ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ФОТОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ, КАРТРИДЖ ДЛЯ ПЕЧАТИ И ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ АППАРАТ

Изобретение относится к электрофотографическому фоточувствительному элементу, картриджу для печати и электрофотографическому аппарату, содержащим такой фоточувствительный элемент. Электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент содержит основу, грунтовочный слой и фоточувствительный слой. Грунтовочный слой представляет собой полимер формулы (1). Картридж для печати, съемно прикрепляемый к основному корпусу электрофотографическому аппарату, содержит вышеуказанный электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент, по меньшей мере, одно устройство, выбранное из группы, состоящей из заряжающего устройства, проявляющего устройства, переносящего устройства и очищающего устройства. Электрофотографический аппарат содержит вышеуказанный электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент, заряжающее устройство, экспонирующее устройство, проявляющее устройство и переносящее устройство. Изобретение позволяет получить фоточувствительный элемент, который снижает позитивное тенение при печати. 3 н. и ...

ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКИЙ ФОТОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ, ДРАМ-КАРТРИДЖ И ЭЛЕКТРОФОТОГРАФИЧЕСКОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО

... 1. Электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент, содержащий подложку и фоточувствительный слой, сформированный на подложке и содержащий в поверхностном слое кремнийсодержащее соединение или фторсодержащее соединение в количестве равном или превышающем 0,6% по массе относительно общего твердого вещества поверхностного слоя, причем электрофотографический фоточувствительный элемент имеет на всей области поверхности углубленные участки, которые являются независимыми друг от друга, в количестве от 50 или более до 70000 или менее чем на единце площади (100 мкм×100 мкм), причем каждый углубленный участок имеет отношение глубины (Rdv), который показывает расстояние между самой глубокой частью каждого углубленного участка и поверхностью отверстия, к диаметру по главной оси (Rpc) каждого углубленного участка, Rdv/Rpc, находящееся в пределах от 0,3 или более до 7,0 или менее, и глубина (Rdv) в пределах от 0,1 мкм или более до 10,0 мкм или менее. ! 2. Электрофотографический фоточувствительный ...

Фоточувствительный связующий слой"

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

PHOTOLEITFAHIGE, IN XEROGRAPHISCHEN KOPIERVERFAHREN WIEDERVERWENDBARE SCHICHT

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES ELEKTROPHOTO- GRAPHISCHEN MATERIALS

PHOTOLEITFAHIGE, IF NECESSARY LAYER APPLIED ON A TRAGER

PHOTOLEITFAHIGE LAYER RE-USABLE IN XEROGRAPHIC KOPIERVERFAHREN

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR BY THE DOZEN MANUFACTURING OF PHOTO GUIDANCE HEREDITARY OTHERS

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

MULTI-ACTIVE PHOTO-CONDUCTIVE ISOLATING ELEMENTS WITH VERY HIGH ONE OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC LUMINOUS SENSIVITY AND PANCHROMATI SENSITIVITY AND PROCEDURE FOR YOUR PRODUCTION.

FLEXIBLE, LAMINATE-CASH PHOTO-SENSITIVE LAYER.

Light-positive mixture

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR

ELECTROGRAPHIC RECORDING MEDIUM

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

CHARGE TRANSFER IMAGING PROCESS

Electrophotographic photoconductors comprising polyaryl ethers

Dual layer photoconductors with charge generation layer containing charge transport compound

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

ELECTROGRAPHIC RECORDING MEDIUM WITH CONDUCTIVE LAYER CONTAINING METAL OXIDE SEMICONDUCTOR

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PROCESS UTILIZING FRICTION CHARGING

ELECTROSTATOGRAPHIC IMAGING SYSTEM

BINDER MATERIALS FOR PHOTOCONDUCTIVE LAYERS

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer formed on a conductive substrate, wherein the undercoat layer contains metal oxide fine particles and an electron acceptor compound having a group reactive with the metal oxide fine particles. A process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are also provided.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING PRINTING FORMS

Printing forms or metallized images can be prepared electrophotographically by a process comprising the electrostatic chargeup, imagewise exposure and tonering of a photoconductor layer applied to an electroconductive base material, followed by fixing of the tonered image areas, removal of the photoconductive layer in the nonimage areas by decoating and, where appropriate, etching of the bared base material surface. A recording material is used that comprises a photoconductive layer containing at least one organic n-conducting pigment in a concentration between 10 and 50 percent by weight and an organic p-conducting photoconductor in a concentration of 0 to 20 percent by weight, based on the layer weight, together with a binder which is soluble or dispersible in aqueousalkaline solution. The decoating is carried out with an aqueous-alkaline decoater solution, which preferably contains alkali metal hydroxides and/or phosphates. The decoating is preferably carried out at an elevated temperature ...

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING AN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC RECORDING MATERIAL

... 10.1.79 1 PHD 78006 Method of manufacturing an electrophotographic recording material. A layer of photoconductor-binder is manufactured from a dispersion of photoconductor crystal grains, in particular of tetragonal lead monoxide having grain sizes between 1 and 50/um and a small quantity of binder in an organic solvent. A dielectric foil is pressed on the layer while this is still moist and hence deformable. The layer is then dried and, if desired, subjected to a thermal treatment. This method permits of obtaining an electrophotographic recording foil having a large porosity and hence a high sensitivity.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE RECORDING MATERIAL

An electrophotographic recording material comprising a photoconductive layer incorporating photoconductive zinc oxide in the presence of a compound within the scope of the following general formula : R - SH wherein : R represents (1) an unsubstituted aliphatic hydrocarbon group containing at least 5 carbon atoms or (2) an aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a -COOQ group wherein Q is an organometallic group or an aliphatic hydrocarbon group, containing at least 5 carbon atoms, or (3) an aliphatic hydrocarbon group substituted with a -COOH group and containing at least two methylene groups between the -COOH group and the -SH group, and said general formula including the modification wherein the hydrogen atom of the -SH group is substituted to form an organometal mercaptide. The above compound improves the charge retention of the photoconductive layer, i.e. lowers its dark-decay, under conditions of high relative humidity.

METHOD OF FORMING PHOTOCONDUCTIVE COMPOSITIONS

ELECTROPHOTOTGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION MATERIAL AND PROCESS

POLYMERS OF BENZANTHRACENE AS ACTIVE MATRIX MATERIALS

ALICYCLIC ANHYDRIDE IN ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTIVE COMPOSITION

For use in an electrophotographic copy process, a photoconductive element formed of an organic photoconductive composition on a suitable substrate, in which the speed and charge retention of the organic photoconductor, preferably a polymerized vinyl carbazole and 2,4,7-trinitro-9-fluorenone, is improved by the presence of an alicyclic anhydride in an amount within the range of 0.01% to 1.0% by weight of the coated solids.

USE OF FLUORINATED RESINS TO TAILOR THE TRIBOELECTRIC PROPERTIES OF PHOTOCONDUCTIVE INSULATING LAYERS

Method for modifying the triboelectric charge exchange between electroscopic toner particles and the imaging surface of an electrostatographic imaging member. This modification is achieved by overcoating the imaging layer of the photoreceptor with a film comprising a fluorinated resin; or by inclusion of said fluorinated resin within the matrix of the imaging layer. This ability to modify the relative triboelectric relationship between the toner particles and the imaging layer of the photoreceptor enables the ready adaption of development and cleaning systems designed for use with a specific photoreceptor based imaging system (e.g. amorphous selenium imaging members),to other imaging systems utilizing dissimilar imaging members (e. g. binder layer imaging members).

ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHIC REPRODUCTION

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ELEMENTS CONTAINING POLYMERIC BINDERS

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: an electrophotographic photoreceptor having at least an undercoat layer and a photosensitive layer formed on a conductive substrate, wherein the undercoat layer contains metal oxide fine particles and an electron acceptor compound having a group reactive with the metal oxide fine particles. A process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus using the electrophotographic photoreceptor are also provided.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE MATERIAL

BLOCK COPOLYESTERS OF POLYSILOXANES

PROCESS FOR PREPARING PRINTING FORMS

MULTILAYER PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ELEMENT

AQUEOUS COMPOSITION-SENSITIVE PHOTOCONDUCTIVE COMPOSITION CONTAINING ZN0 OR TI0 IN2 XX AND A PHOTOCONDUCTIVE ANTHRAQUINONE PIGMENT

STYRYL COMPOUNDS, PROCESSES FOR THEIR MANUFACTURE AND THEIR USE

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC METHOD

METHOD OF FORMING AN ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC LAYER

SILOXANE-ACRYLATE INTERPENETRATING NETWORKS AND METHODS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME

Siloxane-containing materials that have been prepared by a sol-gel method and polymeric binder materials form interpenetrating networks. Silicon-containing layers including such interpenetrating networks are provided. Methods for preparing interpenetrating networks and silicon-containing layers including interpenetrating networks are also provided. In addition, photoreceptors and image-forming apparatus including such silicon-containing layers are provided.

PHOTOCONDUCTIVE IMAGING MEMBER

ARYLMETHYLOLS, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USE

NOVEL ARYLMETHYLOLS, THEIR PREPARATION AND THEIR USE Compounds of the formula (1) ( 1 ), wherein Rl, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6, R7 and R8 have the meanings given in the description, and the other radicals have the following meanings: X, Y and Z denote identical or different divalent radicals -O-, -S-, -N(R9)- or C(R10)=C(Rll)-, with the proviso that at least one of the radicals X, Y and Z ls not a radical of the formula -C(R10)=C(Rll)-, and wherein R9 is a hydrogen atom, a branched or unbranched C1- to C8-alkyl radical or an optionally substituted phenyl radical, and R10 and R11 are, in each case, identical or different radicals which have one of the meanings of Rl, 1211--L.can R7 and R8 denote identical or different radicals, that is to say hydrogen atoms or C1- to C6-alkyl or phenyl radicals, and n, m and o denote identical or different integers with a value of from 1 to 10. Also provided are a process for the preparation of these compounds, processes for their polymerization, novel polymers ...

Layered Photoreceptor with Overcoatings Containing Hydrogen Bonded Materials

PHOTORECEPTOR

Photoreceptor A photoreceptor comprises a charge generating layer and a charge transporting layer, the former containing: (i) as a charge generating compound at least one selected from the group consisting of pyrrolopyrrol, mono- or dithio pyrrolopyrrol, azo pigments, quinacridone, phthalocyanine, indanthrone, flavathrone, pyranthrone, anthraquinon, perylene, dioxazine, perinone, thioindigo, isoindoline, isoindolinon and metal complexes; and (ii) 1-100 wt%, relative to the weight of the above charge generating compound, of a nitro xyl or hydroxylamino compound composed of at least an unsubstituted or substituted 5-, 6- or 7-membered heterocycle containing a divalent group of Formula or , wherein R1 and R2 independently represent methyl, ethyl or phenyl or altogether form a 4-12 membered aliphatic ring, L represents an aromatic residue, Y means O or OH, or an acid addition salts thereof, or (iia) 0.01-100 wt%, relative to the weight of the above charge generating compound, of ...

Plaque photoconductrice et procédé de préparation de cette plaque.

Verfahren für die Herstellung einer Druckunterlage für elektrostatisches Bedrucken

Elément enregistreur électrophotographique et son procédé de fabrication

Photoleitfähiges Blatt für die elektrophotographische Reproduktion von Bildern

Verfahren zur Herstellung elektrophotographischer Bilder

Verfahren zur Verhinderung des Randeffektes in lichtleitfähigen Schichten für elektrophotographisches Verfahren

Procédé xérographique pour matérialiser une image électrostatique

In der Wärme glänzend werdendes flächenförmiges Material

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Umkehrbildern auf elektrophotographischem Wege

Procédé de préparation d'un élément d'enregistrement pour impression électrostatique

Elektrophotographisches Material

Verfahren zur Herstellung lithographischer Druckformen und nach dem Verfahren hergestellte Druckformen

Photoleitfähiges Kopierblatt

Verfahren zur Herstellung von lichtleitfähigen Schichten auf flächenförmigen Trägern für elektrophotographische Verfahren

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Materials für elektrophotographische und ähnliche Anwendungen sowie nach dem Verfahren hergestelltes Material

Verfahren zur Herstellung elektrophotographischer Reproduktionsmaterialien und nach diesem Verfahren hergestelltes elektrophotographisches Reproduktionsmaterial

Verfahren zur Wiedergabe eines graphischen Originals

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Reproduktionen

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines wasserunlöslichen Proteinderivates

Elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial

Article non textile pourvu d'un film auto-adhérent

Procédé de fabrication d'un matériel photoconducteur

Procédé de fabrication d'un matériel électro-photographique

Verfahren zur Entwicklung eines elektrostatischen Ladungsbildes

Reusable electrophotographic elements with a

... xerographic plates contain 1 part by wt. of a phthalocyanine and 1-20 parts of a binder. The plates are highly photoconductive and can sustain high electrical fields. The phthalocyanine may contain a metal or may be metal-free in the alpha,beta, gamma and/or X form. The layer may be coated on a support or self-supporting and overcoated with bichromated shellac. Suitable resin binders are polystyrene, silicones, and acrylic ester, methacrylate ester, vinyl, epoxy and acrylonitrile (co)polymers.

Photoleitendes Material

Verfahren zur Entwicklung eines elektrostatischen Ladungsbildes

Procédé d'enregistrement d'une information

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrophotographischen Materials

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrophotographischen Materials

Verfahren zur Herstellung eines elektrophotographischen Materials

Couche photoconductrice

Photoleitende Kopierfolie

Elektrofotografisches Verfahren

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON STYRYLVERBINDUNGEN.

Symmetrical styryl cpds - useful as optical brighteners for organic materials,esp polyamides pvc and polystyrene

New cpds. of formula: where either a) 1,2 or 3 of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is F, Cl or Br and the remainder H or b) 1 or 2 of R1, R2, R3 and R4 is F, Cl or Br and one of the other R's is a 1-4C alkyl gp., or a 1-4C alkoxy gp. or 2 of them together represent a methylenedioxy gp. and the remaining symbols are H.

Procédé de développement d'une image électrostatique

Elektrophotographisches Material

Procédé de revêtement de surfaces

Procédé de fabrication de pellicules transférables portant un motif, par électrographie

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckformen

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckformen

Procédé d'enregistrement d'une information

Elektrophotographisches Aufzeichnungsmaterial

Elektrolytisches Verfahren zur Erzeugung eines quartären Ammoniumhydroxydes

Plaque électrophotographique

Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Auftragen flüssiger Beschichtungsmischungen auf Träger

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Druckformen für den Spiritusdruck

Verfahren zur Herstellung von lichtleitfähige Schichten auf flächenförmigen Trägern aufweisenden Materialien für elektrophotographische Verfahren

Procédé de fabrication d'une pièce de tricot, dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre de ce procédé et pièce de tricot obtenue au moyen de ce procédé

Imaging members having a chemical resistive overcoat layer

The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to imaging members used in electrostatography. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to electrophotographic imaging members which have an added-on protective overcoat layer formulated to comprise of a novel A-B diblock copolymer comprising two segmental blocks of a bisphenol polycarbonate and an organic acid terminal which provides chemical vapor contaminant resistive property. The overcoat layer may further be formulated to include small quantity of charge transport compound. The present embodiments provide superior copy printout quality.

Photoreceptor for electrophotography, process for producing the same, and electrophotographic apparatus

Provided is a photoreceptor for electrophotography, a process for producing the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic apparatus that includes the photoreceptor. The photoreceptor has a photosensitive layer which contains a resin binder that is a copolymerized polyallylate resin. An electrophotographic apparatus having a photoreceptor drum that includes this photoreceptor has a reduced surface frictional resistance throughout the printing period from the beginning to after printing, thus reducing the amount of surface wear while producing satisfactory images.

Photoconductors containing biaryl polycarbonate charge transport layers

A photoconductor that includes a supporting substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer, and at least one charge transport layer, and where the charge transport layer contains a biaryl polycarbonate, or a mixture of a biaryl polycarbonate and a second polymer such as a polycarbonate.

Charge transport molecule gradient

The present embodiments are generally directed to layers that are useful in imaging apparatus members and components, for use in electrophotographic, including digital, apparatuses. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to an electrophotographic imaging member having a charge transport layer in which a charge transport molecule (CTM) concentration gradient is formed through a single coating pass using only a single charge transport layer solution, and time-of-flight based methods of measuring the CTM gradient through the thickness of the charge transport layer.

Electrophotographic photoreceptor, method of producing electrophotographic photoreceptor, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate, wherein a layer having an outermost surface of the photoreceptor contains a polymer that is formed by polymerizing a crosslinkable charge transport material having an aromatic group and a —CH 2 OH group, and the layer having the outermost surface satisfies the following Formula (1): (Peak 2)/(Peak 1)≦0.05  (1) wherein Peak 1 represents a peak area of an absorption peak (from about 1550 cm −1 to about 1650 cm −1 ) of stretching vibration of an aromatic group, which is obtained when an infrared absorption spectrum of the layer having the outermost surface is measured, and Peak 2 represents a peak area of an absorption peak (from about 1670 cm −1 to about 1710 cm −1 ) of an aromatic aldehyde, which is obtained when the infrared absorption spectrum of the layer having the outermost surface is measured.

Alternate anticurl back coating formulation

The presently disclosed embodiments related generally to a layer that provides overall flatness to flexible imaging members and components for use in electrostatographic apparatuses. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to a flexible electrophotographic imaging member belt prepared to include an anti-curl back coating formulated to comprise a mechanically robust copolymer binder that does have enhanced wear resistance and improved imaging member curl control.

Polycarbonate binder for electrophotographic photoreceptor coatings

A polycarbonate composition for an electrophotographic photoreceptor coating, wherein the polycarbonate includes 1 to 100 mole percent of first units of the formula and 0 to 99 mole percent of one or more second units of the formula and wherein the polycarbonate has a weight average molecular weight of at least 50,000 g/mole, and a polydispersity index of 1 to 5.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

Provided are an electrophotographic photosensitive member in which leakage doesn't easily occur, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each including the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a method of manufacturing the electrophotographic photosensitive member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive layer including titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with a hetero element. When an absolute value of a maximum current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case of performing a test of applying −1.0 kV including DC voltage to the conductive layer is defined as Ia, and an absolute value of a current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case where a decrease ratio of a current amount per minute reaches 1% or less for the first time is defined as Ib, the relations of Ia≦6000 and 10≦Ib are satisfied. A volume resistivity of the conductive layer before the test is 1.0×10Ω·cm to 5.0×1012 Ω·cm. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member , comprising:a cylindrical support;a conductive layer comprising a binder material and a metal oxide particle formed on the cylindrical support; anda photosensitive layer formed on the conductive layer, whereinthe metal oxide particle is a titanium oxide particle coated with tin oxide doped with phosphorus; [{'br': None, 'Ia≦6000 \u2003\u2003(i); and'}, {'br': None, '10≦Ib \u2003\u2003(ii),'}], 'when an absolute value of a maximum current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case of performing a test of continuously applying a voltage of −1.0 kV comprising only a DC voltage to the conductive layer is defined as Ia [μA], and an absolute value of a current amount flowing through the conductive layer in a case where a decrease ratio of a current amount per one minute flowing through the conductive layer reaches 1% or less for the first time is defined as Ib [μA], the Ia and the Ib satisfy the following relations (i) and (ii); and'}{' ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electroconductive support member and a photosensitive layer. The uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal. The proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: a support member; and an electroconductive layer ,wherein the uppermost layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member defines a surface layer, and the surface layer contains polytetrafluoroethylene particles, a charge transporting material, and polyvinyl acetal, andwherein the proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 0.1% by mass to 15.0% by mass, and the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 35% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the proportion of the polyvinyl acetal content to the polytetrafluoroethylene particles content in the surface layer is in the range of 3.0% by mass to 12.0% by mass.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the polytetrafluoroethylene particles have an average primary particle size in the range of 50 nm to 100 nm.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transporting material content in the surface layer is 60% by mass or more relative to the total mass of the surface layer.5. A process cartridge capable of being removably attached to an ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising: a conductive support; and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive support, wherein the photosensitive layer includes a polyester resin containing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, and the dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of the specific dihydric phenol residues, and the other specific dihydric phenol residue. 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by Formula (1) to Formula (3) is 5 to 80 mol % with respect to the entire dihydric phenol residue in the polyester resin.5. A method for producing a polyester resin claim 1 , comprising:carrying out polymerization by an interfacial polymerization method using at least one kind of ester oligomer as a starting material.6. The method for producing a polyester resin according to claim 5 ,wherein the ester oligomer is obtained by a solution polymerization method or a melt polymerization method.7. The method for producing a polyester resin according to any claim 4 ,wherein the polyester resin is obtained by polymerizing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, andthe dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by the Formula (1) to the Formula (3), and a dihydric phenol residue represented by the Formula (4).8. The method for producing a polyester resin according to claim 5 ,wherein the polyester resin is obtained by polymerizing a dihydric phenol residue and a dicarboxylic acid residue, andthe dihydric phenol residue includes at least one dihydric phenol residue selected from the group of dihydric phenol residues represented by the Formula (1) to the Formula (3), and a dihydric phenol residue ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

Provided is an electrophotographic photoconductor including: a conductive support; an undercoat layer; and a photoconductive layer, wherein the undercoat layer and the photoconductive layer are provided over the conductive support in the order of reciting, wherein the undercoat layer contains at least metal oxide particles, a binder, and a salicylic acid derivative such as 4-methylsalicylic acid, wherein the metal oxide particles have a volume resistivity of 1×10Ω·cm or higher but 1×10Ω·cm or lower, wherein the undercoat layer has a volume resistivity of 0.001×10Ω·cm or higher but 0.02×10Ω·cm or lower, and wherein the undercoat layer has a thickness of 2 micrometers or greater but 20 micrometers or less. 2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles comprise zinc oxide particles.3. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles have an average primary particle diameter of 50 nm or greater but 200 nm or less.4. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein one or both of Xand Xin the salicylic acid derivative represented by general formula (1) is/are a hydrogen atom claim 1 , an alkyl group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms claim 1 , an alkoxy group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms claim 1 , or an aralkyl group that comprises 4 or more carbon atoms.5. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide particles comprise zinc oxide particles doped with a Group XIII element.6. An image forming apparatus comprising:an electrophotographic photoconductor;a charging unit configured to charge a surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor;an exposing unit configured to expose the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoconductor to light to form an electrostatic latent image;a developing unit configured to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a visible image; anda ...

POLYMER FOR CHARGE GENERATION LAYER AND CHARGE TRANSPORT LAYER FORMULATION

The disclosure provides a flexible electrophotographic imaging member comprising a single novel polymer binder in the formulation of the imaging layers. In particular, the present embodiments provide multi-layered electrophotographic imaging members prepared by using the same polymer binder in the two contiguous imaging formation layers to improve mechanical and photoelectrical performance. The embodiments also include a process for making and using the imaging member. 2. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the A-B di-block copolymer has a weight average molecular weight of between about 80 claim 1 ,000 and about 250 claim 1 ,000.3. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , further including an anticurl back coating positioned on a second side of the substrate opposite to the charge generating layer and the charge transport layer to provide imaging member flatness.4. The flexible imaging member of claim 3 , wherein the charge transport layer has a thickness of from about 15 to about 40 micrometers.5. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer and charge generation layer further comprise a plasticizer compound.6. The flexible imaging member of being curl-free without use of an anticurl back coating layer.7. The flexible imaging member of claim 5 , wherein the charge transport layer has a thickness of from about 15 to about 40 micrometers.12. The flexible imaging member of claim 5 , wherein the plasticizer compound in the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer is selected from the group consisting of liquid phthalates claim 5 , liquid monomeric carbonates claim 5 , oligomeric polystyrenes claim 5 , fluoroketones and mixtures thereof.16. The flexible imaging member of claim 12 , wherein the fluoroketones are selected from the group consisting of 3-(trifluoromethyl)phenylacetone claim 12 , 2′-(trifluoromethyl)propiophenone claim 12 , 2 claim 12 ,2 claim 12 ,2-trifluoro-2′ claim 12 ,4′-dimethoxyacetophenone ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

Provided is a method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an undercoat layer, the method including preparing a coating liquid for an undercoat layer containing: a titanium oxide particle; a polyol resin; a blocked isocyanate compound in which a structure represented by the formula (1) or the formula (2) is bonded to an isocyanate group; and a monohydric alcohol represented by the formula (3): 2. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the monohydric alcohol represented by the formula (3) is at least one selected from the group consisting of methanol claim 1 , ethanol claim 1 , 1-propanol claim 1 , and 1-butanol.4. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the coating liquid for an undercoat layer further contains an ether having a boiling point higher than a boiling point of the monohydric alcohol represented by the formula (3).5. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 4 , wherein the ether is at least one selected from the group consisting of tetrahydropyran claim 4 , tetrahydrofuran claim 4 , and 1 claim 4 ,3-dioxolane.6. A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio (Mm/Mu) of a mass (Mm) of the titanium oxide particle to a total mass (Mu) of the isocyanate compound and the polyol resin is 1/1 or more and 4/1 or less (mass ratio). 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to a method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member.2. Description of the Related ArtAn electrophotographic photosensitive member obtained by forming an undercoat layer (intermediate layer) and a photosensitive layer on a support in the stated order is often used as an electrophotographic photosensitive member to be used in an electrophotographic apparatus. The undercoat layer is generally formed by forming a ...

PHOTORECEPTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE

A photoreceptor for electrophotography, a method for manufacturing the photoreceptor, and an electrophotographic device including the photoreceptor are disclosed. The photoreceptor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is provided on the conductive substrate and that has an outermost surface layer containing at least a resin binder and an electron transport material. The resin binder is composed of a polyarylate resin having a structural unit represented by a Chemical Structural Formula 1, and the electron transport material is composed of a compound having a structure represented by a Structural Formula (ET2-3). The photoreceptor has high sensitivity, low residual electric potential, no light fatigue and sufficient stain resistance. 3. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is the outermost surface layer.4. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 3 , wherein the photosensitive layer is composed of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer claim 3 , and the charge transport layer is the outermost surface layer.5. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein a surface protective layer is provided on the photosensitive layer claim 1 , and the surface protective layer is the outermost surface layer.6. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 3 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a positively charged single-layer type.7. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 3 , wherein the photosensitive layer is composed of a charge transport layer and a charge generation layer claim 3 , and the charge generation layer is the outermost surface layer.8. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost surface layer contains the electron transport material in an amount of 10 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the resin ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND APPARATUS OF FORMING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence. The surface protective layer includes a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material, and at least two polymerization initiators. The polymerization initiators include an acyl phosphine oxide and an O-acyl oxime. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support , a photosensitive layer , and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence , whereinthe surface protective layer comprises a cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable compound, a charge transporting material, and at least two polymerization initiators; andthe polymerization initiators comprise an acyl phosphine oxide and an O-acyl oxime.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , when amounts of the acyl phosphine oxide and the O-acyl oxime are respectively expressed as A and B claim 1 , a ratio A:B is within a range of 3:7 to 8:2.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transporting material exhibits a maximum absorption wavelength of 405±50 nm in an absorption spectrum.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface protective layer contains metal oxide particles.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 , wherein the metal oxide particles have a reactive organic group.7. A method of producing an electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive support claim 5 , a photosensitive layer claim 5 , and a surface protective layer disposed in sequence claim 5 , the method comprising forming the surface protective layer by curing a composition containing a polymerizable compound claim 5 , a charge transporting material claim 5 , and at least two polymerization initiators claim 5 , wherein the polymerization initiators ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer includes a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer. The charge generating layer contains a charge generating material. The charge transport layer contains a hole transport material and a binder resin. The charge transport layer further contains an electron acceptor compound. The hole transport material includes a compound represented by general formula (1). In general formula (1), R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, and Reach represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or a methyl group. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereina ratio of a mass of the hole transport material to a mass of the binder resin is at least 0.50.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereina ratio of a mass of the electron acceptor compound to a mass of the hole transport material is at least 0.01 and no greater than 0.30. The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2017-141456, filed on Jul. 21, 2017. The contents of this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.The present disclosure relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member.An electrophotographic photosensitive member is used as an image bearing member in an electrophotographic image forming apparatus (for example, a printer or a multifunction peripheral). Examples of the image bearing member include an image formation member (image hearing member) including at least one charge transport layer that contains a terphenyl diamine charge transport component of a specific structure. The terphenyl diamine charge transport component is represented by chemical formula (II), for example.An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to the present disclosure includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and containing a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material, from 3% by mass to 40% by mass of a second electron transport material, a resin binder, and an inorganic oxide filler surface-treated with a silane coupling agent. In a dipole-dipole force component (a Hansen solubility parameter), the first electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPa<2.50; the second electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPb<2.50; and the first electron transport material and the second electron transport material have a difference of 0.30<ΔSPc<1.00. In a London dispersion force component (a Hansen solubility parameter), the resin binder and the silane coupling agent have a difference of ΔSPd<2.00. 1. An electrophotographic photoconductor , comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and containing a charge generation material, a hole transport material, a first electron transport material, a second electron transport material, a resin binder, and an inorganic oxide filler surface-treated with a silane coupling agent,wherein the first electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference ΔSPa in a dipole-dipole force component, that is a Hansen solubility parameter, between the first electron transport material and the silane coupling agent that satisfies a relationship of ΔSPa<2.50,wherein the second electron transport material and the silane coupling agent have a difference ΔSPb in a dipole-dipole force component, that is a Hansen solubility parameter, between the second electron transport material and the silane coupling agent that satisfies a relationship of ΔSPb<2.50,wherein the first electron transport material and the second electron transport ...

PHOTOCONDUCTOR

Described herein is a photoreceptor having a substrate, a charge generating layer, a charge transport layer comprising N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine having a purity of from about 95 percent to about 100 percent, and a protective overcoat layer. The N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine has been treated by a purification process two or more times. 1. A photoreceptor comprising:a substrate;a charge generating layer;a charge transport layer comprising N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine having a purity of from about 95 percent to about 100 percent; anda protective overcoat layer, wherein the N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine has been treated by a purification process two or more times.2. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the purification process comprises:providing a mixture of N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine and an absorbent selected from the group consisting of alumina, silica, magnesium sulfate and activated clays;refluxing a solvent through the mixture at a temperature of from about 80° C. to about 180° C. for a period of time of from about 4 hours to about 48 hours;filtering the solvent to obtain N,N,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1,1′-biphenyl)-4,4′-diamine.3. The photoreceptor of claim 2 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of: heptane claim 2 , toluene claim 2 , xylene claim 2 , ethyl acetate claim 2 , isoparrafin claim 2 , cyclohexane and benzene.4. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer further comprises a polymer binder.5. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer is between from about 1 to about 100 microns thick.6. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the N claim 1 ,N claim 1 ,N′N′-tetra(4-methylphenyl)-(1 claim 1 ,1′-biphenyl)-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine is present in an amount of from about 1% to about 75% by weight of the charge transport layer.7. The ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR CARTRIDGE, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND DISPERSANT FOR FLUORORESIN

The invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor which is excellent in abrasion resistance and electrical properties by using a fluororesin and a polymer containing a structure represented by a specific formula, and has a long life span, an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor, and a dispersant which is excellent in dispersibility of a fluororesin particle, and the electrical properties, and the compatibility with a binder resin. 6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein in a polymer having the structure represented by the Formula (1) and the structure represented by the Formula (2), a content of the structure represented by the Formula (1) is 20% by mass to 70% by mass.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein a weight average molecular weight of the polymer having the structure represented by Formula (1) and the structure represented by Formula (2) is 5,000 to 100,000.8. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein a content of the polymer having the structure represented by Formula (1) is 0.5 parts by mass to 20 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of fluororesin.9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 ,wherein the photosensitive layer further contains a binder resin in addition to the polymer having the structure represented by the Formula (1) and the structure represented by the Formula (2) and the fluororesin, and a content of the fluororesin is 1 parts by mass to 30 parts by mass with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.10. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 ,wherein an average primary particle diameter of the fluororesin is 0.1 μm to 1.0 μm.11. An electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to .12. An image forming apparatus comprising the ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING PHOTORECEPTOR LAYERS

The present teachings describe a process of forming a charge transport layer (CTL) coating dispersion. The process includes mixing a surfactant and a first organic solvent until the surfactant is completely solubilized. Fluoroplastic particles are added to the solubilized surfactant and first organic solvent while mixing to form a slurry. The slurry includes a particulate solid content of from about 5 weight percent to about 60 weight percent. The process includes mixing a base solution that includes a charge transport material, a binder, an antioxidant and a second organic solvent. The base solution is added to the slurry while mixing to form a CTL pre-mix dispersion. 1. A process of forming a charge transport layer coating dispersion , the process comprising:mixing a surfactant and a first organic solvent until the surfactant is completely solubilized;adding fluoroplastic particles to the surfactant and first organic solvent while mixing to form a slurry wherein the slurry comprises a particulate solid content of from about 5 weight percent to about 60 weight percent of the slurry, wherein a coverage of the surfactant on the fluoroplastic particles ranges from about 45 percent to about 100 percent of a maximum adsorption;mixing a base solution comprising a charge transport material, a binder, an antioxidant and a second organic solvent; andadding the base solution to the slurry while mixing to form a charge transport layer pre-mix dispersion.2. The process of claim 1 , further comprising:processing the pre-mix dispersion to form a coating dispersion.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the first organic solvent is selected from the group consisting of: tetrahydrofuran claim 1 , toluene claim 1 , N-butyl acetate claim 1 , xylene claim 1 , monochlorbenzene claim 1 , methylene chloride claim 1 , cyclohexanone claim 1 , methyl ethyl ketone claim 1 , methyl isobutyl ketone claim 1 , polyvinyl ketone and mixtures thereof.4. The process according to claim 1 , ...

Image forming apparatus and image forming method

An image forming apparatus includes an image bearing member, a charger, and a cleaning member. The charger charges a circumferential surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity. The cleaning member is pressed against the circumferential surface of the image bearing member and collects a toner remaining on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member. A linear pressure N of the cleaning member on the circumferential surface of the image bearing member is at least 14 N/m and no greater than 40 N/m. A rebound resilience R of the cleaning member at a temperature of 25° C. is at least 38%. The leaner pressure N and the rebound resilience R satisfy mathematical formula (1A). The image bearing member satisfies mathematical formula (1B) R < 13.771 × N 0.4043 ( 1  A ) 0.60 ≦ V ( Q / S ) × ( d / ɛ r · ɛ 0 ) ( 1  B )

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PRODUCTION METHOD OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

The present invention provides: an electrophotographic photosensitive member which can achieve both of abrasion resistance and electrical characteristics; a production method of the electrophotographic photosensitive member; and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member. A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a cured product and a specific amount of an alcohol or carboxylic acid having a specific structure, wherein the cured product is a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support , a charge generation layer , a charge transport layer and a surface layer in the listed order , wherein [{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'a, 'HC—(CH)—COOH\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'b, 'HC—(CH)—OH\u2003\u2003(2)'}], 'the surface layer comprises a cured product and a compound represented by formula (1) or (2)wherein in the formula (1), a is an integer of 6 or more; and in the formula (2), b is an integer of 6 or more;the cured product is a polymerized product of a hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group; andthe compound represented by the formula (1) or (2) is contained in an amount of 50 to 4000 ppm with respect to the hole transporting compound having an acryloyloxy group or a methacryloyloxy group.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein b in the formula (2) is an integer of 12 or more.10. A production method of an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support claim 3 , a charge generation layer claim 3 , a charge transport layer and a surface layer in the listed order claim 3 ,the production method comprising: [{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'a, 'HC—(CH)—COOH\u2003\u2003(1)'}, {'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2', 'b, 'HC—(CH)—OH\u2003\u2003(2)'}], 'preparing ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

A process cartridge includes an electrophotographic photosensitive member and a gap retaining member, wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a first region having an undercoat layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order and a second region having an undercoat layer and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order, the undercoat layer contains a metal oxide particle and any one of an urethane resin, an amino resin, and a polyamide resin as a binder resin, and the charge transporting layer contains a charge transporting substance and at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin and a polyester resin, and wherein the gap retaining member comes into contact with a surface of the second region of the electrophotographic photosensitive member. 1. A process cartridge detachably mountable to a main body of an electrophotographic apparatus , comprising:an electrophotographic photosensitive member;a charging member for charging the electrophotographic photosensitive member;a developer bearing member for supplying developer to the electrophotographic photosensitive member; anda gap retaining member configured to retain a distance between the electrophotographic photosensitive member andthe charging member or the developer bearing member;wherein the electrophotographic photosensitive member comprises:a first region having an undercoat layer, a charge generating layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order;a second region having an undercoat layer, and a charge transporting layer on a support in this order;the charge transporting layer is a surface layer, and the charge transporting layer comprises a charge transporting substance and at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin and a polyester resin, the undercoat layer comprises a metal oxide particle and any one of an urethane resin, an amino resin and a polyamide resin ...

CONSUMABLE COMPONENT IDENTIFIERS

An example consumable print device component may comprise a surface and a human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier arranged on the surface. 1. A consumable print device component comprising:a surface; anda human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier arranged on the surface.2. The consumable print device component of claim 1 , wherein the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier is arranged such as to not interfere with marking a print medium.3. The consumable print device component of claim 1 , wherein the surface comprises an electrically-conductive material.4. The consumable print device component of claim 1 , wherein the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier is etched in the surface.5. The consumable print device component of claim 1 , further comprising a layer of material arranged over the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier.6. The consumable print device component of claim 5 , wherein the layer of material comprises a photoconductive material.7. The consumable print device component of claim 1 , wherein the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier comprises a unique identifier.8. An organic photoconductor (OPC) drum comprising:a cylindrical substrate;a human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier arranged on a surface of the cylindrical substrate; anda photoconductive layer arranged around the cylindrical substrate.9. The OPC drum of claim 8 , wherein the cylindrical substrate comprises aluminum and the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier is etched into the aluminum of the cylindrical substrate.10. The OPC drum of claim 8 , wherein the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier is arranged at a peripheral portion of the surface of the cylindrical substrate.11. The OPC drum of claim 10 , wherein the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier is further arranged to transfer a latent image of the human-indiscernible hardware-based identifier to a peripheral portion of an intermediate transfer belt.12. The OPC ...

PHOTOELECTRICAL STABLE IMAGING MEMBERS

The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to flexible imaging members used in electrophotographic imaging apparatuses. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to electrophotographic imaging members which have imaging layer(s) formulated to comprise of a novel polymer blended binder comprising a bisphenol type polycarbonate and an organic acid-containing copolyester doped into the polycarbonate which provides improved properties and performance to the resulting imaging member. The formulated imaging layer(s) may further include a plasticizer. 2. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the polycarbonate is present in the polymer blended binder in an amount of from about 95 percent to about 99 percent by weight of the total weight of the polycarbonate and organic acid-containing copolyester.3. (canceled)4. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the at least one charge transport layer further comprises a plasticizer compound.6. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer is a dual-layer including a bottom charge transport layer and a top exposed charge transport layer disposed on the bottom charge transport layer claim 1 , and further wherein both the bottom and the top exposed charge transport layers have the same thickness with a total thickness of from about 20 to about 40 micrometers.7. The imaging member of claim 6 , wherein the charge transport component present in the bottom charge transport layer in an amount of from about 60 to about 80 weight percent and is present in the top exposed charge transport layer in an amount of from about 20 to about 40 weight percent claim 6 , based on the total weight of the charge transport compound and polymer blended binder in each respective layer.8. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer is a triple-layer including a bottom charge transport layer claim 1 , a center charge transport layer disposed on the bottom charge transport layer claim 1 , and ...

HIGH SPEED CHARGE TRANSPORT LAYER

A photoreceptor includes a substrate a charge generating layer disposed on the substrate and a charge transport layer disposed on the charge generating layer, the charge transport layer includes a hole transport molecule, a fluorinated diol, and a leveling agent, the charge transport layer is substantially free of a polymer binder and catalyst, and has a post-discharge voltage of less than about 10 volts. 1. A photoreceptor comprising:a substrate;a charge generating layer disposed on the substrate; and a hole transport molecule;', 'a fluorinated diol; and', 'a leveling agent;', 'wherein the charge transport layer is substantially free of a polymer binder and catalyst, and has a post-discharge voltage of less than about 10 volts., 'a charge transport layer disposed on the charge generating layer, the charge transport layer comprising2. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the photoreceptor further comprises an overcoat layer disposed on the charge transport layer.3. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer comprises a crosslinked portion distal to the charge generating layer.4. The photoreceptor of claim 3 , wherein the crosslinked portion comprises a continuous gradient whereby the degree of crosslinking is greatest distal to the charge generating layer.5. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the hole transport molecule comprises a core selected from the group consisting of triarylamines claim 1 , hydrazones claim 1 , and enamines.6. The photoreceptor of claim 5 , wherein the hole transport molecule is a triarylamine.7. The photoreceptor of claim 6 , wherein the triarylamine is N4 claim 6 ,N4 claim 6 ,N4′ claim 6 ,N4′-tetrakis(4-(methoxymethyl)phenyl)biphenyl-4 claim 6 ,4′-diamine.8. The photoreceptor of claim 1 , wherein the fluorinated diol is a perfluorinated diol selected from the group consisting of perfluorinated 1 claim 1 ,6-hexanediol claim 1 , perfluorinated 1 claim 1 ,8-octanediol claim 1 , and perfluorinated 1 claim 1 ,10- ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin. An optical response time is 0.05 milliseconds or longer and 0.85 milliseconds or shorter. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to decay of a surface potential of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. The pulse light has an intensity that allows the surface potential of the photosensitive layer to decay to +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds elapse from the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light. The photosensitive layer has a Martens hardness at 50° C. of at least 160 N/mm. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer of a single layer, whereinthe photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, and a binder resin,an optical response time is 0.05 milliseconds or longer and 0.85 milliseconds or shorter,the optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to decay of a surface potential of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V,the pulse light has an intensity that allows the surface potential of the photosensitive layer to decay to +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds elapse from the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light, and{'sup': '2', 'the photosensitive layer has a Martens hardness at 50° C. of at least 160 N/mm.'}4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , whereinthe polycarbonate resin including the ...

POLYARYLATECARBONATE FLUOROPOLYMER CONTAINING PHOTOCONDUCTORS

A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, an optional anticurl layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer comprised of a first charge transport compound, a second dissimilar charge transport compound, a fluoropolymer and a polyarylatecarbonate. 1. A photoconductor comprising a charge transport layer of a mixture of a polyarylatecarbonate , a first charge transport compound , a second enylarylamine charge transport compound , and a fluoropolymer.3. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein m is from about 60 to about 90 mol percent claim 2 , and n is from about 10 to about 40 mol percent.4. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein m is from about 65 to about 85 mol percent claim 2 , and n is from about 15 to about 35 mol percent.8. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said polyarylatecarbonate possesses a weight average molecular weight of from about 40 claim 2 ,000 to about 70 claim 2 ,000 claim 2 , and a number average molecular weight of from about 30 claim 2 ,000 to about 60 claim 2 ,000 as determined by GPC analysis.9. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said polyarylatecarbonate is present in an amount of from about 40 to about 70 weight percent or from about 45 to about 60 weight percent claim 2 , based on the solids.10. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said fluoropolymer is polytetrafluoroethylene claim 2 , a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and hexafluoropropylene claim 2 , a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(propyl vinyl ether) claim 2 , a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(ethyl vinyl ether) claim 2 , a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene and perfluoro(methyl vinyl ether) claim 2 , and a copolymer of tetrafluoroethylene claim 2 , hexafluoropropylene claim 2 , and vinylidene fluoride claim 2 , and optionally mixtures thereof.12. A photoconductor in accordance with ...

POLYCARBONATE COPOLYMER, COATING SOLUTION, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND ELECTRIC DEVICE

A polycarbonate copolymer includes a repeating unit A represented by a formula (1) below, chain ends of the PC copolymer being terminated by a monovalent aromatic group or a monovalent fluorine-containing aliphatic group. 2. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 1 , whereinthe average repeating number n in the formula (1) is in a range from 6 to 15.5. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 4 , wherein{'sub': A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'when a mole number of the repeating unit A is denoted by M, a mole number of the repeating unit B is denoted by M, a mole number of the repeating unit C is denoted by M, and a mole percentage of total mole numbers of the repeating units A, B and C (M+M+M) is 100 mol %,'}{'sub': A', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'a mole percentage of the repeating unit A represented by {M/(M+M+M)}×100 is in a range from 1 mol % to 7 mol %.'}6. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 5 , wherein{'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'a mole percentage of the repeating unit B represented by {M/(M+M+M)}×100 is in a range from 15 mol % to 89 mol %,'}{'sub': C', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'a mole percentage of the repeating unit C represented by {M/(M+M+M)}×100 is in a range from 10 mol % to 80 mol %.'}7. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 4 , whereinthe repeating unit A accounts for 3 wt % to 60 wt % of a total weight of the polycarbonate copolymer.8. The polycarbonate copolymer according to claim 4 , wherein{'sub': A', 'B', 'C', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'when a mole number of the repeating unit A is denoted by M, a mole number of the repeating unit B is denoted by M, a mole number of the repeating unit C is denoted by M, and a mole percentage of total mole numbers of the repeating units A, B and C (M+M+M) is 100 mol %,'}{'sub': A', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'a mole percentage of the repeating unit A represented by {M/(M+M+M)}×100 is in a range from 1 mol % to 7 mol %,'}{'sub': B', 'A', 'B', 'C, 'a mole percentage of the repeating unit B represented by {M/(M+M+M)}×100 is in a range ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate. An outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle. The fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less but has a fluorine atom, a second structural unit derived from a macromonomer, and a third structural unit having the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, whereinan outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle, andthe fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less but has a fluorine atom, a second structural unit derived from a macromonomer, and a third structural unit having the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the acidic group with a pKa of 3 or less includes an acidic group (Ac) which is at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfo group claim 1 , a phosphate group claim 1 , a phosphonate group claim 1 , and a fluorinated alkyl carboxy group.3. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer disposed on the conductive substrate, whereinan outermost surface layer of the electrophotographic photoreceptor contains a fluorine-based graft polymer and a fluorine-containing resin particle, andthe fluorine-based graft polymer includes at least a first structural unit that does not have an acidic group (Ac) which is at least one selected from the group consisting of a sulfo group, a phosphate group, a ...

IMAGING MEMBERS AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME

Flexible imaging members in electrophotography which have an improved plasticized charge transport layer formulation. The resulting imaging member is resistant to chemical contaminants, photoelectrically stable, fatigue cracking suppression, and has a simplified material structure which is curl-free without the need of an anticurl back coating layer. Process for making and using the member are also disclosed. 2. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport compound is N claim 1 ,N′-diphenyl-N claim 1 ,N′-bis(3-methylphenyl)-1 claim 1 ,1′-biphenyl-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine (m-TBD).3. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the vinyl-containing plasticizer has a high boiling point of at least 250° C.5. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein in the vinyl-containing plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of p-phenylene bis(vinyl carbonate) claim 1 , o-phenylene bis(vinyl carbonate) claim 1 , m-phenylene bis(vinyl carbonate) claim 1 , di-vinyl bisphenol carbonate monomer claim 1 , and derivatives thereof and mixtures thereof.9. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the vinyl-containing plasticizer is present in an amount of from about 3 to about 30 weight percent with respect to the total weight of the charge transport layer.10. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein a weight ratio of charge transport compound to diblock copolymer in the plasticized charge transport layer is from about 30:70 to about 70:30.15. The flexible imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the plasticized charge transport layer comprises multiple layers including at a least a bottom charge transport layer and a top exposed charge transport layer.16. The flexible imaging member of claim 15 , wherein the amount of charge transport component present in the multiple plasticized charge transport layers decreases in continuum from the bottom charge transport layer to the top exposed charge transport layer. The presently disclosed ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer is a single layer, and contains a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a binder resin, and a hole transport material. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe end group is the first end group, andthe halogen atom of the first end group is a fluorine atom.9. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe photosensitive layer further contains an n-type pigment.13. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 11 , whereinthe additive has a melting point of at least 90° C. and no higher than 300° C.16. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe charge generating material includes titanyl phthalocyanine having a Y-form crystal structure.17. A process cartridge comprising:at least one selected from the group consisting of a charger, a light exposure device, a development device, a transfer device, a cleaning member, and a static eliminator; and{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', '#text': 'claim 1'}, '#text': 'the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to .'}18. An image forming apparatus comprising:an image bearing member;a charger configured to charge a surface of the image bearing member to a positive polarity;a light exposure device configured to expose the charged surface of the image bearing member to light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearing member;a development device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image into a toner image; anda transfer device configured to transfer the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer target, wherein{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', '#text': 'claim 1'}, '#text': 'the image bearing member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to .'}19. The image forming ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a photosensitive layer that contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, a binder resin, and a plasticizer. The hole transport material contains a triarylamine derivative represented by General Formula (1) below. The plasticizer contains at least one of a compound represented by General Formula (2a) and a compound represented by General Formula (2b) below. 2. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe photosensitive layer is a multi-layer, anda content of the plasticizer is 10 parts by mass or more and 30 parts by mass or less with respect to 100 parts by mass of the binder resin. The present application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Japanese Patent Application No. 2013-201229, filed Sep. 27, 2013. The contents of this application are incorporated herein by reference in their entirety.The present disclosure relates to electrophotographic photosensitive members.Electrophotographic printers and multifunction peripherals each include an electrophotographic photosensitive member as an image bearing member. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer disposed directly or indirectly on the conductive substrate. In one example, the photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a charge transport material, and an organic material, such as a resin, that binds these materials. Such an electrophotographic photosensitive member is called an electrophotographic organic photosensitive member. When a charge transport material and a charge generating material are contained in separate layers, the electrophotographic organic photosensitive member is referred to as a multi-layer photosensitive member. When a charge transport material and a charge generating material are both contained in the same layer, the electrophotographic organic photosensitive member is referred to as a single-layer ...

Image forming method, image forming apparatus, and process cartridge

An image forming method satisfies the following Expressions: 0.01< Rmf <0.20  Expression (A1) 0.005< Rmf/Wh <5.000  Expression (B1) 0.002< Rmf/Wl <1.000  Expression (B2) 1.0< Wh max/ Wh min<2.5  Expression (C1) 1.0< Wl max/ Wl min<2.5  Expression (C2) wherein, when a content of the fatty acid metal salt particles with respect to the entire weight of the toner is set as Rmf, an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wh, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Whmin, and an average abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wl, a maximum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmax, and a minimum abrasion rate of the electrophotographic photoreceptor is set as Wlmin.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

The invention provides an image forming apparatus and an electrophotographic photoreceptor, comprising: a conductive support; and at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer on the conductive support, wherein said charge generation layer contains a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine synthesized using a halogen solvent, said charge transport layer contains a polyester resin having a specific structural unit, and said charge transport layer is formed using a non-halogen solvent. 17-. (canceled)9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge transport layer contains 40 parts by weight or more of the charge transport substance represented by the following formula 5 per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.10. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge transport layer contains 60 parts by weight or more of the charge transport substance represented by the following formula 5 per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.11. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge transport layer contains 70 parts by weight or more of the charge transport substance represented by the following formula 5 per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.12. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge transport layer contains 110 parts by weight or more of the charge transport substance represented by the following formula 5 per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.13. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge transport layer contains 150 parts by weight or more of the charge transport substance represented by the following formula 5 per 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.14. The electrophotographic photoreceptor of claim 8 , wherein the charge generation layer contains a hydroxygallium phthalocyanine in an amount from 30 parts by mass to 500 parts by mass claim 8 , per 100 parts by mass of the binder resin.15. An image forming apparatus ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PROCESS FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE

An electrophotographic photoreceptor causing no image defect even in long-term use and has excellent wear performance, a method of producing the same, and an electrophotographic device are provided. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a photosensitive layer on a conductive substrate. The slope k of a straight line obtained by plotting the average film density of outermost layer and the boiling point of solvent used for the formation of the outermost layer along the ordinate and the abscissa, respectively, is 1.50E-4 (g/cm·° C.) or greater, and the difference in film density of the outermost layer between the surface side and the side close to the conductive substrate is 0.030 g/cmor less. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer on the conductive substrate , wherein{'sup': '3', 'the slope k of a straight line obtained by plotting the average film density of outermost layer and the boiling point of solvent used for the formation of said outermost layer along the ordinate and the abscissa, respectively, is 1.50E-4 (g/cm·° C.) or greater, and'}{'sup': '3', 'the difference in film density of said outermost layer between the surface side and the side close to said conductive substrate is 0.030 g/cmor less.'}2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein said boiling point of said solvent used for said formation of said outermost layer is in a range of 40° C. to 120° C.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to being a negatively-chargeable laminate-type electrophotographic photoreceptor wherein said outermost layer is a charge transport layer.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the total amount of a charge transport material and a resin binder contained in said charge transport layer is not less than 90% by mass with respect to the solid content of said charge transport layer.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member () includes a conductive substrate () and a photosensitive layer (). The photosensitive layer () is a single-layer photosensitive layer containing at least a charge generating material, an electron transport material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The electron transport material includes a naphthoquinone derivative represented by general formula (1). An amount of triboelectric charge of calcium carbonate as measured by charging the calcium carbonate through friction with the photosensitive layer () is at least +7 μC/g. In general formula (1), Rand Rare respectively the same as Rand Rdescribed in the description. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinin the general formula (1),the aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 14 has an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 as the substituent,the aralkyl group having a carbon number of at least 7 and no greater than 20 has an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 as the substituent, andthe cycloalkyl group having a carbon number of at least 3 and no greater than 10 has an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 6 as the substituent.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein{'sup': 11', '12, 'in the general formula (1), a total number of halogen atoms included in the chemical groups respectively represented by Rand Ris at least 1 and no greater than 3.'}4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein{'sup': 11', '12, 'in the general formula (1), Rand Rdiffer from each other.'}5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinin the general formula (1),{'sup': 11', '12, 'either one of Rand Rrepresents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3 and substituted with one or more ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, MANUFACTURING METHOD OF ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, IMAGE-FORMING APPARATUS AND IMAGE-FORMING METHOD

Disclosed is an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support, a photosensitive layer on the conductive support and a surface layer on the photosensitive layer. The surface layer includes a cured resin prepared by polymerization of a compound having two or more radically polymerizable functional groups per molecule, the cured resin containing an organic resin fine particle and a metal oxide fine particle, and the organic resin fine particle comprising a resin containing a structural unit derived from at least one of melamine and benzoguanamine, the organic resin fine particle having a number average primary particle size of 0.01 to 3.00 μm. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:a conductive support;a photosensitive layer on the conductive support; anda surface layer on the photosensitive layer,whereinthe surface layer comprises a cured resin prepared by polymerization of a compound having two or more radically polymerizable functional groups per molecule, the cured resin containing an organic resin fine particle and a metal oxide fine particle, andthe organic resin fine particle comprising a resin containing a structural unit derived from at least one of melamine and benzoguanamine, the organic resin fine particle having a number average primary particle size of 0.01 to 3.00 lam.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the organic resin fine particle comprises a polycondensate of melamine and formaldehyde.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the organic resin fine particle is contained in an amount of 5 to 40 parts by mass relative to 100 parts by mass of the cured resin.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide fine particle is surface-treated with a surface treating agent comprising a compound having a radically polymerizable functional group.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An image forming apparatus includes a photosensitive member and a charge roller. The photosensitive member comprises a base body, and a photosensitive layer which is a monolayer formed on the base body and comprises a charge generating agent, a charge transport agent and a binder resin. The charge roller configured to contact the photosensitive member and charge the photosensitive member by application of only a DC voltage. The charge roller comprises a conductive rubber layer, and a ten-point average roughness of a surface of the charge roller is 0.9 μm or more and 8.5 μm or less. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising:a photosensitive member comprising a base body, and a photosensitive layer which is a monolayer formed on the base body and comprises a charge generating agent, a charge transport agent and a binder resin; anda charge roller configured to contact the photosensitive member and charge the photosensitive member by application of only a DC voltage,wherein the charge roller comprises a conductive rubber layer, and a ten-point average roughness of a surface of the charge roller is 0.9 μm or more and 8.5 μm or less.2. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the ten-point average roughness of the surface is 5 μm.3. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a resin having a deformation at yield point of 9% or more and 29% or less.4. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a resin having a viscosity average molecular weight of 30000 or more.5. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a resin having a viscosity average molecular weight of 40000 or more and 80000 or less.6. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a resin having a viscosity average molecular weight of 55000 or more and 75000 or less.7. The image forming apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the binder resin is a ...

IMAGING MEMBER HAVING IMPROVED IMAGING LAYERS

The presently disclosed embodiments are directed to charge transport layers useful in electrostatography. More particularly, the embodiments pertain to an electrostatographic imaging member having imaging layers that exhibit improved electrical performance. In these embodiments, both the charge generation layer and charge transport layer comprise a tetra-aryl polycarbonate copolymer. 1. An imaging member comprising:a substrate;a charge generation layer disposed on the substrate; anda charge transport layer disposed on the charge generation layer; wherein both the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer comprise a polymeric binder comprising a tetra-aryl polycarbonate copolymer.3. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the tetra-aryl polycarbonate copolymer is present in the charge generation layer in an amount of from about 10 to about 90 percent by weight of the total weight of the charge generation layer.4. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the tetra-aryl polycarbonate copolymer is present in the charge transport layer in an amount of from about 20 to about 80 percent by weight of the total weight of the charge transport layer.5. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge generation layer has a thickness of from about 0.1 micrometer to about 2 micrometers.6. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer has a thickness of from about 5 micrometers to about 50 micrometers.7. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge generation layer further comprises a pigment selected from the group consisting of chlorogallium phthalocyanine claim 1 , hydroxygallium phthalocyanine and titanylphthalocyanine.8. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer further comprises a charge transport component.9. The imaging member of claim 1 , wherein the charge transport layer further comprises an antioxidant and a surfactant.11. The imaging member of claim 10 , wherein the charge transport layer exhibits a ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

There is provided an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a cylindrical shape, including a plurality of concave portions on a surface thereof, 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a cylindrical shape , comprising a plurality of concave portions on a surface thereof ,wherein a sum of opening areas of the concave portions is 5% or more and 65% or less based on a total area of a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, {'br': None, 'i': 'd', '0.4≤avg≤3.0 (μm)\u2003\u2003Equation (1)'}, 'an average value davg of depths of the concave portions satisfies the following Equation (1),'} {'br': None, 'i': d', 'd≤d, 'avg−0.2≤avg+0.2 (μm)\u2003\u2003Equation (2)'}, 'a sum of opening areas of concave portions having a depth d satisfying the following Equation (2) is 95% or more of the sum of the opening areas of the concave portions,'}an average value Lavg of maximum widths of openings of the concave portions in a circumferential direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is 20 μm or more and 200 μm or less, andthe electrophotographic photosensitive member has at least one region B on the surface thereof, where(band Y0)a band Y0 is,when an average value of maximum widths of the openings of the concave portions in an axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member is defined as Wavg,an annular band including a line LY0 and having a width of 4×Wavg, the line LY0 passing through the center of the electrophotographic photosensitive member in the axial direction as a central line,(line X0)a line X0 is,(i) when two or more shallow concave portions of which 50% or more of an opening area is included in the band Y0 and a depth is 0.5×davg or less are continuously present in the band Y0,a line in the axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, passing through a central point of a line segment and being orthogonal to the band Y0, the line segment connecting deepest positions of two ...

PHOTORECEPTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY, AND PHOTORECEPTOR CARTRIDGE AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS EMPLOYING THE SAME

Provided is a photoreceptor for electrophotography, having high sensitivity and high-speed response performance, and which prevents accumulation of residual potential even when used repeatedly. Also, provided are a photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus, each employing the photoreceptor. 2. The photoreceptor for electrophotography of claim 1 , wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 of Chemical Formula 1 isan alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, ora phenyl group which is substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen atom.4. The photoreceptor for electrophotography of claim 1 , wherein:the photosensitive layer is a single-layered photosensitive layer, andthe charge transporting material is present in the photosensitive layer at a content of 30 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.5. The photoreceptor for electrophotography of claim 1 , wherein: a charge generating layer comprising the binder resin and the charge generating material, and', 'a charge transporting layer comprising the binder resin and the charge transporting material; and, 'the photosensitive layer is a multilayered photosensitive layer comprisingthe charge transporting material is present in the charge transporting layer at a content of 30 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin in the charge transporting layer.7. The image forming apparatus of claim 6 , wherein at least one of Ar1 and Ar2 of Chemical Formula 1 isan alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, ora phenyl group which is substituted or unsubstituted with a halogen atom.9. The image forming apparatus of claim 6 , wherein:the photosensitive layer is a single-layered photosensitive layer, andthe charge transporting material is present in the photosensitive layer at a content of 30 parts by weight to 50 parts by weight, based on 100 parts by weight of the binder resin.10. The image forming apparatus of claim 6 , wherein: a charge ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a support, a charge generating layer containing a charge generation material, and a charge transporting layer containing a charge transport material in this order, the charge transporting layer serving as a surface layer. The charge transporting layer contains a polycarbonate resin having a particular structural unit. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the charge transporting layer contains the polycarbonate resin (iii), andthe charge generation material is a phthalocyanine crystal.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 ,wherein the charge transporting layer contains the polycarbonate resin (iii), anda content of the structural unit represented by the formula (3-1) in the polycarbonate resin (iii) is 25 mol % or more and 70 mol % or less.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transport material is a triarylamine compound.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the charge transporting layer contains a resin having a siloxane structure.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 ,wherein the charge transporting layer contains the polycarbonate resin (ii), andwhen numbers of repetitions of the structural unit represented by the formula (2-1), the structural unit represented by the formula (2-2), and the structural unit represented by the formula (2-3) in the polycarbonate resin (ii) are respectively a, b, and c, a/(a+b+c) is 0.10 to 0.40.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 ,wherein the charge transporting layer contains the polycarbonate resin (ii), andwhen numbers of repetitions of the structural unit represented by the formula (2-1), the structural unit represented by the formula (2-2), and the structural unit represented by the formula (2-3) in the polycarbonate resin (ii) are respectively ...

IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

An image forming apparatus includes an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive substrate, an undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles, disposed on the conductive substrate, and a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer; a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; an electrostatic latent image-forming unit forming an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor; a developing unit developing the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by using a developer containing a toner to form a toner image; and a transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a transfer-receiving member, but not including a charge erasing member that erases charges on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor. The photosensitive layer formed is 3.8% or more and 17% or less to a carbon element abundance determined by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. 1. An image forming apparatus comprising: a conductive substrate,', 'an undercoat layer containing a binder resin and metal oxide particles and being disposed on the conductive substrate, and', 'a photosensitive layer disposed on the undercoat layer;, 'an electrophotographic photoreceptor including'}a charging unit that charges a surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor;an electrostatic latent image-forming unit that forms an electrostatic latent image on the charged surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor;a developing unit that develops the electrostatic latent image on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor by using a developer containing a toner so as to form a toner image; anda transfer unit that transfers the toner image onto a surface of a transfer-receiving member,but not comprising a charge erasing member that erases charges on the surface of the electrophotographic photoreceptor,wherein a metal element ...

MULTI-LAYERED ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITE MEMBER, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING MULTI-LAYERED ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

A multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a multi-layered photosensitive layer. In the multi-layered photosensitive layer, a charge generating layer that contains a charge generating material and a charge transport layer that contains a charge transport material and a binder resin are layered sequentially. The binder resin includes a polycarbonate resin represented by a formula (1). 2. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe range of p is 0.3≦p≦0.7 in the formula (1),3. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe binder resin has a viscosity average molecular weight of 35,000 to 90,000.4. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe charge generating material comprises titanyl phthalocyanine, the titanyl phthalocyanine has a main peak at Bragg angle: 2θ±0.2°=27.2° in CuKα characteristic X-ray diffraction, and having a peak within 270° C. to 400° C. except for peaks caused by vaporization of absorbed water in differential scanning calorimeter.5. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe charge transport layer is formed by applying an application liquid for the charge transport layer obtained by resolving at least the charge transport material and the binder resin in a solvent containing non-halogenized solvent on the charge generating layer.6. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 5 , whereinthe non-halogenized solvent comprises one or more solvent selected from tetrahydrofuran and 1,3-dioxolan.7. The multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe amount of the polycarbonate resin based on the total amount of the binder resin is 70 percent by mass or more.8. A method for producing the multi-layered electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member including an undercoat layer includes preparing a coating liquid for an undercoat layer containing zinc oxide particles, a polyol, a blocked isocyanate compound whose isocyanate group is blocked with a specific structure, and a solvent mixture, in which the solvent mixture contains a monohydric alcohol in an amount of 1 chemical equivalent or more based on the specific structure and 90% by mass or less based on the total mass of the solvent mixture, and a ketonic solvent and/or a cyclic ether solvent in an amount of 7% by mass or more based on the total mass of the solvent mixture. 2. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the solvent mixture contains the monohydric alcohol in an amount of 50% by mass or less based on the total mass of the solvent mixture.3. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the blocked isocyanate compound has a central skeleton composed of isocyanurate.4. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the coat is dried at a drying temperature of 130° C. or higher and 155° C. or lower.5. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ratio (Mm/Mu) of the mass (Mm) of the zinc oxide particles to the total mass (Mu) of the blocked isocyanate compound and the polyol is 2/1 or more and 4/1 or less (mass ratio).6. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the monohydric alcohol is at least one selected from the group consisting of ethanol claim 1 , propanol claim 1 , butanol claim 1 , methoxypropanol claim 1 , and cyclohexanol.7. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the ketonic solvent is at least one selected from the group ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

In an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a photosensitive layer formed on the support, a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member contains a cured product obtained by copolymerizing at least one compound (i) selected from the group consisting of a triphenylamine compound having a hydroxymethyl group and a benzidine compound having a hydroxymethyl group, and at least one compound (ii) selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the following formula (1), a compound represented by the following formula (2), a compound represented by the following formula (3), and a compound represented by the following formula (4): 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the cured product is a cured product obtained by copolymerizing:the at least one compound (i);the at least one compound (ii); andat least one compound (iii) selected from the group consisting of a melamine compound having a hydroxymethyl group and a guanamine compound having a hydroxymethyl group.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the formulae (1) to (4) claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , and Reach independently represent a monovalent group derived by removing one hydrogen atom from a saturated aliphatic hydrocarbon with a carbon number of 4 or less in a straight chain.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the formulae (1) to (4) claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , and Reach independently represent a methyl group or an ethyl group.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface layer further ...

Method of producing electrophotographic photosensitive member

The invention has a process of preparing a dispersion liquid by dispersing particles containing a charge transporting substance and a binder resin in liquid medium containing a specific liquid to prepare a dispersion liquid and a process of forming a coat of the dispersion liquid, and heating and drying the coat to dissolve the particles containing the charge transporting substance and the binder resin with liquid medium to form a charge transporting layer.

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order, in which the undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a specific binder resin, the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a specific binder resin, an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 μm or less, a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy a specific relationship, and a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy a specific relationship. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising: an undercoat layer and a surface layer on or above a support in this order , whereinthe undercoat layer contains metal oxide particles and a binder resin,the surface layer contains a charge transporting substance, fluororesin particles, and a binder resin,an arithmetic average roughness Ra of a surface of the undercoat layer is 0.15 μm or less,the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a urethane resin, a polyamide resin, and a melamine-alkyd resin, {'br': None, 'i': a', 'b, '0.70≤()−()≤1.00\u2003\u2003Equation (1),'}, 'a refractive index (a) of the metal oxide particles and a refractive index (b) of the binder resin contained in the undercoat layer satisfy the following Equation (1)the binder resin contained in the surface layer contains at least one selected from the group consisting of a polycarbonate resin and a polyarylate resin, and {'br': None, 'i': c', 'd, '0.20≤()−()\u2003\u2003Equation (2).'}, 'a refractive index (c) of the binder resin contained in the surface layer and a refractive index (d) of the fluororesin particles satisfy the following Equation (2)2. The electrophotographic ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes, in sequence, a support member; an undercoating layer containing a binder resin and an inorganic particle; and a photosensitive layer, wherein the binder resin of the undercoating layer is an alkyd-melamine resin, and the inorganic particle of the undercoating layer contains a strontium titanate particle. 1. An electrophotographic photoconductor comprising , in sequence:a support member;an undercoating layer containing a binder resin and an inorganic particle; anda photosensitive layer,wherein the binder resin of the undercoating layer is an alkyd-melamine resin, andthe inorganic particle of the undercoating layer contains a strontium titanate particle.2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the undercoating layer claim 1 , a mass ratio of an amount of the strontium titanate particle to a total amount of the inorganic particle is 0.8 or more and 1.0 or less.3. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the undercoating layer claim 1 , a mass content ratio of the inorganic particle to the alkyd-melamine resin is 2.0 or more and 6.0 or less.4. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the alkyd-melamine resin of the undercoating layer claim 1 , a mass ratio of an amount of a melamine resin to a total amount of an alkyd resin is 0.5 or more and 1.2 or less.5. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the undercoating layer claim 1 , the strontium titanate particle has an average primary particle diameter of 10 nm or more and 100 nm or less.7. A process cartridge supporting collectively an electrophotographic photoconductor and at least one unit selected from the group consisting of a charging unit claim 1 , a developing unit claim 1 , a transfer unit claim 1 , a discharging unit claim 1 , and a cleaning unit claim 1 , and being configured to be detachably ...

ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR DRUM HAVING AN OVERCOAT CONTAINING NANO METAL OXIDE PARTICLES AND METHOD TO MAKE THE SAME

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups. 1. An organic photoconductor drum comprising:a support element;a charge generation layer disposed over the support element;a charge transport layer disposed over the charge generation layer; and about 70 percent to about 95 percent by weight of a urethane acrylate resin having at least six radical polymerizable functional groups; and', 'about 5 percent to about 30 percent by weight of a nano metal oxide particle sized less than 400 nm and selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxide, lanthanum oxide and antimony tin oxide,', 'wherein the overcoat layer does not include charge transport materials., 'an overcoat layer formed as an outermost layer of the organic photoconductor drum, the protective overcoat layer being formed from a curable composition including4. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the overcoat layer is cured by an electron beam.5. The organic photoconductor of claim 4 , wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.6. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the nano metal oxide particle is indium tin oxide.7. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 6 , wherein the indium tin oxide metal particle is sized less than 200 nm.8. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the curable composition further includes a monomer or oligomer having at most five radical polymerizable functional groups.9. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the curable composition further includes a coating aid additive at an amount equal to or less than about 10 percent by weight of the curable ...

ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR DRUM HAVING AN OVERCOAT CONTAINING NANO METAL OXIDE PARTICLES AND METHOD TO MAKE THE SAME

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups. 1. A method of preparing an organic photoconductor drum comprising:providing an electrically conductive substrate;preparing a charge generation layer dispersion: 'preparing a charge transport layer dispersion:', 'coating the charge generation layer dispersion over the electrically conductive substrate to form a charge generation layer;'}coating the charge transport layer dispersion over the charge generation layer to form a charge transport layer; about 70 percent to about 95 percent by weight of a urethane acrylate resin having at least six radical polymerizable functional groups; and', 'about 5 percent to about 30 percent by weight of a nano metal oxide particle sized less than 400 nm and selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxidem, lanthanum oxide and antimony tin oxide;', 'an organic solvent;', 'coating the overcoat layer formulation over the charge transport layer; and', 'curing the overcoat layer formulation to form a photoconductor having an overcoat layer over the charge transport layer and the charge generation layers,, 'preparing an overcoat layer formulation includingwherein the overcoat layer does not include charge transport materials.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overcoat layer is cured by an electron beam.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano metal oxide particle is indium tin oxide.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the indium tin oxide metal particle is sized less than 200 nm.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overcoat layer ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD OF PRODUCING SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor is provided that can achieve reductions in the amount of wear in the photoreceptor surface while producing an excellent image on a long-term basis. Also provided are a method of producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and being composed of a resin having a molecular structure optimized using molecular dynamic calculations that is a helical structure, and having a value for a ratio r/I between the diameter (r) and helix pitch (I) of the helical structure that ranges from 0.04 to 1.0. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer provided on the conductive substrate and being comprised of a resin having a molecular structure optimized using molecular dynamic calculations that is a helical structure, and having a value for a ratio r/I between the diameter (r) and helix pitch (I) of the helical structure that ranges from 0.04 to 1.0.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the resin is a polycarbonate resin or a polyarylate resin.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the c and d in the chemical structural formula 1 are 0 mol %.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 3 , wherein the b in the chemical structural formula 1 is a mol % that ranges from 65 mol % to less than 100 mol %.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is comprised of at least a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer claim 1 , and the charge transport layer contains the resin and a charge transport material.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 6 , wherein the charge generation layer and the charge transport layer are stacked in this sequence over the ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

A surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member has a change region in which a ratio of the number of carbon atoms with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms and the number of carbon atoms gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a photoconductive layer side, wherein the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, and the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is precipitous. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member to be negatively electrified , comprising: a conductive substrate; a photoconductive layer which is formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon on the conductive substrate; and a surface layer which is formed from hydrogenated amorphous silicon carbide on the photoconductive layer , whereinthe surface layer has a change region in which a ratio (C/(Si+C)) of the number of carbon atoms (C) with respect to the sum of the number of silicon atoms (Si) and the number of carbon atoms (C) gradually increases toward a surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a side of the photoconductive layer,the change region has an upper charge injection prohibiting portion containing a Group 13 atom, and a surface-side portion which is positioned closer to the surface side of the electrophotographic photosensitive member than the upper charge injection prohibiting portion and does not contain the Group 13 atom, andwhen a precipitous property of the distribution of the Group 13 atom in a boundary portion between the surface-side portion and the upper charge injection prohibiting portion is evaluated with a ...

Photoconductor and method for producing the same

The photoconductor includes a conductive support, a photosensitive layer, and a protective layer. The protective layer is a polymer of a radical-polymerizable composition containing a perfluoropolyether compound including a radical-polymerizable functional group, a radical-polymerizable monomer including a radical-polymerizable functional group, and an inorganic fine particle including a radical-polymerizable functional group. The radical-polymerizable functional group of the perfluoropolyether compound is different from the radical-polymerizable functional group of the radical-polymerizable monomer and identical to the radical-polymerizable functional group of the inorganic fine particle.

CONDUCTIVE SUPPORT, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

A conductive support is formed of a bottomless hollow cylindrical member being made of metal and having a thickness t of equal to or less than 0.5 mm, the conductive support including: a chamfer portion on an outer peripheral surface side of at least one end of the conductive support over an entire circumferential direction, wherein the chamfer portion has a chamfer angle a of equal to or greater than. 10° and less than 30′ with respect to the outer peripheral surface, and a chamfer width b equal to or greater than 0.05 mm in an end surface, and wherein as end surface width c is equal to or greater than 0.1 mm in the end surface including the chamfer portion. 1. A conductive support which is formed of a bottomless hollow cylindrical member being made of metal and having a thickness t of equal to or less than 0.5 mm , 'a chamfer portion on an outer peripheral surface side of at least one end of the conductive support over an entire circumferential direction,', 'wherein the conductive support compriseswherein the chamfer portion has a chamfer angle a of equal to or greater than 10° and equal to or less than 20° with respect to the outer peripheral surface, and a chamfer width b of equal to or greater than 0.05 mm in an end surface, andwherein the conductive support has an end surface width c is equal to or greater than 0.1 mm in the end surface including the chamfer portion.2. The conductive support according to claim 1 ,wherein the thickness t is equal to or less than 0.4 mm.3. The conductive support according to claim 1 ,wherein the end surface width c is equal to or less than 0.3 mm.4. (canceled)5. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:a conductive support which is formed of a bottomless hollow cylindrical member being made of metal and having a thickness t of equal to or less than 0.5 mm, [ wherein the chamfer portion has a chamfer angle a of equal to or greater than 10° and equal to or less than 20° with respect to the outer peripheral surface, and a ...

PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided are a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus each suppressed in fluctuation in charging potential at the time of its long-term use. The process cartridge includes: an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing a resin and a charge-transporting substance; and a charging member configured to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein an average of Martens hardnesses of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member measured at a pushing force of 7 mN is 245 N/mmor more, and wherein in a core defined by three-dimensional surface texture standards (ISO 25178-2:2012) of the surface of the charging member, an average of Martens hardnesses measured at a pushing force of 0.04 mN is 2 N/mmor more and 20 N/mmor less, and an average of adhesivenesses measured with a scanning probe microscope in a field of view of 2-micrometer square is 70 mV or less. 1. A process cartridge comprising:an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a surface layer containing a resin and a charge-transporting substance; anda charging member configured to charge the electrophotographic photosensitive member,{'sup': '2', 'wherein an average of Martens hardnesses of the surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member measured at a pushing force of 7 mN is 245 N/mmor more, and'}{'sup': 2', '2, 'wherein in a core defined by three-dimensional surface texture standards (ISO 25178-2:2012) of a surface of the charging member, an average of Martens hardnesses measured at a pushing force of 0.04 mN is 2 N/mmor more and 20 N/mmor less, and an average of adhesivenesses measured with a scanning probe microscope in a field of view of 2-micrometer square is 70 mV or less.'}6. A process cartridge according to claim 5 , wherein a ratio of the structure represented by the general formula (III-1) to the structure represented by the general formula (III) in the polycarbonate resin is 30 mol % or more.8 ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided is a cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member, including a concave/convex portion forming region in which at least one of concave portions and convex portions are formed on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a central portion to both end portions in an axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, wherein a maximum value Lmax and a minimum value Lmin of a distance L from the central portion to one end portion of the concave/convex portion forming region in the axial direction of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfy a specific relation. 1. A cylindrical electrophotographic photosensitive member , comprisinga concave/convex portion forming region in which at least one of concave portions and convex portions are formed on a surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member from a central portion to both end portions in an axial direction of the electrophotographic photosensitive member, {'br': None, 'i': L', 'L', 'L, '0.006≤(max−min)/max≤0.116\u2003\u2003Expression (1).'}, 'wherein a maximum value Lmax and a minimum value Lmin of a distance L from the central portion to one end portion of the concave/convex portion forming region in the axial direction of the surface of the electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfy the following Relational Expression (1)2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Lmax and Lmin satisfy the following Relational Expression (2):{'br': None, 'i': L', 'L', 'L, '0.011≤(max−min)/max≤0.087\u2003\u2003Expression (2).'}3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Lmax claim 1 , Lmin claim 1 , and a diameter P of the electrophotographic photosensitive member satisfy the following Relational Expression (3):{'br': None, 'i': L', 'L', 'P≤, '0.100≤(max−min)/0.333\u2003\u2003Expression (3).'}4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , ...

METHOD TO MAKE A PHOTOCONDUCTOR HAVING AN OVERCOAT WITH TETRAFUNCTIONAL RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULE

A method to make an improved organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device is provided. The improved organic photoconductor drum is prepared using a curable composition including a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups of the general structure exemplified below: 1. A charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups as exemplified below:where Rand Rcontain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group, Rand Rare a non-radical polymerizable functional group, and Rand Rcontain a spacer group and a radical polymerizable functional group wherein the spacer group of R, R, Rand Ris an ethyl group and the radical polymerizable functional group of R, R, Rand Ris an acrylate group. This application is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/983,928, filed on Dec. 30, 2015, entitled “METHOD TO MAKE A PHOTOCONDUCTOR HAVING AN OVERCOAT WITH TETRAFUNCTIONAL RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULES”, which is a continuation application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/145,309, now U.S. Pat. No. 9,256,143, filed Dec. 31, 2013 and issued Feb. 9, 2016, entitled “PHOTOCONDUCTOR OVERCOAT HAVING TETRAFUNCTIONAL RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULE”, all of which are assigned to the assignee of the present application.The present disclosure relates generally to electrophotographic image forming devices, and more particularly to a method to make an organic photoconductor drum having and overcoat with a tetrafunctional radical polymerizable charge transport molecule.Organic photoconductor drums have generally replaced inorganic photoconductor drums in electrophotographic image forming device including copiers, facsimiles and laser printers due to their performance and advantages. These advantages include improved optical properties such as having a wide range of light absorbing wavelengths, improved electrical properties ...

METALLIC INGOT FOR IMPACT PRESSING, CYLINDRICAL METAL MEMBER, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR

A metallic ingot for impact pressing includes a contact surface of the metallic ingot to contact a male mold in impact pressing having a maximum height roughness Rz of 20 μm to 50 μm and an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of 150 μm to 400 μm, the male mold being to be used in combination with a female mold in the impact pressing. 15.-. (canceled)6. A cylindrical metal member having:a thickness deviation of 40 μm or less,a maximum height roughness Rz of an inner circumferential surface of from 0.5 μm to 20 μm,an average length of a roughness curve element RSm of the inner circumferential surface of from 50 μm to 300 μm, andan outer circumferential surface hardness of from 45 HV to 60 HV.7. The cylindrical metal member according to claim 6 ,wherein the maximum height roughness Rz of the inner circumferential surface is from 5 μm to 20 μm.8. The cylindrical metal member according to claim 6 ,wherein the maximum height roughness Rz of the inner circumferential surface is from 8 μm to 17 μm.9. The cylindrical metal member according to claim 6 ,wherein the average length of the roughness curve element RSm of the inner circumferential surface is from 100 μm to 250 μm.10. The cylindrical metal member according to claim 6 ,wherein the average length of the roughness curve element RSm of the inner circumferential surface is from 120 μm to 200 μm.11. The cylindrical metal member according to claim 6 , which is an impact press tube.12. An electrophotographic photoreceptor comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00006', 'claim 6'}, 'an electroconductive substrate formed of the cylindrical metal member according to ; and'}a photosensitive layer provided on the electroconductive substrate. This application is based on and claims priority under 35 USC 119 from Japanese Patent Application No. 2016-246897 filed Dec. 20, 2016.The present invention relates to a metallic ingot for impact pressing, a cylindrical metal member, and an electrophotographic photoreceptor.In ...

Method of Producing Photoconductors Having Titanyl Phthalocyanine and Bisazo Pigments in Dual Charge Generation Layers

A method for preparing a photoconductor with dual charge generation layers is provided. The method comprises the steps of (1) providing an electrically conductive substrate, (2) preparing and coating a first charge generation layer dispersion over the electrically conductive substrate to create a first charge generation layer having titanyl phthalocyanine, (3) preparing and coating a second charge generation layer dispersion over the first charge generation layer to create a second charge generation layer having a bisazo pigment (3) preparing and coating a charge transport layer over the second charge generation layer to form the photoconductor. The photoconductor of the present invention having improved sensitivity at 780 nm, 650 nm, and 450 nm compared to a photoconductor having a single titanyl phthalocyanine-based charge generation layer. 1. A method of preparing a photoconductor comprising the steps of:providing an electrically conductive substrate;preparing a first charge generation layer dispersion comprising titanyl phthalocyanine, binder optional additives and solvent;preparing a second charge generation layer dispersion comprising bisazo pigment, binder optional additives and solvent;coating the first charge generation layer dispersion comprising titanyl phthalocyanine, binder optional additives and solvent over a conductive substrate to form a first charge generation layer;coating the second charge generation layer dispersion comprising bisazo pigment, binder optional additives and solvent over the first charge generation layer to form a second charge generation layer; andcoating the second charge generation layer with a charge transport layer formulation to form the photoconductor.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the titanyl phthalocyanine in the first charge generation layer is selected from the group consisting of Type I titanyl phthalocyanine and Type IV titanyl phthalocyanine claim 1 , or combinations thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ...

PHOTOCONDUCTOR HAVING CROSSLINKABLE TRANSPORT MOLECULES HAVING FOUR RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE GROUPS AND METHOD TO MAKE THE SAME

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a crosslinkable hole transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups. 4. The method of wherein the overcoat layer is cured by an electron beam.5. The method of wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.6. The method of wherein the radical polymerizable group Ris selected from the group consisting of an acrylate group claim 1 , a methacrylate group claim 1 , an allylic group claim 1 , a glycidyl an ether group and an epoxy group.7. The method of wherein the radical polymerizable group Ris an acrylate group.8. The method of wherein Rand Rare hydrogen.9. The method of wherein Ris a methyl group. None1. Field of the DisclosureThe present disclosure relates generally to electrophotographic image forming devices, more particularly to an organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. This photoconductor drum has improved mechanical wear resistance and excellent electrical properties. The overcoat layer contains a charge transport molecule having four radical polymerizable groups in combination with a crosslinkable acrylate having at least 6 functional groups.2. Description of the Related ArtOrganic photoconductor drums have generally replaced inorganic photoconductor drums in electrophotographic image forming device including copiers, facsimiles and laser printers due to their superior performance and numerous advantages compared to inorganic photoconductors. These advantages include improved optical properties such as having a wide range of light absorbing wavelengths, improved electrical properties such as having high sensitivity and stable chargeability, availability of materials ...

METHOD TO MAKE A PHOTOCONDUCTOR HAVING AN OVERCOAT WITH TETRAFUNCTIONAL RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULE

A method to make an improved organic photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device is provided. The improved organic photoconductor drum is prepared using a curable composition including a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable functional groups of the general structure exemplified below: 3. The method of wherein the overcoat layer is cured by an electron beam.4. The method of wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.6. The method of wherein the overcoat layer is cured by electron beam.7. The method of wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm. None.1. Field of the DisclosureThe present disclosure relates generally to electrophotographic image forming devices, and more particularly to a method to make an organic photoconductor drum having and overcoat with a tetrafunctional radical polymerizable charge transport molecule.2. Description of the Related ArtOrganic photoconductor drums have generally replaced inorganic photoconductor drums in electrophotographic image forming device including copiers, facsimiles and laser printers due to their performance and advantages. These advantages include improved optical properties such as having a wide range of light absorbing wavelengths, improved electrical properties such as having high sensitivity and stable chargeability, availability of materials, good manufacturability, low cost, and low toxicity.While the performance and advantages offered by organic photoconductor drums are significant, inorganic photoconductor drums offer much higher durability. Inorganic photoconductor drums (e.g., amorphous silicon photoconductor drums) are ceramic-based, thus being extremely hard and abrasion resistant. The surface of organic photoconductor drums is typically comprised of a low molecular weight charge transport material, and an inert polymeric binder. Therefore, the failure mechanism for organic photoconductor ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

A composition that contains a compound represented by the formula (1) is dissolved in an organic compound, and the composition is purified by using a basic adsorbent that contains at least 15% by mass magnesium and has a volume average particle diameter of 10 μm to 500 μm, both inclusive. An undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid is prepared by removing the basic adsorbent and dispersing metal oxide particles in the obtained solution containing the purified form of the composition. An undercoat layer is formed by forming a coat of the undercoat-layer-forming coating liquid and drying the coat. 2. The method for producing the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the basic adsorbent is a compound represented by the composition of the formula (2):{'br': None, 'sup': 2+', '3+', 'n−, 'sub': 1−x', 'x', '2', 'x/n', '2, 'i': 'm', 'MgAl(OH)AMHO\u2003\u2003(2)'}{'sup': 'n−', 'where Ais an n-valent anion, 0.20≦x≦0.33, and 0 Подробнее

COATING FILM-REMOVING METHOD FOR CYLINDRICAL SUBSTRATE AND MANUFACTURING METHOD FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

Provided is coating film-removing method for removing unnecessary coating film on outer peripheral surface of lower side of cylindrical substrate by dip coating, the method comprising: supplying solvent to inside of substrate; causing, through use of outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member configured to remove coating film at portion to be subjected to coating film removal in outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member to abut against region ranging from upper end to lower end of coating film at the portion; and removing, under a state wherein the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member abuts against the region, the coating film at the portion through rubbing by relatively rotating the substrate and the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member while supplying the solvent, which is supplied to inside and then flows to lower end of the substrate, to abutting portion. 1. A coating film-removing method for a cylindrical substrate including supporting a cylindrical substrate having formed thereon a coating film of an electrophotographic photosensitive member coating liquid in a vertical direction , and removing the coating film at a portion to be subjected to coating film removal present on a lower side of the substrate in a longitudinal direction through use of a coating film-removing member , the method comprising:a solvent-supplying step of supplying a solvent to an inside of the substrate from an opening through which the solvent is discharged;an outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member abutment step of causing, through use of, as the coating film-removing member, an outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member configured to remove the coating film at the portion to be subjected to coating film removal in an outer peripheral surface of the substrate, the outer peripheral surface coating film-removing member to abut against a region ranging from an ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

The invention provides an electrophotographic photoreceptor, which undergoes little abrasion over long term use and is able to develop a stable image, as well as a method of producing the same and an electrophotographic device including the same. The electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that contains an inorganic oxide and that is formed on the conductive substrate from a coating liquid. A test slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide dispersed in a solvent for forming the coating liquid has a light transmittance of 40% or more in a test case where light having a wavelength of 780 nm irradiates the test slurry. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:a conductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer that comprises an inorganic oxide and that is formed on the conductive substrate from a coating liquid,wherein a test slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide dispersed in a solvent for forming the coating liquid has a light transmittance of 40% or more in a test case where light having a wavelength of 780 nm irradiates the test slurry.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the test slurry has a viscosity of 50 mPa·s or less.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide has a primary particle diameter ranging from 1 to 200 nm.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is an outermost layer.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide comprises silica as a main component.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic oxide comprises silica as a main component and from 1 ppm to 1000 ppm of at least one of elemental aluminum and an aluminum compound.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 6 , wherein the inorganic oxide is surface-treated with a ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a single-layer photosensitive layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, an additive, and a binder resin. An optical response time is in a range from 0.05 milliseconds to 0.85 milliseconds. The optical response time is a time from irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm to surface potential decay of the photosensitive layer from +800 V to +400 V. An optical intensity of the pulse light is set so that the surface potential of the photosensitive layer becomes +200 V from +800 V after 400 milliseconds from pulse light irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to the +800 V. The additive includes either of both an ultraviolet absorbing agent and an antioxidant. 1. An electrophotographic photosensitive member comprising a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer , whereinthe photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, an additive, and a binder resin,an optical response time is at least 0.05 milliseconds and no greater than 0.85 milliseconds,the optical response time is a time from irradiation to decay, the irradiation being a time of a start of irradiation of a surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with pulse light having a wavelength of 780 nm, the decay being a time when a surface potential of the photosensitive layer decays from +800 V to +400 V,an optical intensity of the pulse light is set so that the surface potential of the photosensitive layer becomes +200 V from +800 V when 400 milliseconds elapse after the irradiation of the surface of the photosensitive layer charged to +800 V with the pulse light, andthe additive includes at least one of an ultraviolet absorbing agent and an ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR CARTRIDGE AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor including a conductive support and a photosensitive layer on the conductive support, and the photosensitive layer contains a polymer A containing a repeating structural unit represented by a specific formula, and a polymer B containing a repeating structural unit represented by a specific formula. In addition, the present invention relates to an electrophotographic photoreceptor cartridge and an image forming apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor. 3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer A contains a repeating structural unit represented by the above Formula (10).4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein a content ratio of the polymer A to the polymer B in the photosensitive layer is 4:1 to 1:4 in terms of mass ratio.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to wherein the photosensitive layer contains a filler.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 , wherein the filler contains fluorine atom-containing resin particles.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 5 , wherein a total content of the polymer A and the polymer B is 1 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less relative to a mass of the filler.8. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is an outermost surface layer.9. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a lamination type photosensitive layer in which a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer are sequentially laminated from the conductive support side.10. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 9 , wherein the photosensitive layer contains a filler claim 9 , and the polymer A claim 9 , the polymer B claim 9 , and the filler are all contained in the charge transport layer.11. An electrophotographic photoreceptor ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

A photosensitive layer included in an electrophotographic photosensitive member contains at least a charge generating material, a hole transport material, and a binder resin. The hole transport material includes a compound (1). The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin having at least one repeating unit (10) and at least one repeating unit (11). Alternatively, the binder resin includes a polycarbonate resin having a repeating unit (20) and a repeating unit (21). The general formulas (1), (10), (11), (20), and (21) are as follows 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , whereinthe compound represented by the general formula (1) is the compound represented by the chemical formula (1-1) or (1-2).6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe photosensitive layer is a single layer.8. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , whereinthe electron transport material includes the compound represented by the general formula (31).10. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 7 , whereina content percentage of the electron transport material relative to the mass of the photosensitive layer is at least 18.0% by mass and no greater than 30.0% by mass.11. A process cartridge comprising the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to .12. An image forming apparatus claim 1 , comprising:an image bearing member;a charger configured to charge a surface of the image bearing member;a light exposure device configured to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearing member by exposing the charged surface of the image bearing member to light;a developing device configured to develop the electrostatic latent image into a toner image, anda transfer device configured to transfer the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer target, wherein{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the image bearing member is the ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order, the charge transport layer containing a charge transport material. The charge transport layer is a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and contains a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit selected from group A and a structural unit selected from group B (groups A and B defined in the disclosure). 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the polycarbonate resin has a weight-average molecular weight of 40 claim 1 ,000 or more and 80 claim 1 ,000 or less.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a proportion of the structural unit selected from the group A in the polycarbonate resin is 20 mol % or more and 70 mol % or less.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein in the charge transport layer claim 1 , a quantity of the charge transport material is 70% by mass or less of a quantity of the polycarbonate resin.6. The method according to for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member claim 5 , wherein the solvent having a dipole moment of 1.0 D or less is one selected from xylene and methylal. 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for manufacturing this electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus incorporating this electrophotographic photosensitive member.2. Description of the Related ArtElectrophotographic photosensitive members having a charge transport layer as a surface layer are required to be resistant to wear enough to withstand repeated use. To improve the wear resistance of the charge transport layer, researchers have been studying the structure of resins that are used as binders in the charge transport layer, polycarbonate resins in ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member has a support, a charge generation layer, and a charge transport layer in this order, the charge transport layer containing a charge transport material. The charge transport layer is a surface layer of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and contains a polycarbonate resin having a structural unit selected from group A and a structural unit selected from group B (groups A and B defined in the disclosure). 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the polycarbonate resin has a weight-average molecular weight of 40 claim 1 ,000 or more and 80 claim 1 ,000 or less.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a proportion of the structural unit selected from the group A in the polycarbonate resin is 20 mol % or more and 70 mol % or less.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein in the charge transport layer claim 1 , a quantity of the charge transport material is 70% by mass or less of a quantity of the polycarbonate resin.6. The method according to for manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member claim 5 , wherein the solvent having a dipole moment of 1.0 D or less is one selected from xylene and methylal. 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a method for manufacturing this electrophotographic photosensitive member, and a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus incorporating this electrophotographic photosensitive member.2. Description of the Related ArtElectrophotographic photosensitive members having a charge transport layer as a surface layer are required to be resistant to wear enough to withstand repeated use. To improve the wear resistance of the charge transport layer, researchers have been studying the structure of resins that are used as binders in the charge transport layer, polycarbonate resins in ...

Electrophotographic photosensitive member, process cartridge, electrophotographic apparatus, charge transport layer forming coating liquid, and method for manufacturing electrophotographic photosensitive member

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a charge transport layer containing (α) a charge transporting compound, (β) a binding resin in a proportion in the range of 50% by mass to 200% by mass relative to the mass of the charge transporting compound, (γ) a compound being at least one of xylene and toluene with a content in the range of 0.01% by mass to 2.00% by mass relative to the total mass of the charge transport layer, and (δ) a cycloalkanone with a content in the range of 0.01% by mass to 1.20% by mass relative to the total mass of the charge transport layer. Also, a charge transport layer forming coating liquid contains (α′) a charge transport material, (β′) at least one selected from the group consisting of polycarbonate resins and polyester resins, (γ′) at least one of xylene and toluene, and (δ′) cyclopentanone. The proportion of (δ′) is in the range of 50% by mass to 85% by mass relative to the total mass of (γ′) and (δ′).

Biphenyl polycarbonate containing photoconductors

A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an optional anticurl layer, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer, a charge transport layer, and an optional protective coating, and where the photogenerating layer contains a biphenyl polycarbonate, or where the photogenerating layer and the charge transport each contains a biphenyl polycarbonate.

IMAGE BEARING MEMBER FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY

An object of the present invention is to provide an image bearing member for electrophotography. The image bearing member has high mechanical properties which include abrasion resistance and scratch resistance, is excellent in toner releasability, and is capable of retaining these features. The present invention provides an image bearing member for electrophotography, which includes a surface layer, the surface layer being composed of a polymerization-cured product of a composition containing a polymerizable monomer and surface-treated metal oxide particles, and the surface-treated metal oxide particles are metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone side chain. 1. An image bearing member for electrophotography , which comprises a surface layer ,wherein the surface layer is composed of a polymerization-cured product of a composition comprising a polymerizable monomer and surface-treated metal oxide particles, the surface-treated metal oxide particles being metal oxide particles surface-treated with a surface treating agent having a silicone side chain.2. The image bearing member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface treating agent having a silicone side chain is a surface treating agent which has a silicone side chain branching from an acrylic main chain.3. The image bearing member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface treating agent having a silicone side chain is a surface treating agent which has a silicone side chain branching from a silicone main chain.4. The image bearing member according to claim 1 , wherein the surface-treated metal oxide particles have a polymerizable group.5. The image bearing member according to claim 1 , wherein the composition further comprises a lubricant.6. The image bearing member according to claim 5 , wherein the lubricant is a polymerizable silicone compound or a polymerizable perfluoropolyether compound. Japanese Patent Application No. 2018-021063 filed on Feb. 8, 2018, ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

An electrophotographic photosensitive member which satisfies wear resistance and electrical properties, further has high image deletion prevention properties under a high temperature and high humidity environment, and a small potential variation under a low temperature and low humidity environment is provided. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a surface layer containing a polymerization product of a hole transporting compound having a specific structure. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the mass of the hole transporting compound represented by Formula (1) contained in the composition is 1.0 times or more and 3.0 times or less the mass of the compound represented by Formula (2) contained in the composition.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (1) each independently are an alkyl group having 1 or more and 6 or less carbon atoms.4. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 3 , wherein Rand Rin Formula (1) are an alkyl group having 2 or more and 4 or less carbon atoms.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein Rin Formula (1) is an alkylene group having 2 or 3 carbon atoms.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein at least one of Rand Rin Formula (2) is an alkyl group having 2 or more carbon atoms.11. The method of manufacturing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 10 , wherein the mass of the hole transporting compound represented by Formula (1) in the coating solution for a surface layer is 1.0 times or more and 3.0 times or less the mass of the compound represented by Formula (2) contained in the composition. The present disclosure relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus and a process cartridge which include the electrophotographic photosensitive member.A surface ...

TERPENE POLYCARBONATE CONTAINING PHOTOCONDUCTORS

A photoconductor that includes, for example, a supporting substrate, an optional ground plane layer, an optional hole blocking layer, an optional adhesive layer, a photogenerating layer, and a charge transport layer, and where the charge transport layer contains a mixture of a charge transport component and a bio-based polycarbonate. 2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein for said terpene copolymers m is from about 35 to about 75 mole percent claim 1 , and n is from about 25 to about 65 mole percent.7. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said terpene polycarbonate is biodegradable.8. (canceled)9. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said terpene polycarbonate is present in an amount of from about 35 to about 80 weight percent.10. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said terpene polycarbonate is present in an amount of from about 50 to about 70 weight percent based on the solids thereof.11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. A photoconductor in accordance with wherein said charge transport component is selected from the group consisting of N claim 1 ,N′-bis(methylphenyl)-1 claim 1 ,1-biphenyl-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , tetra-p-tolyl-biphenyl-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-diphenyl-N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-methoxyphenyl)-1 claim 1 ,1-biphenyl-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-di-p-tolyl-[p-terphenyl]-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-di-m-tolyl-[p-terphenyl]-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-di-o-tolyl-[p-terphenyl]-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-bis-(4-isopropylphenyl)-[p-terphenyl]-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-bis-(2-ethyl-6-methylphenyl)-[p-terphenyl]-4 claim 1 ,4′-diamine claim 1 , N claim 1 ,N′-bis(4-butylphenyl)-N claim 1 ,N′-bis-(2 claim 1 ,5-dimethylphenyl)-[p- ...

ORGANIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR DRUM HAVING AN OVERCOAT CONTAINING NANO METAL OXIDE PARTICLES AND METHOD TO MAKE THE SAME

An improved organic photoconductor drum having a protective overcoat layer and method to make the same is provided. The protective overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including nano metal oxide particles sized less than 400 nm in combination with an urethane acrylate resin having at least 6 functional groups. 1. A method of preparing an organic photoconductor drum comprising:providing an electrically conductive substrate;preparing a charge generation layer dispersion: 'preparing a charge transport layer dispersion:', 'coating the charge generation layer dispersion over the electrically conductive substrate to form a charge generation layer;'}coating the charge transport layer dispersion over the charge generation layer to form a charge transport layer; about 70 percent to about 95 percent by weight of a urethane acrylate resin having at least six radical polymerizable functional groups; and', 'about 5 percent to about 30 percent by weight of a nano metal oxide particle sized less than 220 nm and selected from the group consisting of indium tin oxide, aluminum oxide, zirconium oxide, zinc oxide, indium oxidem, lanthanum oxide and antimony tin oxide;', 'an organic solvent;, 'preparing an overcoat layer formulation includingcoating the overcoat layer formulation over the charge transport layer; andcuring the overcoat layer formulation to form a photoconductor having an overcoat layer over the charge transport layer and the charge generation layers, wherein the overcoat layer does not include charge transport materials.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overcoat layer is cured by an electron beam.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the cured overcoat layer has a thickness of about 0.1 μm to about 10 μm.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nano metal oxide particle is indium tin oxide.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the indium tin oxide metal particle is sized less than 200 nm.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the overcoat layer formulation ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC DEVICE

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer, wherein an outermost layer contains a compound having a structure represented by general formula (I) below:

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member having a protective layer wherein the density unevenness among output images is reduced with abrasion resistance maintained is provided. The present invention is an electrophotographic photosensitive member having a support, a photosensitive layer and a protective layer in this order, wherein the protective layer has a triarylamine structure and a cyclic structure represented by the formula (1) or (2): 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein an elastic deformation rate of the protective layer is 40% or more and 50% or less.3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of the cyclic structure to the triarylamine structure is 0.2 or more and 1.4 or less.5. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of the structure represented by the general formula (5) to the cyclic structure is 1.9 or more and 2.1 or less.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the protective layer comprises a triarylamine compound having a molecular weight of 300 or more and 1000 or less.7. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 , wherein the protective layer comprises 1% by mass or more and 30% by mass or less of the triarylamine compound based on a total mass of the protective layer. The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge and an electrophotographic apparatus having the electrophotographic photosensitive member.An electrophotographic photosensitive member with which an electrophotographic apparatus is equipped has been widely examined so far to improve image quality and durability. An example thereof is the examination of improving abrasion resistance (mechanical durability) using a radically polymerizable resin on the surface of an electrophotographic photosensitive member. Meanwhile, density ...

PHOTORECEPTOR FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY DEVICE HAVING THE SAME

A photoreceptor for electrophotography and an electrophotography device having the same reduces wear loss of the photoreceptor surface and stably obtaining a favorable image for long time. The photoreceptor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate and a charge transport layer provided on the conductive substrate. The charge transport layer contains a charge transport material, a resin binder, and an inorganic oxide filler surface-treated with a silane coupling agent. A difference (ΔSPa) in a dipole-dipole force component that is a Hansen solubility parameter between the charge transport material and the silane coupling agent satisfies a relationship ΔSPa<1.0. A difference (ΔSPb) in a London dispersion force component that is a Hansen solubility parameter between the resin binder and the silane coupling agent satisfies a relationship ΔSPb<2.5. 1. A photoreceptor for electrophotography , comprising:a conductive substrate; anda charge transport layer provided on the conductive substrate and containing a charge transport material, a resin binder, and an inorganic oxide filler surface-treated with a silane coupling agent,wherein the charge transport material and the silane coupling agent have respective dipole-dipole force components that are a Hansen solubility parameter and a difference (ΔSPa) between the dipole-dipole force component of the charge transport material and the dipole-dipole force component of the silane coupling agent satisfies a relationship ΔSPa<1.0, andwherein the resin binder and the silane coupling agent have respective London dispersion force components that are a Hansen solubility parameter and a difference (ΔSPb) between the London dispersion force component of the resin binder and the London dispersion force component of the silane coupling agent satisfies a relationship ΔSPb<2.5.2. The photoreceptor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the resin binder is a polycarbonate resin or a polyarylate resin.3. The ...

Electrophotographic member, method for producing same, process cartridge and electrophotographic apparatus

The electrophotographic member includes an electro-conductive substrate and an electro-conductive resin layer as the surface layer on the substrate. The electro-conductive resin layer contains a binder and a bowl-shaped resin particle; the surface of electrophotographic member has a concavity derived from the opening of the bowl-shaped resin particle, a protrusion derived from the edge portion of the opening and the electro-conductive resin layer; and when the surface of the member is observed using a scanning electron microscope at an accelerating voltage (1 kV) and a magnification (×2000) while applying a DC voltage (50 to 100 V) between an electrode disposed opposite to the electrophotographic member and the substrate, the brightness of the protrusion, K1, the brightness of the bottom of the concavity, K2, and the brightness of the exposed surface of the electro-conductive resin layer, K3, satisfy K2<K1, K3<K1 and 0.8≦K2/K3≦1.2.

Process for producing electrophotographic photosensitive member

Provided is a process for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member, the process including the steps of: preparing a dispersion liquid by dispersing particles each containing an electron transporting substance in an aqueous dispersion medium; forming the coat of the dispersion liquid on the support; and forming an undercoat layer by heating the coat at a temperature equal to or more than the melting point of the electron transporting substance.

PHOTOCONDUCTOR, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE

A photoconductor including a conductive support, an undercoat layer, a charge-generating layer, and a charge-transporting layer, at least the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer, and the charge-transporting layer being disposed on the conductive support in an order mentioned, wherein the undercoat layer includes a binder resin and metal oxide particles, and the charge-generating layer includes a binder resin, a titanyl phthalocyanine pigment, and a salicylic acid derivative. 1. A photoconductor comprising:a conductive support;an undercoat layer;a charge-generating layer; anda charge-transporting layer,at least the undercoat layer, the charge-generating layer, and the charge-transporting layer being disposed on the conductive support in an order mentioned,wherein the undercoat layer includes a binder resin and metal oxide particles, andthe charge-generating layer includes a binder resin, a titanyl phthalocyanine pigment, and a salicylic acid derivative.2. The photoconductor according to claim 1 ,wherein the metal oxide particles are zinc oxide particles.3. The photoconductor according to claim 1 ,wherein the undercoat layer includes a salicylic acid derivative.4. An image forming apparatus comprising:a photoconductor;a charging unit configured to charge a surface of the photoconductor;an exposing unit configured to expose the surface charged of the photoconductor to light to form an electrostatic latent image;a developing unit configured to develop the electrostatic latent image with a toner to form a visible image; anda transferring unit configured to transfer the visible image onto a recording medium,{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'wherein the photoconductor is the photoconductor according to .'}5. A process cartridge comprising:a photoconductor; andat least one selected from the group consisting of:a charging unit configured to charge a surface of the photoconductor;an exposing unit configured to expose the surface charged of the ...

PHOTOSENSITIVE BODY FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHY, METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes a conductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer arranged on the conductive substrate and containing, as a charge generating material, any one material selected from the group consisting of titanyl phthalocyanines, metal-free phthalocyanines, chlorogallium phthalocyanines and hydroxygallium phthalocyanines; and, as an electron transporting material, a naphthalene tetracarboxylic acid diimide compound represented by Formula (1) below, where Rand Reach represent a hydrogen atom, an alkyl group having 1 to 10 carbon atoms, an alkylene group, an alkoxy group, an alkyl ester group, a phenyl group optionally having a substituent, a naphthyl group optionally having a substituent, or a halogen element; and Rand Rare optionally the same or different: 2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a laminate-type positively-chargeable photosensitive layer in which a charge transport layer claim 1 , containing at least a hole transporting material and a resin binder claim 1 , and a charge generation layer claim 1 , containing at least the charge generating material claim 1 , a hole transporting material claim 1 , the electron transporting material and a resin binder claim 1 , are sequentially laminated.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a single layer-type positively-chargeable photosensitive layer containing the charge generating material claim 1 , a hole transporting material claim 1 , the electron transporting material claim 1 , and a resin binder in a single layer.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 2 , wherein the hole transporting material comprises an arylamine compound.8. An electrophotographic apparatus equipped with the electrophotographic photoreceptor according to . This non-provisional application is a continuation of International Application No. PCT/JP2017/018100 filed on May ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC IMAGE FORMING DEVICE

Provided is an electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained by laminating a photosensitive layer and a surface protective layer in this order on a conductive support, wherein the surface protective layer contains conductive fine particles and crosslinkable organic fine particles, and either the conductive fine particles or the crosslinkable organic fine particles have been subjected to surface modification with a fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor obtained by laminating a photosensitive layer and a surface protective layer in this order on a conductive support , whereinthe surface protective layer contains conductive fine particles and crosslinkable organic fine particles, andeither the conductive fine particles or the crosslinkable organic fine particles have been subjected to surface modification with a fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the crosslinkable organic fine particles contain a compound having a melamine structure.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive fine particles have a number average primary particle diameter in a range of 10 to 500 nm.5. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive fine particles have been subjected to surface modification with a compound having an acryloyl group or a methacryloyl group and the fluoroalkyl (meth)acrylate/(meth)acrylic acid copolymer.6. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive fine particles contain any one of titanium oxide claim 1 , tin oxide claim 1 , and copper aluminate.7. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the surface protective layer contains a binder resin claim 1 , and the binder resin is a curable resin obtained by polymerizing a crosslinkable polymerizable compound having an acryloyl group or a ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTORECEPTOR, PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoreceptor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer that is formed on the electroconductive substrate and that contains an inorganic oxide and a lubricant resin. When light having a wavelength of 780 nm is irradiated onto a slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide in a predetermined solvent to provide an inorganic oxide slurry, the inorganic oxide slurry has a luminous transmittance that is 40% or more. The photosensitive layer may be a negatively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer, a monolayer type photosensitive layer, or a positively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer. The electrophotographic photoreceptor is less worn upon long-term use, allows no filming, and can realize stable images. A method for producing the electrophotographic photoreceptor and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photoreceptor are disclosed. 1. An electrophotographic photoreceptor , comprising:an electroconductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer that is formed on the electroconductive substrate and that contains an inorganic oxide and a lubricant resin,wherein, when light having a wavelength of 780 nm is irradiated onto a slurry containing 20% by mass of the inorganic oxide in a predetermined solvent to provide an inorganic oxide slurry, the inorganic oxide slurry has a luminous transmittance that is 40% or more.2. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a negatively-charged laminate-type photosensitive layer composed of a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer formed sequentially on the electroconductive substrate claim 1 ,wherein the charge transport layer contains the inorganic oxide and the lubricant resin.3. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer is a monolayer-type photosensitive layer.4. The electrophotographic photoreceptor according to claim ...

ORGANIC PHOTOSENSITIVE DRUM FOR ELECTRO-PHOTOGRAPHY AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREFOR

Disclosed is a method for manufacturing an organic photosensitive drum for electrophotography, which includes a step of immersing a hollow cylinder into a liquefied photosensitive material after gripping the hollow cylinder, by using a coating device including: a transfer tray in which the hollow cylinder is inserted and loaded into at least one jig vertically provided on a plate type pallet; and a gripping assembly disposed above the transfer tray and including at least one gripping mechanism. The process of gripping the hollow cylinder includes: inserting a portion or the whole of the gripping mechanism into the hollow cylinder; aligning a lower end of the gripping mechanism with a lower end of the hollow cylinder; and gripping the hollow cylinder by using the gripping mechanism. 1. A method for manufacturing an organic photosensitive drum for electrophotography , the method using a coating device comprising: a transfer tray in which a hollow cylinder is inserted into one ore more jigs vertically provided on a plate type pallet and stacked therein; and a gripping assembly disposed above the transfer tray and comprising one ore more gripping mechanisms to grip the hollow cylinder by the gripping mechanism and then dip the hollow cylinder into a liquefied photosensitive material ,wherein the process of gripping the hollow cylinder comprises:(a) inserting a portion of or an entire gripping mechanism into the hollow cylinder;(b) aligning a lower end of the gripping mechanism to a lower end of the hollow cylinder; and(c) gripping the hollow cylinder by using the gripping mechanism.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alignment process (b) comprises:(b-1) intermediate-gripping the hollow cylinder by using the gripping mechanism;(b-2) lifting the gripping mechanism to discharge the jig from the hollow cylinder;(b-3) releasing the gripping mechanism in a state in which the lower end of the hollow cylinder is supported; and(b-4) aligning the lower end of the gripping ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR

A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photoconductor including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer in this order on a cylindrical electrically-conductive support including the steps of: (i) immersing the support in a charge generating layer coating liquid, (ii) pulling the support out of the coating liquid, (iii) heat drying the support coated with the coating liquid to form the charge generating layer, (iv) cooling the charge generating layer, and (v) immersing the support on which the charge generating layer has been formed in a charge transport layer coating liquid while retaining gas inside of the support. The charge transport layer coating liquid contains a solvent having a boiling point of 34° C. or more and 85° C. or less, and the step (v) satisfies two specific conditions. 1. A method for manufacturing an electrophotographic photoconductor including a charge generating layer and a charge transport layer in this order on a cylindrical electrically-conductive support , comprising the steps of:(i) immersing the electrically-conductive support in a charge generating layer coating liquid,(ii) pulling the electrically-conductive support out of the charge generating layer coating liquid,(iii) heat drying the support coated with the charge generating layer coating liquid to form the charge generating layer,(iv) cooling the charge generating layer,(v) subjecting the electrically-conductive support on which the charge generating layer has been formed to immersion-coating with a charge transport layer coating liquid while retaining gas inside a cylinder space of the electrically-conductive support to form a coating film of the charge transport layer coating liquid on the charge generating layer, and(vi) drying the coating film of the charge transport layer coating liquid to form the charge transport layer,wherein the charge transport layer coating liquid contains a solvent having a boiling point of 34° C. or more and 85° C. or less, ...

Tubular metal body and electrophotographic photoreceptor

A tubular metal body includes a tubular part having an opening at one end in an axis direction; and a bottom part disposed at another end of the tubular part in the axis direction. The ratio (Rz1/Rz2) of a surface roughness Rz1 of an outer peripheral surface of the bottom part to a surface roughness Rz2 of an outer peripheral surface of a center portion of the tubular part in the axis direction is in a range of 2 or more and 4000 or less. A Vickers hardness HV1 of the outer peripheral surface of the bottom part is 5 HV or more and 27 HV or less smaller than a Vickers hardness HV2 of the outer peripheral surface of the center portion of the tubular part in the axis direction.

PHOTOCONDUCTOR, IMAGE FORMING METHOD USING THE SAME, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE PHOTOCONDUCTOR, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

A photoconductor includes an electroconductive substrate; and a photosensitive layer provided overlying the electroconductive substrate, wherein, in a curve obtained by: (I) measuring a convexoconcave form, (II) conducting multi-resolution analysis (MRA-1), (III). making a single dimensional data arrangement, (IV) conducting further wavelet conversion, (V) connecting logarithms, a surface of the photosensitive layer has a WRa (LML) of from 0.02 μm to 0.03 μm, a WRa (LHL) of from 0.006 μm to 0.01 μm, and a WRa (HLH) of 0.001 μm or less, wherein the arithmetical mean roughness (WRa) are defined as Ra in JIS-B0601:2001 and WRa (HHH) to WRa (LLL) represent individual Ra's in the following bandwidths: 1. A photoconductor comprising:an electroconductive substrate; anda photosensitive layer provided overlying the electroconductive substrate,wherein, in a curve obtained by:(I) measuring a convexoconcave form by a surface texture and contour measuring instrument to make a single dimensional data arrangement,(II) conducting multi-resolution analysis (MRA-1) by wavelet conversion of the single dimensional data arrangement to separate into six frequency components of from a highest frequency component (HHH), a second frequency component (HHL), a third frequency components (HMH), a fourth frequency component (HML), a fifth frequency component (HLH), and a lowest frequency component (HLL),(III). making a single dimensional data arrangement by thinning out a single dimensional data arrangement of the lowest frequency component (HLL) of the six frequency components such that a number of data arrangements is reduced to 1/10 to 1/100,(IV) conducting further wavelet conversion for the single dimensional data arrangement obtained by thinning-out to conduct multi-resolution analysis (MRA-2) to separate into additional six frequency components of a highest frequency component (LHH), a second frequency component (LHL), a third frequency components (LMH), a fourth frequency component (LML ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photoconductor includes a conductive support; and a photoconductive layer that contains at least a charge generation material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a binder resin, and that is provided on the conductive support, wherein the photoconductive layer has an outermost layer that contains a charge generation material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a binder resin and a highly branched polymer that is obtained by polymerizing, in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a monomer having, in a molecule, two or more radically polymerizable double bonds and a monomer having, in a molecule, a long-chain alkyl group or an alicyclic group and at least one radically polymerizable double bond. The electrophotographic photoconductor exhibits superior operational stability and stably high image quality, without problems with image memory, a contact member, or image defects due to cracks caused by contamination by oils/fats or sebum. 1. An electrophotographic photoconductor , comprising:a conductive support; anda photoconductive layer that contains at least a charge generation material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material and a binder resin, and that is provided on the conductive support,wherein the photoconductive layer has an outermost layer that contains a charge generation material, a hole transport material, an electron transport material, a binder resin and a highly branched polymer that is obtained by polymerizing, in the presence of a polymerization initiator, a monomer having, in a molecule, two or more radically polymerizable double bonds and a monomer having, in a molecule, a long-chain alkyl group or an alicyclic group and at least one radically polymerizable double bond.2. The electrophotographic photoconductor according to claim 1 , wherein the highly branched polymer is obtained by polymerizing a monomer (A) and a monomer (B) in the presence of an azo- ...

PHOTOCONDUCTOR HAVING PROTECTIVE OVERCOAT LAYER WITH A CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULE WITH FOUR RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE HYDROPHILIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING AN OXYGEN ATOM AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME

An improved organic photoconductor drum used in an electrophotographic image forming device and method to make the same is provided. The organic photoconductor drum contains a protective overcoat. The protective overcoat is prepared from a curable composition including a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable hydrophilic functional groups containing an oxygen atom of the general structure shown below: 2. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the spacer group of Rand Ris an unbranched alkyl group containing between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms3. The organic photoconductor drum of wherein the unbranched alkyl group containing between 1 and 6 carbon atoms is an ethyl group.4. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the radical polymerizable hydrophilic functional group containing an oxygen atom of Rand Ris selected from the group consisting of acrylate group claim 1 , methacrylate group claim 1 , glycidyl ether group and epoxy group.5. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 4 , wherein the radical polymerizable functional group containing an oxygen atom of Rand Ris an acrylate group.6. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein Rand Rare hydrogen atoms.7. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the spacer group of Rand Ris an unbranched alkyl group containing between 1 and about 6 carbon atoms.8. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 7 , wherein the unbranched alkyl group containing between 1 and 6 carbon atoms is an ethyl group.9. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , wherein the radical polymerizable functional group containing an oxygen atom of Rand Ris selected from the group consisting of acrylate group claim 1 , methacrylate group claim 1 , glycidyl ether group and epoxy group.10. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 9 , wherein the radical polymerizable functional group containing an oxygen atom of Rand Ris an acrylate group.11. The organic photoconductor drum of claim 1 , ...

PHOTOCONDUCTOR OVERCOAT HAVING A CHARGE TRANSPORT MOLECULE WITH FOUR RADICAL POLYMERIZABLE HYDROPHILIC FUNCTIONAL GROUPS CONTAINING AN OXYGEN ATOM AND METHOD OF MAKING THE SAME

An improved overcoat layer for an organic photoconductor drum used in an electrophotographic image forming device is provided. The overcoat layer is prepared from a curable composition including a charge transport molecule containing four radical polymerizable hydrophilic functional groups containing an oxygen atom of the general structure shown below:

POSITIVELY CHARGEABLE SINGLE-LAYER ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

In a positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member, a photosensitive layer contains at least a hole transport material, and particles of a first resin. A compound represented by general formula (1) is contained as the hole transport material. In the general formula (1), Rrepresents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 2 and no greater than 4. R, R, R, R, and Reach represent, independently of one another, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 4. Arand Areach represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 20. At least one of Arand Arrepresents an optionally substituted aryl group having a carbon number of at least 6 and no greater than 20. 2. The positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe first resin is a silicone resin, a melamine resin, or a benzoguanamine resin.3. The positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe particles of the first resin have a volume median diameter of at least 0.05 μm and no greater than 5.00 μm.4. The positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe particles of the first resin have a content rate of no greater than 25.0% by mass relative to a total mass of the photosensitive layer.5. The positively chargeable single-layer electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinin the general formula (1),{'sub': '1', 'Rrepresents an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 2 and no greater than 4,'}{'sub': 3', '5', '6, 'R, R, and Reach represent a hydrogen atom,'}{'sub': 2', '4, 'Rand Reach represent, independently of each other, a hydrogen atom or an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 4, and'}{' ...

OVERCOAT FORMULATION FOR LONG-LIFE ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTORS AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME

An overcoat layer and method to make an overcoated photoconductor drum of an electrophotographic image forming device using irradiation such as with electron beam (EB) or ultraviolet (UV) light is provided. The photoconductor drum is then cured using EB dose of between 10 and 100 kiloGrays (kGy), preferably between 20 and 40 kGys or UV irradiation with an exposure of between 0.1 and 2 J/cm. The unique overcoat layer of the present invention is formed having a biphasic morphology comprised of a highly cured crosslinked phase and a second phase enriched in uncured material. The desired amount of uncured uncrosslinked material found in the second phase of the biphasic structure, is between 2-70 wt % range, with particularly good combination of long-life and electrical performance when present at the 5-50 wt % level, and the best performance at the 15-40 wt % level. The biphasic morphology of the overcoat layer using the method of the present invention gives rise to the good wear rates while allowing rapid transport of the electrical charge and thus fast discharge properties of the photoconductor drum. 3. The method of preparing a photoconductor of wherein the overcoat is cured using an electron beam.4. The method of preparing a photoconductor of wherein the overcoat is cured using ultraviolet light. This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/145,107, filed Dec. 31, 2013, entitled “OVERCOAT FORMULATION FOR LONG-LIFE ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTORS AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME”, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.NoneNone1. Field of the DisclosureThe present disclosure relates generally to overcoats for photoconductor drums and methods to form overcoats for photoconductor drums and more specifically to overcoats formed using ionizing irradiation, such as with an electron beam (‘EB’) or by gamma rays, or non-ionizing irradiation with ultraviolet (‘UV’) light. A long-life photoconductor to be used ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member including a support and a surface layer, wherein the surface layer contains a copolymer of a composition containing a specific hole transporting compound and a specific compound. 2. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the composition claim 1 , a content of the compound represented by Formula (3) is greater by 0.1 times or more and 1.0 times or less than that of the hole transporting compound represented by Formula (1) on a mass basis.6. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein each of Rand Rin the compound represented by Formula (3) represents a methyl group. The present invention relates to an electrophotographic photosensitive member, a process cartridge having the electrophotographic photosensitive member, and an electrophotographic apparatus including the electrophotographic photosensitive member.As an electrophotographic photosensitive member to be mounted on an electrophotographic apparatus, there is known an organic electrophotographic photosensitive member containing an organic photoconductive substance (charge generating substance), which has hitherto been extensively studied. Hereinafter, unless otherwise specified, the term “electrophotographic photosensitive member” that is simply referred refers to an organic electrophotographic photosensitive member.In recent years, in order to extend the lifetime of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and to enhance an image quality, it has been required to improve mechanical durability (abrasion resistance) of the electrophotographic photosensitive member and to reduce variations in electrical characteristics caused by long-term use.Japanese Patent Application Laid-Open No. 2000-066425 discloses a method for improving mechanical durability of an electrophotographic photosensitive member and stabilizing electrical characteristics of the electrophotographic ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOCONDUCTOR, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME, AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS

Provided is a photoconductor for electrophotography having high sensitivity, low residual potential, and good wear resistance and contamination resistance, and that is less likely to cause light-induced fatigue and filming, and also exhibits good potential stability before and after repeated printing, even without a surface protective layer formed on a photosensitive layer. Provided also are a process of producing the photoconductor and an electrophotographic apparatus. The photoconductor for electrophotography includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer formed on the conductive substrate and including a hole transport material having a structure represented by general formula (1) below; a binder resin having a repeating structure represented by general formula (2) below; and at least one electron transport material having a structure represented by general formulae (ET1) to (ET3) below: 2. The photoconductor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer comprises a charge generation layer and a charge transport layer laminated in that order on the conductive substrate claim 1 , and wherein the charge transport layer comprises the hole transport material claim 1 , the binder resin and the at least one electron transport material.3. The photoconductor for electrophotography according to claim 2 , wherein the hole transport material has a hole mobility of 60×10cm/V·s or more; and wherein the charge transport layer contains the binder resin in an amount of 55% by mass or more and 85% by mass or less relative to solid content of the charge transport layer.4. The photoconductor for electrophotography according to claim 1 , wherein the photosensitive layer comprises the hole transport material claim 1 , the binder resin and the at least one electron transport material in a single layer.5. The photoconductor for electrophotography according to claim 4 , wherein the hole transport material has a hole mobility of 60×10cm/V·s or ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, AND PROCESS CARTRIDGE AND ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC APPARATUS EACH INCLUDING THE ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

Provided is an electrophotographic photosensitive member capable of suppressing a ghost image. The electrophotographic photosensitive member includes, in this order: a support; an intermediate layer containing metal oxide particles; and a photosensitive layer, in which the intermediate layer contains at least one kind of compound X selected from the group consisting of a compound represented by the formula (1) and a compound represented by the formula (2). 3. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein a content of the compound X in the intermediate layer is 0.05 mass % or more and 20 mass % or less with respect to a content of the metal oxide.4. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises metal oxide particles each containing at least one kind selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide claim 1 , titanium oxide claim 1 , and tin oxide.5. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the compound X is{'sup': 1', '10, 'a compound represented by the formula (1) in which Rto Reach independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, or a carboxy group, or'}{'sup': 11', '15, 'a compound represented by the formula (2) in which Rto Reach independently represent a hydrogen atom, a hydroxy group, or a carboxy group.'}6. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein the compound X is a compound represented by the formula (1) in which at least one of Rto Rrepresents a hydroxy group or a carboxy group.7. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 6 , wherein the compound X is a compound represented by the formula (1) in which at least one of R claim 6 , R claim 6 , R claim 6 , or Rrepresents a hydroxy group or a carboxy group.10. An electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 8 , wherein a content of the compound X in the intermediate layer is 0.05 mass % or more and 20 mass % or ...

PRODUCTION METHOD FOR ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER

A method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member includes an electrically conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer. The method includes applying an application liquid for photosensitive layer formation containing a solvent, a binder resin, and a hole transport material directly or indirectly onto the electrically conductive substrate, and removing a portion of the solvent, to form the photosensitive layer. The solvent contains a first solvent that is an alcohol having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 3, and a second solvent other than the first solvent. The binder resin includes a polyarylate resin that is a polymerization product of monomers including a first monomer represented by general formula (1) and a second monomer represented by general formula (2), 2. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe second solvent contains at least one of methylene chloride, chloroform, tetrahydrofuran, and 1,3-dioxolane.3. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , wherein{'sup': 13', '14, 'in the general formula (1), Rand Rtaken together represent a divalent group represented by the general formula (Y), and'}in the general formula (Y), q represents 0.9. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe content portion of the first solvent in the solvent is at least 0.5 mass % and no greater than 5.0 mass %.10. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 1 , whereinthe first solvent contains at least one of methanol and 2-propanol.12. The method for producing an electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 11 , wherein [{'sup': 101', '108, 'Rand Rrepresent a phenyl group substituted with an alkyl group having a carbon number of at least 1 and no greater than 8, or a hydrogen atom,'}, {'sup': 102', '109, 'Rand ...

ELECTROPHOTOGRAPHIC PHOTOSENSITIVE MEMBER, PROCESS CARTRIDGE, AND IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS

An electrophotographic photosensitive member includes a conductive substrate and a photosensitive layer of a single layer. The photosensitive layer contains a charge generating material, a binder resin, a hole transport material, and an electron transport material. The binder resin includes a polyester resin and a polycarbonate resin. The polyester resin includes a first repeating unit represented by general formula (1) shown below and a second repeating unit represented by general formula (2) shown below. The polycarbonate resin includes a third repeating unit represented by general formula (3) shown below and a fourth repeating unit represented by general formula (24) shown below. 3. The electrophotographic photosensitive member according to claim 2 , whereinthe polyester resin includes the repeating unit represented by the chemical formula (1-1) and the repeating unit represented by the chemical formula (1-2) each as the first repeating unit, and the repeating unit represented by the chemical formula (2-1) and the repeating unit represented by the chemical formula (2-2) each as the second repeating unit.9. A process cartridge comprising{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to .'}10. An image forming apparatus comprising:an image bearing member;a charger configured to positively charge a surface of the image bearing member;a light exposure section configured to expose the charged surface of the image bearing member to light to form an electrostatic latent image on the surface of the image bearing member;a developing section configured to develop the electrostatic latent image into a toner image; anda transfer section configured to transfer the toner image from the image bearing member to a transfer target, wherein{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the image bearing member is the electrophotographic photosensitive member according to , and'}the transfer section transfers the toner ...