Hydrogen sulfide conversion to hydrogen

A process and system for substantially eliminating contaminants from a gas and a gas produced therefrom.

PROCESS FOR UTILIZING A WATER STREAM IN A HYDROLYSIS REACTION TO FORM ETHANOL

In one embodiment, the invention is to a process for producing a water stream comprising the steps of hydrogenating acetic acid to form a crude ethanol product and separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in at least one column of a plurality of columns into a distillate comprising ethanol and a residue comprising the water stream. The water stream preferably is essentially free of organic impurities other than acetic acid and ethanol. 1. A process for producing a water stream , comprising the steps of:hydrogenating acetic acid in a reactor in the presence of a catalyst to form a crude ethanol product;separating at least a portion of the crude ethanol product in a first column into a first distillate comprising ethanol, water and ethyl acetate, and a first residue comprising acetic acid;separating at least a portion of the first distillate in a second column into a second distillate comprising ethyl acetate and a second residue comprising ethanol and water;separating at least a portion of the second residue in a third column into a third distillate comprising ethanol and a third residue;hydrolyzing at least a portion of the second distillate with at least a portion of the third residue, at least 97 wt. % water;', 'less than 0.5 wt. % acetic acid;', 'less than 0.005 wt. % ethanol; and', 'less than 0.001 wt. % ethyl acetate., 'wherein the third residue comprises2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the crude ethanol product comprises ethanol claim 1 , water claim 1 , ethyl acetate claim 1 , and acetic acid.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the third residue is directed to the second column.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the crude ethanol product comprises ethanol in an amount of from 5 to 70 wt. % claim 1 , water in an amount of from 5 to 35 wt. % claim 1 , acetic acid in an amount of from 0 to 90 wt. % claim 1 , and ethyl acetate in an amount of from 0 to 20 wt. %.5. The process of claim 1 , further comprising:hydrolyzing ...

METHOD FOR REMOVING OXIDATIVE STRESS SUBSTANCES, METHOD FOR LOWERING OXIDATION-REDUCTION POTENTIAL, FILTER MEDIUM, AND WATER

[Object] To provide a method for removing oxidative stress substances such as oxygen radical species from a liquid (for example, water) reliably when the liquid is used by a user. 1. (canceled)39-. (canceled)10. A filter medium comprising: [{'sup': '2', 'a value of a specific surface area based on nitrogen BET method of 10 m/g or more and'}, {'sup': −9', '−7', '3, 'a total of volumes of fine pores having a diameter of from 1×10m to 5×10m, obtained by non-localized density functional theory method, of 0.1 cm/g or more;'}], 'a porous carbon material having'}wherein the filter medium is configured to remove oxidative stress substances contained in a liquid by being immersed in the liquid.1116-. (canceled)17. Water , [{'sup': '2', 'a value of a specific surface area based on nitrogen BET method of 10 m/g or more and'}, {'sup': −9', '−7', '3, 'a total of volumes of fine pores having a diameter of from 1×10m to 5×10m, obtained by non-localized density functional theory method, of 0.1 cm/g or more.'}], 'from which oxidative stress substances are removed by being impregnated into a porous carbon material having'}1821-. (canceled) The present disclosure relates to a method for removing oxidative stress substances, a method for lowering oxidation-reduction potential, a filter medium and water.In recent years, attention is drawn to water showing reduction properties, such as alkaline ion water, electrolytic reduced water and hydrogen water, from the standpoint of the maintenance of good health (see, for example, Japanese Unexamined Patent Application Publication Nos. 2003-301288, 2002-348208 and 2001-314877.) Also, Medical Associations have proved in recent years that oxidative stress substances including oxygen radical species which is active oxygen species in a broad sense such as superoxide radical, hydroxyl radical, hydrogen peroxide, singlet oxygen, lipid peroxide, nitrogen monoxide, nitrogen dioxide and ozone forms a factor of various diseases and aging. It is said that ...

Method and Apparatus for Increasing Concentration of Stable Water Clusters, and Products Produced Thereby

For increasing the concentration of stable water clusters in water solution an external electric field is applied to provide an alignment of electric dipole moments of the stable water clusters and for growing of the latter, the water solution with the stable water clusters is subjected to vigorous shaking by ultrasound to break the stable water clusters into a greater number of smaller stable water clusters, and products are produced with increased concentration of the stable water clusters.

GAS TREATMENT EQUIPMENT OF NUCLEAR POWER PLANT

At the time of loss of coolant accident, when station blackout occurs, hydrogen, radioactive nuclides, and steam are discharged from a broken portion of a pipe connected to a reactor pressure vessel into the primary containment vessel. A passive autocatalytic hydrogen treatment apparatus installs a catalytic layer and heat exchanger tubes of a heat exchanger in a casing. High-temperature steam including hydrogen and radioactive nuclides is supplied into the heat exchanger tubes and heats gas supplied into the casing . The steam is condensed in the heat exchanger tubes and generates mists. The mists are removed by a mist separator together with the radioactive nuclides. The gas including hydrogen fed from the mist separator in the casing is heated by the aforementioned steam and is introduced into the catalytic layer. Hydrogen is combined with oxygen in the catalytic layer to steam. 1. A gas treatment equipment of a nuclear power plant comprising:a gas treatment apparatus for treating gas components included in gas supplied from a primary containment vessel; and a mist separator,wherein said gas treatment apparatus includes a casing and a gas component treatment member installed in said casing for treating said gas components;wherein a heating device for heating said gas in said casing supplied to said gas component treatment member by heat held by said gas, which includes said steam and gas components, supplied from a primary containment vessel is installed in said casing;wherein said mist separator for removing mists generated by condensation of said steam in said heating device together with a part of said gas components adsorbed to said mists is connected to said heating device; andwherein a pipe path for introducing said gas including said gas components not removed by said mist separator from said mist separator into said casing is installed.2. The gas treatment equipment of a nuclear power plant according to claim 1 , wherein said heating device is disposed on ...

Solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide and method for producing same

The present invention provides a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide comprising a permanganate salt and a manganese (II) salt. The solid-phase catalyst stays a solid state in the form of nanoparticles at the time of hydrogen peroxide decomposition, and thus can be recovered for reuse and also has an excellent decomposition rate. In the method for producing a solid-phase catalyst for decomposing hydrogen peroxide according to the present invention, a solid-phase catalyst is produced from a solution containing a permanganate salt, a manganese (II) salt, and an organic acid, so that the produced solid-phase catalyst is precipitated as a solid component even after a catalytic reaction, and thus is reusable and environmentally friendly, and cost reduction can be achieved through the simplification of a catalyst production technique.

CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION SYSTEM AND CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION METHOD

A carbon dioxide reduction system comprises a transport path that transports carbon dioxide and a reduction apparatus that reduces heated carbon dioxide introduced through the transport path wherein the carbon dioxide is heated in the transport path by at least one of recycled energy and exhaust heat. 1. A carbon dioxide reduction system comprising:a reduction apparatus that reduces carbon dioxide; anda transport path that transports carbon dioxide to the reduction apparatus, wherein the carbon dioxide is heated in the transport path by at least one of recycled energy and exhaust heat.2. The carbon dioxide reduction system according to claim 1 , wherein the recycled energy is produced by at least one selected from the group consisting of solar power generation claim 1 , wind power generation claim 1 , hydraulic power generation claim 1 , wave power generation claim 1 , tidal power generation claim 1 , biomass power generation claim 1 , geothermal power generation claim 1 , solar heat claim 1 , and underground heat.3. The carbon dioxide reduction system according to claim 1 , wherein the exhaust heat is heat generated in a combustion furnace.4. The carbon dioxide reduction system according to claim 1 , further comprising:a carbon dioxide separation apparatus,wherein the carbon dioxide in the transport path is carbon dioxide separated from an exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide by the carbon dioxide separation apparatus.5. The carbon dioxide reduction system according to claim 4 , further comprising:a combustion furnace,wherein the exhaust gas is exhaust gas generated in the combustion furnace, and the transport path is a circulation path that circulates the carbon dioxide so that the carbon dioxide is heated by the heat generated in the combustion furnace.6. The carbon dioxide reduction system according to claim 5 , further comprising:a heat exchanger that cools the exhaust gas containing carbon dioxide generated in the combustion furnace,wherein the circulation ...

METHOD FOR NITROGEN RECOVERY FROM AN AMMONIUM COMPRISING FLUID AND BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEM

A method is disclosed for nitrogen recovery from an ammonium including fluid and a bio-electrochemical system for the same. In an embodiment, the method includes providing an anode compartment including an anode; providing a cathode compartment including a cathode, wherein the compartments are separated by at least one ion exchange membrane; providing the ammonium comprising fluid in the anode compartment and a second fluid in the cathode compartment; applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode; and extracting nitrogen from the cathode compartment. 1. Method for nitrogen recovery from an ammonium comprising fluid , comprising:providing an anode compartment comprising an anode;providing a cathode compartment comprising a cathode, wherein the compartments are separated by at least one ion exchange membrane;providing the ammonium comprising fluid in the anode compartment and a second fluid in the cathode compartment;applying a voltage between the anode and the cathode; andextracting nitrogen from the cathode compartment.2. Method according to claim 1 , comprising the step of providing a bio-electrode as the anode and/or the cathode.3. Method according to claim 1 , comprising the step of providing the fluid in the cathode compartment with a pH above 7.4. Method according to claim 1 , wherein extracting the nitrogen comprises extracting ammonia claim 1 , the method further comprising the step of feeding the ammonia to a fuel cell.5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein extracting the nitrogen comprises extracting molecular nitrogen claim 1 , the method further comprising the step of providing an additional anode.6. Method according to claim 5 , wherein providing an additional anode comprises providing the additional anode in the cathode compartment.7. Method according to claim 5 , further comprising the steps of:providing an additional compartment between the anode compartment and the cathode compartment and arranging the additional anode in the additional ...

Supply System And Method For Providing Electric Energy, Oxygen Depleted Air And Water As Well And Aircraft Having Such A Supply System

A supply system for providing at least oxygen depleted air and water in a vehicle includes a catalytic converter, at least one hydrogen supply means, at least one air supply means, at least one outlet for oxygen depleted air, and a control unit coupled with the catalytic converter. The catalytic converter is couplable with the hydrogen supply means and is adapted for producing water under consumption of hydrogen from the at least one hydrogen supply means and oxygen. The catalytic converter is further couplable with the at least one air supply means for additionally producing oxygen depleted air. Further, the control unit is adapted for selectively operating the catalytic converter based on a demand of water and oxygen depleted air. 1. A supply system for providing at least oxygen depleted air and water in a vehicle , the system comprising:a catalytic converter;at least one hydrogen supply means;at least one air supply means;at least one outlet for oxygen depleted air; anda control unit coupled with the catalytic converter,wherein the catalytic converter is couplable with the hydrogen supply means,wherein the catalytic converter is adapted for producing water under consumption of hydrogen from the at least one hydrogen supply means and oxygen,wherein the catalytic converter is couplable with the at least one air supply means for additionally producing oxygen depleted air, andwherein the control unit is adapted for selectively operating the catalytic converter based on a demand of water and oxygen depleted air.2. The supply system of claim 1 , further comprising a fuel cell couplable with the hydrogen supply means claim 1 ,wherein the fuel cell is adapted for producing water and electric energy through conducting a fuel cell process under consumption of hydrogen from the at least one hydrogen supply means and oxygen, andwherein the control unit is additionally adapted for selectively operating the fuel cell based on a demand of water, oxygen depleted air and electric ...

MICRONIZED CaCO3 SLURRY INJECTION SYSTEM FOR THE REMINERALIZATION OF DESALINATED AND FRESH WATER

The present invention concerns a process for treating water and the use of calcium carbonate in such a process. In particular, the present invention is directed to a process for remineralization of water comprising the steps of (a) providing feed water having a concentration of carbon dioxide of at least 20 mg/l, preferably in a range of 25 to 100 mg/l, and more preferably in a range of 30 to 60 mg/l, (b) providing an aqueous slurry comprising micronized calcium carbonate, and (c) combining the feed water of step (a) and the aqueous slurry of step (b) in order to obtain remineralized water. 1. Process for remineralization of water comprising the steps of:a) providing feed water having a concentration of carbon dioxide of at least 20 mg/l, preferably in a range of 25 to 100 mg/l, and more preferably in a range of 30 to 60 mg/l,b) providing an aqueous slurry comprising micronized calcium carbonate, wherein the calcium carbonate has a particle size from 0.5 to 50 μm, andc) combining the feed water of step a) and the aqueous slurry of step b) in order to obtain remineralized water.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the concentration of calcium carbonate in the slurry is from 0.05 to 40 wt.-% claim 1 , from 1 to 25 wt.-% claim 1 , from 2 to 20 wt.-% claim 1 , preferably from 3 to 15 wt.-% claim 1 , and most preferably from 5 to 10 wt.-% based on the total weight of the slurry claim 1 , or the concentration of calcium carbonate in the slurry is from 10 to 40 wt.-% claim 1 , from 15 to 30 wt.-% claim 1 , or from 20 to 25 wt.-% claim 1 , based on the total weight of the slurry.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the calcium carbonate has a particle size from 1 to 15 μm claim 1 , preferably from 2 to 10 μm claim 1 , most preferably 3 to 5 μm claim 1 , or the calcium carbonate has a particle size from 1 to 50 μm claim 1 , from 2 to 20 μm claim 1 , preferably from 5 to 15 μm claim 1 , most preferably 8 to 12 μm.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the calcium carbonate has a ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD OF IMPROVING FUEL EFFICIENCY IN VEHICLES USING HHO

A system and method of providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine in a vehicle involves providing a liquid electrolyte solution to at least one HHO generator including an HHO generating structure having a plurality of parallel plates suspended in a fluid compartment. Residual electrolyte solution is separated from the HHO gas output by the HHO generator, and a quantity of the HHO gas is stored in a pressure tank at a pressure level exceeding an ambient atmospheric pressure. The HHO gas is electively delivered to an intake side of the internal combustion engine by a valve structure coupled to the pressure tank, which is controlled at least in part by a throttle signal of the internal combustion engine. 1. A system for providing HHO gas to an internal combustion engine in a vehicle , comprising:a power supply;at least one HHO generator configured to receive a liquid electrolyte solution and output HHO gas, the at least one HHO generator including an HHO generating structure having a plurality of parallel plates suspended in a fluid compartment;a liquid solution and gas tank coupled to the at least one HHO generator, configured to hold the liquid electrolyte solution and to separate the HHO gas from residual liquid electrolyte solution output from the HHO generator, and to cooperate with a pump to pump the liquid electrolyte solution to the at least one HHO generator;a pressure tank coupled to receive the HHO gas from the liquid solution and gas tank and store a quantity of the HHO gas at a pressure level exceeding an ambient atmospheric pressure; anda valve structure coupled to the pressure tank to selectively deliver the HHO gas to an intake side of the internal combustion engine based at least in part on a throttle signal of the internal combustion engine.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:a heat exchanger assembly coupled between the liquid solution and gas tank and the at least one HHO generator for selectively cooling the liquid electrolyte ...

OXYGENATED WATER PRODUCING APPARATUS

An oxygenated water producing apparatus has a filtration assembly, an oxygen dissolving assembly, a minimizing assembly, and an electrolytic assembly that communicate with one another. The filtration assembly has a water filtration device, a water softener, and a water purifier communicating with one another in series. The oxygen dissolving assembly has a cooling tank communicating with the water purifier, a pump communicating with the cooling tank, an air pipe connected to the pump, and a pressure tank communicating with the pump. The minimizing assembly has at least one minimizing device. Each minimizing device has a shell, a minimizing basket with multiple filtrating holes, and a minimizing plate with multiple meshes mounted inside the shell. The electrolytic assembly has at least one electrolytic unit. Each electrolytic unit has a tube having an inlet and an outlet, and a cathode and an anode assembled to the tube. 1. An oxygenated water producing apparatus comprising:a filtration assembly having a water filtration device, a water softener, and a water purifier communicating with one another in series; a cooling tank communicating with the water purifier;', 'a pump communicating with the cooling tank;', 'an air pipe connected to the pump; and', 'a pressure tank communicating with the pump;, 'an oxygen dissolving assembly communicating with the filtration assembly and having'} a shell;', 'a minimizing basket connected to the shell and having multiple filtrating holes; and', 'a minimizing plate mounted inside the shell and having multiple meshes;, 'at least one minimizing device communicating with the pressure tank, and each one of the at least one minimizing device having'}, 'a minimizing assembly communicating with the oxygen dissolving assembly and having'} a tube having an inlet and an outlet;', 'a cathode assembled to the tube; and', 'an anode assembled to the tube., 'each one of the at least one electrolytic unit having'}, 'an electrolytic assembly ...

HYDROPHOBISED CALCIUM CARBONATE PARTICLES

The present invention relates to a process for the reduction of pitch in an aqueous medium generated in a papermaking or pulping process, comprising the following steps: a) providing an aqueous medium comprising pitch generated in a papermaking or pulping process; b) providing a ground calcium carbonate and/or a precipitated calcium carbonate; c) providing a hydrophobising agent selected from an aliphatic carboxylic acid having between 5 and 24 carbon atoms; d) contacting the ground calcium carbonate and/or the precipitated calcium carbonate of step b) with the hydrophobising agent of step c) for obtaining a hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and/or a hydrophobised precipitated calcium carbonate; and e) contacting the aqueous medium provided in step a) with the hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and/or the hydrophobised precipitated calcium carbonate obtained in step d), to the use of a hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and/or a hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate for reducing the amount of pitch in an aqueous medium as well as to a hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and/or a hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and a composite of hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and/or hydrophobised ground calcium carbonate and pitch.

PD-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF FORMIC ACID

Process for Pd-catalyzed decomposition of formic acid 2. Process according to claim 1 ,wherein the compound in process step b) is selected from:{'sub': 2', '2', '3', '3', '2', '2', '3', '2, 'Pd(acac), PdCl, Pd(dba)*CHCl (dba=dibenzylideneacetone), Pd(OAc), Pd(TFA), Pd(CHCN)Cl.'}3. Process according to claim 1 ,{'sub': '2', 'wherein the compound in process step b) is Pd(OAc).'}4. Process according to claim 1 ,wherein the process comprises additional process step f):f) addition of an acid.5. Process according to claim 4 ,{'sub': 2', '4', '3', '3', '3', '3, 'wherein the acid in process step f) is selected from: HSO, CHSOH, CFSOH, PTSA.'}6. Process according to claim 4 ,wherein the acid in process step f) is PTSA.7. Process according to claim 1 ,{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '4, 'sub': 1', '12', '1', '12', '4', '14', '4', '14', '1', '12', '1', '12', '3', '14', '3', '14', '2, 'wherein R, R, R, Rare each independently selected from: —(C-C)-alkyl, —O—(C-C)-alkyl, —(C-C)-aryl, —O—(C-C)-aryl, cycloalkyl, —(C-C)-heteroalkyl, —O—(C-C)-heteroalkyl, —(C-C)-heteroaryl, —O—(C-C)-heteroaryl, —COO-alkyl, —COO-aryl, —C—O-alkyl, —C—O-aryl, NH, halogen and the residues are also capable of forming a larger condensed ring;'}wherein the recited alkyl groups, aryl groups, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl groups, heteroaryl groups may be substituted as follows:{'sub': 1', '12', '1', '12, '—(C-C)-alkyl, —O—(C-C)-alkyl, halogen;'}{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '4, 'and at least one of the radicals R, R, R, Rdoes not represent phenyl.'}8. Process according to claim 1 ,{'sup': 1', '2', '3', '4, 'sub': 1', '12', '4', '14', '1', '12', '3', '14, 'wherein R, R, R, Rare each independently selected from: —(C-C)-alkyl, —(C-C)-aryl, cycloalkyl, —(C-C)-heteroalkyl, —(C-C)-heteroaryl, halogen and the residues are also capable of forming a larger condensed ring;'}wherein the recited alkyl groups, aryl groups, cycloalkyl, heteroalkyl groups, heteroaryl groups may be substituted as follows:{'sub': 1', '12', '1', '12, '—(C-C)-alkyl, ...

METHOD FOR PREPARING HYDRONIUM ION-DISSOLVELD WATER

The present disclosure provides a method for preparing hydronium ion-dissolved water including: (a) purifying distilled water to prepare deionized water; (b) electrolyzing the water to produce a brown gas stream; (c) mixing air with the brown gas stream to form a mixed gas stream; (d) injecting the mixed gas stream into the deionized water and dissolving the mixed gas to prepare gas-dissolved water; and (e) injecting the gas-dissolved water into thin-layer chromatography, filtering the gas-dissolved water through a stationary phase provided inside the thin-layer chromatography, and then fractionating to adjust the concentration of dissolved gas. Accordingly, functional water in which hydronium ions are dissolved can be effectively prepared. 1. A method for preparing hydronium ion-dissolved water comprising:(a) purifying distilled water to prepare deionized water;(b) electrolyzing the water to produce a brown gas stream;(c) mixing air with the brown gas stream to form a mixed gas stream;(d) injecting the mixed gas stream into the deionized water and dissolving the mixed gas to prepare gas-dissolved water; and(e) injecting the gas-dissolved water into thin-layer chromatography, filtering the gas-dissolved water through a stationary phase provided inside the thin-layer chromatography, and then fractionating to adjust the concentration of dissolved gas.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (a) is characterized in that the distilled water is passed through an ion exchange resin such that the specific resistance is adjusted to 15 to 18 MΩ·cm.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (b) is characterized in that sodium hydroxide is added to the water at 0.01 to 0.05% (w/w) claim 1 , and a voltage of 100 to 110 V and a current of 10 to 20 mA are applied to generate the brown gas stream.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said step (b) is characterized in that the brown gas stream is passed through a filter to be filtered.5. The method according to claim 1 ...

Methods of Making Purified Water from the Fischer-Tropsch Process

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process creates significant amounts of water. This FT produced water contains significant amounts of organic impurities. The invention provides methods of treating FT produced water. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the FT produced water could be successfully treated in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) according to relatively simple and more efficient steps; for example, by adjusting the pH of the water in the range of 4.2 to 5.8 or treating the FT produced water in a stripper where the distillate product stream and a reflux stream returning to the stripper have the same composition. In a related aspect, water compositions are described. 1. A method of treating water produced by a Fischer-Tropsch process , comprising:obtaining water produced by a Fischer-Tropsch process having a pH of 5.0 or less and having carboxylic acids and alcohols dissolved in the water;adding sufficient alkalinity to the water to ensure that the pH of the water is in a range of 4.2 to 5.8;adding at least a portion of the water having a pH in the range of 4.2 to 5.8 to a MBR wherein the water is treated with oxygen by aeration in the presence of bioorganisms to reduce the concentration of organic carbon in the water, thus resulting in purified water; andremoving at least a portion of the purified water from the MBR.2. The method of claim 1 , comprising: conducting the FT process in a microchannel reactor.3. The method of claim 1 , comprising:subjecting the water produced in the FT process to a stripping operation prior to the step of adding sufficient alkalinity to the water.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein just prior to adding the sufficient alkalinity claim 1 , the pH of the water is in the range of 2.0 to 4.1 claim 1 , or in the range of 3.5 to 4.0.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkalinity comprises NaOH claim 1 , or KOH claim 1 , or NaCOor KCO.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein sufficient alkalinity is added to the water to ensure that the pH of the water ...

METHOD FOR TREATING SULFIDES IN WASTE STREAMS

A method for treating sulfide in an aqueous fluid comprises contacting the fluid with an oxidizer in the presence of a sulfur dye or sulfurized vat dye. In one embodiment, the method comprises treating sulfide contaminated water by contacting the contaminated water with air in the presence of a sulfur dye or a sulfurized vat dye. The method is useful for remediating industrial, agricultural, and municipal waste water. 1. A method for treating sulfide in an aqueous fluid comprising contacting the aqueous fluid comprising at least one sulfide with an oxidizer in the presence of at least one sulfur dye or sulfurized vat dye to oxidize the at least one sulfide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen sulfide , bisulfide ions , sulfide ions , polysulfide ions and mixtures thereof to provide a treated aqueous fluid having a reduced concentration of sulfide.2. The method of wherein said sulfur dye is selected from the group consisting of Sulfur Black 1 claim 1 , Leuco Sulfur Black 1 claim 1 , Solubilized Sulfur Black 1 claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizer comprises oxygen or an oxygen containing gas.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the oxidizer comprises air.5. The method of wherein said oxidizer comprises oxygen or an oxygen containing gas.6. The method of wherein said oxidizer comprises air.7. A method for treating waste water comprising at least one sulfide selected from the group consisting of hydrogen sulfide claim 2 , bisulfide ions claim 2 , sulfide ions claim 2 , polysulfide ions and mixtures thereof claim 2 , said method comprising contacting the waste water with oxygen or an oxygen containing gas in the presence of at least one sulfur dye or sulfurized vat dye to oxidize the at least one sulfide to provide a treated waste water having a reduced concentration of sulfide.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the waste water is contacted by oxygen introduced into the waste water by aeration.9. The method of wherein the ...

Device and Method for Multistage Continuous Preparation of Deuterium Depleted Water

The present application discloses a device for multistage continuous preparation of deuterium depleted water, which includes a feeding pump, a plurality of stages of separation systems connected in series, and a receiver, all of which are connected in sequence. Each stage of separation system comprises a distillation column, a vapor-liquid separator, a low-pressure steam compressor, a stream delivery pump, a three-way valve, and a stream output pipe. The present application further discloses a method for preparing deuterium depleted water, wherein natural water is fed into the device of the present disclosure, and the liquid phase stream continuously flows backwards stage by stage under the combined action of the low-pressure steam compressors and the stream delivery pumps. In a single-stage system, the deuterium is deprived depending on the difference in vapor pressure between HO and HO (and/or HHO), and finally, the deuterium depleted water is produced. 1. A device for multistage continuous preparation of deuterium depleted water , comprising a feeding pump , a plurality of stages of separation systems connected in series , and a receiver , wherein each stage of separation systems comprises a distillation column , a vapor-liquid separator , a low-pressure steam compressor , a stream delivery pump , a three-way valve , and a stream output pipe; wherein:the distillation column comprises a plurality of column sections arranged vertically from top to bottom, and a liquid phase vaporizer located at the bottom of the column; the distillation column is provided with a first liquid phase return inlet, a second liquid phase return inlet and a steam outlet at the top of the column, a liquid phase inlet at the middle of the column, and a waste liquid outlet at the bottom of the column;the liquid phase vaporizer is provided with a steam inlet in an upper part thereof and a stream outlet in a lower part thereof, the steam inlet and the stream outlet are connected through a ...

Method for oxidising hydrogen, application of such method, a gas mixture for use therewith and a device for oxidising hydrogen

The invention relates to a method for oxidising hydrogen, comprising mixing hydrogen, oxygen and at least one third component, and subsequently reacting hydrogen and oxygen. The invention is characterized in that the at least one third component is carbon dioxide, wherein the method further comprises the step of dividing at least part of said carbon dioxide into CO and 0 radical for controlling the reaction temperature. The invention further relates to a device for oxidising hydrogen gas.

Methods of Making Purified Water from the Fischer-Tropsch Process

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process creates significant amounts of water. This FT produced water contains significant amounts of organic impurities. The invention provides methods of treating FT produced water. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the FT produced water could be successfully treated in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) according to relatively simple and more efficient steps; for example, by adjusting the pH of the water in the range of 4.2 to 5.8 or treating the FT produced water in a stripper where the distillate product stream and a reflux stream returning to the stripper have the same composition. In a related aspect, water compositions are described. 116-. (canceled)17. An aqueous composition , comprisingTDS of 100 to 300 mg/l;90 mass % or more of the dissolved salts are sodium bicarbonate or potassium bicarbonate;TSS of less than 5 mg/l;TOC of less than 10 mg/l;COD of less than 50 mg/l;30 minute chlorine demand of less than 5 mg/l;pH in the range of 6.5 to 8.0;{'sub': '3', 'Hardness of less than 50 mg/l as CaCO;'}{'sup': −12', '−12, 'and wherein the carbon in the aqueous composition is significantly derived from fossil sources as determined by having a 14C/12C ratio that is 1.0×10or less, preferably 0.6×10or less.'}18. (canceled)19. The aqueous solution of comprising 150 to 300 mg/l TDS.20. (canceled)21. The aqueous solution of comprising a TOC of 1.0 to 10 mg/l; or 2.0 to 8 mg/l.22. The aqueous solution of wherein the organic compounds consist essentially of alcohols claim 17 , carboxylic acids and polysaccharides.23. The aqueous solution of wherein the organic compounds comprise alcohols claim 17 , carboxylic acids or polysaccharides.24. The aqueous solution of comprising a COD of 1.0 to 50 mg/l; or 5.0 to 50 mg/l; or 2.0 to 40 mg/l.25. The aqueous solution of having a hardness of 1 to 50 claim 17 , or 5 to 50 claim 17 , or 2 to 40 mg/l as CaCO.26. (canceled)27. A method of purifying water created via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis claim 17 , comprising: ...

Device and Method for Multistage Continuous Preparation of Deuterium Depleted Water

The present application discloses a device for multistage continuous preparation of deuterium depleted water, which includes a feeding pump, a plurality of stages of separation systems connected in series, and a receiver, all of which are connected in sequence. Each stage of separation system comprises a distillation column, a vapor-liquid separator, a low-pressure steam compressor, a stream delivery pump, a three-way valve, and a stream output pipe. The present application further discloses a method for preparing deuterium depleted water, wherein natural water is fed into the device of the present disclosure, and the liquid phase stream continuously flows backwards stage by stage under the combined action of the low-pressure steam compressors and the stream delivery pumps. In a single-stage system, the deuterium is deprived depending on the difference in vapor pressure between 1H2O and 2H2O (and/or 1H2HO), and finally, the deuterium depleted water is produced.

ELECTRODIAPHRAGMALYSIS

Electrochemically-treated water having an electron deficiency is described, which may be attained by a process comprising the following steps: 1. Electrochemically-treated water having an electron deficiency , attainable by a process which is characterised by the following steps:a) Electrolysing water,b) Withdrawing a portion of the catholyte from the system, andc) Introducing the remaining catholyte into the anodic chamber.2. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 1 , characterised by a disinfecting action against bacteria claim 1 , bacterial spores claim 1 , fungi claim 1 , fungal spores claim 1 , viruses claim 1 , prions claim 1 , single-cell algae or mixtures thereof.3. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemically-treated water is characterized by an overall concentration of oxidizing agents formed by step a) of less than 600 ppm.4. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 3 , characterised by an overall concentration of oxidising agents of less than 20 ppm.5. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 4 , characterised by an overall concentration of oxidising agents of less than 2 ppm.6. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 1 , characterised in that the content of chlorine-containing oxidising agents claim 1 , peroxides and ozone is less than 0.02 ppm each.7. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 1 , characterised in that it is essentially free of oxidising agents.8. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 7 , characterised in that during step b) the oxidising agents are removed by a suitable sorbent.9. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 8 , characterised in that the sorbent is selected from activated charcoal claim 8 , aluminium oxide claim 8 , silicon oxide claim 8 , ion exchangers claim 8 , zeolithe or mixtures thereof.10. Electrochemically-treated water according to claim 1 , characterised in that to the water starting material to be ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM DEPLETED WATER, METHOD FOR SEPARATING HEAVY WATER AND LIGHT WATER, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM CONCENTRATED WATER

Utilizing the fact that a predetermined adsorbent adsorbs light water at an initial desorption rate higher than heavy water and semi-heavy water, deuterium depleted water having a reduced concentration of heavy water and semi-heavy water is produced easily and in a short time. 1. A method for producing deuterium depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , the method comprising:a desorption process in which a relative pressure of water vapor around a predetermined adsorbent with adsorbed water vapor is reduced, and in which water vapor desorbed from the adsorbent, having a deuterium concentration lower than water vapor adsorbed by the adsorbent is recovered during a period of time when a desorption rate of light water>a desorption rate of the heavy water and semi-heavy water.2. A method for producing deuterium depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , the method comprising:a desorption process in which a relative pressure of water vapor around a predetermined adsorbent with adsorbed water vapor is reduced, and in which water vapor desorbed from the adsorbent, having a deuterium concentration lower than water vapor adsorbed by the adsorbent is recovered only during a period of time when a desorption rate of light water>a desorption rate of the heavy water and semi-heavy water.3. A method for producing deuterium depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water according to claim 1 , the method comprising:a desorption process in an upper stream in which two or more predetermined adsorbents are arranged in series in advance so as to reduce a relative pressure of water vapor around the adsorbent in the upper stream with adsorbed water vapor and to recover water vapor desorbed from the adsorbent in the upper stream during a period of time when a desorption rate of light water>a desorption rate of the heavy water and semi-heavy water; anda desorption process in a lower stream in which the ...

TREATMENT OF FECAL MATTER BY SMOLDERING AND CATALYSIS

Described are methods and devices for the treatment of fecal matter. A column reactor is used to smolder fecal matter to produce and a volatile components stream and smoldered media. The volatile components stream may be subject to catalysis to reduce the emission of noxious substances and/or generate heat energy. Also described is the use of a turntable for removing smoldered media from the column reactor. 1. A method for treating fecal matter , the method comprising:combining fecal matter with a thermal media to produce a fuel mixture;smoldering the fuel mixture in a column reactor with a top end and a bottom end to produce a smoldered fuel mixture and a volatile components stream; andsubjecting the volatile components stream to at least one catalytic step in a catalytic conversion reactor to produce an exit stream.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising removing the smoldered fuel mixture from the column reactor.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein a turntable is positioned at the bottom end of the column reactor forming a gap between the bottom end of the column reactor and the turntable claim 2 , and rotating the turntable discharges the smoldered fuel mixture through the gap.47.-. (canceled)8. The method of claim 1 , wherein a heater is used to simultaneously heat the fuel mixture in the column reactor and the catalyst in the catalytic conversion reactor claim 1 , optionally wherein the heater is a band heater.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic conversion reactor further comprises a post-catalysis heat exchanger and heat from the catalytic oxidation is transferred to the fuel mixture above the smoldering zone in the column reactor claim 1 , optionally wherein the heat transferred to the fuel mixture reduces the moisture content of the fuel mixture at the top end of the column reactor.10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing auxiliary airflow into the catalytic conversion reactor.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at ...

Process of Chemical Reaction in Magnetized Solvents

One of the chief purposes of researchers in the field of chemistry is to perform chemical reactions at high rates; a method that can be adopted to achieve such goal is to perform reactions in magnetic solvents. Being passed through the Solvents Magnetizing Apparatus (SMA) magnetizes the solvent, and the magnetic property remains intact for a few days, while most chemical reactions are done in less than one day. It should be taken into consideration that the magnetic solvent is different from the Zeeman effect in chemistry. This technology is widely used in performing chemical processes of most chemical reactions.

SEMICONDUCTOR MANUFACTURING APPARATUS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICE

In one embodiment, a semiconductor manufacturing apparatus includes a substrate processor configured to process a substrate with a gas of a first substance and a gas of a second substance, and discharge a first gas including the first substance and/or the second substance. The apparatus further includes a disposer configured to discard the first gas discharged from the substrate processor. The apparatus further includes a recoverer configured to generate a second gas including the second substance by using the first substance in the first gas discharged from the substrate processor, and supply the second gas to the substrate processor. 1. A semiconductor manufacturing apparatus comprising:a substrate processor configured to process a substrate with a gas of a first substance and a gas of a second substance, and discharge a first gas including the first substance and/or the second substance;a disposer configured to discard the first gas discharged from the substrate processor; anda recoverer configured to generate a second gas including the second substance by using the first substance in the first gas discharged from the substrate processor, and supply the second gas to the substrate processor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the first substance is Dor Hwhere H represents hydrogen and D represents deuterium claim 1 , and the second substance is DO or HO where O represents oxygen.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the recoverer causes Dor Has the first substance to react with Oto generates DO or HO as the second substance.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the recoverer includes:a generator configured to generate the second substance by using the first substance in the first gas, anda container configured to contain a liquid including the second substance generated by the generator.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the recoverer further includes a condenser configured to change the second substance generated by the generator from a gas into a liquid ...

Solar Concentrator Reactor for High Temperature Thermochemical Processes

A solar concentrator reactor system and method of use for high temperature thermochemical processes. In one embodiment, the solar concentrator reactor system produces a thermochemical reaction of irradiated particles within an enclosed vessel volume of a solar concentrator reactor. In one aspect, the solar concentrator reactor system uses a solar concentrator to irradiate particles of a particle stream within an enclosed vessel volume of a solar concentrator reactor. The thermochemical reaction yields a chemical change of the feedstock and/or phase transition of the feedstock such as the production of a molten reacted material from a solid particulate feed. In one embodiment, the particles are a lunar regolith and the thermochemical reaction yields oxygen. 1. A solar concentrator reactor system comprising: a gas inlet inputting a first gas stream to the enclosed vessel volume, the first gas stream comprising a first gas;', 'a gas outlet outputting a second gas stream from the enclosed vessel volume, the second gas comprising a second gas;', 'a solar concentrator directing solar energy to a defined irradiating location within the enclosed vessel volume;', 'a particle feed delivering a set of particles of a particle stream to the defined irradiating location;', 'a controller operating to control the solar concentrator to direct solar energy to the defined irradiating location; and', 'a slag processor comprising a slag extrusion nozzle and a slag outlet; wherein:, 'a solar concentrator reactor having an enclosed vessel volume and comprisingthe solar energy directed by the solar concentrator to the defined irradiating location irradiates the particles of the particle stream to produce a thermochemical reaction of the particles, the thermochemical reaction yielding the second gas and yielding a reacted material;the reacted material is extruded from the slag extrusion nozzle; andthe second gas is emitted from the gas outlet.2. The solar concentrator reactor system of ...

Structured Water Irrigation

The growth rate of plants, health of plants, and plant yield are improved by the use of structured micro-water for irrigation. Water with an Oxidation Reduction Potential (“ORP”) reading of −1 mV to −1100 mV and containing dissolved hydrogen from 10 to 10,000 ppb has smaller water clusters and is easier for a plant to absorb through the plant's aquaporins. Structured micro-water having these parameters is obtained by equipment employing electrolysis/ionization or through the addition of certain chemicals. 1. A method for irrigation , the method comprising the steps of:(a) treating a source water by a process;(b) yielding, from the process, a structured micro-water having an oxidation reduction potential reading of −1 mV to −1100 mV; and(c) irrigating a plant with the structured micro-water, wherein the plant experiences increased absorption, accelerated plant growth, better plant health, and greater quality and quantity of plant yield.2. The method according to wherein step (a) further comprises the step of:treating the source water by an electrolysis process and thereby reducing a size of water clusters in the structured micro-water compared to a size of water clusters in the source water.3. The method according to further comprising the step of:reducing by the electrolysis process the number of molecules in the water clusters in the structured micro-water compared to the number of molecules in the water clusters in the source water.4. The method according to further comprising the step of:filtering the source water to remove unwanted substances thereby enhancing the quality of the water prior to treating step (a).5. The method according to wherein step (a) further comprises the steps of:treating the source water by adding a chemical and thereby reducing a size of water clusters in the structured micro-water compared to a size of water clusters in the source water.6. The method according to wherein the chemical used for treating the source water is potassium ...

APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SMALL WATER CLUSTER AND SMALL MOLECULAR CLUSTER WATER PREPARED THEREFROM

The invention provides an apparatus of treating water to obtain small water cluster, which comprises one or more illumination devices and one or more holders holding metal particles. The invention also provides a method of preparing the small water cluster and the small water cluster prepared from the apparatus or the method. 1. A water treatment apparatus for preparing small water cluster , comprising one or more illumination devices and one or more holders holding metal particles capable of surface plasma resonance , provided that the holder allows illumination of the metal particles.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the holder is a transparent hollow column or hollow container having one or more inlets and one or more outlets and optionally the one or more outlets have a switching control valve claim 1 , wherein the transparent hollow column or hollow container fills with metal particles capable of surface plasma resonance.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the outlet of the column is narrower than the inlet of the column.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination device is a light source providing a wavelength ranging from 100 nm to 3 claim 1 ,000 nm.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination device is a daylight lamp claim 1 , LED lamp claim 1 , lamp bulb claim 1 , mercury lamp claim 1 , metal halide lamp claim 1 , sodium lamp or halogen lamp.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the LED lamp is an LED green lamp.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal particle is a nano-gold particle claim 1 , a nano-silver particle claim 1 , a nano-platinum particle claim 1 , a nano-rhodium particle claim 1 , a nano-copper particle claim 1 , a nano-nickel particle claim 1 , a nano-zirconium particle claim 1 , a nano-alloy particle claim 1 , a nano-TiOparticle claim 1 , a nano-gold/silver particle claim 1 , a nano-gold/TiOparticle claim 1 , or a combination thereof.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal particle is a nano-gold ...

WATER CLUSTERS CONFINED IN NANO-ENVIRONMENTS

The disclosure describes a method including providing a nano-environment; and confining heavy or light water in the nano-environment such that at least one water cluster forms. 1. A method comprising:providing a nano-environment; andconfining heavy or light water in the nano-environment such that at least one water cluster forms.2. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that comprises systems in solid claim 1 , liquid claim 1 , or gel phases and/in contact with macromolecules.3. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that comprises a nanotube.4. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that comprises a nano-layer.5. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that comprises a carbon nanotube.6. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that comprises a graphene nano-layer.76. The method of any of - wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that is doped with an electron donating compound.8. The method of wherein the providing step provides a nano-environment that is doped with a variety of elements and alloys.9. The method of wherein the providing steps provides a nano-environment that is doped with a material selected from the group consisting of nitrogen claim 8 , palladium claim 8 , palladium-gold claim 8 , palladium-silver and combinations thereof.10. The method of wherein the confining step produces a water cluster that comprises at least one pentagonal water cluster.11. The method of wherein the confining step produces a water cluster that comprises at least one pentagonal-dodecahedral water cluster.12. The method of wherein the confining step produces a water cluster that comprises at least one water cluster with at least partial pentagonal-dodecahedral symmetry.13. The method of wherein the confining step produces a water cluster that comprises less than about 300 molecules.14. The method of wherein the ...

PROCESS FOR ISOLATING 170 ISOTOPE FROM WATER AND PROCESS FOR CONCENTRATING 170 ISOTOPE USING THE SAME

A process for isolating O from water and a process for concentrating O by using the same are provided. The process for isolating O from water includes: mixing O-containing water with formaldehyde to prepare an aqueous formaldehyde solution; heating the aqueous formaldehyde solution to generate a vapor mixture containing water vapor and formaldehyde vapor; and obtaining O-depleted water, residual formaldehyde, and a gas mixture containing hydrogen and O-enriched carbon monoxide, through photodissociating the vapor mixture. An O-enriched water production process includes: an operation of adding hydrogen to the gas mixture to induce a catalytic methanation reaction to synthesize methane (CH) and O-enriched water (HO) through methanation, the operation being carried out following the process for isolating O from water. 1. A process for isolating O from water , comprising:{'sup': '17', 'preparing an aqueous formaldehyde solution by mixing O -containing water with formaldehyde;'}preparing a vapor mixture containing water vapor and formaldehyde vapor by heating the aqueous formaldehyde solution; and{'sup': 17', '17, 'obtaining O-depleted water, residual formaldehyde, and a gas mixture containing hydrogen and O -enriched carbon monoxide, through photodissociating the vapor mixture.'}2. The process for isolating O from water of claim 1 , wherein the formaldehyde is mixed with water in a molar ratio of formaldehyde to water in a range of 0.01-0.3.3. The process for isolating O from water of claim 1 , wherein the heating is carried out at a temperature in a range of 320-400 K.4. The process for isolating O from water of claim 1 , wherein the photodissociating the vapor mixture is carried out under a pressure in a range of 1-15 Torr.5. The process for isolating O from water of claim 1 , wherein a wavenumber of a photodissociating laser for the photodissociating the vapor mixture is in a range of 28 1 ,370-28 1 ,400 cm.6. The process for isolating O from water of claim 5 , the ...

FRACKING WASTE-WATER FILTRATION APPARATUS AND METHOD

A water treatment system for fracking waste water, the system providing a combination of treatment units adapted to be provided in the form of one or more transportable modules. A corresponding method of treating waste water by the use of such a system, and water that has been treated by the use of the method. 1. A water treatment system for fracking waste water , the system comprising:a) a flowback tank adapted to collect fracking waste water,b) an oil/water separator adapted to separate free and finely dispersed oil droplets from the waste water,c) an electrocoagulation unit adapted to pass water between two electrically charged metal electrodes in order to promote the coagulation of suspended solid contaminants, and thus their removal,d) a dissolved air flotation unit adapted to remove coagulated contaminants, ande) one or more filters selected from the group consisting of a 50 micron bag, a sand filter, a carbon filter, and a 1 micron filter.2. A system according to claim 1 , wherein the system is provided in the form of a plurality of transportable modules claim 1 , with the one or more filters provided as modules on a second trailer.3. A method of treating fracking waste water claim 1 , comprising the steps of providing a system according to claim 1 , and operating the system in order to treat fracking water.4. Fracking water treated by the method of claim 3 , the treated water having one or more characteristics selected from the group consisting of a pH level substantially within the range of 7 to 9 claim 3 , the substantial elimination of bacteria claim 3 , an iron level substantially at or below 30 parts per million claim 3 , TDS substantially at or below 40 parts per million claim 3 , and TSS substantially at or below 40 parts per million. This non-provisional application relates to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/680,494, filed Aug. 7, 2012 and U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/893,343, filed Oct. 21, 2013, both of which are incorporated ...

Bio-Oils and Methods of Producing Bio-Oils from Guayule Bagasse and/or Leaves

Methods for producing bio-oil from a feedstock (e.g., guayule bagasse and/or guayule leaves), involving (1) pyrolyzing the feedstock in an inert atmosphere in a reactor to produce bio-oil, bio-char and non-condensable gases; (2) recycling about 10 to about 99% of the non-condensable gases to the reactor to produce deoxygenated bio-oil; wherein the method is conducted in the absence of oxygen and wherein said method does not utilize externally added catalysts. Also disclosed are bio-oils produced from such methods. Additionally, the methods further involving (a) first distilling the bio-oil to produce distillates and then reacting the distillates in a hydrodeoxygenation reactor in a chemically reductive atmosphere (e.g., hydrogen environment to produce hydrocarbons, water, and non-condensable gases or (b) reacting the bio-oil after centrifugation in a hydrodeoxygenation reactor in a chemically reductive atmosphere (e.g., hydrogen environment to produce hydrocarbons, water and non-condensable gases, and then distilling to produce distilled water and distilled hydrocarbons; and distilled hydrocarbons produced from such methods. 1. A method for producing bio-oil from a feedstock , said method comprising (1) pyrolyzing said feedstock in an inert atmosphere in a reactor to produce bio-oil , bio-char , and non-condensable gases; (2) recycling about 10 to about 99% of said non-condensable gases to said reactor to produce deoxygenated bio-oil; wherein said method is conducted in the absence of oxygen and wherein said method does not utilize externally added catalysts; wherein said feedstock is selected from the group consisting of guayule bagasse , guayule leaves , and mixtures thereof.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method is conducted at a temperature of about 400° to about 600° C.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method is conducted at a temperature of about 450° to about 575° C.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein said method is ...

MOISTURE GENERATING APPARATUS AND MOISTURE GENERATING METHOD

In one embodiment, a moisture generating apparatus includes a power supply configured to generate a microwave. The apparatus further includes a container configured to contain a catalyst and to generate water molecules from hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules using the catalyst. The apparatus further includes a waveguide configured to supply the microwave into the container to heat the catalyst. 1. A moisture generating apparatus comprising:a power supply configured to generate a microwave;a container configured to contain a catalyst and to generate water molecules from hydrogen molecules and oxygen molecules using the catalyst; anda waveguide configured to supply the microwave into the container to heat the catalyst.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container is configured to contain a porous member to which the catalyst is attached.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the porous member is formed of a dielectric.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst has a form of a grain.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein a diameter of the catalyst is smaller than 1 mm.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is formed of platinum or nickel.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide irradiates the catalyst with the microwave.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the container comprises:a gas introduction portion to introduce hydrogen including the hydrogen molecules and oxygen including the oxygen molecules;a gas emission portion to emit water including the water molecules; anda member provided in the gas emission portion so as to locally narrow a gas flow channel in the gas emission portion.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a housing which contains the container and includes a window to measure a temperature of the catalyst in the container.10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising:a thermometer configured to measure a temperature of the catalyst; anda controller configured to control the temperature of the ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR FORMING AMMONIA AND SOLID CARBON PRODUCTS

Methods of concurrently forming ammonia and solid carbon products include reacting a carbon oxide, nitrogen, and a reducing agent at preselected reaction conditions in the presence of a catalyst to form a solid carbon product entrained in a tail gas mixture comprising water and ammonia; separating entrained solid carbon product from the tail gas mixture; and recovering water and ammonia from the tail gas mixture. Systems for forming ammonia and solid carbon products from a gaseous source containing carbon oxides include mixing means for mixing the gaseous source with a reducing agent, reactor means for reacting at least a portion of the gaseous source with the reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst to produce the solid carbon products and a tail gas mixture comprising the ammonia, and solid separation means for separating the solid carbon products from the tail gas mixture. 1. A method of forming ammonia and solid carbon , the method comprising:reacting a carbon oxide comprising carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide with nitrogen and a reducing agent in the presence of a catalyst to form solid carbon, water, and ammonia;separating the solid carbon from the water and the ammonia; andseparating ammonia from the water.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing a first gas stream comprising the carbon oxide with a second gas stream comprising the nitrogen.3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising heating at least one of the first gas stream and the second gas stream before mixing the first gas stream with the second gas stream.4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising mixing at least one of the first gas stream and the second gas stream with the reducing agent.5. The method of claim 1 , further comprising heating the carbon oxide claim 1 , the nitrogen claim 1 , and the reducing agent before introducing the carbon oxide claim 1 , the nitrogen claim 1 , and the reducing agent into a reactor containing the catalyst.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein ...

Apparatus and Method for Producing Electricity and Treated Water

The present invention provides an integrated system for the combined purpose of electricity generation and water treatment and biofuel production. The configuration combines complementary sub-systems whereby outputs from one system are used as inputs to another creating a positive feedback mechanism that significantly increases system efficiency and output. Compensatory mechanisms between system components create a natural hedge in energy and water production against temporal variation in solar insolence levels. Secondary benefits of the invention may include carbon abatement, ground water improvements, and land regeneration. 153-. (canceled)54. A system for producing electricity and treated water comprising:i) equipment for solar generation of electricity;ii) equipment for generation of electricity from biofuel;iii) equipment for treating water;iv) equipment for irrigating and growing crops;v) equipment for generating biofuel;wherein at least one output from the equipment for generation of electricity is used to power the equipment for treating water.55. The system of wherein:i) the equipment for irrigating and growing crops uses water produced by the equipment for treating water;ii) the equipment for generating biofuel uses at least some of the crops produced by the equipment for irrigating and growing crops and/or their residues;iii) biofuel generated from the equipment for generating biofuel is used as a source of fuel in the equipment for generating electricity.56. The system of wherein one output from the equipment for generation of electricity used to power the equipment for treating water is a source of thermal energy.57. The system of wherein the source of thermal energy is steam.58. The system of wherein one output from the equipment for generation of electricity used to power the equipment for treating water is electricity.59. The system of wherein the equipment for generating electricity from biofuel comprises a fired boiler and a turbine.60. The system ...

Treatment of Gas Well Hydrofracture Wastewaters

Discharge water from a coal mine, and/or water from an abandoned coal mine, is used as a source of sulfate ions to precipitate barium from gas well hydrofracture wastewater. 1. A liquid comprising a gas well hydrofracture wastewater comprising barium , and a coal mine water comprising sulfate ions , the coal mine water being selected from abandoned coal mine water and coal mine discharge water , wherein the amount of coal mine water in the liquid is sufficient to provide enough sulfate ions to precipitate at least 90% of the barium in the gas well hydrofracture wastewater.2. The liquid of claim 1 , disposed in a gas well hydrofracture.3. The liquid of claim 1 , wherein the gas well hydrofracture wastewater comprises a Marcellus flowback water.4. The liquid of claim 1 , wherein the coal mine water comprises discharge water from a coal mine.5. The liquid of claim 1 , wherein the coal mine water comprises water from an abandoned coal mine.6. The liquid of claim 5 , wherein the ratio of gas well hydrofracture wastewater to coal mine water is respectively from 1:10 to 1:1.7. The liquid of claim 5 , wherein the ratio of gas well hydrofracture wastewater to coal mine water is respectively from 1:3 to 1:4.8. A method comprising:mixing together gas well hydrofracture wastewater comprising barium, and a coal water comprising sulfate ions, the coal mine water being selected from abandoned coal mine water and coal mine discharge water, wherein the amount of coal mine water mixed with the gas well hydrofracture wastewater is an amount sufficient to provide enough sulfate ions to precipitate at least 90% of the barium present in the gas well hydrofracture wastewater.9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising precipitating at least 90% of the barium in the gas well hydrofracture wastewater.10. The method of claim 8 , further comprising forming a fixed flow of the gas well hydrofracture wastewater claim 8 , wherein the mixing comprises adding the coal mine water to the fixed ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-DEPLETED WATER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-ENRICHED WATER

Water is separated into deuterium-depleted water having a low deuterium concentration and deuterium-enriched water having a high deuterium concentration easily and at low cost. 1. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , the method comprising:adsorbing a large amount of light water on an adsorbent including a pore body including a carbon material or an oxide while supplying water vapor to and allowing the water vapor to pass through the adsorbent for a predetermined period of time, the carbon material having a pore having a length to a bottom longer than a pore diameter of an opening portion by 5 times or more and a ratio of an outer surface area of a portion that is not the pore to an inner surface area of the pore of greater than 1:10 or the oxide having a pore having a length to a bottom longer than a pore diameter of an opening portion by 5 times or more and a ratio of an outer surface area of a portion that is not the pore to an inner surface area of the pore of greater than 1:5; and thendesorbing the water vapor adsorbed on the adsorbent and having low concentrations of heavy water and semi-heavy water from the adsorbent to recover deuterium-depleted water.2. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , the method comprising:rotating an adsorbent in a circumferential direction, the adsorbent including a pore body including a carbon material or an oxide, the carbon material having a pore having a length to a bottom longer than a pore diameter of an opening portion by 5 times or more and a ratio of an outer surface area of a portion that is not the pore to an inner surface area of the pore of greater than 1:10 or the oxide having a pore having a length to a bottom longer than a pore diameter of an opening portion by 5 times or more and a ratio of an outer surface area of a portion that is not the pore to an inner surface area of the pore ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-DEPLETED WATER AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-CONCENTRATED WATER

According to the present invention, water is separated into deuterium-depleted water and deuterium-concentrated water easily at low cost. Provided is a method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water, the method including: supplying water vapor for a predetermined time period to an adsorbent material obtained by adding to a carbon material one or more of metals belonging to Group 8 to Group 13 of the Periodic Table of Elements as additive metals and causing the water vapor to adsorb while passing through the adsorbent material ; subsequently bringing protium gas into contact with the adsorbent material ; and then desorbing and collecting the water vapor that has adsorbed to the adsorbent material 1. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water ,the method comprising:supplying water vapor for a predetermined time period to an adsorbent material obtained by adding to a carbon material one or more of metals belonging to Group 8 to Group 13 of the Periodic Table of Elements as additive metals and causing the water vapor to adsorb while passing through the adsorbent material;subsequently bringing protium gas into contact with the adsorbent material; andthen desorbing and collecting the water vapor that has adsorbed to the adsorbent material.2. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water ,the method comprising:rotating, in the circumferential direction, an adsorbent material obtained by adding to a carbon material one or more of metals belonging to Group 8 to Group 13 of the Periodic Table of Elements as additive metals, along with that, disposing side by side a supply port for water vapor, a supply port for protium gas, and a supply port for a flow gas that does not include water vapor along the circumferential direction of the rotation of the adsorbent material;supplying the water vapor to a portion ...

MULTICOMPONENT PLASMONIC PHOTOCATALYSTS CONSISTING OF A PLASMONIC ANTENNA AND A REACTIVE CATALYTIC SURFACE: THE ANTENNA-REACTOR EFFECT

A method of making a multicomponent photocatalyst, includes inducing precipitation from a pre-cursor solution comprising a pre-cursor of a plasmonic material and a pre-cursor of a reactive component to form co-precipitated particles; collecting the co-precipitated particles; and annealing the co-precipitated particles to form the multicomponent photocatalyst comprising a reactive component optically, thermally, or electronically coupled to a plasmonic material. 1. A method of making a multicomponent photocatalyst , comprising:inducing precipitation from a pre-cursor solution comprising a pre-cursor of a plasmonic material and a pre-cursor of a reactive component to form co-precipitated particles;collecting the co-precipitated particles; andannealing the co-precipitated particles to form the multicomponent photocatalyst comprising a reactive component optically, thermally, or electronically coupled to a plasmonic material.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising dissolving a pre-cursor of a plasmonic material and a pre-cursor of a reactive component into a solution to form the pre-cursor solution.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein a pre-cursor of a support material is also dissolved into the solution.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein precipitation is induced by contacting the pre-cursor solution with a basic solution.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the basic solution comprises at least one of alkali metal carbonate claim 4 , alkali metal bicarbonate claim 4 , and alkali metal hydroxide dissolved in an aqueous solution.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the pre-cursor of the plasmonic material and the pre-cursor of the reactive component are transition metal salts.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio of metal in the pre-cursor of the plasmonic material to metal in the pre-cursor of the reactive component is between 1000:1 to 10:1.8. The method of claim 3 , wherein the co-precipitated particles are between 99.9% and 20% support material.9. The ...

System for generating superheated steam using hydrogen peroxide

The invention relates to a system for generating superheated steam using hydrogen peroxide, formed by: a container for storing hydrogen peroxide, which stores a solution of peroxide that is used during the reaction to generate superheated steam; a hydrogen peroxide discharge pump connected to a first connecting duct, said discharge pump being used to pump the hydrogen peroxide solution to a reaction container via a second connecting duct; and a steam generating reaction container or reactor, in which the reaction takes place and the superheated steam is generated, said reaction container or reactor receiving the hydrogen peroxide solution in order for the reaction to take place and the superheated steam to be generated and subsequently conveyed through a nozzle and an outlet duct towards installations that are to undergo cleaning and/or stimulation.

APPARATUS FOR COUPLING AND EMITTING LIGHT AND MATERIAL

Disclosed is a light-material coupling and emitting apparatus for coupling and emitting light and a material. The present disclosure is to utilize light coupled with a gaseous material or a certain state of material. According to the present disclosure, light is coupled with a gas, a liquid, or any state (plasma state) of material, and the coupled light and the material are emitted toward a target object or a predetermined region. When reaching the target object or the predetermined region, the material reacts with another material existing around the target object or the predetermined region. According to one embodiment, when light coupled with a first material is emitted from the light-material coupling and emitting apparatus, the first material coupled with the light falls away from the light and then chemically reacts with a second material. The apparatus uses a specific effect caused by this chemical reaction. 1. An apparatus for coupling and emitting light and a material , the apparatus comprising:light to be coupled with a material;a gaseous, liquid, or solid material to be coupled with the light;a coupling unit configured to stop propagation of the light and to couple the light and the material;an emitting unit configured to emit the light coupled with the material to a target; anda controller configured to control the light, the material, the coupling unit, and the emitting unit.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the light is tuned to be transformed into a single wavelength light claim 1 , according to a kind and a mass of the material to be coupled with the light claim 1 , a distance to a target point claim 1 , and a coordinate of the target point.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein when the mass of the material to be coupled with the light is heavier than a predetermined mass claim 1 , the light is synthesized with a second light so as to be resonated in intensity claim 1 , vibration claim 1 , and wavelength claim 1 , thereby increasing a coupling ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-DEPLETED WATER, METHOD FOR SEPARATING HEAVY WATER AND LIGHT WATER, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING DEUTERIUM-ENRICHED WATER

A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water includes an adsorption step of supplying water vapor to a predetermined adsorbent at pressure at which heavy water and semi-heavy water are adsorbed by the adsorbent and light water is not easily adsorbed, causing the heavy water and semi-heavy water to be adsorbed, and recovering the water vapor not adsorbed by the adsorbent. The method also includes a desorption step of maintaining vapor pressure around the predetermined adsorbent which has adsorbed the water vapor in a range in which light water is desorbed and heavy water or semi-heavy water is not easily desorbed, and recovering the water vapor desorbed from the adsorbent. 1. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , comprising:an adsorption step of supplying water vapor to a predetermined adsorbent at pressure at which heavy water and semi-heavy water are adsorbed by the adsorbent and light water is not easily adsorbed, causing the heavy water and the semi-heavy water to be adsorbed, and recovering the water vapor not adsorbed by the adsorbent, whereinthe pressure for supplying the water vapor in the adsorption step is a low pressure which is equal to or lower than a pressure having a maximum inclination of an adsorption isotherm of light water in the adsorbent.2. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , comprising:a desorption step of maintaining air pressure around a predetermined adsorbent which has adsorbed water vapor in a range in which light water is desorbed and heavy water or semi-heavy water is not easily desorbed, and recovering the water vapor desorbed from the adsorbent.3. A method for producing deuterium-depleted water by removing heavy water and semi-heavy water from water , comprising:at least one step of supplying water vapor to a predetermined adsorbent for ...

Using Heavy Water as a Contrast Agent for Hydrogen Magnetic Resonance Imaging

A method of using an imaging contrast agent is provided for hydrogen magnetic resonance imaging (H MRI). The agent uses replacement and chemical exchange of hydrogen (H) and deuterium (D) on obtaining MRI images for comparison. An isotonic physiologic saline solution with deuterium oxide (D 2 O) is made. The solution is intravenously injected to obtain the intensity alterations on MRI images. The injected D 2 O is perfused into tissue and replaces the original water. Exchanges between H and D occur and a solution of hydrogen deuterium oxide (HDO) is obtained. After such mechanisms, MRI images are compared for differences. Thus, a novel, non-radioactive, non-toxic and non-invasive MRI agent is provided for people who are allergic to general imaging agents.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING SUPER-OXYGENATED WATER

Methods and systems for producing super-oxygenated water. The methods and systems combine strategies capable of affording super-oxygenated water and comprise the use of at least two oxygenators arranged in series or in parallel. Super-oxygenated water produced by the methods and systems shows extended stability. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the source water is municipal water claim 1 , drinkable aqueous solutions claim 1 , sea water claim 1 , fresh water claim 1 , aquaculture water claim 1 , irrigation water claim 1 , industrial water or wastewater.3. The method according to or claim 1 , further comprising removing particulates claim 1 , dissolved solids claim 1 , ions claim 1 , or a combination thereof from the source water prior to step (a).5. The method according to any one of to claim 1 , wherein the at least two oxygenators have different bubble size distribution signatures.6. The method according to any one of to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of oxygenators comprise a Venturi apparatus claim 1 , a diffuser and a low head oxygenator.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein oxygen-containing gas is injected into the Venturi apparatus.8. The method according to any one of to claim 6 , wherein the at least two different oxygenators are arranged in parallel.9. The method according to claim 8 , wherein step (a) comprises passing the source water through a first oxygenator under conditions allowing introduction of oxygen into the source water to provide oxygenated water and through a second oxygenator in parallel with the first oxygenator.10. The method according to any one of to claim 8 , wherein the at least two different oxygenators are arranged in series.11. The method according to claim 10 , wherein step (a) comprises passing the source water through a first oxygenator under conditions allowing introduction of oxygen into the source water to provide oxygenated water claim 10 , and passing the oxygenated water through a second oxygenator in ...

COMPOSITION AND PROCESS FOR REMOVING IONS

A process for removing polyvalent metal ions from a fluid includes disposing a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent in an environment; contacting, with the precipitation composition, a fluid comprising a produced water, a flowback water, or a combination thereof, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fluid; forming a plurality of precipitate particles comprising the polyvalent metal cations from the fluid and a polyvalent anion from the precipitating agent; contacting the precipitant particles with a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, to form an aggregate comprising the precipitate particles; and separating the aggregate from the fluid to remove the polyvalent metal ions from the fluid. A composition includes a fluid comprising produced water, flowback water, or a combination thereof, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fracturing fluid; a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent; and a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing. 1. A process for removing polyvalent metal ions from a fluid , the process comprising:disposing a precipitation composition comprising a precipitating agent in an environment;contacting, with the precipitation composition, a fluid comprising a produced water, a flowback water, or a combination including one or more of the foregoing, a plurality of polyvalent metal cations being present in the fluid;forming a plurality of precipitate particles comprising the polyvalent metal cations from the fluid and a polyvalent anion from the precipitating agent; andcontacting the precipitant particles with a flocculant, a coagulant, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, to form an aggregate comprising the precipitate particles.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing the flocculant or the coagulant and the precipitate particles to distribute ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR PURIFICATION OF PRODUCED WATER

The present invention relates to a method for purification of produced water and to a system for carrying out the inventive method. Further, the invention relates to a purified produced water product obtainable according to the invention. A unique sequence of unit operations including the addition of dissolved calcium hydroxide and the subsequent precipitation thereof enable a particularly efficient removal of contaminating substances from produced water from the petrochemical industry. 1. A method for purifying produced water comprising;a first step of providing and dissolving calcium hydroxide into the produced water,a second step of subjecting the produced water comprising dissolved calcium hydroxide to a treatment that facilitates the formation of a calcium carbonate precipitate,a third step of collecting and removing the precipitate from the produced water, thereby forming a purified produced water product.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the second step comprises addition of carbon dioxide to the produced water comprising dissolved calcium hydroxide.3. A method according to claim 2 , wherein the carbon dioxide is added by leading a stream of flue gas through the produced water comprising dissolved calcium hydroxide.4. A method according to any of the previous claims claim 2 , wherein calcium hydroxide is provided in the first step in an amount providing a final concentration of 0.5-2.5 g/l claim 2 , preferably 1.0-2.0 g/l claim 2 , even more preferably approximately 1.5 g/l of calcium hydroxide in the produced water.5. A method according to any of the preceding claims claim 2 , wherein calcium hydroxide is provided in the first step as a suspension comprising between 1%-25% by weight of calcium hydroxide in water.6. A method according to claim 5 , wherein calcium hydroxide is provided as a suspension comprising between 5%-20% by weight of calcium hydroxide in water.7. A method according to claim 6 , wherein calcium hydroxide is provided as a ...

PROCESS FOR MAKING CARBON-BASED NANO-RODS FROM SWITCHABLE IONIC LIQUIDS AND DEVICES AND PROCESSES INCORPORATING SAME

A method of making carbon-based nano-rods from switchable ionic liquids (SWIL) that incorporates the SWIL is disclosed. Resulting nano-rods provide adsorption and spontaneous desorption of water at selected relative humidity values that find use in selected applications and devices. 1. A method for making carbon-based nano-rods , comprising the step of:incubating a growth medium comprising a switchable ionic liquid comprising an amidine- or guanidine-containing base cation and an alkyl xanthate anion, and an iron(III) salt, at a selected temperature for a time sufficient to form carbon-based nano-rods of a selected size.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the SWIL is formed by combining an amidine- or guanidine-containing base with an organic alcohol in a 1:1 mole ratio to form a solution claim 1 , and adding an equal equivalent of carbon disulfide therein.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the organic alcohol is a normal alcohol with a carbon number selected from C1 to C16.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the amidine- or guanidine-containing base cation comprises diazabicyclo [5.4.0]-undec-7-ene claim 1 , or 1 claim 1 ,1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 tetramethyl guanidine.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the iron(III) salt is a pure iron(III) chloride salt derived by distillation or sublimation.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incubation temperature is selected from 180° C. to 275° C.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-rods are in groupings of 2 or more nano-rods with a nexus disposed between the nano-rods that binds the nano-rods together thereat.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano-rods include a solid cross-section.9. A process for recovering water claim 1 , comprising the steps of:contacting carbon-based nano-rods with a first gas at a first relative humidity to adsorb a first quantity of water thereon up to a selected value;contacting the carbon-based nano-rods containing the first quantity of water thereon with a second gas at a second ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHESIS GAS

The invention relates to a process for producing synthesis gas () in which hydrocarbon () is decomposed thermally in, a first reaction zone () to hydrogen and carbon, and hydrogen formed is passed from the first reaction zone (Z) into a second action zone (Z) in order to be reacted therein with carbon dioxide () to give water and carbon monoxide. The characteristic feature here is that energy required for the thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon is supplied to the first reaction zone (Z) from the second reaction zone (Z). 1. A process for producing synthesis gas , said process comprising:thermally decomposing a hydrocarbon in a first reaction zone to hydrogen and carbon, andpassing the hydrogen formed from the first reaction zone into a second reaction zone in order to be reacted therein with carbon dioxide by a reverse water-gas shift to give water and carbon monoxide,wherein energy required for the thermal decomposition of the hydrocarbon is supplied to the first reaction zone from the second reaction zone.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein thermal energy is generated in the second reaction zone by oxidation of hydrogen and/or by electrical power.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein hydrocarbon which is undecomposed or incompletely decomposed in the first reaction zone is passed into the second reaction zone and reacted therein with water to give hydrogen and carbon dioxide.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first and the second reaction zones are connected by means of a moving bed which consists of solid granular material and moves from the second reaction zone to the first.5. The process according to claim 4 , wherein solid granular material is circulated.6. The process according to claim 4 , wherein gas leaving the second reaction zone is conducted in countercurrent to the moving bed and is cooled in direct heat exchange therewith.7. The process according to claim 4 , wherein the hydrocarbon is conducted into the first ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR REMOVING FINELY DISPERSED PARTICULATE MATTER FROM A FLUID STREAM

Disclosed are methods of removing particulate matter from a wastewater stream, comprising providing an activating agent capable of being affixed to the particulate matter in the wastewater stream; affixing the activating agent to the particulate matter to form activated particles residing in the wastewater stream; processing the activated particles in a thickener device to produce a population of thickened flocs in the fluid stream, wherein the thickened flocs comprise the particulate matter; contacting the thickened flocs with a re-activating agent to form re-activated particles comprising the particulate matter; providing a population of tether-bearing anchor particles, wherein the tether-bearing anchor particles have an affinity for the re-activated particles; attaching the tether-bearing anchor particles to the re-activated particles to form removable complexes that comprise the particulate matter, and removing the removable complexes, thereby removing the particulate matter from the wastewater stream. 1. A method of removing particulate matter from a wastewater stream , comprising:providing an activating agent capable of being affixed to the particulate matter in the wastewater stream;affixing the activating agent to the particulate matter to form activated particles residing in the wastewater stream;processing the activated particles in a thickener device to produce a population of thickened flocs in the fluid stream, wherein the thickened flocs comprise the particulate matter;contacting the thickened flocs with a re-activating agent to form re-activated particles comprising the particulate matter;providing a population of tether-bearing anchor particles, wherein the tether-bearing anchor particles have an affinity for the re-activated particles;attaching the tether-bearing anchor particles to the re-activated particles to form removable complexes that comprise the particulate matter; andremoving the removable complexes, thereby removing the particulate matter ...

APPARATUS AND PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SMALL WATER CLUSTER AND SMALL MOLECULAR CLUSTER WATER PREPARED THEREFROM

The invention provides an apparatus of treating water to obtain small water cluster, which comprises one or more illumination devices and one or more holders holding metal particles. The invention also provides a method of preparing the small water cluster and the small water cluster prepared from the apparatus or the method. 1. A water treatment apparatus for preparing small water cluster , comprising one or more illumination devices and one or more holders holding metal particles capable of surface plasma resonance , provided that the holder allows illumination of the metal particles.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the holder is a transparent hollow column or hollow container having one or more inlets and one or more outlets and optionally the one or more outlets have a switching control valve claim 1 , wherein the transparent hollow column or hollow container fills with metal particles capable of surface plasma resonance.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the outlet of the column is narrower than the inlet of the column.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination device is a light source providing a wavelength ranging from 100 nm to 3 claim 1 ,000 nm.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the illumination device is a daylight lamp claim 1 , LED lamp claim 1 , lamp bulb claim 1 , mercury lamp claim 1 , metal halide lamp claim 1 , sodium lamp or halogen lamp.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , wherein the LED lamp is an LED green lamp.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal particle is a nano-gold particle claim 1 , a nano-silver particle claim 1 , a nano-platinum particle claim 1 , a nano-rhodium particle claim 1 , a nano-copper particle claim 1 , a nano-nickel particle claim 1 , a nano-zirconium particle claim 1 , a nano-alloy particle claim 1 , a nano-TiOparticle claim 1 , a nano-gold/silver particle claim 1 , a nano-gold/TiOparticle claim 1 , or a combination thereof.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the metal particle is a nano-gold ...

CARBON-BASED CATALYSTS FOR OXYGEN REDUCTION REACTIONS

In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to catalysts for mediating oxygen reduction reactions, such as the conversion of oxygen to at least one of HO, HO, O, OH, and combinations thereof. In some embodiments, the present disclosure pertains to methods of utilizing the catalysts to mediate oxygen reduction reactions. In some embodiments, the catalyst includes a carbon source and a dopant associated with the carbon source. In some embodiments, the catalyst has a three-dimensional structure, a density ranging from about 1 mg/cmto about 10 mg/cm, and a surface area ranging from about 100 m/g to about 1,000 m/g. In some embodiments, the carbon source includes graphene nanoribbons, and the dopant includes boron-nitrogen heteroatoms. In some embodiments, the dopant is covalently associated with the edges of the carbon source. Additional embodiments of the present disclosure pertain to methods of making the aforementioned catalysts. 1. A Method of mediating an oxygen reduction reaction , a carbon source; and', 'a dopant associated with the carbon source., 'wherein the method comprises exposing a catalyst to oxygen, wherein the catalyst comprises2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst further comprises a plurality of active sites for mediating the oxygen reduction reaction.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst consists essentially of the carbon source and the dopant.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst is substantially free of metals.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the exposing of the catalyst to oxygen results in conversion of oxygen to at least one of HO claim 1 , HO claim 1 , O claim 1 , OH claim 1 , and combinations thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon source is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanoribbons claim 1 , graphene nanoribbons claim 1 , functionalized graphene nanoribbons claim 1 , graphene oxide nanoribbons claim 1 , reduced graphene oxide nanoribbons claim 1 , and combinations thereof.7 ...

OXYGEN ABSORBING AND CARBON DIOXIDE EMITTING COMPOSITION

A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen including ascorbic acid, an organic acid, a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide and a soluble transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states. 1. A composition that absorbs oxygen and emits carbon dioxide in response to absorbing oxygen comprising:ascorbic acid;organic acid;a catalyst that promotes oxidation of the organic acid and emission of carbon dioxide; anda transition metal salt characterized by multiple oxidation states.2. The composition of wherein the organic acid is selected from: ethanedioic acid (oxalic acid) (HCH); 2 claim 1 ,3-dihydroxybutanedioic acid (tartaric acid) (CHO); 2-Hydroxypropanoic acid (lactic acid) (CHO); hydroxybutanedioic acid (malic acid) (CHO); (Z)-butenedioic acid (maleic acid) (CHO); 2-hydroxypropane-1 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3-tricarboxylic acid (citric acid) (CHO); propanedioic acid (malonic acid) (CHO); hydrates thereof; adducts thereof; and combinations thereof.3. The composition of wherein the catalyst is selected from: zinc chloride (ZnCl); aluminum sulfate (Al(SO)); magnesium chloride (MgCl); hydrates thereof; and combinations thereof.4. The composition of further comprising a base selected from: sodium hydroxide (NaOH); calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)); magnesium hydroxide (Mg(OH)); and combinations thereof.5. The composition of wherein the transition metal salt is selected from: cupric sulfate (copper(II) sulfate) (CuSO); ferrous sulfate (iron(II) sulfate) (FeSO); manganese(II) chloride (MnCl); cobalt(II) chloride (CoCl); hydrates thereof; adducts thereof; and combinations thereof.6. The composition of further comprising:{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '4', '32', '18', '8', '6', '18', '24', '6, 'a promoter selected from: Ethylenediaminetetraacetic Acid, Disodium Salt, Dihydrate (disodium EDTA) (NaEDTA); Sodium oxalate (NaCO); phthalocyanine (CHN); (1R,2R,3S,4S,5R,6S)-cyclohexane-1,2,3,4,5, ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROGEN BY REFORMING HYDROCARBONS USING STEAM, COMBINED WITH CARBON DIOXIDE CAPTURE AND STEAM PRODUCTION

A method for producing hydrogen by reforming hydrocarbons using steam, combined with carbon dioxide capture and steam production, which involves mixing the hydrocarbons to be reformed with steam in order to produce a feedstock for reforming, generating a syngas; the syngas produced is cooled, enriched with H2 and CO2, and then cooled; the condensates of the method are separated from the syngas in order to be used in the method, the saturated syngas being treated by adsorption with pressure modulation so as to produce hydrogen and a gaseous effluent containing COthat is captured in a CPU unit. The condensates from the cooling of the syngas at the outlet of the shift reactor are used in the method for producing impure steam supplying the mixing point; the CPU unit also produces CPU condensates that are recycled to be treated jointly with the condensates of the method. 113-. (canceled)15. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the second condensates—having been previously pumped if required—are mixed with the first condensates before the deaeration of the first condensates.16. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the second condensates—having been previously pumped if required—are preheated and then mixed with the first condensates before the deaeration of the first condensates.17. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the second condensates—having been previously pumped if required—are mixed with the first condensates after the deaeration but before the pumping of the first condensates.18. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the second condensates—having been previously pumped if required—are mixed with the first condensates after the deaeration and the pumping but before the preheating of the first condensates.19. The process as claimed in claim 14 , wherein the second condensates—having been previously pumped if required—are mixed with the first condensates after the preheating of the first condensates.20. The process as claimed in ...

METHODS FOR PRODUCING SOLID CARBON BY REDUCING CARBON DIOXIDE

A two-stage reaction process includes reacting gaseous carbon dioxide with a reducing agent to form carbon monoxide and water. At least a portion of the water is condensed to form a dry tail gas. The dry tail gas, with the possible addition of a reducing agent, reacts to convert at least a portion of the carbon monoxide to solid carbon and water. Other methods include reacting a feed gas mixture to form a reaction mixture, condensing water from the reaction mixture to form a dried reaction mixture, mixing the dried reaction mixture with a recirculating gas to form a catalytic converter feed gas mixture, flowing the catalytic converter feed gas mixture through a catalytic converter to form solid carbon and a tail gas mixture containing water, and flowing the tail gas mixture through a heat exchanger. 1. A two-stage reaction process comprising:reacting at least a portion of a first feed gas mixture comprising carbon dioxide with a hydrogen-containing reducing agent under first reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the first feed gas mixture to a first tail gas comprising carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, hydrogen, water vapor, and residual hydrogen-containing reducing agent;condensing at least a portion of the water from the first tail gas to form a dried first tail gas;reacting at least a portion of the dried first tail gas under second reaction conditions to convert at least a portion of the carbon monoxide in the dried first tail gas to solid carbon and a second tail gas comprising water vapor;condensing at least a portion of the water from the second tail gas to form a dried second tail gas;recirculating at least a portion of the dried second tail gas for mixing the dried first tail gas with at least a portion of the dried second tail gas to form the second reaction feed mixture; andremoving the solid carbon from the second reactor.2. (canceled)3. The process of claim 1 , wherein reacting at least a portion of the first feed gas mixture comprising ...

DEVICE FOR PRODUCING WATER HAVING REDUCED HEAVY MOLECULE CONTENT

The device is designed for production of light, highly pure water with a high content of light molecules HO. 1. A device for production of water with reduced heavy water molecule content , including a distillation column operating under vacuum , an evaporator and a condenser , characterized in that the device is provided with a heat pump , the distillation column consists of two coaxial tubes of diameter D1 and D2 (D1>D2) (D1−D2)/2<300 mm , and the liquid distributor at the top of the column has at least 800 irrigation points per square meter of the cross-sectional area of the packing part of the column.2. The device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the random packing is in the form of a spiral prismatic packing.3. The device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the refrigerant is used as the working body of the heat pump.4. The device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the heat pump operates by means of mechanical compression of water vapor.5. The device according to claim 1 , characterized in that the device includes several series-connected heat pumps. The invention relates to a rectifying device for water purification from impurities in the form of water molecules containing heavy isotopes of hydrogen and oxygen, and more specifically it relates to a device for producing light, highly pure water with an increased content of light molecules HO. The invention can be used in the food industry, medicine, agriculture, housing and communal services, as well as in the manufacture of cosmetics and perfumes.The quality and purity of water used in different areas of industry make an important contribution to the quality of the final product and have an effect on the technological characteristics of the production process. The quality and safety of food and beverages, including drinking water, determine the quality of life and health of a person. The water molecule (HO) consists of two chemical elements—hydrogen H and oxygen O. In turn, each ...

Graphene membrane

The present invention relates to a method of altering the relative proportions of protons, deuterons and tritons in a sample using a membrane. The membrane comprises a 2D material and an ionomer. The invention also relates to a method of making said membranes.

Activation of Waste Metal Oxide as an Oxygen Carrier for Chemical Looping Combustion Applications

A process for producing black powder oxygen carriers for use in a chemical looping combustion unit includes the steps of: (a) removing and collecting the black powder waste material that was formed in a gas pipeline; (b) pre-treating the collected black powder to adjust its spherical shape to avoid attrition and fines production; and (c) activating the black powder to increase its reactivity rate and produce the black powder oxygen carrier that is suitable for use in the chemical looping combustion process as an oxygen carrier. 1. A process for producing an oxygen carrier that is suitable for use in a chemical looping combustion unit , comprising the steps of;removing and collecting black powder that is formed within a gas pipeline;pre-treating the collected black powder; andactivating the collected black powder to increase the reactivity of the black powder to form a black powder oxygen carrier for use in the chemical looping combustion unit.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the black powder comprises iron hydroxides claim 1 , iron oxides claim 1 , and iron carbonates.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the black powder is removed from a natural gas pipeline and collected using at least one of a separator and cyclone device such that gas laden with black powder passes through the separator or cyclone claim 1 , and black powder particles are knocked out of the gas stream to walls of the separator or cyclone claim 1 , where they fall and are collected internally within the separator or cyclone in a collection media.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the collected black powder is pre-treated via a synthesis method.5. The process of claim 4 , wherein the synthesis method consists one of a spray drying process and a freeze granulation process.6. The process of claim 4 , wherein the synthesis method comprises the steps of:forming a powder mixture that comprises about 60.1% black powder and about 39.9% manganese ore; homogenizing the aqueous suspension;', 'spray drying ...

Apparatus and method for concentrating hydrogen isotopes

In an embodiment, a method of concentrating a hydrogen isotope, comprises delivering a fluid comprising the hydrogen isotope to be concentrated and an additional gas other than then hydrogen isotope to an anode of an electrochemical cell comprising a hydron exchange membrane comprising hydrons of the hydrogen isotope, and also comprising said anode on a first side of the hydron exchange membrane, a cathode on a second side of the hydron exchange membrane, and an electrical circuit connection between the anode and the cathode; removing a first stream in fluid communication with the cathode, the first stream comprising concentrated hydrogen isotope; and removing a second stream in fluid communication with the anode, comprising the additional gas delivered to the anode depleted of the hydrogen isotope.

ELECTROLYTIC BATH FOR MANUFACTURING ACID WATER AND USING METHOD OF THE WATER

An electrolytic bath for manufacturing acid water capable of securing sufficient conductivity even in pure water or deionized water without separately using a catalyst or an ion exchange resin, electrolyzing the pure water or deionized water as well as tap water, and particularly minimizing a reaction between ions and a gas through a deaeration effect and an electrolytic effect in one electrolytic process, increasing conductivity of acid water, and enhancing reduction potential and maintenance time of dissolving power, to obtain acid water (hydrogen water) as stable acid reduced water. 1. An electrolytic bath for manufacturing acid water , comprising:a housing having first, second and third compartments divided by two ion exchange membranes installed to be spaced a predetermined distance from each other therein, a first inlet port and a first outlet port provided at the first compartment, a second inlet port and a second outlet port provided at the second compartment, and a third inlet port and a third outlet port provided at the third compartment;two first electrodes which are installed in the second compartment to face each other and be spaced a predetermined distance from each of the ion exchange membranes, and to which positive poles are applied;two second electrodes which are installed at each of the first and third compartments to be adjacent to each of the ion exchange membranes, and to which negative poles are applied; andtwo third electrodes which are installed at each of the first and third compartments to be spaced a predetermined distance from each of the second electrodes, and to which negative poles are applied,wherein the first outlet port is connected with the third inlet port.2. The electrolytic bath of claim 1 , wherein the distance is 0.1 to 2.0 mm claim 1 , and is used as a filling space through which water passes.3. The electrolytic bath of claim 1 , wherein the distance is 0.1 to 100.0 mm claim 1 , and is used as a filling space through which ...

ELECTROLYTIC ENRICHMENT METHOD FOR HEAVY WATER

An electrolytic enrichment method for heavy water includes enriching heavy water by electrolysis using an alkaline water electrolysis cell including an anode chamber that holds an anode, a cathode chamber that holds a cathode, and a diaphragm. In the method, an electrolyte prepared by adding high-concentration alkaline water to raw material water containing heavy water is circularly supplied to the anode chamber and the cathode chamber from a circulation tank; an anode-side gas-liquid separator and an anode-side water-seal device are connected to the anode chamber, and a cathode-side gas-liquid separator and a cathode-side water-seal device are connected to the cathode chamber; and electrolysis is continued while the alkali concentration in the electrolyte supplied to both electrolysis chambers is maintained at a constant concentration by circularly supplying, to the circulation tank, the electrolyte from which the gas generated from the anode-side gas-liquid separator and the cathode-side gas-liquid separator is separated. 1. An electrolytic enrichment method for heavy water , the method comprising:enriching heavy water by electrolysis using an alkaline water electrolysis cell consisting of an anode chamber that holds an anode, a cathode chamber that holds a cathode, and a diaphragm that divides between the anode chamber and the cathode chamber,wherein an electrolyte prepared by adding high-concentration alkaline water to raw material water consisting of heavy water containing tritium is circularly supplied to both electrolysis chambers including the anode chamber and the cathode chamber from a circulation tank containing the electrolyte;an anode-side gas-liquid separator and an anode-side water-seal device are connected to the anode chamber, and a cathode-side gas-liquid separator and a cathode-side water-seal device are connected to the cathode chamber; andcontinuing electrolysis while the alkali concentration in the electrolyte supplied to the both electrolysis ...

System for effecting an exothermic reaction in a nozzle to drive a phase change from a liquid to a gas

A device is described herein for priming and stimulating a fluid that enters a nozzle such that when the fluid experiences a phase change from liquid to gas, said phase change releases energy latent within molecules or atoms of any of the interior surface of the nozzle and the fluid, producing an energy release, thereby enabling that phase-changed gas to be used to generate energy using well-known techniques in the prior art. 1. A device for effecting an exothermic reaction to drive a phase change from a liquid to a gas , comprising:a nozzle comprising an inlet that narrows as it connects to a throat;a fluid solution comprising a set of a solvent and at least one siliceous solute that when combined form a fluid F, said fluid F flowing through the nozzle from the inlet to the exhaust;a priming element that primes the fluid F with photonic and electrical stimulation to release energy latent within any of the set of atoms and molecules of any of the interior surface of the nozzle and the fluid F through a non-combustive exothermic reaction, when a phase change is initiated in one or more molecules of the fluid F within the nozzle; and,an initiating element within the nozzle that initiates a phase change in one or more molecules of the fluid F as it flows through the nozzle.2. A device as in wherein the initiating element further comprises a means for inducing an impulse drop in pressure in the fluid F as it flows through the nozzle.3. A device as in wherein said means for inducing an impulse drop in pressure in the fluid F further comprises at least one acoustic coupler attached to the nozzle that produces vibrations in the fluid F flowing through the nozzle.4. A device as in wherein the nozzle throat further connects to a widening exhaust.5. A device as in wherein the nozzle comprises:an inlet that narrows as it connects to a first throat;said throat connects in turn to a widening reaction chamber;said reaction chamber narrows again and connects in turn to a second ...

Activated treated water, method for manufacturing activated treated water, method for manufacturing activated treated medium, device for manufacturing activated treated water, method for preserving food product, and activated treated medium

Activated treated water that can be manufactured by an extremely simple method and with which activation treatment can be performed on water that has not undergone activation treatment without direct contact. Activated treated water that is clustered water that has undergone activation treatment and thereby formed small molecule groups, wherein the ratio FID/FID0 of the free induction decay (FID) (units being seconds) of a peak originating in the hydrogen atoms in the water molecules in the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for the activated treated water and the free induction decay FID0 (units being seconds) of a peak originating in the hydrogen atoms in the water molecules in the hydrogen nuclear magnetic resonance spectrum for water that has not undergone activation treatment is 0.80 or less.

AQUEOUS SYSTEMS HAVING LOW LEVELS OF CALCIUM CONTAINING COMPONENTS

Hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or transition metal salts may be added to an aqueous system to inhibit corrosion and/or scale deposition within the aqueous system. The aqueous system may include a calcium containing component in an amount ranging from about 0.01 ppm to about 200 ppm. The hydroxycarboxylic acid may have two or more carboxylic acid groups. The transition metal salt may have or include a transition metal, such as but not limited to, Zn (II), Zn (IV), Sn, Al, Mn, Mo, and combinations thereof. The aqueous system may be or include a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 1. A method comprising:adding at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and at least one transition metal salt to an aqueous system in an effective amount to decrease at least one characteristic within the aqueous system selected from the group consisting of corrosion, scale deposition, and combinations thereof as compared to an otherwise identical aqueous system absent the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid and the at least one transition metal salt; wherein the aqueous system comprises at least one calcium containing component in an amount ranging from about 0.01 ppm to about 200 ppm; wherein adding the hydroxycarboxylic acid and the transition metal salt occurs at the same time or different times.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the calcium containing component is selected from the group consisting of calcium carbonate claim 1 , calcium bicarbonate claim 1 , calcium chloride claim 1 , calcium sulfate claim 1 , or any form of calcium salt claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid claim 1 , citric acid claim 1 , tartaric acid claim 1 , mucic acid claim 1 , gluconic acid claim 1 , dehyroxylated dicarboxylic acids claim 1 , ...

NON-PHOSPHOROUS CONTAINING CORROSION INHIBITORS FOR AQUEOUS SYSTEMS

Hydroxycarboxylic acids and/or transition metal salts may be added to an aqueous system to inhibit corrosion and/or scale deposition within the aqueous system. In a non-limiting embodiment, a phosphorous-containing component may not be added to or include in the aqueous system. The hydroxycarboxylic acid may have two or more carboxylic acid groups. The transition metal salt may have or include a transition metal, such as but not limited to, Zn (II), Zn (IV), Sn, Al, Mn, and combinations thereof. The aqueous system may be or include a cooling tower, a cooling water system, and combinations thereof. 2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid comprises two or more carboxylic acid groups.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid is selected from the group consisting of saccharic acid claim 1 , citric acid claim 1 , and salts thereof claim 1 , and combinations thereof.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a transition metal selected from the group consisting of Zn (II) claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , and combinations thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one transition metal salt comprises a salt selected from the group consisting of chlorides claim 1 , sulfates claim 1 , hydroxides claim 1 , oxides claim 1 , and combinations thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the effective amount of the at least one hydroxycarboxylic acid ranges from about 15 ppm to about 500 ppm.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the effective amount of the at least one transition metal salt ranges from about 0.5 ppm to about 20 ppm.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous system is selected from the group consisting of a cooling tower claim 1 , a cooling water system claim 1 , and combinations thereof.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aqueous system further comprises at least one component selected from the group consisting of a scale inhibitor claim 1 ...

PURIFIED AND RE-MINERALIZED WATER

Re-mineralized water comprising calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions in a 1:1:4 molar ratio, said calcium, magnesium, and bicarbonate ions constituting at least 75% by weight of all ions in said re-mineralized water. 1. Re-mineralized water comprising dissolved calcium , magnesium , and bicarbonate ions in a ratio of approximately one mole each of calcium and magnesium ions to four moles of bicarbonate ions , the calcium , magnesium , and bicarbonate ions collectively comprising at least 75% by weight of the total amount of dissolved ions in said re-mineralized water.2. The re-mineralized water according to claim 1 , wherein the group of ions consisting of chloride claim 1 , sulphate claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , and potassium constitutes no more than 20% by weight of all ions dissolved in the re-mineralized water.3. The re-mineralized water according to claim 1 , wherein the group of ions consisting of chloride claim 1 , sulphate claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , and potassium constitutes no more than 10% by weight of all ions dissolved in the re-mineralized water.4. The re-mineralized water according to claim 1 , wherein the group of ions consisting of chloride claim 1 , sulphate claim 1 , sodium claim 1 , and potassium constitutes no more than 2% by weight of all ions dissolved in the re-mineralized water.5. The re-mineralized water according to claim 1 , wherein it comprises between 10 and 40 milligrams per liter of calcium ions and between 6 and 25 milligrams per liter of magnesium ions.6. The re-mineralized water according to claim 1 , wherein it comprises 20 milligrams per liter of calcium ions and 12.2 milligrams per liter of magnesium ions.7. A method for producing a re-mineralized water comprising the steps of:providing a flow of feedwater;purifying the feedwater by a reverse-osmosis process, thereby producing a flow of demineralized water;injecting carbon dioxide into the demineralized water, thereby producing a flow of carbon dioxide-enriched water; andpassing ...

Electrolytic enrichment method for heavy water

An electrolytic enrichment method for heavy water includes enriching heavy water by electrolysis using an alkaline water electrolysis cell including an anode chamber that holds an anode, a cathode chamber that holds a cathode, and a diaphragm. In the method, an electrolyte prepared by adding high-concentration alkaline water to raw material water containing heavy water is circularly supplied to the anode chamber and the cathode chamber from a circulation tank; an anode-side gas-liquid separator and an anode-side water-seal device are connected to the anode chamber, and a cathode-side gas-liquid separator and a cathode-side water-seal device are connected to the cathode chamber; and electrolysis is continued while the alkali concentration in the electrolyte supplied to both electrolysis chambers is maintained at a constant concentration by circularly supplying, to the circulation tank, the electrolyte from which the gas generated from the anode-side gas-liquid separator and the cathode-side gas-liquid separator is separated.

Hydrogen and moisture getter and absorber for sealed devices

Composite articles of manufacture and apparatus for their use

Method for generating moisture, reactor for generating moisture, method for controlling temperature of reactor for generating moisture, and method for forming platinum-coated catalyst layer

Catalytic process

Safety device for preventing explosions of detonating gas

A safety device for preventing oxyhydrogen explosions is indicated, wherein the explosive gas mixture containing hydrogen and oxygen is passed along a surface suitable for initiating a controlled hydrogen oxidation. To achieve high conversions for the hydrogen oxidation in a small space, a heater element (4) which can be heated to the ignition temperature of the gas mixture is fixed inside a chamber (8) with porous chamber walls (2) through which the gas mixture can enter the chamber, see Figure 1. On the heater element, the oxidation of the hydrogen is initiated. The chamber walls (2) are here held at a temperature which is below the ignition temperature of the gas mixture in the surroundings of the chamber (2). Sintered material or porous ceramics are suitable for forming the porous chamber walls (2). A wire mesh or wire netting can also be used. <IMAGE>

Oxygen isotope enrichment method

FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to method of oxygen isotope enrichment. Method involves production of oxygen containing primary enriched with oxygen isotope by oxygen raw material distillation using first distillation device, obtaining water by hydrogenation of oxygen containing primary enriched oxygen isotope, production of nitrogen oxide removed during distillation of nitrogen oxide raw material, using the second distillation device, and production of nitrogen oxide and water by means of conducting chemical exchange reaction between water and nitrogen oxide, as result of which nitrogen oxide with high concentration of oxygen and water is produced, having low concentration of oxygen isotope, wherein nitrogen oxide with high concentration of oxygen is supplied to second distillation device, and oxygen obtained by electrolysis of water with low concentration of oxygen isotope, is returned to first distillation apparatus. EFFECT: invention provides effective oxygen isotope enrichment. 7 cl, 2 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (51) МПК B01D 59/04 B01D 59/28 C01B 13/02 B01D 3/14 H01M 8/00 (13) 2 598 094 C1 (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ (21)(22) Заявка: ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ 2015108584/05, 01.10.2013 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 01.10.2013 Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: (72) Автор(ы): КАМБЕ Такаси (JP), ХАЯСИДА Сигеру (JP), ИГАРАСИ Такехиро (JP) 18.10.2012 JP 2012-230766 (45) Опубликовано: 20.09.2016 Бюл. № 26 (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 11.03.2015 (86) Заявка PCT: JP 2013/076738 (01.10.2013) 2 5 9 8 0 9 4 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: JP 03-47518 A, 28.02.1991. US 6321565 B1, 27.11.2001. US 6461583 B1, 08.10.2002. RU 2446862 C2, 10.04.2012. R U (73) Патентообладатель(и): ТАЙЁ НИППОН САНСО КОРПОРЕЙШН (JP) (87) Публикация заявки PCT: 2 5 9 8 0 9 4 R U C 1 C 1 WO 2014/061445 ( ...

Hydraulic desalination device and method

유압식 담수화 시스템, 장치 및 방법은 파이프 및 마찰력을 부여하며 유동을 제어하는 밸브를 포함하는 수반되는 인프라스트럭처를 통한 염수 유동을 생성하여 액체 해수의 압력을 기화점까지 낮춤으로써 액체 해수를 기화시켜서 증기를 생성하는 단계와, 상기 증기를 포획하는 단계와, 주변 환경에 의해서 공급되는 고압을 사용하여 상기 증기를 응축시켜서 담수를 생성하는 단계와, 증기 온도보다 높은 주변 온도를 유지시킴으로써 응축 동안에 방출된 열을 회수하는 단계와, 상기 회수된 열을 사용하여 상기 염수의 기화를 주기적으로 촉진 및 계속하는 단계를 포함한다. 신규한 스프링이 장착된 펌프가 유체를 펌핑하는 데 사용되어 상기 담수화 공정을 촉진한다. Hydraulic desalination systems, apparatus and methods produce a brine flow through the accompanying infrastructure that includes a pipe and a frictional force and a valve to control the flow, thereby lowering the pressure of the liquid seawater to the vaporization point to vaporize the liquid seawater, Generating steam by condensing the steam using a high pressure supplied by the ambient environment; and maintaining the ambient temperature above the steam temperature to heat the heat released during condensation Recovering the brine using the recovered heat, and periodically promoting and continuing vaporization of the brine using the recovered heat. A new spring loaded pump is used to pump the fluid to facilitate the desalination process.

oxygen removal system for a container

sistema de remoção de oxigênio para um recipiente.um recipiente tendo um gerador de hidrogênio e catalisador disposto ou de outro modo incorporado em componentes do recipiente compreende ainda um sistema para fornecer pelo menos porção do gerador de hidrogênio e/ou catalisador em uma área definida no fecho do recipiente para desempenho aperfeiçoado. oxygen removal system for a container. A container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst arranged or otherwise incorporated into container components further comprises a system for providing at least a portion of the hydrogen generator and / or catalyst in a defined area in the container. container closure for improved performance.

Method for electrolytic enrichment of heavy water

FIELD: chemistry. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to electrochemistry and water treatment. To enrich the heavy water, alkaline water 7 and feed water 10 are mixed in circulation tank 5 to form electrolyte 16. Electrolyte 16 is fed to anode and cathode compartments 2 and 3 of alkaline water electrolysis cell 1 through circulation pumps 12a and 13a and heat exchangers 13a and 14a, respectively. In anode chamber 2, enriched electrolyte and gaseous oxygen are obtained, which are separated into gas and liquid by gas-liquid separator 14a, with the return of the separated electrolyte to circulation tank 5. Oxygen is removed through hydraulic gate 15a of the anode side. Gaseous hydrogen is formed in cathode chamber 3. Hydrogen and electrolyte are separated into gas and liquid by gas-liquid separator 14b, and separated electrolyte is returned to circulation tank 5. Hydrogen is removed through hydraulic gate 15b of the cathode side. EFFECT: obtaining hydrogen and oxygen of high purity. 9 cl, 4 ex, 1 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 656 017 C2 (51) МПК C01B 5/02 (2006.01) C25B 1/04 (2006.01) B01D 59/40 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК C01B 5/02 (2006.01); C25B 1/04 (2006.01); B01D 59/40 (2006.01) (21)(22) Заявка: 2016106887, 24.07.2014 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: (73) Патентообладатель(и): ИНДУСТРИЕ ДЕ НОРА С.П.А. (IT) 30.05.2018 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: WO 2009157435 A1, 30.12.2009. RU 31.07.2013 JP 2013-158735 (43) Дата публикации заявки: 01.09.2017 Бюл. № 25 (45) Опубликовано: 30.05.2018 Бюл. № 16 2224051 C1, 20.02.2004. RU 2380144 C1, 27.01.2010. RU 2010114842 A, 20.10.2011. JP 2004337843 A, 02.12.2004. CN 101298317 A, 05.11.2008. GB 726532 A, 23.03.1955. (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 29.02.2016 2 6 5 6 0 1 7 Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: R U 24.07.2014 (72) Автор(ы): МАНАБЕ ...

一种半透双极膜电渗析分离氘的方法

本发明公开了一种半透双极膜电渗析分离氘的方法，利用水中氘(D)的相比于氢(H)不易电离的天然特性，通过半透双极膜的单向透水性和离子选择透过性，应用电渗析原理，在电场的作用下，对水中的氘(D)进行分离与浓缩，同时备制可以饮用的低氘水。与现有技术相比，本发明可以以更低的能耗，更加廉价的设备，更加绿色环保方式对水中氘(D)进行分离与浓缩，并且同时生产出纯净的低氘水。

一种分解过氧化氢的催化剂及其制备方法、使用方法

本发明公开了一种分解过氧化氢的催化剂及其制备方法、使用方法。催化剂的原料包括活性组分和催化剂载体，活性组分包括Al 2 O 3 、SiO 2 、CeO 2 、ZrO 2 、MgO、La 2 O 3 、Ti O 2 、F 2 、Nd 2 O 3 和Fe 2 O 3 ，催化剂载体包括CaO、PdO、HfO 2 、P 2 O 5 、K 2 O、HCl、Rh、ZnO和As 2 O 3 。催化剂的制备方法：将原料混匀，置于模具中，在900‑1100℃下高温烧结成多孔陶瓷固化物，即可。催化剂的使用方法：将过氧化氢气体输入隔离器中，进行灭菌处理后通过催化剂，进行剩余过氧化氢气体的分解，至浓度降至1ppm以下。本发明提供的催化剂催化速度快，催化效果稳定，能兼顾效率和安全的问题。

Method for electrolytic concentration of heavy water

Method and system for recombining hydrogen and oxygen

공기와 가스가 혼합된 혼합가스가 유입되어 수소를 촉매반응에 의해 물로 재결합하여 처리한 후 배출하는 수소 재결합챔버와, 수소 재결합챔버 내에 설치되어 혼합가스의 수소와 산소를 촉매반응으로 재결합하여 물로 생성시키는 촉매부 및 촉매부에서의 촉매 반응시 발생하는 열을 열교환에 의해 냉각하는 열교환 장치를 포함하는 것을 특징으로 하는 수소와 산소의 재결합 시스템 및 이를 이용한 수소와 산소의 재결합방법이 개시된다. A hydrogen recombination chamber is installed in the hydrogen recombination chamber, and a hydrogen recombination chamber is installed in the hydrogen recombination chamber to recombine hydrogen and oxygen through a catalytic reaction to produce water Disclosed are a hydrogen-oxygen recombination system and a hydrogen-oxygen recombination method using the same, characterized in that it comprises a catalyst unit to do this, and a heat exchange device for cooling heat generated during catalytic reaction in the catalyst unit by heat exchange.

Gas purification method and apparatus

Energy-saving method for producing heavy water which is combined with process for producing soda product by electrolysis

본 발명은 중수로형 원자력 발전소 등에 사용되는 중수의 제조방법에 관한 것이다. 상세하게는 본 발명은 수소동위원소 화학교환반응이 일어나는 중수농축용 촉매반응탑을, 물을 사용한 전기분해법에 의하여 수소가스를 발생시키는 제조공정에 병설하여 설치함으로써, 촉매반응탑에 공급되는 수소를 공급하기 위한 저급중수의 전기분해 과정을 상기과정으로 대체함으로써 에너지를 절약할 수 있는 에너지 절약형 중수제조공정으로 이루어진다. The present invention relates to a method for producing heavy water used in heavy water reactor-type nuclear power plants and the like. Specifically, the present invention provides a catalyst reaction tower for heavy water concentration in which hydrogen isotope chemical exchange reactions are installed in parallel with a production process for generating hydrogen gas by electrolysis using water, thereby providing hydrogen supplied to the catalytic reaction tower. It consists of an energy-saving heavy water production process that can save energy by replacing the electrolysis process of low heavy water for supply with the above process.

Apparatus and method for adding carbon dioxide gas to ultrapure water

고 농도의 이산화탄소를 함유하는 작은 유량의 물(통상, 탄산가스 포화수)을 중공 섬유막을 사용하여 제조한 다음, 일정한 비율로 큰 유량의 미처리수와 균일하게 혼합한다. 중공 섬유막 모듈이 이산화탄소를 물에 첨가하기 위한 역용량을 갖고 있기 때문에, 총 유량이 후속 공정에서 사용되는 물의 속도 변동으로 인해 변동되더라도, 혼합수의 저항률은 일정한 비율의 작은 유량 및 큰 유량을 유지함으로써 일정한 레벨로 유지된다. 따라서, 자동화 조절장치는 특히 저항률을 일정한 레벨로 유지하기 위해 특별히 필요로 하지 않는다. 따라서, 저 비용으로 작동할 수 있는 소형화되고 단순화된 장치를 제조할 수 있다. Small flow rates of water (usually carbon dioxide saturated water) containing high concentrations of carbon dioxide are prepared using hollow fiber membranes, and then uniformly mixed with large flow rates of untreated water at a constant rate. Since the hollow fiber membrane module has a reverse capacity for adding carbon dioxide to water, even if the total flow rate fluctuates due to the velocity variation of the water used in the subsequent process, the resistivity of the mixed water is maintained by maintaining a constant ratio of small flow rate and large flow rate. Maintained at a constant level. Thus, the automatic control device is not particularly required to keep the resistivity at a constant level. Thus, miniaturized and simplified apparatus that can operate at low cost can be manufactured.

Catalyst for water-hydrogen exchange reaction, method for production thereof and device for water-hydrogen exchange reaction

FIELD: technological processes. SUBSTANCE: invention relates to a catalyst for a water-hydrogen exchange reaction comprising a catalytic metal applied on a carrier formed from an inorganic oxide. Carrier is formed from an inorganic oxide having a hydrophobic compound bound to the inorganic oxide surface, and that is hydrophobic, wherein the hydrophobic compound comprises at least one substance from an organic silane compound and a fluoropolymer compound, catalytic metal is a metal containing platinum as an essential component, and chlorine content by 1 wt.% of the amount of applied platinum is 25 million -1 or more and 1,000 million -1 or less, based on the total weight of the catalyst. Invention also relates to a method for producing disclosed catalyst, to a method of water-hydrogen exchange reaction, and a device therefor. EFFECT: technical result consists in producing a catalyst free from the risk of carrier ignition or damage and exhibiting high activity. 21 cl, 3 tbl, 3 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 666 351 C1 (51) МПК B01J 31/28 (2006.01) B01J 37/18 (2006.01) C01B 4/00 (2006.01) C01B 5/02 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК B01J 31/28 (2006.01); B01J 37/18 (2006.01); B01J 23/42 (2006.01); B01J 27/13 (2006.01); C01B 4/00 (2006.01); C01B 5/02 (2006.01) (21)(22) Заявка: 2017111201, 31.08.2015 31.08.2015 Дата регистрации: 07.09.2018 05.09.2014 JP 2014-180755 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: JP 56089845 A, 21.07.1981. RU (45) Опубликовано: 07.09.2018 Бюл. № 25 2307708 C1, 10.10.2007. JP 54011069 A, 26.01.1979. JP 53008389 A, 25.01.1978. JP 60094142 A, 27.05.1985. JP 56007647 A, 26.01.1981. (85) Дата начала рассмотрения заявки PCT на национальной фазе: 05.04.2017 (86) Заявка PCT: 2 6 6 6 3 5 1 (73) Патентообладатель(и): ТАНАКА КИКИНЗОКУ КОГИО К.К. (JP) Приоритет(ы): (30) Конвенционный приоритет: R U (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: (72) Автор ...

Process for generating superheated water vapor

Hydrogen combustion catalyst and method for producing thereof, and method for combusting hydrogen

본 발명은, 무기 산화물로 구성되는 담체에 촉매 금속이 담지되어서 되는 수소 연소 촉매에 있어서, 상기 담체 표면의 수산기에, 그의 말단에 탄산수 3 이하의 알킬기를 1개 이상 갖는 관능기를 치환 결합시킨 것인 것을 특징으로 하는 수소 연소 촉매이다. 담체 표면의 수산기에 결합하는 관능기는, 유기 실란이 바람직하다. 본 발명의 수소 연소 촉매는, 처리 대상인 수소 함유 가스가 포화 수증기량 이하의 수분을 포함하고, 0~40℃로 실온 정도이더라도 활성을 유지할 수 있다. The present invention relates to a hydrogen combustion catalyst in which a catalyst metal is supported on a carrier composed of an inorganic oxide, wherein a hydroxyl group on the surface of the carrier is substituted with a functional group having at least one alkyl group having 3 or less carbonic acid Wherein the catalyst is a hydrogen combustion catalyst. The functional group bonding to the hydroxyl group on the surface of the support is preferably an organosilane. In the hydrogen combustion catalyst of the present invention, the hydrogen-containing gas to be treated contains water having a saturated water vapor amount or less and can maintain its activity even at about room temperature at 0 to 40 ° C.

Hydrogen generating, oxygen scavenging closure cap

The closure cap (1) is capable of generating molecular hydrogen from a chemical reaction with water, and can be used for closing a container and for scavenging oxygen. The cap (1) comprises a shell (10), an active layer (11) that is capable of chemically reacting with water and generating molecular hydrogen, and a liner (12) that is permeable to water vapour and to molecular hydrogen; said active layer (11) has an inner face (11a), an outer face (11b) and a circumferential edge (11c); the shell (10) comprises a housing and the active layer (11) is entirely contained in said housing; the outer face (11b) and the circumferential edge (11c) of the active layer (11) are in contact with the shell (10) and are bonded to the shell (10); the liner (12) is closing said housing and is bonded to the shell (10) on the whole periphery of the active layer (11) and to the inner face (11a) of the active layer (11).

Oxygen scavenging system for a container

A container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises a system for providing at least a portion of the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst in an area defined within the closure of the container for improved performance.

Container having oxygen scavenging system

A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container, including the closure, closure insert, label, label glue, and/or any other portions of the final container assembly. In addition, the catalyst and the hydrogen generator can both be located in the same component. Methods for dispersing the hydrogen generator and catalyst in the container wall without affecting clarity are provided.

Closing cap that eliminates oxygen generating hydrogen

Un tapón de cierre (1) que comprende un capuchón (10) que puede colocarse sobre un envase (C) para cerrar una obertura de dicho envase, una capa activa (11) que es capaz de reaccionar químicamente con agua y generar hidrógeno molecular, y un recubrimiento (12) que es permeable al vapor de agua y al hidrógeno molecular, en el que dicha capa activa (11) presenta una cara interior (11a), una cara exterior (11b) y un borde circunferencial (11c), en el que el capuchón (10) comprende una pared superior (100) que tiene una cavidad (103) que forma un alojamiento (H) o que forma un alojamiento (H) con un labio de estanqueidad interno (102a), y la capa activa (11) está completamente contenida en dicho alojamiento (H), en el que la cara exterior (11b) y el borde circunferencial (11c) de la capa activa (11) están en contacto con el capuchón (10) y están unidos al capuchón (10), y en el que el recubrimiento (12) está encerrando dicha cavidad (103) y está unido al capuchón (10) en toda la periferia de dicha cavidad (103) y a la cara interior (11a) de la capa activa (11), de tal manera que el hidrógeno molecular producido por la capa activa (11) puede emigrar a través del recubrimiento (12). A closing cap (1) comprising a cap (10) that can be placed on a container (C) to close an opening of said container, an active layer (11) that is capable of chemically reacting with water and generating molecular hydrogen, and a coating (12) that is permeable to water vapor and molecular hydrogen, in which said active layer (11) has an inner face (11a), an outer face (11b) and a circumferential edge (11c), in wherein the cap (10) comprises an upper wall (100) having a cavity (103) forming a housing (H) or forming a housing (H) with an internal sealing lip (102a), and the active layer (11) is completely contained in said housing (H), in which the outer face (11b) and the circumferential edge (11c) of the active layer (11) are in contact with the cap (10) and are attached to the cap (10), and in ...

Container having oxygen scavenging system

A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container, including the closure, closure insert, label, label glue, and/or any other portions of the final container assembly. In addition, the catalyst and the hydrogen generator can both be located in the same component. Methods for dispersing the hydrogen generator and catalyst in the container wall without affecting clarity are provided.

Container having oxygen scavenging system

A polyethylene terephthalate container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container, including the closure, closure insert, label, label glue, and/or any other portions of the final container assembly. In addition, the catalyst and the hydrogen generator can both be located in the same component. Methods for dispersing the hydrogen generator and catalyst in the container wall without affecting clarity are provided.

Hydrogen generating, oxygen scavenging closure cap

The closure cap (1) is capable of generating molecular hydrogen from a chemical reaction with water, and can be used for closing a container and for scavenging oxygen. The cap (1) comprises a shell (10), an active layer (11) that is capable of chemically reacting with water and generating molecular hydrogen, and a liner(12) that is permeable to water vapour and to molecular hydrogen; said active layer (11) has an inner face(11a), an outer face (11b) and a circumferential edge (11c).; the shell (10) comprises an housing and the active layer (11) is entirely contained in said housing; the outer face (11b) and the circumferential edge (11c) of the active layer (11) are in contact with the shell (10) and are bonded to the shell (10); the liner (12) is closing said housing (H) and is bonded to the shell (10) on the whole periphery of the active layer (11) and to the inner face (11a) of the active layer (11).

Oxygen scavenging system for a container

A container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises a system for providing at least a portion of the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst in an area defined within the closure of the container for improved performance.

Oxygen scavenging system for a container

A container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises a system for providing at least a portion of the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst in an area defined within the closure of the container for improved performance.

Oxygen scavenging system for a container

A container having a hydrogen generator and catalyst disposed or otherwise incorporated in components of the container. The container further comprises a system for providing at least a portion of the hydrogen generator and/or catalyst in an area defined within the closure of the container for improved performance.

Hydrogen generating, oxygen scavenging closure cap

Moisture generation reactor, temperature control method of moisture generation reactor, and method of forming platinum-coated catalyst layer

Methods of making purified water from the fischer-tropsch process

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process creates significant amounts of water. This FT produced water contains significant amounts of organic impurities. The invention provides methods of treating FT produced water. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the FT produced water could be successfully treated in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) according to relatively simple and more efficient steps; for example, by adjusting the pH of the water in the range of 4.2 to 5.8 or treating the FT produced water in a stripper where the distillate product stream and a reflux stream returning to the stripper have the same composition. In a related aspect, water compositions are described.

Methods of making purified water from the fischer-tropsch process

The Fischer-Tropsch (FT) process creates significant amounts of water. This FT produced water contains significant amounts of organic impurities. The invention provides methods of treating FT produced water. Surprisingly, it was discovered that the FT produced water could be successfully treated in a membrane bioreactor (MBR) according to relatively simple and more efficient steps; for example, by adjusting the pH of the water in the range of 4.2 to 5.8 or treating the FT produced water in a stripper where the distillate product stream and a reflux stream returning to the stripper have the same composition. In a related aspect, water compositions are described.