METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION ANALYSIS

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface. 145.-. (canceled)46. A method for determining the molecular filtration resistance (ξ) of a first molecule by an organ in an animal , the method comprising:a) determining the rate constant of body compartment clearance (k) in the animal, said determination comprising:administering the first molecule and a second molecule into the body compartment of the animal, wherein the organ clears the second molecule from the body compartment at a rate lower than the rate at which the organ clears the first molecule from the body compartment;{'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'A', '(t)', 'B', 'A, 'claim-text': [{'br': None, 'i': R', '/R', '=I', '/I, 'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'A,}, {'sub': B', 'A, 'wherein Iis the level of the first molecule in the body compartment and Iis the level of the second molecule in the body compartment; and'}], 'determining the molecular ratio (R/R) of the first molecule to the second molecule in the body compartment over a period of time to obtain a time series of molecular ratios ((R/R)), the molecular ratio (R/R) being determined using the following equation{'sub': B', 'A', '(t), 'claim-text': [{'br': None, 'i': R', '/R', '=c+a', 'kt, 'sub': B', 'A', '(t), '()*exp(−)'}, 'wherein c is a constant, a is a pre-exponential factor, and t is time;, 'performing a least square fitting of the time series of molecular ratios ((R/R)) to obtain the rate constant (k) of body compartment clearance using the equationb) determining the glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of ...

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR TREATING DISEASES CAUSED BY GENETIC DISORDERS USING AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF WHICH EXHIBIT LOW NEPHROTOXICITY

Various aspects related to the preparation of congeners of the aminoglycosides gentamicin such as the congener C2 and using this compound or derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically active salts to treat diseases that involve genetic mutations which introduce a missense or premature stop codon into a gene. Still other aspects include treating human or animal patients with the gentamicin congener C2 and derivatives and pharmaceutical salt thereof to overcome, or to at least mitigate, the symptoms of disease and disorders such as some forms of Becker's or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis that have as their etiology the presence of a premature stop codon in a gene whose proper expression is necessary for good health. 3. The method described in claim 2 , wherein the genetic disease is selected from the group consisting of: some forms of Duchenne Muscular Dystrophy claim 2 , cystic fibrosis claim 2 , Hurler's Syndrome claim 2 , and Becker muscular dystrophies.4. The method described in claim 2 , wherein the patient is a human.5. The methods described in any of and wherein the stop codon is selected from the group consisting of: UAAC claim 2 , UAGC claim 2 , UGAC claim 2 , UAAG claim 2 , UAGG claim 2 , UGAG claim 2 , UAAU claim 2 , UAGU claim 2 , UGAU claim 2 , UAAA claim 2 , UAGA claim 2 , and UGAA.6. The method according to claim 5 , wherein the stop codon is UAGC. This application is a divisional application of U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 12/473,877, filed on May 28, 2009, which is a continuation of PCT/US07/85974, filed Nov. 29, 2007 which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/867,671 filed on Nov. 29, 2006, each of which is incorporated herein by referenced in its entirety.Part of the work during the development of this invention was made with government support from the National Institutes of Health under grant number DKO61594. The U.S. government has certain rights in the invention.Various ...

MEASUREMENT OF BODY FLUID VOLUMES

The present invention is related generally to measurement of body fluid volumes in an animal subject. The body fluid volumes of interest include extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), total vascular plasma volume (TVPV) and interstitial fluid volume (IFV). The methods are especially beneficial for subjects suffering from renal failure and particularly those undergoing renal dialysis. ECFV can be measured by administering a first molecule which is non-metabolized and permeable to vessel walls of the vascular system wherein the first molecule is distributed within the total vascular space as well as the interstitial space. TVPV can be measured by administering a second molecule which is non-metabolized and impermeable to vessel walls of the vascular system wherein the second molecule is distributed within only the vascular space. IFV can then be calculated using the equation IFV=ECFV−TVPV. 1. A method for measuring extraceullar fluid volume (ECVF) in an animal with renal failure comprising:{'sub': '1', '(a) administering a sufficient amount (A) of a first molecule to the vascular system of the animal wherein the first molecule is non-metabolized and permeable to vessel walls of the vascular system;'}(b) allowing the first molecule to reach a first equilibrium steady state concentration (CO in the vascular system of the animal;{'sub': '1', '(c) measuring the Cin the vascular system of the animal; and'}{'sub': 1', '1, '(d) calculating the ECFV using the equation: ECFV=A/C.'}2. The method of wherein the administration of the first molecule is by intravenous injection of a first injectate containing the first molecule.3. The method of wherein the injection is a bolus injection or an infusion.4. The method of wherein the administration is by inhalation.5. The method of wherein the first molecule has a molecular size of from about 1 kDa to about 20 kDa.6. The method of wherein the first molecule is a dextran.7. The method of wherein the first molecule is labeled with a first ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION ANALYSIS

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface. 145.-. (canceled)46. A method for determining the metabolic rate of a test molecule in an animal , the method comprising the steps of:a) administering a first molecule and a second molecule to the animal, wherein the second molecule is cleared from the animal at a rate lower than the rate at which the first molecule is cleared from the animal;{'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'A', '(t)', 'B', 'A, 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'i': R', '/R', '=I', '/I, 'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'A, ','}, 'b) determining the molecular ratio (R/R) of the first molecule to the second molecule in the animal over a period of time to obtain a time series of molecular ratios (R/R), the molecular ratio (R/R) being determined using the following equation{'sub': B', 'A, 'wherein Iis the level of the first molecule in the animal and Iis the level of the second molecule in the animal;'}{'sub': 1', 'B', 'A', '(t), 'claim-text': {'br': None, 'i': R', '/R', '=c+a', 'kt, 'sub': B', 'A', '(t), '()*exp(−),'}, 'c) determining the rate constant of organ clearance of the first molecule (k) from the time series of molecular ratios (R/R)using the equationwherein c is a constant, a is a pre-exponential factor, and t is time;{'sub': C/A', 'C/A', '(t), 'd) administering the test molecule for determination of the metabolic rate and the second molecule to the animal and determining the molecular ratio of the test molecule to the second molecule (R) over a period of time to obtain a time series of molecular ratios of ...

Loteria gaming system and method of operation

A method for controlling a game comprising randomly selecting a first set of four items from a second set of fourteen items using a processor. Randomly selecting a third set of four items from a fourth set of thirteen items using a processor. Randomly selecting a fifth set of four items from a sixth set of thirteen items using a processor. Randomly selecting a seventh set of four items from an eighth set of fourteen items using a processor. Generating a game card displaying the first set of four items, the third set of four items, the fifth set of four items and the seventh set of four items on a user display.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION ANALYSIS

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface. 1. A method for determining physiological data related to an animal , the method comprising:injecting a number of a first molecule and a number of a second molecule into the animal, the second molecule having a greater molecular weight than the first molecule;determining a molecular ratio of the first molecule and the second molecule; anddetermining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the injecting step includes injecting a mixture containing a number of the first molecule and a number of the second molecule into the animal.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first and the second molecules is a sugar with left-hand chirality.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second molecules are fluorescent probes.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein determining a molecular ratio includes determining a fluorescent intensity ratio of the first and second molecules.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molecular weight of the second molecular is greater than about 70 kilo-Daltons.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the physiological data includes determining a glomerular filtration rate.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the clearance rate claim 8 , k claim 8 , is a renal clearance rate clearance.11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the total blood plasma volume claim 8 , V claim 8 , is determined based on an average whole blood volume.12. The method of claim 8 , wherein the total ...

Materials and methods for treating bacterial infections using c-1 gentamicin

Various aspects relate to the use of C-1 gentamicin as an antibiotic effective for the treatment of a bacterial infection, a genetic disorder, or cancer in a subject.

MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR TREATING DISEASES CAUSED BY GENETIC DISORDERS USING AMINOGLYCOSIDES AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF WHICH EXHIBIT LOW NEPHROTOXICITY

Various aspects related to the preparation of congeners of the aminoglycosides gentamicin such as the congener C2 and using this compound or derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically active salts to treat diseases that involve genetic mutations which introduce a missense or premature stop codon into a gene. Still other aspects include treating human or animal patients with the gentamicin congener C2 and derivatives and pharmaceutical salt thereof to overcome, or to at least mitigate, the symptoms of disease and disorders such as some forms of Becker's or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis that have as their etiology the presence of a premature stop codon in a gene whose proper expression is necessary for good health. 2. The method described in claim 1 , wherein the patient is a human.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the stop codon is UAGC. This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/315,190, filed Dec. 8, 2011, which itself is a divisional application of U.S. utility patent application Ser. No. 12/473,877, filed on May 28, 2009, which is a continuation of PCT/US07/85974, filed Nov. 29, 2007 which claims the benefit of U.S. provisional patent application No. 60/867,671 filed on Nov. 29, 2006, each of which is incorporated herein by referenced in its entirety.This invention was made with government support under grant number DK061594 awarded by the National Institutes of Health. The government has certain rights in the invention.Various aspects relate generally to materials and methods for treating diseases caused by genetic disorders that include the imposition of a premature stop codon within a gene. These materials and methods include the use of aminoglycosides that exhibit reduced cytotoxicity.There are a number of monogenetic diseases, including genetic mutations that introduce a premature stop codon into a gene, resulting in either no gene product or in a gene product made by ...

Bactericidal composition and associated method

Disclosed is an antibiotic composition consisting essentially of at least one of the C2 and C2a components of gentamicin, which exhibits a bactericidal effect comparable to the native gentamicin complex, but with substantially reduced nephrotoxicity.

Bactericidal composition and associated method

Disclosed is an antibiotic composition consisting essentially of at least one of the C2 and C2a components of gentamicin, which exhibits a bactericidal effect comparable to the native gentamicin complex, but with substantially reduced nephrotoxicity.

Measurement of body fluid volumes

The present invention is related generally to measurement of body fluid volumes in an animal subject. The body fluid volumes of interest include extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), total vascular plasma volume (TVPV) and interstitial fluid volume (IFV). The methods are especially beneficial for subjects suffering from renal failure and particularly those undergoing renal dialysis. ECFV can be measured by administering a first molecule which is non-metabolized and permeable to vessel walls of the vascular system herein the first molecule is distributed within the total vascular space as well as the interstitial space. TVPV can be measured by administering a second molecule which is non-metabolized and impermeable to vessel walls of the vascular system wherein the second molecule is distributed within only the vascular space. IFV can then be calculated using the equation IFV = ECFV - TVPV.

Materials and methods for treating diseases caused by genetic disorders using aminoglycosides and derivatives thereof which exhibit low nephrotoxicity

Various aspects related to the preparation of congeners of the aminoglycosides gentamicin such as the congener C2 and using this compound or derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically active salts to treat diseases that involve genetic mutations which introduce a missense or premature stop codon into a gene. Still other aspects include treating human or animal patients with the gentamicin congener C2 and derivatives and pharmaceutical salt thereof to overcome, or to at least mitigate, the symptoms of disease and disorders such as some forms of Becker's or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis that have as their etiology the presence of a premature stop codon in a gene whose proper expression is necessary for good health.

Method and apparatus for kidney function analysis

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface.

Method and apparatus for kidney function analysis

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface.

Improved measurement of body fluid volumes

The present invention is related generally to measurement of body fluid volumes in an animal subject. The body fluid volumes of interest include extracellular fluid volume (ECFV), total vascular plasma volume (TVPV) and interstitial fluid volume (IFV). The methods are especially beneficial for subjects suffering from renal failure and particularly those undergoing renal dialysis. ECFV can be measured by administering a first molecule which is non-metabolized and permeable to vessel walls of the vascular system wherein the first molecule is distributed within the total vascular space as well as the interstitial space. TVPV can be measured by administering a second molecule which is non-metabolized and impermeable to vessel walls of the vascular system wherein the second molecule is distributed within only the vascular space. IFV can then be calculated using the equation IFV=ECFV-TVPV.

Loteria gaming system and method of operation

Alleviating drug nephrotoxicity

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to novel medical compositions and methods of using same. In certain aspects, the disclosure relates to methods preventing acute kidney injury in a patient associated with increased amount of protein in the urine (e.g. albuminuria). In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of preventing or treating acute kidney injury in a patient receiving a nephrotoxic drug, by administration of a reversible endocytosis inhibitor.

Method and apparatus for determining biometric indicators using multiple fluorescent markers

Method and apparatus for determining biometric indicators using multiple fluorescent markers

Disclosed are methods for determining biometric indicators such as plasma volume, hematocrit and glomerular filtration rate, in mammalian subjects such as humans. The methods utilize a plurality of fluorescent tags having distinct fluorescent characteristics, which may be associated with a single static molecule, or wherein the static molecule is labeled with a fluorescent tag and a dynamic molecule is labeled with another fluorescent tag. One or more measurements of the intensities of the fluorescent emissions are taken subsequent to introduction of an injectate which contains the fluorescent tags, which can be taken using a probe or via a blood or plasma sample. Compositions and apparatuses for practicing the methods are also disclosed.

Alleviating drug nephrotoxicity

Aspects of the present disclosure relate to novel medical compositions and methods of using same. In certain aspects, the disclosure relates to methods preventing acute kidney injury in a patient associated with increased amount of protein in the urine (e.g. albuminuria). In certain embodiments, the disclosure provides methods of preventing or treating acute kidney injury in a patient receiving a nephrotoxic drug, by administration of a reversible endocytosis inhibitor.

Materials and methods for treating bacterial infections using c-1 gentamicin

Various aspects relate to the use of C-1 gentamicin as an antibiotic effective for the treatment of a bacterial infection, a genetic disorder, or cancer in a subject.

Method and apparatus for determining biometric indicators using multiple fluorescent markers

Disclosed are methods for determining biometric indicators such as plasma volume, hematocrit and glomerular filtration rate, in mammalian subjects such as humans. The methods utilize a plurality of fluorescent tags having distinct fluorescent characteristics, which may be associated with a single static molecule, or wherein the static molecule is labeled with a fluorescent tag and a dynamic molecule is labeled with another fluorescent tag. One or more measurements of the intensities of the fluorescent emissions are taken subsequent to introduction of an injectate which contains the fluorescent tags, which can be taken using a probe or via a blood or plasma sample. Compositions and apparatuses for practicing the methods are also disclosed.

Substance for use in determining biometric indicators using multiple fluorescent markers

Materials and methods for treating diseases caused by genetic disorders using aminoglycosides and derivatives thereof which exhibit low nephrotoxicity

Various aspects related to the preparation of congeners of the aminoglycosides gentamicin such as the congener C2 and using this compound or derivatives thereof and pharmaceutically active salts to treat diseases that involve genetic mutations which introduce a missense or premature stop codon into a gene. Still other aspects include treating human or animal patients with the gentamicin congener C2 and derivatives and pharmaceutical salt thereof to overcome, or to at least mitigate, the symptoms of disease and disorders such as some forms of Becker's or Duchenne muscular dystrophy, Hurler's Syndrome and Cystic Fibrosis that have as their etiology the presence of a premature stop codon in a gene whose proper expression is necessary for good health.

Method and apparatus for kidney function analysis

A method and apparatus for determining physiological data related to an animal, such as kidney diagnostics data, is provided. The method includes injecting a mixture of a first and a second molecule into an animal (e.g., a human patient), determining a molecular ratio of the molecules, and determining the physiological data based on the molecular ratio. The apparatus includes a number of finger receiving apertures, a light generation circuit, a light detection circuit, a pulse counting circuit, and a user interface.