ГЕНЕРАТОР ВОДОРОДА И КИСЛОРОДА

Генератор кислорода и водорода, содержащий корпус, выполненный в виде сосуда, разделенного переборками, образуя четное количество полостей, сообщающихся между собой в нижней части сосуда, в которых поочередно расположены электроды с развитыми поверхностями, а в верхней части каждая полость снабжена поплавковым устройством с запорным клапаном и газоотборными камерами с осушителем газа, при этом они через одну полость объединены в общие газоотводные трубки и источники питания электродов, насос, бак для воды, сушильное устройство и устройство для отвода тепла, отличающийся тем, что в генератор дополнительно установлены датчики давления, температуры, уровня и концентрации, блок программирования, блок управления, блок измерения, одиннадцать электроуправляемых клапанов, бак для щелочи, бак слива электролита с двумя входами и одним выходом, на отводе водорода и кислорода из корпуса генератора установлены два ресивера, устройство отвода тепла из корпуса генератора выполнено в виде змеевика, который ...

РЕГЕНЕРАТОР

Генератор водорода

FLÜSSIGKEITSABGABEVORRICHTUNG MIT EINGEBAUTER PHIOLENBEFESTIGUNG ODER EINGEBAUTEM PHIOLENADAPTOR

Reaktor zum Erzeugen von Chlordioxid durch Umsetzen von Alkalichlorat mit Säure

Zeolithmaterial für ein Verfahren zum Erzeugen von Gasblasen in Wasser

A PROCESS FOR CONDITIONING A GAS STREAM CHARGED WITH SOLID PARTICLES AND/OR VAPOURS

Steckverbinder mit Zweischalenteilen für Airbag Gasgenerator

Reaktor zum Erzeugen von Chlordioxid durch Umsetzen von Alkalichlorat mit Säure

Vorrichtung zur automatischen Nachfuehrung von Fluessigkeiten an ein Katalysatorbett

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR USE IN THE HETEROGENEOUS DECOMPO SITION OF LIQUIDS

... 1399041 Generating oxygen for fuel cells SIEMENS AG 31 Jan 1973 [16 Feb 1972 (2)] 4983/73 Heading H1B [Also in Divisions B1 and F2] A liquid is decomposed to obtain a gaseous product, for example hydrogen peroxide is catalytically decomposed to provide oxygen for use in a fuel cell, by a process comprising the preliminary steps of (a) initiating the decomposition by conducting the liquid from storage vessel 30 through an intermediate vessel 31 into a decomposition unit 32 where it is decomposed, intermediate vessel 31 being sub-divided into two chambers 33, 34 and one-way valve 48 permitting flow of liquid from chamber 33 to chamber 34, (b) continuing the decomposition until the pressure of gas produced in unit 32 reaches a predetermined value when the supply of liquid to unit 32 is interrupted for example by closure of one-way valve 46 and the decomposition is thereby stopped, (c) allowing intermediate vessel 31 which is then open to atmospheric pressure to fill with liquid and subjecting ...

VETERINARY DISPENSER

LIGHTWEIGHT THERMOCHEMICAL HYDROGEN GENERATOR

INFLATABLE ENCLOSURE AND MEANS TO INFLATE THE SAME.

The invention provides novel inflatable enclosure means including an inflatable outer envelope surrounding novel means for generating a gas to inflate the outer envelope. The novel gas generating means includes a fracturable first envelope, which contains a first reactive component of a multi-component gas generating chemical system, and a second envelope in fluid-communication with the first envelope upon fracture of the first envelope and containing a second reactive component of the gas generating chemical system. The first envelope is fractured to release the reactive component contained therein, so that it mixes with the other reactive component contained in the second envelope, thereby generating an inflating gas.

Reactor for generating hydrogen from metal hydride and water

The reaction of metal hydride with water is utilised for the generation of hydrogen in a novel generator configuration which overcomes the problem associated with the expansion of the hydride upon its conversion to hydroxide or oxide when reacting with water. The hydride cartridge 10 is comprised of a structure of corrugated perforated sheet metal 13 and layers 12 of water wicking material having hydride granules 17 dispersed therein. The hydride cartridge is housed in a reactor to which liquid water is admitted in a controlled mode. As the water enters the reactor via tube 14 and reaches the cartridge via perforations 15 hydrogen is instantaneously generated by the hydride water reaction. The hydrogen generation continues as long as unreacted hydride remains and water is being admitted. As the reaction proceeds the volumetric expansion associated with hydride expansion is accommodated by compression of the corrugations of the sheet metal cartridge structure. The combination of the corrugated ...

GAS GENERATOR

A process and apparatus for catalytic gas generation in which the liquid phase reactant is contained in a sealed reservoir and excess pressure resulting from volume change at the catalyst is fed back to the reservoir to nullify any pressure drop across the catalyst. The reactant supply to the catalyst may be automatically controlled according to the pressure of the gas produced. Specified example is that of supply of hydrogen peroxide from a reservoir to catalyst producing oxygen and water vapour. ...

Hydrogen gas generator

Hydrogen gas generator

Hydrogen gas generator

PORTABLE WELDING SET FOR THE GAS WELDING

MAGNETIC PHOTOGRAPH MECHANISM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM ALKALINE BOROHYDRIDEN

TRAGBARES SCHWEISSGERAET FUER DIE GASSCHWEISSUNG

PLUG FOR REMOVING A VOLATILE SUBSTANCE, CONTAINER FOR REMOVING A VOLATILE SUBSTANCE AND DEVICE FOR REMOVING A VOLATILE SUBSTANCE

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF MATERIAL OR MATERIAL MIXTURES IN FINE DISTRIBUTION OF ABSTENTIONS CELEBRATIONS HYDROXIDES

SYSTEM AND PROCEDURE FOR THE DYNAMIC SUPPLY OF MIXED GAS

PORTABLE STEAM DONOR ARRANGEMENT.

PROCEDURE FOR THE CONDITIONING OF A GAS FLOW, WHICH IS WITH CELEBRATIONS PARTICLES AND/OR DAEMPFEN LOADING.

STEAM GENERATOR.

LIQUID DELIVERY DEVICE

PHOSPHINE FUMIGATION PROCESS AND APPARATUS

Device for generating ultra pure 1-methylcyclopropene

The present invention relates to a device for generating ultra pure 1-methyl-cyclopropene (1 -MCP) by using an improved carrier gas flow control system. The invention also relates to the use of a 1-MCP generating device for inhibiting the action of ethylene which accelerates the ripening process of plants such as fruits, flowers, vegetables and the like. Furthermore the invention encompasses a method for treating and storing harvested agricultural products using said 1-MCP generating device.

Reusable apparatus for gas generation

Hydrogen generator cartridge

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN AND APPARATUS FOR SUPPLYING HYDROGEN

SIMPLE APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING CHLORINE DIOXIDE GAS

Gas delivery apparatus and compositions for infusion

Ambulatory energized container system

VETERINARY CAPSULE

SPRAY COATING

Portable chemical hydrogen hydride system

GAS GENERATION SYSTEM

A gas generation system includes a chemical reactor configured to produce a gas from a continuous flow of aqueous solution, and includes a pump configured to control the flow of the aqueous solution through the chemical reactor to control a production rate of the gas.

MULTISTAGE GAS GENERATOR

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

The process for producing hydrogen gas according to the present invention consists of reacting aluminum with water in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. In one aspect of the present invention, there is provided a process for producing hydrogen gas, comprising the steps of: providing an aqueous solution containing between 0.26 M and 19 M NaOH in a vessel. The next step consists of reacting aluminum with water at the surface of the solution to generate a region of effervescence at the surface of the solution and a precipitate sinking from the region of effervescence to the bottom of the vessel. The region of effervescence is kept separated from the precipitate at the bottom the vessel, to prevent any precipitate from mixing with the aluminum therein.

BOREHOLE PLUG AND METHOD

An inflatable borehole plug is disclosed, the inflation of which is achieved by chemical reaction of two co-reagents disposed therein which results in evolution of a gas. The borehole plug can be dropped or lowered down a borehole to a preselected position since the extent of gas-producing chemical reaction is able to be delayed following initiation of mixing of co-reagents, by delay means in the borehole plug, for sufficient time to enable placement of the borehole plug.

METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR VAPOR DELIVERY CONTROL IN OPTICAL PREFORM MANUFACTURE

METHODS OF AND APPARATUS FOR VAPOR DELIVERY CONTROL IN OPTICAL PREFORM MANUFACTURE A vapor delivery system for the manufacture of an optical preform includes a deposition bubbler and another bubbler referred to as a supply bubbler which is interposed between a reservoir of a liquid and the deposition bubbler. Heat energy is applied to the supply bubbler and to the deposition bubbler to vaporize liquid therein. A carrier gas is introduced into the liquid in the supply bubbler at a location below the free surface and into the deposition bubbler to cause vapor to the liquid to become entrained in the carrier gas and to flow from the supply bubbler into the deposition bubbler and from the deposition bubbler to a substrate tube from which an optical preform is made. Facilities are provided for maintaining sufficient liquid in the supply bubbler and suitable temperatures of the liquid in the supply and deposition bubblers to control the vapor flow into and out of the deposition bubbler to prevent ...

MULTISTAGE GAS GENERATOR

A multistage gas generator for use in a borehole for recovering hydrocarbons from the subsurface formations. The gas generator has an upper end and a lower outlet. A pilot stage is located at the upper end and a plurality of spaced apart intermediate stages are located between the pilot stage and the lower outlet. Hydrogen and oxygen are fed to the pilot stage for ignition. Oxygen is fed to a first intermediate stage and hydrogen and oxygen are fed to each of the other intermediate stages for injection into the gas generator. Excess hydrogen from the pilot stage is burned in the zone of the first intermediate stage and hydrogen and oxygen of each succeeding stage is ignited by the preceeding stage. Water for cooling purposes also is fed to each intermediate stage. Downhole valves selectively controllable from the surface are provided for the pilot stage and each of the intermediate stages. These valves allow the intermediate stages to be selectively operated to increase or decrease the ...

GAS GENERATING SYSTEMS

A device for generating lighter-than-air gas to inflate a marker buoy or like item, for example in a "man-overboard" situation. The device includes separate chambers for the chemicals and the ambient water used in the reaction. The transfer of a significant quantity of water from the water chamber to the chamber housing the chemicals is automatically delayed until such time as sufficient water to complete the whole of the desired gas-generating reaction has been accepted into the water chamber. The control means for achieving this delay may take various forms. For example it could comprise a wick initially providing substantially the only water path from the water chamber to the reaction chamber housing the chemicals. Alternatively where there is an unrestricted passageway for a free flow of water between the two chambers, the control means could comprise a mass arranged to move automatically to reorientate the device from an initial position, in which the water chamber is at a lower level ...

FUEL CELL CARTRIDGE

A hydrogen gas generating apparatus for providing hydrogen gas to a fuel cell stack is provided. The apparatus includes an expandable reaction chamber containing a solid reactant component and a collapsible receptacle containing a liquid reactant component with a housing. The reaction chamber includes an expandable reactant zone defined by a moveable partition that retains the reactants and reaction products within the reaction chamber. The apparatus also includes a liquid transport control system and a fluid path for transporting the liquid reactant component from the collapsible receptacle to the reactant zone in the reaction chamber, where the liquid and solid reactant components react to generate hydrogen gas. The receptacle collapses with a corresponding expansion of the reaction chamber as liquid reactant component is used, and the reactant zone expands within the reaction chamber in response to pressure from the increasing volume of reaction products on the moveable partition. Volume ...

MICROBUBBLE THERAPY METHOD AND GENERATING APPARATUS

A micro bubble generating system includes a shell having a well for retaining a first liquid to immerse an object. A micro bubble apparatus is provide to the shell for providing a pressurized mixture of a second liquid and a dissolved gas into the well so as to create a plurality of micro bubbles within the first liquid for engaging the object.

AMMONIA GAS GENERATION FROM UREA FOR LOW TEMPERATURE PROCESS REQUIREMENTS

A process for providing an ammonia feed includes (i) a thermal gasification stage and (ii) a controlled catalyzed hydrolysis stage. In stage (i) urea, water and heated gases are introduced into a gasification chamber upstream at a temperature and for a time sufficient to gasify the solution to a first stage gas stream comprising ammonia and isocyanic acid. The first stage gas stream is introduced to a stage (ii) catalytic hydrolysis reactor wherein the isocyanic acid) is hydrolyzed to ammonia with carbon dioxide as a byproduct. The process is provides ammonia for a low-temperature operation as needed.

LIQUID PHASE REACTION PROCESS

B 35456 "LIQUID PHASE REACTION PROCESS" A process and apparatus for the decomposition of reactants, e.g. hypochlorite ions, contained in a liquid stream into a gaseous product, e.g. oxygen, by contact with a particulate catalyst disposed in a plurality of reaction volumes connected in series. The flowrate of the gaseous product is required to be at least 0.5 that of the liquid stream, and the vertical velocity of the gaseous product is limited to less than 5 cm.s-1.

GAS GENERATOR FOR A CARBONATED DRINK DISPENSER

RE-USEABLE AEROSOL CONTAINER

A re-useable aerosol container (100) is disclosed. Such an aerosol container de-fines an aperture (114) and an inner chamber (104) for containing a fluid. The aerosol container includes an aerosol valve for dispensing fluid contained within the aerosol container. The aerosol container further defines a neck (132) surrounding the aperture and further includes a plug (134) defining a cavity that is removably insertable into the inner chamber via the aperture. The plug includes a collar (144) surrounding its cavity. The plug collar and the aerosol container neck are so relatively dimensioned andadapted as to be removably engageable in a fluid-tight manner when the plug cavity is inserted into the aerosol container inner chamber via the aerosol container aperture. The aerosol container further includes dry chemical formulation ingredients, disposed within the plug cavity (138, 140). Such dry chemical ingredients, when mixed with water, are able to produce gas, for purposes of pressurizing the ...

HYDROGEN GENERATION SYSTEM

Embodiments of hydrogen generation system of the present invention are all demand systems that are operated to replenish hydrogen gas to a low pressure storage tank or vessel as hydrogen is drawn therefrom, providing a system that is suitable for use as a portable system. The invention employs electrical and mechanical arrangements that provide for opening an outer coating that has been formed over a reactive material, such as sodium, so as to expose that reactive material to water, generating hydrogen from a chemical reaction therebetween. The electrical system employs a bank of cells, with each cell electrically connected through a controller to a power source and contains a measured volume of a light salt and water solution and a sodium pellet that is coated with aluminum, or other appropriate metal, and provides for passing a current to a select cell to break down the pellet aluminum coating and expose the pellet reactive material to the water to generate hydrogen. With, in the mechanical ...

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ALUMINUM, WATER, AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST

The process for producing hydrogen gas according to the present invention consists of reacting aluminum with water in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. An apparatus for carrying out the method is also described. The apparatus comprises an expandable container wherein the pressure and temperature of the reaction causes the container to expand and contract to control the degree of immersion of a fuel cartridge in water and consequently to control the intensity and duration of the reaction.

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FROM ALUMINUM, WATER, AND SODIUM HYDROXIDE AS CATALYST

The method for producing hydrogen according to the present invention consists of reacting aluminum with water in the presence of sodium hydroxide as a catalyst. The apparatus for carrying out the method uses the pressure and temperature of the reaction to control the degree of immersion of a fuel cartridge in water and consequently to control the vigor and duration of the reaction.

Procédé pour la production dans un récipient clos et en présence d'un liquide aqueux, d'une pression permanente par dégagement d'un gaz au sein dudit liquide.

Gazogène électrothermique.

Installation mobile pour la fabrication de gaz.

PROCEDURE FOR THE EVEN DISTRIBUTION OF MATERIALS AND MATERIAL MIXTURES IN RUNS THE PRODUCTION OF POWDERED PREPARATIONS BY CHEMICAL REACTION.

Hydrogen and steam generating appts.

Hydrogen and steam generating appts. comprises a generator using caustic soda, collector of water, and an automatic regulator ...

Chemical gas generator

Liquid-liquid gas generator

Kipp generator is used in chemistry teaching demonstration

Reactor with additional liquid waste treatment unit

Automatic continuous the hydrogen sends device

Process and device for the use of coal by its total transformation into gas

DISPOSITIF D'AMORCAGE POUR GENERATEUR CHIMIQUE D'OXYGENE

CE DISPOSITIF EST DU TYPE DE CEUX QUI FONT PARTIE INTEGRANTE DU GENERATEUR, COMPORTANT UN PERCUTEUR ACTIONNE DE L'EXTERIEUR ET ENTOURE D'UN RESSORT HELICOIDAL, ET SONT LOGES DANS UN CARTER COMMUN AVEC LE GENERATEUR ET UN SYSTEME D'ALLUMAGE CONSTITUE PAR UN CONE D'ALLUMAGE ET PAR UNE AMPOULE DE LIQUIDE. DANS LE DISPOSITIF SELON L'INVENTION, LE PERCUTEUR 13 EST MUNI A SON EXTREMITE EXTERIEURE D'UN JOINT D'ETANCHEITE ANNULAIRE 19 QUI S'Y TROUVE FIXE EN REGARD D'UNE SURFACE DE CONTACT 20 ENTOURANT L'OUVERTURE PAR LAQUELLE LE PERCUTEUR PENETRE DANS LE CARTER 7 ET QUI VIENT S'APPLIQUER CONTRE CETTE SURFACE LORSQUE LE PERCUTEUR, LIBERE PAR ENLEVEMENT D'UN ORGANE DE VERROUILLAGE 22, EST REPOUSSE PAR LA DETENTE DU RESSORT 14 VERS L'INTERIEUR DU CARTER. CET AGENCEMENT ELIMINE, DE FACON SIMPLE ET PEU COUTEUSE, LES FUITES D'OXYGENE ENTRE LE PERCUTEUR ET LE CARTER.

DEVICE ALLOWING TO OBTAIN an ATMOSPHERE ENRICHED IN CARBONIC GAS AND/OR Free from OXYGEN, IN a TIGHT CONTAINER

Gas generator under pressure with sophisticated tap and closing

Continuous gas generator - allows charging of solid material into liquid soln. under press. without interruption of reaction.

GAS GENERATOR RICH IN OXYGEN

Automatic generation of hydrogen and steam - by reacting (ferro)silicon with caustic soda solution and using product pressure to regulate the quantity produced

DEVICE OF PRODUCTION Of a GAS LIGHTER THAN the AIR

DEVICE INTENDS TO ENRICH BY THE OXYGEN LIQUIDS

APPAREIL DE FABRICATION AUTOMATIQUE DE GAZ HYDROGENE, OXYGENE, CHLORE ETC. AVEC APPROVISIONNEMENT DE SOLDE CATALYSEUR OU AUTRE DANS UNE SOLUTION LIQUIDE SOUS PRESSION SANS INTERROMPRE LA REACTION EN COURS

APPAREIL DE FABRICATION AUTOMATIQUE DE GAZ HYDROGENE, OXYGENE, CHLORE ETC. AVEC APPROVISIONNEMENT DE SOLIDE CATALYSEUR, OU AUTRE DANS UNE SOLUTION LIQUIDE SOUS PRESSION SANS INTERROMPRE LA REACTION EN COURS. CET APPAREIL EST DESTINE A PRODUIRE DES GAZ EN PARTICULIER DE L'HYDROGENE EN CONTINU POUR LE REMPLACEMENT DE L'ENERGIE ACTUELLEMENT EMPLOYEE. IL EST CONSTITUE DE PLUSIEURS RESERVOIRS GROUPES, UN POUR LA SOLUTION AVEC UN PH CONSTANT, UN AUTRE RECUPERANT LE GAZ QUI EST FABRIQUE DANS UN RESERVOIR CLOS. CETTE ACTION CHIMIQUE S'EFFECTUE EN CONTINU PENDANT L'UTILISATION ET S'ARRETE DES QUE LA RESERVE DE GAZ EST COMPLETE. LE SYSTEME DE CHARGEMENT S'EFFECTUE PENDANT LE FONCTIONNEMENT SANS OUVERTURE DU RESERVOIR A REACTION ET SANS PERTE DE LIQUIDE DE LA SOLUTION.

SELF-STEAMING BENEFIT COMPOSITION

Self-steaming benefit compositions for treating fabrics. The present invention relates to compositions which are both self-steaming and include one or more benefit agents to provide benefits to fabrics. The present invention also relates to a method for treating fabrics utilizing the self-steaming benefit compositions of the present invention. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

FUEL CELL CARTRIDGE

Apparatus and process for refilling a bubbler

STOPPER FOR REMOVING VOLATILE SUBSTANCE, VESSEL FOR REMOVING VOLATILE SUBSTANCE, AND APPARATUS FOR REMOVING VOLATILE SUBSTANCE

... [PROBLEMS] To provide a stopper for removing a volatile substance, which can vaporize and remove volatile substances such as solvents in a simple and highly efficient manner, and a vessel for removing a volatile substance using the stopper for removing a volatile substance, and an apparatus for removing a volatile substance using the vessel for removing a volatile substance. [MEANS FOR SOLVING PROBLEMS] A vessel (1) for removing a volatile substance comprises a vessel (2) for storing a solution containing the volatile substance, a volatile substance removing stopper (3) for closing the opening of the vessel (2). A through-hole (3a) for discharging a vaporized volatile substance is provided in the stopper (3). Further, a gas introduction port (3b) is provided on the upper edge of the stopper (3). Further, a gas discharge port (3c) is provided on the lower edge of the stopper (3). A groove (3d) connecting the gas introduction port (3b) to the gas discharge port (3c)is provided on the side ...

FUEL CELL CARTRIDGE

A hydrogen gas generating apparatus for providing hydrogen gas to a fuel cell stack is provided. The apparatus includes an expandable reaction chamber containing a solid reactant component and a collapsible receptacle containing a liquid reactant component with a housing. The reaction chamber includes an expandable reactant zone defined by a moveable partition that retains the reactants and reaction products within the reaction chamber. The apparatus also includes a liquid transport control system and a fluid path for transporting the liquid reactant component from the collapsible receptacle to the reactant zone in the reaction chamber, where the liquid and solid reactant components react to generate hydrogen gas. The receptacle collapses with a corresponding expansion of the reaction chamber as liquid reactant component is used, and the reactant zone expands within the reaction chamber in response to pressure from the increasing volume of reaction products on the moveable partition. Volume ...

HYDROGEN FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

A hydrogen generation apparatus, in which a hydride is decomposed by a catalyst to produce hydrogen and waste products, comprises: a) a store of solid hydride material (1); b) dissolution means to dissolve at least part of the solid hydride to produce a hydride solution; c) delivery means to deliver the hydride solution to a catalyst (4) for evolution of hydrogen from the solution and production of a waste solution; and d) waste recovery means to remove waste products from contact with a catalyst (6).

PRESSURE GENERATING DEVICE FOR A BEVERAGE DISPENSING SYSTEM

The present invention relates to a CO2-generating device for use with a beverage included in a beverage container or beverage dispensing system, in particular a draught beer system. The CO2-generating device comprises a CO2-generating chemical system including two distinct chemical compounds constituting a first chemical compound and a second chemical compound for generating CO2 through chemical reaction when mixed together The CO2-generating device further defines a pre-acttvation stage in which the first and second chemical compounds are being stored separately relative to one another, and a post-activation stage, in which the first and second chemical compounds are being at least partially mixed together.

PORTABLE VAPOR-DISPENSING DEVICE

A portable vapor-dispensing device is disclosed. The device comprises a housing (110), a fluid reservoir (200) for containing an evaporable fluid substance ("F"), a heating means, and a plume-emitting chimney (240). The heating means comprises a heating element (380) and a fluid passageway (320) which communicates with the fluid reservoir (200) and the plume-emitting chimney (240) and which provides a fluid-evaporation zone for the evaporable fluid substance ("F"). The fluid passageway (320) is disposed within the plume-emitting chimney (240). The heating element (380) is externally carried by the fluid passageway (320) and is disposed about the fluid-evaporation zone. The heating element, when energized, causes heat to pass radially through the sidewall of the fluid passageway (320), which in turn causes evaporation of the evaporable fluid substance ("F") from the fluid-evaporation zone. The chimney (240) emits a plume of the thus-evaporated substance, thereby providing an envelope of ...

Inflatable enclosure and means to inflate same

The invention provides novel inflatable enclosure means including an inflatable outer envelope surrounding novel means for generating a gas to inflate the outer envelope. The novel gas generating means includes a fracturable first envelope, which contains a first reactive component of a multi-component gas generating chemical system, and a second envelope in fluid-communication with the first envelope upon fracture of the first envelope and containing a second reactive component of the gas generating chemical system. The first envelope is fractured to release the reactive component contained therein, so that it mixes with the other reactive component contained in the second envelope, thereby generating an inflating gas.

Self-pressurizing carbonation apparatus

An arrangement for carbonating a solution by pressurization of a defined spatial area in a container in which a carbonating mixture is combined with a solution. The container is typically filled with a solution to a demarcation defining a spatial area. Reactants, an acid and a base, evolve CO2 when reacted in a solution. The quantity of reactants added is designated so as to generate a quantity of CO2 which will increase the pressure in a defined spatial area and cause a quantity of CO2 to redissolve. The result of this arrangement is a solution supersaturated with CO2. The reaction chamber may also be divided into separate compartments with each compartment containing individual servings. Each compartment has an evacuation device allowing the contents of the compartment to be delivered for consumption without effecting the level of carbonation of the solution remaining in the other compartments of the container. The separate compartments of the container also allow the solution of each ...

Catalytic gas generator

An improved catalytic gas generator, of the type used, for example, in a monopropellant hydrazine rocket engine includes a dynamic catalyst bed retention device. The dynamic retention device comprises a compression band surrounding a generally cylindrical catalyst bed that is axially restrained at both ends. A torsional force is applied to the compression band, which converts the torsional force into a radially inwardly directed compression force. As voids develop in the catalyst bed upon repeated impulsing, the inwardly directed compressive force redistributes the catalyst bed so as to fill the voids. The retention device thus allows the catalyst bed to perform at peak efficiency yielding a gas generator that can be repeatedly pulsed with uniformly reproducible results.

Gas delivery apparatus for infusion

An apparatus for dispensing a fluid, comprising a container for holding the fluid to be dispensed and a housing for holding a solid chemical and a liquid chemical which react to generate carbon dioxide gas upon contact, such that the gas is used to drive the fluid out of the container.

SOLID STATE DELIVERY SYSTEM

A solid state storage system includes a pressure-sealed storage unit defining an interior and having an outlet, an upper manifold and a lower manifold separated by a dividing plane having a set of ports, a set of chambers, and a solid state storage, wherein at least some gas is supplied to the outlet.

MEMBRANE STRUCTURES SUITABLE FOR GAS SEPARATION, AND RELATED PROCESSES

A method for fabricating a high-density zeolite membrane structure is described. The method includes the step of combining (i) a mineral zeolite material; (ii) at least one cement precursor; and (iii) an organic binder, with an aqueous component, to form an aqueous composite zeolite composition. The zeolite composition is then applied on a surface of a scaffold formed from a porous, metal oxide material. The zeolite composition is dried, and then heated under conditions to form a metal oxide-zeolite composite layer. This layer is exposed to a phosphate composition, under conditions sufficient to reduce the porosity to a level no greater than about 10%. A high-density zeolite cement composite membrane structure results. Related methods for separating hydrogen from a fluid stream, using the membrane structure, are also disclosed.

DESALINATION METHODS AND DEVICES USING GEOTHERMAL ENERGY

A method of and apparatus for desalinating sea water using geothermal energy. A low voltage (such as less than 0.9V) is applied to a hydrogen generating catalysts to generate hydrogen and oxygen, wherein geothermal heat is used as a heat source. The hydrogen and oxygen are used to drive a gas turbine to generate electricity. The oxygen and hydrogen are transported away and combusted to generate heat and pure water, as such salt are separated from the pure water.

HYDROGEN-GENERATING FUEL CELL CARTRIDGES

LIQUID DELIVERY DEVICE HAVING A VIAL ATTACHMENT OR ADAPTER INCORPORATED THEREIN

A device is disclosed which provides direct and effective incorporation of material, such as medicine, from a vial into the interior of a dispensing device. The device has a vial adaptor (150) for engaging the vial, a connector (160) for joining the vial adaptor and the container of fluid, a conduit (155), such as a needle, which provides fluid communication between the vial and the container, and a reclosable valve (164). The device can also provide for attaching the vial to a dispensing device but without intially establishing liquid communication between the two.

気相成長のための液体原料蒸発装置

... 【目的】 常温で液体である原料は、気相成長装置に気体状態で供給するためにバブラにおいてキャリヤガスを吹き込み蒸気にして輸送する。大きい泡が間欠的に潰れると原料のキャリヤガスに含まれる濃度と圧力が変動する。原料濃度と圧力の変動の少ないバブラを提供することが目的である。 【構成】 原料液体4を収容するのに広い横断面積をもつ容器2を用いる。キャリヤガス導入管5の先端は原料液体4の中ではなく、上部の気相空間8に開口する。キャリヤガスが液体の内部に吹き込まれないので泡が立たない。泡が立たないのでこれが潰れることもない。キャリヤガスは初めから終わりまで気相空間8を静かに進む。流路が長いので十分に原料蒸気を吸収し飽和濃度になってからガス流出管6に到達する。泡の崩壊が間欠的に起こることがないので、圧力や原料濃度の時間的な変動がない。これを気相成長装置7に導き薄膜結晶を成長させると、組成、膜厚変動の少ないエピタキシャル結晶膜を得ることができる。 ...

METHOD FOR CONSTANT CONCENTRATION EVAPORATION AND DEVICE USING THE SAME

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a device and method for evaporating metal-containing precursors for chemical vapor deposition (CVD) at a constant concentration. SOLUTION: The device for constant concentration evaporation comprises: an evaporator 100 and a heat exchanger 304 being in fluid communication at a constant temperature with the evaporator having an outer casing 102 and an inner casing 110. The inner casing consists of a first conduit 210, a second conduit 214 which removes carrier fluid entrained with a precursor and a first precursor conduit 306 that is operative to introduce the precursor into the evaporator from the heat exchanger. The heat exchanger is disposed proximate to evaporator at a distance effective to supply a new precursor to the evaporator at the same temperature as that of the precursor in the evaporator, thus maintaining the precursor in the evaporator at a substantially constant temperature. COPYRIGHT: (C)2011,JPO&INPIT ...

Устройство усовершенствованной микроповерхностной реакции гидрирования с нисходящим потоком и фиксированным слоем для производства нефтепродуктов

Полезная модель относится к устройству усовершенствованной микроповерхностной реакции гидрирования с нисходящим потоком и фиксированным слоем для производства нефтепродуктов. Устройство включает в себя реактор с фиксированным слоем и генератор микроповерхностей, при этом генератор микроповерхностей расположен над реактором с фиксированным слоем для преобразования энергии давления водорода и/или кинетической энергии нефтепродукта во время реакции в поверхностную энергию пузырька и передачи поверхностной энергии пузырьку водорода, так что пузырек водорода дробится на микропузырьки и микропузырьки смешиваются с нефтепродуктом в процессе реакции для образования газожидкостной эмульсии; реактор с фиксированным слоем используется в качестве места протекания реакции гидрирования для образования стабильной усовершенствованной газожидкостной системы для реакции с фиксированным слоем, когда газожидкостная эмульсия поступает в реактор с фиксированным слоем; резервуар для разделения газа и жидкости соединен с реактором с фиксированным слоем для отделения газа от жидкости в смеси, являющейся результатом реакции в реакторе с фиксированным слоем. Устройство микроповерхностной реакции гидрирования с фиксированным слоем имеет преимущества низкого потребления энергии, низкого рабочего давления, большой площади межфазной границы массопереноса газ-жидкость, высокой видимой скорости реакции и высокой эффективности использования газа. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 205 181 U1 (51) МПК B01J 8/02 (2006.01) C10G 45/08 (2006.01) C10G 45/22 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК B01J 8/02 (2021.02); C10G 45/08 (2021.02); C10G 45/22 (2021.02) (21)(22) Заявка: 2020129865, 06.06.2019 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 29.06.2021 15.03.2019 CN 201910196596.X (45) Опубликовано: 29.06.2021 Бюл. № 19 (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 10.09.2020 (73) ...

Liquid sample heating vaporizer

The present invention is intended to improve response property and accuracy of temperature control of a liquid sample, and is provided with a vaporization tank that retains the liquid sample, one or more heaters that are provided in the vaporization tank and respectively have heating parts that come into contact with the liquid sample to heat the liquid sample, a temperature detection part that is provided in contact with an outer surface including the heating part of any of the heaters and detects a temperature of the outer surface, and a control part that receives a temperature detection signal from the temperature detection part to control electric power supplied to the heaters.

Apparatus for synthesizing oligonucleotides and methods of use

The present invention relates to apparatus and methods for synthesizing oligonucleotides wherein a reaction zone has a variable volume based on the position of a piston, and the piston is adjusted to control the amount of headspace above solid support in the reaction zone. Methods and apparatus that limit the size or existence of the headspace are described.

Hydrogen production by an autothermal heat exchanger packed-bed membrane gas reformer

A process for producing hydrogen from natural gas, said process comprises the steps of: (i) providing an autothermal heat exchanger packed-bed membrane reformer (APBMR) comprising: (a) an elongated external gas oxidation compartment comprising an inlet, an outlet and packed oxidation catalyst particles, said inlet and outlet being located each at one extremity of said external gas oxidation compartment; (b) an elongated internal gas steam-reforming compartment comprising an inlet, an outlet and packed steam-reforming catalyst particles, said inlet and outlet being located each at one extremity of said internal gas steam-reforming compartment; (c) one or more hydrogen-separating membrane(s) positioned in said steam-reforming compartment substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of said steam-reforming compartment; (d) one insulation layer surrounding said external compartment; and, optionally, (e) one or more elongated internal gas oxidation compartment(s) positioned in said steamreforming compartment substantially parallel to the longitudinal axis of said gas steam-reforming internal compartment, and comprising an inlet, an outlet and packed oxidation catalyst particles, said inlet and outlet being located each at an extremity of said internal gas oxidation compartment(s); (ii) supplying a mixture comprising said natural gas and air to said gas oxidation compartment(s) of said reformer; and (iii) supplying a mixture comprising said natural gas and water to said gas steam-reforming compartment, wherein the water-to-gas molar ratio

Stackable structural reactors

A reactor for carrying out catalytic reactions. The reactor includes a reactor component optionally arranged on a central rod in a reactor tube. The reactor component can have fluid ducts for directing fluid flow through the reactor. The fluid ducts are effective for increasing heat transfer in the reactor. The reactor component can further have a washer attached to a top or bottom surface for directing fluid flow.

Hydrogen Generator and Method of Operating It

A hydrogen generator working by hydrolysis of the metal borohydride is described comprising a reaction chamber ( 7 ) which in its bottom part has a liquid collecting area ( 30 ) and leads by short and non-complex connecting components to a conduit end ( 38 ) through which the exhaust products ( 31 ) of the reaction are discharged into the environment, generally the atmosphere and thereby saving weight and volume. By using given high pressures and temperatures for the reaction, the danger of crystallization of exhaust products is prevented.

Vessel For Containing Catalyst In A Tubular Reactor

A catalyst carrier for insertion in a radial tube reactor, said catalyst carrier comprising: an annular container for holding catalyst in use, said container having a perforated inner wall defining a tube, a perforated outer wall, a top surface closing the annular container and a bottom surface closing the annular container; a surface closing the bottom of said tube formed by the inner wall of the annular container; a skirt extending upwardly from the perforated outer wall of the annular container from a position at or near the bottom surface of said container to a position below the location of a seal; and a seal located at or near the top surface and extending from the container by a distance which extends beyond an outer surface of the skirt.

Method of Producing Gaseous Products Using a Downflow Reactor

Reactor systems and methods are provided for the catalytic conversion of liquid feedstocks to synthesis gases and other noncondensable gaseous products. The reactor systems include a heat exchange reactor configured to allow the liquid feedstock and gas product to flow concurrently in a downflow direction. The reactor systems and methods are particularly useful for producing hydrogen and light hydrocarbons from biomass-derived oxygenated hydrocarbons using aqueous phase reforming. The generated gases may find used as a fuel source for energy generation via PEM fuel cells, solid-oxide fuel cells, internal combustion engines, or gas turbine gensets, or used in other chemical processes to produce additional products. The gaseous products may also be collected for later use or distribution.

Oxygen transport membrane system and method for transferring heat to catalytic/process reactors

A method and apparatus for producing heat used in a synthesis gas production process is provided. The disclosed method and apparatus include a plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements adapted to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing stream contacting the retentate side of the membrane elements. The permeated oxygen is combusted with a hydrogen containing synthesis gas stream contacting the permeate side of the tubular oxygen transport membrane elements thereby generating a reaction product stream and radiant heat. The present method and apparatus also includes at least one catalytic reactor containing a catalyst to promote the steam reforming reaction wherein the catalytic reactor is surrounded by the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements. The view factor between the catalytic reactor and the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements radiating heat to the catalytic reactor is greater than or equal to 0.5.

Hydrogen generation assemblies and hydrogen purification devices

Hydrogen generation assemblies, hydrogen purification devices, and their components, and methods of manufacturing those assemblies, devices, and components are disclosed. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a vaporization region with packing material configured to transfer heat from a heated exhaust stream to a liquid-containing feed stream, and/or an insulation base adjacent a combustion region and configured to reduce external temperature of an enclosure. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a cooling block configured to maintain an igniter assembly in thermal communication with a feed stream conduit, an igniter assembly including a catalytic coating, and/or a fuel stream distribution assembly. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a heat conducting assembly configured to conduct heat from external heaters to an enclosure portion. In some embodiments, the devices may include frames with membrane support structures and/or may include a microscreen structure configured to prevent intermetallic diffusion.

Gas Generator with Combined Gas Flow Valve and Pressure Relief Vent

A gas generator includes a reactant capable of producing a gas and a gas outlet valve that can function as both a gas flow valve and a pressure relief vent, using the same gas flow path through the valve. When the valve is closed and the pressure within the gas generator is below a threshold pressure, a moveable valve member is biased against a valve seat to block the outlet port. When gas generator is coupled to the apparatus, an actuator is inserted into the valve, displacing the moveable valve member and separating it from the valve seat to open the valve. When the gas generator is uncoupled, pressure at or above a threshold displaces the moveable member, separating it from the valve seat to open the outlet port so pressure can be released to the external environment.

Olefin Hydration Process with an Integrated Membrane Reactor

An olefin hydration process and reactor are provided, wherein an integrated membrane selectively removes alcohol product from the reactor, thereby allowing for increased yields.

Process for Selective Removal of a Product from a Gaseous System

A process for selective removal of a gaseous product (P) from a gaseous system comprising said product and other components (R 1 , R 2 ), wherein the gaseous system is admitted to a first environment, which is separated from a second environment by a boundary wall, and a permeation membrane ( 3, 300 ) forms at least part of said boundary wall; a spatially non-uniform electric field ( 4 ) is generated between a first electrode or first plurality of electrodes ( 1, 301 ) located in the first environment and a second electrode or second plurality of electrodes ( 2, 302 ) located in the second environment, so that field lines of said non-uniform electric field cross said membrane, and a dielectrophoretic force generated on particles of said gaseous component (P) is at least part of a driving force of the permeation through said membrane, an amount of said product (P) being selectively removed from the first environment and collected in the second environment.

Device for facilitating a chemical reaction

A device 10 for facilitating a chemical reaction includes an upper member 12 having a predetermined configuration, a lower member 14 having a predetermined configuration, and a dissolvable member 16 disposed between and ultimately enclosed by said upper and lower members 12 and 14 such that upper and lower chambers 18 and 20 are formed having substantially equal volumes. The upper chamber 18 ultimately receives a dry sodium chlorite 30 and the lower chamber 20 ultimately receives a dry acid mixture 32, whereupon, the upper and lower members 12 and 14 are joined, thereby sealing the upper and lower chambers 18 and 20 and enabling the joined upper and lower members 12 and 14 to be disposed in water such that said lower member 14 engages the water first. The joined upper and lower members 12 and 14 ultimately swell with absorbed water until all water has been absorbed. The device 10 further includes a holder member 22 for receiving a predetermined quantity of water and the joined upper and lower members 12 and 14, whereby the upper and lower member 12 and 14 configurations cooperate to allow a predetermined quantity of water to engage the dry sodium chlorite 30 and the dry acid mixture 32 to ultimately form slurries to dissolve the dissolvable member 16 to allow the slurries to engage and ultimately react to generate chlorine dioxide gas that ultimately passes through the upper and lower members 12 and 14 and into a space to be disinfected and/or deodorized.

DISTRIBUTOR PLATE FOR THE DISTRIBUTION OF A POLYPHASE MIXTURE WITH PERIPHERY-TRUNCATED SHAFTS

This invention relates to a plate that allows the distribution of a polyphase mixture in a reactor that operates in the trickle mode and that consists of at least one gaseous phase and at least one liquid phase, with the plate () being located above a catalytic particle bed, comprising a number of shafts (), characterized in that a portion of the shafts of the plate, located close to the wall of the reactor chamber, called peripheral shafts, are truncated. 110103034511. Distributor plate () that makes it possible to ensure the distribution of a polyphase mixture in a reactor , the plate () being located in the upper part of the reactor above a catalytic particle bed () and consisting of a number of shafts () that are equipped with openings () that are distributed over a portion of their height , characterized in that the portion of the shafts located on the periphery of the plate (so-called peripheral shafts) has a height Hp that is strictly lower than the height Hc of the shafts located at the center (so-called central shafts) , whereby these peripheral shafts do not have an opening at their upper end , the central shafts in contrast having an opening () at their upper end , with the peripheral shafts being located at a distance D from the wall () of the reactor of between 25 and 450 mm.211. Distributor plate according to claim 1 , wherein the distance D over which the peripheral shafts extend relative to the wall () of the reactor is between 25 and 250 mm.3. Distributor plate according to or claim 1 , wherein the difference in height between the central shafts and the peripheral shafts is between 25 and 350 mm.44. Distributor plate according to any of to claim 1 , wherein the openings () for the passage of liquid are distributed along walls of shafts claim 1 , the highest opening being located at a distance of between 1 and 50 mm claim 1 , and preferably between 1 and 30 mm claim 1 , of the upper end of the shaft.5. Plate according to any one of to claim 1 , ...

Separation membrane, method of manufacture thereof, and apparatus including the separation membrane

A separation membrane including an alloy including a Group 5 element and Ir, wherein the alloy includes a body centered cubic crystal structure.

Chemical reactor with plate type heat exchange unit

An isothermal chemical reactor ( 1 ) is described comprising a plate ( 30 ) heat exchange unit ( 12 ), immersed in a catalytic bed ( 7 ) and destined to heat or cool the reagents in order to maintain the reaction temperature in a predetermined range; said plates ( 30 ) are formed by two flat walls ( 31, 32 ) and longitudinal spacers ( 33 ), with obtainment of parallel channels ( 34 ) for the circulation of a heat exchange fluid.

Suspended-slurry reactor

An apparatus for generating a large volume of gas from a liquid stream is disclosed. The apparatus includes a first channel through which the liquid stream passes. The apparatus also includes a layer of catalyst particles suspended in a solid slurry for generating gas from the liquid stream. The apparatus further includes a second channel through which a mixture of converted liquid and generated gas passes. A heat exchange channel heats the liquid stream. A wicking structure located in the second channel separates the gas generated from the converted liquid.

Thermochemical Reactors and Processes for Hydrolysis of Cupric Chloride

A thermochemical reactor () and associated processes are disclosed. The reactor () and processes are used to conduct reactions relating to the hydrolysis of cupric chloride (CuCl2) within any one of the five-, four- and three-step Cu—Cl cycles. The reactor () comprises a reaction chamber () including a first zone () configured to conduct a spray operation and a second zone () configured to conduct a fluidized, fixed and/or moving bed operation. The first zone () includes a first inlet () configured to introduce a first reactant and an additional inlet () configured to introduce an additional reactant. A distributor () is configured to introduce the additional reactant to the second zone (). One or more product outlets () for communication with the reaction chamber () are provided. 1. A reactor for use in a thermochemical process , the reactor comprising: a first zone comprising at least one first inlet to introduce a first reactant and at least one additional inlet to introduce an additional reactant, the inlets being configured to conduct a spray operation in the first zone; and', 'a second zone in communication with the first zone;, 'a reaction chamber havinga distributor to introduce the additional reactant to the second zone; andat least one product outlet for communication with the reaction chamber.2. The reactor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first inlet has a first axis and the at least one additional inlet has an additional axis claim 1 , the first axis intersecting the additional axis within the first zone.3. The reactor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one first inlet and the at least one additional inlet are substantially coaxial.4. The reactor as defined in claim 1 , comprising a third inlet configured to introduce the first reactant to the second zone of the reaction chamber.5. The reactor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the at least one product outlet includes a gas product outlet for communication with the first zone and ...

Wire standoffs for stackable structural reactors

A wire standoff suitable for use in a tubular reactor, such as a reformer, is described. The wire standoff includes a portion or segment positioned between an outer reactor tube and one or more reactor components located within the tube. The reactor components and the outer tube are prevented from coming into directed contact with one another by the positioning of the wire standoff. The wire standoff can be secured to a reactor component at one of its ends or to a washer located between stacked reactor components. Prevention of the reactor components from contact with the outer tube promotes fluid flow through the reactor and can enhance heat transfer and reactor efficiency for carrying out catalytic reactions.

Method for producing high-purity barium chloride with low strontium and high-purity barium chloride with low strontium

High-purity barium chloride (99.60% or more) is produced having low strontium (lower than 10 ppm) by using barium carbonate or a clear barium chloride filtration and hydrochloric acid mixed under agitation at a maintained temperature and pH. The barium chloride is obtained as liquid phase and then crystallized through further processes.

Processes for Producing Vinyl Acetate Composition Having Low Impurity Content

The present invention, in one embodiment, is to a process for inhibiting impurity formation a vinyl acetate formation reaction. The process comprises the step of providing a reactor comprising an inlet section, an outlet section, a filler (or fillers), and a catalyst block section. The filler is disposed in the outlet section. The catalyst block section may be in communication with and configured between the inlet and outlet sections. The process further comprises the steps of introducing the reactants to the inlet section and contacting the reactants in the catalyst block section under conditions effective to form a crude vinyl acetate composition. The process may further comprise the step of directing the crude vinyl acetate composition into the outlet section, which comprises the filler.

Hydrocarbon Conversion Process

The invention relates to processes for converting hydrocarbons to phthalic acids such as terephthalic acid. The invention also relates to polymerizing phthalic acid derivatives to produce, e.g., synthetic fibers.

Steam Reformers, Modules, and Methods of Use

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate. 1. A steam reformer for the production of a hydrogen reformate , comprising: [ a first end in fluid communication with the cavity,', 'a second end in fluid communication with the heat source, and', 'a passage extending generally there through to guide the heated', 'fluid from the heat source to the cavity;, 'at least one radiant conduit member at least partially disposed within the cavity and comprising at least one thermally emissive material to provide a radiation emitting surface within the cavity, the at least one radiant conduit member comprising'}, 'wherein the at least one reactor module comprises a reforming catalyst bed;', 'at least one reactor module at least partially disposed ...

Apparatus for Retaining Solid Material in a Radial Flow Reactor and Method of Making

An apparatus for use in radial flow reactors is presented. The apparatus includes a first partition and a second partition with support members coupled therebetween. The first partition include a first opening and a second opening to allow the passage of fluid therethrough. A baffle extends into a flow channel formed by adjacent support members to obstruct an upper or lower portion of the first opening to interrupt a portion of the fluid flow therethrough.

Process for the production of aromatic hydrocarbons

A process comprising feeding bromine into a first reactor; feeding low molecular weight alkanes into the first reactor; and withdrawing alkyl bromides from the first reactor wherein the bromine and low molecular weight alkanes are fed through an apparatus that rapidly mixes the bromine and low molecular weight alkanes. A process is disclosed further comprising reacting the alkyl bromides to form aromatic hydrocarbons.

Oxygen transport membrane system and method for transferring heat to catalytic/process reactors

A method and apparatus for producing heat used in a synthesis gas production process is provided. The disclosed method and apparatus include a plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements adapted to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing stream contacting the retentate side of the membrane elements. The permeated oxygen is combusted with a hydrogen containing synthesis gas stream contacting the permeate side of the tubular oxygen transport membrane elements thereby generating a reaction product stream and radiant heat. The present method and apparatus also includes at least one catalytic reactor containing a catalyst to promote the steam reforming reaction wherein the catalytic reactor is surrounded by the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements. The view factor between the catalytic reactor and the plurality of tubular oxygen transport membrane elements radiating heat to the catalytic reactor is greater than or equal to 0.5.

Bi-Modal Radial Flow Reactor

A bi-modal radial flow reactor comprising a cylindrical outer housing surrounding at least five cylindrical, concentric zones, including at least three annulus vapor zones and at least two catalyst zones. The at least two catalyst zones comprise an outer catalyst zone and an inner catalyst zone. The at least three annulus vapor zones comprise an outer annulus vapor zone, a middle annulus vapor zone, and a central annulus vapor zone, wherein the central annulus vapor zone extends along a centerline of the bi-modal radial flow reactor. The outer catalyst zone is intercalated with the outer annulus vapor zone and the middle annulus vapor zone, and the inner catalyst zone is intercalated with the middle annulus vapor zone and the central annulus vapor zone. A removable head cover can be fixably coupled to a top of the cylindrical outer housing to seal a top of the bi-modal radial flow reactor.

Hydrogen generation systems and methods utilizing sodium silicide and sodium silica gel materials

Systems, devices, and methods combine thermally stable reactant materials and aqueous solutions to generate hydrogen and a non-toxic liquid by-product. The reactant materials can sodium silicide or sodium silica gel. The hydrogen generation devices are used in fuels cells and other industrial applications. One system combines cooling, pumping, water storage, and other devices to sense and control reactions between reactant materials and aqueous solutions to generate hydrogen. Springs and other pressurization mechanisms pressurize and deliver an aqueous solution to the reaction. A check valve and other pressure regulation mechanisms regulate the pressure of the aqueous solution delivered to the reactant fuel material in the reactor based upon characteristics of the pressurization mechanisms and can regulate the pressure of the delivered aqueous solution as a steady decay associated with the pressurization force. The pressure regulation mechanism can also prevent hydrogen gas from deflecting the pressure regulation mechanism.

Steam methane reformer system and method of performing a steam methane reforming process

An apparatus includes a furnace having at least one bayonet reforming tube. The furnace is adapted to receive a gas including a hydrocarbon and at least one of steam and carbon dioxide via the bayonet reforming tube, heat and catalytically react the gas to form syngas at a first temperature, cool the syngas to a second temperature lower than the first temperature, and eject the syngas from the tube. The furnace has a first effluent stream including flue gas and a second effluent stream including syngas. The apparatus also includes a first heat recovery section adapted to transfer heat from the first effluent stream to a first heat load including one of air, water, and steam, and a second heat recovery section adapted to transfer heat from the second effluent stream to a second heat load.

ENERGETICALLY ENHANCED REFORMING PROCESS

Methods and systems for producing hydrogen from methane or other fuels that has lower input heat requirements than conventional steam reformation schemes are provided. The system has a reactor with a controlled feed of fuel, water/steam, CO and recycle gases. The methods generally use significantly high amounts of steam (water) and carbon monoxide (CO) in the feed that substantially enhances the reaction rate of the water-gas shift reaction, which transforms CO and HO to COand H. Since this reaction is exothermic, its enhancement alters the endothermic nature of the overall reforming process to the point where the overall reforming process is no longer endothermic. The CO requirements may be met in part with the reverse water-gas shift reaction from COproduced by the reactor. The lower heat requirements may be satisfied with renewable sources such as solar or from hydrogen produced by the system. 1. An energy efficient method for the production of hydrogen gas , the method comprising:{'sub': 2', '4, '(a) flowing a HO/CO/CHfeed into a reactor;'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '4, '(b) reforming the feed gases to produce a stream of H, COand residual HO, CO and CHfeed gases;'}{'sub': '2', '(c) separating HO from the stream and recycling separated water to the reactor;'}{'sub': '2', '(d) separating COfrom the stream;'}{'sub': '2', '(e) purifying Hfrom the stream; and'}{'sub': '2', '(f) recycling remaining gases from the Hseparation to the reactor.'}2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:{'sub': '2', 'converting COfrom the stream to CO; and'}recycling the CO to the reactor feed.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:combusting hydrogen gas from an output stream of purified hydrogen gas to provide system heat requirements.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor feed ratio of HO/CO/CHis 18/15/1.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactor operating temperature and pressure are 1140K and 5 bar respectively.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat ...

Conversion of Metal Carbonate into Metal Chloride

A method for producing metal chloride MClx− includes reacting metal carbonate in solid form using phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to form metal chloride MClx−, wherein the metal M is selected from the group containing alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, or Li, for example, and x corresponds to the valency of the metal cations. An apparatus for performing such method is also disclosed. 1. A method for producing metal chloride MCl , the method comprising:providing phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene,{'sup': x+', '−, 'sub': 'x', 'reacting metal carbonate as solid with the phosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene to produce metal chloride MCl,'}wherein the metal M is selected from the group consisting of the alkali metals, alkaline earth metals, Al and Zn, Li and Mg, and Li, andwherein x indicates the valence of the metal cation.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising adding M as an additional reactant.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein at least one of:the metal M is used together with the metal carbonate, orphosgene, diphosgene and/or triphosgene is prepared in situ by reaction of chlorine with carbon monoxide.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising subsequently reacting the metal chloride to produce metal M.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising reacting the produced metal M at least partly with carbon dioxide to produce metal carbonate claim 4 , to thereby form a metal circuit.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction is performed in a grid reactor or a mechanically moved fixed-bed reactor or in a cyclone reactor.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the phosgene claim 1 , diphosgene and/or triphosgene is prepared by the reaction of carbon monoxide and chlorine.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the carbon monoxide is produced by a reaction of metal carbonate with the metal M and/or from an electrolysis of carbon dioxide.9. An apparatus for reacting metal carbonate as solid with phosgene claim 7 , diphosgene ...

Method for producing carbonates

In an embodiment, a method of producing a carbonate comprises reacting carbon monoxide and chlorine in a phosgene reactor in the presence of a catalyst to produce a first product comprising phosgene; wherein carbon tetrachloride is present in the first product in an amount of 0 to 10 ppm by volume based on the total volume of phosgene; and reacting a monohydroxy compound with the phosgene to produce the carbonate; wherein the phosgene reactor comprises a tube, a shell, and a space located between the tube and the shell; wherein the tube comprises one or more of a mini-tube section and a second tube section; a first concentric tube concentrically located in the shell; a twisted tube; an internal scaffold; and an external scaffold.

Hydrogen gas generating system and method with buffer tank

A hydrogen gas generating system that heats a liquid reactant such as water, then channeling the resultant heated reactant to a reaction chamber containing a solid hydride. The chemical reaction between the heated liquid reactant and solid hydride forming hydrogen gas. This hydrogen gas is then filtered and regulated before being stored in a buffer tank. Hydrogen gas from the buffer tank can then be supplied to a fuel cell to produce electricity as and when needed, such as when a battery goes below a predetermined level. The pressure of the buffer tank is measured and used to ascertain when the hydrogen gas generation should start and stop. A pressure and temperature of the reaction chamber is measured as a safety precaution, whereby the reaction will be stopped if the pressure and temperature exceeds predetermined values.

COAL SLURRY PREHEATER AND COAL GASIFICATION SYSTEM AND METHOD USING THE SAME

This invention involves with a gasification system, which includes a gasifier, which gasifier comprises a gasification chamber for producing syngas from coal slurry and a quench chamber for cooling the syngas from the gasification chamber. The mentioned gasification system also comprises preheater located in the quench chamber for utilizing heat in the quench chamber to preheat the coal slurry before the coal slurry enters the gasification chamber. Wherein, the preheater comprises a pipe device defining a passage for the coal slurry to pass through, the passage in communication with the gasification chamber and upstream of the gasification chamber in a flow direction of the coal slurry. This invention also involves with a preheater used in the mentioned gasification system and the gasification method of the mentioned gasification device. 1. A gasification system , comprising:A gasifier comprising a gasification chamber for producing syngas from coal slurry and a quench chamber for cooling the syngas from the gasification chamber; andA preheater located in the quench chamber for utilizing heat in the quench chamber to preheat the coal slurry before the coal slurry enters the gasification chamber,Wherein the preheater comprises a pipe device defining a passage for the coal slurry to pass through, the passage in communication with the gasification chamber and upstream of the gasification chamber in a flow direction of the coal slurry.2. The gasification system according to claim 1 , further comprising a downcomer pipe for passing the syngas from the gasification chamber into the quench chamber claim 1 , and wherein the pipe device is disposed between an outer face of the downcomer pipe and an inner face of the quench chamber.3. The gasification system according to claim 2 , wherein the pipe device comprises a pipe substantially wound as a cylinder claim 2 , the cylinder having an outer diameter smaller than an inner diameter of the quench chamber and an inner diameter ...

Processes and systems for producing one or more of benzene, toluene, or mixed xylenes

A process for producing one or more of benzene, toluene, or mixed xylenes may include combining one or more aromatic feed chemicals, one or more aromatic-based polymers, hydrodearylation catalyst, and hydrogen in a hydrodearylation unit to form a chemical product. The process may also include passing the chemical product out of the hydrodearylation unit, where the chemical product comprises one or more of benzene, toluene, and mixed xylenes. Additionally, a system for producing one or more of benzene, toluene, or mixed xylenes may include a mixing unit and a hydrodearylation unit. An aromatic feed stream and an aromatic-based polymer stream may be in fluid communication with a mixing unit. A mixing unit effluent stream may be in fluid communication between the mixing unit and the hydrodearylation unit. A chemical product stream may be in fluid communication with the hydrodearylation unit.

PHOTOCATALYTIC DEGRADATION OF SUGAR

Systems having at least one photonic antenna molecule and at least one catalyst for degrading a sugar to degradation products using light energy are disclosed. Also disclosed are the devices and methods that use the systems for photocatalytically degrading a sugar into degradation products. 1. A system for photocatalytically degrading a sugar , the system comprising:at least one photonic antenna molecule; andat least one catalyst;wherein the photonic antenna molecule is capable of collecting a light energy and transferring the light energy to the catalyst; andwherein the catalyst is capable of degrading the sugar to produce at least one degradation product.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photonic antenna molecule is selected from the group consisting of 5-hydroxytryptamine claim 1 , an acridine claim 1 , an Alexa Fluor® dye claim 1 , an ATTO dye claim 1 , a BODIPY® dye claim 1 , Coumarin 6 claim 1 , a CY dye claim 1 , DAPI claim 1 , an ethidium compound claim 1 , a Hoechst dye claim 1 , Oregon Green claim 1 , rhodamine claim 1 , a compound comprising Ru(bpy) claim 1 , a compound comprising (Pt(pop)) claim 1 , a YOYO dye claim 1 , and a SeTau dye.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the photonic antenna molecule is fluorescein.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is a metal nanoparticle.5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the metal nanoparticle comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of ruthenium claim 4 , palladium claim 4 , gold claim 4 , silver claim 4 , nickel claim 4 , tungsten claim 4 , molybdenum claim 4 , gallium claim 4 , iridium claim 4 , rhodium claim 4 , osmium claim 4 , copper claim 4 , cobalt claim 4 , iron claim 4 , and platinum claim 4 , or a mixture thereof.6. The system of claim 4 , wherein the metal nanoparticle comprises a lanthanide.7. The system of claim 4 , wherein the metal nanoparticle comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of platinum claim 4 , nickel claim 4 , and europium.8. The system of claim 5 , ...

CONTINUOUS FIXED-BED CATALYTIC REACTOR AND CATALYTIC REACTION METHOD USING SAME

A continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor includes an inflow path for raw material gas for a catalytic reaction and an outflow path for reformed gas, a catalytic reaction container that is connected to the inflow path and the outflow path and holds a clumpy catalyst, catalyst holders that have a ventilation property and hold the clumpy catalyst, and a driving mechanism that moves the clumpy catalyst up and down by moving the catalyst holders up and down. 1. A continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor comprising:an inflow path for raw material gas for a catalytic reaction and an outflow path for reformed gas;a catalytic reaction container that is connected to the inflow path and the outflow path and holds a clumpy catalyst;a catalyst holder that has a ventilation property and holds the clumpy catalyst; anda driving mechanism that moves the clumpy catalyst up and down by moving the catalyst holder up and down, wherein a space for storing a solid or liquid foreign substance generated in a catalyst layer is provided below the catalyst later that is a collection of the clumpy catalyst particles.2. (canceled)3. The continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor according to claim 1 ,wherein at least some of catalyst particles configuring side outer circumferential surfaces of the catalyst layer are in contact with an inner wall of the catalytic reaction container.4. The continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor according to claim 3 ,wherein a height of the catalyst layer is twice or less a thickness of the catalytic reaction container and is three times or more a maximum value of a typical length of an external surface of the clumpy catalyst.5. The continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor according to claim 3 ,wherein an average speed of the driving mechanism moving the catalyst holder down is faster than an average speed of the driving mechanism moving the catalyst holder up.6. The continuous fixed-bed catalytic reactor according to claim 3 ,wherein the catalyst holder is disposed in ...

System for improved hydrogen distribution in a metal hydride reactor

A system for distribution of hydrogen gas in a metal hydride reactor is disclosed. The system comprises a hydrogen distribution conduit positioned within a metal tube so as to define an annular space between the hydrogen distribution conduit and the outer metal tube. The hydrogen distribution conduit provides a flow passage for the hydrogen gas. A metal sponge matrix containing hydrogen-storing metal powder or hydrogen-storing alloy powder is filled in the annular space. The system provides a more uniform distribution of hydrogen across the particles of the hydrogen-storing metal/alloy powder, provides mechanical support to the hydrogen distribution conduit, improves the thermal conductivity of the powdered metal/alloy bed and reduces the size and production cost of the reactor.

Inherently safe oxygen/hydrocarbon gas mixer

Provided herein is a gas mixer for the safe mixing of a hydrocarbon containing gas with a gaseous oxidant. The gas mixer and method for mixing described includes a closed mixing vessel where bubbles of gas injected at the bottom of the vessel are mixed during their rise to the top of the vessel, forming a homogeneous mixture that can safely be removed. This simple design and method allows for safe mixing of gases and is applicable to catalytic oxidative processes such as oxidative dehydrogenation of paraffins where there is a risk of thermal runaway of reactions.

System for generating h2s in an alkaline medium and method of using the same

Method of producing hydrogen sulfide in an alkaline environment. A mixture having a sodium salt, elemental sulfur (S) and water is added to a reactor for the purpose of generating hydrogen sulfide (H 2 S) gas as the main product and sodium sulfate (Na 2 SO 4 ) as a byproduct.

PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF 2,5-FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID AND INTERMEDIATES AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF

The present disclosure provides processes for the production of 2-5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and intermediates thereof by the chemocatalytic conversion of a furanic oxidation substrate. The present disclosure further provides processes for preparing derivatives of FDCA and FDCA-based polymers. In addition, the present disclosure provides crystalline preparations of FDCA, as well as processes for making the same. 1. (canceled)2. A process for producing a first 2 ,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) pathway product from a first furanic oxidation substrate , the process comprising:(a) contacting an oxidation feedstock comprising a first furanic oxidation substrate and a first oxidation solvent with oxygen in the presence of a first heterogeneous oxidation catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a reaction mixture for oxidizing the first furanic oxidation substrate to a first FDCA pathway product, and producing the first FDCA pathway product;wherein the first oxidation solvent is a multi-component solvent comprising water and a water-miscible aprotic organic solvent;wherein no base is added to the reaction mixture during (first) contacting step (a);wherein the first heterogeneous oxidation catalyst comprises a first solid support and a first noble metal, and{'sup': 2', '2, 'wherein the solid support comprises a specific surface area in the range of from or any number in between 20 m/g to 100 m/g.'}3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the first noble metal is selected from the group consisting of platinum claim 2 , gold claim 2 , and combinations thereof.4. The process of claim 2 , wherein the water-miscible aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran claim 2 , a glyme claim 2 , dioxane claim 2 , a dioxolane claim 2 , dimethylformamide claim 2 , dimethylsulfoxide claim 2 , sulfolane claim 2 , acetone claim 2 , N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone (“NMP”) claim 2 , methyl ethyl ketone (“MEK”) claim 2 , and gamma-valerolactone;and, if the water- ...

FLAMELESS THERMAL OXIDIZER AND RELATED METHOD OF SHAPING REACTION ZONE

A flameless thermal oxidizer (FTO) includes at least one baffle constructed and arranged in a reaction chamber of the FTO to coact with a diptube of the FTO to radially expand a resulting “bubble” or reaction envelope from the diptube outward into a porous matrix of the FTO. A related method is also provided. 1. A flameless thermal oxidizer (FTO) , comprising:at least one baffle constructed and arranged in a reactive chamber of the FTO to coact with a diptube of the FTO to radiate and expand a resulting reaction envelope from the diptube outward into a porous matrix of the FTO.2. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle is constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of an impermeable material claim 1 , and a semi-permeable material.3. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle is positioned in the reactive chamber at a surface of the porous matrix.4. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the reaction envelope comprises a bubble shape beneath the at least one baffle.5. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle extends across a substantial portion of a surface area of the porous matrix.6. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle is positioned in the reactive chamber below a surface of the porous matrix.7. The FTO of claim 6 , wherein the at least one baffle is positioned closer to an outlet of the diptube than the surface of the porous mixture.8. The FTO of claim 6 , wherein the at least one baffle is constructed from a material selected from the group consisting of an impermeable material claim 6 , and a semi-permeable material.9. The FTO of claim 1 , wherein the at least one baffle is an upper baffle positioned in the reactive chamber at a surface of the porous matrix claim 1 , and further comprising a lower baffle positioned in the reactive chamber below the surface of the porous mixture and spaced apart from the upper baffle.10. The FTO of claim 9 , wherein the upper and lower baffles each comprise similar ...

MATERIAL SUBSTITUTION OF CUPROUS CHLORIDE MOLTEN SALT AND OXYGEN GAS IN THE THERMOLYSIS REACTOR OF HYDROGEN PRODUCTION Cu-Cl CYCLE

In the thermochemical water splitting process by the Cu—Cl cycle, oxygen gas is produced by a thermolysis process in a three-phase reactor. A precise knowledge of the hydrodynamic and heat transfer analyses is required for the scale-up of the thermolysis reactor. However, in the experimental studies of the scale up analysis, there are some challenges in using the actual materials of the thermolysis reactor products (i.e. molten salt CuCl and oxygen gas). In accordance with the teachings herein, alternative materials are defined, by using dimensional analyses, to simulate the hydrodynamic and heat transfer behaviors of the actual materials. It has been found that these alternative materials are liquid water at 22±2° C. and helium gas at 90±2° C. The alternative materials provide safe environment for the experimental runs as well as lower operating temperature. Furthermore, these alternative materials are more readily available and are low cost. 1. A method of scaling-up a reactor by experimenting with at least one alternative material instead of an actual material that is used in the reactor , wherein the method comprises:selecting a study that is needed to be performed in the scale-up analysis;identifying a set of parameters that affect the study;performing dimensionless analyses on the set of parameters to select the at least one alternative material;performing experiments with the selected at least one alternative material; anddefining one or more parameters of the reactor for actual use based on results of the experiments.2. The method of claim 2 , wherein the act of identifying a set of parameters comprises:identifying a physical parameter of interest as a dependent parameter for a chemical reaction of the reactor; andidentifying independent parameters that have a significant effect on the dependent variable in the context of the study and defining relationships between the independent parameters and the dependent parameter.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the ...

Hydrogen generator

A hydrogen generator includes a container having a gas outlet that is configured to contain a soluble chemical fuel that reacts with a catalyst to generate hydrogen. A control cylinder is attached to the container and comprises a piston configured to travel axially within the control cylinder, a pole attached to the piston and extending into the container, a catalyst holder provided within the container and connected to the pole, resilient means biasing the catalyst holder towards a bottom of the container, and a gas inlet port. A gas flow line is in fluid communication with the gas outlet and has a first end in fluid communication with the gas inlet port, a second end configured to feed hydrogen to a hydrogen-consuming device, and a two-way valve provided to allow fluid communication between the first and second ends of the gas flow line to be selectably established or cut off.

STEAM REFORMERS, MODULES, AND METHODS OF USE

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate. 1. A reactor module , comprising: a catalyst bed disposed within the cavity to receive heat conducted by the thermally conductive shell, the catalyst bed comprising at least one reforming catalyst;', 'a first channel configured to provide a reactant stream to at least a portion of the catalyst bed;', 'a second channel configured to receive a product stream from at least a portion of the catalyst bed, and', 'a partition wall interposed between at least a portion of the first channel and at least a portion of the second channel through which heat is exchanged between at least a portion of the product stream and at least a portion of the reactant stream;, 'a thermally conductive shell having a ...

Refining assemblies and refining methods for rich natural gas

Refining assemblies and methods for refining rich natural gas containing a first methane gas and other hydrocarbons that are heavier than methane gas are disclosed. In some embodiments, the assemblies may include a methane-producing assembly configured to receive at least one liquid-containing feed stream that includes water and rich natural gas and to produce an output stream therefrom by (a) converting at least a substantial portion of the other hydrocarbons of the rich natural gas with the water to a second methane gas, a lesser portion of the water, and other gases, and (b) allowing at least a substantial portion of the first methane gas from the rich natural gas to pass through the methane-producing assembly unconverted. The assemblies may additionally include a purification assembly configured to receive the output stream and to produce a methane-rich stream therefrom having a greater methane concentration than the output stream.

METHOD FOR ACTIVATING A FIXED CATALYST BED WHICH CONTAINS MONOLITHIC SHAPED CATALYST BODIES OR CONSISTS OF MONOLITHIC SHAPED CATALYST BODIES

A process for activating a fixed catalyst bed is disclosed. The fixed catalyst bed includes monolithic shaped catalyst bodies or include monolithic shaped catalyst bodies including at a first metal selected from Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Pt, Ag, Au and Pd, and a second component selected from Al, Zn and Si. The fixed catalyst bed, for activation, is treated with an aqueous base having a strength of not more than 3.5% by weight. The base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides, alkaline earth metal hydroxides and mixtures thereof. The fixed catalyst bed has a temperature gradient during the activation and the temperature differential between the coldest point in the fixed catalyst bed and the warmest point in the fixed catalyst bed is kept at not more than 50 K. 1. A process for activating a fixed catalyst bed comprising monolithic shaped catalyst bodies or consisting of monolithic shaped catalyst bodies comprising at least one first metal selected from Ni , Fe , Co , Cu , Cr , Pt , Ag , Au and Pd , and comprising at least one second component selected from Al , Zn and Si , and wherein the fixed catalyst bed , for activation , is subjected to a treatment with an aqueous base having a strength of not more than 3.5% by weight , wherein the base is selected from alkali metal hydroxides , alkaline earth metal hydroxides and mixtures thereof , and wherein the fixed catalyst bed has a temperature gradient during the activation and the temperature differential between the coldest point in the fixed catalyst bed and the warmest point in the fixed catalyst bed is kept at not more than 50 K.2. A process for providing a reactor comprising an activated fixed catalyst bed , in whicha) a fixed catalyst bed comprising monolithic shaped catalyst bodies or consisting of monolithic shaped catalyst bodies comprising at least one first metal selected from Ni, Fe, Co, Cu, Cr, Pt, Ag, Au and Pd, and comprising at least one second component selected from Al, Zn and Si, is introduced into a ...

Catalyst Reactor Basket

A catalyst reactor basket is provided that includes an outer side wall extending along the outer circumferential periphery and an inner side wall disposed within the outer side wall. An aperture is sized and shaped to allow a fluid to flow axially with respect to the basket. First and second covers are disposed on opposite ends of the outer side wall and inner side wall and a dividing wall is disposed between the first and second covers. The dividing wall defines a first and second chamber within the inner volume of the basket. A plurality of partitions are disposed within the first and second chambers. The plurality of partitions define a plurality of compartments within the first and second chambers, each compartment being sized and shaped to receive a catalyst. 111-. (canceled)12. A catalyst reactor basket arranged to receive a combination of catalysts in separate chambers , comprising:an outer side wall extending along the outer periphery of the basket and extending to define an inner volume of the basket;an inner side wall disposed within the outer side wall, the inner side wall extending to define an aperture that defines a inner boundary of the volume of the basket, the aperture being sized and shaped to allow a fluid to flow axially with respect to the basket;first and second covers disposed on opposite ends of the outer side wall and inner side wall, the first and second covers defining respective ends of the inner volume of the basket, at least a portion of the first and second covers being fluid permeable; anda dividing wall disposed between the first and second covers, the dividing wall defining a first and second chamber within the inner volume of the basket, at least a portion of the dividing wall being fluid permeable, wherein each of the first and second chambers being sized to receive a respective catalyst so as to enable a two-stage reaction in a single pass of the fluid in the axial direction.13. The catalyst reactor basket as in claim 12 , ...

GAS-SOLID REACTOR

A reactor technology is disclosed for carrying out thermochemical processes namely splitting reactions of gas molecules fed into the reactor where at least one of the product species is temporarily stored within the reactor. 1. A gas-solid reactor body with multiple structured flow paths (channels) , locally parallel to and/or perpendicular and/or at an angle to the walls of the channels , enabling substantial reduction of composition gradients along the main direction of the flow as the solid material of the reactor undergoes oxidation and reduction processes reacting with gas species carried by the flow.2. The reactor of wherein the solid material comprises of from about 30% to about 100% in mass fraction of mixed/doped oxides from the group:substituted ferrites, pure mixed/doped cerium oxides, perovskites or Ruddlesden-Popper phases, and the remaining solid material of from about 0% to about 70% being a thermally resistant ceramic of the oxide type or non-oxide type.3. The reactor of claim 1 , wherein said flow paths have internal structure comprising thin porous elements with thickness of from about 0.1 mm to about 5 mm and porosity of from about 10% to about 80%4. The reactor of made by any of the following processes or combination of them: extrusion claim 1 , casting claim 1 , 3D printing/additive or subtractive manufacturing claim 1 , robocasting claim 1 , gel casting.5. The reactor of wherein one or more of the gas species is HO and/or CO. This application is a Continuation-In-Part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/011,667 filed on Jan. 21, 2011 which is a divisional of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/918,359 filed on Jan. 3, 2008 which is a U.S. National Phase Stage Entry of International Application No. PCT/EP2006/061238 filed on Mar. 31, 2006 which claims priority to Application No. DE 10 2005 017 216.4 filed on Apr. 14, 2005 and Application EP 05106614.0 filed on Jul. 19, 2005.The present invention relates to gas molecules splitting methods and ...

REACTIVE PROCESS FOR OBTAINING SYNTHETIC BARIUM SULFATE AND CALCIUM CHLORIDE

Increasing the density of barium sulphate from 3.5 g/mdensity to 4.40 g/mdensity transforms it into a product of high qualities due to the reaction process to which it is subjected, additionally this invention helps to recycle elements that are intended for confinement, making the process highly environmentally friendly. Applications and use of barium sulfate include in the oil industry and the pharmaceutical industry. In the paint industry, barium sulfate is used as as a pigment with acid resistance. In the automotive industry, it is used to replace asbestos as frictional product in the manufacture of brake pads and in the glass industry as a flux and brightener. As protection in X-ray rooms due to its high density it can be used to absorb radiation. In the pharmaceutical industry, it is used as a contrast medium in digestive system imaging. 1. A reactive process for obtaining synthetic barium sulfate and calcium comprising:(a) reacting B355 (barium sulfate and calcium carbonate) with hydrochloric acid to elevate a purity of barium sulfate as a primary compound and to obtain calcium chloride as a stock solution;(b) filtering through a press filter the stock solution obtained in step (a) to obtain calcium chloride at a 24% concentration and barium sulfate at a 67.12% purity;(c) rinsing the primary compound in the reactor to remove traces of hydrochloric acid from the compound of step (b);(d) returning to the reactor the stock solution obtained by filtration in the press filter in step (b);{'sup': '3', '(e) adding sodium carbonate and water to the reactor, so as to react with the components of step (d) and obtain barium sulphate with a degree of purity of 67.12% and a density of 3.00 g/mand calcium chloride at 24% purity with a pH greater than or equal to 7.0;'}{'sup': '3', '(f) filtering the stock solution in a filter press and removing the primary component, the components of step (e), to obtain barium sulphate with a purity of 98% and 4.40 g/mdensity and calcium ...

PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR THE GENERATION OF SYNTHESIS GAS

A process and system for the generation of synthesis gas that is provided, in particular, for preparing hydrocarbon-containing fuel, ammonia or urea. The process follows the steps of providing a first feed gas stream of methane and reacting the first feed gas stream with steam in a reforming step, obtaining a synthesis gas stream of CO and H. It is further provided that at least one first substream is separated off from the feed gas stream before the reforming step, the first substream is then burnt with a second feed gas stream of at least 95% by volume oxygen to give an exhaust gas stream comprising COand water, and at least one part of the exhaust gas stream is recirculated to the feed gas stream after the first substream is separated off. 2. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the heat arising in the combustion of the first substream is transferred to the reforming step.3. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that another part of the exhaust gas stream is recirculated to the first substream.4. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the second feed gas stream is provided by the gas separation of air claim 1 , wherein a third feed gas stream substantially comprising nitrogen is additionally provided by the gas separation.5. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the synthesis gas stream comprising CO and His cooled claim 1 , with generation of steam.6. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that at least one second substream is separated off from the synthesis gas stream comprising CO and H claim 1 , which at least one second substream is reacted in a watergas-shift reaction step to give a crude hydrogen stream claim 1 , wherein CO and water are reacted to give COand H.7. The process according to claim 6 , characterized in that a first tail gas stream which comprises CO claim 6 , and H claim 6 , unreacted CO and/or unreacted methane claim 6 , is separated off from the crude ...

Hydrocarbon Dehydrocyclization in the Presence of Carbon Dioxide

The invention relates to converting non-aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of CO 2 to produce aromatic hydrocarbon. CO 2 methanation using molecular hydrogen produced during the aromatization increases aromatic hydrocarbon yield. The invention also relates to equipment and materials useful in such upgrading, to processes for carrying out such upgrading, and to the use of such processes for, e.g., natural gas upgrading.

Cover system for a solid particle lining and reactor comprising such a system

The invention relates to a cover system ( 5 ) for a solid particle lining ( 3 ) comprising an articulated structure ( 11 ) and an annular casing ( 13 ) covering the articulated structure ( 11 ), the casing ( 13 ) being formed by metal plates ( 16, 17 ) sealingly mounted so as to be movable relative to each other, the articulated structure ( 11 ) having metal skirts ( 31 ) forming articulated concentric circles ( 33 ) for supporting the plates ( 16, 17 ) of the casing ( 13 ) and adapting to the deformations of the lining ( 3 ), and metal elements ( 35 ) forming articulated spacers ( 37 ) making it possible to maintain a spacing between the articulated concentric circles ( 33 ) and to adapt to the deformations of the lining ( 3 ).

Ammonia Oxidation Reactor With Internal Filter Element

A reaction vessel for oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide in the presence of a catalyst is provided. The catalyst can become dislodged during the oxidation. The reaction vessel includes a reactor body having a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion. The top and middle portions cooperate to define a cavity where the ammonia is catalytically oxidized to provide the nitrogen monoxide. The reaction vessel also includes an internal filter element. The internal filter element includes a filter cage that defines an interior volume and a filter medium disposed adjacent to the filter cage. The internal filter element collects the catalyst dislodged during the oxidation. 1. A reaction vessel for oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide in the presence of a catalyst which can become dislodged during the oxidation , said reaction vessel comprising: 'wherein said top and middle portions cooperate to define a cavity where the ammonia is catalytically oxidized to provide the nitrogen monoxide;', 'a reactor body having a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion,'}a filter plate extending across said reactor body dividing said bottom portion from said cavity; and wherein said internal filter element comprises a filter cage defining an interior volume and a filter medium disposed adjacent to said filter cage and protruding upwardly from said filter plate into said cavity, and', 'wherein said internal filter element collects said catalyst dislodged during the oxidation., 'an internal filter element provided on said filter plate,'}2. The reaction vessel of wherein said filter medium comprises ceramic.3. The reaction vessel of further comprising a heat removal device positioned in said cavity above said internal filter element.4. The reaction vessel of wherein said filter medium is disposed in said interior volume of said filter cage.5. The reaction vessel of wherein said internal filter element is further defined as a plurality of internal filter elements ...

ELASTOMERIC HYDROGEN REACTOR WITH CLOG-LESS FILTER

A hydrogen producing reactor having a pellet core within a containment vessel. The vessel having an exit nozzle surrounding the pellet. At least one elastomeric winding surrounding the containment vessel; and, a water line to deliver fluid to the pellet. Whereby the elastomeric windings compress the containment vessel around the fuel pellet as it is used. Hydrogen and other products produced by the reactor within a cartridge is filtered with a clog-less filter and substantially pure hydrogen is output. 1. A reactor cartridge comprising:{'b': 11', '12', '13, 'a body (, , ) enclosinga core within a containment vessel having an exit nozzle;at least one elastomeric winding surrounding the containment vessel;a water line to deliver fluid to the core;{'b': 210', '201', '202', '310, 'an expanded PTFE tube () having a sealed end () and an open end () fluidly connected to a valve (); and,'}wherein fluid delivered to the core via the water line urges the core to produce hydrogen via a reaction and the hydrogen permeates the ePTFE tube and is delivered to the valve.2204. The reactor cartridge of claim 1 , further comprising a desiccant () placed within the e PTFE tube.3207. The reactor cartridge of claim 1 , further comprising a hydrogen clog-less filter () placed around the e-PTFE tube.4. The reactor cartridge of claim 1 , further comprising a desiccant placed around the e-PTFE tube when it is wrapped in the clog-less filter.5. The reactor cartridge of claim 1 , further comprising NaOH within the body wherein the NaOH at least one of reduces the rate of reaction and reduces pressure.6. The reactor catridge of wherein the core is a solid portion of about 70% Sodium Borohydride “NaBH” (SBH) and about 30% Oxalic Acid; and claim 1 , the fluid is a liquid portion of about 98% distilled water claim 1 , and 2% Cobalt chloride hexahydrate “CoCl.6HO”.7. The reactor catridge of wherein the core is a solid portion of about 70% Sodium Borohydride “NaBH” (SBH) and about 30% Oxalic Acid; ...

CATALYTIC COMPOSITE AND IMPROVED PROCESS FOR DEHYDROGENATION OF HYDROCARBONS

A catalytic composite for a cyclic process of adiabatic, non-oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane into an olefin, comprising a dehydrogenation catalyst, a semimetal and a carrier supporting the catalyst and the semimetal. During the reduction and/or regeneration stages of the adiabatic process, the semimetal releases heat which can be used to initiate the dehydrogenation reactions, which are endothermic in nature, thereby reducing the need for hot air flow and combustion of coke as heat input. The semi-metal is inert towards the dehydrogenation reaction itself, alkane feed and olefin product as well as other side reactions of the cyclic process such as cracking and decoking. 1. A catalytic composite suitable for a cyclic process of adiabatic , non-oxidative dehydrogenation of an alkane into an olefin , comprising:a dehydrogenation catalyst;a semimetal; anda carrier supporting the dehydrogenation catalyst and the semimetal;wherein the semimetal is inert towards the dehydrogenation, and releases heat in situ when exposed to at least one of a reducing stage and an oxidizing stage of the cyclic process.2. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal is at least one of boron claim 1 , silicon claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , arsenic claim 1 , antimony claim 1 , tellurium claim 1 , polonium claim 1 , astatine and a combination thereof3. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal is antimony.4. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal releases more than 700 kJ of heat per mole of the semimetal per reduction and oxidation cycle.5. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal is present in the catalytic composite in an amount of from 1 to 50 wt. % based on the total weight of the catalytic composite.6. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal has an average particle size of 0.25-0.75 μm.7. The catalytic composite of claim 1 , wherein the semimetal has an average particle size of 20-80 nm.8. The ...

ETHER BLENDS VIA REACTIVE DISTILLATION

A method for forming a blend of ethers from a blend of alcohols includes a step of reacting a hydrocarbon-containing gas with an oxygen-containing gas to form first product blend. The first product blend includes a blend of partially oxygenated compounds. The blend of partially oxygenated compounds is provided to a reactive distillation station where it is converted a second product blend. The second product blend typically includes a mixture of ethers. An apparatus implementing the method is also provided. 1. A method for forming a blend of ethers from a blend of partially oxygenated compounds , the method comprising:a) reacting a hydrocarbon-containing gas with an oxygen-containing gas to form first product blend in a reactor, the first product blend including a blend of partially oxygenated compounds;b) providing the blend of partially oxygenated compounds to a reactive distillation station through one or more conduits; andc) converting the blend of partially oxygenated compounds to a second product blend at the reactive distillation station, the second product blend including a mixture of ethers.2. The method of wherein the hydrocarbon-containing gas includes Calkanes.3. The method of wherein the hydrocarbon-containing gas includes an alkane selected from the group consisting of methane claim 1 , ethane claim 1 , propanes claim 1 , butanes claim 1 , pentanes and combinations thereof.4. The method of wherein the hydrocarbon-containing gas includes an alkane selected from the group consisting of methane claim 1 , ethane claim 1 , and combinations thereof.5. The method of wherein the first product blend includes Calcohols.6. The method of wherein the first product blend includes an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol claim 5 , ethanol claim 5 , propanols claim 5 , butanols claim 5 , pentanols and combinations thereof.7. The method of wherein the first product blend includes an alcohol selected from the group consisting of methanol claim 1 , ...

OXYGEN GENERATOR AND METHOD FOR TUNING AN OXYGEN PRODUCTION RATE OF AN OXYGEN GENERATOR

An oxygen generator includes a composition for generating oxygen and at least one tuner compact having a core shell structure and including a compound selected from a peroxide decomposition catalyst, an acidic compound or a basic compound. The composition for generating oxygen having an oxygen source, an ionic liquid, a peroxide decomposition catalyst and, if the ionic liquid is an acidic liquid, a basic compound. The oxygen source is a peroxide compound. The ionic liquid is in the liquid state at least in a temperature range from −10° C. to +50° C. The peroxide decomposition catalyst is a metal oxide compound and/or a metal salt. There is also described a method for tuning the oxygen production rate of a composition for generating oxygen, and a device for generating oxygen in a tuned manner. 1. An oxygen generator , comprisinga composition for generating oxygen, the composition including an oxygen source, a catalyst, an ionic liquid and, if the ionic liquid is acidic, a basic compound;at least one tuner compact having a core shell structure including a core and one or more shell layers; whereina first shell layer completely surrounds the core and each further shell layer completely surrounds a respectively underlying shell layer;at least one of the core and the one or more shell layers consisting of or comprising a compound selected from the group consisting of a catalyst, an acidic compound, and a basic compound, wherein mixtures comprising both an acidic compound and a basic compound, or comprising both an acidic compound and a catalyst, within the core or within the same shell layer are excluded; andthe core and the one or more shell layers being configured to decompose or dissolve or disintegrate upon coming into contact with the composition for generating oxygen; andthe oxygen source comprising a peroxide compound;the ionic liquid being in the liquid state at least in a temperature range from −10° C. to +50° C.; andthe catalyst being a metal oxide compound and ...

Reactors and systems for oxidative coupling of methane

In an aspect, the present disclosure provides a method for the oxidative coupling of methane to generate hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (C 2+ compounds). The method can include mixing a first gas stream comprising methane with a second gas stream comprising oxygen to form a third gas stream comprising methane and oxygen and performing an oxidative coupling of methane (OCM) reaction using the third gas stream to produce a product stream comprising one or more C 2+ compounds.

Cooled reactor for the production of dimethyl ether from methanol

A cooled reactor for the production of dimethyl ether by catalytic dehydration of methanol in the gas phase, the reactor having an adiabatic catalyst bed as starting zone, a moderator zone cooled by direct or indirect heat exchange, and optionally an adiabatic catalyst bed as conditioning zone. The conversion of methanol to dimethyl ether is increased and the formation of undesired by-products is decreased.

Float valve for a chemical reactor

A float valve for a chemical reactor has a central pipe which glides around a liquid transfer pipe when a liquid level rises and falls, thereby opening for fluid transfer through liquid transfer apertures in the transfer pipe when the liquid level is rising and shutting off for fluid transfer when the float lowers and seals against a sealing ring placed on the transfer pipe below the liquid transfer apertures.

SYSTEM FOR GENERATING ELECTRICITY AND FOR PRODUCING GASOLINE FROM METHANOL

A system for generating electric power and for producing gasoline from methanol, comprises: a gasoline production apparatus containing a catalyst layer for synthesizing gasoline from methanol, heat generated by the synthesis increasing a temperature of the gasoline production apparatus; a cooling apparatus for cooling the gasoline production apparatus with coolant to vaporize the coolant; and a power generation apparatus for generating electric power using the coolant vapor produced by the cooling apparatus. 1. A system for generating electric power and for producing gasoline from methanol , the system comprising:a gasoline production apparatus containing a catalyst layer for synthesizing gasoline from methanol, heat generated by the synthesis increasing a temperature of the gasoline production apparatus;a cooling apparatus for cooling the gasoline production apparatus with coolant to vaporize the coolant; anda power generation apparatus for generating electric power using the coolant vapor produced by the cooling apparatus.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the coolant comprises water claim 1 , the vapor comprises saturated water vapor claim 1 , and the power generation apparatus comprises at least one steam turbine.3. The system according to claim 2 , wherein the power generation apparatus comprises a plurality of steam turbines in series claim 2 , and wherein the system further comprises:a steam-water separator for separating supersaturated steam from the vaporization of the water in the cooling apparatus into water and saturated water vapor;a line for supplying a part of the saturated water vapor to a first steam turbine of the plurality of steam turbines;a superheater for superheating supersaturated exhaust steam from the first steam turbine by another part of the saturated water vapor to turn the exhaust steam to a saturated state or lower; anda line for supplying the superheated exhaust steam from the superheater to a second steam turbine of the ...

METHOD FOR LIQUEFACTION OF INDUSTRIAL GAS BY INTEGRATION OF METHANOL PLANT AND AIR SEPARATION UNIT

A method for the liquefaction of an industrial gas by integration of a methanol plant and an air separation unit (ASU) is provided. The method can include the steps of: (a) providing a pressurized natural gas stream, a pressurized purge gas stream originating from a methanol plant, and a pressurized air gas stream comprising an air gas originating from the ASU; (b) expanding three different pressurized gases to produce three cooled streams, wherein the three different pressurized gases are the pressurized natural gas stream, the pressurized purge gas stream, and the pressurized air gas stream; and (c) liquefying the industrial gas in a liquefaction unit against the three cooled streams to produce a liquefied industrial gas stream. The industrial gas to be liquefied is selected from the group consisting of a first portion of the pressurized natural gas stream, a nitrogen gas stream, hydrogen and combinations thereof. 1. A method for the liquefaction of an industrial gas selected from the group consisting of natural gas , nitrogen , hydrogen and combinations thereof , the method comprising the steps of:a) withdrawing a pressurized natural gas stream from a natural gas pipeline;b) removing carbon dioxide and water from the pressurized natural gas stream;c) expanding the pressurized natural gas stream to form an expanded natural gas stream and warming the expanded natural gas stream in a first portion of a heat exchanger against the industrial gas to form a warmed natural gas stream;d) sending the warmed natural gas stream to a methanol production facility under conditions effective for producing a methanol stream, a purified hydrogen stream, and a purge gas rich in hydrogen;e) expanding the purge gas rich in hydrogen to form an expanded purge gas and warming the expanded purge gas in a second portion of the heat exchanger against the industrial gas to form a warmed purge gas stream;f) sending the warmed purge gas stream to the methanol production facility for use as ...

SYNTHESIS METHOD AND SYNTHESIS DEVICE FOR CYCLODODECENE

A synthesis method and a synthesis device of cyclododecene according to the present invention have a high conversion rate of cyclododecatriene which is a reactant and a high selectivity of cyclododecene which is a required product, and even so, have an effect of significantly decreasing a reaction time. In addition, the method and the device have an excellent conversion rate of cyclododecatriene and an excellent selectivity of cyclododecene, while maintaining excellent reactivity without an organic solvent such as ethanol. Therefore, a volume of the reactor relative to an output of cyclododecene may be further decreased. Moreover, the method and the device may minimize costs for facilities and process, are practical, decrease a process time, and are industrially advantageous for mass production as compared with the conventional art. 1. A synthesis method of cyclododecene , the method comprising a hydrogenation process of subjecting cyclododecatriene to a partial hydrogenation reaction under a catalyst to synthesize cyclododecene ,wherein in the hydrogenation, cyclododecatriene and a hydrogen gas are reacted in a stirring tank reactor provided with a gas induction hollow-type agitator to synthesize cyclododecene.2. The synthesis method of cyclododecene of claim 1 , wherein in the hydrogenation claim 1 , the reaction is carried out by stirring the gas induction hollow-type agitator claim 1 , and the hydrogen gas is supplied to cyclododecatriene through a hollow portion of the gas induction hollow-type agitator.3. The synthesis method of cyclododecene of claim 2 , wherein the stirring tank reactor includes a reaction space formed inside claim 2 , and the reaction space includes a gaseous space formed in an upper portion and having a hydrogen gas and a liquid space formed in a lower portion and having a mixture including cyclododecatriene and the catalyst.4. The synthesis method of cyclododecene of claim 3 ,wherein the gas induction hollow-type agitator includes: an ...

A gas generator and method of generating a gas

A gas generator and a method of generating a gas are provided. A gas generator includes a cartridge having a solid reactant and a liquid reactant distributor provided therein, and a liquid reactant supply in fluid communication with the liquid reactant distributor. The liquid reactant supply is configured to provide a liquid reactant under pressure to the liquid reactant distributor. The liquid reactant distributor comprises a plurality of normally closed holes configured to open at a predetermined fluid pressure to disperse the liquid reactant for reaction with the solid reactant in the cartridge.

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION WITH WASTE ALUMINUM, AND METHOD FOR HYDROGEN PRODUCTION WITH ALUMINUM

A device for hydrogen production with waste aluminum includes a treatment apparatus for waste aluminum and a reaction tank. The apparatus includes a first crusher, a pickling tank, and a second crusher. The first crusher is for preliminarily crushing waste aluminum to obtain first aluminum chips. The pickling tank is for receiving and pickling the first aluminum chips crushed by the first crusher. The second crusher is for receiving and fine crushing the first aluminum chips to obtain second aluminum chips. The second aluminum chips are received by the reaction tank and then hydrolyzed with an alkaline solution in the reaction tank to produce hydrogen. Since waste aluminum is used as the raw material of hydrogen production, and a specific device is used for waste aluminum treatment, so the effects of recovering waste metal, reducing environmental damage, and saving costs can be achieved at the same time. 1. A device for hydrogen production with a waste aluminum , comprising: a first crusher for preliminarily crushing the waste aluminum to obtain first aluminum chips;', 'a pickling tank for receiving and pickling the first aluminum chips crushed by the first crusher; and', 'a second crusher for receiving and performing a fine crushing on the first aluminum chips pickled by the pickling tank to obtain second aluminum chips; and, 'a treatment apparatus for the waste aluminum, comprisinga reaction tank for receiving the second aluminum chips obtained from the treatment apparatus to hydrolyze the second aluminum chips with an alkaline solution in the reaction tank.2. The device for hydrogen production with the waste aluminum of claim 1 , wherein the treatment apparatus for the waste aluminum further comprises a stamping device for receiving and stamping the second aluminum chips crushed by the second crusher.3. The device for hydrogen production with the waste aluminum of claim 1 , further comprises an anti-corrosion layer is disposed on an inner surface of the reaction ...

Near-Shore Floating Methanol Conversion Ship and Export Terminal

There is disclosed a near shore floating vessel for large scale production of methanol (capable of producing at least 4000 tons per 24-hour day) from natural gas (methane) and for export shipment. More specifically, the near shore floating vessel obtains methane from an on-shore methane stream or pipeline. The disclosed near-shore floating vessel provides several environmental and commercial advantages to move methane export to a near shore instead of an on-shore location. 14-. (canceled)6. The near shore floating methanol conversion system of claim 5 , further comprising a mooring system having a natural gas termination line from an on-shore location.7. The near shore floating methanol conversion system of claim 6 , wherein the mooring further comprises access to electrical power.8. The near shore floating methanol conversion system of claim 5 , wherein the reformer system comprises a steam reformer (SMR) or a SMR connected to an ATR (autothermal reformer) to produce syngas from input of natural gas and steam to the steam reformer and oxygen to the ATR.9. The near shore floating methanol conversion system of claim 8 , wherein the oxygen input to the ATR comprises an ASU (air separation unit) air to generate pure oxygen and avoid nitrogen input into the reformer system. This patent application claims priority to U.S. Provisional Patent Application 62/621,318 filed 24 Jan. 2018.The present disclosure provides a near shore floating vessel for large scale production of methanol (capable of producing at least 2000 tons per 24-hour day) from natural gas (methane). More specifically, the near shore floating vessel obtains methane from an on-shore methane stream or pipeline. More specifically, the present disclosure provides several environmental and commercial advantages to move methane export to a near shore instead of an on-shore location.Methanol production from methane sources has been done on smaller scales as the process begins to satisfy economic and environmental ...

CATALYST DECAY MONITORING OF CATALYTIC INERTING SYSTEM

A fuel tank inerting system includes a primary catalytic reactor comprising an inlet, an outlet, a reactive flow path between the inlet and the outlet, and a catalyst on the reactive flow path. The catalytic reactor is arranged to receive fuel from the fuel tank and air from an air source that are mixed to form a combined flow, and to react the combined flow along the reactive flow path to generate an inert gas. The system also includes an input sensor that measures a property of the combined flow before it enters the primary catalytic reactor and an output sensor that measures the property of the combined flow after it exits the primary catalytic reactor. 120-. (canceled)21. A method of measuring a catalyst in a fuel tank inerting system ,the method comprising:passing a flow of fuel through a primary catalytic reactor comprising an inlet, an outlet, a reactive flow path between the inlet and the outlet, and the catalyst on the reactive flow path, said catalytic reactor arranged to receive fuel from the fuel tank and air from an air source that are mixed to form a combined flow, and to react the combined flow along the reactive flow path to generate an inert gas;passing a portion of the flow through a secondary catalytic reactor coupled in parallel with the primary catalytic reactor and containing a second catalyst, the secondary catalytic reactor having an inlet and an outlet;measuring with an input sensor a property of the combined flow before it enters the secondary catalytic reactor;measuring with an output sensor that measures the property of the combined flow after it exits the secondary catalytic reactor; andproviding sensor data from the input and output sensors to a computing device that receives;determining with the computing device a fuel quality of fuel used by the system based on the sensor data.22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising determining with the computing device based on the sensor data catalyst activity in the secondary catalytic ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR OXYGEN TRANSPORT MEMBRANE ENHANCED INTEGRATED GASIFIER COMBINED CYCLE (IGCC)

A system and method for oxygen transport membrane enhanced Integrated Gasifier Combined Cycle (IGCC) is provided. The oxygen transport membrane enhanced IGCC system is configured to generate electric power and optionally produce a fuel/liquid product from coal-derived synthesis gas or a mixture of coal-derived synthesis gas and natural gas derived synthesis gas. 1. An oxygen transport membrane based hydrogen-rich fuel gas production system comprising:a coal gasification subsystem configured to produce a coal-derived synthesis gas stream from a source of coal, steam and a first oxygen stream;an oxygen transport membrane based conversion subsystem configured to treat the coal-derived synthesis gas stream with at least a second oxygen stream to form a hydrogen-rich effluent stream;a gas conditioning subsystem configured to treat the hydrogen-rich effluent stream to produce the hydrogen-rich fuel gas;wherein the first oxygen stream is provided by separation of oxygen from air at cryogenic temperatures and the second oxygen stream is provided by separation of oxygen from air at elevated temperatures within the oxygen transport membrane based conversion subsystem; andwherein the mass of the second oxygen stream divided by the total mass of the first and second oxygen streams is in the range of 0.1 to 0.7.2. The system of wherein the hydrogen-rich fuel gas is provided as a fuel to a gas turbine to generate electricity.3. The system of wherein the hydrogen-rich fuel gas is divided into at least a first portion and a second portion claim 1 , the first portion provided to a gas turbine to generate electricity claim 1 , and the second portion provided as a source of hydrogen in other industrial applications.4. The system of wherein the gas conditioning subsystem produces a carbon dioxide rich stream and the hydrogen-rich fuel gas.5. The system of wherein a nitrogen rich stream formed while separating oxygen from air at cryogenic temperature is provided to the gas turbine as a ...

MAYENITE COMPOUND, MULTIFUNCTIONAL AGENT, AND PRODUCTION METHOD FOR MAYENITE-COMPOUND-CONTAINING PRODUCT

Objects of the present invention are to provide a mayenite compound which can induce electron donation reaction, H donation reaction, deoxygenation reaction, and dehydration reaction; a multifunctional agent which contains the mayenite compound which is not dissolved in a solvent, and which can induce electron donation reaction, H donation reaction, deoxygenation reaction, and dehydration reaction; and a method for producing a mayenite-compound-containing product. The invention provides a mayenite compound characterized by comprising enclosing electron and H, a multifunctional agent characterized in that the agent contains at least one of the mayenite compound I and a mixture II of the mayenite compound enclosing electron and the mayenite compound enclosing H, and exhibits radical scavenging activity, reducing property, deoxygenation performance, and dehydration performance; and a method for producing a mayenite-compound-containing product containing the aforementioned mayenite compound. 1. A mayenite compound characterized by enclosing electron and H.2. A multifunctional agent , characterized by containing at least one of a mayenite compound I enclosing electron and H , and a mixture II of a mayenite compound enclosing electron and a mayenite compound enclosing H , and exhibiting radical scavenging activity , reducing property , deoxygenation performance , and dehydration performance.3. A container claim 2 , characterized by containing claim 2 , at least as a part thereof claim 2 , a multifunctional agent as recited in .4. A container according to claim 3 , which is made of a ceramic or a glass.5. A porous body claim 2 , characterized by comprising a multifunctional agent as recited in claim 2 , and having at least a porous surface.6. A coating film claim 2 , characterized by comprising a multi-functional agent as recited in .7. A filter claim 2 , characterized by comprising a multi-functional agent as recited in .8. A reactor claim 2 , characterized by comprising ...

HIGH-GRAVITY DEVICE FOR GENERATING NANO/MICRON BUBBLES AND REACTION SYSTEM

The present application provides a high-gravity device for generating nano/micron bubble and a reaction system. In the device, the liquid phase is continuous phase and the gas phase is dispersed phase. A gas enters the interior of the device from a hollow shaft, and the gas is subjected to primary shearing under a shearing effect of aerating micropores to form bubbles; then, the bubbles rapidly disengage from the surface of a rotating shaft under the effect of the rotating shaft rotating at a high speed, and are subjected to secondary shearing under the high-gravity environment with the strong shearing force formed by the rotating shaft to form nano/micron bubbles. The device has the advantages of fastness, stability, and small average particle size. The average particle size of the formed nano/micron bubbles is between 800 nanometers and 50 microns, and the average particle size of the bubbles can be regulated in a range by adjusting the rotating speed of the rotating shaft.

Accelerated cooling process for reactors

A process for shutting down a hydroprocessing reactor and for removing catalyst from the reactor, wherein the reactor includes a quench gas distribution system. The process comprises shutting off hydrocarbon feed to the reactor, stripping hydrocarbons from the catalyst, and cooling the reactor to a first threshold reactor temperature in the range of from 375-425° F. (190-218° C.). At least a portion of circulating gaseous medium flowing to the reactor is then routed through a temporary heat exchanger and cooling the gas to not less than 40° F. (4° C.). Once cooled, mixing the cooled gas with the circulating gaseous medium flowing to the reactor. Continuing steps routing and cooling until a second threshold temperature is reached wherein the reactor temperature is in a range between 120° F. and 250° F. (49° C.-121° C.). The reactor can then be purged with N 2 gas, followed by introducing water into the reactor via the quench gas distribution system. The catalyst can then be safely removed from the reactor.

Radial Flow Process and Apparatus

A system for radial flow contact of a reactant stream with catalyst particles includes a reactor vessel and a catalyst retainer in the reactor vessel. The catalyst retainer includes an inner particle retention device and an outer particle retention device. The inner particle retention device and the outer particle retention device are spaced apart to define a catalyst retaining space. The inner particle retention device defines an axial flow path of the reactor vessel, and the outer particle retention device and an inner surface of a wall of the reactor vessel define an annular flow path of the reactor vessel. The system includes an inlet nozzle having an exit opening in fluid communication with the axial flow path, and an outlet nozzle in fluid communication with the annular flow path. The system can further include a fluid displacement device in the axial flow path of the reactor vessel.

CATALYST FOR ACTIVE HYDROGEN RECOMBINER AND PROCESS FOR MAKING THE CATALYST

A process of producing a catalyst entails providing an alumina substrate and adhering a noble metal consisting of either platinum or palladium to an outer surface of the alumina substrate to form a surface coating without penetrating into a central portion of the substrate. The noble metal may be calcined in a presence of organic compounds that increase the viscosity of a liquid carrying the noble metal to thereby minimize penetration into the central portion of the substrate and that also increase the yield of metal oxides during calcination thereby making the catalyst more active. 1. A process of producing a catalyst , the process comprising:providing an alumina substrate; andadhering a noble metal consisting of either platinum or palladium to an outer surface of the alumina substrate to form a surface coating without impregnating into a central portion of the substrate.2. The process as claimed in wherein the noble metal is platinum.3. The process as claimed in wherein the noble metal is palladium.4. The process as claimed in further comprising calcining the platinum at 550° C. for 2 hours.5. The process as claimed in further comprising calcining the palladium was calcined at 450° C. for 2 hours.6. The process as claimed in further comprising using organic compounds to increase a viscosity of a liquid carrying the noble metal to thereby minimize penetration into the central portion of the substrate and also to increase the yield of metal oxides during calcination to thereby make the catalyst more active.7. The process as claimed in wherein the organic compounds comprise one or more of a monosaccharide claim 6 , disaccharide or oligosaccharide.8. A catalyst comprising:an alumina substrate; anda noble metal consisting of either platinum or palladium, the noble metal adhering only to an outer surface of the alumina substrate to form a surface coating without penetrating into a central portion of the substrate.9. The catalyst as claimed in wherein the noble metal is ...

Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Microbial Control Methods and Devices

The present invention relates to methods and devices for providing microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation of an environment. The methods generally comprise: generating a Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (PHPG) that is substantially free of, e.g., hydration, ozone, plasma species, and/or organic species; and directing the gas comprising primarily PHPG into the environment such that the PHPG acts to provide microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation in the environment, preferably both on surfaces and in the air. 115-. (canceled)16. A method for microbial control of an environment , the method comprising:(a) exposing a metal or metal oxide comprising titanium oxide to ultraviolet light above 187 nanometers (nm) and less than 405 nm in the presence of a flow of ambient air to form a non-hydrated hydrogen peroxide gas;(b) directing said non-hydrated hydrogen peroxide gas into said environment to prepare an environment comprising non-hydrated hydrogen peroxide gas and an ozone concentration of less than 0.1 parts-per-million (ppm);wherein said microbial control is reduction of a virus, bacterium, or fungus, in said environment.17. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said metal or metal oxide comprises the anatase form of titanium oxide.18. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said ultraviolet light is less than 380 nm.19. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said microbial control comprises microbial reduction of viruses claim 16 , bacteria claim 16 , or fungi claim 16 , on surfaces in said environment.20. The method of claim 16 , wherein said microbial control is for a period of at least 2 hours.21. The method according to claim 16 , wherein said ultraviolet light is provided by one or more Ultraviolet Light Emitting Diodes (UV LEDs).22. The method according to claim 16 , wherein non-hydrated hydrogen peroxide gas is present in said environment at a concentration between 0.005 ppm to 0.1 ppm.23. The method according to claim 16 , ...

Reaction method for reacting reaction object with liquid containing the reaction object being in contact with granular porous body

A method for reacting a reaction object with a liquid containing the reaction object in contact with a granular porous body. The upper limit D (mm) of the particle diameter of the granular porous body is determined from D=0.556×LN (T)+0.166 in a column flow method in non-circulation type, and determined from D=0.0315×T+0.470 in the column flow method in a circulation type and a shaking method. The granular porous body includes a skeleton body including an inorganic compound having a three-dimensional continuous network structure, and has a two-step hierarchical porous structure including through-holes formed in voids in the skeleton body, and pores extending from a surface to an inside of the skeleton body and dispersed on the surface. A functional group having affinity with the metal ion is chemically modified on a surface of the granular porous body.

CATALYST, CATALYST CARRIER OR ABSORBENT MONOLITH OF STACKED STRANDS

A three-dimensional porous catalyst, catalyst carrier or absorbent monolith of stacked strands of catalyst, catalyst carrier or absorbent material, composed of alternating layers of linear spaced-apart parallel strands, wherein the strands in alternating layers are oriented at an angle to one another, wherein the distance between inner spaced-apart parallel strands is larger than the distance between outer spaced-apart parallel strands in at least a part of the layers of the monolith. 1. A three-dimensional porous catalyst , catalyst carrier or absorbent monolith of stacked strands of catalyst , catalyst carrier or absorbent material , composed of alternating layers of linear spaced-apart parallel strands , wherein the strands in alternating layers are oriented at an angle to one another , wherein the distance between inner spaced-apart parallel strands is larger than the distance between outer spaced-apart parallel strands in at least a part of the layers of the monolith.2. The monolith of claim 1 , wherein the strands are arranged in alternating layers comprising first and second alternate layers claim 1 , wherein the strands in the first alternate layers and in the second alternate layers are each aligned claim 1 , and wherein the strands in the alternate layers are orthogonal to one another.3. The monolith of claim 1 , wherein the strands are arranged in alternating layers comprising first claim 1 , second and third alternate layers claim 1 , wherein the strands in the first alternate layers claim 1 , in the second alternate and in the third alternate layers are each aligned claim 1 , and wherein the strands in the alternate layers are oriented at 60° and 120° claim 1 , respectively claim 1 , to one another.4. The monolith of claim 1 , wherein the strands are arranged in alternating layers comprising first claim 1 , second claim 1 , third and fourth alternate layers claim 1 , wherein the strands in the first alternate layers claim 1 , in the second alternate ...

Catalytic Alkane Conversion and Olefin Separation

Disclosed is a hydrocarbon conversion process that is less energy intensive than comparable processes. The hydrocarbon conversion process is particularly desirable for converting alkanes, such as methane into C 2+ olefins, such as ethylene and propylene, particularly with increasing selectivity to ethylene production. It is also desirable for effectively removing a C 2 composition (i.e., ethane, ethylene and/or acetylene) produced from the catalytic conversion of hydrocarbon comprised of C 2+ olefins. In addition, the hydrocarbon process is desirable for providing a substantially non-cryogenic separation of the desired C 2 compositions from the hydrocarbons (e.g., methane) present in the reaction mixture.

Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas Microbial Control Methods and Devices

The present invention relates to methods and devices for providing microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation of an environment. The methods generally comprise: generating a Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (PHPG) that is substantially free of, e.g., hydration, ozone, plasma species, and/or organic species; and directing the gas comprising primarily PHPG into the environment such that the PHPG acts to provide microbial control and/or disinfection/remediation in the environment, preferably both on surfaces and in the air. 115-. (canceled)16. A method microbial control comprising:a) generating Purified Hydrogen Peroxide Gas (PHPG);b) directing said PHPG into an environment to achieve a final concentration of at least 0.005 parts-per-million (ppm); andc) maintaining said PHPG at a concentration of at least 0.005 ppm to control said microbes.17. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said PHPG is between 0.02 ppm and 0.05 ppm18. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said PHPG is up to 0.10 ppm.19. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said PHPG comprises less than 0.1 ppm ozone.20. The method of microbial control of claim 19 , wherein said PHPG comprises less than 0.015 ppm ozone.21. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said microbe is a bacterium.22Staphylococcus Aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Clostridium DifficileGeobacillus stearothermophilus.. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said bacterium is claim 16 , or23. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said microbe is a fungus.24Aspergillus niger.. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said fungus is25. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said microbe is a virus.26. The method of microbial control of claim 25 , wherein said virus is a norovirus.27. The method of microbial control of claim 16 , wherein said environment is an occupied area.28. The method of microbial control of claim ...

Mixed Metal Oxide Catalyst useful for Paraffin Dehydrogenation

A catalyst, methods of making, and process of dehydrogenating paraffins utilizing the catalyst. The catalyst includes at least 20 mass % Zn, a catalyst support and a catalyst stabilizer. The catalyst is further characterizable by physical properties such as activity parameter measured under specified conditions. The catalyst may also be disposed on a porous support in an attrition-resistant form and used in a fluidized bed reactor. 1. A mixed metal oxide catalyst suitable for the dehydrogenation of paraffins having 2-8 carbon atoms , comprising a catalyst composition of the general formula (AC) (CS) (ST) whereina) AC (Active Catalyst) represents oxides of zinc (Zn) wherein the catalyst comprises at least 20 mass % Zn,b) CS (Catalyst Support) represents oxides of aluminum (Al), silicon (Si), and titanium (Ti) or mixtures thereof,c) ST (Support Stabilizer) represents oxides of metals selected from the group of cerium (Ce), dysprosium (Dy), erbium (Er), europium (Eu), gadolinium (Gd), lanthanum (La), neodymium (Nd), praseodymium (Pr), samarium (Sm), terbium (Tb), ytterbium (Yb), yttrium (Y), tungsten (W), zirconium (Zr), or mixtures thereof, andcharacterizable by a Activity Parameter >90,000, Selectivity Parameter <0.5 and a stability parameter <0.005 using a test where the mixed metal oxide catalyst is loaded in a fixed-bed reactor such that the 50>dT/dP>10 (diameter of tube to diameter of catalyst particles) and 200>L/dP>50 (length of catalyst bed to diameter of catalyst particles) and 2>dP>0.5 mm exposed to a feed stream of propane at a temperature of 650oC, atmospheric pressure and a feed rate of 10 hr−1 weight hourly space velocity.2. The catalyst composition according to wherein the catalyst is characterizable by an activity parameter of between 90 claim 1 ,000 and about 125 claim 1 ,000 using a test where the mixed metal oxide catalyst is loaded in a fixed-bed reactor such that the 50>dT/dP>10 (diameter of tube to diameter of catalyst particles) and 200>L/dP>50 ...

DISTRIBUTION OF REACTANT SOLUTION IN A FUEL CARTRIDGE

The invention relates to a fuel cartridge () and comprises a reactor compartment () housing a reactive material in which an aqueous solution having a pH in the range 12.5 to 14 can be introduced to react with the reactive material to generate hydrogen gas. There is an inlet to said reactor compartment () for said aqueous solution and an outlet () for hydrogen gas. A porous and hydrophilic film () is provided in the reactor compartment at said inlet and having an extension over at least a part of the inner space of the reactor compartment. The film is adapted to convey said aqueous solution by capillary force to distribute the solution over the inside of said reactor chamber. 2204. Fuel cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein the film is provided against an inner wall of the reactor compartment () and covers at least 50% of the inner wall claim 1 , preferably the entire inner wall.3. Fuel cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor compartment is filled with close-packed beads claim 1 , suitably of glass claim 1 , where the reactive material occupies the space between said beads.4222. Fuel cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein a filter () is provided at said outlet.5. Fuel cartridge according to claim 1 , wherein the reactive material is aluminum claim 1 , preferably in powder form.6. A method of distributing a reactant solution in a reactor compartment of a fuel cartridge claim 1 , the reactor compartment comprising a solid first reactant claim 1 , comprising the steps of:providing an aqueous solution by dissolving a second reactant in water said second reactant capable of reacting with the first reactant to provide hydrogen gas;passing said solution into the reactor compartment via a hydrophilic and porous member that has an extension over at least a major part of the reactor compartment and in contact with said solid first reactant.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the solid first reactant is aluminium powder claim 6 , and the second ...

OXIDATIVE DEHYDROGENATION OF ETHANE USING CARBON DIOXIDE

The present disclosure relates to methods and systems suitable for chemical production by dehydrogenation of ethane utilizing carbon dioxide as a soft oxidant. Ethane and carbon dioxide are reacted in a catalytic reactor to produce a reaction product stream comprising at least ethylene and carbon dioxide. The carbon dioxide can be separated for recycling back into the catalytic reactor, and the ethylene can be upgraded using a variety of process units. Heat from the reaction product stream can be recycle for further uses, including reducing the amount of added heating needed in the catalytic reactor. Additional materials, such carbon monoxide, hydrogen, syngas, methanol, methane, ethane, and even heavier hydrocarbons can be provided. 1. A method for chemical production from ethane , the method comprising:providing ethane and carbon dioxide into a reactor at a molar ratio so that the amount of provided carbon dioxide is in excess of the stoichiometrically required amount for complete reaction with the ethane;reacting the ethane with the carbon dioxide in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a reaction product stream at a temperature of about 450° C. or greater comprising at least ethylene, water, and carbon dioxide;passing the reaction product stream through a primary heat exchanger to withdraw heat therefrom;removing water and optionally any further condensates present in the reaction product stream;{'b': '20', 'compressing the reaction product stream to a pressure of at least bar;'}separating carbon dioxide from the reaction product stream in a separation unit to provide an upgraded stream comprising ethylene;heating at least a portion of the carbon dioxide separated from the reaction product stream using the heat withdrawn from the reaction product stream to form a stream of heated carbon dioxide;recycling the stream of heated carbon dioxide back into the reactor; andfurther processing the upgraded stream comprising ethylene to provide at least ethylene ...

PROCESSES FOR REFORMING AND TRANSALKYLATING HYDROCARBONS

Processes for reforming and transalkylating hydrocarbons are disclosed. A method for processing a hydrocarbon stream includes the steps of separating para-xylene from a first mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream to produce a first non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream and isomerizing the first non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream to produce additional para-xylene. The method further includes transalkylating a toluene stream to produce a second mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream, separating para-xylene from the second mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream to produce a second non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream, and isomerizing the second non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream using a liquid phase isomerization process to produce additional para-xylene. 1. A process for processing a hydrocarbon stream comprising the steps of:separating para-xylene from the first mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream to produce a first non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream;isomerizing the first non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream to produce additional para-xylene;transalkylating a toluene stream to produce a second mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream;separating para-xylene from the second mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream to produce a second non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream; andisomerizing the second non-equilibrium xylene and ethylbenzene stream using a liquid phase isomerization process to produce additional para-xylene.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the first mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream comprises a greater proportion of ethylbenzene than does the second mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream.3. The process of claim 1 , further comprising reforming a naphtha-containing hydrocarbon stream to produce the first mixed-xylene and ethylbenzene-containing stream and the toluene stream.4. The process of claim 3 , ...

SYSTEMS, DEVICES, AND METHODS FOR GENERATING CHLORINE DIOXIDE

Methodologies, systems, and devices are disclosed for generating a chemical compound. A reaction chamber holds an amount of a precursor chemical, an activator chamber holds an amount of an activator chemical, and a quenching and neutralizer chamber holds an amount of quenching and neutralizing chemicals. A pump transfers the activator chemical from the activator chamber to the reaction chamber, where the activator chemical reacts with the precursor chemical to form the desired chemical compound. The desired chemical compound is allowed to exit the reaction chamber. Subsequently, the pump transfers the quenching and neutralizing chemicals from the quenching and neutralizer chamber to the reaction chamber, resulting in a quenched and neutralized solution. 1. A system for generating a chemical compound , the system comprising:a reaction chamber configured to hold a precursor chemical within its internal volume, wherein a surface of the reaction chamber defines a reaction chamber opening providing fluid communication with the internal volume of the reaction chamber;an activator chamber configured to hold a activator chemical within its internal volume, wherein a surface of the activator chamber defines an activator chamber opening providing fluid communication with the internal volume of the activator chamber;a quenching and neutralizer chamber configured to hold quenching and neutralizer chemicals within its internal volume, wherein a surface of the quenching and neutralizer chamber defines a quenching and neutralizer chamber opening providing fluid communication with the internal volume of the quenching and neutralizer chamber;a first fluid pathway disposed between the activator chamber opening and the reaction chamber opening;a second fluid pathway disposed between the quenching and neutralizer chamber opening and the reaction chamber opening; anda pump configured to selectively pump the activator chemical to the reaction chamber through the first fluid pathway and ...

UREA HYDROLYSIS REACTOR FOR SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

This disclosure features a urea conversion catalyst located within a urea decomposition reactor (e.g., a urea decomposition pipe) of a diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. The urea conversion catalyst includes a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant. The urea conversion catalyst can decrease the temperature at which urea converts to ammonia, can increase the urea conversion yield, and can decrease the likelihood of incomplete urea conversion. 1. A urea decomposition reactor , comprising:a urea conversion catalyst;wherein the urea conversion catalyst comprises a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant.2. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide claim 1 , titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , aluminum oxide claim 1 , silicon oxide claim 1 , hafnium oxide claim 1 , vanadium oxide claim 1 , niobium oxide claim 1 , tantalum oxide claim 1 , chromium oxide claim 1 , molybdenum oxide claim 1 , tungsten oxide claim 1 , ruthenium oxide claim 1 , rhodium oxide claim 1 , iridium oxide claim 1 , nickel oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.3. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , cerium oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.4. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is zirconium oxide or cerium oxide.5. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the cationic dopant is an oxide comprising Mg claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , V claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Ta claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , W claim 1 , W claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Ga claim 1 , Al claim 1 , In claim 1 , Ge claim 1 , Si claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ba claim 1 , La claim 1 , Ce claim 1 , and Nb.6. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the urea conversion ...

VAPORIZATION SUPPLY APPARATUS

A vaporization supply apparatus comprises a vaporizer which heats and vaporize a liquid, a flow-rate control device which controls a flow rate of a gas sent out from the vaporizer, a first control valve interposed in a supply channel of a liquid to the vaporizer, a pressure detector for detecting a pressure of a gas vaporized by the vaporizer, a liquid detection part for measuring parameters of a liquid in an amount higher than a predetermined amount in the vaporizer, and a control device which controls the first control valve to supply a predetermined amount of a liquid to the vaporizer based on the pressure value detected by the pressure detector, and to close the first control valve when the liquid detection part detect a liquid in an amount higher than the predetermined amount. 1. A vaporization supply apparatus comprising: a flow-rate control device which controls a flow rate of a gas sent out from the vaporizer,', 'a first control valve interposed in a supply channel of a liquid to the vaporizer,', 'a pressure detector for detecting a pressure of a gas vaporized by the vaporizer and sent to the flow-rate control device,', 'a liquid detection part for measuring parameters of a liquid in an amount higher than a predetermined amount in the vaporizer, and', 'a control device which controls the first control valve to supply a liquid to the vaporizer based on a pressure value detected by the pressure detector, and to close the first control valve when the liquid detection part detects a liquid flowing into the vaporizer in an amount higher than the predetermined amount., 'a vaporizer which heats and vaporizes a liquid,'}2. The vaporization supply apparatus according to further comprising a second control valve interposed in a gas passage between the vaporizer and the flow-rate control device claim 1 , wherein the control device claim 1 , when the liquid detection part detects a liquid flowing into the vaporizer in an amount higher than the predetermined amount claim ...

SALT-FREE PRODUCTION OF METHIONINE FROM METHIONINE NITRILE

The invention refers to the use of a particulate catalyst containing 60.0 to 99.5 wt. % ZrOstabilised with an oxide of the element Hf and at least one oxide of the element M, wherein M=Ce, Si, Ti, or Y, for the hydrolysis reaction of methionine amide to methionine, wherein the median particle size xof the particulate catalyst is in the range of from 0.8 to 9.0 mm, preferably of from 1.0 to 7.0 mm. The invention also refers to a process for preparing methionine comprising a step of contacting a solution or suspension comprising methionine amide and water with said particulate catalyst to provide a reaction mixture comprising methionine and/or its ammonium salt from which methionine can be isolated. 1. A method of catalyzing the hydrolysis reaction of methionine amide to methionine , the method comprising contacting a solution or suspension comprising methionine amide and water with a particulate catalyst to produce a reaction mixture comprising methionine ,wherein the particulate catalyst comprises:{'sub': '2', '#text': '60.0 to 99.5 wt. % ZrO;'}an oxide of the element Hf; andat least one oxide of the element M, wherein M=Ce, Si, Ti, or Y,{'sub': '2', '#text': 'wherein the ZrOis stabilized by the oxide of the element Hf and the at least one oxide of the element M, and'}{'sub': '50', '#text': 'wherein the median particle size xof the particulate catalyst is in the range of from 0.8 to 9.0 mm.'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the element M=Si claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , or Y.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle size xof the particulate catalyst is in the range of from 0.5 to 8.0 mm.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particulate catalyst comprises 0.1 to 40 wt. % of oxides of the elements Hf claim 1 , Ce claim 1 , Si claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , and Y.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particulate catalyst comprises:{'sub': ['2', '2', '2', '2', '3', '2'], '#text': '0.5 to 3.0 wt. % HfOand at least one selected from the group consisting of 0.1 to 40 wt. % TiO, ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN

Exemplary embodiments of methods and systems for hydrogen production using an electro-activated material are provided. In some exemplary embodiments, carbon can be electro-activated and used in a chemical reaction with water and a fuel, such as aluminum, to generate hydrogen, where the by-products are electro-activated carbon, and aluminum oxide or aluminum hydroxide. Controlling the temperature of the reaction, and the amounts of aluminum and electro-activated carbon can provide hydrogen on demand at a desired rate of hydrogen generation. 1. A method of producing a catalyst for hydrogen production , comprising:providing electrical energy to a carbon material to electro-activate the carbon material; andusing the electro-activated carbon material to produce hydrogen.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is provided in a liquid composition comprising water.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the liquid composition further comprises an electrolyte.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electrical energy is provided at approximately 6 ampere-hours.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon material is one or more of pure carbon claim 1 , solid carbon claim 1 , crushed carbon claim 1 , sintered carbon claim 1 , carbon composites claim 1 , charcoal claim 1 , pressed carbon claim 1 , carbon blocks claim 1 , graphite claim 1 , carbon granules claim 1 , granulated activated carbon or coal.6. A method of producing hydrogen claim 1 , comprising:combining electro-activated carbon with a liquid composition; andgenerating a chemical reaction between the combination of electro-activated carbon and the liquid composition to produce hydrogen.7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising:combining the electro-activated carbon and liquid composition with a fuel; andgenerating a chemical reaction between the combination of the electro-activated carbon, liquid composition and fuel to produce hydrogen.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the fuel is one of pure aluminum ...

Catalyst for oxygen-free direct conversion of methane and method of converting methane using the same

The present invention relates to a catalyst for oxygen-free direct conversion of methane and a method of converting methane using the same, and more particularly to a catalyst for oxygen-free direct conversion of methane, in which the properties of the catalyst are optimized by adjusting the free space between catalyst particles packed in a reactor, thereby maximizing the catalytic reaction rate without precise control of reaction conditions for oxygen-free direct conversion of methane, minimizing coke formation and exhibiting stable catalytic performance even upon long-term operation, and to a method of converting methane using the same.

PROCESSES FOR THE PREPARATION OF 2,5-FURANDICARBOXYLIC ACID AND INTERMEDIATES AND DERIVATIVES THEREOF

The present disclosure provides processes for the production of 2-5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) and intermediates thereof by the chemocatalytic conversion of a furanic oxidation substrate. The present disclosure further provides processes for preparing derivatives of FDCA and FDCA-based polymers. In addition, the present disclosure provides crystalline preparations of FDCA, as well as processes for making the same. 1. (canceled)2. A process for producing a first 2 ,5-furandicarboxylic acid (FDCA) pathway product from a first furanic oxidation substrate , the process comprising:providing a crude oxidation substrate comprising a first furanic oxidation substrate, a first oxidation solvent and one or more additional components;separating the one or more additional components from the crude oxidation substrate to form a first oxidation feedstock comprising the first furanic oxidation substrate and the first oxidation solvent; and(a) contacting the first oxidation feedstock with oxygen in the presence of a first heterogeneous oxidation catalyst under conditions sufficient to form a reaction mixture for oxidizing the first furanic oxidation substrate to a first FDCA pathway product, and producing the first FDCA pathway product;wherein the first oxidation solvent is a multi-component solvent comprising water and a water-miscible aprotic organic solvent;wherein no base is added to the reaction mixture during (first) contacting step (a); andwherein the first heterogeneous oxidation catalyst comprises a first solid support and a first noble metal.3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the first noble metal is selected from the group consisting of platinum claim 2 , gold claim 2 , and combinations thereof.4. The process of claim 2 , wherein the water-miscible aprotic organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran claim 2 , a glyme claim 2 , dioxane claim 2 , a dioxolane claim 2 , dimethylformamide claim 2 , dimethylsulfoxide claim 2 , sulfolane claim 2 ...

GAS TREATMENT PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS FOR REDUCING TAIL GAS EMISSIONS

Gas treatment systems and processes for reducing tail gas emissions such as SO, SO, HSO, NOx, HC, CO, and other pollutants are provided. The processes include transferring tail gas from at least one source of tail gas to at least one destination sulphuric acid plant via a tail gas transfer system, wherein the tail gas replaces or supplements one or more of the combustion gas, air feed, dilution gas, and quench gas used by the destination sulphuric acid plant. The systems include at least one destination sulphuric acid plant and a tail gas transfer system for transferring tail gas from at least one source of tail gas to the at least one destination sulphuric acid plant. The systems and processes described herein may be used to eliminate start-up emissions and/or convert sulphur-containing species present in tail gas emissions into commercial HSO. 1. A gas treatment process for reducing emissions of one or more of SO , SO , HSO , NO , HC , CO , and other pollutants from a tail gas , the process comprising:transferring the tail gas from a source sulphuric acid plant operating in start-up or upset conditions to a destination sulphuric acid plant operating in steady state conditions via a gas transfer system.2. A gas treatment process according to further comprising monitoring a concentration of one or more of SO claim 1 , SO claim 1 , HSO claim 1 , NO claim 1 , HC claim 1 , CO claim 1 , and other pollutants in the tail gas and adjusting a flowrate of a feedstock to the destination sulphuric acid plant based on the monitored concentration of one or more of SO claim 1 , SO claim 1 , HSO claim 1 , NO claim 1 , HC claim 1 , CO claim 1 , and other pollutants in the tail gas.3. A gas treatment process according to comprising reducing the flowrate of the feedstock if the monitored concentration of one or more of SO claim 2 , SO claim 2 , HSO claim 2 , NO claim 2 , HC claim 2 , CO claim 2 , and other pollutants in the tail gas exceeds a predetermined threshold.4. A gas ...

Methods and apparatus for fluid contacting in a downflow vessel

A contacting device and method are presented for the collection, contacting, and distribution of fluids between particulate beds of a downflow vessel, which may operate in co-current flow. By one approach, the contacting device includes a liquid collection tray, a mixing channel in fluid communication with the liquid collection tray, and a liquid distribution zone.

METHODS AND APPARATUSES FOR PRODUCING DISPERSED NANOSTRUCTURES

Methods and apparatuses are provided for the production of homogeneous dispersions of nanostructures within a matrix, which may be used as precursors of carbon-reinforced or boron nitride-reinforced composite materials. An apparatus for producing a nanostructure dispersion comprises a reactor and a mixing chamber, wherein the reactor is configured to produce an aerosol of nanostructures and is in fluidic communication with the mixing chamber. A matrix material is provided in the mixing chamber, and the aerosol of nanostructures can disperse into the matrix material to form a nanostructure dispersion. The apparatus may further comprise a matrix tank comprising a matrix material, wherein the matrix material is transferred to the mixing chamber. An aerosol of matrix particles may be produced from the matrix material and provided in the mixing chamber, so as to produce a fine dispersion of nanostructures in the matrix. The apparatus may be configured to continuously produce a nanostructure dispersion. 1. A method for producing a nanostructure dispersion , the method comprising:providing a reactor and a mixing chamber, wherein the reactor is in fluidic communication with the mixing chamber;producing an aerosol of nanostructures in the reactor;providing a matrix material in the mixing chamber;transferring the aerosol of nanostructures from the reactor to the mixing chamber; anddispersing the aerosol of nanostructures into the matrix material, thereby producing a nanostructure dispersion.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:producing an aerosol of matrix particles from the matrix material;providing the aerosol of matrix particles in the mixing chamber; anddispersing the aerosol of nanostructures into the matrix material comprising the aerosol of matrix particles, thereby producing a nanostructure dispersion.3. The method of any one of to claim 1 , wherein the matrix material is a solid powder or liquid.4. The method of any one of to claim 1 , wherein the aerosol ...

Process

A reactor having a shell comprising: one or more reactor tubes located within the shell, said reactor tube or tubes comprising a plurality of catalyst receptacles containing catalyst; means for providing a heat transfer fluid to the reactor shell such that the heat transfer fluid contacts the tube or tubes; an inlet for providing reactants to the reactor tubes; and an outlet for recovering products from the reactor tubes; wherein the plurality of catalyst receptacles containing catalyst within a tube comprises catalyst receptacles containing catalyst of at least two configurations.

Hydrogen generating reactor, and system for generating hydrogen

A reactor for reacting a solid material in a solution to generate a gas including a vessel having a solution-containing portion and an air-containing portion; and a gas outlet through which the gas generated by the reaction of the solid material in the solution can be extracted, a solution disposed in the solution-containing portion, a solution permeable-container disposed in the air-containing portion of the vessel; the container holding the solid material, and means for displacing the container such that the solid material within the container is brought into contact with the solution. The solid material is typically aluminum bars and the solution is a sodium hydroxide solution. In one alternative, the means for displacing the container is replaced with a means for displacing the solution to be brought into contact with a stationary container.

CONTINUOUS DESULFURIZATION PROCESS BASED ON METAL OXIDE-BASED REGENERABLE SORBENTS

A continuous desulfurization process and process system are described for removal of reduced sulfur species at gas stream concentrations in a range of from about 5 to about 5000 ppmv, using fixed beds containing regenerable sorbents, and for regeneration of such regenerable sorbents. The desulfurization removes the reduced sulfur species of hydrogen sulfide, carbonyl sulfide, carbon disulfide, and/or thiols and disulfides with four or less carbon atoms, to ppbv concentrations. In specific disclosed implementations, regenerable metal oxide-based sorbents are integrated along with a functional and effective process to control the regeneration reaction and process while maintaining a stable dynamic sulfur capacity. A membrane-based process and system is described for producing regeneration and purge gas for the desulfurization.

CONTINUOUS FLOW SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION AND PURIFICATION OF BIODIESEL

Provided is a system and method for producing and purifying biodiesel. In particular, the system comprises a tandem arrangement of at a modular biodiesel reactor and a continuous flow separation and purification unit. The system can further comprise an evaporation unit that is placed between the biodiesel reactor and the continuous flow separation and purification unit. 1. A continuous flow biodiesel production and purification system comprising a tandem arrangement comprising at least one continuous flow modular biodiesel reactor unit and at least one continuous flow separation and purification unit , wherein the modular biodiesel reactor unit comprises a plurality of contact plates , providing adjacent reactant channel and thermal channel for reactant mixture and thermal media for temperature control , respectively.2. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the continuous flow separation and purification unit is arranged in one column that comprises at least one separation section claim 1 , at least one wet washing section and at least one dry washing/purification section.3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the biodiesel reactor unit comprises a plurality of contact plates wherein surfaces of said contact plates provide catalytic activity for esterification and/or transesterification of free fatty acids and or transesterification of glycerides in said reactant channel provided by the contact plates for the reactant mixture.4. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the biodiesel reactor comprises a plurality of contact plates coated with at least one esterification and/or transesterification catalyst for catalyzing esterification of free fatty acids and or transesterification of glycerides.5. The system according to claim 4 , wherein the contact plates are arranged such that alternating coated sides face each other forming said reactant channel and two non-coated sides face each other forming said thermal channel claim 4 , such that reactants flow ...

DEVICE FOR FACILITATING A CHEMICAL REACTION

A device for facilitating a chemical reaction while submerged in a liquid catalyst includes an upper member, a lower member, and a dissolvable member disposed between and ultimately enclosed by said upper and lower members such that upper and lower chambers are formed having substantially equal volumes. The upper chamber may receive a dry sodium chlorite and the lower chamber may receive a dry acid mixture. In order to keep the device submerged in the liquid catalyst, an inert ballast may also be added to the upper and/or lower chamber, such as glass shards. 1. A device for facilitating a chemical reaction comprising: a permeable packet having at least one internal chamber with a pre-formed chlorine-dioxide-generating tablet disposed within the internal chamber.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the internal chamber is void of a dissolvable membrane.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the packet contains an inert ballast.4. The device of claim 2 , wherein the packet contains an inert ballast.5. The device of claim 1 , the internal chamber is defined by two or more layers.6. The device of claim 5 , wherein the internal chamber is void of a dissolvable membrane.7. The device of claim 5 , wherein the packet contains an inert ballast.8. The device of claim 6 , wherein the packet contains an inert ballast. This application is a continuation application which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/042,975, filed on Feb. 12, 2016, which claims priority to U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/703,538, filed on May 4, 2015, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/805,184 (now U.S. Pat. No. 9,050,570), which is a 371 U.S. National Stage of International Application No. PCT/US2011/041011, filed on Jun. 18, 2011, which claims priority to and the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/397,931, filed on Jun. 18, 2010. The contents of the above applications are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.This invention relates to ...

Systems and Methods for Degassing of Sulfur

Contemplated systems and methods for removing polysulfides and hydrogen sulfide from liquid sulfur of a Claus plant include (a) physically separated steps of catalytic decomposition of polysulfides and gas stripping, or (b) use of the stripping gas as the continuous phase in a packed column with decomposition catalyst to so avoid catalyst attrition.