de membrana para separar componentes gasosos de uma corrente de gás que tem uma taxa de fluxo ou composição variante. trata-se de um dispositivo para separar uma corrente de gás que tem um compressor e três unidades de separação de membrana em série, conectadas para passar a corrente de retentado de cada uma das primeiras duas unidades à unidade de separação de membrana subsequente, que compreende condutos para reciclar as correntes de permeado das segunda e terceira unidades de separação de membrana para a montante do compressor e um dispositivo de controle que controla a fração da segunda corrente de permeado que é reciclada. ajustar qual fração do segundo permeado é reciclada pode ser usado para manter uma composição alvo do retentado obtido na terceira unidade de separação de membrana quando a taxa de fluxo ou a composição da corrente de gás altera.

A device and a membrane process for separating gas components from a gas stream having varying composition or flow rate

A device for separating a gas stream which has a compressor and three membrane separation units in series, connected to pass the retentate stream of each of the first two units to the subsequent membrane separation unit, comprises conduits for recycling the permeate streams of the second and the third membrane separation unit to upstream of the compressor and a control device controlling the fraction of the second permeate stream which is recycled. Adjusting which fraction of the second permeate is recycled can be used to maintain a target composition of the retentate obtained in the third membrane separation unit when the flow rate or the composition of the gas stream changes.

Apparat und verfahren zur simultanen behandlung verschiedener schwankender gasströme

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine neue Apparatur und ein Verfahren zur simultanen Auftrennung mehrerer Gasströme mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen mittels Gasseparationsmembranen, wobei die jeweils der Apparatur bzw. dem Verfahren zugeführten Gasströme in ihren jeweiligen Volumenströmen und Zusammensetzungen Schwankungen unterliegen können.

A device and a membrane process for separating gas components from a gas stream having varying composition or flow rate

A device for separating a gas stream which has a compressor and three membrane separation units in series, connected to pass the retentate stream of each of the first two units to the subsequent membrane separation unit, comprises conduits for recycling the permeate streams of the second and the third membrane separation unit to upstream of the compressor and a control device controlling the fraction of the second permeate stream which is recycled. Adjusting which fraction of the second permeate is recycled can be used to maintain a target composition of the retentate obtained in the third membrane separation unit when the flow rate or the composition of the gas stream changes.

Apparat und verfahren zur simultanen behandlung verschiedener schwankender gasströme in bereich der methanisierung

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft eine neue Apparatur und ein Verfahren zur simultanen Auftrennung mehrerer Gasströme mit unterschiedlichen Zusammensetzungen mittels Gasseparationsmembranen, wobei die jeweils der Apparatur bzw. dem Verfahren zugeführten Gasströme in ihren jeweiligen Volumenströmen und Zusammensetzungen Schwankungen unterliegen können.

環状の不飽和ｃ１２化合物、例えばシクロドデセン（ｃｄｅｎ）のエポキシ化に際しての膜支援型触媒分離

【課題】環状の不飽和Ｃ 12 化合物を過酸化水素を用いてエポキシ化するための反応混合物中で使用できる均一系触媒系の分離のための膜材料を見出す。 【解決手段】反応混合物から均一系触媒系を分離する方法であって、前記反応混合物は、少なくとも１層の分離活性層を含む膜で、前記均一系触媒系が少なくとも部分的に該膜の保持液中で濃縮されるほどまで分離され、その際、前記反応混合物は、少なくとも１種の、部分的にエポキシ化された１２個の炭素原子を有する環状の不飽和化合物を含有し、かつ前記膜の分離活性層は、架橋シリコーンアクリレートおよび／またはポリジメチルシロキサン（ＰＤＭＳ）および／またはポリイミドを含む分離方法によって解決される。 【選択図】図１

Apparatus and method for simultaneously treating different fluctuating gas flows

The present invention relates to a novel apparatus and to a method of simultaneous separation of multiple gas streams having different compositions by means of gas separation membranes, wherein the respective gas streams supplied to the apparatus and to the method may be subject to fluctuations in their respective volume flow rates and compositions.

制御された膜分離ユニットを用いた均一系触媒の分離

【課題】本発明の基礎を成している課題は、反応ゾーンから排出された反応混合物の体積流量が変動したときに前記反応ゾーン内への新たな触媒の添加を簡素化しかつ前記反応ゾーン内での流体力学的乱れを回避する、反応混合物から均一系触媒を分離する方法を提供することである。【解決手段】この課題は、前記膜分離ユニットの前記保持液の体積流量と前記膜分離ユニットの保持力との両方を制御によって一定に保つことによって解決される。本発明は、少なくとも１つの膜分離ユニットを用いて反応混合物から均一系触媒を分離する方法であって、ここで、前記均一系触媒を含有しかつ反応ゾーンから生じる反応混合物を供給液として前記膜分離ユニットに送り込み、前記均一系触媒が前記膜分離ユニットの透過液中では減損しかつ保持液中では富化し、並びに前記膜分離ユニットの前記保持液を前記反応ゾーン内に返送する方法に関する。【選択図】図１

Abtrennung von homogenkatalysatoren mittels einer geregelten membrantrenneinheit

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung eines Homogenkatalysators aus einem Reaktionsgemisch mittels mindestens einer Membrantrenneinheit, bei welchem das aus einer Reaktionszone stammende, den Homogenkatalysator enthaltende Reaktionsgemisch als Feed der Membrantrenneinheit aufgegeben wird, bei welchem der Homogenkatalysator im Permeat der Membrantrenneinheit abgereichert und im Retentat der Membrantrenneinheit angereichert wird, und bei welchem das Retentat der Membrantrenneinheit in die Reaktionszone zurückgeführt wird. Ihr liegt die Aufgabe zu Grunde, ein Verfahren zur Abtrennung von Homogenkatalysator aus Reaktionsmischungen anzugeben, welches bei schwankendem Volumenstrom des aus der Reaktionszone ausgetragenen Reaktionsgemisches die Zugabe von Frischkatalysator in die Reaktionszone vereinfacht und Störungen der Hydrodynamik innerhalb der Reaktionszone vermeidet. Gelöst wird diese Aufgabe dadurch, dass sowohl der Retentatvolumenstrom der Membrantrenneinheit, als auch der Rückhalt der Membrantrenneinheit durch Regelung konstant gehalten werden.