Polymeric materials made from vanillin

A vanillin is found to be a useful starting material for preparing new monomers that can be further applied to make high Tg composite resins that are in turn useful for making composite parts.

Corrosion protection by coatings that include organic additives

A composition and method of preparing and adding unique organic additives to a metal-free coating system followed by application then provides long term corrosion protection to a reactive metal surface.

Process for the dehydration of aqueous bio-derived terminal alcohols to terminal alkenes

A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-1-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transporation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants.

Renewable bisphenols and resins from salicylic acid

A method for the selective synthesis of bisphenols, thermosetting resins, and thermoplastics from salicylic acid, the major component of wintergreen oil, and a viable target for engineered biosynthesis. Condensation of salicylic acid, structural analogs of salicylic acid, and derivatives of salicylic acid with short chain aldehydes or ketones and subsequent decarboxylation has the potential to produce bisphenols that are direct replacements for conventional resins, while the steric and electronic effects of salicylic acid improve the efficiency and selectivity of the conversion process. The utilization of renewable polyphenols as precursors to epoxies, poly carbonates, and high temperature thermosets including cyanate esters, provides an opportunity to develop full-performance resins while reducing the use of petroleum based feedstocks. This approach will then diminish the overall environmental impact of resin production while allowing for a sustainable source of phenols.

Process and apparatus for the selective dimerization of terpenes and poly-alpha-olefins with a single-stage reactor and a single-stage fractionation system

An improved process and apparatus for the selective reaction of terpenes (including mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes, and others in the terpene family), alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and related olefins to their respective dimeric product in high purity using heterogeneous acid catalyst concurrent with full utilization of energy created in the process. Embodiments of the invention carry out a unique and highly efficient dimerization of terpenes, alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and olefins using cost effective catalysts and low cost equipment that are ideally suited for commercialization of jet/turbine and diesel biofuel processes producing fuels with high flashpoints and superb cold flow properties.

Preparation and thermal curing of single-ring bis(cyanate) ester monomers

A class of modified single-ring cyanate esters which have shown the ability to tailor and control the glass-transition (Tg) of the cured resins as well as the water uptake.

Acyclic monoterpenes as biofuels based on linalool and method for making the same

Acyclic monterpene alcohols, like linalool, to be converted through a series of highly efficient catalytic reactions a biogasoline blending component, and a drop-in biodiesel fuel.

Process and apparatus for the selective dimerization of terpenes and poly-alpha-olefins with a single-stage reactor and a single-stage fractionation system

An improved process and apparatus for the selective reaction of terpenes (including mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes, and others in the terpene family), alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and related olefins to their respective dimeric product in high purity using heterogeneous acid catalyst concurrent with full utilization of energy created in the process. Embodiments of the invention carry out a unique and highly efficient dimerization of terpenes, alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and olefins using cost effective catalysts and low cost equipment that are ideally suited for commercialization of jet/turbine and diesel biofuel processes producing fuels with high flashpoints and superb cold flow properties.

HIGH DENSITY RENEWABLE FUELS BASED ON THE SELECTIVE DIMERIZATION OF PINENES

An effective method for producing high density fuel candidates from pinenes is provided. MMT-K10 is an efficient catalyst for the reaction, although significant amounts of p-cymene and camphene produced as byproducts limit the overall yield to about 80%. Nafion is also an excellent catalyst for pinene dimerization and was capable of producing dimers in up to 90% yield. Pinene dimers synthesized with these heterogenous catalysts have a density and net heat of combustion comparable to JP-10. It is emphasized that this abstract is provided to comply with the rules requiring an abstract that will allow a searcher or other reader to quickly ascertain the subject matter of the technical disclosure. It is submitted with the understanding that it will not be used to interpret or limit the scope of the claims. 1. A process for making a high density fuel comprising:providing a catalytic amount of a selected first solid heteropolyacidic catalyst slurried in a nonpolar organic solvent under an inert atmosphere;adding β-pinene incrementally to said slurry with stirring to form a first reaction mixture;heating said first reaction mixture to about 100° C.;stirring the heated first reaction mixture until reaction of reactants is substantially complete to form a second reaction mixture;removing the first catalyst from the second reaction mixture;adding a hydrogenation catalyst to the second reaction mixture under a hydrogen atmosphere;stirring the second reaction mixture to allow contact of reactants until reaction of reactants is substantially complete to form a third reaction mixture containing hydrogenated α-pinene dimer and hydrogenated β-pinene dimer;removing the hydrogenation catalyst from the third reaction mixture;removing the nonpolar organic solvent from the third reaction mixture to form a residue; andisolating said hydrogenated α-pinene dimer and hydrogenated β-pinene dimer from the residue to form a high density fuel.2. A process for making a high density fuel ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE SELECTIVE DIMERIZATION OF TERPENES AND ALPHA-OLEFIN OLIGOMERS WITH A SINGLE-STAGE REACTOR AND A SINGLE-STAGE FRACTIONATION SYSTEM

An improved process and apparatus for the selective reaction of terpenes (including mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes, and others in the terpene family), alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and related olefins to their respective dimeric product in high purity using heterogeneous acid catalyst concurrent with full utilization of energy created in the process. Embodiments of the invention carry out a unique and highly efficient dimerization of terpenes, alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and olefins using cost effective catalysts and low cost equipment that are ideally suited for commercialization of jet/turbine and diesel biofuel processes producing fuels with high flashpoints and superb cold flow properties. 1. A dimerized product from oligomers , comprising:at least one oligomer-based composition or feedstock selected from the group consisting of terpene(s), alpha-olefin oligomer(s) (AOO), and related olefins;at least one solid acid catalyst to said feedstock for isomerization, wherein said oligomer-based composition or feedstock and said catalyst are converted into a dimerized product having less than 2 wt % total oligomers by processes of isomerization utilizing heat, protonation:maximizing the concentration of reacting olefin during protonation;utilizing a minimum reaction temperature zone to extend said catalyst lifetime;decreasing trimer and oligomer formations via an active recycle protocol to produce dimerized products in the absence of trimeric, tetrameric, and up to octameric; andutilizing a first fractionation process that mildly reduces pressure for the evaporation of unreacted feedstock to produce a dimerized product.2. A saturated hydrocarbon biofuel , comprising:at least one oligomer-based composition or feedstock selected from the group consisting of terpene(s), alpha-olefin oligomer(s) (AOO), and related olefins;at least one solid acid catalyst to said feedstock for isomerization, wherein said oligomer-based composition or feedstock and said catalyst are ...

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE SELECTIVE DIMERIZATION OF TERPENES AND ALPHA-OLEFIN OLIGOMERS WITH A SINGLE-STAGE REACTOR AND A SINGLE-STAGE FRACTIONATION SYSTEM

An improved process and apparatus for the selective reaction of terpenes (including mono-, sesqui-, di-terpenes, and others in the terpene family), alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and related olefins to their respective dimeric product in high purity using heterogeneous acid catalyst concurrent with full utilization of energy created in the process. Embodiments of the invention carry out a unique and highly efficient dimerization of terpenes, alpha-olefin oligomers (OOA's), and olefins using cost effective catalysts and low cost equipment that are ideally suited for commercialization of jet/turbine and diesel biofuel processes producing fuels with high flashpoints and superb cold flow properties. 1. A dimerization process , comprising:introducing at least one oligomer-based composition or feedstock selected from the group consisting of terpene(s), alpha-olefin oligomer(s) (AOO), and related olefins;introducing at least one solid acid catalyst to said feedstock for isomerization;recovering and utilizing the initial heat of said isomerization;maximizing the concentration of reacting olefin during protonation;utilizing a minimum reaction temperature zone to extend said catalyst lifetime;decreasing trimer and oligomer formations via an active recycle protocol to produce dimerized products in the absence of trimers, tetramers, and up to octamers; andutilizing a first fractionation process that mildly reduces pressure for the evaporation of unreacted feedstock to further produce a purer dimerized product having less than 2 wt-% total of dimers, trimers, and oligomers combined.2. The process according to claim 1 , further comprising initially diluting of said feedstock/oligomer.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein at least one said terpene is selected from the group consisting of monoterpenes claim 1 , sesquiterpenes claim 1 , diterpenes claim 1 , terpenes being linear or having more than one ring claim 1 , terpenes having at least one site being unsaturated claim ...

Selective isomerization and oligomerization of olefin feedstocks for the production of turbine and diesel fuels

A process for converting alcohol feedstocks to diesel/turbine fuels.

SELECTIVE ISOMERIZATION AND OLIGOMERIZATION OF OLEFIN FEEDSTOCKS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF TURBINE AND DIESEL FUELS

A process from converting alcohol feedstock to diesel/turbine fuels. 1. A process for manufacturing turbine and/or diesel fuels , comprising:providing an alcohol feedstock;dehydrating said alcohol with at least one solid catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 200° C. to about 400° C. to produce an olefin mixture;oligomizering said mixture directly with at least one metallocene based Ziegler Natta catalyst and methylaluminoxane (MAO) cocatalyst to produce an oligomer mixture having unreacted olefins and oligomers;introducing an isomerization catalyst to produce in situ, a bimetallic isomerization/oligomerization catalyst to convert said unreacted olefins to oligomers formed through 1,2-addition, andhydrogenating and distilling said oligomers to produce fully saturated diesel and turbine fuels.2. (canceled)3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said alcohol feedstock is selected from the group consisting of pure alcohols claim 1 , mixed alcohols claim 1 , and complex mixtures including alcohols.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said alcohol is selected from the group having a CH(OH)formula where “n” and “x” are real integers greater than or equal to one.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said olefin mixture comprises moderately rich in primary olefins (ranging from about 20% to about 80%).6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said alcohol feedstock comprises rich in primary olefins (greater than about 80%).7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said isomerization catalyst comprises at least one modest Lewis acid that promotes isomerization without affecting said oligomerization process.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said isomerization catalyst comprises metals selected from the group consisting of nickel claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , and any combination thereof.9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said isomerization catalyst comprises a transition metal with the metal in the + ...

Selective isomerization and oligomerization of olefin feedstocks for the production of turbine and diesel fuels

A process from converting alcohol feedstock to diesel/turbine fuels.

Process for the dehydration of aqueous bio-derived terminal alcohols to terminal alkenes

A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-l-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transporation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants.

Water and Contaminants Removal from Butanol Fermentation Solutions and/or Broths Using a Brine Solution

A process for removal of water and other selected containments from butanol fermentation broths which is achieved by continuous extraction with a concentrated salt solution with a regulated pH value. This process greatly reduces distillation energy and losses for the final purification of butanol (normal or iso-). Furthermore, this process allows for generation of sufficiently pure biobutanol (>97%) for use in a subsequent chemical process.

HOMOGENEOUS METALLOCENE ZIEGLER-NATTA CATALYSTS FOR THE OLIGOMERIZATION OF OLEFINS IN ALIPHATIC-HYDROCARBON SOLVENTS

An approach that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal-olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes. Embodiments of this invention produce diesel and turbine fuels that are 100% synthetic iso-paraffinic kerosenes with flashpoints greater than 61 deg C. 1. A fuel produced from oligomerization and/or dimerization processes , comprising:at least one alpha-olefin and/or internal olefins;at least one homogenous Ziegler-Natta catalyst;at least one homogenous activating co-catalyst; andat least one or mixture hydrocarbon solvent, wherein said fuel having a flashpoint of 61 to 100° C.2. The fuel according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one olefin-isomerization catalyst.3. The fuel according to claim 1 , wherein said Ziegler-Natta catalyst includes group four (4) metallocene catalyst.4. The fuel according to claim 1 , wherein said co-catalyst is an alkylaluminoxane (AAO).5. The fuels according to claim 1 , wherein said catalyst is prepared by contacting a metallocene precatalyst with an aliphatic hydrocarbon solution having an alkylaluminoxane (AAO).6. The fuel according to claim 1 , wherein said aliphatic hydrocarbon solution is derived from a fuel.7. The fuels according to claim 6 , wherein said catalyst is prepared by dissolving trialkylalane in an aliphatic-hydrocarbon solvent and/or fuel and treated with one mol-equivalent of water and is then contacted with a metallocene precatalyst and filtered.8. The fuels according to claim 7 , wherein said trialkylalanes are selected from the group consisting of trimethylalane claim 7 , triethylalane claim 7 , tributylalane claim 7 , and tri(iso-butyl)alane (TIBA).9. The fuel according to claim 6 , wherein said aliphatic hydrocarbon solvents and/or fuels are selected from the group consisting of straight chain alkanes including ...

Diesel and Jet Fuels Based on the Oligomerization of Butene

A renewable biofuel based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use is about 95% or greater. This latter point will be particularly important in the future, where the source of raw materials (i.e., biomass/biofeedstock) is limited. 1. A process , comprising:activating a Group 4 metallocene ore-catalyst with methylaluminoxane in a suitable solvent;removing said solvent from said, activated catalyst;mixing at least one aromatic solvent, without heteroatoms, with activated catalyst to form a solution;adding dried 1-butene to said solution;allowing contact of said activated catalyst with 1-butene in a gas tight vessel to form a first mixture of butene oligomers;removing by distillation the C8 dimer to produce a second mixture of butene oligomers;contacting of said second mixture of butene oligomers with a hydrogenation catalyst and hydrogen gas to create a third mixture of butene oligomers; andfractional distilling of said third mixture of butene oligomers to afford a high flash point turbine and diesel fuel.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said C8 dimer (2-ethyl-hexene) is placed in contact with concentrated sulfuric acid to form a heterogenous fourth mixture;stirring said fourth mixture to allow contact of reactants at ambient temperature until reaction is complete to form a reaction fifth mixture;separating the organic phase from the aqueous phase of said fifth mixture; and{'sub': '16', 'isolating butene Coligomers from said organic phase.'}3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein said C8 dimer (2-ethyl-1-hexene) is placed in contact with concentrated sulfuric acid to form a heterogenous fourth mixture;stirring said fourth mixture to allow contact of reactants at temperatures from about 0-60° C. until reaction is complete to form a reaction fifth mixture;separating the organic phase from the aqueous ...

Renewable High-Density, High-Octane Fuels

A method/fuels for making high-density, high-octane fuels, the high-density, high-octane including, dimerizirig terpene monomer(s), crude mixture of terpene(s), and/or oxygenated terpenoid(s) with at least one heterogeneous dimerization acid catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 25° C. to about 160° C. to produce a mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s) cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s), hydrogenating the mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s), p-cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s) with at least one heterogenous catalyst(s) under a hydrogen atmosphere to produce a hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic molecules of terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and/or saturated terpene dimer(s), and isolating the hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and saturated terpene dimer(s) by fractional distillation to yield a high boiling fraction composed of terpene dimers and mixture low boiling fraction composed of hydrogenated monomer(s) and cymenes. 1. A method for making a high-density , high-octane fuel , comprising:dimerizing terpene monomer(s), crude mixture of terpene(s), and/or oxygenated terpenoid(s) with at least one heterogeneous dimerization acid catalyst at temperatures ranging from about 25° C. to about 170° C. to produce a mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s), cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s);hydrogenating said mixture of residual/isomerized monomer(s), cymene(s), and terpene dimer(s) with at least one catalyst under a hydrogen atmosphere to produce a hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic molecules of terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and/or saturated terpene dimer(s); andisolating said hydrogenated mixture of cymene(s), saturated cyclic terpene(s), other aromatic(s), and saturated terpene dimer(s) by fractional distillation to yield a high boiling fraction composed of terpene dimers and boiling between about 280 and 350° C. under standard conditions, and a low boiling fraction composed of ...

Process for the Dehydration of Aqueous Bio-Derived Terminal Alcohols to Terminal Alkenes

A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-1-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transporation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants. 1. A method for making bio-1-alcohol dehydration catalyst , comprising:providing at least one inorganic solid support;providing a basic aqueous solution, subjecting said inorganic solid support to a first treatment with said basic aqueous solution;providing at least one first inert gas or air, drying said base treated inorganic solid support under a heated stream of said air or said inert gas, treating said first base treated inorganic solid support with at least one organosilane and diluting in at least one hydrocarbon solvent; andproviding at least one second inert gas or air, heating said second treated inorganic solid support and drying under said second air or an inert gas.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is γ-alumina.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is zinc aluminate (ZnAlO).4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is prepared by heating an equal molar ratio of zinc oxide and γ-alumina at temperatures of 800° C. to 1100° C.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said solid support is prepared by heating a mixture of zinc oxide and γ-alumina at temperatures of 800° C. to 1100° C. claim 1 , wherein said zinc oxide is utilized is in the amount of 1 to about 20 mol-% excess.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said catalyst is treated with an aqueous base solution that is comprised of 1-20 wt-% sodium or potassium hydroxide for a period of 1 to about 12 hours.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said catalyst is treated with an aqueous base solution and then dried at ...

DEHYDRATION CATALYST AND METHOD OF MAKING AND USING THE SAME

A silanized surface, stable selective dehydration catalyst for dienes production, a method for producing a silanized surface, stable, selective dehydration catalyst, and a method for dehydrating at least one of an alkenol and a diol to a diene. The present invention also relates to the fermentation of sugars to afford bio-alkenols that are then separated and converted to a diene using a dehydration catalyst and a method for converting alkenols or diols to dienes with high selectivity and conversion. The dienes are useful in preparing synthetic rubber, plastics copolymers, and fuels. 1. A silanized surface , stable , selective dehydration catalyst for dienes production , comprising (i) an inorganic support , (ii) at least one Bronsted acid of pKa less than 2.5 , and (iii) at least one silicon compound.2. A catalyst according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one promoter.3. A catalyst according to claim 1 , further comprising at least one conjugate base.4. A catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein said inorganic support is gamma-alumina extrudate claim 1 ,5. A catalyst according to claim 2 , wherein said promoter is selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals claim 2 , Group 2 metals and combinations thereof.6. A catalyst according to claim 3 , wherein said conjugate base is selected from the group consisting of HPO claim 3 , HPO claim 3 , and combinations thereof.7. A catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein silicon concentration is in the range between about 0.01 wt % and about 2 wt % of said catalyst.8. A catalyst according to claim 2 , wherein promoter concentration is in the range between about 0.2 wt % and about 5 wt % of said catalyst.9. A method for producing a silanized surface claim 2 , stable claim 2 , selective dehydration catalyst claim 2 , comprisinga. providing an inorganic support;b. mixing said inorganic support with a reagent solution comprising a solvent, a Bronstad acid, and an organosilane compound whereby a support-solution ...

Natural 1,2-Alkanediols, Compositions Having Natural 1,2-Alkanediols and Processes for Making the Same

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products. 1. A method for making a bio-alkene , comprising:dehydrating a bio-1-alcohol by heating the bio-1-alcohol in a reactor with a catalyst, wherein the resulting bio-alkene has a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene has a carbon chain of about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the bio-alkene has a carbon chain length of about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein the bio-alkene has a carbon chain length of about 6 to about 8 carbon atoms.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene is bio-octene.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor is a fixed bed reactor.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the fixed bed reactor is a fluidized bed reactor.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is selected from ZnAlOand a -alumina catalyst.9. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene has ...

Method for the production of at least one derivate of a carboxylic acid

A method of producing at least one derivate of a carboxylic acid. The method includes reacting a carboxylic acid with an auxiliary alkanol on a first catalyst to form a produced ester. A fraction of the produced ester is optionally separated to form a first separated ester. At least a fraction of said produced ester is reacted with hydrogen on a second catalyst to produce a mixture of product alkanol, auxiliary alkanol and optionally residual ester. The product alkanol is separated from the auxiliary alkanol in the mixture to form separated product alkanol, separated auxiliary alkanol, and optionally a second separated ester. The separated auxiliary alkanol is recycled to the reaction. Methods and catalysts for converting alcohols and acids to hydrocarbon jet and diesel fuels are also described.

Natural 1,2-Alkanediols, Compositions Having Natural 1,2-Alkanediols and Processes for Making the Same

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products. 1. A process for the synthesis of bio-1 ,2-alkanediols , comprising:providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%; andconverting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene and the bio-1 claim 1 ,2-alkanediol each have a carbon chain of about 6 to about 14 carbon atoms.3. The process according to claim 2 , wherein the bio-alkene and the bio-1 claim 2 ,2-alkanediol each have a carbon chain length of about 6 to about 10 carbon atoms.4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein the bio-alkene and the bio-1 claim 3 ,2-alkanediol each have a carbon chain length of about 6 to about 8 carbon atoms.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene is bio-octene and the bio-1 claim 1 ,2-alkane diol is bio-1 claim 1 ,2-octanediol.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the bio-alkene results from a process wherein a bio-1 ...

Natural 1,2-Alkanediols, Compositions Having Natural 1,2-Alkanediols and Processes for Making the Same

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products. 141.-. (canceled)42. A composition , comprising at least one first bio-1 ,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms which is synthesized by conversion of a first bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%.43. The composition according to claim 42 , wherein the composition is a personal care composition.44. The composition according to claim 43 , wherein the personal care composition is a hair care composition claim 43 , an oral care composition claim 43 , a skin care composition or a cosmetic composition.45. The composition according to claim 42 , wherein the composition is a composition for a household product.46. The composition according to claim 45 , wherein the household product is a fabric care product or a cleaning product.47. The composition according to claim 42 , wherein the composition is an industrial composition.48. The composition according to claim 42 , wherein the composition is a pharmaceutical ...

Turbine and diesel fuels and methods for making the same

A process for making diesel and turbine fuels including, providing an effective amount of branched olefins, adding active heterogeneous acid catalyst(s) to said branched olefins to produce a solvent-free mixture, heating said solvent-free mixture greater than about 100° C. for a desired amount of time depending on various conditions, to produce C 16 dimers/catalyst mixture, removing said catalysts from said dimers/catalyst mixture, and adding hydrogenation catalyst(s) to said dimers under hydrogen atmosphere to produce a mixture of stable fuels.

Process for the dehydration of aqueous bio-derived terminal alcohols to terminal alkenes

A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-1-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transportation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants.

Process for the dehydration of aqueous bio-derived terminal alcohols to terminal alkenes

A method and apparatus for dehydrating bio-1-alcohols to bio-1-alkenes with high selectivity. The bio-1-alkenes are useful in preparing high flashpoint diesel and jet biofuels which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the bio-1-alkenes may be converted to biolubricants useful in the transportation sector and other areas requiring high purity/thermally stable lubricants.

Homogeneous metallocene ziegler-natta catalysts for the oligomerization of olefins in aliphatic-hydrocarbon solvents

A process is disclosed that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal-olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes. Embodiments of this invention produce diesel and turbine fuels that are 100% synthetic iso-paraffinic kerosenes with flashpoints greater than 61 °C.

Diesel and jet fuels based on the oligomerization of butene

A renewable biofuel based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use is about 95% or greater.

Acyclic monoterpenes as biofuels based on linalool and method for making the same

Acyclic monterpene alcohols, like linalool, to be converted through a series of highly efficient catalytic reactions a biogasoline blending component, and a drop-in biodiesel fuel.

Regioselective dehydration of terminal alcohols

The present invention relates to the preparation of a dehydration catalyst and a method and apparatus for dehydrating 1-alcohols to 1-alkenes with high regioselectivity. The 1-alkenes are useful in preparing copolymers with ethylene and high flashpoint diesel and jet fuels, which are useful to civilian and military applications. Furthermore, the 1-butene may be converted to 1,3-butadiene which is useful in preparing synthetic rubbers. Some linear C 4 diols can be dehydrated directly to a 1,3-butadiene.

Selective isomerization and oligomerization of olefin feedstocks for the production of turbine and diesel fuels

A process from converting alcohol feedstock to diesel/turbine fuels.

Diesel and jet fuels based on the oligomerization of butene

A renewable biofuel based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use is about 95% or greater. This latter point will be particularly important in the future, where the source of raw materials (i.e., biomass/biofeedstock) is limited.

Diesel and jet fuels based on the oligomerization of butene

A renewable biofuel based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use is about 95% or greater. This latter point will be particularly important in the future, where the source of raw materials (i.e., biomass/biofeedstock) is limited.

Diesel and jet fuels based on the oligomerization of butene

A renewable biofuel is based on a highly efficient batch catalysis methodology for conversion of 1-butene to a new class of potential jet fuel blends. By tuning the catalyst and then using the dimer produced, the carbon use can be about 95% or greater. This is particularly useful where the source of raw materials (i.e., biomass/biofeedstock) is limited. The batch catalysis approach disclosed requires a minimal input of energy and hydrogen to make fuels that possess useful flash points, coldflow properties, and solution density/energy content. This new process affords a saturated hydrocarbon fuel that has a high solution density and thus possesses a higher calculated power density (per volume) than similar fuels made by the GTL Fischer-Tropsch processes.

Thermally-activated heat resistant insulating apparatus

A firefighting and protection apparatus being thermally-activated and/or heat resistant when subjected to a temperature above a pre-determined limit thermally set chemical reactions occur within the apparatus which causes the apparatus to expand in volume for multifunctional purposes including acting as an insulator against heat, an absorbent for diminishing contact between fuel and oxygen, and release inert gases and flame retardants for disrupting chemical reactions that sustain a fire.

Homogeneous metallocene ziegler-natta catalysts for the oligomerization of olefins in aliphatic-hydrocarbon solvents

An approach that permits continuous batch conversion of alpha-olefins and internal-olefins to oligomeric materials without fouling the reaction vessel and provides a simple and highly efficient method for making very cost effective catalyst systems based on Zeigler-Natta Group 4 metallocenes. Embodiments of this invention produce diesel and turbine fuels that are 100% synthetic iso-paraffinic kerosenes with flashpoints greater than 61 deg C.

A process for the dehydration of aqueous bio-derived terminal alcohols to terminal alkenes

Androgen-regulated genes and uses for diagnosis, prognosis and treatment of prostate neoplastic conditions

The invention provides a method for diagnosing or predicting susceptibility to a prostate neoplastic condition in an individual. The method involves (a) determining a level of RDC1 in a sample from the individual, and (b) comparing the level of RDC1 in the sample to a reference level of RDC1, wherein a level of RDCl in the sample 2-fold or more higher than the reference level indicates the presence of,or susceptibility to, a prostate neoplastic condi tion in the individual.

Thermally-Activated Heat Resistant Insulating Apparatus

A firefighting and protection apparatus being thermally-activated and/or heat resistant when subjected to a temperature above a pre-determined limit thermally set chemical reactions occur within the apparatus which causes the apparatus to expand in volume for multifunctional purposes including acting as an insulator against heat, an absorbent for diminishing contact between fuel and oxygen, and release inert gases and flame retardants for disrupting chemical reactions that sustain a fire.

Natural 1,2-alkanediols, compositions having natural 1,2-alkanediols and processes for making the same

A process is incorporated herein for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols, comprising: providing a bio-alkene having a carbon chain of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms and a bio-1-alkene regioselectivity of at least about 80%, at least about 92% and/or at least about 95%; and converting the bio-alkene to a bio-1,2-alkanediol having a carbon chain length of about 5 to about 20 carbon atoms. Methods for treating catalysts which may be incorporated in the process for the synthesis of bio-1,2-alkanediols are also included herein. Such bio-1,2-alkanediols are used in compositions and products alone as antimicrobial materials, or with existing bio-compounds and/or antimicrobials, preservatives, alternative preservation systems and/or hurdle technology components. The bio-1,2-alkanediols incorporate a natural and bio-based pathway for antimicrobial effects in various compositions such as cosmetic, pharmaceutical, industrial and household products.

Rhodium catalyzed silaformylation of aldehydes and products obtained therefrom

Aldehydes substituted with carbon radicals such as alkyl, aromatic, and heterocyclic, can be silaformylated with a silane reagent and carbon monoxide in the presence of rhodium catalyst to produce alpha-silyloxyaldehydes. The alpha-silyloxyaldehydes are useful intermediates in the synthesis of biologically active molecules.

Darlington feedforward circuit with reduced NPN reverse beta sensitivity.

Common emitter amplifier operating from a multiplicity of power supplies

Current source

Waterborne corrosion resistant organic primer compositions

The present invention provides a pigment/additive comprising discrete multivalent oxidation state (DiMVO) phenothiazine compounds having corrosion inhibiting properties. These novel DiMVO phenothiazines are useful in preparing waterborne primer coating formulations for application to metals and metal alloys and demonstrating corrosion inhibiting properties. Furthermore, such formulations are chromate-free and have reduced VOC content. Methods of preparing and using such compounds and waterborne formulations also are described.

Composite health monitoring/damage mitigation using multi-component microcapsules

A system, method and apparatus in the detection of a scent to locate the damage and its extent and to aid in the repair manually or self-repair. A method for detecting damage in a device including, providing at least one first microcapsule having at least two scents in a composition detectable by a machine, human, and/or animal or any combination thereof, associating the scent(s), where the scent(s) is a device, releasing the scent(s) when damage has occurred to the device, and detecting the scent(s) to alert a detector of the damage and level of the damage.

Hybrid metallized organic fuels

A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.

Polymeric materials made from vanillin

A vanillin is found to be a useful starting material for preparing new monomers that can be further applied to make high Tg composite resins that are in turn useful for making composite parts.

Polymeric materials made from vanillin

A method for converting vanillin to bis(cyanate) ester monomers, comprising treating vanillin with a reductive coupling agent to form at least one olefin. The olefin or olefins are treated with hydrogen and a metal catalyst to hydrogenate said olefin. The hydrogenated olefin or olefins are treated with at least one cyanogen halide and a base in an organic solvent to afford at least one olefin monomer. The olefin monomer or monomers are purified by recrystallization or precipitation from an organic solvent.

Preparation and thermal curing of single-ring bis(cyanate) ester monomers

A class of modified single-ring cyanate esters which have shown the ability to tailor and control the glass-transition (Tg) of the cured resins as well as the water uptake.

Preparation and thermal curing of single-ring Bis(cyanate) ester monomers

A class of modified single-ring cyanate esters which have shown the ability to tailor and control the glass-transition (Tg) of the cured resins as well as the water uptake.

Emitterschaltungsverstärker von einer Multiplizität von Stromversorgungen betrieben

Emitterschaltungsverstärker von einer Multiplizität von Stromversorgungen betrieben

Natural 1,2-alkanediols, compositions having natural 1,2-alkanediols and processes for making the same

Hybrid metallized organic fuels

A formulation and methods for making high energy organic fuels that incorporate suspended metal particles with metal particle sized ranging from 33 nm to 5 micron. The hybrid organic fuels contain superior density and/or energy content to conventional liquid organic fuels. These hybrid organic fuels used in combination with metal particle afford fuels with 5 to 80% more net heat of combustion (based on volume). These fuels should extend the distant range for jets, liquid rocket engines, SCRAM jet engines, and improve energy content in fuel-air explosive applications such as fuel-air explosives and in the Multi-Effects Weapons System (MEWS) where the fuel is used both for propulsion and explosive effects.