DYEING OF FIBERS USING SUPERCRITICAL CARBON DIOXIDE AND ELECTROPHORESIS

The present technology provides an illustrative method for dyeing textiles that includes intermixing a dye with super-critical carbon dioxide (sc-CO) to form a dye solution and immersing a fabric in the dye solution. The method further includes applying an electric field to the dye solution to cause charged particles of the dye solution to separate and cause the dye to diffuse into the fabric. 1. A method for dyeing textiles , the method comprising:{'sub': '2', 'intermixing a dye with super-critical carbon dioxide (sc-CO) to form a dye solution;'}contacting a fabric with the dye solution; andapplying an electric field to the dye solution to cause separation of charges within particles of the dye solution and to cause the dye to diffuse into the fabric.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fabric comprises at least one of wool claim 1 , cotton claim 1 , silk claim 1 , linen claim 1 , or ramie fibers.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is a hydrophilic dye.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dye is a polar dye.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said intermixing a dye with sc-COincludes increasing the temperature of the dye solution and maintaining the dye solution at an elevated pressure.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electric field comprises a strength of at least 300 kilovolts per meter.7. The method of further comprising treating the dye with a surfactant to facilitate said intermixing.8. An apparatus for dyeing textiles claim 1 , the apparatus comprising:{'sub': '2', 'an intermixing component configured to retain and intermix a dye with super-critical carbon dioxide (sc-CO) to form a dye solution;'}a fabric immersion component configured to contact a fabric with the dye solution; anda cathode and an anode configured to produce an electric field in the dye solution, wherein the electric field causes separation of charges with particles of the dye solution to ionize and cause the dye to diffuse into the fabric.9. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein ...

Rechargeable Zinc Air Battery and Anode

Implementations and techniques for rechargeable zinc air batteries are generally disclosed.

RADIATION ASSISTED ELECTROSTATIC SEPARATION OF SEMICONDUCTOR MATERIALS

A method of separating material includes providing a mixture of a first material, such as a semiconductor, and a second material, such as an insulator or a different semiconductor. The mixture can be irradiated using a light source at a wavelength that causes the first material's conductivity to increase while leaving the second material's conductivity (substantially) unchanged. Placing the mixture in contact with a ground electrode discharges the first material but not the second material due the difference in their conductivities. Applying an electric field to the discharged mixture separates the discharged first material from the second material. 1. A method of separating material , the method comprising:irradiating a mixture of a first material and a second material at a wavelength that induces a difference in conductance between the first material and the second material; andapplying an electric field to the mixture, the electric field causing at least some of the first material to separate from the second material due to the difference in conductance,wherein the wavelength corresponds to an energy that is (a) greater than a band gap energy of the first material, and (b) less than a band gap energy of the second material.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first material includes a semiconductor material.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first material comprises at least one of germanium claim 2 , silicon germanium claim 2 , copper indium diselenide claim 2 , silicon claim 2 , copper indium gallium diselenide claim 2 , indium phosphide claim 2 , gallium arsenide claim 2 , cadmium telluride claim 2 , copper gallium diselenide claim 2 , and hydrogenated amorphous silicon.4. The method of claim 2 , wherein the second material comprises a second semiconductor material.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises particles having an average particle volume within a range of between about 0.5 nl to about 0.3 ml.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein ...

Aluminum Air Battery Including a Composite Anode

A method to produce an aluminium air battery, comprising: forming a selectively reactive coating on a surface of an anode core to form a composite anode, the selectively reactive coating comprising a zinc alloy and the anode core comprising aluminium; and storing an electrolyte in contact with the composite anode, wherein the selectively reactive coating is capable of chemically reacting with the electrolyte during discharging of the aluminium air battery the reactive coating may also include an anode corrosion inhibitor material consisting of one or more of indium, gallium, lead, thallium or mercury 1. A method to produce an aluminum air battery , comprising:forming a selectively reactive coating on a surface of an anode core to form a composite anode, the selectively reactive coating comprising a zinc alloy and the anode core comprising aluminum; andstoring an electrolyte in contact with the composite anode, wherein the selectively reactive coating is capable of chemically reacting with the electrolyte during discharging of the aluminum air battery.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein forming comprises forming a selectively reactive coating comprising at least one or more of indium claim 1 , gallium claim 1 , lead claim 1 , thallium claim 1 , or mercury.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the selectively reactive coating comprises alloying a corrosion resistant material and zinc together to form the selectively reactive coating via heat treatment claim 1 , wherein the corrosion resistant material comprises one or more of indium claim 1 , gallium claim 1 , lead claim 1 , thallium claim 1 , or mercury.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the forming of the selectively reactive coating comprises alloying a corrosion resistant material and zinc together to form the selectively reactive coating via heat treatment claim 1 , wherein the corrosion resistant material comprises one or more of indium claim 1 , gallium claim 1 , lead claim 1 , thallium claim 1 , or ...

Microcapsule Corrosion Control In Reinforced Concrete

Corrosion control in reinforced concrete is generally disclosed. Some example embodiments may include concrete including aggregate, cement, and/or microcapsules distributed within the cement, where the individual microcapsules may include a high pH salt substantially contained within an acid-soluble shell. If the pH of the concrete decreases, the acid soluble shell may swell and/or dissolve, such as below a pH of about 11, which may release the high pH salt. The high pH salt may locally increase the pH of the concrete. By increasing the pH above about pH 11, corrosion of steel rebar may be prevented and/or reduced. 1. A concrete structure comprising:aggregate;cement interposing and bonding the aggregate; anda plurality of microcapsules distributed within the cement, individual microcapsules comprising a high pH salt substantially contained within an acid-soluble shell.2. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the high pH salt comprises one or more of a hydroxide claim 1 , a phosphate claim 1 , and a carbonate.3. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the high pH salt comprises one or more of sodium hydroxide and sodium carbonate.4. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises an acid-soluble polymer.5. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the shell comprises a polymer comprising imidazoline subunits.6. The structure of claim 5 , wherein the polymer comprising imidazoline subunits comprises about 20% to about 30% imidazoline and about 70% to about 80% styrene.7. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the shell is substantially insoluble in water above about pH 12 and is at least partially soluble in water below about pH 11.8. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the microcapsules comprise about 0.1% to about 10% of the cement by volume.9. The structure of claim 1 , wherein the microcapsules comprise about 1% to about 5% of the cement by volume.10. The structure of claim 1 , wherein a ratio by weight of the high pH salt to the cement is about 0.0001:1 to about 0.0020:1.11. ...

CONFORMING GRAPHENE TO A TARGET SUBSTRATE

Implementations and techniques for conforming a layer of graphene to a target substrate are generally disclosed. 17-. (canceled)8. An apparatus , comprising: a backing plate having a flat surface, the flat surface configured to support the target substrate, and', 'a retaining ring removably coupled to the backing plate, the retaining ring located in spaced alignment with the backing plate; and, 'a housing configured to receive a target substrate and a sheet that includes a layer of graphene on a transition metal substrate, the housing comprisinga permeable fabric located within the housing adjacent the flat surface, the permeable fabric configured to pass etching solution therethrough to remove the transition metal substrate, and wherein the permeable fabric is configured to not adhere to the layer of graphene under hydrostatic pressure.9. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising one or more fasteners configured to removably couple the retaining ring to the backing plate.10. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising one or more biasing mechanisms configured to bias the retaining ring and the backing plate together.11. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising one or more fasteners configured to removably couple the retaining ring to the backing plate claim 8 , wherein the one or more fasteners are configured to bias the retaining ring and the backing plate together.12. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising a sealing ring located between the retaining ring and the permeable fabric.13. The apparatus of claim 8 , further comprising:one or more fasteners configured to removably couple the retaining ring to the backing plate;one or more biasing mechanisms configured to bias the retaining ring and the backing plate together; anda sealing ring located between the retaining ring and the permeable fabric.1420-. (canceled) Unless otherwise indicated herein, the approaches described in this section are not prior art to the claims in this application and ...

Optical lithography using graphene contrast enhancement layer

Technologies are generally described for methods, systems, and structures that include patterns formed by optical lithography. In some example methods, a photoresist layer is applied to a substrate, and a graphene layer can be applied to the photoresist layer. Light can be applied through a mask to the graphene layer, where the mask includes a pattern. The light can form the pattern on the graphene layer such that the pattern forms on the photoresist layer.

OSTEOARTHRITIS BIOMARKERS AND USES THEREOF

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in osteoarthritis and/or in a particular stage of osteoarthritis, as well as a means of selecting the novel biomarker combinations. The measurement of expression of the products of the biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers demonstrates particular advantage in one or more of the following: (a) diagnosing individuals as having arthritis, (b) differentiating between two stages of osteoarthritis (OA) and (c) diagnosing individuals as having a particular stage of OA. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers are within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins and the use of said polynucleotides and proteins. The biomarker products can be used to identify therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis, and compounds that bind and/or modulate the gene activity. 113.-. (canceled)14. A method of diagnosing osteoarthritis in a test subject , the method comprising: for each gene of a set of genes consisting of alpha glucosidase II alpha subunit (G2AN) and tumor necrosis factor , alpha-induced protein 6 (TNFAIP6) , measuring the RNA expression level of the gene in a blood sample of the test subject , wherein measuring the RNA expression level of the gene is done using a polynucleotide which can specifically and/or selectively hybridize with RNA encoded by G2AN , or with DNA complementary to RNA encoded by G2AN.15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising determining a ratio between the RNA expression level of the gene in the sample of the test subject and the RNA expression level of the gene in blood of subjects not having osteoarthritis.16. The method of claim 15 , further comprising measuring the RNA expression level of the gene in blood samples of a population of control subjects not ...

CHEMICAL VAPOR DEPOSITION GRAPHENE FOAM ELECTRODES FOR PSEUDO-CAPACITORS

Technologies are generally described for a porous graphene electrode material is described herein that may incorporate a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure fabricated via chemical vapor deposition onto a metal foam. After the graphene is deposited, the metal foam may be dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure that may include single or few layer graphene. Pseudo-capacitive materials, such as RuO, FeO, or MnO, may be deposited within the pores of the a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure to form the porous graphene electrode material. The porous graphene electrode material may have a specific capacitance comparable to chemically modified graphene (CMG) electrodes. The porous graphene electrode material may also have a conductivity greater than CMG electrodes of equivalent surface area. Use of the porous graphene electrode material in capacitors may result in siginificant improvements in specific power compared to CMG based capacitors. 1. A graphene-based electronic apparatus , comprising a first electrode that includes:a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure, formed by chemical vapor deposition on a metal foam substrate, anda layer of pseudo-capacitive material in contact with the open-cell graphene structure.2. The graphene-based electronic apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal foam substrate is dissolved after the three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure is formed.3. (canceled)4. The graphene-based electronic apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the pseudo-capacitive material includes one or more of RuO claim 1 , FeOand/or MnO.5. The graphene-based electronic apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the open-cell graphene structure is characterized by a void volume of between about 75% and about 95%.6. The graphene-based electronic apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the open-cell graphene structure is characterized by a surface area of at least about 2500 meters per gram.7. The graphene-based electronic apparatus of ...

PIEZOELECTRIC DISCHARGE WATER PURIFICATION

The fluid purification disclosed herein provides the advantages of high-voltage purification without electrocution risks. In illustrative purifiers, a contaminated fluid, such as contaminated water, is aerated and passed through a cavity that contains highly porous piezoelectric material and an ultrasonic transducer. The transducer emits ultrasonic energy that causes the piezoelectric material to discharge a high-voltage field, which produces strong oxidizing agents that kill organisms and oxidize organic pollutants. Since the ultrasonic actuator operates at relatively low voltages (e.g., 20-110 V) and can be electrically isolated from the fluid, illustrative purification is safe, environmentally friendly, and scalable from small to large size applications. 1. A fluid purifier comprising:a vessel defining at least one cavity to hold fluid;at least one piezoelectric material disposed within the cavity; andat least one ultrasonic transducer to apply ultrasonic energy to the piezoelectric material so as to cause the piezoelectric material to emit an electrical discharge that purifies the fluid.2. The fluid purifier of claim 1 , wherein the at least one cavity is resonant at a frequency of the ultrasonic energy.3. The fluid purifier of claim 1 , wherein an interior surface of the at least one cavity reflects at least a portion of the ultrasonic energy.4. (canceled)5. The fluid purifier of claim 1 , further including an inlet to receive fluid into the at least one cavity and an outlet to discharge purified fluid from the cavity.6. The fluid purifier of claim 1 , further including a filter to filter fluid received into or discharged out of the at least one cavity.7. (canceled)8. The fluid purifier of claim 1 , further including a meter to measure a purification level of the fluid.9. The fluid purifier of claim 8 , further including a conduit that circulates fluid through the at least one cavity to achieve a desired purification level.10. The fluid purifier of claim 9 , ...

ALTERATION OF GRAPHENE DEFECTS

Technologies are generally described for method and systems effective to at least partially alter a defect in a layer including graphene. In some examples, the methods may include receiving the layer on a substrate where the layer includes at least some graphene and at least some defect areas in the graphene. The defect areas may reveal exposed areas of the substrate. The methods may also include reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas. The methods may further include adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer. The methods may further include reducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer. 1. A method for at least partially altering a defect area in a layer on a substrate , wherein the layer includes graphene , the method comprising:receiving the layer on the substrate, wherein the layer includes at least some defect areas in the graphene, the defect areas revealing exposed areas of the substrate; reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas;adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer; andreducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.2. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes at least one of plastic claim 1 , SiO claim 1 , glass claim 1 , gold claim 1 , silver claim 1 , and/or polyethylene terephthalate.3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the substrate includes silicon and the method further comprises reacting the substrate by applying aminopropyltriethoxysilane to the substrate.4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein reacting the substrate further comprises applying an amine terminated material to the substrate.5. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein ...

Biomarkers for Diagnosing Schizophrenia and Bipolar Disorder

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in blood and useful in diagnosing schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder as well as monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatment for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The measurement of expression levels of the products of the biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers of the invention can be used to diagnose schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. Measurement of the expression level of products of biomarkers of the invention using polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are compositions and kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. 1. A composition comprising a collection of two or more isolated polynucleotides , said polynucleotides which selectively hybridize to at least two biomarkers of the invention , wherein the biomarkers are selected from the group consisting of the genes: adenylosuccinate synthase (ADSS); apolipoprotein B mRNA editing enzyme , catalytic polypeptide-like 3B (APOBEC3B); ataxia telangiectasia mutated (includes complementation groups A , C and D) (ATM); Charcot-Leyden crystal protein (CLC); C-terminal binding protein 1 (CTBP1); chemokine (C—X—C motif) ligand 1 (melanoma growth stimulating activity , alpha) (CXCL1); death associated transcription factor 1 (DATF1); 5100 calcium binding protein A9 (calgranulin B) (S100A9) , and as set out in Table 1 , and wherein the composition is used to measure the level of expression of said biomarker.2. A composition comprising a collection of two or more isolated polynucleotides which bind selectively to the RNA products of at least two biomarkers ...

Optical lithography using graphene contrast enhancement layer

Technologies are generally described for methods, systems, and structures that include patterns formed by optical lithography. In some example methods, a photoresist layer is applied to a substrate, and a grapheme layer can be applied to the photoresist layer. Light can be applied through a mask to the graphene layer, where the mask includes a pattern. The light can form the pattern on the graphene layer such that the pattern forms on the photoresist layer.

COPPER SUBSTRATE FOR DEPOSITION OF GRAPHENE

Technologies are presented for growing graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a high purity copper surface. The surface may be prepared by deposition of a high purity copper layer on a lower purity copper substrate using deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, or CVD. The deposition of the high purity copper layer may be followed by a thermal treatment to facilitate grain growth. Use of the high purity copper layer in combination with the lower purity copper substrate may provide thermal expansion matching, compatibility with copper etch removal, or reduction of contamination, producing fewer graphene defects compared to direct deposition on a lower purity substrate at substantially less expense than deposition approaches using a high purity copper foil substrate. 1. A method of manufacturing graphene , comprising:providing a copper substrate that includes a first copper layer in contact with a second copper layer, the first copper layer characterized by a first copper percentage by weight and the second copper layer characterized by a second copper percentage by weight, wherein the second copper percentage is greater than the first copper percentage; andgrowing a graphene monolayer via chemical vapor deposition on the second copper layer.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the first copper layer is further characterized by a first oxygen percentage by weight;the second copper layer is further characterized by a second oxygen percentage by weight; andthe second oxygen percentage is about the same or less than the first oxygen percentage.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in a dimension perpendicular to the graphene monolayer claim 1 ,the first copper layer is characterized by a first average thickness;the second copper layer is characterized by a second average thickness; andthe second average thickness is less than the first average thickness.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the first average thickness is at least about 3 ...

Metal Air Battery Including a Composite Anode

Implementations and techniques for metal air batteries including a composite anode are generally disclosed. 121.-. (canceled)22. A method to produce a metal air battery , the method comprising:forming a corrosion resistant coating on a surface of an anode core to form a first composite anode, the anode core comprising a first metal and the corrosion resistant coating comprising a second metal that is different from the first metal;forming a cathode configured to discharge a positive charge from the metal air battery;forming a deplating electrode configured to at least partially electropolish the corrosion resistant coating from the first composite anode over two or more stages, wherein an initial portion of the corrosion resistant coating is configured to be removed during initial operation and one or more subsequent portions of the corrosion resistant coating are configured to be removed during one or more subsequent operations;providing a battery housing; andstoring an electrolyte in the battery housing in contact with the cathode, the first composite anode, and the deplating electrode, wherein the electrolyte is configured to precipitate the corrosion resistant coating during electropolishing of the first composite anode.23. The method of claim 22 , wherein the first metal associated with the anode core comprises at least one of aluminum claim 22 , magnesium claim 22 , lithium claim 22 , zinc claim 22 , and iron.24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the second metal associated with the corrosion resistant coating comprises at least one of nickel claim 22 , platinum claim 22 , copper claim 22 , and zinc.25. The method of claim 22 , wherein the electrolyte includes a precipitation substance comprising at least one of ascorbic acid claim 22 , succinic acid claim 22 , and citric acid.26. The method of claim 22 , wherein the first metal associated with the anode core comprises at least one of aluminum claim 22 , magnesium claim 22 , lithium claim 22 , zinc claim 22 , ...

METHOD OF DIAGNOSING MILD OSTEOARTHRITIS

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with mild osteoarthritis as compared with individuals without osteoarthritis. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing mild osteoarthritis. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis. 1. A method of diagnosing a human test subject as more likely to either have mild osteoarthritis or not have osteoarthritis , said method comprising ,(a) for each gene of a set of genes consisting of CKLFSF3, CPT1A, IL13RA1, ILF1, KIAA0010, PF4, PDK4 and SERPINE1, detecting the level of RNA encoded by said gene in a blood sample from said test subject, using at least one oligonucleotide of predetermined sequence which is specific for RNA encoded by said gene and/or for DNA complementary to RNA encoded by said gene, thereby obtaining test levels of RNA encoded by said genes; and(b) applying logistic regression analysis to said test levels to classify the test subject as more likely to either have mild osteoarthritis or not have osteoarthritis, wherein said logistic regression analysis is performed using a logistic regression model fitted to levels of RNA encoded by said genes in blood of subjects having mild osteoarthritis; and levels of RNA encoded by said genes in blood of ...

ALTERATION OF GRAPHENE DEFECTS

Technologies are generally described for method and systems effective to at least partially alter a defect in a layer including graphene. In some examples, the methods may include receiving the layer on a substrate where the layer includes at least some graphene and at least some defect areas in the graphene. The defect areas may reveal exposed areas of the substrate. The methods may also include reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas. The methods may further include adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer. The methods may further include reducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer. 110-. (canceled)11. A system effective to at least partially alter a defect area in a layer on a substrate , wherein the layer includes graphene , the system comprising:a chamber configured effective to receive a layer on the substrate placed in the chamber, wherein the layer includes at least some graphene, and at least some defect areas in the graphene, wherein the defect areas are effective to reveal exposed areas of the substrate; anda container configured in communication with the chamber;wherein the chamber and the container are configured effective toreact the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas;adhere graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer; andreduce the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.12. The system as recited in claim 11 , wherein the substrate includes at least one of plastic claim 11 , SiO claim 11 , glass claim 11 , gold claim 11 , silver claim 11 , and/or polyethylene terephthalate.13. The system as recited in claim 11 , wherein the substrate includes silicon and the chamber and the container are further ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR LABELING AND DETECTING DEFECTS IN A GRAPHENE LAYER

Fluorophores or other indicators can be used to label and identify one or more defects in a graphene layer by localizing at the one or more defects and not at other areas of the graphene layer. A substrate having a surface at least partially covered by the graphene layer may be contacted with the fluorophore such that the fluorophore selectively binds with one or more areas of the surface of the underlying substrate exposed by the one or more defects. The one or more defects can be identified by exposing the substrate to radiation. A detected fluorescence response of the fluorophore to the radiation identifies the one or more defects. 1. A method of labeling one or more defects in a graphene layer , the method comprising:providing a substrate having a surface at least partially covered by the graphene layer; andcontacting the substrate with an indicator that selectively binds with one or more areas of the surface of the substrate exposed by the one or more defects in the graphene layer to label the one or more defects.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the indicator is one of a fluorophore claim 1 , a dye claim 1 , a radioisotope claim 1 , or a quantum dot.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the indicator is a fluorophore claim 1 , and further comprising:exposing the substrate to radiation effective to generate a detectable fluorescence response from the fluorophore at the one or more areas of the surface exposed by the one or more defects; andmonitoring the fluorescence response of the fluorophore, wherein a detected fluorescence response identifies the one or more defects and an absence of the fluorescence response indicates an absence of the one or more defects.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising contacting the substrate with a rinsing liquid one or more times after contacting the substrate with the indicator to remove any non-localized indicator from the graphene layer.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the substrate is an inorganic polar substrate.6. ( ...

DETECTION OF INTERNAL GAS LEAKAGE

A method placing a gas into a first cavity of a patient, where the gas includes hyperpolarized 3-Helium (3-He). At least a portion of the patient is imaged using MRI to detect the gas within the patient. Based at least in part on the imaging, a determination is made regarding whether at least a portion of the gas is present in a second cavity of the patient. Presence of the gas in the second cavity is indicative of a leakage of the first cavity. 1. A method comprising:placing a gas into a first cavity of a patient, wherein the gas includes 3-Helium (3-He);imaging at least a portion of the patient to detect the gas within the patient; anddetermining, based at least in part on the imaging, whether at least a portion of the gas is present in a second cavity of the patient, wherein presence of the gas in the second cavity is indicative of a leakage of the first cavity.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein placing the gas into the first cavity of the patient comprises placing a tube into the first cavity claim 1 , and wherein the gas flows through the tube.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprises hyperpolarized 3-He.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the gas comprises a one to one ratio of 3-He and 4-He.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the imaging is performed by way of nuclear magnetic resonance.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the imaging is performed with a magnetic resonance imaging device.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first cavity comprises a large intestine of the patient claim 1 , and wherein the second cavity is formed at least in part by an abdomen of the patient.8. An apparatus comprising: a gas source that includes a gas claim 1 , wherein the gas includes 3-Helium (3-He);a tube, wherein a first end of the tube is connected to the gas source and a second end of the tube is configured to be inserted into a first cavity of a patient to deliver the gas into the first cavity; and receive image data of at least a portion of the patient; and', ' ...

Compositions and methods for detecting sepsis

The disclosure provides a panel of biomarkers that individually or in combination can indicate the presence of sepsis as distinguishable from other non-infection related inflammatory conditions. The disclosed biomarkers and related reagents and kits provide strategies for detecting, treating, and monitoring sepsis in subjects. In aspect, the disclosure provides a method for detecting sepsis, comprising contacting a biological sample obtained from the subject with an affinity reagent that specifically binds to one or more of the disclosed novel biomarkers, and detecting differential expression of the one or more biomarkers by detecting binding of the affinity reagent to the biomarker. The method can incorporate use of additional known biomarkers. The method can further comprise treating a subject determined to have sepsis. In some embodiments, the subject is a human subject less than 20 years old.

COPPER SUBSTRATE FOR DEPOSITION OF GRAPHENE

Technologies are presented for growing graphene by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) on a high purity copper surface. The surface may be prepared by deposition of a high purity copper layer on a lower purity copper substrate using deposition processes such as sputtering, evaporation, electroplating, or CVD. The deposition of the high purity copper layer may be followed by a thermal treatment to facilitate grain growth. Use of the high purity copper layer in combination with the lower purity copper substrate may provide thermal expansion matching, compatibility with copper etch removal, or reduction of contamination, producing fewer graphene defects compared to direct deposition on a lower purity substrate at substantially less expense than deposition approaches using a high purity copper foil substrate. 1. A copper substrate for growing a graphene monolayer , the copper substrate comprising:a first copper layer characterized by a first copper percentage by weight, a first oxygen percentage by weight, and a first average thickness; anda second copper layer in contact with the first copper layer, wherein the second copper layer is characterized by a second copper percentage by weight, a second oxygen percentage by weight, and a second average thickness; the second copper percentage is greater than the first copper percentage;', 'the second oxygen percentage is about the same or less than the first oxygen percentage; and', 'the second average thickness is less than the first average thickness., 'wherein2. The copper substrate of claim 1 , wherein the first average thickness is at least about 3 micrometers.3. The copper substrate of claim 1 , wherein the second average thickness is one atomic monolayer of copper to about 25 micrometers.4. The copper substrate of claim 1 , wherein the second copper percentage is greater than the first copper percentage by at least about 0.1%.5. The copper substrate of claim 1 , wherein:the second copper percentage is at least about 99.9%, ...

Method and Apparatus for Correlating Levels of Biomarker Products with Disease

In one aspect the invention is a method of testing for one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology (in one embodiment colorectal cancer) in a test individual by providing data corresponding to a level of products of selected biomarkers and applying the data to a formula to provide an indication of whether the test individual has one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology. In some aspects the method is computer based and a computer applies the data to the formula. In other aspects a computer system is configured with instructions that cause the processor to provide a user with the indication of whether the test individual has colorectal pathology. Also encompassed are kits for measuring data corresponding to the products of selected biomarkers which in some embodiments include a computer readable medium. Also encompassed are kits and methods of monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatments for one or more colorectal pathologies. 134-. (canceled)35. A method of determining a probability of whether a human test subject is more likely to have colorectal cancer than to not have colorectal cancer comprising ,(a) amplifying a test cDNA from blood of the human test subject complementary to a test mRNA to obtain values for levels of test mRNA expressed for each gene of a set of genes consisting of MS4A1 and one or more genes selected from the group consisting of MGC20553, CD163, CDA, BANK1, and BCNP1, comprising the steps of:(i) generating test cDNA from test mRNA expressed specifically by each of the genes of the set of genes from blood of the human test subject; and(ii) reacting the test cDNA under conditions to amplify DNA with an appropriate primer pair comprising a first and a second primer, wherein the first and the second primer of each primer pair represents a pair of forward and reverse primers corresponding to MS4A1, MGC20553, CD163, CDA, BANK1 and BCNP1 respectively, to obtain the ...

Conforming graphene to a target substrate

Implementations and techniques for conforming a layer of graphene to a target substrate are generally disclosed.

DEFECT DETECTION IN SATURABLE ABSORBERS

Technologies are generally described for identifying defects in saturable absorbers, such as graphene, by the saturable property of decreasing light absorbance with increasing light intensity. For example, a graphene coated substrate may be imaged twice under two distinct incident intensities. At a gap in the graphene, the substrate may reflect light proportional to the incident intensities. The graphene may show a non-linear increase in reflected light as the intensity of illumination increases. A difference between the two incident intensities may reveal the gap in the graphene. Any suitable imaging technique may be employed such as confocal microscopy or linear scanning. The imaging may be scaled up for high volume automated inspection. 1. A method of detecting one or more defects in a sample using a saturable absorber , comprising:acquiring a first reflected intensity of a saturable absorber for a location on the saturable absorber under bright field electromagnetic radiation at a first incident intensity;acquiring a second reflected intensity of the saturable absorber for the location under bright field electromagnetic radiation at a second incident intensity, the second incident intensity being greater than the first incident intensity by an amount sufficient to at least partly saturate an absorbance value of the saturable absorber;determining an incident intensity ratio corresponding to the second incident intensity divided by the first incident intensity;determining a reflected intensity ratio for the location corresponding to the second reflected intensity divided by the first reflected intensity;generating a reflected intensity ratio map for the saturable absorber by determining reflected intensity ratios for a plurality of locations on the saturable absorber; andcomparing the reflected intensity ratio to the incident intensity ratio to identify one or more defects at one or more of the plurality of locations.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising ...

Directionally recrystallized graphene growth substrates

Implementations and techniques for producing substrates suitable for growing graphene monolayers are generally disclosed.

Apparatus and method for performing sequencing of nucleic acid polymers

An apparatus for processing samples containing DNA to produce a sequencing fragment mixture comprises a sample processing element comprising: a thermocycling region having one or more chambers for receiving a DNA sequencing reaction mixture and forming sequencing fragments therefrom; a separation region comprising a separation matrix for separating the sequencing fragments formed in the thermocycling regions; a detection region for detection of the separated sequencing fragments; and means for regulating the temperature in the thermocycling region of the sample processing element to provide a plurality of thermal cycles, each cycle including at least a denaturation phase and an extension phase. The apparatus for processing sample can be placed in a holder which is associated with means for applying an electric field to the separation region of a sample processing apparatus placed within the holder to cause polynucleotide sequencing fragments to migrate through the separation region from the thermocycling region to the detection region; and means for detecting polynucleotide fragments within the detection region of the sample processing apparatus placed within the holder.

Method for identification of mutations using ligation of multiple oligonucleotide probes

A ligase-based assay which relies only upon knowledge of the wild-type sequence of a gene or gene fragment is used to detect all types of mutations, i.e., point mutations, insertions and deletions. The assay makes use of a set of oligonucleotide probes, which may be packaged in kit form, which hybridize in series along the length of the gene. The ligation of the probes together form a ligation product, the size of which is evaluated. When the gene or gene fragment being analyzed corresponds to the normal sequence and thus perfectly matches the probes, all of the probes in the set are ligated together, and the ligation product has a certain resulting size. When a mutation appears in the gene, the hybridization of the probe overlapping the mutation is impaired, with the result that some or all of the ligation product is of smaller size. By evaluating the size of the ligation product, both the existence of a mutation and its approximate position can be identified.

Method and apparatus for correlating levels of biomarker products with disease

In one aspect the invention is a method of testing for one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology (in one embodiment colorectal cancer) in a test individual by providing data corresponding to a level of products of selected biomarkers and applying the data to a formula to provide an indication of whether the test individual has one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology. In some aspects the method is computer based and a computer applies the data to the formula. In other aspects a computer system is configured with instructions that cause the processor to provide a user with the indication of whether the test individual has colorectal pathology. Also encompassed are kits for measuring data corresponding to the products of selected biomarkers which in some embodiments include a computer readable medium. Also encompassed are kits and methods of monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatments for one or more colorectal pathologies.

Method for identification of mutations using ligation of multiple oligonucleotide probes

A ligase-based assay which relies only upon knowledge of the wild-type sequence of a gene or gene fragment is used to detect all types of mutations, i.e., point mutations, insertions and deletions. The assay makes use of a set of oligonucleotide probes, which may be packaged in kit form, which hybridize in series along the length of the gene. The ligation of the probes together form a ligation product, the size of which is evaluated. When the gene or gene fragment being analyzed corresponds to the normal sequence and thus perfectly matches the probes, all of the probes in the set are ligated together, and the ligation produce has a certain resulting size. When a mutation appears in the gene, the hybridization of the probe overlapping the mutation is impaired, with the result that some or all of the ligation produce is of smaller size. By evaluating the size of the ligation product, both the existence of a mutation and its approx. position can be identified.

Mild osteoathritis biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel RNA biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with mild osteoarthritis as compared with individuals without osteoarthritis. The invention is a method of diagnosing or detecting osteoarthritis (OA) by determining the level of specific RNA products, e.g. the RNA product of IL13RA1, in a test, e.g. blood or cartilage, sample.

Biomarkers for diagnosing schizophrenia and bipolar disorder

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in blood and useful in diagnosing schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder as well as monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatment for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The measurement of expression levels of the products of the biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers of the invention can be used to diagnose schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. Measurement of the expression level of products of biomarkers of the invention using polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are compositions and kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for the identification of methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets of schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder and a method of screening the genes of said biomarkers for additional markers of disease.

Liver cancer biomarkers

The invention relates to the identification and selection of biomarkers which demonstrate particular advantage in identifying individuals having liver cancer. The invention further relates to useful combinations of biomarkers for diagnosing liver cancer. The invention further provides for the polynucleotides and polypeptides and kits thereof for use as a tool to diagnose disease and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention further provides a method of selecting biomarker combinations and the combinations thus identified for diagnosis of liver cancer. Also encompassed by the invention are screening methods to identify therapeutic targets for treating liver cancer, and identify single nucleotide point mutations related to liver cancer.

Computer system and methods for constructing biological classifiers and uses thereof

The present invention provides systems and method for constructing classifiers that distinguish between trait subgroups using molecular marker data from blood samples. The invention further encompasses the use of the classifiers and combinations of molecular markers identified by the classifiers in a wide variety of applications including: diagnosis; prognosis; prediction of disease, stage of disease or disease risk; monitoring disease progression and/or regression; monitoring disease reoccurrence and identifying risk of disease reoccurrence; determining and/or predicting response to treatment and/or treatment outcomes; monitoring and/or predicting treatment compliance or non compliance and the like. The invention further provides a variety of selected molecular markers and a means to identify combinations of the selected molecular markers useful for diagnosing particular traits of interest.

Radiation assisted electrostatic separation of semiconductor materials

A method of separating material includes providing a mixture of a first material, such as a semiconductor, and a second material, such as an insulator or a different semiconductor. The mixture can be irradiated using a light source at a wavelength that causes the first material's conductivity to increase while leaving the second material's conductivity (substantially) unchanged. Placing the mixture in contact with a ground electrode discharges the first material but not the second material due the difference in their conductivities. Applying an electric field to the discharged mixture separates the discharged first material from the second material.

Electrophoretic trace simulator

A simulated electrophoretic trace is prepared by first obtaining an input file containing an input base sequence comprising a string of letters (A, C, G and/or T) in an order corresponding to the input base sequence, and then modifying the input file using one or more functions to take into account perturbations associated with (1) changes in peak intensity as a function of base number; (2) peak shape as a function of base number; (3) peak skew; (4) spacing between peaks; (5) background; (6) noise; (7) spectral cross-talk; (8) instrumental effects and/or (9) gel electrophoresis effects to produce a modified file representing a simulated electrophoretic trace. The method may be performed using a specially adapted apparatus.

Nanofabricated separation matrix for analysis of biopolymers and methods of making and using same

Separation matrices useful in the formation of solid-state mm- to cm-scale devices for the rapid, high-resolution separation of single-stranded DNA ladder bands generated by the Sanger dideoxy- or Maxam/Gilbert chemical DNA sequencing procedures are formed from a solid support (1) having a plurality of posts (4) disposed on a first major surface thereof to form an obstacle course of posts (4) and pores (5). The posts are arranged in a regular X, Y array and are separated one from another by a distance of 100 nm or less, preferably 10 to 30 nm, and are optionally separated into lanes 2. The separation matrix can be manufactured by first forming a mold, preferably a reusable mold using lithography techniques. The mold is the reverse of the desired pattern of posts and pores of the obstacle course, and is used for casting the obstacle course. The cast obstacle course is then fused to a solid support and separated from the mold. Alternatively, the separation matrix can be formed from a polymer which undergoes specific and quantifiable swelling in the presence of a selected chemical compound. In this case, the matrix is cast on a mold in a conventional manner with a spacing between posts greater than the desired final spacing of 100 nm or less. For use, a buffer solution saturated with the specific chemical agent that controls swelling is added, causing the posts to swell to a defined amount to achieve the desired separation.

Apparatus and method for performing sequencing of nucleic acid polymers

An apparatus for processing samples containing DNA to produce a sequencing fragment mixture comprises a sample processing element comprising: a thermocycling region having one or more chambers for receiving a DNA sequencing reaction mixture and forming sequencing fragments therefrom; a separation region comprising a separation matrix for separating the sequencing fragments formed in the thermocycling regions; a detection region for detection of the separated sequencing fragments; and means for regulating the temperature in the thermocycling region of the sample processing element to provide a plurality of thermal cycles, each cycle including at least a denaturation phase and an extension phase. The apparatus for processing sample can be placed in a holder which is associated with means for applying an electric field to the separation region of a sample processing apparatus placed within the holder to cause polynucleotide sequencing fragments to migrate through the separation region from the thermocycling region to the detection region; and means for detecting polynucleotide fragments within the detection region of the sample processing apparatus placed within the holder.

Monitoring dehydration using rf dielectric resonator oscillator

Technologies are generally described for monitoring dehydration levels of a subject using Radio Frequency (RF) dielectric resonant oscillators (DROs) that may be affixed to the skin of the subject. According to some example aspects, a sensor comprising a microstrip ring resonator may be affixed to the skin and used to determine the change in hydration of a person quantitatively and/or qualitatively. An RF emitter can be configured to emit a scanning signal to the sensor, where the scanning signal can be swept over a specified frequency range. The sensor is configured to resonate in response to the scanning signal, where characteristics of the sensor's resonance (e.g., the specific frequency and "Q "factor of the resonance) is impacted by dielectric losses of the sensor to the skin due to hydration level of the subject.

Mild osteoarthritis biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with mild osteoarthritis as compared with individuals without osteoarthritis. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing mild osteoarthritis. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.

Nanofabricated separation matrix for analysis of biopolymers and methods of making and using same

Separation matrices useful in the formation of solid-state mm- to cm-scale devices for the rapid, high-resolution separation of single-stranded DNA ladder bands generated by the Sanger dideoxy- or Maxam/Gilbert chemical DNA sequencing procedures are formed from a solid support (1) having a plurality of posts (4) disposed on a first major surface thereof to form an obstacle course of posts (4) and pores (5). The posts are arranged in a regular X, Y array and are separated one from another by a distance of 100 nm or less, preferably 10 to 30 nm, and are optionally separated into lanes 2. The separation matrix can be manufactured by first forming a mold, preferably a reusable mold using lithography techniques. The mold is the reverse of the desired pattern of posts and pores of the obstacle course, and is used for casting the obstacle course. The cast obstacle course is then fused to a solid support and separated from the mold. Alternatively, the separation matrix can be formed from a polymer which undergoes specific and quantifiable swelling in the presence of a selected chemical compound. In this case, the matrix is cast on a mold in a conventional manner with a spacing between posts greater than the desired final spacing of 100 nm or less. For use, a buffer solution saturated with the specific chemical agent that controls swelling is added, causing the posts to swell to a defined amount to achieve the desired separation.

Microcapsule corrosion control in reinforced concrete

Corrosion control in reinforced concrete is generally disclosed. Some example embodiments may include concrete including aggregate, cement, and/or microcapsules distributed within the cement, where the individual microcapsules may include a high pH salt substantially contained within an acid-soluble shell. If the pH of the concrete decreases, the acid soluble shell may swell and/or dissolve, such as below a pH of about 11, which may release the high pH salt. The high pH salt may locally increase the pH of the concrete. By increasing the pH above about pH 11, corrosion of steel rebar may be prevented and/or reduced.

Micro-electrophoresis chip for moving and separating nucleicacids and other charged molecules

Mild osteoathritis biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel RNA biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with mild osteoarthritis as compared with individuals without osteoarthritis. The invention is a method of diagnosing or detecting osteoarthritis (OA) by determining the level of specific RNA products, e.g. the RNA product of IL13RA1, in a test, e.g. blood or cartilage, sample.

Mild osteoarthritis biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with mild osteoarthritis as compared with individuals without osteoarthritis. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing mild osteoarthritis. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for osteoarthritis.

Method and apparatus for correlating level of biomarker product with disease

【課題】選択されたバイオマーカー産物レベルに対応するデータを提供し、かつデータを公式に適用して試験個体が1つもしくは複数の結腸直腸病変、または1つもしくは複数のサブタイプの結腸直腸病変を有するか否かに関する指標を提供する。 【解決手段】試験個体における1つもしくは複数の結腸直腸病変、または、1つもしくは複数のサブタイプの結腸直腸病変（1つの態様において結腸直腸癌）を試験する方法。プロセッサに、試験個体が結腸直腸病変を有するか否かの指標をユーザーに提供させる指令で構成されるコンピュータシステム。コンピュータ可読媒体を含む、選択されたバイオマーカー産物に対応するデータを測定するためのキットを含み、1つまたは複数の結腸直腸病変の処置の治療有効性をモニターするためのキットおよび方法も含む。 【選択図】図２

Chemical vapor deposition graphene foam electrodes for pseudo-capacitors

Technologies are generally described for a porous graphene electrode material is described herein that may incorporate a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure fabricated via chemical vapor deposition onto a metal foam. After the graphene is deposited, the metal foam may be dissolved, leaving a three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure that may include single or few layer graphene. Pseudo-capacitive materials, such as RuO 2 , Fe 3 O 4 , or MnO 2 , may be deposited within the pores of the three-dimensional open-cell graphene structure to form the porous graphene electrode material. The porous graphene electrode material may have a specific capacitance comparable to chemically modified graphene (CMG) electrodes. The porous graphene electrode material may also have a conductivity greater than CMG electrodes of equivalent surface area. Use of the porous graphene electrode material in capacitors may result in significant improvements in specific power compared to CMG based capacitors.

Nanofabricated separation matrix for analysis of biopolymers and methods of making and using same

Separation matrices useful in the formation of solid-state mm- to cm-scale devices for the rapid, high-resolution separation of single-stranded DNA ladder bands generated by the Sanger dideoxy- or Maxam/Gilbert chemical DNA sequencing procedures are formed from a solid support (1) having a plurality of posts (4) disposed on a first major surface thereof to form an obstacle course of posts (4) and pores (5). The posts are arranged in a regular X, Y array and are separated one from another by a distance of 100 nm or less, preferably 10 to 30 nm, and are optionally separated into lanes 2. The separation matrix can be manufactured by first forming a mold, preferably a reusable mold using lithography techniques. The mold is the reverse of the desired pattern of posts and pores of the obstacle course, and is used for casting the obstacle course. The cast obstacle course is then fused to a solid support and separated from the mold. Alternatively, the separation matrix can be formed from a polymer which undergoes specific and quantifiable swelling in the presence of a selected chemical compound. In this case, the matrix is cast on a mold in a conventional manner with a spacing between posts greater than the desired final spacing of 100 nm or less. For use, a buffer solution saturated with the specific chemical agent that controls swelling is added, causing the posts to swell to a defined amount to achieve the desired separation.

Microelectrophoresis chip for moving and separating nucleic acids and other charged molecules

A microelectrophoresis chip comprises a substrate in which there are formed one or more channels, one channel for each sample to be evaluated. The channels extend for the length of the chip, a distance of generally around 1 cm, and are about 1 to 10 νm wide and 1 to 10 νm in depth. The channels are filled with a homogeneous separation matrix which acts as an obstacle to the electrophoretic migration of the charged molecules. Microelectrodes disposed in the channels are used to induce an electric field within the homogeneous separation medium. When a voltage is applied across two or more of the microelectrodes, the charged molecules are induced to move and separate according to the electric field density, the type of solvent film, and the charge, shape and size of the charged molecule. The chip may further comprise detectors, such as light polarization detectors, fluorescence emission detectors, biosensors, electrochemical sensors or other microcomponents which may include sites for enzymatic or chemical manipulation of the moved or separated charged molecules.

Electrophoretic trace simulator

A simulated electrophoretic trace is prepared by first obtaining an input file containing an input base sequence comprising a string of letters (A, C, G and/or T) in an order corresponding to the input base sequence, and then modifying the input file using one or more functions to take into account perturbations associated with (1) changes in peak intensity as a function of base number; (2) peak shape as a function of base number; (3) peak skew; (4) spacing between peaks; (5) background; (6) noise; (7) spectral cross-talk; (8) instrumental effects and/or (9) gel electrophoresis effects to produce a modified file representing a simulated electrophoretic trace. The method may be performed using a specially adapted apparatus.

Method for preparing chromatin

A novel method for preparing chromatin from eukaryotic cells is described. The method is useful in many assays, including: (1) physical mapping of genes by in situ hybridization; (2) testing for defective functions of the apoptosis machinery within cells; (3) obtaining highly-oriented chromatin fibres for use in subsequent studies on interphase or metaphase chromatin structure; (4) detecting fragile sites in the chromosomes of normal, chemically-treated, or genetically mutant cells; (5) preparing ordered pools of clones from an animal genome or perhaps from any eukaryotic genome; (6) obtaining chromatin fibres and condensed chromatin bodies, in a range of packing densities and sizes, for subsequent use in studies on molecular transport processes including electrophoresis, and for calibration of molecular separation matrixes; (7) obtaining condensed chromatin bodies, with a range of sizes, for subsquent use in studies on the solid-liquid crystal transitions of chromatin, and in preparation of liquid crystalline sensing elements.

Method and Apparatus for Correlating Levels of Biomarker Products with Disease

In one aspect the invention is a method of testing for one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology (in one embodiment colorectal cancer) in a test individual by providing data corresponding to a level of products of selected biomarkers and applying the data to a formula to provide an indication of whether the test individual has one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology. In some aspects the method is computer based and a computer applies the data to the formula. In other aspects a computer system is configured with instructions that cause the processor to provide a user with the indication of whether the test individual has colorectal pathology. Also encompassed are kits for measuring data corresponding to the products of selected biomarkers which in some embodiments include a computer readable medium. Also encompassed are kits and methods of monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatments for one or more colorectal pathologies.

Piezoelectric discharge water purification

The fluid purification disclosed herein provides the advantages of high-voltage purification without electrocution risks. In illustrative purifiers, a contaminated fluid, such as contaminated water, is aerated and passed through a cavity that contains highly porous piezoelectric material and an ultrasonic transducer. The transducer emits ultrasonic energy that causes the piezoelectric material to discharge a high-voltage field, which produces strong oxidizing agents that kill organisms and oxidize organic pollutants. Since the ultrasonic actuator operates at relatively low voltages ( e.g ., 20-110 V) and can be electrically isolated from the fluid, illustrative purification is safe, environmentally friendly, and scalable from small to large size applications.

Method and apparatus for correlating levels of biomarker products with disease

In one aspect the invention is a method of testing for one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology (in one embodiment colorectal cancer) in a test individual by providing data corresponding to a level of products of selected biomarkers and applying the data to a formula to provide an indication of whether the test individual has one or more colorectal pathologies or one or more subtypes of colorectal pathology. In some aspects the method is computer based and a computer applies the data to the formula. In other aspects a computer system is configured with instructions that cause the processor to provide a user with the indication of whether the test individual has colorectal pathology. Also encompassed are kits for measuring data corresponding to the products of selected biomarkers which in some embodiments include a computer readable medium. Also encompassed are kits and methods of monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatments for one or more colorectal pathologies.

Kits and primers for diagnosing schizophrenia

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in blood and useful in diagnosing schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder as well as monitoring therapeutic efficacy of treatment for schizophrenia or bipolar disorder. The measurement of expression levels of the products of the biomarkers and combinations of biomarkers of the invention can be used to diagnose schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder. Measurement of the expression level of products of biomarkers of the invention using polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are compositions and kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for the identification of methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets of schizophrenia and/or bipolar disorder and a method of screening the genes of said biomarkers for additional markers of disease.

Microelectrophoresis chip for moving and separating nucleic acids and other charged molecules

A microelectrophoresis chip comprises a substrate in which there are formed one or more channels, one channel for each sample to be evaluated. The channels extend for the length of the chip, a distance of generally around 1 cm, and are about 1 to 10 µm wide and 1 to 10 µm in depth. The channels are filled with a homogeneous separation matrix which acts as an obstacle to the electrophoretic migration of the charged molecules. Microelectrodes disposed in the channels are used to induce an electric field within the homogeneous separation medium. When a voltage is applied across two or more of the microelectrodes, the charged molecules are induced to move and separate according to the electric field density, the type of solvent film, and the charge, shape and size of the charged molecule. The chip may further comprise detectors, such as light polarization detectors, fluorescence emission detectors, biosensors, electrochemical sensors or other microcomponents which may include sites for enzymatic or chemical manipulation of the moved or separated charged molecules.

Conforming graphene to a target substrate

A method and device for transferring a layer of graphene from a transitional metal substrate onto a target substrate by; coupling the layer of graphene portion which is located on the transitional metal substrate to a target substrate, removing the transition metal substrate via chemical or electrochemical etching, conforming the layer of graphene to the target substrate by applying hydrostatic pressure. The said device being able to receive the target substrate and the sheet that includes a transitional metal substrate and a layer of graphene, the device housing including; a backing plate, a retaining ring and a permeable fabric.

Monitoring dehydration using rf dielectric resonator oscillator

Technologies are generally described for monitoring dehydration levels of a subject using Radio Frequency (RF) dielectric resonant oscillators (DROs) that may be affixed to the skin of the subject. According to some example aspects, a sensor comprising a microstrip ring resonator may be affixed to the skin and used to determine the change in hydration of a person quantitatively and/or qualitatively. An RF emitter can be configured to emit a scanning signal to the sensor, where the scanning signal can be swept over a specified frequency range. The sensor is configured to resonate in response to the scanning signal, where characteristics of the sensor's resonance (e.g., the specific frequency and “Q” factor of the resonance) is impacted by dielectric losses of the sensor to the skin due to hydration level of the subject.

Directionally recrystallized graphene growth substrates

Processes and/or methods of forming substrates suitable for growing grapheme are generally described including forming a metal layer on a prepared substrate, forming a layer of dielectric material on the metal layer, and then directionally recrystallising the metal layer to form a recrystallized metal layer suitable for growing a grapheme monolayer having a length of about fifteen microns or greater.

Metal air battery including a composite anode

Implementations and techniques for metal air batteries including a composite anode are generally disclosed.

Verfahren und vorrichtung zur korrelierung der ebenen von biomarker-produkten mit erkrankungen

Optical lithography using graphene contrast enhancement layer

Technologies are generally described for methods, systems, and structures that include patterns formed by optical lithography. In some example methods, a photoresist layer is applied to a substrate, and a grapheme layer can be applied to the photoresist layer. Light can be applied through a mask to the graphene layer, where the mask includes a pattern. The light can form the pattern on the graphene layer such that the pattern forms on the photoresist layer.

Conforming graphene to a target substrate

Implementations and techniques for conforming a layer of graphene to a target substrate are generally disclosed.

Metal Air Battery Including a Composite Anode

Implementations and techniques for metal air batteries including a composite anode are generally disclosed.

Bladder cancer biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with bladder cancer as compared with individuals without bladder cancer. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing bladder cancer. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with bladder cancer as compared with individuals without bladder cancer. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing bladder cancer. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.

Bladder cancer biomarkers and uses thereof

The invention relates to the identification and selection of novel biomarkers and the identification and selection of novel biomarker combinations which are differentially expressed in individuals with bladder cancer as compared with individuals without bladder cancer. Polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the products of the biomarkers of the invention are also encompassed within the scope of the invention as are kits containing said polynucleotides and proteins for use in diagnosing bladder cancer. Further encompassed by the invention is the use of the polynucleotides and proteins which specifically and/or selectively hybridize to the product of the biomarkers of the invention to monitor disease regression in an individual and to monitor the efficacy of therapeutic regimens. The invention also provides for methods of using the products of the biomarkers of the invention in the identification of novel therapeutic targets for bladder cancer.

Optical elements with protective undercoating

An apparatus and method are disclosed for an optical element which may comprise a main optical body comprising a crystal containing halogen atoms; a reflectivity coating for changing the reflectivity of a surface of the main body; and, an intermediate protective layer comprising a material containing free halogen atoms. The crystal may comprise an alkaline earth metal and may comprise fluorine atoms, e.g., calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride. The intermediate protective layer may comprises a material containing free fluorine atoms, e.g., a material doped with fluorine atoms, e.g., doped fused silica. The intermediate layer comprises an amorphous portion and a polycrystalline portion. The optical element may also comprise a main optical element body; a reflectivity coating comprising a metal halide on an exterior the a surface of the main optical body; and a thin layer of protective outer coating on the reflectivity coating comprising a dense non-porous material thin enough to be transparent to the light of a selected short wavelength. The reflectivity coating may comprise a plurality of layers with at least one layer comprising a metal fluoride and the protective outer coating may comprise a layer of silicon oxyfluoride.

Optical elements with protective undercoating

An apparatus and method are disclosed for an optical element which may comprise a main optical body comprising a crystal containing halogen atoms; a reflectivity coating for changing the reflectivity of a surface of the main body; and, an intermediate protective layer comprising a material containing free halogen atoms. The crystal may comprise an alkaline earth metal and may comprise fluorine atoms, e.g., calcium fluoride or magnesium fluoride. The intermediate protective layer may comprises a material containing free fluorine atoms, e.g., a material doped with fluorine atoms, e.g., doped fused silica. The intermediate layer comprises an amorphous portion and a polycrystalline portion. The optical element may also comprise a main optical element body; a reflectivity coating comprising a metal halide on an exterior the a surface of the main optical body; and a thin layer of protective outer coating on the reflectivity coating comprising a dense non-porous material thin enough to be transparent to the light of a selected short wavelength. The reflectivity coating may comprise a plurality of layers with at least one layer comprising a metal fluoride and the protective outer coating may comprise a layer of silicon oxyfluoride.

Relax gas discharge laser lithography light source

Alteration of graphene defects

Technologies are generally described for method and systems effective to at least partially alter a defect in a layer including graphene. In some examples, the methods may include receiving the layer on a substrate where the layer includes at least some graphene and at least some defect areas in the graphene. The defect areas may reveal exposed areas of the substrate. The methods may also include reacting the substrate under sufficient reaction conditions to produce at least one cationic area in at least one of the exposed areas. The methods may further include adhering graphene oxide to the at least one cationic area to produce a graphene oxide layer. The methods may further include reducing the graphene oxide layer to produce at least one altered defect area in the layer.

Air cathode tubes for rechargeable metal air batteries

Implementations and techniques are generally disclosed are generally described for providing a metal air batter comprising, a cathode tube included in the metal air battery, the cathode tube having a conductive outer surface and a hydrophobic inner surface configured to define a tube wall there between, wherein the tube wall includes polymeric material and an anode material that surrounds the cathode tube.

Piezoelectric discharge water purification

The fluid purification disclosed herein provides the advantages of high-voltage purification without electrocution risks. In illustrative purifiers, a contaminated fluid, such as contaminated water, is aerated and passed through a cavity that contains highly porous piezoelectric material and an ultrasonic transducer. The transducer emits ultrasonic energy that causes the piezoelectric material to discharge a high-voltage field, which produces strong oxidizing agents that kill organisms and oxidize organic pollutants. Since the ultrasonic actuator operates at relatively low voltages (e.g., 20-110 V) and can be electrically isolated from the fluid, illustrative purification is safe, environmentally friendly, and scalable from small to large size applications.