PTC DEVICES FOR PROTECTING BATTERIES DURING CHARGING AND DISCHARGING

This invention relates to the production of batteries from damage due to excessive temperatures generated during charging or discharging and to batteries which are "intrinsically safe".

When a battery is discharged, and in the case of a secondary battery, also when it is being recharged and the battery is approaching a fully charged state, heat is generated within the battery. The higher the current drawn from the battery, or the higher the charging current, the greater the amount of heat generat¬ ed and the greater the danger that one or more of the components of the battery will be damaged. It is known (though not common) for batteries to contain a thermal fuse or a thermostat to prevent current being drawn from them when they are excessively hot or a fuse to prevent excessive currents being drawn from them. It is also known, when a secondary battery is to be recharged by a period of rapid-charging followed by a period of trickle-charging, for the battery to incorporate a PTC resistor (i.e. a resistor whose resis¬ tance rises with temperature) which is not electrically connected to the cells but is in thermal contact with them, and which, when the battery is being charged, forms part of a separate control circuit which contains electronic switching apparatus such that when the resistance of the resistor increases beyond a specific value (as a result of increased battery temperature), the current in the charging circuit is reduced by this control circuit from the rapid- charging level to the trickle-charging level. Charging procedures of this kind are described for example in U.S. Patent No.

3,667,026. While such procedures in general give satisfactory control over the battery-charging process, they involve the use of excessively complex and expensive electronic switching apparatus.

We have discovered an improved method of battery charge and/or discharge control which makes use of a PTC ..electrical .device which is connected in series with the cell or cells of the battery. The device is preferably a permanent part of the battery, so that when the battery terminals are connected in order to charge the battery or to draw current from the battery, the device provides an automatic guard against excessive battery temperatures and/or current discharges. The electrical and thermal characteristics of the device are selected in accordance with the type of battery and the way in which it is required to be operated and to be charged.

In one aspect, the invention provides a-battery comprising one or more cells and at least one PTC electrical device which is in thermal contact with at least one cell of said battery, wherein said PTC electrical device (i) is connected in series with the cell or cells of the battery so that when the battery is being charged and/or discharged, current flows through a PTC element which forms part of the device'; and (ii) has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of dissipating heat at a rate such that it has a low resistance when the cell or cells are at normal operating temperatures and a relatively high resistance when the cell or cells are at excessively high temjaeratures.

In one embodiment of the batteries of the invention, the cell or cells are secondary cells, and the PTG electrical device (i) is connected, in series with the cell or cells when the battery is being charged and (ii) has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of .dissipating heat at a rate such that, if the battery, after having been discharged, is recharged in a charging circuit which is initially in a rapid-charging condition in which (a)- a rapid-charging current, i , is R passed through the cell or cells and (b) the device has a low resistance and a low temperature such that there is a stable equilibrium between the rate at which the device 2c generates heat by I R heating and the rate at which heat is lost from the device, then after the cell or cells have reached a certain state of charge and the cell or cells and the device have reached elevated temperatures, the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating exceeds the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device and thus causes the temperature and the resistance of the device to rise rapidly, and in consequence the charging circuit thereafter reaches a trickle-charging condition in which (a) there is a relatively low trickle-charging current, i , through the cell or cells and (b)—there is a stable equilibrium between the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating and the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device. The power/temperature relationship of the device and its ability to dissipate heat are preferably such that if the battery is in still air at 200C and is being recharged at an iR of 0.25C to 4C amps, preferably about C amps, where C is the capacity of the battery in ampere hours, iT is less than 0.5 x iR and is from 0.03C to 0.2C, preferably from 0.05 C to 0.2C amps.

In another embodiment of the batteries of the invention, the PTC electrical device (i) is connected in series with the cell or cells when current is being drawn from the battery and (ii) has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of dissipating heat at a rate such that if the battery is placed in still air at 20oC and is used as a source of power, there is a critical current, i .J_. which is such cnt' that when the current drawn from the battery is below i ...

there is a stable equilibrium between the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating and the rate at which the heat is dissipated from the device, and when the current drawn from the battery is above i .,_, the rate at which the -* cnt device generates heat by I R heating exceeds the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device and thus causes the temperature and the resistance of the device to rise rapidly until the device reaches a high temperature stable equilibrium state in which (a) the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating is equal to the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device, and (b) the current drawn from the battery is less than 0.5C amps, where C is the capacity of the battery in amp. hours. The value of crit s usually from C to IOC amps, and for many batteries from 1.5C to 2.5C amps, eg. 1.8C to 2.2C amps.

In another aspect the invention provides a method of recharging a battery comprising one or more secondary cells and having a capacity of C ampere hours, which method comprises passing a relatively high rapid-charging current, through the battery until the cell or cells reach a certain state of charge, detecting said state of charge by sensing the temperature of at least one of the cells by means of a PTC electrical device in thermal contact therewith and utilising the increase in the resistance of the device to reduce the current through the battery to a relatively low trickle-charging current, wherein a rapid-charging current, iR, of at least 0.25C amps is passed through the battery and through a PTC electrical device which is connected in series with the cell or cells of the battery and is in thermal contact therewith, arid which has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of dissipating heat at a rate such that (A) when the rapid-charging current is initially passed through the battery, there is a stable equilibrium between the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating and the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device, and (B) when the rapid-charging current has recharged the cell or cells to a certain state of charge and the cell or cells and the device have reached elevated temperatures, the rate at which the device generates heat by I R heating exceeds the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device and thus causes the temperature and the resistance of the device to rise rapidly, and thereafter the circuit reaches a trickle-charging condition, in N which condition (a) there is a trickle-charging current, iT, through the, cell or cells which is less than 0.5 iR and is from 0.03C to 0.2C amps and... (b) the rate at which the device generates 2 ' heat by I R heating is equal to the rate at which heat is dissipated from the device, said trickle- charging conditions being maintained so long as current continues to pass through the circuit.

The electrical devices containing PTC elements which are used in the present invention are preferably devices of the type generally described in Canadian Application Serial No. 340,988 and preferably comprise an oxygen barrier layer as described in Canadian Application Serial No. 340,963; the PTC elements are preferably composed of a PTC composition as described in Canadian Application Serial No. 340,996.

The invention is particularly useful for batteries which comprise a plurality of cells and in which the device is placed between the cells, preferably in a cavity between three or more cells, and is permanently connected so that it is connected in series with the cells between the terminals of the battery. The invention will chiefly be described by reference to such batteries, but it is to be understood that the invention is also applicable to single cell batteries and to methods of charging in which the device is not an integral part of the battery but is placed in thermal contact with the cell or cells during the charging process.

It is also to be understood that, although the invention is described herein mainly by reference to methods and batteries in which charge control and/or discharge control is provided by a single PTC electrical device, the invention includes methods and batteries in which charge control and/or discharge control is provided by two or more PTC electrical devices, connected in parallel, or in series, which together provide the desired control. For example, for a range of batteries having cells of the same size and type, but different numbers of cells, so that the batteries have the same voltage but different capacities, charge control can often be provided for the smallest battery by a single device and for the larger batteries by a suitable number of identical devices connected in parallel.

It is further to be understood that, although the device is defined herein mainly by reference to its ability to prevent overheating of the cells caused by current passed through or drawn from the battery, the device may also be designed to be converted into a high resistance state by other anticipated fault conditions before there is any damaging overheating of the cells. Thus conversion of the device into a high resistance state can be caused by a decrease in the rate at which the heat generated within the device can be dissipated, or by an increase in the current passing through the device> or by a combination of the two» When the device is being used to protect a battery during charging, the conversion is generally caused exclusively by an increase in the temperature of the cells, which decreases the rate at which heat can be dissipated from the device.

When the device is being used to protect a battery during discharge, the conversion is generally caused by external heating of the device as a result of an increase in the temperature of the cells caused by an increase in current,or by a combination of such external heating and increased internal heating of the device caused by that increase in current. However, the temperature of the device can also be increased by other external sources of heat, for example a resistor which is in thermal contact with the device and in series with the device. External heating from such a resistor can supplement heating of the device by the cells or, under some circumstances, essentially replace heating of the device by the cells as a cause of conversion of the device to the high resistance state. The device can also serve to protect the battery against a very high current which is drawn from the battery, e.g. as a result of a direct short between the terminals of the battery, before there is any substantial increase in the temperature of the i ....

cells. In addition, the device can prevent substantial current being drawn from the battery when the battery has been heated externally to unusually high temperatures.

These alternative ways in which the device can be converted to the high resistance state are particularly valuable in the design of batteries which are "intrinsically safe". The term "intrinsically safe" is used to describe a battery which will meet specified requirements which relate to the need to avoid damage to other electrical components connected to the battery (e.g. by specifying the maximum time for which a particular current can be drawn from the battery) and/or the need to avoid the creation of hazardous conditions (e.g. by âpecifying the maximum temperature which any part of the battery can reach, so as to avoid any danger of. igniting explosive gases in the vicinity of the battery).

These requirements will be different for different circumstances, but the characteristics of the device can be adjusted accordingly» Thus the device can be designed so that when an unusually high current is drawn from the battery, the device will function to reduce the current to a much lower level within a specified period of time, thus avoiding damage to current-sensitive electrical components connected to the battery? this may require the device to change to the high resistance state at a lower current, or require a more rapid reduction in the current than is needed in order to avoid damage to the battery itself. Similarly it may be desirable to design the device so that it will change to the high resistance state when it reaches a temperature which indicates that Some part of the battery has reached a temperature which could cause a fire or an explosion, even though the cell temperature is still at a level which will not damage the cells. The device can also be designed so that it functions to reduce the rate of discharge of the battery when the current drawn from it exceeds a certain level, even though such a current level does not result in failure to meet an "intrinsically safe" requirement nor in a cell temperature which would damage the cells. For example if a circuit is designed to operate at a designated current, e.g. 0.1C, the device can be designed to change to the high resistance state if a fault condition causes the current to exceed twice the designated current, thus greatly reducing the rate of discharge of the battery.

If the device is designed so that it does not "latch" (as explained below), then it will revert to the low resistance state if the fault is removed.

It will be appreciated that in the situations just referred to, the value of i .. may lie inside or outside the- range of C to IOC amps which is usually appropriate for a device which is designed to prevent the battery itself from damage.

As noted above, the electrical and thermal characteristics of the device should be selected in accordance with the type of battery and the way in which it is required to be operated and/or recharged. Thus with primary batteries (which cannot be recharged) the device functions only as a protective device when the battery is being discharged. With secondary batteries, the device can be connected so that it is in series with cells both when the battery is being charged and when it is being discharged (in which case the battery will generally comprise only two terminals), or only when the battery is being charged or only when the battery is being discharged (in which case the battery will generally have three terminals, one pair being used for charging the battery and another pair being used when the battery is supplying power). It is also possible for a secondary battery to comprise two protective devices, one of which is connected in series with the cells when the battery is being charged, and the other of which is connected ire series with the cells when the battery is being discharged.

When the device functions to protect the battery during charging, it must remain in the low resistance state (and therefore pass the rapid-charging current) while the battery is in a low state of charge, but reduce the rapid- charging current to a trickle-charging current when the battery has reached a level of charge such that further passage of the rapid-charging current would cause overheating sof the cells.. The rapid-charging current used to recharge the cells will depend not only on the chemical reactions involved in the charging.process and the materials from which the cell is constructed, but also on the preferred compromise between a short charging cycle and a long service life. Thus, identical batteries might by charged at a rapid-charging current of C amps or less (where C is the capacity of the battery in ampere-hours) when a charging time of about 1 hour or more was acceptable and a long service life was desired, and at a substantially greater rapid-charging current, e.g.

of 2C amps or more, when the advantages of a shorter charging time were deemed to outweigh the greater resulting deterioration of the battery each time it was recharged (and consequent shorter service life). The rapid-charging currents employed in practice are always at least 0.25C and almost always less than IOC. In most situations, the rapid- charging current is at least 0.5C amps, typically 0.75C to 4C amps, preferably C to 3C amps.

' With the materials currently being used for the i electrodes, separators etc. in secondary batteries, the electrical and thermal characteristics of the device should be such that the rapid—charging current is reduced to a trickle-charging current when the cell temperature, and in consequence the temperature around the device (T •>)» are in the range of 40° to 75*0, generally 40 to 50oC. However, it is to be expected that future improvements in such materials will permit higher cell temperatures to be reached without substantial damage to the battery.

When the increase in cell temperature causes the rate at which the device generates heat by I2R heating to exceed the rate at which heat is lost from the device, the temperature and the resistance of the device rise rapidly, thus causing a sharp reduction in the current in the charging circuit. The cells will then begin to cool, and the temperature and the resistance of the device will fall slowly until a new equilibrium condition is established in which the rate at which the device generates heat by I2R heating is equal to the rate at which heat can be dissipated from the device. Since charging of the battery is not complete when the device changes from the low resistance state to the high resistance state, the trickle-charging current should preferably by 0.03C to 0.2C amps, particularly 0.05C to 0.2C amps, especially 0.05C to 0.1C amps; when an unusually low rapid-charging current, below 0.4C amps, is used, the trickle- charging current should be less than half the rapid-charging current. In the trickle-charging condition, the temperature of the cells will be substantially lower than it was at the end of the rapid-charging period, and it is, therefore, important that the device should remain in the high resistance state so long as current continues to pass through the circuit, although the temperature round it is lower than it was when the change from the low resistance state to the high resistance state took place, i.e. that the device should be "latched", as explained in detail in Canadian Application Serial No. 340,998 referred to above.

When the device functions to protect the battery during discharge as well as during charging, then it will remain in the low resistance state when the current drawn from the battery is less than the rapid-charging current which it will pass, which will, therefore, generally be in the range of 0.25C to 2C amps. When the device functions solely to protect the battery during discharge, it is designed to change to the high resistance state when the current drawn from the battery exceeds a preselected value which is referred to herein as i _. The value of i . is crit crit usually between C and IOC amps and for many batteries is between 1.5C and 2.5C amps, e.g. 1.8C to 2.2C. In general the device should be designed so that once it has changed to the high resistance state, it will remain in a high resistance state so long as current continues to flow in the circuit, i.e* the device will be "latched". Preferably the reduced current drawn from the battery is less than 0.4C. It is important to note that i ..is measured under steady crit state conditions. Currents substantially greater than i — -, J 3 crit can be drawn from the battery for limited periods of time, and this is important in connection with the production of "intrinsically safe" batteries, as discussed above.

In defining the electrical power/temperature relationship of the devices in the batteries of the invention, reference is made above to the battery being placed in still air at 20oC. It is to be understood.

however, that this is simply for the purpose of definition, since the thermal characteristics of the device will depend in part on the medium surrounding the battery, and that the batteries can be used and/or recharged in any suitable environment.

As noted above, the devices used in the present invention are preferably devices as generally described in Canadian Application Serial No. 340,998. It is important to note, however, that although the devices used in the present invention will usually give rise to a Switching Ratio of at least 10 when placed in the standard circuit and standard thermal environment defined in that application, the Switching Ratio of a circuit in which a battery is being recharged in accordance with the method of the present invention will not necessarily be at least 10, since such a Switching Ratio might result in a trickle-charging current which was lower than desired. For example, when the rapid- charging current is relatively low, e.g. less than 1.5C amps, for example C amps, the Switching Ratio of the charging circuit will usually be less then 10, for example 4 to 9.

If the resistance of the device in the high resistance state is too high, a resistor can be placed in parallel with the device, the resistor having a resistance which is greater than th& resistance of the device in the low resistance state but less than the resistance of the device in the high resistance state. If such a resistor is used, it will normally play no effective part in determining the current while the device is in the low resistance state, but will effectively determine the current when the device is in the high resistance state.

The PTC element of a device for use in the present invention will generally be composed of a PTC conductive polymer composition which has a resistivity of less than ohm.cm, preferably less than 4 ohm.cm, at 20oC and/or (when the device, protects the battery during charging) when the battery is being recharged in the rapid-charging condition.

The resistivity of the composition will generally be at least ohm-cm when, the device is in the high resistance state, e.g. when a battery is being recharged and the circuit is in the trickle-charging condition. The composition will generally be cross-linked. Generally the devices should function so as to prevent the cells from heating to temperatures greater than 4 0-60oC, and the PTC compositions should therefore generally have switching temperatures in the range of 40 to 75"C; such compositions can be based on crystalline polymers having melting points in the range of to 75"C, and excellent results have been obtained using polyçaprolactone as the polymer. The shape of the PTC element and the electrical connections to it will generally ,, . be such that the currentflows through the element over an area of equivalent diameter d with an average path length t such that d/t is at least 2, preferably at least 10. The resistance of the device at 20oC, and/or at the temperature of the device when the device protects the battery during charging and the battery is being recharged in the rapid- charging condition, will generally be less than 1 ohm,, and, when the device protects the battery during charging, less than 0.1 x R , where R. is the resistance of the circuit in series with the device.

When the device is being used to protect the battery during charging, the device will be heated, during the period following the change from the low resistance state to the high resistance state, to a temperature which is higher than the temperature of the device when the circuit is in the trickle-charging condition, the latter temperature being referred to herein as T , . . It is desirable that a latch resistance of the device at T latch 3houl ke less than the resistance of the device at all temperatures between Td latch and *Td latch + 10)0C and preferably less than the • resistance of the device at all temperatures between Td. latch and <-Td latch + 50)OC- Especially when the device is used to protect the battery during charging, the electrical stability of the device should be such that it will continue to provide the desired protective effect throughout the useful life of the battery.

The capacity of a battery in ampere hours depends on the rate at which current is drawn from the battery and the ambient temperature. The battery capacities given in this specification are measured at the one-hour rate at an ambient temperature of 250C The invention will now be described by way of example with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Figure 1 is a circuit diagram showing a secondary battery being charged in accordance with the invention; Figure 2 is a schematic perspective view of a battery that is protected according to the invention by means of a PTC device; and Figure 3 is a schematic perspective view of the PTC device of figure 2 in greater detail.

Referring now to the drawings. Figure 1 is a circuit diagram showing a secondary battery being charged in accordance with the invention. The battery 1 comprises a 1!' case which is indicated by the dotted lines, a plurality of secondary cells 11 and terminals 12, 13 and 14, terminals 12 and 14 being connected when the battery is being charged (as in the circuit shown) and terminals 13 and 14 being connected when the battery is being discharged. When the battery is being charged, PTC resistor R, is not part of the circuit but PTC resistor Rc is connected in series with the cells; also shown is fixed resistor R2 connected in parrallel with Rc. PTC resistor Rc, which protects the battery during charging only, has a very low resistance at room temperature but a much higher resistance in the high resistance state, preferably a resistance such that, in the absense of R2r the trickle-charging current is at the desired level. Resistor R2 is required only if the resistance of Rc in the high resistance state is so high that, in the absence of R2, the trickle-charging current would be too low: if used, resistor Rj has a resistance which is much higher than the resistance of Rc in the low resistance state, but lower than the resistance of R in the high resistance state. When the battery is being discharged, R is not part of the circuit, but R is connected in series with the .cells and thus protects them during discharging. As with R , a fixed resistor can be placed in parallel with R,. The charging circuit also comprises a source of AC power, a transformer 2, a rectifier 3 and a fixed resistor R..

- 21 Referring now to Figure 2, this shows a diagrammatically illustrated battery which comprises a case 1» cells 2, and a PTC device 3 which is placed in between the cells. The PTC device is illustrated in detail in Figure 3. It comprises a PTC element 31 which is sandwiched between expanded metal electrodes 32 and 33 to which are attached leads 34 and 35 respectively. Insulating layer 36 surrounds and encapsulates the PTC element, the electrodes and the ends of the leads.

EXAMPLE A device as illustrated in Figure 3 was prepared.

The PTC element contained 56 parts by weight of polycaprolactone sold by Union Carbide under the trademark "PCL 700", 42 parts by weight of carbon black sold under the trade mark "Furnex N765" and 2 parts by weight of antioxidant [an oligomer of 4,4'-thiobis (3-methyl-6-t- butyl phenol) with an average degree of polymerisation of 3- 4, as described in U.S. Patent No. 3,986,981]. The resistivity of the composition at 250C was about 2.5 ohm.cm.

The electrodes and the leads were composed of nickel-coated copper and the insulating layer was composed of a cured -S2 - jJO KtwsEaKaasaaasBflKs:

epoxy resin. The device had been irradiated to a dosage of raegarads. The dimensions shown in Figure 3 were:

a = 2.8 cm, b = 2.5 cm, c = 1.2 cm, d = 1.0 cm, e = 0.35 cm and f = 0.17 cm. The device had a resistance at 250C of about 0.1 ohm.

This device was placed as shown in Figure 2 between the cells of a battery comprising 12 nickel-cadmium . (1.3v) cells and having three terminals. The battery had a capacity of 0.45 amp. hours. The device was connected so that it was in series with the cells only when the battery was being charged. The battery was discharged and was then recharged in a circuit which was as illustrated in Figure 1 except that fixed resistor R, and PTC resistor R. were not present. R, had a resistance of 15 ohms.

For the first 60 minutes, the rapid-charging current was about 0.44 amps and the resistance of the device remained low (less than 0.3 ohms). At that time, the temperature of the cells, and in consequence the temperature of the device had risen to about 450C, and the device was no longer able to dissipate the heat generated within it by I R heating. In consequence its resistance rose very rapidly to about 350 ohms, reducing the current to about 26 milliamps.

The temperature of the device and the cells then dropped until s an equilibrium trickle-charging condition was established in which the current was 43 milliamps and the resistance of the device was 177 ohms.

1.150769 The embodiments of the invention in vfhich an exclusive property or privilege is claimed are defined as follows.

1. A battery comprising one or more cells and at least one PTC electrical device which is in thermal contact with at least one cell of said battery, wherein said PTC electrical device (i) is connected in series with the cell or cells of the battery so that when the battery is being charged or discharged, current flows through a PTC element which forms part of the device; and (ii) has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of dissipating heat at a rate such that it has a low res.istance when the cell or cells are at normal operating temperatures and a relatively high resistance when the cell or cells are at excessively high temperatures.

2. A battery according to Claim 1 wherein the cell or cells are secondary cells, and the PTC electrical device (i) is connected in series with the cell or cells when the battery is being charged and (ii) has an electrical power/temperature relationship and is capable of dissipating heat at a rate such that, if the battery, after having been discharged, is recharged in a charging circuit which is