Surface oxidised nickel-iron metal anodes for aluminium production

An anode for the electrowinning of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina in a molten fluoride electrolyte has an electrochemically active integral outside oxide layer obtainable by surface oxidation of a metal alloy which consists of 20 to 60 weight % nickel; 5 to 15 weight % copper; 1.5 to 5 weight % aluminium; 0 to 2 weight % in total of one or more rare earth metals, in particular yttrium; 0 to 2 weight % of further elements, in particular manganese, silicon and carbon; and the balance being iron. The metal alloy of the anode has a copper/nickel weight ratio in the range of 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.2 to 0.3.

Metal-based anodes for aluminium electrowinning cells

Ceramic material for use at elevated temperature

A ceramic material (20, 20A, 20B, 20C, 20C′, 20D, 20E, 20E1, 20E2, 20E3, 20E4, 20F) comprises a structural mass made of at least one refractory compound selected from refractory borides, aluminides and oxycompounds, and combinations thereof. This structural mass has an open microporosity that is impregnated with colloidal and/or polymeric particles of iron oxide and/or a precursor of iron oxide. These particles promote wetting of the structural mass by molten aluminum and/or form upon heat treatment a sintered barrier against oxygen diffusion through the structural mass. The ceramic material can be used on cathodes (15), carbon or metal-based anodes (5,5,′), sidewalls (16) and other parts (26) of aluminum electrowinning cells, on electrodes (15A) of arc furnaces, and on stirrers (10) or vessels (45) of aluminum purification apparatus.

Dense refractory material for use at high temperatures

Aluminium collection in electrowinning cells

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises an electrolysis chamber (20) in which alumina is electrolysed to produce aluminium (30) and a collection reservoir (40,40′) in which product aluminium is collected. The electrolysis chamber and the collection reservoir are in liquid communication so that aluminium produced in the electrolysis chamber can flow from the electrolysis chamber into the collection reservoir. The electrolysis chamber contains one or more metal-based anodes (15). Each anode has an active anodic surface (16) spaced above a facing cathodic surface (31) on which aluminium is produced. The cathodic surface is formed on a structural body (12) by a layer made of molten aluminium into which product aluminium is incorporated during operation. The anodic surface and the cathodic surface have a substantially constant operative position. The cell has means (60, 60′, 61, 61′, 62) for regulating the layer of molten aluminium so the layer forms a shallow or deep continuous ...

Slurries for Producing Aluminium-Based Coatings

A slurry comprises suspended aluminium particles in a colloid having dispersed colloidal particles of a metal oxide such as a hydroxide. The metal oxide is reducible by metallic aluminium. The slurry has such a basic pH that dissolution of the aluminium particles in the slurry is inhibited so that when the slurry is subjected to a heat treatment, the undissolved aluminium particles are reactable with the colloidal particles to form an aluminium-based mixture resistant to chemical attack made of aluminium oxide, metal aluminium and the metal of the colloidal particles. The slurry can be used to form an aluminium-based protective coating on a component, in particular of an aluminium electrowinning cell or an apparatus for treating molten aluminium.

Non-carbon anodes

An anode for electrowinning of aluminium from alumina comprises a cobalt-containing metallic outer part that is covered with an integral oxide layer containing predominantly cobalt oxide CoO. The integral oxide layer can be formed by surface oxidation of cobalt from the metallic outer part before use.

Non-carbon anodes with active coatings

A cell for electrowinning aluminium from alumina, comprises: a metal-based anode having an electrochemically active outer part comprising a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO; and a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte in which the active anode surface is immersed. The electrolyte is at a temperature below 950° C., in particular in the range from 910° to 940° C. The electrolyte consists of: 6.5 to 11 weight. % dissolved alumina; 35 to 44 weight % aluminium fluoride; 38 to 46 weight % sodium fluoride; 2 to 15 weight % potassium fluoride; 0 to 5 weight % calcium fluoride; and 0 to 5 weight % in total of one or more further constituents.

Small animal facility with fire exits

An animal holding facility with automatic evacuation system is disclosed, comprised of an otherwise conventional kennel. Installed inside of the kennel is an automatic fire/smoke/carbon dioxide detection system utilizing a plurality of smoke and/or fire and/or carbon monoxide sensors. An audible alarm activates upon triggering of the sensors. A common fire door open automatically and a hydraulic animal ejection means gently sweeps or guides the animal out of the kennel through the fire exits. A slide is located at the outside entrance to each fire exit. A cushioned pad is located on the bottom of each slide. A fenced-in area is located at the base of each slide, and is designed to retain the animals in a restricted area away from the fire or smoke or carbon monoxide.

High stability flow-through non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium from alumina dissolved in a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte, comprises a non-carbon metal-based anode having an electrically conductive metallic structure. This anode structure comprises an outer part with an electrochemically active anode surface on which, during electrolysis, oxygen is anodically evolved, and which is suspended in the electrolyte substantially parallel to a facing cathode. The anode structure has one or more flow-through openings extending from the active anode surface through the metallic structure, the flow-through opening(s) being arranged for guiding a circulation of electrolyte driven by the fast escape of anodically evolved oxygen. The outer part of the anode comprises a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO to enhance the stability of the anode.

CHARGER AND BATTERY COMBINATION WITH RETENTION ARMS AND MATING MEMBERS

A charger and battery combination for recharging batteries has a pair of snap arms for retaining a battery within the pocket of the charger. When the battery is inserted into the charger pocket, the snap arms provide a downward force against the battery, thereby ensuring a sound electrical connection between the battery and electrical contacts disposed within the pocket. In one embodiment, the charger pocket includes a pair of channel apertures in which the snap arms are placed. Upon battery insertion, a flex member of the snap arm deflects, thereby allowing a mating feature of the battery to pass. When the battery is fully inserted, a coupling member of the snap arm exerts a force against the battery, thereby pushing the battery towards the bottom of the pocket.

Aluminium Electrowinning Cell with Enhanced Crust

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium has a cavity for containing electrolyte (20) and one or more non emerging active anode bodies (5) that are suspended in the electrolyte. The electrolyte's surface (21,21′) has an expanse extending over the cavity and is substantially covered by a self-formed crust (25) of frozen electrolyte. The crust is mechanically reinforced by at least one preformed refractory body (30, 30′,30″). The electrolyte crust is formed against the preformed refractory body and bonded thereto so as to inhibit mechanical failure of the crust and collapse of the crust into the cavity.

Aluminium electrowinning cell with enhanced crust

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium has a cavity for containing electrolyte (20) and one or more non emerging active anode bodies (5) that are suspended in the electrolyte. The electrolyte's surface (21,21) has an expanse extending over the cavity and is substantially covered by a self-formed crust (25) of frozen electrolyte. The crust is mechanically reinforced by at least one preformed refractory body (30, 30,30). The electrolyte crust is formed against the preformed refractory body and bonded thereto so as to inhibit mechanical failure of the crust and collapse of the crust into the cavity.

Non-carbon anodes with active coatings

An anode for electrowinning aluminium comprises an electrically conductive substrate that is covered with an applied electrochemically active coating comprising a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO. The CoO layer can be connected to the substrate through an oxygen barrier layer, in particular containing copper, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and/or niobium.

Slurries for producing aluminium-based coatings

A slurry comprises suspended aluminum particles in a colloid having dispersed colloidal particles of a metal oxide such as a hydroxide. The metal oxide is reducible by metallic aluminum. The slurry has such a basic pH that dissolution of the aluminum particles in the slurry is inhibited so that when the slurry is subjected to a heat treatment, the undissolved aluminum particles are reactable with the colloidal particles to form an aluminum-based mixture resistant to chemical attack made of aluminum oxide, metal aluminum and the metal of the colloidal particles. The slurry can be used to form an aluminum-based protective coating on a component, in particular of an aluminum electrowinning cell or an apparatus for treating molten aluminum.

Electronic Device with Magnetically Stowable Speaker Assemblies

An electronic device includes a body housing one or more electronic circuits. A first actuation device and a second actuation device are disposed along the body. When actuated, the actuation devices control the operation of the one or more electronic circuits. A first speaker assembly and a second speaker assembly are operable with the one or more electronic circuits. One or both of the first actuation device or the second actuation device comprising a magnet, while one or both of the first speaker assembly or the second speaker assembly comprising a ferromagnetic material to selectively magnetically couple the first speaker assembly and the second speaker assembly to the first actuation device or the second actuation device, respectively.

Metal-based anodes for aluminium electrowinning cells

An anode of a cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a nickel-iron alloy substrate having an openly porous nickel metal rich outer portion whose surface is electrochemically active. The outer portion is optionally covered with an external integral nickel-iron oxide containing surface layer which adheres to the nickel metal rich outer portion of the nickel-iron alloy and which in use is pervious to molten electrolyte. During use, the nickel metal rich outer portion contains cavities some or all of which are partly or completely filled with iron and nickel compounds, in particular oxides, fluorides and oxyfluorides.

Charger and battery combination with retention arms and mating members

A charger and battery combination for recharging batteries has a pair of snap arms for retaining a battery within the pocket of the charger. When the battery is inserted into the charger pocket, the snap arms provide a downward force against the battery, thereby ensuring a sound electrical connection between the battery and electrical contacts disposed within the pocket. In one embodiment, the charger pocket includes a pair of channel apertures in which the snap arms are placed. Upon battery insertion, a flex member of the snap arm deflects, thereby allowing a mating feature of the battery to pass. When the battery is fully inserted, a coupling member of the snap arm exerts a force against the battery, thereby pushing the battery towards the bottom of the pocket.

Non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning and other oxidation resistant components with slurry-applied coatings

A method of manufacturing a component, in particular an aluminium electrowinning anode, for use at elevated temperature in an oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises: applying onto a metal-based substrate layers of a particle mixture containing iron oxide particles and particles of a reactant-oxide selected from titanium, yttrium, ytterbium and tantalum oxides; and heat treating the applied layers to consolidate by reactive sintering of the iron oxide particles and the reactant-oxide particles to turn the applied layer into a protective coating made of a substantially continuous reacted oxide matrix of one or more multiple oxides of iron and the metal from the reactant-oxide. The metal-based substrate comprises at its surface during the heat treatment an integral anchorage-oxide of at least one metal of the substrate. The anchorage-oxide anchors the multiple oxide matrix to the substrate by reacting with the iron oxide and/or the reactant-oxide to form an integral multiple bonding ...

Metal electrowinning cell with electrolyte purifier

A cell for electrowinning a metal, in particular aluminium, from a compound thereof dissolved in an electrolyte (30) comprises an anode (40) and a cathode (10,11) that contact the electrolyte (30), the cathode (10,11) being during use at a cathodic potential for reducing thereon species of the metal to be produced from the dissolved compound. The electrolyte (30) further contains species of at least one element that is liable to contaminate the product metal (20) and that has a cathodic reduction potential which is less negative than the cathodic potential of the metal to be produced. The cell further comprises a collector (50) for removing species of such element (s) from the electrolyte (30). During use the collector (50) is at a potential that is: less negative than the cathodic potential of the produced metal (20) to inhibit reduction thereon of species of the metal to be produced; and at or more negative than the reduction potential of the species of said element(s) to allow reduction ...

Protection of non-carbon anodes and other oxidation resistant components with iron oxide-containing coatings

A method of forming a dense and crack-free hematite-containing protective layer on a metal-based substrate for use in a high temperature oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises applying onto the substrate a particle mixture consisting of: 60 to 99 95 weight %, in particular 70 to 95 weight % such as 75 to 85 weight %, of hematite with or without iron metal and/or ferrous oxide; 1 to 25 weight %, in particular 5 8 to 20 weight % such as 8 to 15 weight %, of nitride and/or carbide particles, such as boron nitride, aluminium nitride or zirconium carbide particles; and 0 to 15 weight %, in particular 5 to 15 weight %, of one or more further constituents that consist of at least one metal or metal oxide or a heat-convertible precursor thereof. The hematite particles are then sintered by heat treating the particle mixture to form the protective layer that is made of a microporous sintered hematite matrix in which the nitride and/or carbide particles are embedded and which contains, when ...

Metal electrowinning cell with electrolyte purifier

A cell for electrowinning a metal, in particular aluminium, from a compound thereof dissolved in an electrolyte (30) comprises an anode (40) and a cathode (10,11) that contact the electrolyte (30), the cathode (10,11) being during use at a cathodic potential for reducing thereon species of the metal to be produced from the dissolved compound. The electrolyte (30) further contains species of at least one element that is liable to contaminate the product metal (20) and that has a cathodic reduction potential which is less negative than the cathodic potential of the metal to be produced. The cell further comprises a collector (50) for removing species of such element (s) from the electrolyte (30). During use the collector (50) is at a potential that is: less negative than the cathodic potential of the produced metal (20) to inhibit reduction thereon of species of the metal to be produced; and at or more negative than the reduction potential of the species of said element(s) to allow reduction thereof on the collector (50) . The cell is so arranged that species of said element(s) are reduced on the collector (50) rather than on the cathode (10,11) so as to inhibit contamination of the product metal (20) by said element(s).

Surface oxidised nickel-iron metal anodes for aluminium production

An anode for the electrowinning of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina in a molten fluoride electrolyte has an electrochemically active integral outside oxide layer obtainable by surface oxidation of a metal alloy which consists of 20 to 60 weight% nickel; 5 to 15 weight% copper; 1.5 to 5 weight% aluminium; 0 to 2 weight% in total of one or more rare earth metals, in particular yttrium; 0 to 2 weight% of further elements, in particular manganese, silicon and carbon; and the balance being iron. The metal alloy of the anode has a copper/nickel weight ratio in the range of 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.2 to 0.3.

Non-carbon anodes with active coatings

An anode for electrowinning aluminium comprises an electrically conductive substrate that is covered with an applied electrochemically active coating comprising a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO. The CoO layer can be connected to the substrate through an oxygen barrier layer, in particular containing copper, nickel, tungsten, molybdenum, tantalum and/or niobium.

Metal-based anodes for aluminium production cells

A metal-based anode substrate of a cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a nickel-alloy based core, a layer of silver on the core and a lay er comprising nickel and iron covering the silver layer and serving as an anchorage layer for anchoring an electrochemically active surface coating on top of the anode substrate. The electrochemically active coating may be a cerium-based coating. The silver layer inhibits diffusion of fluoride specie s into the core and prevents interdiffusion of constituents of the core and constituents of the anchorage layer.

Dense refractory material for use at high temperatures

A component which is made of or coated with a refractory material for use at high temperature, the refractory material comprising particles of a refractory metal compound in an oxide matrix, the refractory metal compound being selected from metal borides, silicides, nitrides, carbides and phosphides, the oxide matrix comprising a bonding mixed oxide made of a single mixed oxide or a plurality of miscible mixed oxides, the refractory material being obtainable from a heat treated slurry that comprises: a) a colloidal and/or polymeric carrier that comprises colloidal and/or polymeric oxide of at least one metal; b) suspended particles of the refractory metal compound that are covered with a film of oxide of the metal of the refractory metal compound, the oxide film being reactable upon heat treatment with said colloidal and/or polymeric oxide to form a mixed oxide comprised in said bonding mixed oxide; and c) suspended metal oxide particles which are reactable upon heat treatment with said colloidal and/or polymeric oxide to form a mixed oxide comprised in said bonding mixed oxide, wherein the bonding mixed oxide consists of: -a single mixed oxide when the metal of the suspended metal oxide particles is the same as the metal of the suspended refractory metal compound particles and the reactable oxide of said colloidal and/or polymeric oxide is an oxide of one metal only; or -a plurality of miscible mixed oxides when at least one metal of the suspended metal oxide particles is different to the metal of the suspended refractory metal compound particles and/or when said colloidal and/or polymeric oxide comprises reactable oxides of different metals.

Metal-based anodes for aluminium electrowinning cells

An anode of a cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a nickel-ir on alloy substrate having an openly porous nickel metal rich outer portion whos e surface is electrochemically active. The outer portion is optionally covered with an external integral nickel-iron oxide containing surface layer which adheres to the nickel metal rich outer portion of the nickel-iron alloy and which in use is pervious to molten electrolyte. During use, the nickel metal rich outer portion contains cavities some or all of which are partly or completely filled with iron and nickel compounds, in particular oxides, fluorides and oxyfluorides.

Non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning and other oxidation resistant components with iron oxide-containing coatings

Protection of metal-based substrates with hematite-containing coatings

A method of forming a dense and crack-free hematite-containing protective layer on a metal-based substrate for use in a high temperature oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises: (I) applying onto the substrate a ma ss of particles comprising hematite (Fe2O3) and: (a) iron metal (Fe) with a weight ratio Fe/Fe2O3 of at least 0.3 and preferably below 2, in particular in the range from 0.8 to 1.4; and/or (b) ferrous oxide (FeO) with a weight rati o FeO/Fe2O3 of at least 0.35 and preferably below 2.5, in particular in the range from 0.9 to 1.7; and (II) consolidating the applied mass of particles to form the hematite-containing protective layer by heat treating the mass of particles to: 1) sinter the hematite to form a porous sintered hematite matrix; and 2) oxidise into hematite (Fe2O3) the iron metal (Fe) and the ferrous oxide (FeO) to fill the sintered hematite matrix. The mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties of the protective layer can be improved by using additives, such as oxides of titanium, zirconium and/or copper. Typically the protected substrate can be used in a cell for the electrowinning of a metal such as aluminium.

DENSE REFRACTORY MATERIAL FOR USE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

Componente fabricado o recubierto de un material refractario para su utilización a temperatura elevada, comprendiendo el material refractario partículas de un compuesto metálico refractario en una matriz de óxido, siendo el compuesto metálico refractario seleccionado entre boruros, siliciuros, nitruros, carburos y fosfuros metálicos, comprendiendo la matriz de óxido un óxido mixto enlazante constituido por un óxido mixto único o un conjunto de óxidos mixtos miscibles, pudiéndose obtener el material refractario a partir de una emulsión tratada térmicamente que comprende: a) un transportador coloidal y/o polimérico que comprende un óxido coloidal y/o polimérico de, como mínimo, un metal; b) partículas suspendidas del compuesto metálico refractario que están recubiertas con una película integral de óxido del metal del compuesto metálico refractario, pudiendo reaccionar la película de óxido, al aplicar un tratamiento térmico, con dicho óxido coloidal y/o polimérico, para formar un óxido mixtocomprendido en dicho óxido mixto enlazante; y c) partículas suspendidas de óxido metálico que pueden reaccionar, al aplicar un tratamiento térmico, con dicho óxido coloidal y/o polimérico, para formar un óxido mixto comprendido en dicho óxido mixto enlazante, en el que el óxido mixto enlazante, incluyendo el óxido mixto formado a partir de la reacción entre la película de óxido y el óxido coloidal y/o polimérico, consiste en: - un óxido mixto único cuando el metal de las partículas suspendidas de óxido metálico es el mismo que el metal de las partículas suspendidas de compuesto metálico refractario y el óxido de dicho óxido coloidal y/o polimérico que puede reaccionar es un óxido de sólo un metal; o - un conjunto de óxidos mixtos miscibles cuando, como mínimo, un metal de las partículas suspendidas de óxido metálico es diferente del metal de las partículas suspendidas de compuesto metálico refractario y/o cuando dicho óxido coloidal y/o polimérico comprende óxidos de metales ...

REFRACTORY MATERIAL FOR USE AT HIGH TEMPERATURES.

Componente que está expuesto a aluminio fundido durante su utilización, que comprende un cuerpo recubierto con un recubrimiento protector de capas múltiples adherente que, durante el funcionamiento, está expuesto a aluminio fundido, presentando el recubrimiento protector una capa exterior humectable por parte del aluminio fundido mediante penetración del mismo en la capa exterior, y una capa repelente al aluminio por debajo de ésta que forma una barrera frente al aluminio en el cuerpo, lo que impide la exposición del cuerpo al aluminio fundido. Component that is exposed to molten aluminum during use, which comprises a body coated with a protective multi-layer adhesive coating that, during operation, is exposed to molten aluminum, the protective coating having a wettable outer layer on the part of molten aluminum by penetration thereof into the outer layer, and an aluminum-repellent layer below it that forms a barrier against aluminum in the body, which prevents exposure of the body to molten aluminum.

Protection of non-carbon anodes and other oxidation resistant components with iron oxide-containing coatings

A method of forming a dense and crack-free hematite-containing protective layer on a metal-based substrate for use in a high temperature oxidising and/or corrosive environment such as a metal electrowinning cell is disclosed, wherein the method comprises applying onto the substrate a particle mixture consisting of: 60 to 99 weight% of hematite with or without iron metal and/or ferrous oxide; 1 to 25 weight% of nitride and/or carbide particles, such as boron nitride, aluminium nitride or zirconium carbide particles; and 0 to 15 weight% of one or more further constituents that consist of at least one metal or metal oxide or a heat-convertible precursor thereof; the hematite particles are then sintered by heat treating the particle mixture to form the protective layer that is made of a microporous sintered hematite matrix in which the nitride and/or carbide particles are embedded and which contains, when present, said one or more further constituents. The mechanical, electrical and electrochemical properties of the protective layer can be improved by using an oxide of titanium, zinc, zirconium or copper. Typically, the protected substrate can be used in a cell for the electrowinning of a metal such as aluminium.

Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a metal-based anode (10) containing at least one of nickel, cobalt and iron, for example an anode made from an alloy consisting of 50 to 60 weight% in total of nickel and/or cobalt; 25 to 40 weight% iron; 6 to 12 weight% copper; 0.5 to 2 weight% aluminium and/or niobium; and 0.5 to 1.5 weight% in total of further constituents. The anode (10) may have an applied hematite-based coating and optionally a cerium oxyfluoride-based outermost coating. The cell contains a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte (5) at a temperature below 940~C, in which the anode is immersed and which consists of: 5 to 14 weight% dissolved alumina; 35 to 45 weight% aluminium fluoride; 30 to 45 weight% sodium fluoride; 5 to 20 weight% potassium fluoride; 0 to 5 weight% calcium fluoride; and 0 to 5 weight% in total of one or more further constituents. A nickel-containing anode stem (14b) can be used to suspend the anode (10) in the electrolyte facing a cathode (21,21A,25) that has an aluminium-wettable surface (20), in particular a drained horizontal or inclined surface.

Aluminum electrolytic reduction cells with metal-based anodes.

Una celda electrolítica de reducción de aluminio a partir de alúmina, que consta de: - un ánodo a base de metal que tiene una parte externa con una superficie a base de óxido electroquímicamente activa y que contiene al menos un material de entre níquel, cobalto y hierro; - un electrolito fundido con fluoruro en el que se sumerge la superficie activa del ánodo y que, durante el funcionamiento de la celda para electroextraer aluminio, está a una temperatura dentro del rango de 880ºC a 940ºC, mayormente por debajo de 920ºC y que consta de: - alúmina disuelta, del 5% al 14% de su peso, mayormente del 7% al 10% de su peso; - fluoruro de aluminio, del 35% al 45% de su peso, mayormente del 38% al 42% de su peso; - fluoruro de sodio, del 30% al 45% de su peso, mayormente del 34% al 43% de su peso; - fluoruro de potasio, del 5% al 20% de su peso, mayormente del 8% al 15% de su peso; - fluoruro de calcio, del 2% al 5% de su peso, mayormente del 2% al 4% de su peso; y - otro u otros componentes adicionales, en total del 0% al 5% de su peso, mayormente del 0% al 3% del peso.

Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a metal-based anode (10) containing at least one of nickel, cobalt and iron. The anode (10) may be covered with an applied or an integral hematite-based layer and/or a cerium oxyfluoride-based outermost coating. The cell contains a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte (5) at a temperature below 950~C, in which the anode (10) is immersed and which consists of: 6.5 to 11 weight% dissolved alumina; 35 to 44 weight% aluminium fluoride; 38 to 46 weight% sodium fluoride; 2 to 15 weight% potassium fluoride; 0 to 5 weight% calcium fluoride; and 0 to 5 weight% in total of one or more further constituents. An anode stem (14b) containing nickel and/or iron can be used to suspend the anode (10) in the electrolyte (5) facing a cathode (21,21A,25) that has an aluminium-wettable surface (20), in particular a drained horizontal or inclined surface.

Aluminium electrowinning with enhanced electrolyte circulation

Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a metal-based anode (10) containing at least one of nickel, cobalt and iron. The anode (10) may be covered with an applied or an integral hematite-based layer and/or a cerium oxyfluoride-based outermost coating. The cell contains a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte (5) at a temperature below 950~C, in which the anode (10) is immersed and which consists of: 6.5 to 11 weight% dissolved alumina; 35 to 44 weight% aluminium fluoride; 38 to 46 weight% sodium fluoride; 2 to 15 weight% potassium fluoride; 0 to 5 weight% calcium fluoride; and 0 to 5 weight% in total of one or more further constituents. An anode stem (14b) containing nickel and/or iron can be used to suspend the anode (10) in the electrolyte (5) facing a cathode (21,21A,25) that has an aluminium-wettable surface (20), in particular a drained horizontal or inclined surface.

Metal-based anodes for aluminum production cells

Cell for electrolytic recovery of metal with electrolyte cleaner

En celle for elektrolytisk utvinning av et metall, særlig aluminium, fra en forbindelse av dette som er oppløst i en elektrolytt (30) omfatter en anode (40) og katode (10, 11) som har kontakt med elektrolytten (30), hvor katoden (10, 11) under bruk er ved et katodisk potensiale for på denne å redusere stoffer av metallet som skal produseres fra den oppløste forbindelse. Elektrolytten (30) inneholder videre stoffer av minst ett element som er tilbøyelig til å kontaminere produktmetallet (20), og som har et katodisk reduksjonspotensiale som er mindre negativt enn det katodiske potensialet for metaller som skal produseres. Cellen omfatter videre en vektor (50) for fjerning av stoffer av ett eller flere slike elementer fra elektrolytten (30). Under bruk er kollektoren (50) ved et potensiale som er: mindre negativt enn det katodiske potensialet for det produserte metall (20), for å inhibere reduksjon derpå av stoffer av metallet som skal produseres; og ved eller mer negativt enn reduksjonspotensialet for stoffene av elementet/elementene, for å muliggjøre reduksjon av disse på kollektoren (50). Cellen er slik anordnet at stoffer av elementet/elementene reduseres på kollektoren (50) istedenfor på katoden (10, 11), for å inhibere kontaminasjon av produktmetallet (20) med elementet/elementene.

Aluminium electrowinning cell with metal-based cathodes

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium has one or more anodes (10) facing at least one cathode (20). This cathode comprises: a cathode body (25) made predominantly of at least one hard metal selected from tungsten and molybdenum; and a surface of carbide (26,27) of this hard metal which is integral with the body or which is formed by a layer bonded to the body. The carbide surface forms a cathodic operative surface on which during use aluminium (9) is produced or forms an anchorage surface for an aluminium-wettable ceramic layer (28,29) on which during use aluminium is produced.

Aluminium collection in electrowinning cells

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises an electrolysis chamber (20) in which alumina is electrolysed to produce aluminium (30) and a collection reservoir (40,40' ) in which product aluminium is collected. The electrolysis chamber and the collection reservoir are in liquid communication so that aluminium produced in the electrolysis chamber can flow from the electrolysis chamber into the collection reservoir. The electrolysis chamber contains one or more metal-based anodes (15). Each anode has an active anodic surface (16) spaced above a facing cathodic surface (31) on which aluminium is produced. The cathodic surface is formed on a structural body (12) by a layer made of molten aluminium into which product aluminium is incorporated during operation. The anodic surface and the cathodic surface have a substantially constant operative position. The cell has means ( 60, 60', 61, 61', 62) for regulating the layer of molten aluminium so the layer forms a shallow or deep continuous cathodic pool (35) that extends continuously under the entire facing active anodic surface of at least one anode. The layer regulating means are arranged to maintain during operation the cathodic surface of the cathodic pool at a substantially constant position by periodic or continuous removal of molten aluminium from the aluminium pool to the collection reservoir at a rate corresponding substantially to the rate of production of the product aluminium that is incorporated into the aluminium pool.

Metal-based anodes for aluminum production cells

An anode for use in a cell for the electrowinning of aluminum from alumina comprises a substrate with a core having an outer portion made of nickel covered with a barrier layer for inhibiting diffusion of fluoride species oxygen species to the core and preventing diffusion of constituents from the core during use. The barrier layer is made of silver and an electrochemically active noble metal miscible with nickel and silver, e.g. gold or palladium. The anode is coated with an electrochemically active surface layer which can be made of one or more cerium compounds.

Metal electrowinning cell with electrolyte purifier

Cell for electrolytic recovery of metal with electrolyte cleaner

En celle for elektrolytisk utvinning av et metall, særlig aluminium, fra en forbindelse av dette som er oppløst i en elektrolytt (30) omfatter en anode (40) og katode (10, 11) som har kontakt med elektrolytten (30), hvor katoden (10, 11) under bruk er ved et katodisk potensiale for på denne å redusere stoffer av metallet som skal produseres fra den oppløste forbindelse. Elektrolytten (30) inneholder videre stoffer av minst ett element som er tilbøyelig til å kontaminere produktmetallet (20), og som har et katodisk reduksjonspotensiale som er mindre negativt enn det katodiske potensialet for metaller som skal produseres. Cellen omfatter videre en vektor (50) for fjerning av stoffer av ett eller flere slike elementer fra elektrolytten (30). Under bruk er kollektoren (50) ved et potensiale som er: mindre negativt enn det katodiske potensialet for det produserte metall (20), for å inhibere reduksjon derpå av stoffer av metallet som skal produseres; og ved eller mer negativt enn reduksjonspotensialet for stoffene av elementet/elementene, for å muliggjøre reduksjon av disse på kollektoren (50). Cellen er slik anordnet at stoffer av elementet/elementene reduseres på kollektoren (50) istedenfor på katoden (10, 11), for å inhibere kontaminasjon av produktmetallet (20) med elementet/elementene. A cell for electrolytic recovery of a metal, in particular aluminum, from a compound thereof dissolved in an electrolyte (30) comprises an anode (40) and cathode (10, 11) which are in contact with the electrolyte (30), wherein the cathode (10, 11) during use is at a cathodic potential for this to reduce substances of the metal to be produced from the dissolved compound. The electrolyte (30) further contains substances of at least one element which are prone to contaminate the product metal (20) and which have a cathodic reduction potential which is less negative than the cathodic potential of metals to be produced. The cell further comprises a vector (50) for removing substances of one ...

Aluminium electrowinning cells with non-carbon anodes

A cell for electrowinning aluminium from alumina, comprises: a metal-based anode having an electrochemically active outer part comprising a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO; and a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte in wich the active anode surface is immersed. The electrolyte is at a temperature below 950°C, in particular in the range from 910° to 940°C. The electrolyte consists of: 6.5 to 11 weight.% dissolved alumina; 35 to 44 weight% aluminium fluoride; 38 to 46 weight% sodium fluoride; 2 to 15 weight% potassium fluoride; 0 to 5 weight% calcium fluoride; and 0 to 5 weight% in total of one or more further constituents.

Carbon tiles with refractory coating for use at elevated temperature

A method of bonding a protective coating on a wear-exposed surface of a carbon tile comprises: applying onto the wear-exposed surface of the carbon tile at least one layer of a slurry of particulate refractory material suspended in a colloidal and/or inorganic polymeric carrier comprising a dispersion of colloidal particles and/or a solution of inorganic polymeric particles of binding metal oxide; and heat treating the slurry-applied layer(s) to consolidate the particulate refractory material in the binding metal oxide to form the protective coating. A hydrophobic carbon compound having a hydrophilic substituent, such as -OH, -SO3Na or -COOH, is used in the slurry as a bonding agent that bonds the binding metal oxide to the carbon tile by being bonded to the wear-exposed surface of the carbon tile and by having its hydrophilic substituent bonded to the binding metal oxide. Preferably, the protective coating comprises on the layer(s) containing the hydrophobic carbon compound one or more layers of refractory material which are substantially free of any elemental carbon or organic carbon compound.

Non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning and other oxidation resistant components with slurry-applied coatings

A method of manufacturing a component, in particular an aluminium electrowinning anode, for use at elevated temperature in an oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises: applying onto a metal-based substrate layers of a particle mixture containing iron oxide particles and particles of a reactant-oxide selected from titanium, yttrium, ytterbium and tantalum oxides; and heat treating the applied layers to consolidate by reactive sintering of the iron oxide particles and the reactant-oxide particles to turn the applied layer into a protective coating made of a substantially continuous reacted oxide matrix of one or more multiple oxides of iron and the metal from the reactant-oxide. The metal-based substrate comprises at its surface during the heat treatment an integral anchorage-oxide of at least one metal of the substrate. The anchorage-oxide anchors the multiple oxide matrix to the substrate by reacting with the iron oxide and/or the reactant-oxide to form an integral multiple bonding oxide of the metal of the integral anchorage-oxide and iron from the iron oxide and/or the metal of the reactant-oxide. The particle mixture can be applied in a colloidal and/or polymeric slurry.

Aluminium electrowinning with enhanced electrolyte circulation

A method of operating an aluminium electrowinning cell that has one or more metal-based anodes (5) . The anodes (5) comprise metal-based foraminate anode bodies (10) which are suspended by metal-based anode stems (20) in a molten electrolyte (50) and which are spaced above a cathode (30). The method comprises electrolysing alumina dissolved in the molten electrolyte (50) by passing current via the anode stems (20) and the anode bodies (10) through the electrolyte (50) to the facing cathode (30) whereby aluminium (60) is cathodically produced and gas is anodically evolved. The gas promotes an electrolyte circulation (51) through the foraminate anode bodies (10) which facilitates dissolution of alumina. Each anode (5) has a foraminate anode body (10) suspended by least three anode stems (20) that are spaced apart from one another and distributed around a foraminate stemless central part of the anode body (10). These stems extend from the anode body (10) to above the molten electrolyte (50), the electrolyte (50) flowing up through and above said foraminate central part of the anode body (10) to enhance dissolution of alumina fed thereabove.

Non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning and other oxidation resistant components with slurry-applied coatings

Non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning and other oxidation resistant components with slurry-applied coatings

A method of manufacturing a component, in particular an aluminium electrowinning anode, for use at elevated temperature in an oxidising and/or corrosive environment comprises: applying onto a metal-based substrate layers of a particle mixture containing iron oxide particles and particles of a reactant-oxide selected from titanium, yttrium, ytterbium and tantalum oxides; and heat treating the applied layers to consolidate by reactive sintering of the iron oxide particles and the reactant-oxide particles to turn the applied layer into a protective coating made of a substantially continuous reacted oxide matrix of one or more multiple oxides of iron and the metal from the reactant-oxide. The metal-based substrate comprises at its surface during the heat treatment an integral anchorage-oxide of at least one metal of the substrate. The anchorage-oxide anchors the multiple oxide matrix to the substrate by reacting with the iron oxide and/or the reactant-oxide to form an integral multiple bonding oxide of the metal of the integral anchorage-oxide and iron from the iron oxide and/or the metal of the reactant-oxide. The particle mixture can be applied in a colloidal and/or polymeric slurry.

Metal-based anodes for aluminium electrowinning cells

An anode of a cell for the electrowinning of aluminium comprises a nickel-iron alloy substrate having an openly porous nickel metal rich outer portion whose surface is electrochemically active. The outer portion is optionally covered with an external integral nickel-iron oxide containing surface layer which adheres to the nickel metal rich outer portion of the nickel-iron alloy and which in use is pervious to molten electrolyte. During use, the nickel metal rich outer portion contains cavities some or all of which are partly or completely filled with iron and nickel compounds, in particular oxides, fluorides and oxyfluorides.

CARBON PLATES WITH REFRACTORY COATING FOR USE IN ELEVATED TEMPERATURE.

Método de unión de un recubrimiento protector sobre una superficie expuesta al desgaste de una placa de carbono, que comprende: - la aplicación sobre la superficie expuesta al desgaste de la placa de carbono de, como mínimo, una capa de una emulsión de material refractario particulado y/o un precursor convertible por calor del mismo suspendido en un transportador coloidal y/o polimérico inorgánico, que comprende una dispersión de partículas coloidales y/o una solución de partículas poliméricas inorgánicas del óxido metálico de enlace y/o un precursor convertible por calor del óxido de enlace; y - el tratamiento térmico de la(s) capa(s) aplicada(s) de emulsión para consolidar el material refractario particulado en el óxido metálico de enlace para formar dicho recubrimiento protector, que se caracteriza por la utilización en dicha emulsión de un compuesto de carbono hidrofóbico que tiene un sustituyente hidrofílico como agente enlazante que une el óxido metálico de enlace a la placa de carbono por la unión a la superficie expuesta al desgaste de la placa de carbono y por tener su sustituyente hidrofílico unido al óxido metálico de enlace. Method of joining a protective coating on a surface exposed to wear of a carbon plate, comprising: - the application on the surface exposed to wear of the carbon plate of at least one layer of an emulsion of particulate refractory material and / or a heat convertible precursor thereof suspended in an inorganic colloidal and / or polymeric conveyor, comprising a dispersion of colloidal particles and / or a solution of inorganic polymer particles of the metal bonding oxide and / or a heat convertible precursor of the binding oxide; and - the heat treatment of the emulsion layer (s) applied to consolidate the refractory material particulate in the metal bond oxide to form said protective coating, which is characterized by the use in said emulsion of a compound of hydrophobic carbon having a hydrophilic substituent as a bonding agent ...

Surface oxidized nickel-iron metal anodes for aluminum production

High stability flow-through non-carbon anodes for aluminium electrowinning

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium from alumina dissolved in a fluoride-containing molten electrolyte (30) , comprises a non-carbon metal-based anode (10 ) having an electrically conductive metallic structure (11,12,13) . This anode structure comprises an outer part with an electrochemically active anode surface (16) on which, during electrolysis, oxygen is anodically evolved, and which is suspended in the electrolyte substantially parallel to a facing cathode (20, 22, 35) . The anode structure has one or more flow- through openings (17) extending from the active anode surface through the metallic structure, the flow-through opening (s) being arranged for guiding a circulation of electrolyte driven by the fast escape of anodically evolved oxygen. The outer part of the anode comprises a layer that contains predominantly cobalt oxide CoO to enhance the stability of the anode.

The production of hematite-containing material

Aluminium electrowinning cells with metal-based anodes

Metal-based anodes for aluminum production cells

Surface oxidised nickel-iron metal anodes for aluminium production

An anode for the electrowinning of aluminium by the electrolysis of alumina in a molten fluoride electrolyte has an electrochemically active integral outside oxide layer obtainable by surface oxidation of a metal alloy which consists of 20 to 60 weight% nickel; 5 to 15 weight% copper; 1.5 to 5 weight% aluminium; 0 to 2 weight% in total of one or more rare earth metals, in particular yttrium; 0 to 2 weight% of further elements, in particular manganese, silicon and carbon; and the balance being iron. The metal alloy of the anode has a copper/nickel weight ratio in the range of 0.1 to 0.5, preferably 0.2 to 0.3.

Protection of metal-based substrates with hematite-containing coatings

Elektrolysezelle mit verrbesserter zufuhrvorrichtung

Feuerfestes material für hochtemperatur- anwendungen

Kohlenstoffkacheln mit feuerfester beschichtung für hochtemperaturanwendungen

Anoden auf basis von metallen zur anwendung in aluminium-herstellungszellen

Aluminium-elektroextraktionszelle mit kathoden auf metallbasis

Electrolytic cell with improved feed device

A cell is disclosed for the electrowinning of a metal (70) from a compound thereof dissolved in a molten electrolyte comprises: a thermally insulated cell trough (10,20) and a thermally insulated cell cover (30) which are arranged to contain an electrolyte (40) and maintain it in a substantially crustless molten state; and a feeder (50) for feeding a particulate (60) of the metal compound to the molten electrolyte (40). The feeder (50) comprises a feeding tube (51) extending into the cell trough (10,20) and has a tubular end portion (52) which is located between the molten electrolyte (40) and the insulating cell cover (30) and which has a substantially horizontal axial direction. The feeder (50) is arranged to feed the particulate (60) into the feeding tube (51), along the feeding tube (51) and through an opening (53) in the tubular end portion (52) from where it is delivered over the molten electrolyte (40). The opening (53) is located at an end of the tubular end portion (52) and is arranged to deliver the particulate (60) from the feeding tube (51) substantially along the axial direction of the tubular end portion (52). The end opening (53) can be coaxial with the tubular end portion (52) or off-axis.

An hydrophobe substrate gebundene hydrophile schutzschichten für hochtemperaturanwendungen

Electrolytic cell with improved feed device

A cell for the electrowinning of a metal ( 70 ) from a compound thereof dissolved in a molten electrolyte comprises: a thermally insulated cell trough ( 10,20 ) and a thermally insulated cell cover ( 30 ) which are arranged to contain an electrolyte ( 40 ) and maintain it in a substantially crustless molten state; and a feeder ( 50 ) for feeding a particulate ( 60 ) of the metal compound to the molten electrolyte ( 40 ). The feeder ( 50 ) comprises a feeding tube ( 51 ) extending into the cell trough ( 10,20 ) and has a tubular end portion ( 52 ) which is located between the molten electrolyte ( 40 ) and the insulating cell cover ( 30 ) and which has a substantially horizontal axial direction. The feeder ( 50 ) is arranged to feed the particulate ( 60 ) into the feeding tube ( 51 ), along the feeding tube ( 51 ) and through an opening ( 53 ) in the tubular end portion ( 52 ) from where it is delivered over the molten electrolyte ( 40 ). The opening ( 53 ) is located at an end of the tubular end portion ( 52 ) and is arranged to deliver the particulate ( 60 ) from the feeding tube ( 51 ) substantially along the axial direction of the tubular end portion ( 52 ). The end opening ( 53 ) can be coaxial with the tubular end portion ( 52 ) or off-axis.

Oberflächlich oxidierte nickel-eisen anoden für die herstellung von aluminium

Anoden auf basis von metallen für aluminium- elektrogewinnungszellen

Aluminium-wettable carbon-based body

A carbon body has an aluminium-wettable outer part that is made of a carbon-rich mixture containing aluminium-reactable metal-based particles and carbon. The metal-based particles are made of metal oxide particles and/or partly oxidised metal particles. The metal of the metal­based particles is selected from iron, copper, cobalt, nickel, zinc and manganese. The carbon body can be used in an aluminium electrowinning cell, e.g. as a cathode, or in an apparatus for treating molten aluminium and is wetted by molten aluminium during use.

Slurries for producing aluminium-based coatings

A slurry comprises suspended aluminium particles in a colloid having dispersed colloidal particles of a metal oxide such as a hydroxide. The metal oxide is reducible by metallic aluminium. The slurry has such a basic pH that dissolution of the aluminium particles in the slurry is inhibited so that when the slurry is subjected to a heat treatment, the undissolved aluminium particles are reactable with the colloidal particles to form an aluminium-based mixture resistant to chemical attack made of aluminium oxide, metal aluminium and the metal of the colloidal particles. The slurry can be used to form an aluminium-based protective coating on a component, in particular of an aluminium electrowinning cell or an apparatus for treating molten aluminium.

Slurries for producing aluminium-based coatings

A slurry comprises suspended aluminium particles in a colloid having dispersed colloidal particles of a metal oxide such as a hydroxide. The metal oxide is reducible by metallic aluminium. The slurry has such a basic pH that dissolution of the aluminium particles in the slurry is inhibited so that when the slurry is subjected to a heat treatment, the undissolved aluminium particles are reactable with the colloidal particles to form an aluminium-based mixture resistant to chemical attack made of aluminium oxide, metal aluminium and the metal of the colloidal particles. The slurry can be used to form an aluminium-based protective coating on a component, in particular of an aluminium electrowinning cell or an apparatus for treating molten aluminium.

Dichtes feuerfestes material für hochtemperatur- anwendungen

Metallbaserte anoder for aluminiumsproduksjonsceller

Aluminiumfuktbart karbonbasert legeme

Carbon tiles with refractory coating for use at elevated temperature

The invention concerns a method of coating a hydrophobic substrate (5,15,16) with a hydrophilic protective layer free of organic carbon (20A,20B,20C,20D) to protect the substrate (5,15,16) when used at high temperature. The method comprises: applying one or more layers of a slurry comprising hydrophilic colloidal particles and/or hydrophilic inorganic polymeric particles onto the hydrophobic substrate followed by drying to form a heat stable intermediate bonding layer on the hydrophobic substrate. One or more layers of a slurry forming the hydrophilic protective layer are applied onto the intermediate bonding layer followed by drying and/or heat treating to form the hydrophilic protective layer on the intermediate bonding layer. The slurry forming the intermediate bonding layer contains at least one carbon compound selected from hydrophobic carbon monomers and hydrophobic carbon polymers and comprising hydrophilic substituents in an amount sufficient to bond the hydrophilic colloidal/inorganic polymeric particles to the carbon compound(s).

Electrolytic cell with improved feed device

A cell for the electrowinning of a metal ( 70 ) from a compound thereof dissolved in a molten electrolyte comprises: a thermally insulated cell trough ( 10,20 ) and a thermally insulated cell cover ( 30 ) which are arranged to contain an electrolyte ( 40 ) and maintain it in a substantially crustless molten state; and a feeder ( 50 ) for feeding a particulate ( 60 ) of the metal compound to the molten electrolyte ( 40 ). The feeder ( 50 ) comprises a feeding tube ( 51 ) extending into the cell trough ( 10,20 ) and has a tubular end portion ( 52 ) which is located between the molten electrolyte ( 40 ) and the insulating cell cover ( 30 ) and which has a substantially horizontal axial direction. The feeder ( 50 ) is arranged to feed the particulate ( 60 ) into the feeding tube ( 51 ), along the feeding tube ( 51 ) and through an opening ( 53 ) in the tubular end portion ( 52 ) from where it is delivered over the molten electrolyte ( 40 ). The opening ( 53 ) is located at an end of the tubular end portion ( 52 ) and is arranged to deliver the particulate ( 60 ) from the feeding tube ( 51 ) substantially along the axial direction of the tubular end portion ( 52 ). The end opening ( 53 ) can be coaxial with the tubular end portion ( 52 ) or off-axis.

Elektrolytisk celle med forbedret mateinnretning.

Celle for elektrolytisk utvinning av et metall (70) fra en forbindelse av dette oppløst i en smeltet elektrolytt omfatter: et termisk isolert cellekar (10, 20) og et termisk isolert celledeksel (30), hvilke er anordnet til å inneholde en elektrolytt (40) og opprettholde den i en hovedsakelig skorpeløs smeltet tilstand; og en mater (50) for mating av et partikkelmateriale (60) av metallforbindelsen til den smeltede elektrolytt (40). Materen (50) omfatter et materør (51) som strekker seg inn i cellekaret (10, 20) og har et rørformet endeparti (52) som er lokalisert mellom den smeltede elektrolytt (40) og det isolerende celledeksel (30), og som har en hovedsakelig horisontal aksial retning. Materen (50)er anordnet til å mate partikkelmaterialet (60) inn i materøret (51), langs materøret (51) og gjennom en åpning (53) i det rørformede endeparti (52), hvorfra det leveres over den smeltede elektrolytt (40). Åpningen (53) er lokalisert ved en ende av det rørformede endeparti (52), og er anordnet til å levere partikkelmaterialet (60) fra materøret (51) hovedsakelig langs den aksiale retning av det rørformede underparti (52). Endeåpningen (53) kan være koaksial med det rørformede endeparti (52) eller utenfor aksen.

Anoden auf basis von metallen für elektrolysezellen zur aluminiumgewinnung

Metallbaserte anoder for aluminiumsproduksjonsceller

Aluminium electrowinning cell with enhanced crust

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium has a cavity for containing electrolyte (20) and one or more non emerging active anode bodies (5) that are suspended in the electrolyte. The electrolyte's surface (21,21') has an expanse extending over the cavity and is substantially covered by a self-formed crust (25) of frozen electrolyte. The crust is mechanically reinforced by at least one preformed refractory body (30, 30',30') . The electrolyte crust is formed against the preformed refractory body and bonded thereto so as to inhibit mechanical failure of the crust and collapse of the crust into the cavity.

Hoystabile gjennomstromningsanoder av ikke-karbon for elektroutvinning av aluminium

Celle for elektroutvinning av aluminium fiia alumina oppløst i en fluoridholdig smelteelektrolytt, omfattende en ikke-karbon-metallbasert anode med en elektrisk ledende metalhsk struktur. Anodestrukturen omfatter en ytre del med en elektrokjemisk aktiv anodeoverflate på hvilken, under elektrolyse, oksygen blir anodisk utviklet, og som er opphengt i elektrolytten i det vesentlige parallelt med en motvendt katode. Anodestrukturen har én eller flere gjennomstrømningsåpninger som strekker seg fra den aktive anodeflate gjeimom den metalliske struktur, idet nevnte gjeimomstrøniningsåpning(er) er anordnet for å styre en sirkulasjon av elekfrolytt drevet av den hurtige unnslippelse av anodisk utviklet oksygen. Den ytre del av anoden omfatter et lag som hovedsakelig inneholder koboltoksid, CoO, for å øke anodens stabilitet.

Aluminium electrowinning cell with enhanced crust

Aluminium electrowinning cell with enhanced crust

A cell for the electrowinning of aluminium has a cavity for containing electrolyte (20) and one or more non emerging active anode bodies (5) that are suspended in the electrolyte. The electrolyte's surface (21,21') has an expanse extending over the cavity and is substantially covered by a self-formed crust (25) of frozen electrolyte. The crust is mechanically reinforced by at least one preformed refractory body (30, 30',30') . The electrolyte crust is formed against the preformed refractory body and bonded thereto so as to inhibit mechanical failure of the crust and collapse of the crust into the cavity.

Electronic device with magnetically stowable speaker assemblies

An electronic device includes a body housing one or more electronic circuits. A first actuation device and a second actuation device are disposed along the body. When actuated, the actuation devices control the operation of the one or more electronic circuits. A first speaker assembly and a second speaker assembly are operable with the one or more electronic circuits. One or both of the first actuation device or the second actuation device comprising a magnet, while one or both of the first speaker assembly or the second speaker assembly comprising a ferromagnetic material to selectively magnetically couple the first speaker assembly and the second speaker assembly to the first actuation device or the second actuation device, respectively.