Способ биокаталитической анаэробной трансформации экстрактов из нефти и нефтяных фракций, содержащих химически окисленные соединения серы

Изобретение относится к биотехнологии. Способ биокаталитической анаэробной трансформации экстрактов из нефти и нефтяных фракций, содержащих химически окисленные соединения серы, включает в себя: 1) подачу в метангенерирующий анаэробный реактор водной среды с рН 7,8-8,5, приготовленной на основе этанольного экстракта, содержащего органические окисленные формы серы в концентрации до 360 мкМ из сырой нефти или разных нефтяных фракций: вакуумного газойля, нефтяного газоконденсата, прямогонной бензиновой фракции, прямогонной дизельной фракции, и ХПК в концентрации 6,7-11,9 г/л; 2) загрузку в реактор биокатализатора, состоящего из смеси гранул криогеля поливинилового спирта, ПВС, содержащих иммобилизованные методом включения клетки разных микроорганизмов, при следующем их соотношении: 75-80 масс. % гранул, содержащих клетки активного анаэробного метаногенного ила, 10-15 масс. % гранул, содержащих клетки Desulfovibrio desulfuricans и 5-10 масс. % гранул, содержащих клетки Rodococcus opacus; 3) ...

КАТАЛИЗАТОРЫ ГИДРООЧИСТКИ НА ПОДЛОЖКАХ, ОБЛАДАЮЩИЕ ПОВЫШЕННОЙ АКТИВНОСТЬЮ

В данном изобретении предложены катализаторы на подложке, способ его получения, а также способ гидроочистки, гидродеазотирования и/или гидродесульфуризации с применением катализаторов на подложках. Катализатор на подложке содержит носитель, фосфор, по меньшей мере один металл группы VIB, по меньшей мере один металл группы VIII и полимер, причем данный полимер содержится в катализаторе в количестве около 1,5 мас.% или более относительно общей массы других компонентов в катализаторе. Молярное соотношение между фосфором и металлом группы VIB составляет от около 1:1,5 до менее чем около 1:12. Молярное соотношение между металлом группы VIB и металлом группы VIII составляет от около 1:1 до около 5:1. Полимер имеет углеродный скелет (основную цепь) и содержит функциональные группы, содержащие по меньшей мере один гетероатом. Способ получения катализатора на подложке включает: I) соединение вместе компонентов в любой из следующих комбинаций: a-i) носитель, один или более мономерных компонентов, ...

КОМПОЗИЦИЯ КАТАЛИЗАТОРА ДЛЯ ГИДРИРОВАНИЯ И СПОСОБ ГИДРИРОВАНИЯ С ЕЕ ИСПОЛЬЗОВАНИЕМ

Изобретение относится к композиции катализатора для гидрирования. Композиция содержит компоненты (А), (В), (С) и (D), где массовое отношение (D) к (А) ((D)/(А)) находится в пределах от 0,01 до 2,00, и где массовое отношение (С) к (А) ((С)/(А)) находится в пределах от 0,3 до 8,0. (А) представляет собой титаноценовое соединение, представленное следующей общей формулой (1),где Rи Rпредставляют собой любую группу, выбранную из группы, состоящей из водорода, углеводородной группы, имеющей 1-12 атомов углерода, арилоксигруппы, алкоксигруппы, группы галогена и карбонильной группы, Rи Rмогут быть одинаковыми или различными; и Rи Rпредставляют собой любую группу, выбранную из группы, состоящей из водорода и углеводородной группы, имеющей 1-12 атомов углерода, и Rи Rмогут быть одинаковыми или различными; при условии, что не все Rи Rпредставляют собой атомы водорода или не все они представляют собой углеводородную группу, имеющую 1-12 атомов углерода. (B) представляет собой соединение, содержащее ...

УГЛЕРОДНЫЕ ТЕЛА И ФЕРРОМАГНИТНЫЕ УГЛЕРОДНЫЕ ТЕЛА

Изобретение касается области модифицированных углеродных изделий. Предложено ферромагнитное углеродное тело, содержащее частично графитизированный активированный уголь и металлические частицы ферромагнитного металла, выбранного из группы, состоящей из железа, никеля, кобальта и/или их сплавов и их комбинаций. Размер ферромагнитного тела составляет от 100 нм до 20 мм, вычисленная БЭТ-методом площадь его поверхности составляет от 300 до 1000 м/г, общий объем пор составляет от 0,1 до 0,6 мл/г, средний диаметр пор составляет от 3 до 8 нм. Ферромагнитное углеродное тело содержит 10-70% по весу графитизированного углерода. Предложен также способ получения и использования ферромагнитного тела. Изобретение обеспечивает получение частично графитизированного тела с усовершенствованными характеристиками, в котором количество и расположение графитизированного углерода может быть управляемым. 8 н. и 8 з.п. ф-лы, 17 ил., 6 табл., 6 пр.

КАТАЛИЗАТОР ДЛЯ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ БИСФЕНОЛОВ

Изобретение относится к способу получения катализатора для получения бисфенолов. Способ получения катализатора для получения бисфенолов, содержащего кислотную катионообменную смолу, на которую адсорбируют серосодержащее соединение амина, включает стадии введения кислотной катионообменной смолы в контакт с кислотными сточными водами, содержащими серосодержащее соединение амина, выпускаемыми со стадии получения катализатора, при этом сточные воды имеют начальную концентрацию указанного серосодержащего соединения амина, равную 170 ч./млн (мас.) и менее и контакт циркуляцией осуществляют до уменьшения его концентрации до 5 ч./млн (мас.) или менее. Технический результат заключается в значительном удалении серосодержащего соединения амина из сточных вод и упрощении переработки сточных вод после получения катализатора. 2 з.п. ф-лы.

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ КАТАЛИЗАТОРА СИНТЕЗА БИОРАЗЛАГАЕМЫХ АЛИФАТИЧЕСКИХ СЛОЖНЫХ ПОЛИЭФИРОВ

Изобретение относится к получению катализатора синтеза биоразлагаемых алифатических сложных полиэфиров поликонденсацией α-замещенных оксикислот, преимущественно молочной кислоты. Полимеры обладают способностью к полному биоразложению в живом организме или естественных природных условиях и могут быть использованы для создания изделий широкого ассортимента как медицинского, так и бытового применения. Способ получения катализатора синтеза биоразлагаемых алифатических сложных полиэфиров на основе α-замещенных гидроксилсодержащих карбоновых кислот и оловосодержащих солей осуществляют взаимодействием компонентов в концентрированном водном растворе молочной кислоты в температурном интервале 100-180°C при исходной концентрации оловосодержащих солей 5,0-0,01 вес. %, реакцию формирования катализатора осуществляют в течение 1-5 часов с непрерывным удалением воды. Способ отличается тем, что оловосодержащие соли выбирают из группы, в которой анион обладает летучестью в выбранном температурном интервале ...

СПОСОБ ГИДРОФОРМИЛИРОВАНИЯ

Настоящее изобретение относится к способам гидроформилирования для получения альдегидов. Способ включает приведение в контакт в реакционной зоне реагентов, включающих олефин, водород и СО, в присутствии катализатора на основе родий-органофосфитного комплекса, необязательно, со свободным органофосфитным лигандом, и от 0,1 до 3% мас. в расчете на общую массу жидкости в зоне реакции по меньшей мере одного полимера, имеющего структуру формулы (I) или формулы (II), значения радикалов которых указаны в формуле изобретения, при этом растворимость полимера в альдегиде больше или равна 1% мас. при 40°С. Технический результат - снижение потерь родия в процессах гидроформилирования. 8 з.п. ф-лы, 7 табл., 8 пр. (I) (II) ...

СПОСОБЫ И СОСТАВЫ ДЛЯ ТЕПЛОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ТРУБОПРОВОДА, ИСПОЛЬЗУЕМОГО ДЛЯ ДОБЫЧИ ИЛИ ТРАНСПОРТИРОВКИ УГЛЕВОДОРОДА, ДЛЯ ОБЛЕГЧЕНИЯ УДАЛЕНИЯ ОТЛОЖЕНИЙ ТВЕРДЫХ ПАРАФИНОВ

Группа изобретений относится к нефтяной и газовой промышленности, в частности к методам удаления отложений в трубопроводах для добычи и транспортировки углеводородов. Представлены способы увеличения температуры секции трубопровода, способы регулирования высвобождения реагентов, катализатора экзотермической реакции и полученные продукты. Согласно одному аспекту способ включает в себя этапы, на которых: формируют обрабатывающую жидкость, содержащую: несущую жидкость; и первый реагент, и второй реагент; и подают обрабатывающую жидкость в секцию трубопровода, используемого для добычи или транспортировки углеводородов. Первый реагент и второй реагент выбираются такими, чтобы вступать друг с другом в экзотермическую химическую реакцию; и первый, и второй реагенты находятся в концентрации в несущей жидкости, по меньшей мере, достаточной для получения теоретической теплоты реакции в количестве, по меньшей мере, 1000 кДж/л обрабатывающей жидкости. По меньшей мере, некоторое количество, по меньшей ...

ВИНИЛПИРИДИНОВАЯ СМОЛА ДЛЯ НОСИТЕЛЕЙ КАТАЛИЗАТОРОВ, СПОСОБ ЕЕ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА И КАТАЛИЗАТОР ДЛЯ РЕАКЦИИ КАРБОНИЛИРОВАНИЯ МЕТАНОЛА

Изобретение относится к винилпиридиновой смоле для носителя катализатора. Описана винилпиридиновая смола для носителя катализатора карбонилирования метанола, характеризующаяся: уровнем содержания азота, произведенного из пиридиновой группы, в диапазоне от 3,00% (масс.) и более до 8,00% (масс.) и менее; степенью сшивания в диапазоне от 35% (моль.) и более до 70% (моль.) и менее; молярным соотношением C/N между количествами атомов углерода и атомов азота в диапазоне от 12,00 и более до 36,00 и менее; совокупным объемом пор в диапазоне от 0,20 куб. см/г и более до 0,45 куб. см/г и менее; площадью удельной поверхности в диапазоне от 70,0 м/г и более до 280,0 м/г и менее; средним диаметром пор в диапазоне от 5,0 нм и более до 25,0 нм и менее; и соотношением между объемом пор, характеризующихся диаметром пор, составляющим 10 нм и более, и объемом всех пор в диапазоне от 4,0% и более до 90,0% и менее. Также описан способ производства винилпиридиновой смолы и катализатор карбонилирования метанола ...

КАТАЛИЗАТОР НА НОСИТЕЛЕ, ЕГО АКТИВИРОВАННАЯ ФОРМА И ИХ ПОЛУЧЕНИЕ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

... 1. Катализатор на носителе, содержащий: органический полимерный материал-носитель и частицы сплава Ренея, поддерживаемые на органическом полимерном материале-носителе, где по существу все частицы сплава Ренея являются частично заделанными в органический полимерный материал-носитель.2. Катализатор по п. 1, где этот сплав Ренея содержит по меньшей мере один металл Ренея и по меньшей мере один способный выщелачиваться элемент.3. Катализатор по п. 2, где по меньшей мере один металл Ренея выбран из никеля, кобальта, меди и железа, и по меньшей мере один способный выщелачиваться элемент выбран из алюминия, цинка и кремния.4. Катализатор по п. 2, где массовое отношение металла Ренея к способному выщелачиваться элементу в сплаве Ренея составляет от 1:99 до 10:1.5. Катализатор по п. 4, где массовое отношение металла Ренея к способному выщелачиваться элементу в сплаве Ренея составляет от 1:10 до 4:1.6. Катализатор по п. 2, где сплав Ренея дополнительно содержит по меньшей мере один промотор, выбранный ...

Хромсодержащий катализатор жидкофазного синтеза метанола и способ его получения

Изобретение относится к химической промышленности, а именно к производству гетерогенных катализаторов процесса жидкофазного синтеза метанола, и может быть применено на предприятиях химической промышленности для получения метанола, который используется в качестве растворителя, экстрагента и сырья для синтеза формальдегида, сложных эфиров органических и неорганических кислот и добавок к топливу. Хромсодержащий катализатор жидкофазного синтеза метанола содержит сверхсшитый полистирол в качестве носителя и активный металл. Согласно изобретению в качестве активного металла используется хром, при этом содержание хрома в катализаторе составляет от 4 до 6 мас.%, а содержание сверхсшитого полистирола - 94÷96 мас.%. Используют сверхсшитый полистирол с площадью внутренней поверхности 950÷1050 м/г. Способ получения хромсодержащего катализатора жидкофазного синтеза метанола включает обработку сверхсшитого полистирола раствором соли активного металла в тетрагидрофуране, дистиллированной воде и метаноле ...

СПОСОБ ПОЛУЧЕНИЯ КАТАЛИЗАТОРА СИНТЕЗА БИОРАЗЛАГАЕМЫХ АЛИФАТИЧЕСКИХ СЛОЖНЫХ ПОЛИЭФИРОВ

Магнитоотделяемый катализатор окисления органических соединений и способ его получения

Настоящее изобретение относится к гетерогенному катализатору жидкофазного окисления глюкозы и технологии его получения и может применяться на предприятиях химической и фармацевтической промышленности для получения компонентов пищевых продуктов и биологически активных добавок, таких как глюконовая кислота и глюконат кальция. Магнитоотделяемый катализатор окисления глюкозы, содержащий в качестве носителя магнитные наночастицы Fe3O4, модифицированные хитозаном и триполифосфатом натрия, и глюкозооксидазу из Aspergillus niger, характеризуется тем, что носитель дополнительно включает ацетилцистеин. Соотношение компонентов катализатора в % по массе составляет: Fe3O4 - 82,65÷83,22, хитозан - 8,25÷8,35, триполифосфат натрия - 1,61÷1,71, ацетилцистеин - 0,80÷0,86, глюкозооксидаза - 6,12÷6,32. Технический результат изобретения заключается в повышении активности, селективности и стабильности катализатора в реакции окисления глюкозы, а также его способности к отделению от реакционной среды. 2 н.п. ф-лы ...

Zusammengesetzter Photokatalysator und Verfahren für seine Herstellung

Verwendung eines säurebeständigen blattformigen Katalysators zur Dioxinzersetzung

KATALYSATOR ZUR KONZENTRIERUNG VON WASSERSTOFFISOTOPEN

HOCHAKTIVER PHOTOKATALYSATOR

COMBINING GASEOUS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

CATALYST FOR BIOCHEMICAL REACTION AND METHOD OF PREPARING IT

... 1470291 Immobilized enzymes W R GRACE & CO 1 Sept 1975 36001/75 Addition to 1429711 Heading C3H The invention of the parent Specification 1,429,711 which describes and claims foamable compositions comprising an isocyanate capped polyoxyethylene polyol is modified in that to the previously free isocyanate groups in a polyurethane molecule is chemically bound a residue of cellulose, pectinate, papain, bromelain, chymotrypsin, krypsin, ficin, lysozyme, lactose, amyloglucosidase, penicillin amidase, glucose isomerase, alpha-amylase, amino acid acylase, asparaginase, glucose oxidase, invertase, perioxidase, pullulanase, or rennin. Examples 1-10 describes the attachment of a selection of these enzymes to a polymer of ethylene glycol and toluene diisocyanate. Example 11 describes the conversion of penicillin G to 6-aminopenicillanic acid and Example 12 compares the efficacy of the product of the invention with those of the prior art.

OLEFIN POLYMERIZATION PROCESS AND CATALYST

CATALYST COMPOSITIONS AND ADSORBENTS

STEREOSPEZIFI ISOMERIERUNG OF ALLYL AMINES USING IMMOBILIZED CHIRALEN PHOSPHO LIGANDS

CATALYST FOR THE RECOMBINATION OF HYDROGEN WITH OXYGEN

MIKROVERKAPSELTES CATALYST LIGAND SYSTEM, MANUFACTURING PROCESS FOR IT AND PROCEDURES FOR THE USE OF IT

CATALYSTS FOR POWDER COATINGS HARDENING AT LOW TEMPERATURE AND PROCEDURES FOR YOUR USE

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION FROM DIAPHRAGM ELECTRODE BUILDING GROUPS TO THE USE IN A PROTON EXCHANGE DIAPHRAGM

PLATINUM-FREE CHELAT KATALYSATORMATERIAL FOR THE SELECTIVE OXYGEN REDUCTION AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS PRODUCTION

METHOD FOR OXIDIZING GASEOUS SUBSTANCES.

PROCEDURE FOR THE FORM-ARRANGED AGGLOMERIERUNG BY SOLID PARTICLE (II).

CARRIER CATALYST TO DECOMPOSITION OF OZONE.

VEFAHREN AND CATALYST SYSTEM FOR THE PRODUCTION OF AROMATIC CARBONATES

CATALYST TO WASTE GAS EMISSION CONTROL, CATALYST STRUCTURE, PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION THE SAME, PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR WASTE GAS EMISSION CONTROL

COMPOUND PHOTO CATALYST AND PROCEDURE FOR ITS PRODUCTION

HYDROFORMYLIERUNG OF OLEFINEN USING TO (PHOSPHORUS) CARRIER LIGANDS

Photocatalyst laminate

A photocatalyst laminate which is composed of an undercoat layer provided on a substrate and a photocatalyst layer laminated on the surface of the undercoat layer. The undercoat layer contains (A) 100 parts by mass of a resin component and (B) 0.1-50 parts by mass of fine core-shell particles, each of which has a core that is formed of a fine tetragonal titanium oxide solid solution particle wherein tin and manganese are solid-solved and a shell that is formed from silicon oxide on the outside of the core. This photocatalyst laminate is not susceptible to decrease in the photocatalyst function even under outdoor exposure for a long period of time, and is thus capable of providing a coated article that exhibits excellent weather resistance.

Method of synthesizing of prussion blue nanozymes with peroxidase-like activity for the colorimetric detection of Fe2+

The invention develops a colorimetric method which can detect specific concentration range of Fe2+ with Prussian blue nanozyme. Through co-precipitation synthesis of PVP(K30), PTFE, HCI, and K3[Fe(CN)6] solution, the Prussian blue nanozyme can be obtained. The Prussian blue nanozyme has peroxidase-like activity. The temperature, pH, concentration of H202 and substrate (TMB) are the factors which influence the intrinsic peroxidase-like activity of Prussian blue nanozyme. The best detection conditions are as follows: temperature is equal to 50 C, pH is equal to pH 4.0, the concentration of TMB is 75 pM and the concentration of H202 is 500 pM. Under the best conditions, establish a method to detect Fe2+, the detection range of Fe2+is from 20 pM to 200 pM. Utilizing this method to detect the Fe2+ is accurate. Nanozyme TMB Fe+ Fe2+ oxidation Figure 1 (a)(b Figure 2 (a), (b) ...

Process for regenerating and rejuvenating additive containing catalysts

Novel glycerol-based heterogeneous solid acid catalysts useful for the esterification of fatty acids, a process and use thereof

IMPROVED ENERGY DEVICES

Urea hydrolysis reactor for selective catalytic reduction

This disclosure features a urea conversion catalyst located within a urea decomposition reactor (e.g., a urea decomposition pipe) of a diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. The urea conversion catalyst includes a refractory metal oxide and a cationic 5 dopant. The urea conversion catalyst can decrease the temperature at which urea converts to ammonia, can increase the urea conversion yield, and can decrease the likelihood of incomplete urea conversion. PCCR56867_1 (GHMatters) P100936.AU || b |T ...

Layered structure having sequestered oxygen catalyst

An oxygen catalyst-containing structure comprising a first layer encapsulated by a second layer is provided, where the first layer includes an oxygen catalyst and the second layer is free of an oxygen catalyst. A method of making an oxygen catalyst-containing structure comprising a first layer and a second layer is also provided where the first layer includes an oxygen catalyst, the second layer is free of an oxygen catalyst, and the first layer is encapsulated by the second layer. The method includes impregnating a first solution containing a first superabsorbent polymer with an oxygen catalyst; allowing the first solution to gel to form the first layer; coating the first layer with a second solution containing a second superabsorbent polymer; and allowing the second solution to gel to form the second layer.

Method for preparing methyl formate and coproducing dimethyl ether

A method for preparing methyl formate and coproducing dimethyl ether. A raw material containing formaldehyde and methanol is introduced into a first reaction area to come into contact with catalyst A and be separated therefrom, constituent I thus produced is introduced into a second reaction area to come into contact with catalyst B and then be separated therefrom, thus producing methyl formate, dimethyl ether, and constituent II. At least 1% of the dimethyl ether serves as a product while the remainder serves as circulating dimethyl ether to be returned to the first reaction area. Constituent II is returned to the second reaction area. The ratio of formaldehyde to methanol in the raw material in terms of the number of moles of carbon atoms contained in each constituent is formaldehyde : methanol = 1 : 0.05-4; the weight hourly space velocity of formaldehyde in the raw material is 0.01-15.0 h ...

CATALYST PELLETS

Coatings

The invention provides a coating composition suitable for use in forming a coating that can reduce the concentration of pollutant gases in the environment, the coating composition comprising polymeric material together with mesoporous titania particles. The particles have a continuous exterior convex surface and a particle diameter of greater than or equal to 1μm but less than or equal to 50μm, and a BET specific surface area of from 30m ...

Exhaust emission control catalyst element, catalyst structure, production method thereof, exhaust emission control apparatus and exhaust emission control method using the apparatus

LIQUID CATALYST FOR CROSSLINKING AMINO RESINS

The invention provides a liquid catalyst capable of cross-linking amino resins. The liquid catalyst has improved flexibility and adhesive properties. It is comprised of a cross- linkable polyvinyl acetate, an acid, and an ammonium salt.

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL COBALT DISPERSIONS BY THE POLYMER-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF COBALT CARBONYL AND COBALT ORGANOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL GROUP VI-A TRANSITION METAL DISPERSIONS BY THE POLYMER-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS THEREOF

MICROENCAPSULATED CATALYST, METHODS OF PREPARATION AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

A microencapsulated catalyst is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a catalyst in a first phase (for example an organic phase), dispersing the first phase in a second, continuous phase (for example an aqueous phase) to form an emulsion, reacting one or more microcapsule wall-forming materials at the interface between the dispersed first phase and the continuous second phase to form a microcapsule polymer shell encapsulating the dispersed first phase core and optionally recovering the microcapsules from the continuous phase. The catalyst is preferably a transition metal catalyst and the encapsulated catalyst may be used for conventional catalysed reactions. The encapsulated catalyst may recovered from the reaction medium and re-cycled.

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL GROUP VI-A TRANSITION METAL DISPERSIONS BY THE POLYMER-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS THEREOF

There is disclosed a method for the preparation of a homogeneous, physically stable dispersion of colloidal metal particles of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of chromium, molybdenum and tungsten having a size in the range of from about 10 Angstrom units to about 200 Angstrom units. The method comprises preparing a solution of a functional polymer in an inert solvent, and incrementally adding thereto a transition metal precursor, at a temperature at which the transition metal precursor will become bound to the polymer and thermally decompose to produce elemental transition metal particles, the process being carried out in an inert atmosphere. Such dispersions may be used per se as catalysts, or may be used for the preparation of supported colloidal transition metal catalysts. The dispersions may also be used for the preparation of ablative optical recording media.

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL DISPERSIONS OF NICKEL, PALLDAIUM AND PLATINUM OF THE POLYMER-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF CARBONYL COMPOUNDS THEREOF

There is disclosed a method for the preparation of a homogeneous, physically stable dispersion of colloidal metal particles of a transition metal selected from the group consisting of nickel, palladium and platinum having a size in the range of from about 10 Angstrom units to about 200 Angstrom units. The method comprises preparing a solution of a functional polymer in an inert solvent, and incrementally adding thereto a transition metal precursor, at a temperature at which the transition metal precursor will become bound to the polymer and thermally decompose to produce elemental transition metal particles, the process being carried out in an inert atmosphere. Such of supported colloidal transition metal catalysts. The dispersions may also be used for the preparation of ablative optical recording media.

ELECTRONIC CONDUCTIVE POLYMERS DOPED BY HETEROPOLYANIONS, THEIR PREPARATION PROCESS AND THEIR USE IN CHEMICAL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYSIS

DESCRIPTIVE The invention relates to an electronic conductive polymer doped by the anions of a heteropolyacid of formula: Hn(XMyVy,Oz) in which n, y, y' and z are such that 2?n?6, 6?y?18, 0?y'?12, 24?z?70 and 6?y+y'?18, X being an element such as P or Si and M is Mo or W. These polymers can be prepared by chemical or electrochemical oxidation from a solution containing the heteropolyacid and the monomer able to form an electronic conductive polymer by oxidation, e.g. pyrrole, thiophene, aniline, paraphenylene diamine, acetylene, benzene and their substituted derivatives. The doped electronic conductive polymer makes it possible to reduce the protons of a solution as is shown by curve (1) of the attached Fig. 2. (Fig. 2) ...

METHOD OF COMBINING GASEOUS HYDROGEN AND OXYGEN

ELECTROCATALYST POWDERS, METHODS FOR PRODUCING POWDERS AND DEVICES FABRICATED FROM SAME

Electrocatalyst powders and methods for producing electrocatalyst powders, such as carbon composite electrocatalyst powders. The powders have a well- controlled microstructure and morphology. The method includes forming the particles from an aerosol of precursors by heating the aerosol to a relatively low temperature, such as not greater than about 400 ~C.

FUNCTIONAL POROUS FIBRES

The invention relates to a method for the preparation of porous polymeric fibres comprising functionalised or active particles. By extruding a mixture of one or more dissolved polymers with particulate material a porous fibre is obtained in which the particulate material is entrapped. Extrusion of the fibre occurs under two-step phase inversion conditions. In particular the porous fibres can be used for the isolation of macromolecules such as peptides, proteins, nucleic acids or other organic compounds from complex reaction mixtures, in particular from fermentation broths. Another application is the immobilisation of a catalyst in a reaction mixture.

FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS

OXIDATION PROCESS WITH IN-SITU H2O2 GENERATION AND POLYMER-ENCAPSULATED CATALYSTS THEREFOR

Catalysts useful for oxidation reactions are disclosed. The catalysts comprise a titanium zeolite, a transition metal, and a polymer, wherein at least one of the titanium zeolite or transition metal is encapsulated within a thin layer of the polymer. The catalysts are easy to prepare and use, they are easy to recover and reuse, and they provide good conversions in a variety of important oxidation processes, including propylene epoxidation. The invention includes a process which comprises oxidizing an organic compound in the presence of hydrogen, oxygen, and the catalyst, wherein the transition metal catalyzes formation of hydrogen peroxide in situ.

PREPARATION OF COLLOIDAL IRON DISPERSIONS BY THE POLYMER-CATALYZED DECOMPOSITION OF IRON CARBONYL AND IRON ORGANOCARBONYL COMPOUNDS

CATALYSIS USING SUPPORTED STRONG BASE CATALYSTS

MICROENCAPSULATED CATALYST-LIGAND SYSTEM, METHODS OF PREPARATION AND METHODS OF USE THEREOF

A microencapsulated catalyst-ligand system is prepared by dissolving or dispersing a catalyst and/or a ligand in a first phase (for example an organic phase), dispersing the first phase in a second, continuous phase (for example an aqueous phase) to form an emulsion, reacting one or more microcapsule wall- forming materials at the interface between the dispersed first phase and the continuous second phase to form a microcapsule polymer shell encapsulating the dispersed first phase core and when the first phase contains only a catalyst or a ligand, treating the microcapsules with the remaining ligand or catalyst component of the catalyst-ligand system. The catalyst is preferably a transition metal catalyst and the ligand is preferably an organic ligand. The encapsulated catalyst-ligand system may be used for conventional catalysed reactions. The encapsulated catalyst-ligand system may be recovered from the reaction medium and re-cycled.

METHOD OF MAKING COLLOIDAL SUSPENSIONS OF METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS IN POLYMERIC SOLUTIONS AND USES THEREOF

A method for making a metal organic framework suspension is described herein. The method includes providing a hybrid material comprising a nano-crystalline metal organic framework comprising micropores and a mesoporous polymeric material comprising mesopores, wherein the nano-crystalline metal organic framework is homogeneously dispersed and substantially present only within the mesopores or void spaces of the mesoporous polymeric material; and wherein the hybrid material has a weight percentage of the metal organic framework in the range of 5-50% relative to the total weight of the hybrid material. The method includes contacting the hybrid material with a solvent in which the mesoporous polymeric material is soluble, thereby forming a polymeric solution in which the nano-crystalline metal organic framework is substantially homogeneously dispersed and suspended.

PREPARATION OF A CATALYTIC FABRIC FILTER WITH LOWER PRESSURE DROP

Method for preparing a catalytic fabric filter comprising the steps of a) providing a fabric filter substrate, preferably consisting of glass fibers, having a gas inlet surface and a gas outlet surface, the gas inlet surface is coated with a polymeric membrane, preferably consisting of polytetrafluoroethylene; b) providing an aqueous impregnation liquid comprising one or more catalyst metal precursor compounds; c) impregnating the fabric filter substrate with the impregnation liquid; and d) drying and thermally activating the impregnated fabric filter substrate at a temperature below 300 °C to convert the one or more metal compounds of the catalyst precursor to their catalytically active form, wherein the drying of the impregnated fabric filter substrate in step d) is performed from the gas outlet surface.

IONIC POLYMERS AND USE THEREOF IN PROCESSING OF BIOMASS

The invention provides ionic polymers (IP) consisting of anions and a polymeric backbone containing cations. The invention also provides the ionic polymers incorporated in membranes or attached to solid supports and use of the ionic polymers in processing of biomass.

PROCESS FOR PREPARING ALKOXYLATION CATALYST AND ALKOXYLATION PROCESS

A process for preparing an alkoxylation catalyst wherein a catalyst precursor which is formed from an alkoxylated alcohol and an alkaline earth metal compound to form a dispersion of an alkaline earth metal species is reacted with propylene oxide to propoxylate at least a portion of the ethoxylated alcohol.

METHOD FOR PREPARING METAL CYANIDE CATALYSTS USING POLYMERIZABLE COMPLEXING AGENTS

Metal cyanide catalysts complexed with a monomer complexing agent which contains at least one polymerizable site of carbon-carbon unsaturation are disclosed. A method of preparing such metal cyanide catalysts is disclosed comprising a) treating a metal cyanide catalyst with a monomer complexing agent that contains at least one site of polymerizable carbon- carbon unsaturation, and b) subjecting said treated catalyst to conditions sufficient to polymerize the monomer complexing agent to form an organic polymer having the metal cyanide catalyst dispersed therein. The catalysts are useful alkylene oxide polymerization catalysts that are easily separated from the polymerization product and recycled.

LAYERED STRUCTURE HAVING SEQUESTERED OXYGEN CATALYST

An oxygen catalyst-containing structure comprising a first layer encapsulated by a second layer is provided, where the first layer includes an oxygen catalyst and the second layer is free of an oxygen catalyst. A method of making an oxygen catalyst-containing structure comprising a first layer and a second layer is also provided where the first layer includes an oxygen catalyst, the second layer is free of an oxygen catalyst, and the first layer is encapsulated by the second layer. The method includes impregnating a first solution containing a first superabsorbent polymer with an oxygen catalyst; allowing the first solution to gel to form the first layer; coating the first layer with a second solution containing a second superabsorbent polymer; and allowing the second solution to gel to form the second layer.

PROCESS FOR LIMITING GAS EMISSIONS FROM POROUS PARTICLES

La présente invention a pour objet un procédé pour limiter les émissions de gaz à partir d'un matériau poreux sous forme de particules comprenant un support inorganique poreux et au moins 0,1% en poids d'un ou plusieurs composés choisi parmi les composés organiques, les composés halogénés, les composés borés et les composés phosphorés. Les particules sont placées en mouvement au sein d'un flux de gaz chaud les traversant, et une composition liquide contenant un ou plusieurs polymère(s) filmogène(s) est pulvérisée sur les particules en mouvement au moyen d'une buse d'atomisation bi-fluide dans laquelle la composition liquide est mélangée avec un gaz sous pression, avec une pression relative d'atomisation supérieure ou égale à 0,7.10 5 Pa, jusqu'a l'obtention sur la surface desdites particules d'une couche protectrice contenant le (les) polymère(s) filmogène(s) et présentant une épaisseur moyenne inférieure ou égale à 20 µm. La présente invention a également !pour objet un matériau sous forme ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CARBONYL COMPOUND

To provide a production method for suppressing the reduction in production rate of a carbonyl compound due to transferring a noble metal component into liquid phase. A method for producing a carbonyl compound, including: a reaction step of reacting a carbonylation raw material with CO in liquid phase including a solid catalyst having noble metal complex on a resin carrier containing quaternized nitrogen to produce a carbonyl compound; a distillation step of distilling a reaction product liquid to recover gas phase distillaze including the carbonyl compound; and a circulation step of circulating a bottom product from the distillation to reaction step. After part of the bottom product contacts with an acidic cation-exchange resin to remove nitrogen compound, liquid having higher moisture concentration than the bottom product contacts with the resin to extract noble metal complex captured by oligomer adsorbing the resin, and the complex is returned to the reaction step.

COBALT-CONTAINING FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS, METHODS OF MAKING, AND METHODS OF CONDUCTING FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS

Catalyst compositions, methods of making catalysts, and methods of conducting Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactions are described. It has been discovered that a combination of large crystallite size and high porosity results in catalysts and FT catalyst systems with high stability and low methane selectivity.

AROMATIC HYDROGENATION CATALYSTS AND USES THEREOF

Hydrogenation catalysts for aromatic hydrogenation including an organosilica material support, which is a polymer comprising independent units of a monomer of Formula [Z1OZ2OSiCH2]3 (I), wherein each Z1 and Z2 independently represent a hydrogen atom, a C1-C4 alkyl group or a bond to a silicon atom of another monomer; and at least one catalyst metal are provided herein. Methods of making the hydrogenation catalysts and processes of using, e.g., aromatic hydrogenation, the hydrogenation catalyst are also provided herein.

USE OF AN IONIC COMPOUND, DERIVED FROM MALONONITRILE AS A PHOTOINITIATOR, RADICAL INITIATORS OR CATALYSER IN POLYMERIZATION PROCESSES OR AS A BASIC DYE

La présente invention concerne l'utilisation de composés ioniques dérivés du malononitrile comme photoinitiateur source d'acide catalyseur dans un procédé de polymérisation ou de réticulation de monomères ou de prépolymères capables de réagir par voie cationique, ou comme catalyseur dans un procédé pour la modification de polymères. L'invention vise également l'utilisation de composés ioniques dérivés du malononitrile dans les colorants cationiques.

POLYMERIC ACID CATALYSTS AND USES THEREOF

Polymers useful as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes are provided. Provided are also methods for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides using these polymeric acid catalysts.

SUPPORTED HYDROTREATING CATALYSTS HAVING ENHANCED ACTIVITY

This invention provides supported catalysts comprising a carrier, phosphorus, at least one Group VI metal, at least one Group VIII metal, and a polymer. In the catalyst, the molar ratio of phosphorus to Group VI metal is about 1:1.5 to less than about 1:12, the molar ratio of the Group VI metal to the Group VIII metal is about 1:1 to about 5:1, and the polymer has a carbon backbone and comprises functional groups having at least one heteroatom. Also provided are a process for preparing such supported catalysts, as well as methods for hydrotreating, hydrodenitrogenation, and/or hydro desulfurization, using supported catalysts.

CATALYST SUPPORT STRUCTURE, CATALYST INCLUDING THE STRUCTURE, REACTOR INCLUDING A CATALYST, AND METHODS OF FORMING SAME

Structures, catalysts, and reactors suitable for use for a variety of applications, including gas-to-liquid and coal-to-liquid processes and methods of forming the structures, catalysts, and reactors are disclosed. The catalyst material can be deposited onto an inner wall of a microtubular reactor and/or onto porous tungsten support structures using atomic layer deposition techniques.

SURFACE MODIFIED CARBONATE MATERIALS

Greffage d'un polymère à la surface d'un matériau carboné comportant des fonctions carboxyles, amines et/ou hydroxyles à sa surface. On met ce matériau en suspension dans une solution comprenant le polymère à greffer, lequel comporte une fonction carboxyle, amine et/ou hydroxyle, la solution comprenant aussi un solvant du polymère. On effectue ensuite un traitement provoquant la déshydratation en une fonction carboxyle, d'une fonction amine et/ou hydroxyle et l'on greffe ainsi le polymère sur le matériau carboné par des liens esters ou amides. Utilisation dans la cathode ou l'anode d'un générateur électrochimique, dans un matériau polymère peu polaire, dans une encre, et comme dépôt conducteur sur un plastique flexible utilisé comme contact électrique, comme protection électromagnétique ou comme protection antistatique.

ISOMERIZATION OF BISPHENOLS

A catalyst useful for the condensation of an aldehyde or ketone starting material with a phenol was an insoluble mercaptosulfonic acid compound. The heterogeneous catalysts comprise catalytically-active species represented by formula (II). L was an optional linking group and - was a bond, which catalytically-active species was attached by the bond - to an insoluble organic or inorganic support; or a catalytically-active species represented by formula (III), wherein L' was an optional linking group, - was a bond and .theta.' and .theta." were residues of .theta., and a and b were independently selected from integers equal to or greater than 1. These catalysts isomerize o,p-bisphenols to p,p-bisphenols.

Procédé pour la préparation d'halogénures de vinyle.

Verfahren zur Herstellung feinteiliger, unlöslicher und unschmelzbarer Feststoffe mit grosser innerer Oberfläche

Filtermittel für Gase

Verwendung elektrisch permanent polarisierter Stoffe als Träger für Katalysatoren

Filter zur Reinigung von Gasen, Dämpfen und Luft

Process for producing a bromocyan-activated, hydrophilic, polymeric carrier for biologically active compounds in dried form

PROCEDURE FOR THE EXECUTION OF AN ENZYMATIC REACTION.

Immobilised, support-fixed, enzyme

Shaped article with enzymatically active surface.

METHOD OF OBTAINING CATALYTIC COMPOSITION FOR HYDROGENATION AND CATALYTIC COMPOSITION FOR HYDROGENATION OF

CATALYSTS BASED ON POLYMER ION SALTS AND METHODS OF THEIR SYNTHESIS

Sulfonic acid functionalized amylose solid acid catalyst as well as preparation method and application thereof

Polyethersulfone temperature-sensing catalytic membrane and preparation method and application thereof

Hydrogenation catalyser composition and use of the composition of the hydrogenation catalyser hydrogenation method

Magnoite nano composite ZnO/material with magnetic chitosan/as well as preparation method thereof

Method for preparing photocatalytic material by layer-by-layer self-assembly

MATERIAU CATALYTIQUE POUR ELECTRODES DE PILES A COMBUSTIBLE

La présente invention concerne une poudre sèche finement divisée pour réaliser une couche de catalyseur lors de la fabrication d'électrodes de piles électrochimiques. Cette poudre est constituée par des grains de carbone précatalysé et un polymère de fluorocarbone hydrophobe, la dimension maximum des grains étant d'environ 5 microns et ce polymère ayant un poids moléculaire d'au moins 10**6. L'invention est, par exemple, utilisable pour la fabrication d'électrodes de piles à combustible.

CATALYST TO CONCENTRATE the ISOTOPES OF HYDROGEN AND PROCESS FOR the PRODUCTION Of a SUPPORT FOR THIS CATALYST

Novel platinum complexes useful, in particular, as cage handrail and process using the same.

COMPOSITION CATALYTIQUE DE COMBUSTION

LA PRESENTE INVENTION CONCERNE UNE COMPOSITION CATALYTIQUE PERMETTANT LA COMBUSTION INTEGRALE ET SANS DECHET DES COMBUSTIBLES PETROLIERS DE TOUS GRADES. LA QUANTITE DES PRODUITS CONTENUS DANS UNE COMPOSITION POUR LE TRAITEMENT D'UNE TONNE DE COMBUSTIBLE PETROLIER EST DE: -20 A 80GRAMMES DE DERIVES CARBONYLES; -60 A 250GRAMMES DE POLYMERES METHACRYLIQUES; -100 A 425GRAMMES D'AMINES GRASSES ETOU LEURS DERIVES. LESDITS PRODUITS ETANT DISSOUS DANS 140 A 400GRAMMES DE GAS-OIL.

New process of heterogeneous catalysis and catalyst for its implementation

Organic catalysts with specific large surface and their manufactoring process

PROCEDE POUR APPLIQUER UNE MATIERE HYDROFUGE SUR DES PARTICULES DE CARBONE, ET PRODUIT AINSI OBTENU

Procédé pour appliquer une matière hydrofuge sur des particules de carbone, et produit ainsi obtenu. On prépare des particules de carbone tamisées entre les mailles normalisées (<< mesh >>) numéro 2 et numéro 30, et une émulsion de polytétrafluoréthylène correspondant à un dosage pondéral de 0,6 % à 20 % de PIFE par rapport au poids des particules. On mélange l'émulsion avec les particules, à raison d'environ 100cm**3 de liquide au maximum, pour 100 grammes de carbone. On chauffe le mélange, pour éliminer l'eau et faire déposer le FTFE sur les particules. La proportion de liquide étant inférieure au taux de saturation des particules, on obtient un dépôt irrégulier et diversifié. Application à la production de particules irrégulièrement hydrofugées, pour améliorer le rendement des réactions catalytiques utilisant de telles particules.

Imprinted Biomimetic Catalysts for Cellulose Hydrolysis

The present disclosure describes methods and biomimetic catalysts useful for hydrolyzing glucose polymers, such as cellulose, and oligomers, such as cellobiose, to glucose for the subsequent production of ethanol.

Methods For Coating Ceramic Catalyst Supports With Base Coatings And Ceramic Catalyst Supports Having Base Coatings

The disclosure relates to methods for coating ceramic catalyst supports with a base coating, said method comprising, in part, providing an aqueous mixture comprising at least one polyvinyl alcohol homopolymer and at least one blocked isocyanate crosslinker, and to ceramic catalyst supports having a base coating comprising at least one polyvinyl alcohol homopolymer and at least one blocked isocyanate crosslinker.

Polymeric acid catalysts and uses thereof

Polymers useful as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes are provided. Provided are also methods for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides using these polymeric acid catalysts.

CATALYST CONTAINING OXYGEN TRANSPORT MEMBRANE

A composite oxygen transport membrane having a dense layer, a porous support layer and an intermediate porous layer located between the dense layer and the porous support layer. Both the dense layer and the intermediate porous layer are formed from an ionic conductive material to conduct oxygen ions and an electrically conductive material to conduct electrons. The porous support layer has a high permeability, high porosity, and a microstructure exhibiting substantially uniform pore size distribution as a result of using PMMA pore forming materials or a bi-modal particle size distribution of the porous support layer materials. Catalyst particles selected to promote oxidation of a combustible substance are located in the intermediate porous layer and in the porous support adjacent to the intermediate porous layer. The catalyst particles can be formed by wicking a solution of catalyst precursors through the porous support toward the intermediate porous layer. 1. A composite oxygen transport membrane , said composite oxygen transport membrane comprising:{'b': '20', 'a porous support layer comprised of an fluorite structured ionic conducting material having a porosity of greater than percent and a microstructure exhibiting substantially uniform pore size distribution throughout the porous support layer;'}an intermediate porous layer capable of conducting oxygen ions and electrons to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing feed, the intermediate porous layer applied adjacent to the porous support layer and comprising a mixture of a fluorite structured ionic conductive material and electrically conductive materials to conduct the oxygen ions and electrons, respectively;a dense layer capable of conducting oxygen ions and electrons to separate oxygen from an oxygen containing feed, the dense layer applied adjacent to the intermediate porous layer and also comprising a mixture of a fluorite structured ionic conductive material and electrically conductive materials to ...

SOLID BASE CATALYST AND METHOD FOR MAKING AND USING THE SAME

A solid base catalyst having a carrier, an organic base, and an inorganic base. Both of the organic base and inorganic base are loaded on the carrier. The solid base catalyst is especially suitable for the synthesis of 4-Aminodiphenylamine (4-ADPA). 1. A solid base catalyst comprisingan organic base,an inorganic base; anda carrier,wherein the organic base is chemically bound to the carrier, and the inorganic base is adsorbed in the carrier.2. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the organic base is methylamine claim 1 , ethylamine claim 1 , cyclohexylamine claim 1 , aniline claim 1 , phenyl diamine claim 1 , dodecyl trimethyl ammonium chloride claim 1 , trimethyl benzyl ammonium chloride claim 1 , tetramethyl ammonium chloride claim 1 , tetramethyl ammonium bromide claim 1 , tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetrapropyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetrabutyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , benzyl trimethyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , benzyl triethyl ammonium hydroxide claim 1 , 4-dimethylamino pyridine claim 1 , crown ether claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.3. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the organic base is tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide or tetraethyl ammonium hydroxide.4. The solid base catalyst of wherein the inorganic base is potassium hydroxide claim 1 , sodium hydroxide claim 1 , calcium hydroxide claim 1 , cesium hydroxide claim 1 , aluminum hydroxide claim 1 , sodium methoxide claim 1 , sodium ethoxide claim 1 , potassium methoxide claim 1 , potassium ethoxide claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.5. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the inorganic base is potassium hydroxide or sodium hydroxide.6. The solid base catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the carrier is alumina claim 1 , silica gel claim 1 , diatomite claim 1 , molecular sieve claim 1 , macroporous adsorption resin claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.7. The solid base catalyst of claim 6 , wherein ...

Catalysts for ring-closing metathesis

A catalyst composition is provided, which may be used for ring closing metathesis. In the composition, a catalyst is immobilized on a siliceous mesocellular foam support. A suitable catalyst for use in the composition is a Grubbs-type catalyst or a Hoveyda-Grubbs-type catalyst.

Polyhedral oligomeric silsesquioxane (poss) bonded ligands and the use thereof

The present invention relates to POSS-modified ligands and to the use thereof in catalytically effective compositions in hydroformylation.

Organic templated nanometal oxyhydroxide

Disclosed are granular composites comprising a biopolymer and one or more nanometal-oxyhydroxide/hydroxide/oxide particles, along with methods for the preparation and use thereof.

PLATING CATALYST AND METHOD

A catalyst solution includes a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer having a carboxyl group and a nitrogen atom. The catalyst solution is useful for a catalyzing an electroless process for plating metal on non-conductive surfaces. 1. A solution comprising a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer , the polymer comprises a carboxyl group and a nitrogen atom within the repeating unit of the polymer.2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is polyamino acids.3. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is polyaspartate.4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the precious metal is silver claim 1 , gold claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , rhodium claim 1 , ruthenium claim 1 , iridium or osmium.5. A method for preparing a solution comprising a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer having carboxyl group and nitrogen atom claim 1 , the method comprises;Preparing a solution comprising precious metal ion and a polymer having carboxyl group and nitrogen atom,Adding a reducing agent in the solution with stirring.6. A process for electroless plating a metal on non-conductive surface claim 1 , the process comprises the steps of;{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'dipping a substrate to be plated into the solution of ,'}conducting electroless plating of the substrate without an accelerating step. This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/582,265, filed Dec. 31, 2011, the entire contents of which application are incorporated herein by reference.The present invention relates to a catalyst solution including a precious metal nanoparticle. More particularly, the present invention relates to a catalyst solution including a precious metal nanoparticle stabilized by specific compounds useful in electroless metal plating of non-conductive substrates used in the manufacture of electronic devices and decorative coating.Electroless metal deposition or plating is useful for the ...

PLATING CATALYST AND METHOD

A solution including a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer polymerized from a monomer comprising at least a monomer having two or more carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid salt groups. The solution is useful for a catalyst for a process of electroless plating of a metal on non-conductive surface. 1. A solution comprising a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer , the polymer is polymerized from a monomer comprising at least a monomer having two or more carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid salt groups.2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the polymer has an oxygen atom as an ether bond in a principal chain.3. The solution of claim 2 , wherein the polymer is polyepoxysuccinic acid or salts thereof.4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the polymer is polymaleic acid or polymer polymerized by a maleic acid and another polymerizable monomer chosen from acrylic acid claim 1 , methacrylic acid claim 1 , phosphonic acid and sulfonic acid.5. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises monomers of acrylic acid and citraconic acid or phosphonic acid and citraconic acid.6. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the precious metal is silver claim 1 , gold claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , rhodium claim 1 , ruthenium claim 1 , iridium or osmium.7. A method for preparing a solution comprising a precious metal nanoparticle and a polymer polymerized from a monomer comprising at least a monomer having two or more carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid salt groups claim 1 , the method comprises;a) preparing a solution comprising precious metal ions and a polymer polymerized from a monomer comprising at least a monomer having two or more carboxyl groups or carboxylic acid salt groups; andb) adding a reducing agent in said solution, and stirring the solution.8. A process for electroless plating a metal on non-conductive surface claim 1 , the process comprises the steps of;{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a) dipping a substrate to be plated into a ...

METHOD TO MAKE AN ACIDIC IONIC LIQUID CATALYST HAVING GREATER THAN 20 WT% CONJUNCT POLYMER

A method to make an acidic ionic liquid catalyst comprising: 1. A method to make an acidic ionic liquid catalyst that is effective for catalyzing a reaction , comprising:a. mixing an aluminum chloride in the presence of a hydrocarbon solvent, and an organic chloride, to make an acid catalyst phase comprising a conjunct polymer;b. adding a hydrogen chloride to the acid catalyst phase to make the acidic ionic liquid catalyst;wherein the acidic ionic liquid catalyst has greater than 20 wt % of the conjunct polymer and a molar ratio of a compound containing Al to a compound containing a heteroatom selected from the group consisting of N, P, O, S, and combinations thereof greater than 2.0.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein an amount of the hydrogen chloride is adjusted to provide product selectivity to the reaction.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic ionic liquid catalyst does not precipitate out solids.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic ionic liquid catalyst comprises greater than 25 wt % of the conjunct polymer.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the molar ratio is 5 or greater.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the molar ratio is 10 to about 1000.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the molar ratio is greater than 1000.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction is alkylation claim 1 , isomerization claim 1 , hydrocracking claim 1 , polymerization claim 1 , dimerization claim 1 , oligomerization claim 1 , acylation claim 1 , acetylation claim 1 , metathesis claim 1 , copolymerization claim 1 , dehalogenation claim 1 , dehydration claim 1 , olefin hydrogenation claim 1 , or combinations thereof.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the reaction is isoparaffin/olefin alkylation.10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon solvent is isopentane.11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acidic ionic liquid catalyst has no heteroatom-containing compounds comprising N claim 1 , S claim 1 , O claim 1 , or P. This application is a division of prior ...

STABLE TIN FREE CATALYSTS FOR ELECTROLESS METALLIZATION

Catalysts which include nanoparticles of palladium metal and cellulose derivatives are used in electroless metal plating. The palladium catalysts are free of tin. 2. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , Rand Ris —CHCOOX or —C(O)—CH.3. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are 1 nm to 1000 nm4. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the cross-linking agent is chosen from one or more of haloepoxy compounds and di-epoxy compounds.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of through-holes.7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the electroless metal plating bath is chosen from a copper claim 5 , copper alloy claim 5 , nickel and nickel alloy bath.8. The method of claim 5 , wherein at least one of R claim 5 , R claim 5 , R claim 5 , Rand Ris —CHCOOX or —C(O)—CH.9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the cross-linking agent is chosen from one or more of haloepoxy compounds and di-epoxy compounds.10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the nanoparticles are 1 nm to 1000 nm. This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/524,416, filed Aug. 17, 2011, the entire contents of which application are incorporated herein by reference.The present invention is directed to stable aqueous solutions of tin free palladium catalysts for electroless metallization. More specifically, the present invention is directed to stable aqueous solutions of tin free palladium catalysts for electroless metallization where the catalysts form nanoparticles of palladium metal and cellulose or cellulose derivatives.Electroless metal deposition is a well-known process for depositing metallic layers on substrate surfaces. Electroless plating of a dielectric surface requires the prior application of a catalyst. The most commonly used method of catalyzing or activating dielectrics, such as non-conductive sections of laminated substrates used in the ...

STABLE CATALYST FOR ELECTROLESS METALLIZATION

Catalysts include nanoparticles of catalytic metal and cellulose or cellulose derivatives. The catalysts are used in electroless metal plating. The catalysts are free of tin. 2. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least one of R claim 1 , R claim 1 , R claim 1 , Rand Ris —CHCOOX or —C(O)—CH.3. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticles are 1 nm to 1000 nm.4. The aqueous catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the cross-linking agent is chosen from one or more of haloepoxy compounds and di-epoxy compounds.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the substrate comprises a plurality of through-holes.7. The method of claim 5 , wherein the electroless metal plating bath is chosen from a copper claim 5 , copper alloy claim 5 , nickel and nickel alloy bath.8. The method of claim 5 , wherein at least one of R claim 5 , R claim 5 , R claim 5 , Rand Ris —CHCOOX or —C(O)—CH.9. The method of claim 5 , wherein the cross-linking agent is chosen from one or more of haloepoxy compounds and di-epoxy compounds.10. The method of claim 5 , wherein the nanoparticles are 1 nm to 1000 nm. This application claims the benefit of priority under 35 U.S.C. §119(e) to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/524,414, filed Aug. 17, 2011, the entire contents of which application are incorporated herein by reference.The present invention is directed to stable aqueous catalysts for electroless metallization. More specifically, the present invention is directed stable aqueous catalysts for electroless metallization which are tin free and are stabilized by cellulose and cellulose derivatives.Electroless metal deposition is a well-known process for depositing metallic layers on substrate surfaces. Electroless plating of a dielectric surface requires the prior application of a catalyst. The most commonly used method of catalyzing or activating dielectrics, such as non-conductive sections of laminated substrates used in the manufacture of printed circuit boards, is to treat the substrate with an ...

Compositions Comprising A Polypeptide Having Cellulolytic Enhancing Activity And A Bicyclic Compound And Uses Thereof

The present invention relates to compositions comprising: a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a bicyclic compound. The present invention also relates to methods of using the compositions. 1. A composition comprising: (a) a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and (b) a bicyclic compound , wherein the combination of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the bicyclic compound enhances hydrolysis of a cellulosic material by a cellulolytic enzyme.6. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the bicyclic compound is selected from the group consisting of: (I-1): epicatechin; (I-2): quercetin; (I-3): myricetin; (I-4): taxifolin; (I-5): kaempferol; (I-6): morin; (I-7): acacetin; (I-8): naringenin; (I-9): isorhamnetin; (I-10): apigenin; (II-1): cyanidin; (II-2): cyanin; (II-3): turomanin; and (II-4): keracyanin; or a salt or solvate thereof.7. The composition of claim 1 , which further comprises (c) one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase claim 1 , a hemicellulase claim 1 , an esterase claim 1 , an expansin claim 1 , a laccase claim 1 , a ligninolytic enzyme claim 1 , a pectinase claim 1 , a peroxidase claim 1 , a protease claim 1 , and a swollenin.8. A method for degrading or converting a cellulosic material claim 1 , comprising: treating the cellulosic material with an enzyme composition in the presence of a polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and a bicyclic compound claim 1 , wherein the combination of the polypeptide having cellulolytic enhancing activity and the bicyclic compound enhances hydrolysis of the cellulosic material by the enzyme composition.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the cellulosic material is pretreated.10. The method of or claim 8 , further comprising recovering the degraded cellulosic material.11. The method of claim 8 , wherein the enzyme composition comprises one or more enzymes selected from the group consisting of a cellulase claim 8 , a ...

EMULSIFIERS FOR CATALYSTS

The invention relates to an emulsifiable catalyst composition which comprises at least one of metal salts, metal complexes, and acids, and at least one amphiphilic compound which is a graft copolymer based on oils or diene homo-and copolymers that bear graft branches derived from olefinically unsaturated monomers, and an average, per molecule, of at least one cationic group or cationogenic group that forms cations when contacted with an acid, to a process for its preparation, and a method of use thereof as catalyst in aqueous coating compositions. 1. An emulsifiable catalyst composition which comprises at least one of metal salts , metal complexes , and acids , and at least one amphiphilic compound which is a graft copolymer based on oils or diene homo-and copolymers that bear graft branches derived from olefinically unsaturated monomers , and an average , per molecule , of at least one cationic group or cationogenic group that forms cations when contacted with an acid.2. The emulsifiable catalyst composition of wherein the metal salt is selected from the group consisting of salts of metals of groups IIIb to IIb of the periodic system of the elements claim 1 , as well as the elements of the group of lanthanides claim 1 , and the elements Mg claim 1 , Ca claim 1 , Sr claim 1 , Ba of the group of earth alkali elements claim 1 , and the elements Ga claim 1 , Ge claim 1 , As claim 1 , In claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Sb claim 1 , Tl claim 1 , Pb claim 1 , and Bi.3. The emulsifiable catalyst composition of wherein the metal complex is selected from the group consisting of complexes of metals of groups IIIb to IIb of the periodic system of the elements claim 1 , as well as the elements of the group of lanthanides claim 1 , and the elements Mg claim 1 , Ca claim 1 , Sr claim 1 , Ba of the group of earth alkali elements claim 1 , and the elements Ga claim 1 , Ge claim 1 , As claim 1 , In claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Sb claim 1 , Tl claim 1 , Pb claim 1 , and Bi.4. The emulsifiable ...

POLYMERIC ACID CATALYSTS AND USES THEREOF

Polymers useful as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes are provided. Provided are also methods for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides using these polymeric acid catalysts. 1. A composition comprising:biomass; anda polymer;wherein the polymer comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, wherein each acidic monomer comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, and wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group.2. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising a solvent.3. The composition of claim 2 , wherein the solvent comprises water.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the biomass comprises cellulose claim 1 , hemicellulose claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The composition of claim 4 , wherein the polymer is hydrogen-bonded to the biomass to form a saccharification intermediate.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the biomass comprises chemically-hydrolyzed biomass.7. The composition of claim 6 , further comprising one or more sugars selected from monosaccharides claim 6 , oligosaccharides claim 6 , and a mixture thereof.8. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the one or more sugars are two or more sugars claim 7 , wherein at least one of the two more sugars is a C4-C6 monosaccharide claim 7 , and at least one of the two or more sugars is an oligosaccharide.9. The composition of claim 7 , wherein the one or more sugars are selected from glucose claim 7 , galactose claim 7 , fructose claim 7 , xylose claim 7 , and arabinose.10. The composition of claim 1 , comprising no more than 5% weight/volume of the polymer.11. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence in the polymer is independently selected from sulfonic acid claim 1 , phosphonic acid claim 1 , acetic acid claim 1 , isophthalic acid claim 1 , boronic acid claim ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF SUPPORTED CATALYSTS AND USE OF THE CATALYST FOR THE ESTERIFICATION OF FREE FATTY ACIDS IN VEGETABLE OIL

Process for preparation of a supported catalyst based on hydroxylated inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica (SiO), alumina (ALO), titania (TiO), zirconia (ZrO), lanthanum oxide (LaO) or mixtures thereof, characterized in that the hydroxylated inorganic material is contacted with organosilicon compounds selected from the group consisting of Formula 1 i.e., [(RO)Si—[O—(RO)Si]—O—Si(RO)] or Formula 2 i.e., (RO)—Si—R—S—R—Si—(RO)with R being alkyl and Rbeing a linear or branched alkylene having from 1 to 5 carbon atoms and y being an integer from 1 to 3. 111-. (canceled)12. A process for the preparation of a supported catalyst based on hydroxylated inorganic material selected from the group consisting of silica (SiO) , alumina (ALO) , titania (TiO) , zirconia (ZrO) , lanthanum oxide (LaO) or mixtures thereof , which comprises contacting the hydroxylated inorganic material with at least one organosilicon compound selected from the group consisting of Formula 1 and Formula 2{'br': None, 'sub': y', 'y', 'y', 'y, '[(RO)Si—[O—(RO)Si]—O—Si(RO)]\u2003\u2003Formula 1'}{'br': None, 'sub': y', '2-4', 'y, 'sup': 1', '1, '(RO)—Si—R—S—R—Si—(RO)\u2003\u2003Formula 2'}with R being alkyl,{'sup': '1', 'Rbeing a linear or branched alkylene having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms and'}y being identical or different and is an integer from 1 to 3.13. The process according to claim 12 , wherein the treatment of the hydroxylated inorganic material with an organosilicon compound is of the Formula 1 claim 12 , and is accompanied or followed by a treatment with an organosilicon compound of Formula 3{'br': None, 'sub': y', '3', 'x, 'sup': 1', '−, '[(RO)Si—R—SO]zM \u2003\u2003Formula 3'}with R being alkyl,{'sup': '1', 'Rbeing a linear or branched alkylene having from 1 to 6 carbon atoms,'}y being identical or different and is an integer from 1 to 3x being an integer from 1 to 4,{'sup': +', '+, 'sub': '4', 'M being H, NH or a metal ion with a valence between 1 and 4 and'}z being an ...

CATALYST-SUPPORTING POROUS MEMBRANE, CATALYST MEMBER, AIR CLEANING DEVICE, AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING CATALYST-SUPPORTING POROUS MEMBRANE

A catalyst-supporting porous film includes: a resin layer; and catalyst particles dispersed in the resin layer. The catalyst particles are unevenly distributed so as to be present at a surface of the resin layer. Preferably, the catalyst-supporting porous film includes a porous section and a supporting section for supporting the porous section. The number of catalyst particles per unit volume in the porous section is greater than the number of catalyst particles per unit volume in the supporting section. Thus, a catalyst-supporting porous film which has a high catalytic effect can be provided. 1. A catalyst-supporting porous film , comprising:a resin layer; andcatalyst particles dispersed in the resin layer,wherein the catalyst particles are unevenly distributed so as to be present at a surface of the resin layer.2. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , whereinthe catalyst-supporting porous film includes a porous section and a supporting section for supporting the porous section, andthe number of catalyst particles per unit volume in the porous section is greater than the number of catalyst particles per unit volume in the supporting section.3. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst-supporting porous film has a surface of a moth-eye structure or inverted moth-eye structure.4. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 3 , wherein the surface has a plurality of minute raised portions and a saddle portion extending between vertexes of adjacent two of the plurality of minute raised portions.5. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , wherein the resin layer contains a photocurable resin.6. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , wherein the resin layer contains a plurality of thermoplastic resins which are phase-separated from one another.7. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst particles include titanium oxide particles.8. The catalyst-supporting porous film of claim 1 , ...

Method for making carbon nanotube-metal particle composite

A method for making a carbon nanotube-metal particle composite is provided. Carbon nanotubes, polymer monomers, a first solution containing metal ions, and a second solution containing carboxylic acid radical ions are provided. The carbon nanotubes and the polymer monomers are mixed in a solvent to form a first mixture. The polymer monomers are adsorbed on the carbon nanotubes. A second mixture is formed by mixing the first mixture, the first solution, and the second solution. The polymer monomers, the first solution, and the second solution react with each other to form a coordination complex mixture containing the metal ions. The coordination complex mixture is adsorbed on the surface of the carbon nanotubes. A reducing agent is added into the second mixture to reduce the metal ions of the coordination complex mixture to metal particles, simultaneously, the polymer monomers are polymerize to in situ form the carbon nanotube-metal particle composite.

CARBON NANOTUBE-METAL PARTICLE COMPOSITE AND CATALYST COMPRISING THE SAME

A carbon nanotube-metal particle composite includes: carbon nanotubes, polymer layer, and metal particles. The polymer layer is coated on a surface of the carbon nanotubes and defines a number of uniformly distributed pores. the metal particles are located in the pores. A catalyst including the carbon nanotube-metal particle composite is also disclosed. 1. A carbon nanotube-metal particle composite comprising:carbon nanotubes,polymer layer, andmetal particles,wherein the polymer layer is coated on a surface of the carbon nanotubes and defines a plurality of uniformly distributed pores, and the metal particles are located in the pores.2. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles located in the pores are spaced from each other by a polymer of the polymer layer.3. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein the metal particles located in the pores are uniformly distributed on a surface of the carbon nanotubes.4. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein a diameter of the metal particles is in a range from about 1 nanometer to about 5 nanometers.5. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein each of the metal particles is a nanocluster having a diameter of about 1 nanometer to about 2 nanometers.6. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 5 , wherein the nanocluster comprises metal atoms of less than or equal to 55.7. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein a mass percentage of the metal particles to the carbon nanotube-metal particle composite is in a range from about 20% to about 70%.8. The carbon nanotube-metal particle composite of claim 1 , wherein a polymer of the polymer layer is selected from the group consisting of polyaniline claim 1 , polypyrrole claim 1 , polythiophene claim 1 , polyamide claim 1 , polypropyleneimine claim 1 , poly(N-acetylaniline) claim 1 , poly(N-methylpyrrole) claim 1 , poly(3 claim 1 ,4- ...

CATALYSTS HAVING METAL NANO-PARTICLE CATALYST SUPPORTED ON SURFACE-TREATED NATURAL CELLULOSE FIBERS AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

The present disclosure relates to a catalyst having metal catalyst nanoparticles supported on natural cellulose fibers and a method of preparing the same, whereby natural cellulose fibers are subjected to specific pretreatment to increase a surface area and form defects on the surface thereof and metal catalyst nanoparticles are then supported on the cellulose catalyst support in a highly dispersed state, thereby providing improved catalysis while allowing production of the catalyst at low cost. The catalyst may be utilized for various catalytic reactions. 1. A method of preparing a catalyst having metal catalyst nanoparticles supported on natural cellulose fibers , comprising:treating natural cellulose fibers with an electron beam;heat-treating the electron beam-treated natural cellulose fibers;chemically treating the heat-treated natural cellulose fibers with an acidic solution to introduce an oxidizing group to a surface of the natural cellulose fibers to prepare a cellulose catalyst support; andsupporting metal catalyst nanoparticles on the cellulose catalyst support by chemical vapor deposition or impregnation.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electron beam treatment of the natural cellulose fibers comprises irradiating an electron beam of 10 to 500 kGy to the natural cellulose fibers.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat treatment of the natural cellulose fibers comprises cutting the natural cellulose fibers to a length of 1˜2 mm claim 1 , with the natural cellulose fibers impregnated in liquid nitrogen claim 1 , and heat-treating natural cellulose fibers at 500˜1500° C. for 0.2 to 2 hours.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the chemical treatment of the natural cellulose fibers comprises sweeping the heat-treated natural cellulose fibers in 10˜60 cycles at −0.15˜1.3 V at a sweep rate of 50 mV/s claim 1 , with the heat-treated natural cellulose fibers immersed in a 0.1˜0.5M aqueous sulfuric acid solution claim 1 , followed by chemically treating the ...

BIOCHAR PRODUCTS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF

A method for producing biochar particles or pellets which use sulphur and other additives. The method includes producing a mixture with biochar and additives selected from sulphur, lignin, and gluten. The mixture is mixed with water and passed through an extruder to produce an extrudate. The extrudate is then cut into pellets. The pellets are then tumbled/spun with each other and heated to result in mostly spheroidal pellets whose mechanical characteristics allow them to be used with well-known agricultural equipment. The biochar can be produced with sulphur incorporated as an outer coating. To produce this sulphur coated biochar, the method includes feeding a biomass feedstock to a pyrolysis reactor, pyrolyzing the feedstock into biochar particles, size-sorting the biochar particles, and coating the biochar particles with the sulphur coating material. 1. A method for producing biochar pellets , the method comprising:a) mixing biochar with at least one additive and water to result in a mixture;b) extruding said mixture to result in an extrudate;c) cutting said extrudate into pellets;d) heating said pellets for a predetermined time at a predetermined temperature and then cooling said pellets; ande) processing said pellets in a spheronization device which heats said pellets and forces said pellets to tumble against one another while being heated.2. A method according to wherein said at least one additive is selected from a group comprising gluten claim 1 , sulphur claim 1 , and lignin.3. A method according to wherein said biochar is produced according to a method comprising:feeding a biomass feedstock to a pyrolysis reactor, to pyrolize the feedstock into biochar particles;size-sorting the biochar particles; andcoating the biochar particles with a coating material comprising sulphur.4. A method according to wherein step d) comprises heating said pellets for 60 hours at 70 degrees C.5. A method according to wherein step d) comprising heating said pellets at 140 degrees ...

ANIONIC GOLD-HYDROXO COMPLEX SOLUTION AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING MATERIAL LOADED WITH GOLD NANOPARTICLES

The method for producing a material loaded with gold nanoparticles, includes: impregnating a carrier with an anionic gold-hydroxo complex solution including a transparent solution that has a pH of not lower than 8, does not contain a halide anion, and contains a conjugate base of a weak acid not coordinated to gold and an anionic hydroxo complex of trivalent gold having a square planar molecular geometry whose at least one ligand is OH and not containing a halide anion as a ligand; removing water; heating; and washing with water. According to the method, in a method for preparing a gold nanoparticle catalyst using a liquid phase method, a gold compound not containing a halide such as chloride is used as a raw material, and the gold compound can be supported efficiently. Furthermore, a gold nanoparticle-loaded catalyst having high activity can be obtained through a simple preparation method. 1. An anionic gold-hydroxo complex solution comprising a transparent solution that does not contain a halide anion and has a pH of not lower than 8 ,the transparent solution comprising an anionic hydroxo complex of trivalent gold, and a conjugate base of a weak acid not coordinated to gold,{'sup': '−', 'the anionic hydroxo complex of trivalent gold having a square planar molecular geometry whose at least one ligand is OH, and not containing a halide anion as a ligand.'}2. The anionic gold-hydroxo complex solution according to claim 1 , the solution being a solution for impregnation to be used for producing a material loaded with gold nanoparticles.3. The anionic gold-hydroxo complex solution according to claim 1 , wherein the conjugate base of the weak acid not coordinated to gold is at least one member selected from the group consisting of carboxylate anion claim 1 , carbonate ion claim 1 , bicarbonate ion claim 1 , citrate ion claim 1 , phosphate ion claim 1 , borate ion claim 1 , and tartrate ion.4. A method for producing the anionic gold-hydroxo complex solution according to ...

TRANSITION METAL NANOCATALYST, METHOD FOR PREPARING THE SAME, AND PROCESS FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS USING THE SAME

The present invention discloses a transition metal nano-catalyst, a method for preparing the same, and a process for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis using the catalyst. The transition metal nano-catalyst comprises transition metal nanoparticles and polymer stabilizers, and the transition metal nanoparticles are dispersed in liquid media to form stable colloids. The transition metal nano-catalyst can be prepared by mixing and dispersing transition metal salts and polymer stabilizers in liquid media, and then reducing the transition metal salts with hydrogen at 100-200° C. The process for F-T synthesis using the nano-catalyst comprises contacting a reactant gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the catalyst and reacting. In addition, the transition metal nanoparticles have smaller diameter and narrower diameter distribution, which is beneficial to control product distribution. Meanwhile, the catalyst can be easily separated from hydrocarbon products and reused. 126.-. (canceled)27. A method of using a transition metal nanocatalyst in Fisher-Tropsch synthesis , comprising contacting carbon monoxide and hydrogen with the transition metal nanocatalyst; andwherein the transition metal nanocatalyst comprises transition metal nanoparticles and polymer stabilizers, wherein the transition metal nanoparticles stabilized by the polymer stabilizers are dispersed in a liquid media to form stable colloids and the particle size of the nanoparticles is about 1-10 nm; andwherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of ruthenium, cobalt, nickel, iron and rhodium and combinations thereof.28. The method of wherein the particle size is about 1.8±0.4 nm.29. The method of wherein the polymer stabilizers are selected from poly(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone) or poly[(N-vinyl-2-pyrrolidone)-co-(1-vinyl-3-alkylimidazolium halide)] claim 28 , and said liquid media is optionally selected from the group consisting of water claim 28 , alcohols claim 28 , hydrocarbons ...

METHOD OF FORMING SUPPORTED DOPED PALLADIUM CONTAINING OXIDATION CATALYSTS

A method of forming a supported oxidation catalyst includes providing a support comprising a metal oxide or a metal salt, and depositing first palladium compound particles and second precious metal group (PMG) metal particles on the support while in a liquid phase including at least one solvent to form mixed metal comprising particles on the support. The PMG metal is not palladium. The mixed metal particles on the support are separated from the liquid phase to provide the supported oxidation catalyst. 1. A method of forming a supported oxidation catalyst , comprising:providing a support comprising a metal oxide or a metal salt, anddepositing first palladium compound particles and second precious metal group (PMG) metal particles on said support while in a liquid phase including at least one solvent to form mixed metal comprising particles on said support, wherein said second PMG metal particles is not palladium, andseparating said mixed metal comprising particles on said support from said liquid phase to provide said supported oxidation catalyst.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said first palladium compound particles comprise palladium oxide claim 1 , palladium hydroxide claim 1 , or a palladium salt.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second PMG metal particles are nanosized and a relative concentration ratio of said second PMG metal particles to said first palladium compound particles ranges from 1:10 to 1:25 by weight.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said second PMG metal particles comprise gold claim 1 , silver or platinum.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said separating comprises drying and said depositing comprises co-depositing said first palladium compound particles and said second PMG metal particles using a precursor for said first palladium compound particles and a precursor for said second PMG metal particles.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein said co-depositing comprises depositing said first palladium compound particles after depositing said ...

Catalyst with Supplement Component for Hydroprocessing of Bio-feedstock

A process for hydrogenation of oxygen-containing organic products, oil refinery products or mixtures thereof, wherein the process comprises bringing the organic products, oil refinery products, or mixtures thereof into contact with a catalyst according to claim in the presence of hydrogen gas at a temperature in the range of 200 to 500° C. and at a pressure in the range of 10 to 1000 bar. 1. A catalyst , comprising at least one metal component selected from the group consisting of cobalt , nickel , molybdenum , and tungsten , andat least one non-metallic supplement component that is electrically conducting;wherein the catalyst includes a mixture of particles of the at least one metal component and the at least one non-metallic supplement component.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the metal component is molybdenum.3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the supplement component is hydrophobic or is made hydrophobic.4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the supplement component comprises one or more constituents selected of the group of materials that are graphite claim 1 , graphite-containing material claim 1 , graphite-like material claim 1 , made graphitic material claim 1 , carbon black claim 1 , carbon fibers claim 1 , single-walled carbon nanotubes claim 1 , multi-walled carbon nanotubes claim 1 , carbon nanofibers claim 1 , mesoporous carbon claim 1 , fullerene claim 1 , doped diamond claim 1 , conducting polymers claim 1 , ion-conducting polymers claim 1 , polyaniline claim 1 , polythiophene claim 1 , polypyrrol claim 1 , polyacetylene claim 1 , poly(para-phenylene) claim 1 , poly(para-phenylenvinylene) claim 1 , polyethylendioxythiophene claim 1 , polybenzimidazole claim 1 , polyphthalocyanin claim 1 , ion-exchanging material claim 1 , ion-exchanging resin claim 1 , sulfonated polymers claim 1 , sulfonated high performance polymers claim 1 , sulfonated PTFE claim 1 , sulfonated PPS claim 1 , sulfonated PEEK claim 1 , polyphosphazene claim 1 , fullerene ...

Process for producing 1,3-butadiene by dimerizing ethylene and dehydrogenating the butenes obtained

The present invention describes a process for the production of 1,3-butadiene from ethylene by dimerizing ethylene into butenes using homogeneous catalysis and dehydrogenating the butenes obtained.

OLIGOSACCHARIDE COMPOSITIONS FOR USE IN NUTRITIONAL COMPOSITIONS, AND METHODS OF PRODUCING THEREOF

Described herein are methods of producing prebiotic compositions that are made up of oligosaccharide compositions, as well as methods of using such prebiotic compositions in nutritional compositions and methods of producing such oligosaccharide and nutritional compositions. 1. A method of producing a prebiotic composition , comprising: wherein the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone, or', 'wherein the catalyst comprises a solid support, acidic moieties attached to the solid support, and ionic moieties attached to the solid support; and, 'combining feed sugar with a catalyst to form a reaction mixture, wherein the catalyst comprises acidic moieties and ionic moieties,'}producing a prebiotic composition from at least a portion of the reaction mixture2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein each acidic monomer independently comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid.4. The method of or claim 2 , wherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group claim 2 , at least one phosphorous-containing cationic group claim 2 , or a combination thereof.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst comprises a solid support claim 1 , acidic moieties attached to the solid support claim 1 , and ionic moieties attached to the solid support.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the solid support comprises a material claim 5 , wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of carbon claim 5 , silica claim 5 , silica gel claim 5 , alumina claim 5 , magnesia claim 5 , titania claim 5 , zirconia claim 5 , clays claim 5 , magnesium silicate claim 5 , silicon carbide claim 5 , zeolites claim 5 , ceramics claim 5 , and any combinations thereof.7. The method of or claim 5 , wherein each acidic moiety independently has at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid.8. The ...

TITANIUM OXIDE DISPERSION LIQUID, TITANIUM OXIDE COATING LIQUID, AND PHOTOCATALYST COATING FILM

Provided is a titanium oxide dispersion liquid that has dispersibility and dispersion stability both at superior levels and, when applied and dried, can form a photocatalyst coating film capable of rapidly developing excellent photocatalytic activity. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to the present invention includes titanium oxide particles (A), a dispersing agent (B), and a solvent (C). The titanium oxide particles (A) support a transition metal compound. The dispersing agent (B) includes a poly(acrylic acid) or a salt thereof. The poly(acrylic acid) or a salt thereof in the dispersing agent (B) preferably includes a poly(acrylic acid) alkali metal salt. The poly(acrylic acid) or a salt thereof in the dispersing agent (B) preferably has a weight-average molecular weight of from 1000 to 100000. 1. A titanium oxide dispersion liquid comprising:titanium oxide particles (A) supporting a transition metal compound;a dispersing agent (B) comprising a poly(acrylic acid) or a salt of the poly(acrylic acid); anda solvent (C).2. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to claim 1 ,wherein the dispersing agent (B) comprises a poly(acrylic acid) alkali metal salt as the poly(acrylic acid) or a salt thereof.3. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to one of and claim 1 ,wherein the poly(acrylic acid) or a salt thereof in the dispersing agent (B) has a weight-average molecular weight of from 1000 to 100000.4. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to claim 1 ,wherein the titanium oxide particles (A) supporting a transition metal compound comprise titanium oxide particles supporting an iron compound.5. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to claim 1 ,wherein the titanium oxide particles (A) supporting a transition metal compound comprise titanium oxide particles supporting the transition metal compound on a plane acting as an oxidation site.6. The titanium oxide dispersion liquid according to claim 1 ,wherein the titanium oxide ...

Process for Limiting Self Heating of Activated Catalysts

The invention provides a process for limiting self heating of activated particle catalysts wherein the catalyst particles are placed in motion inside a hot gas flow that passes through them and a liquid composition containing one or several film forming polymer(s) is pulverized onto the particles in motion until a protective layer is obtained on the surface of said particles containing said film forming polymer and having an average thickness of less than or equal to 20 μm. The invention also provides the use of this process to reduce the quantities of toxic gases that may be emitted by the activated catalysts, as well as an activated catalyst for the hydroconversion of hydrocarbons covered with a continuous protective layer that are obtained by this process. 1. A process for limiting self heating of activated particle catalysts , in which the catalyst particles are placed in motion within a hot gas flow passing through them , and a liquid composition containing one or more film forming polymer(s) is pulverized onto the moving particles until on the surface of said particles a protective layer containing said film forming polymer is obtained , that has an average thickness lower than or equal to 20 μm.2. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that the liquid composition is a solution or a dispersion of the film forming polymer(s) in a solvent claim 1 , and contains preferably from 0.1 to 50% by weight of film forming polymer claim 1 , more preferably from 0.5 to 25% by weight claim 1 , and even more preferably from 1 to 10% by weight of film forming polymer claim 1 , with respect to the total weight of the composition.3. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is implemented in a perforated drum in which the catalyst particles are put in motion claim 1 , with a hot gas flow passing continuously through said perforated drum.4. The process according to claim 1 , characterized in that it is implemented by placing catalyst particles in a ...

Article of Manufacture for Securing a Catalyst Substrate

An aftertreatment component for use in an exhaust aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment component comprises an aftertreatment substrate and a compressible material. The compressible material may be formed from a plastic thermoset, a rubberized material, or a metal foil which permits for the selective expansion of the substrate within the compressible material, while also reducing cost and manufacturing complexity. In various embodiments, the aftertreatment substrate and the compressible materials may be formed separately and coupled to each other, or they may be formed concurrently via coextrusion. 113.-. (canceled)14. A method comprising:passing a heated exhaust stream into a aftertreatment substrate;thermally expanding the aftertreatment substrate into a compressible material defining the aftertreatment substrate; andas a result of thermally expanding the aftertreatment substrate into the compressible material defining the aftertreatment substrate, at least partially compressing corrugations of the compressible material.15. The method of claim 14 , further comprising confining the compressible material within an outer skin defining the compressible material.16. The method of claim 14 , further comprising positioning the aftertreatment substrate within the compressible material claim 14 , and applying a catalyst washcoat to the aftertreatment substrate after the positioning.17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising applying at least a portion of the catalyst washcoat to a substrate side of the compressible material.18. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compressible material is defined in part by an outer skin claim 14 , and wherein the compressible material is at least partially compressed between the outer skin and the aftertreatment substrate.19. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compressible material comprises a polymer-based thermoset.20. The method of claim 14 , wherein the compressible material comprises a thermoplastic material.21. The method ...

SYNTHETIC CATALYSTS FOR CARBOHYDRATE PROCESSING

The disclosure relates to molecularly-imprinted cross-linked micelles that can selectively hydrolyze carbohydrates. 1. A molecularly-imprinted cross-linked micelle selective for a glycan , the micelle comprising:an imprint of the functional or structural analogue of a glycan;a binding unit and an acid unit, wherein the binding unit is bindable to the glycan;and the acid unit is proximal to a glycosidic bond of the glycan during binding of the glycan to the binding unit.2. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the micelle is obtained from the functional or structural analogue of a glycan as a template.3. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the functional or structural analogue of the glycan is a monosaccharide.4. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the functional or structural analogue of the glycan is an oligosaccharide or polysaccharide.5. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the functional or structural analogue of the glycan is glucose claim 1 , maltose claim 1 , or maltotriose.6. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the acid unit is a double acid.7. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the acid unit is a Brønsted acid.8. The micelle of claim 7 , wherein the acidic unit is a carboxylic acid claim 7 , sulfonic acid claim 7 , or a phosphonic acid.9. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the acid unit is a Lewis acid.10. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the micelle is obtained from cross-linkable surfactants containing one or more functional groups that are polymerizable and cross-linkable.11. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the micelle comprises surfactants comprising one or more polymerizable vinyl groups that are polymerizable by free radical polymerization.12. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the micelle comprises a surface and a core and is cross-linked on the surface by covalent bonds.13. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the micelle is cross-linked in the core by covalent bonds.14. The micelle of claim 1 , wherein the binding unit comprises a boroxole claim 1 , a boronic acid claim 1 , ...

Multicatalyst Polyelectrolyte Membranes and Materials and Methods Utilizing the Same

A multi-catalytic material that includes a polyelectrolyte membrane and methods of preparing the same are provided herein. 1. A multi-catalytic material , comprising:a. a polyelectrolyte membrane (PEM);b. a polyoxometalate (POM); andc. a metal oxide (MO).2. The material of claim 1 , comprising a polyelectrolyte coating.3. The material of claim 2 , wherein the polyelectrolyte coating comprises a positively charged polyelectrolyte.4. The material of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte membrane comprises a block co-polymer comprising covalently bonded hydrophobic and hydrophilic units.5. The material of claim 4 , wherein at least one of the hydrophobic and hydrophilic units comprises a linear morphology claim 4 , a branched morphology claim 4 , or a combination thereof.6. The material of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte membrane comprises an ion exchanging functional group.7. The material of claim 6 , wherein the ion exchanging functional group comprises a sulfite claim 6 , a sulfate claim 6 , or a combination thereof.8. The material of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte membrane comprises sulfonated tetrafluoroethylene based fluoropolymer-copolymer claim 1 , sulfonated styrene-ethane/butadiene-styrene (sSEBS) claim 1 , or a combination thereof.9. The material of claim 1 , wherein the polyelectrolyte membrane comprises a cation selected from the group consisting of a monovalent cation claim 1 , a bivalent cation claim 1 , a trivalent cation claim 1 , a tetravalent cation claim 1 , a pentavalent cation claim 1 , a hexavalent cation claim 1 , and combinations thereof.10. The material of claim 9 , wherein the cation comprises Na claim 9 , Mg claim 9 , Ca claim 9 , Zn claim 9 , Ni claim 9 , Co claim 9 , Co claim 9 , Fe claim 9 , Fe claim 9 , Al claim 9 , Al claim 9 , Mn claim 9 , W claim 9 , Cr claim 9 , Cr claim 9 , Zr claim 9 , Y claim 9 , Nb claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , Mo claim 9 , or a combination thereof.11. The ...

Article of Manufacture for Securing a Catalyst Substrate

An aftertreatment component for use in an exhaust aftertreatment system. The aftertreatment component comprises an aftertreatment substrate and a compressible material. The compressible material may be formed from a plastic thermoset, a rubberized material, or a metal foil which permits for the selective expansion of the substrate within the compressible material, while also reducing cost and manufacturing complexity. In various embodiments, the aftertreatment substrate and The compressible materials may be formed separately and coupled to each other, or they may be formed concurrently via coextrusion. 1. An aftertreatment component of an exhaust aftertreatment system , comprising:an aftertreatment substrate;a compressible material coupled to an outer surface the aftertreatment substrate; anda catalyst washcoat disposed on the aftertreatment substrate, wherein the catalyst washcoat is applied to the aftertreatment substrate after the compressible material is coupled to the aftertreatment substrate.2. The aftertreatment component of claim 1 , wherein the compressible material comprises a metal foil.3. The aftertreatment component of claim 1 , further comprising a catalyst washcoat disposed on the aftertreatment substrate.4. The aftertreatment component of claim 3 , wherein the catalyst washcoat is disposed on a substrate side of the compressible material.5. The aftertreatment component of claim 1 , further comprising an outer skin claim 1 , the outer skin defining the compressible material.6. The aftertreatment component of claim 5 , wherein the outer skin at least partially compresses the compressible material against the aftertreatment substrate.7. The aftertreatment component of claim 6 , wherein the outer skin applies a selected closure force to the aftertreatment substrate through the compressible material.8. The aftertreatment component of claim 1 , wherein the compressible material is in tension claim 1 , and wherein corrugations in the compressible material ...

HYBRID NANOSTRUCTURED PHOTOCATALYSTS AND PREPARATION METHOD THEREOF

The present invention relates to a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst, comprising a first nanoparticle comprising silver halide (AgX); a second nanoparticle, which is formed on an outer surface of the first nanoparticle and comprises Ag; and a polymer formed on any one outer surface of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle, and a preparation method thereof. Specifically, the present invention provides a hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst having a high photocatalytic activity in a visible light region and a preparation method thereof. 1. A hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst , comprising:a first nanoparticle comprising silver halide (AgX), wherein X is any of Cl, Br, and I;multiple second nanoparticles in a dendritic form on an outer surface of the first nanoparticle and comprising Ag; anda polymer formed on any one outer surface of the first nanoparticle and the multiple second nanoparticles.2. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the first nanoparticle has at least one shape selected from the group consisting of a semi-sphere claim 1 , a sphere claim 1 , a truncated-cube claim 1 , and a cube.3. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the second nanoparticle is formed on the outer surface of the first nanoparticle claim 1 , and the shape of the hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst is formed to correspond to the shape of the first nanoparticle.4. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle has a crystal structure.5. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein at least a part of the first nanoparticle and the second nanoparticle has a face-centered cubic structure.6. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst has a band gap energy of 2.0 eV to 3.0 eV and a photocatalytic activity in a visible light region.7. (canceled)8. The hybrid nanostructured photocatalyst of claim 1 , ...

METHOD

The present invention relates to methods of immobilising metals on polymeric surfaces using surfactants and to products that can be formed by such methods. Polymer substrates with metal immobilised on the surface are very useful in a variety of applications. The metal is usually in the form of a nanoparticle. A major use of the invention is in catalysts. The invention can also be used in medical applications, such as to make antimicrobial surfaces. 1. A method of immobilising metals on a polymeric substrate , the method comprising the steps of:(1) providing a polymeric substrate that has a surface;(2) treating the surface with an aqueous surfactant solution under conditions that lead to surfactant being partially absorbed into the surface; then(3) adding to the surface a metal salt solution, so that ions of the metal salt become associated with partially absorbed surfactant; and(4) adding to the metal salt solution on the surface a reducing agent, so that metal ions in the metal salt solution are reduced to metal particles.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the surface of the polymeric substrate is hydrophobic.3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric substrate is a polyolefin claim 1 , preferably wherein the polymeric substrate is polypropylene or polyethylene.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric substrate is microporous.5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous surfactant solution comprises a cationic surfactant claim 1 , preferably wherein the aqueous surfactant solution comprises benzalkonium chloride claim 1 , benzyl-dodecyl-dimethylammonium bromide claim 1 , benzyl dimethyloctadecylazanium chloride claim 1 , benzylhexadecyldimethylazanium chloride or thonzonium bromide.6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal salt solution comprises an iron claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , rhenium claim 1 , vanadium claim 1 , rhodium or silver salt claim 1 , preferably wherein the metal salt ...

SILICON-TITANIUM DIOXIDE-POLYPYRROLE THREE-DIMENSIONAL BIONIC COMPOSITE MATERIAL BASED ON HIERARCHICAL ASSEMBLY AND USE THEREOF

The invention relates to a three-dimensional bionic composite material based on refection elimination and double-layer P/N heterojunctions. The preparation method of the composite material comprises: (1) anisotropically etching a silicon wafer with an alkaline solution, to form compactly arranged tetragonal pyramids on the surface of the silicon wafer; (2) performing hydrophilic treatment on the silicon wafer, growing TiO2 crystal seeds on the surface of the silicon wafer, and calcining the silicon wafer in a muffle furnace; (3) putting the silicon wafer obtained in the step (2) into a reaction kettle, and growing TiO2 nano-rods on the side walls of silicon cones by a hydrothermal synthesis method; and (4) depositing PPY nano-particles on the TiO2 nano-rods. The composite material has good refection elimination performance and efficient photogenerated charge separation capability, and is applicable in fields of photo-catalysis, photoelectric conversion devices, solar cells and the like. 1. A silicon-titanium dioxide-polypyrrole three-dimensional bionic composite material based on hierarchical assembly , comprising an ordered hierarchy (Si/TiO/PPY) of monocrystalline silicon (Si) , titanium dioxide (TiO) and polypyrrole (PPY) ,wherein Si is 100-type monocrystalline silicon with a tapered microstructure surface and is a P-type semiconductor, and has compactly arranged silicon cone structure of tetragonal pyramids with a height of 4-10 μm;{'sub': 2', '2, 'TiOis TiOnano-rods of rutile phase and is an N-type semiconductor, and is quadrangular with a height of 500-4000 nm and a diameter of 40-250 nm, and orderly and vertically grown on the side walls of the silicon cones;'}{'sub': '2', 'PPY is polypyrrole nano-particles with a diameter of 10-60 nm and is a P-type semiconductor, and is uniformly grown on the surfaces of the TiOnano-rods;'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'in the Si/TiO/PPY three-dimensional bionic composite material, double P/N heterojunctions are formed on interfaces ...

STRONG ACID CATALYST COMPOSITION

A catalyst prepared by polymerizing 0-98 weight % butylstyrene; 0-80 weight % vinyl toluene; 1.5-25 weight % divinyl benzene having 1-98 weight % of ethyl vinyl benzene; and 0-80 weight % styrene. Copolymer beads are made, sulfonated, and used as a catalyst. 1. A catalyst comprising:0-98 weight % butylstyrene;0-80 weight % vinyl toluene;1.5-25 weight % divinyl benzene having 1-98 weight % of ethyl vinyl benzene; and0-80 weight % styrene.2. The catalyst of wherein the butylstyrene comprises at least 10 weight % claim 1 , the vinyl toluene comprises 0 weight % claim 1 , and the divinyl benzene comprises 1.8-25 weight % of the catalyst.3. The catalyst of wherein the butylstyrene comprises 0 weight % claim 1 , the vinyl toluene comprises at least 10 weight % claim 1 , and the divinyl benzene comprises 1.8-2.5 weight % of the catalyst.4. The catalyst of wherein the catalyst comprises sulfonated beads.5. The catalyst of wherein the catalyst is impregnated with metal.6. The catalyst of wherein the butylstyrene comprises t-butylstyrene and the vinyl toluene comprises para-vinyl toluene. This invention relates to strong acid catalysts prepared from copolymers of alkyl styrene. In particular, this invention relates to catalysts prepared from copolymers butylstyrene and/or vinyl toluene, which is also known as methyl styrene.Strong acid cation exchange resins are often used as catalysts in various chemical reactions. Many of these resins are based on styrene/divinylbenzene (DVB) copolymers, where the copolymer is sulfonated with sulfuric acid to add sulfonic acid groups to the resin.For example, GB988,623, EP466954, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,571,439 and 4,215,011 disclose the use of a sulfonated copolymer of vinyl toluene (VT)/DVB as a catalyst. However, none of these references discloses strong acid catalysts where the hydrophobic/hydrophilic balance may be controlled.The invention seeks to provide strong acid catalyst with increased catalytic activity. In a first aspect of the ...

Catalyst for preparing 1,5-pentanediol via hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, method and application thereof

The present invention provides a method for preparing 1,5-pentanediol via hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol. The catalyst used in the method is prepared by supporting a noble metal and a promoter on an organic polymer supporter or an inorganic hybrid material supporter, wherein the supporter is functionalized by a nitrogen-containing ligand. When the catalyst is used in the hydrogenolysis of tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol to prepare 1,5-pentanediol, a good reaction activity and a high selectivity can be achieved. The promoter and the nitrogen-containing ligand in the supporter are bound to the catalyst through coordination, thereby the loss of the promoter is significantly decreased, and the catalyst has a particularly high stability. The lifetime investigation of the catalyst, which has been reused many times or used continuously for a long term, suggests that the catalyst has no obvious change in performance, thus reducing the overall process production cost.

Dual metal cyanide catalyst, preparation method therefor, and method for preparing polycarbonate polyol by using catalyst

The present invention relates to a double metal cyanide catalyst comprising a polyether compound, a metal salt, a metal cyanide salt, and an organic complexing agent having an acetate group or a tartrate group; a preparation method therefor; and a method for preparing a polycarbonate polyether polyol by copolymerizing carbon dioxide and an epoxy compound in the presence of the catalyst. According to the present invention, the double metal cyanide catalyst has excellent in catalytic activity and has a short catalytic activity induction time, according to an embodiment of the present invention, the process for preparing the catalyst of the present invention is eco-friendly and simple in process, since an amount of the organic complexing agent to be used is small, and has a simple process.

PHOTOCATALYTIC ELEMENT

In an embodiment, there is provided a photocatalyst element comprising: a porous resin base material that comprises interconnecting pores, and a three-dimensional network skeleton forming the pores; and a photocatalyst which is supported on a surface of the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material and/or contained in the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material. The photocatalyst element has excellent antimicrobial effects. 1. A photocatalytic element comprising:a porous resin base material that comprises interconnecting pores, and a three-dimensional network skeleton forming the pores; anda photocatalyst which is supported on a surface of the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material and/or contained in the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material.2. The photocatalytic element according to claim 1 , wherein the resin constituting the porous resin base material comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of a thermosetting resin claim 1 , a thermoplastic resin claim 1 , a ultraviolet curable resin claim 1 , and an electron beam curable resin.3. The photocatalytic element according to claim 2 , wherein the resin constituting the porous resin base material contains an epoxy resin.4. The photocatalytic element according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst shows a visible light responsiveness.5. The photocatalytic element according to claim 1 , wherein a co-catalyst is further supported on the surface of the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material and/or contained in the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin base material.6. The photocatalytic element according to claim 1 , wherein a photocatalyst layer containing the photocatalyst claim 1 , or a photocatalyst layer containing the photocatalyst and the co-catalyst is formed on the surface of the three-dimensional network skeleton of the porous resin ...

Cobalt-Containing Fischer-Tropsch Catalysts, Methods of Making, and Methods of Conducting Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

Catalyst compositions, methods of making catalysts, and methods of conducting Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactions are described. It has been discovered that a combination of large crystallite size and high porosity results in catalysts and FT catalyst systems with high stability and low methane selectivity.

PHOTOCATALYST TRANSFER FILM AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF

Provided are a photocatalyst transfer film allowing a uniform and highly transparent photocatalyst layer to be transferred to the surfaces of various transfer base materials; and a production method thereof. The photocatalyst transfer film has, on a biaxially oriented polypropylene film, a photocatalyst layer containing a titanium oxide particle-containing photocatalyst, a silicon compound and a surfactant. The production method of the photocatalyst transfer film includes applying a photocatalyst coating liquid to a biaxially oriented polypropylene film; and performing drying. The photocatalyst coating liquid contains a titanium oxide particle-containing photocatalyst, a silicon compound, a surfactant and an aqueous dispersion medium. 1. A photocatalyst transfer film having , on a biaxially oriented polypropylene film , a photocatalyst layer containing a titanium oxide particle-containing photocatalyst , a silicon compound and a surfactant.2. The photocatalyst transfer film according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon compound is a hydrolysis condensate of a tetrafunctional silicon compound claim 1 , the hydrolysis condensate being obtained under the presence of an organic ammonium salt.3. The photocatalyst transfer film according to claim 1 , wherein the surfactant is an acetylene-based surfactant.4. The photocatalyst transfer film according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst layer has a thickness of 20 to 300 nm.5. The photocatalyst transfer film according to claim 1 , wherein the biaxially oriented polypropylene film has a thickness of 12.5 to 100 μm.6. The photocatalyst transfer film according to claim 1 , wherein a protective layer containing a silicon compound is further laminated on the photocatalyst layer.7. A method for producing a photocatalyst transfer film claim 1 , comprising:applying a photocatalyst coating liquid to a biaxially oriented polypropylene film, the photocatalyst coating liquid containing a titanium oxide particle-containing photocatalyst ...

CATALYTIC TEST PAPER PREPARED BY COMPOSITING METAL PARTICLE-EMBEDDED BACTERIAL CELLULOSE WITH PLANT FIBERS, AND METHOD THEREFOR

Disclosed is a catalytic test paper prepared by compositing metal particle-embedded bacterial cellulose with plant fibers, and a preparation method therefor. Hydroxyl groups of bacterial cellulose are bonded with a nitrogen-containing or phosphorus-containing organic small molecule compound. By means of a chelation between a nitrogen or phosphorus atom with a metal, transition metal ions are adsorbed to a nanoporous surface of bacterial cellulose, and the transition metal ions are reduced in situ to obtain bacterial cellulose embedded with metal nanoparticles. The bacterial cellulose is composited with the plant fiber, and the catalytic test paper is prepared by a papermaking method. The catalytic test paper has the advantages of convenient use and recovery, high reusability, simple design, low manufacturing cost, higher catalytic efficiency, a green degradable support material, etc. 1. A method for preparing a catalytic test paper by compositing metal particle-embedded bacterial cellulose with plant fibers , characterized in that , the method comprises the following steps:(1) chemically bonding a nitrogen-containing or phosphorus-containing organic small molecule compound with hydroxyl groups in a structure of bacterial cellulose to obtain a functionalized bacterial cellulose having a nitrogen or phosphorus-containing group;(2) preparing an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt of a transition metal, adding the aqueous solution into the functionalized bacterial cellulose prepared in the step (1), stirring and reacting according to a solubility of the inorganic salt of the transition metal until the nitrogen-containing or phosphorus-containing group adsorbs transition metal ions onto a nanoporous surface of the bacterial cellulose till saturation, separating and washing with water;(3) reducing the transition metal ions adsorbed on the surface of the bacterial cellulose in the step (2) in situ to obtain bacterial cellulose embedded with transition metal nanoparticles ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARING CATALYST LOADED POLYPHENYLENE PARTICLES, THE OBTAINED POLYPHENYLENE PARTICLES AND THEIR USE AS CATALYSTS

The present invention refers to processes for preparing catalyst loaded polyphenylene particles, the so-obtained polyphenylene particles and their use as catalysts. 114.-. (canceled)15. Catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles having nanoparticles of catalytically active material dispersed in a polymer network , said nanoparticles having a particle size from 0.25 to 10 nm and the catalytically active material being selected from the group consisting of metals selected from Ti , V , Cr , Mn , Fe , Co , Ni , Cu , Zn , Al , Mo , Se , Sn , Pt , Ru , Pd , W , Ir , Os , Rh , Nb , Ta , Pb , Bi , Au , Ag , Sc , Y and alloys thereof , and compounds thereof wherein said compounds are selected from oxides , phosphides , nitrides and sulfides , wherein said polyphenylene polymer particles are obtainable by a Suzuki coupling reaction of di- , tri or tetrahalo-aryl compounds or mixtures thereof with di- , tri- or tetraboronic acid aryl-compounds or mixtures thereof , wherein said nanoparticles are present from 0.25 to 15%-by weight based on the total weight of the polymer.16. Catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles particles according to claim 15 , wherein the nanoparticles of the catalytically active material dispersed in the polymer network have a particle size from 0.25 to 5 nm.17. Catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles according to claim 15 , wherein the catalytically active material is a metal is selected from the group consisting of Co claim 15 , Ni claim 15 , Pt claim 15 , Ru claim 15 , Pd claim 15 , Ag claim 15 , Au and alloys thereof.18. Catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles according to claim 15 , wherein said nanoparticles are present from 2.5 to 10%-by weight based on the total weight of the polymer.19. Catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles according to claim 15 , wherein the catalyst-loaded polyphenylene polymer particles are obtainable by a Suzuki coupling reaction of a halogen-aryl compound selected from the group ...

METAL-FREE PORPHYRIN-BASED ELECTROCATALYST

A metal-free porphyrin based crystalline 2D organic polymer obtained from the condensation of terephthaloyl chloride and 5,10,15,20-tetrakis(4-aminophenyl porphyrin, namely HTAPP), which is an effective bifunctional electrocatalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in basic conditions and the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in neutral solutions. The electrochemical response of this material is explored under oxidation and reduction conditions in order to study its catalytic activity, charge transfer and stability. 1. A bifunctional electrocatalyst , comprising:a metal-free porphyrin-based organic polymer.2. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the metal-free porphyrin-based organic polymer further comprises a two-dimensional polymer network claim 1 , comprising poly(p-phenylene terephthalamide) (PPTA).3. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 2 , wherein bifunctional electrocatalyst catalyzes a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in neutral or acidic reaction solutions.4. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 3 , wherein bifunctional electrocatalyst provides an onset overpotential claim 3 , η claim 3 , of approximately 43 mV for HER in a 1.0 M KCl aqueous solution.5. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 3 , wherein bifunctional electrocatalyst provides HER Tafel slope of approximately 75.9 mV/dec for HER in a 1.0 M KCl aqueous solution.6. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 3 , wherein a current response of the bifunctional electrocatalyst reaches a current density of approximately 10 mA/cmat 1.76 V (η=530 mV) for HER in a 1.0 M KCl aqueous solution.7. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 6 , wherein the current density is substantially constant over a period greater than 16 hours.8. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 2 , wherein the bifunctional electrocatalyst catalyzes an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) in basic reaction solutions.9. The bifunctional electrocatalyst of claim 8 , wherein the bifunctional ...

LIGHT UPCONVERSION MICROCAPSULES

A composition, method, and article of manufacture are disclosed. The composition is a microcapsule that includes a transparent shell encapsulating a mixture comprising light upconversion molecules. The method is a method of forming a microcapsule, which includes obtaining light upconversion molecules, forming an emulsion of the light upconversion molecules and a shell formation solution, and encapsulating the light upconversion molecules in a transparent shell. The article of manufacture comprises the microcapsule. 1. A microcapsule , comprising:a transparent shell encapsulating a mixture, the mixture comprising light upconversion molecules.2. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the light upconversion molecules comprise a molecular sensitizer and a molecular annihilator.3. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the mixture further comprises a non-polar solvent.4. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the transparent shell is a urea-formaldehyde shell.5. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the light upconversion molecules comprise a molecular sensitizer selected from the group consisting of a transition metal complex of a porphyrin and a transition metal complex of a phthalocyanine.6. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the light upconversion molecules comprise a molecular annihilator selected from the group consisting of a furanyldiketopyrrolopyrrole and a perylene.7. A method of forming a microcapsule claim 1 , comprising:obtaining light upconversion molecules;forming an emulsion that includes the light upconversion molecules and a shell formation solution; andencapsulating the light upconversion molecules in a transparent shell.8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the light upconversion molecules comprise a molecular sensitizer and a molecular annihilator.9. The method of claim 8 , further comprising:forming a reaction system that includes the microcapsule, a photocatalyst, and a substrate; andexposing the reaction system to light having sufficient energy to ...

MEMBRANE TEMPLATE SYNTHESIS OF MICROTUBE ENGINES

Methods, structures, devices and systems are disclosed for fabrication of microtube engines using membrane template electrodeposition. Such nanomotors operate based on bubble-induced propulsion in biological fluids and salt-rich environments. In one aspect, fabricating microengines includes depositing a polymer layer on a membrane template, depositing a conductive metal layer on the polymer layer, and dissolving the membrane template to release the multilayer microtubes. 126-. (canceled)27. A microstructure , comprising:a microtube having a large opening and a short opening at opposite ends of the microtube and a tube body connecting the large opening and the short opening and a spatially reducing size along a longitudinal direction from the large opening to the small opening;the microtube further including a layered wall structure defining the tube body, the layered wall structure having at least two layers, a first layer that is an external layer formed of a material capable of being functionalized, and a second layer that is an inner layer.28. The microstructure of claim 27 , wherein the first layer comprises a polymer material.29. The microstructure of claim 28 , wherein the polymer material comprises polyaniline (PANT) or polypyrrole (PPy) or poly(3 claim 28 ,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT).30. The microstructure of claim 27 , wherein the second layer comprises a material that is reactive with a fuel or is a catalyst of a fuel.31. The microstructure of claim 30 , wherein the material that is reactive with a fuel or is a catalyst of a fuel comprises a conductive metal.32. The microstructure of claim 30 , wherein the material that is a catalyst of a fuel comprises platinum.33. The microstructure of claim 27 , wherein the template comprises cyclopore polycarbonated membrane.34. The microstructure of claim 33 , wherein the cyclopore polycarbonated membrane comprises an asymmetrical claim 33 , conically-shaped pore structure.35. The microstructure of claim 34 , ...

MULTICOMPONENT PLASMONIC PHOTOCATALYSTS CONSISTING OF A PLASMONIC ANTENNA AND A REACTIVE CATALYTIC SURFACE: THE ANTENNA-REACTOR EFFECT

A multicomponent photocatalyst includes a reactive component optically, electronically, or thermally coupled to a plasmonic material. A method of performing a catalytic reaction includes loading a multicomponent photocatalyst including a reactive component optically, electronically, or thermally coupled to a plasmonic material into a reaction chamber; introducing molecular reactants into the reaction chamber; and illuminating the reaction chamber with a light source. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. (canceled)14. (canceled)15. (canceled)16. (canceled)17. (canceled)18. (canceled)19. (canceled)20. (canceled)21. (canceled)22. A multicomponent photocatalyst comprising:a reactive component optically, electronically, or thermally coupled to a plasmonic material, wherein the reactive component is alloyed at the surface of the plasmonic material.23. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein the plasmonic material is selected from gold (Au) claim 22 , silver (Ag) claim 22 , copper (Cu) claim 22 , aluminum (Al) claim 22 , alloys thereof claim 22 , TiN claim 22 , or doped semiconductors.24. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein the plasmonic material is a 2-dimensional material.25. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein a molar ratio of the plasmonic material to the reactive component may be between 1000:1 to 10:1.26. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein the plasmonic material has a plasmon resonance at a wavelength between 180 nm and 10 microns.27. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein the plasmonic material has a plasmon resonance at a wavelength between about 380 nm-760 nm of the electromagnetic spectrum.28. The multicomponent photocatalyst of claim 22 , wherein the plasmonic material has at least one dimension with a size between about 1 nm and 300 nm.29. The ...

ANTIMICROBIAL PHOTOREACTIVE COMPOSITION COMPRISING ORGANIC AND INORGANIC MULTIJUNCTION COMPOSITE

Provided is an antimicrobial photoreactive composition comprising a photocatalytic multijunction composite that is photoreactive in ordinary room lighting and comprises at least one photocatalytic heterojunction that is primarily carbon based. The composition further comprises at least one surface-coupling material, optionally at least one additive selected from a charge-transfer augmenting material, a light-capturing augmenting material, an antimicrobial augmenting material(s), or a combination thereof, and a carrier. The composition can be coupled to a surface or embedded in a cationic polymer matrix to form an antimicrobial film that is removable. Further provided is a method of disinfecting a surface comprising applying the antimicrobial photoreactive composition to a surface. 2. The antimicrobial photoreactive composition of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic heterojunction that is primarily carbon based comprises an organic material selected from graphitic carbon nitride claim 1 , acidified carbon nitride (ACN) claim 1 , graphene oxide claim 1 , reduced graphene oxide claim 1 , a conjugated polymer claim 1 , and a combination thereof.3. The antimicrobial photoreactive composition of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic multijunction composite comprises inorganic material(s) that are selected from a transition metal oxide claim 1 , a transition metal sulfide claim 1 , a transition metal selenide claim 1 , an alloy comprising copper claim 1 , indium claim 1 , gallium claim 1 , and diselenide (CIGS) claim 1 , and combinations thereof.4. The antimicrobial photoreactive composition of claim 3 , wherein the inorganic material(s) are selected from cadmium sulfide (CdS) claim 3 , cadmium selenide (CdSe) claim 3 , an alloy comprising copper claim 3 , indium claim 3 , gallium claim 3 , and diselenide (CIGS) claim 3 , and combinations thereof.5. The antimicrobial photoreactive composition of claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic multijunction composite has (i) one or ...

POLYMER CAPSULE HAVING LOADED THEREON TRANSITION METAL PARTICLES HAVING EXCELLENT WATER DISPERSIBILITY AND STABILITY, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING SAME

Provided are a polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles having excellent water dispersibility and stability, and a method for preparing the same. Specifically, the polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles according to the present invention includes a surface-modified polymer capsule surface-modified to thereby have a positive zeta potential in a dispersed state in water; and transition metal particles loaded on a surface of the surface-modified polymer capsule. In addition, a method for preparing a polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles according to the present invention includes a) preparing a polymer capsule; b) surface-modifying the polymer capsule to prepare a polymer capsule having a positive zeta potential in a dispersed state in water; and c) sequentially adding a water-soluble transition metal precursor and a reducing agent to a water dispersion of the surface-modified polymer capsule obtained in step b). 2. The polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles of claim 1 , wherein the surface-modified polymer capsule has a zeta potential of 60 to 90 mV.3. The polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles of claim 1 , wherein a sulfonium group is formed on the surface of the surface-modified polymer capsule.4. The polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal particles have an average diameter of 1.5 to 3.5 nm.5. The polymer capsule loaded with transition metal particles of claim 1 , wherein 0.1 to 12 parts by weight of a particulate transition metal is loaded based on 100 parts by weight of the polymer capsule.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the surface-modified polymer capsule has a zeta potential of 60 to 90 mV.8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the water-soluble transition metal precursor is an alkali metal-transition metal halide.9. The method of claim 8 , wherein the number of moles of the added water-soluble transition metal precursor is 1 ...

BIOCHAR PRODUCTS AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE THEREOF

A method for producing charcoal particles or pellets which use different additives as binders for the biochar pellets. The method includes producing a mixture with charcoal and additives selected from nanocrystalline cellulose, bentonite, and polyvinyl acetate. The mixture is created by mixing one or more of the additives with charcoal and water. The mixture is then processed in a pelletizer device. While processing, the surface of the mixture is sprayed with a liquid. Once turned into pellets by way of the pelletizer device, the resulting pellets are then dried by applying heat to the pellets. The liquid can be water or a solution of water and sodium borate. 1. A charcoal product comprising a porous charcoal pellet having additives selected from a group comprising bentonite , nanocrystalline cellulose , polyvinyl acetate , and sodium borate.2. A charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said product is composed of biochar and bentonite having a bentonite to charcoal mass ratio of 2:1.3. A charcoal product according to claim 2 , wherein said product is further comprised of nanocrystalline cellulose claim 2 , said product having a charcoal to nanocrystalline cellulose mass ratio of 2:1.4. A charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said bentonite is used as a binder for said pellet.5. A charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said polyvinyl acetate is used as a binder for said pellet.6. A charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said polyvinyl acetate and said sodium borate are used as binders for said pellet.7. A charcoal product according to claim 1 , wherein said product is for at least one of:biodiesel manufacturing;animal feed supplement;esterifications reactions;transesterification reactions;organic solution dessicant; andliquid hydrocarbon mixture dessicant.8. A method for producing charcoal pellets claim 1 , the method comprising:a) mixing charcoal with at least one additive and water to result in a mixture;b) processing said ...

MICROENCAPSULATED CATALYST-LIGAND SYSTEM

A microencapsulated catalyst-ligand system is provided comprising a catalyst and a ligand microencapsulated within a permeable polymer microcapsule shell, wherein the ligand is a polymeric ligand. Processes for the preparation of said microencapsulated catalyst-ligand system are also provided. 151-. (canceled)53. The process according to claim 52 , which comprises forming a microcapsule shell by interfacial polymerisation in the presence of a catalyst and a ligand.54. The process according to claim 53 , which comprises(a) dissolving or dispersing the catalyst and a ligand in a first phase;(b) dispersing the first phase in a continuous second phase to form an emulsion;(c) reacting one or more microcapsule wall-forming materials at interface between the dispersed first phase and the continuous second phase to form a microcapsule polymer shell encapsulating the dispersed first phase; and optionally(d) recovering the microcapsules from the continuous phase.55. The process according to claim 52 , which comprises forming a microcapsule shell by interfacial polymerisation in the presence of a catalyst and treating the microcapsule shell with a ligand.56. The process according to claim 55 , which comprises(a) dissolving or dispersing the catalyst in a first phase;(b) dispersing the first phase in a continuous second phase to form an emulsion;(c) reacting one or more microcapsule wall-forming materials at interface between the dispersed first phase and the continuous second phase to form a microcapsule polymer shell encapsulating the dispersed first phase; and(d) treating the microcapsules with a ligand.57. The process according to claim 52 , which comprises forming a microcapsule shell by interfacial polymerisation in the presence of a ligand and treating the microcapsule shell with a catalyst solution.58. The process according to claim 57 , which comprises(a) dissolving or dispersing the ligand in a first phase;(b) dispersing the first phase in a continuous second phase to ...

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF NANOPARTICLES OF NOBLE METALS IN HYDROGEL AND NANOPARTICLES THUS OBTAINED

There is described a versatile and environment-friendly one-pot process for the preparation of nanoparticles of noble metals in hydrogel, obtainable at room temperature using quaternized hydroxyethylcellulose. 1. Hydrogel comprising water , at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose , and nanoparticles of at least one metal , wherein:said at least one metal is selected from Au, Ag, Cu, Pd, Pt, and mixtures thereof,said at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose is selected from polyquaternium-4, polyquatemium-10, polyquaternium-24 and polyquaternium-67,said nanoparticles of at least one metal of said nanoparticles have an average particle size distribution D50 of 10-100 nm, and are in a concentration of 0.3-5% m/m of the hydrogel.2. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein said at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose and said metal are in a molar ratio from 1:1 to 10:1.3. The hydrogel of claim 2 , wherein said at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose and said metal are in a molar ratio from 1.1:1 to 7:1.4. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein said at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose is polyquaternium-67.5. The hydrogel of claim 1 , wherein said metal is Ag or Au.6. Process for the preparation of hydrogel of nanoparticles of at least one metal of claim 1 , comprising the steps of:a) providing an aqueous solution of an inorganic salt of at least one metal,b) providing an aqueous solution of at least one quaternary ammonium salt of hydroxyethylcellulose,c) combining the solutions and mixing under stirring at room temperature, andd) reacting at room temperature for at least 5 hours, thus obtaining the hydrogel.7. The process of claim 6 , wherein in step c) pH is adjusted to basic pH.8. The process of claim 7 , wherein pH is adjusted by adding an inorganic base claim 7 , said base and said at least one metal being in a molar ratio from 1:1 to 5:1.9. Hydrogel obtainable ...

Polymeric ionic salt catalysts and methods of producing thereof

Provided herein are polymeric ionic salt catalysts that are useful in the non-enzymatic saccharification processes. The catalysts described herein hydrolyze cellulosic materials to produce monosaccharides and/or disaccharides. Saccharification of lignocellulosic materials, such as biomass waste products of agriculture, forestry and waste treatment, are of great economic and environmental relevance. As part of biomass energy utilization, attempts have been made to obtain ethanol (bioethanol) by hydrolyzing cellulose or hemicellulose, which are major constituents of plants.

Metal Supported Powder Catalyst Matrix and Processes for Multiphase Chemical Reactions

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction. 1. A continuous flow reaction system for multiphase reactions having at least three phases , said reaction system comprising:a catalytic article comprising a porous fibrillated polymer membrane that includes supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed within the porous fibrillated polymer membrane;a liquid phase comprising at least one liquid phase reactant;a gas phase comprising at least one gas phase reactant; anda reaction vessel configured for continuous flow of the liquid phase reactant and the gas phase reactant across and through the catalytic article,wherein the catalytic article is in the form of a tube or a plurality of tubes bundled in a tubular array.2. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic article is not configured as a contactor.3. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the reaction system is configured for hydrogenation.4. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the porous fibrillated polymer membrane is insoluble to reactants and products in the multiphase chemical reaction.5. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the porous fibrillated polymer membrane ...

IONIC POLYMERS AND USE THEREOF IN PROCESSING OF BIOMASS

Ionic polymers (IP) are made of anions and a polymeric backbone containing cations. The ionic polymers are incorporated in membranes or attached to solid supports and use of the ionic polymers in processing of biomass. 2. The ionic polymer of claim 1 , wherein R is substituted Caryl and the substituents are selected from the group comprising H claim 1 , —SOH.5. A solid support having at least one surface comprising one or more ionic polymers of .6. A polymer membrane incorporating one or more ionic polymers of .7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. A method for producing one or more fine chemicals selected from the group comprising lipids claim 1 , sugars claim 1 , furanic compounds claim 1 , and/or humins from biomass claim 1 , the method comprising the steps of:a) providing biomass;b) optionally determining lipids and/or sugars contents in the biomass;c) optionally pretreating the biomass;{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'd) contacting the biomass with a catalyst to form a reaction mixture, wherein the catalyst is an ionic polymer or a combination of ionic polymers of , a membrane incorporating the ionic polymers and/or a solid support having at least one surface comprising one or more of the ionic polymers;'}e) degrading the biomass in the reaction mixture to produce a liquid phase and a solid phase, wherein the liquid phase includes the one or more fine chemicals, and the solid phase includes residual biomass;f) isolating at least a portion of the liquid phase from the solid phase; andg) recovering the one or more fine chemicals from the isolated liquid phase.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the step d) consists in adding an appropriate water or organic solvent and an effective amount of the catalyst to the biomass to form a reaction mixture claim 9 , and degrading step e) consists in heating the reaction mixture of step d) during appropriate time and subsequently cooling to room temperature.11. A method for producing C5 and C6 sugars claim 9 , ...

Metal Supported Powder Catalyst Matrix And Processes For Multiphase Chemical Reactions

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction. 1. A reaction system for multiphase reactions having at least three phases , said reaction system comprising:a stirred tank reaction vessel comprising a rotatable impeller shaft having thereon at least one impeller blade, said rotatable impeller shaft being rotatably affixed to a catalytic article, said catalytic article comprising a porous fibrillated polymer membrane that includes supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed within the porous fibrillated polymer membrane;a liquid phase comprising at least one liquid phase reactant; anda gas phase comprising at least one gas phase reactant,wherein the porous fibrillated polymer membrane is in the form of an immobilized catalyst disc or disc stack.2. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein reaction system is configured for hydrogenation.3. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic article is not configured as a contactor.4. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the impeller blade is pitched.5. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the disc stack comprises a plurality of immobilized catalyst discs with intervening spacers ...

METAL NANO-CATALYSTS IN GLYCEROL AND APPLICATIONS IN ORGANIC SYNTHESIS

A catalytic system which is a suspension in glycerol of metal nanoparticles in at least one transition metal. The suspension also includes at least one compound stabilizing the metal nanoparticles, soluble in glycerol. The suspensions are obtained directly in glycerol. These are stable systems that can catalyse a reaction from an organic substrate, with high yields and activity, and excellent selectivity. Additionally, the use of the catalytic system for performing organic transformations such as hydrogenation or coupling reactions (formation of C—C, C—N, C—O, C—S . . . bonds), and for synthesizing polyfunctionnal molecules, in a single reactor, by multi-step, sequential or cascade reactions. 119-. (canceled)20. A catalytic system , consisting of a suspension in glycerol of metal nanoparticles comprising at least one transition metal , said suspension also comprising at least one glycerol-soluble stabilizing compound which stabilizes said metal nanoparticles.21. The system as claimed in claim 20 , wherein said nanoparticles comprise a metal having a zero oxidation state chosen from the transition metals from Groups VI to XI.22. The system as claimed in claim 20 , wherein said nanoparticles comprise an oxide of a transition metal having a given oxidation state claim 20 , said metal being chosen from the metals of the first transition series.23. The system as claimed in claim 20 , wherein said nanoparticles comprise a metal chosen from copper claim 20 , palladium claim 20 , rhodium and ruthenium.24. The system as claimed in claim 20 , wherein said stabilizing compound is a ligand of said transition metal chosen from glycerol-soluble phosphines.25. The system as claimed in claim 24 , wherein said stabilizing compound is the sodium salt of tris(3-sulfophenyl)phosphine claim 24 , with a molar ratio of said ligand to said metal being of between 0.1 and 2.0.26. The system as claimed claim 20 , wherein said transition metal is at a concentration in the glycerol of between ...

RESIN SOLID ACID AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

The resin solid acid is a sulfo group-modified resin obtained by introducing sulfo groups into a raw material resin in an uncarbonized state, the yield of the sulfo group-modified resin based on the weight of the uncarbonized raw material resin is 80% or more, the amount of sulfo groups in the sulfo group-modified resin is 1 mmol/g or more, and the raw material resin is in the form of a powder, granules or fibers. In addition, the method for producing the resin solid acid is a production method for obtaining a sulfo group-modified resin by comprising a step for adding a sulfonating agent in the form of any of sulfuric acid, fuming sulfuric acid or chlorosulfonic acid to a raw material resin in an uncarbonized state, and a step for heating the uncarbonized raw material resin at 200° C. or lower. 1. A resin solid acid that is a sulfo group-modified resin , which uses for a raw material resin thereof a resin selected from among any of uncarbonized phenol resin , uncarbonized furan resin , uncarbonized urea resin , uncarbonized melamine resin and uncarbonized epoxy resin , and is obtained by introducing sulfo groups into the raw material resin.2. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the yield of the sulfo group-modified resin based on the weight of the raw material resin is 80% or more.3. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the amount of sulfo groups in the sulfo group-modified resin is 1 mmol/g or more.4. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the raw material resin is an uncarbonized phenol resin or uncarbonized furan resin.5. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the raw material resin is in the form of a powder claim 1 , granules or fibers.6. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the sulfo group-modified resin is used in a catalytic reaction.7. The resin solid acid according to claim 1 , wherein the sulfo group-modified resin is used in a hydrolysis reaction.8. The resin solid acid according to ...

POLYMER NANOPARTICLES

Polymer nanoparticles, including Janus nanoparticles, and methods of making them are described. 1. A method of forming a multi-faced polymer nanoparticle , comprisingdissolving a first polymer at a first concentration and a second polymer at a second concentration in a solvent to form a polymer solution,selecting a nonsolvent,selecting a mean nanoparticle diameter,selecting the first concentration and second concentration to achieve the selected moan nanoparticle diameter, andcontinuously mixing the polymer solution with the nonsolvent to flash precipitate the multi-faced polymer nanoparticle in a mixture of the solvent and the nonsolvent,wherein the first polymer is different from the second polymer and a first region, comprising the first polymer at a greater weight fraction than the second polymer, and', 'a second region, comprising the second polymer at a greater weight fraction than the first polymer,', 'the first region being in contact with the second region., 'wherein the multi-faced polymer nanoparticle comprises'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein neither the polymer solution nor the nonsolvent comprise a stabilizer.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixing of the polymer solution with the nonsolvent further comprises mixing with a collection solution.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the collection solution comprises a stabilizer.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the stabilizer is an amphiphilic surfactant molecule.6. The method of claim 4 , wherein the stabilizer is selected from the group consisting of sulfonated alkyl surfactants claim 4 , sodium dodecyl sulfate claim 4 , ethoxylated sulfonate surfactants claim 4 , cationic surfactants claim 4 , amine oxide surfactants claim 4 , zwitterionic surfactants claim 4 , amphoteric surfactants claim 4 , ethylene oxide surfactants based on alkyl ethers claim 4 , ethylene oxide surfactants based on nonylphenols claim 4 , surfactants based on sorbitan oleates claim 4 , glucose-based surfactants claim 4 , ...

METHOD FOR DEPOSITING A PHOTOCATALYTIC COATING AND RELATED COATINGS, TEXTILE MATERIALS AND USE IN PHOTOCATALYSIS

A method for depositing a photocatalytic coating on a support, the method having the steps: a) providing an aqueous and/or alcoholic suspension of nanoparticles of a semiconducting material, b) providing a sol in an aqueous and/or alcoholic solution of a hydrolyzed organosilane, c) mixing the suspension and the sol and proceeding with deposition of the obtained mixture on the support to be covered, d) performing a drying operation, e) and optionally producing an illumination of the obtained coating after drying at one wavelength at least causing activation of the semiconducting material, so as to remove at least 3% of the organic groups initially present in the coating and bound to the silicon atoms through a Si—C bond; as well as coatings with photocatalytic properties, materials, notably textiles, covered with such a coating and the use of such coatings and materials for photocatalysis. 141-. (canceled)42. A coating consisting of a polysiloxane , some silicon atoms of which are bound through a Si—C bond to at least one organic group , and wherein nanoparticles of a semiconducting material are distributed , wherein the coating is porous.43. The coating according to claim 42 , wherein the coating is macroporous.44. The coating according to claim 42 , wherein an illumination of the coating claim 42 , when the latter is immersed in an aqueous solution claim 42 , preferably in ultrapure water claim 42 , does not cause any removal of the organic groups bound through a Si—C bond to the silicon atoms claim 42 , present in the coating.45. The coating according to claim 44 , wherein the illumination not causing any removal of the organic groups bound through a Si—C bond to the silicon atoms claim 44 , present in the coating claim 44 , is achieved at 365 nm and at 312 nm with a respective light intensity of 10 mW/cmand 3 mW/cm claim 44 , for 6 hours at 22° C.46. The coating according to claim 42 , wherein 17 to 97% by moles claim 42 , and preferably from 80 to 95% by moles ...

Supported Hydrotreating Catalysts Having Enhanced Activity

This invention provides supported catalysts comprising a carrier, phosphorus, at least one Group VI metal, at least one Group VIII metal, and a polymer. In the supported catalyst, the molar ratio of phosphorus to Group VI metal is about 1:1.5 to less than about 1:12, the molar ratio of the Group VI metal to the Group VIII metal is about 1:1 to about 5:1, and the polymer has a carbon backbone and comprises an amido group. Also provided are a process for preparing such supported catalysts, as well as methods for hydrotreating, hydrodenitrogenation, and/or hydrodesulfurization, using supported catalysts. 1. A supported catalyst comprising a carrier , phosphorus , at least one Group VI metal , at least one Group VIII metal , and a polymer , wherethe molar ratio of phosphorus to Group VI metal is about 1:1.5 to less than about 1:12,the molar ratio of the Group VI metal to the Group VIII metal is about 1:1 to about 5:1, andthe polymer has a carbon backbone and comprises an amido group.2. A supported catalyst as in wherein:said carrier is carbon, carbon in combination with one or more inorganic oxides, boria, titania, silica, alumina, silica-alumina, alumina with silica-alumina dispersed therein, alumina-coated silica, silica-coated alumina, alumina containing boron, alumina containing silicon, alumina containing titanium, or a combination of any two or more of these;the polymer is polyacrylamide, polymethacrylamide, poly(N-isopropyl)acrylamide, poly(N-hydroxymethyl)acrylamide, poly(N-hydroxyethyl)acrylamide, poly(N-methoxymethyl)acrylamide, poly(N-ethoxymethyl)acrylamide, or a co-polymer of any two or more of the foregoing; and/orsaid Group VI metal is molybdenum and/or tungsten, and/or wherein said Group VIII metal is nickel and/or cobalt.3. A supported catalyst as in wherein the polymer is polyacrylamide.4. A supported catalyst as in wherein the molar ratio of phosphorus to Group VI metal is about 1:2.5 to less than about 1:12 claim 1 , and/or wherein the catalyst has a ...

HIGH ASPECT RATIO LAYERED DOUBLE HYDROXIDE MATERIALS AND METHODS FOR PREPARATION THEREOF

Embodiments are directed to adamantane-intercalated layered double-hydroxide (LDH) particles and the methods of producing adamantane-intercalated LDH particles. The adamantane-intercalated LDH particles have a general formula defined by [MAl(OH)](A).mHO, where x is from 0.14 to 0.33, m is from 0.33 to 0.50, M is chosen from Mg, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn, and A is adamantane carboxylate. The adamantane-intercalated LDH particles further have an aspect ratio greater than 100. The aspect ratio is defined by the width of an adamantane-intercalated LDH particle divided by the thickness of the adamantane-intercalated LDH particle. 1. An adamantane-intercalated layered double-hydroxide (LDH) material in a form of adamantane-intercalated LDH particles , where the adamantane-intercalated LDH particles comprise:{'sub': 1-x', 'x', '2', 'x', '2, 'a general formula defined by [MAl(OH)](A).mHO, where x is from 0.14 to 0.33, m is from 0.33 to 0.50, M is chosen from Mg, Ca, Co, Ni, Cu, or Zn, and A is adamantane carboxylate; and'}an aspect ratio greater than 100, the aspect ratio defined by a width of an adamantane-intercalated LDH particle divided by a thickness of the adamantane-intercalated LDH particle.2. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where M is Mg.3. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where the aspect ratio is greater than 125.4. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where the aspect ratio is greater than 150.5. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where the aspect ratio is greater than 200.6. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where the adamantane-intercalated LDH particles have a particle diameter of 5 to 10 μm.7. The adamantane-intercalated LDH material of where the adamantane-intercalated LDH particles have characteristic peaks in an IR spectra at 1517 cm claim 1 , 1395 cm claim 1 , 2901 cm claim 1 , 2847 cm claim 1 , and 4302 cm. This application is a divisional application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/449,207 filed Mar. ...

HOMOPIPERAZINE-BASED CATALYSTS FOR NEUTRALIZATION OF ORGANOPHOSPHORUS-BASED COMPOUNDS

Novel compositions of matter based on homopiperazine precursor materials and forming a homopiperazine-based ligand are disclosed, along with suitable techniques and materials for the synthesis and utilization thereof. In particular various synthetic schemes and techniques for applying the disclosed compositions of matter as a decontaminating agent. The decontaminating agents include homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complexes that are particularly effective at neutralizing toxicity of nerve agents, pesticides, and other toxic organophosphorus-based compounds. In preferred approaches, the homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complexes act as catalysts to facilitate substitution of a leaving group of the organophosphorus-based compound with a functional group that does not permit the organophosphorus-based compound to inactivate acetylcholinesterase upon introduction of the organophosphorus-based compound to a living organism such as insects and mammals. Advantageously, the catalytic homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complexes are formed using inexpensive, readily-available precursor materials, and may be utilized to neutralize toxins without relying on damaging caustic reactants or environmentally unfriendly organic solvents. 1. A method , comprising: neutralizing toxicity of one or more organophosphorus-based compounds by reacting the organophosphorus-based compound(s) with a homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complex.2. The method as recited in claim 1 , the reacting comprising substituting a leaving group of the organophosphorus-based compound with a hydroxyl moiety conjugated to the homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complex.3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein a metal cation of the homopiperazine-based ligand-metal complex is selected from a group consisting of: Cu claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , and Ni.4. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the neutralizing does not use any environmentally unfriendly materials.5. The method as ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTROLESS PLATING SUBSTRATE AND METHOD FOR FORMING METAL LAYER ON SURFACE OF SUBSTRATE

The instant disclosure provides a method for manufacturing an electroless plating substrate and a method for forming a metal layer on a surface of a substrate. The method for preparing the electroless plating substrate includes: providing a substrate; attaching a self-adsorbed catalyst composition to a surface of the substrate; and performing an electroless metal deposition for forming an electroless metal layer on the surface of the substrate. The self-adsorbed catalyst composition includes a colloidal nanoparticle and a silane compound. The colloidal nanoparticle includes a palladium nanoparticle and a capping agent enclosing the palladium nanoparticle. The silane compound has at least one amino group to interact with the colloidal nanoparticle. A covalent bond between the silane compound and the surface of the substrate is formed through the at least one silane group of the silane compound. The colloid nanoparticle has a particle size ranging from 5 to 10 nanometers. 1. A method for manufacturing an electroless plating substrate , including:providing a substrate;attaching a self-adsorbed catalyst composition to a surface of the substrate, wherein the self-adsorbed catalyst composition includes a colloidal nanoparticle and a silane compound, the colloidal nanoparticle includes a palladium nanoparticle and a capping agent enclosing the palladium nanoparticle, and the silane compound has at least one amino group to interact with the colloidal nanoparticle, a covalent bond between the silane compound and the surface of the substrate is formed through a silane group of the silane compound, and the colloid nanoparticle has a particle size ranging from 5 to 10 nanometers; andperforming an electroless metal deposition for forming an electroless metal layer on the surface of the substrate.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , the step of attaching the self-adsorbed catalyst composition to the surface of the substrate further includes: immersing the ...

APPLICATION OF METHYL CELLULOSE ON WASHCOATS AND PRECIOUS METAL SOLUTION

The present invention relates to a novel washcoat composition, a method for coating substrates with the washcoat composition and a method for controlling the shelf life of washcoat. 1. A washcoat composition consisting of 15 to 55 weight percent of a catalyst composition , 0.2 to 8 weight percent of a gelling agent , the balance being a water-based solvent mixture , wherein the gelling agent is a cellulose derivative.2. The washcoat composition of claim 1 , the cellulose derivative being selected from the group consisting of methylcellulose claim 1 , ethylhydroxy ethylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxybutyl methylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxymethylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxypropyl methylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxyethyl methylcellulose claim 1 , hy-droxybutylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxyethylcellulose claim 1 , hydroxypropylcellulose claim 1 , sodium carboxy methylcellulose claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.3. The washcoat composition of claim 1 , the gelling agent being present in an amount of 0.5 to 5 weight percent claim 1 , preferably 1 to 4 weight percent or 2 to 3 weight percent.4. The washcoat composition of claim 1 , wherein the water-based solvent mixture consists of water and up to 2 weight percent of at least one acidic and/or basic compound.5. The washcoat composition of claim 4 , wherein the at least one acidic or basic compound is an organic acid and/or base.6. The washcoat composition of claim 5 , wherein the at least one acidic or basic compound is selected from formic acid claim 5 , acetic acid claim 5 , pyridine claim 5 , pyrimidin claim 5 , trialkylamine claim 5 , triarylamines and derivatives or mixtures thereof.7. A method of coating a monolithic support claim 1 , comprising the steps of (a) locating a containment means on top of a support claim 1 , (b) dosing a pre-determined quantity of a washcoat composition into said containment means claim 1 , either in the order (a) then (b) or (b) then (a) claim 1 , and (c) by applying pressure or vacuum claim 1 , ...

Materials and methods for immobilization of catalysts on surfaces and for selective electroless metallization

A method of rendering a substrate catalytic to electroless metal deposition comprising the steps of: (a) depositing a ligating chemical agent on the substrate, which is capable of both binding to the substrate and ligating to an electroless plating catalyst; and (b) ligating the electroless plating catalyst to the ligating chemical agent, wherein the ligating chemical agent has the chemical structure: wherein n and m are each between about 1 and about 100.

POLYMERIC NANOCOMPOSITE FILMS WITH EMBEDDED CHANNELS AND METHODS FOR THEIR PREPARATION AND USE

Method of forming micro channels in a polymeric nanocomposite film is provided. The method includes combining one or more monomers to form a mixture and adding a plurality of carbon fibers with metal nanoparticles dispersed therein to the mixture prior to or concurrently with formation of a polymer from the monomers. The method also includes adding at least one hydrophobic agent and at least one plasticizer to the polymer to form the polymeric nanocomposite film and forming a plurality of laser-etched micro channels in a surface of the polymeric nanocomposite film. 1. A method of forming micro channels embedded in a polymeric nanocomposite film , the method comprising:combining one or more monomers to form a mixture;adding a plurality of carbon fibers with metal nanoparticles dispersed therein to the mixture prior to or concurrently with formation of a polymer from the monomers;adding at least one hydrophobic agent and at least one plasticizer to the polymer to form the polymeric nanocomposite film; andforming a plurality of laser-etched micro channels in a surface of the polymeric nanocomposite film.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the one or more monomers comprises methyl acetate claim 1 , vinyl acetate claim 1 , methyl acrylate claim 1 , ethyl acrylate or combinations thereof.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymer comprises polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) claim 1 , polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) claim 1 , polypropylene (PP) claim 1 , polyethylene (PE) claim 1 , polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) claim 1 , or combinations thereof.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro channels have an average length of about 5 millimeter (mm) to about 30 mm.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro channels have an average width of about 50 micrometer (μm) to about 300 μm.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro channels have an average depth of about 40 micrometer (μm) to about 150 μm.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the micro channels are formed in the polymeric ...

Printed Gas Sensor

A printed gas sensor is disclosed. The sensor may include a partially porous substrate, an electrode layer, an electrolyte layer, and an encapsulation layer. The electrode layer comprises one or more electrodes that are formed on one side of the porous substrate. The electrolyte layer is in electrolytic contact with the one or more electrodes. The encapsulation layer encapsulates the electrode layer and electrolyte layer thereby forming an integrated structure with the partially porous substrate. 1. A catalyst ink composition for a printed gas sensor electrode comprising: about 67-79% of a metal catalyst;', 'about 5-15% graphite carbon; and', 'one of about 15% to 25% of a thermoplastic polymer powder; and, 'a mixture comprisinga 3 mL ethylcellulose solution.2. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer powder comprises PTFE powder.3. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer powder comprises polypropylene powder.4. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , wherein the thermoplastic polymer powder comprises polyethylene powder.5. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst comprises Pt claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Au claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Ir claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , C claim 1 , or a combination thereof.6. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , wherein the ethylcellulose solution further comprises octanol claim 1 , isophorone claim 1 , nonanol claim 1 , deconol claim 1 , or a combination thereof.7. The catalyst ink composition of claim 1 , further comprising a surfactant.8. The catalyst ink composition of claim 7 , wherein the surfactant comprises water claim 7 , triton-100 claim 7 , carbopol claim 7 , or a combination thereof.9. A catalyst ink composition for a printed gas sensor electrode comprising: about 67-79% Pt;', 'about 5-15% graphite carbon; and', 'one of about 22-25% PTFE powder, about 14-17% polypropylene powder, and about 14-17% ...

HEAVY HYDROCARBON HYDROPROCESSING CATALYST AND METHODS OF MAKING AND USING THEREOF

The specification discloses a highly macroporous catalyst for hydroprocessing and hydroconversion of heavy hydrocarbon feedstocks. The high macroporosity catalyst includes an inorganic oxide, molybdenum, and nickel components. It has a pore structure such that at least 18% of its total pore volume is in pores of a diameter greater than 5,000 angstroms and at least 25% of its total pore volume is in pores of a diameter greater than 1,000 angstroms. Preferably, the pore structure is bimodal. The catalyst is made by co-mulling the catalytic components with a high molecular weight polyacrylamide followed by forming the co-mulled mixture into a particle or an extrudate. The particle or extrudate is dried and calcined under controlled calcination temperature conditions to yield a calcined particle or extrudate of the high macroporosity catalyst composition.

HIGH ACTIVITY CATALYST FOR HYDROSILYLATION REACTIONS AND METHODS OF MAKING THE SAME

A heterogeneous catalyst comprising a metal-containing polymer matrix covalently bonded to a support material and a method of making and using such catalysts. The metal-containing polymer matrix comprises metal nano-particles encapsulated in a polymer matrix, e.g., a siloxane. In one aspect, the metal-containing polymer matrix can be bonded to the support material via a hydrophobic group attached to the support material. The catalyst can be recovered after being used in a metal catalyzed reaction and exhibit excellent catalytic activity upon reuse in subsequent reactions. 1. A heterogeneous catalyst comprising a metal-containing polymer matrix covalently bonded to a support material wherein the metal-containing polymer matrix comprises metal nanoparticles encapsulated in a polymer matrix chosen from an organic polymer matrix or a siloxane polymer matrix.2. (canceled)3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the polymer matrix comprises an organic polymer matrix comprising a polymer or copolymer of a vinyl aromatic claim 1 , a vinyl halide claim 1 , an alpha monoolefin claim 1 , an acrylonitrile claim 1 , an acrylate claim 1 , an amide claim 1 , an acrylamide claim 1 , an ester claim 1 , or a combination of two or more thereof.4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the polymer matrix is derived from a silicon hydride-containing polyorganohydrosiloxane of the general formula:{'br': None, 'sup': 1', '2', '1', '2', '1', '2, 'sub': a', 'b', 'c', 'd', 'e', 'f', 'j, 'MMDDTTQ'}{'sup': 1', '1', '2', '3', '2', '4', '5', '6', '1', '7', '8', '2', '9', '10', '1', '11', '2', '12', '1', '2', '3', '4', '5', '6', '7', '8', '9', '10', '11', '12', '4', '9', '12, 'sub': 1/2', '1/2', '2/2', '2/2', '3/2', '3/2', '4/2, 'wherein: M=RRRSiO; M=RRRSiO; D=RRSiO; D=RRSiO; T=RSiO; T=RSiO; Q=SiO; R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, R, and Rare aliphatic, aromatic or fluoro monovalent hydrocarbon having from 1 to 60 carbon atoms; at least one of R, R, Ris hydrogen; and the subscript a, b, c, d, e, f, and j are ...

Method for producing hydrogen peroxide, kit for hydrogen peroxide production, organic polymer photocatalyst used in said method and kit, and method for producing said organic polymer photocatalyst

The present invention provides a hydrogen peroxide production method and a hydrogen peroxide production kit that are capable of producing hydrogen peroxide more efficiently and at lower costs than conventional methods. Specifically, the present invention provides a hydrogen peroxide production method comprising: (1) a hydrogen peroxide generation step of generating hydrogen peroxide by irradiating a reaction system containing water, an organic polymer photocatalyst, and O 2 with light, wherein (2) the organic polymer photocatalyst comprises an organic polymer having a structure such that a monocyclic or polycyclic aromatic compound and/or a monocyclic or polycyclic heteroaromatic compound is/are linked by a bridging group, and (3) the organic polymer has a band structure such that a conduction band (CB) has a potential lower than the potential of two-electron reduction of O 2 , and a valance band (VB) has a potential higher than the potential of four-electron oxidation of water.

MODIFIED POROUS HYPERCROSSLINKED POLYMERS FOR CO2 CAPTURE AND CONVERSION

The present disclosure describes a process for making a hyperporous material for capture and conversion of carbon dioxide. The process comprises the steps a first self-polymerisation of benzyl halides via Friedel-Crafts reaction. In the second step the obtained hypercrosslinked polymer is further coupled with an amine or heterocyclic compound having at least one nitrogen ring atom. The invention also relates to the material obtained to the process and its use in catalytic reactions, for instance the conversion of epoxides to carbonates. Salt-modified porous hypercrosslinked polymers obtained according to the invention show a high BET surface (BET surface area up to 926 m/g) combined with strong COcapture capacities (14.5 wt %). The nitrogen compound functionalized hypercrosslinked polymer catalyst shows improved conversion rates compared to known functionalized polystyrene materials and an excellent recyclability. A new type of imidazolium salt modified polymers shows especially high capture and conversion abilities. Carbonates can be produced in high yields according to the inventive used of the obtained polymers. 1. A process for making a hypercrosslinked , porous polymer material comprising the steps of:(a) a self-polymerisation of benzyl halides via Friedel-Crafts reaction, and(b) coupling of an amine or heterocyclic compound having at least one nitrogen ring atom to the obtained polymer.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the heterocyclic compound in step (b) is an optionally substituted heterocyclic compound having 5 or 6 ring atoms and 1 to 3 hetero atoms in the optionally benzofused ring and is coupled to the polymer to form a salt.3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the heterocyclic compound is an optionally benzofused claim 2 , optionally heteroaromatic fused and optionally C-C-alkyl claim 2 , halogen claim 2 , cyano or nitro substituted pyrrole claim 2 , pyrrolidine claim 2 , pyrroline claim 2 , piperidine claim 2 , imidazole claim 2 , imidazoline claim 2 ...

RUTHENIUM ON CHITOSAN (ChRu): CONCERTED CATALYSIS FOR WATER SPLITTING AND REDUCTION

A process and catalyst for the in situ generation of hydrogen via the microwave irradiation of a ruthenium chitosan composite catalyst has enabled the convenient reduction of nitro compounds in aqueous medium.

Mechanically strong catalyst and catalyst carrier, its preparation, and its use

The invention concerns catalyst or a catalyst carrier comprising 35 to 99.9 wt % of metal oxide and 0.1 to 50 wt % of silanized silica particles, calculated on the total weight of the catalyst or catalyst carrier. The invention further relates to a process to prepare the catalyst or catalyst carrier. The invention also relates to the use of the catalyst, or a catalyst comprising the catalyst carrier, in a catalytic reaction.

Self-repair structures and methods for making the same

Methods and apparatuses are disclosed relating to multilayer 3D textile composite materials containing self-healing resins for use as protective structures on stationary objects, and moving objects including, without limitation, vehicles including spacecraft and aircraft.

POLYMERIC ACID CATALYSTS AND USES THEREOF

Polymers useful as catalysts in non-enzymatic saccharification processes are provided. Provided are also methods for hydrolyzing cellulosic materials into monosaccharides and/or oligosaccharides using these polymeric acid catalysts. 1. A polymer comprising acidic monomers and ionic monomers connected to form a polymeric backbone ,wherein each acidic monomer comprises at least one Bronsted-Lowry acid, andwherein each ionic monomer independently comprises at least one nitrogen-containing cationic group or phosphorous-containing cationic group.2. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the Bronsted-Lowry acid at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of sulfonic acid claim 1 , phosphonic acid claim 1 , acetic acid claim 1 , isophthalic acid claim 1 , boronic acid claim 1 , and perfluorinated acid.3. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the acidic monomers are directly connected to the polymeric backbone.4. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein one or more of the acidic monomers each further comprise a linker connecting the Bronsted-Lowry acid to the polymeric backbone.5. The polymer of claim 4 , wherein the linker at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of unsubstituted or substituted alkylene claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted cycloalkylene claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted alkenylene claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted arylene claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted heteroarylene claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ether claim 4 , unsubstituted or substituted alkylene ester claim 4 , and unsubstituted or substituted alkylene carbamate.7. The polymer of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen-containing cationic group at each occurrence is independently selected from the group consisting of pyrrolium claim 1 , imidazolium claim 1 , pyrazolium claim 1 , oxazolium claim 1 , thiazolium claim 1 , pyridinium claim 1 , pyrimidinium claim 1 , pyrazinium claim 1 , pyradizimium claim 1 , thiazinium claim ...

GOLD NANOROD/POLYMER NANOCOMPOSITES AND SENSORS BASED THEREON

A nanocomposite structure includes: 1. A nanocomposite structure comprising:a) a charged fibrous substrate comprising fibers having disposed on their surfaces a multilayer structure comprising a layer of a first polyelectrolyte and disposed thereon a layer of a second polyelectrolyte of opposite charge from the first, the second polyelectrolyte forming the outermost layer of the charged fibrous substrate; andb) charged nanorods having a charge opposite that of the charged fibrous substrate, comprising gold nanorods each having disposed on its surface one or more layers, the outermost of which is a third polyelectrolyte having a charge opposite that of the second polyelectrolyte, wherein the first and third polyelectrolytes may be the same or different;wherein the charged nanorods are disposed unaligned with respect to each other on the charged fibrous substrate.2. The nanocomposite structure of claim 1 , wherein the second polyelectrolyte is cationic.3. The nanocomposite structure of claim 1 , wherein the multilayer structure further comprises one or more layers of cationic polyelectrolyte and/or one or more layers of anionic polyelectrolyte claim 1 , wherein the cationic polyelectrolyte and the anionic polyelectrolyte may be the same as or different from the first and second polyelectrolyte and wherein the layers of the multilayer structure alternate in charge.4. The nanocomposite structure of claim 1 , further comprising bridging molecules attached to the gold nanorods claim 1 , wherein each of the bridging molecules comprises a moiety capable of binding to the gold nanorods and a moiety capable of binding to a chemical species.5. The nanocomposite structure of claim 4 , wherein the moiety capable of binding to the gold nanorods is SH.6. The nanocomposite structure of claim 4 , wherein the chemical species is a transition metal ion.7. The nanocomposite structure of claim 1 , wherein the fibers are polycaprolactone fibers.8. The nanocomposite structure of claim 1 , ...

Semi-permeable particles having metallic catalysts and uses

Semi-permeable particle can be used to facilitate chemical reactions. The semi-permeable particles are permeable to molecules having a molar mass of 1000 Daltons or less, have a mode particle size of at least 1 μm, and comprise nanoparticles of catalytically active metallic materials disposed within at least some of multiple discrete cavities in the continuous polymeric phase. The nanoparticles of catalytically active metallic materials (a) comprise one or more elements selected from Groups 8, 9, 10, and 11 of the Periodic Table, and (b) have an effective diameter of at least 1 nm and up to and including 200 nm.

UREA HYDROLYSIS REACTOR FOR SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

This disclosure features a urea conversion catalyst located within a urea decomposition reactor (e.g., a urea decomposition pipe) of a diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. The urea conversion catalyst includes a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant. The urea conversion catalyst can decrease the temperature at which urea converts to ammonia, can increase the urea conversion yield, and can decrease the likelihood of incomplete urea conversion. 1. A urea decomposition reactor , comprising:a urea conversion catalyst;wherein the urea conversion catalyst comprises a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant.2. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide claim 1 , titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , aluminum oxide claim 1 , silicon oxide claim 1 , hafnium oxide claim 1 , vanadium oxide claim 1 , niobium oxide claim 1 , tantalum oxide claim 1 , chromium oxide claim 1 , molybdenum oxide claim 1 , tungsten oxide claim 1 , ruthenium oxide claim 1 , rhodium oxide claim 1 , iridium oxide claim 1 , nickel oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.3. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , cerium oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.4. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is zirconium oxide or cerium oxide.5. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the cationic dopant is an oxide comprising Mg claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , V claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Ta claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , W claim 1 , W claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Ga claim 1 , Al claim 1 , In claim 1 , Ge claim 1 , Si claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ba claim 1 , La claim 1 , Ce claim 1 , and Nb.6. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the urea conversion ...

UREA HYDROLYSIS REACTOR FOR SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION

This disclosure features a urea conversion catalyst located within a urea decomposition reactor (e.g., a urea decomposition pipe) of a diesel exhaust aftertreatment system. The urea conversion catalyst includes a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant. The urea conversion catalyst can decrease the temperature at which urea converts to ammonia, can increase the urea conversion yield, and can decrease the likelihood of incomplete urea conversion. 1. A urea decomposition reactor , comprising:a urea conversion catalyst;wherein the urea conversion catalyst comprises a refractory metal oxide and a cationic dopant.2. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of cerium oxide claim 1 , titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , aluminum oxide claim 1 , silicon oxide claim 1 , hafnium oxide claim 1 , vanadium oxide claim 1 , niobium oxide claim 1 , tantalum oxide claim 1 , chromium oxide claim 1 , molybdenum oxide claim 1 , tungsten oxide claim 1 , ruthenium oxide claim 1 , rhodium oxide claim 1 , iridium oxide claim 1 , nickel oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.3. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is selected from the group consisting of titanium oxide claim 1 , zirconium oxide claim 1 , cerium oxide claim 1 , and any combination thereof.4. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the refractory metal oxide is zirconium oxide or cerium oxide.5. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the cationic dopant is an oxide comprising Mg claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , V claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Ta claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , W claim 1 , W claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Ga claim 1 , Al claim 1 , In claim 1 , Ge claim 1 , Si claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ba claim 1 , La claim 1 , Ce claim 1 , and Nb.6. The urea decomposition reactor of claim 1 , wherein the urea conversion ...

Metal Supported Powder Catalyst Matrix and Processes for Multiphase Chemical Reactions

A catalytic membrane composite that includes porous supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed in a porous fibrillated polymer membrane is provided. The porous fibrillated polymer membrane may be manipulated to take the form of a tube, disc, or diced tape and used in multiphase reaction systems. The supported catalyst particles are composed of at least one finely divided metal catalyst dispersed on a porous support substrate. High catalytic activity is gained by the effective fine dispersion of the finely divided metal catalyst such that the metal catalyst covers the support substrate and/or is interspersed in the pores of the support substrate. In some embodiments, the catalytic membrane composite may be introduced to a stirred tank autoclave reactor system, a continuous flow reactor system, or a Parr Shaker reaction system and used to effect the catalytic reaction. 1. A continuous flow reaction system for multiphase reactions having at least three phases , said reaction system comprising:a catalytic article comprising a porous fibrillated polymer membrane that includes supported catalyst particles durably enmeshed within the porous fibrillated polymer membrane, said catalytic article being in the form of diced tape;a liquid phase comprising at least one liquid phase reactant;a gas phase comprising at least one gas phase reactant; anda reaction vessel in the form of a continuous loop and being configured for continuous flow of the liquid phase reactant and the gas phase reactant across and through the catalytic article.2. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic article is not configured as a contactor.3. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the reaction system is configured for hydrogenation.4. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the porous fibrillated polymer membrane is insoluble to reactants and products in the multiphase chemical reaction.5. The reaction system of claim 1 , wherein the porous fibrillated polymer membrane comprises ...

Surfactant-Enabled Transition Metal-Catalyzed Chemistry

In one embodiment, the present application discloses mixtures comprising (a) water in an amount of at least 1% wt/wt of the mixture; (b) a transition metal catalyst; and (c) one or more solubilizing agents; and methods for using such mixtures for performing transition metal mediated bond formation reactions. 114.-. (canceled)16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transition metal mediated bond formation is performed in an aqueous solvent.17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the transition metal catalyst is selected from an organo-palladium or -nickel reagent claim 15 , organo-copper or -gold reagent claim 15 , organo-rhodium or -iridium complex claim 15 , or an organo-ruthenium claim 15 , -iron claim 15 , or -osmium reagent claim 15 , wherein the catalyst is capable of promoting cross-coupling reactions claim 15 , or other reactions characteristic of catalysis by these metals claim 15 , that form a carbon-carbon claim 15 , carbon-heteroatom or carbon-hydrogen bond.18. The method of claim 15 , wherein Yis methyl.19. The method of claim 15 , wherein the solubilizing agent is selected from the group consisting of Poloxamer 188 claim 15 , Polysorbate 80 claim 15 , Polysorbate 20 claim 15 , Vit E-TPGS claim 15 , Solutol HS 15 claim 15 , PEG-40 Hydrogenated castor oil (Cremophor RH40) claim 15 , PEG-35 Castor oil (Cremophor EL) claim 15 , PEG-8-glyceryl capylate/caprate (Labrasol) claim 15 , PEG-32-glyceryl laurate (Gelucire 44/14) claim 15 , PEG-32-glyceryl palmitostearate (Gelucire 50/13); Polysorbate 85 claim 15 , polyglyceryl-6-dioleate (Caprol MPGO) claim 15 , mixtures of high and low HLB emulsifiers; sorbitan monooleate (Span 80) claim 15 , Capmul MCM claim 15 , Maisine 35-1 claim 15 , glyceryl monooleate claim 15 , glyceryl monolinoleate claim 15 , PEG-6-glyceryl oleate (Labrafil M 1944 CS) claim 15 , PEG-6-glyceryl linoleate (Labrafil M 2125 CS) claim 15 , oleic acid claim 15 , linoleic acid claim 15 , propylene glycol monocaprylate (e.g. Capmul PG-8 or Capryol ...

Photocatalytic coating, process for producing photocatalytic coating, and process for producing photocatalytic body

This photocatalytic coating contains at least a photocatalytic particle, a binder and water. The binder includes a water-soluble hydrolysate of a silane coupling agent having an ethylene oxide structure. A content of the water-soluble hydrolysate of the silane coupling agent having the ethylene oxide structure is preferably 0.5% by weight or more and 20% by weight or less, based on a weight of a total solid content contained in the photocatalytic coating.

FILTER

A filter includes resin particles and photocatalyst particles having absorption at wavelengths of 450 nm and 750 nm in the visible absorption spectrum. The photocatalyst particles are present on the surface of the resin particle. 1. A filter comprising:resin particles; andphotocatalyst particles having absorption at wavelengths of 450 nm and 750 nm in a visible absorption spectrum,wherein the photocatalyst particles are present on a surface of each resin particle.2. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst particles have absorption in an entire wavelength range from 400 nm to 800 nm in the visible absorption spectrum.3. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst particles have an absorption peak in a range from 2700 cmto 3000 cmin an infrared absorption spectrum.4. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst particles are at least one type of particles selected from the group consisting of metatitanic acid particles claim 1 , titanium oxide particles claim 1 , titanium oxide aerogel particles claim 1 , and silica-titania composite aerogel particles.5. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst particles have an average particle size in a range from 0.01 μm to 0.5 μm.6. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalyst particles have an average particle size in a range from 0.02 μm to 0.15 μm.7. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the resin particles have an average particle size in a range from 0.5 μm to 50 μm.8. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein the resin particles have an average particle size in a range from 3 μm to 20 μm.9. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of an average particle size of the photocatalyst particles to an average particle size of the resin particles is in a range from 0.001 to 0.1.10. The filter according to claim 1 , wherein a ratio of an average particle size of the photocatalyst particles to an average particle size of the resin ...

Process to obtain hydrogen peroxide, and catalyst supports for the same process

A catalyst support comprising a material functionalized with at least one acid group and at least one halogen atom; and a supported catalyst comprising (i) a catalyst and (ii) the catalyst support comprising the functionalized material, as well as their uses in production of hydrogen peroxide. A process for producing hydrogen peroxide, comprising reacting hydrogen and oxygen in the presence of the supported catalyst comprising the functionalized material, optionally with the addition of an inert gas, in a reactor. 1. A catalyst support comprising a material functionalized with at least one acid group and at least one halogen atom.2. The catalyst support according to claim 1 , wherein said material comprises an organic resin.3. The catalyst support according to claim 2 , wherein said organic resin is selected from the group consisting of olefin polymers claim 2 , their copolymers with divinylbenzene claim 2 , and mixtures thereof.4. The catalyst support according to claim 1 , comprising an inorganic solid.5. The catalyst support according to claim 4 , wherein said inorganic solid has a specific surface area greater than 20 m/g.6. The catalyst support according to claim 4 , wherein said inorganic solid has a pore volume of from 0.1 mL/g to 3 mL/g.7. The catalyst support according to claim 4 , wherein said inorganic solid comprises oxides of elements of groups 2-14 of the Periodic Table.8. The catalyst support according to claim 7 , wherein said inorganic solid comprises SiO.9. The catalyst support according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one acid group is sulfonic acid claim 1 , phosphonic acid claim 1 , carboxylic acid claim 1 , dicarboxylic acid claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.10. The catalyst support according to claim 1 , wherein said at least one halogen atom is fluoride claim 1 , chloride claim 1 , bromide claim 1 , iodide claim 1 , or a mixture thereof.11. A supported catalyst comprising (i) a catalyst and (ii) the catalyst support according to .12. The ...

POLARIZED FIBER MATS FOR CATALYST SUPPORT STRUCTURES

A polymer-catalyst assembly includes polarized polymeric nanofibers retaining a plurality of catalytic metallic nanoparticles. A method of making the polarized polymer-catalyst assembly may include providing a fiber mat having polymeric nanofibers retaining a plurality of catalytic metallic nanoparticles, stretching the fiber mat in a uniaxial direction, simultaneous with the step of stretching, thermally heating the fiber mat, simultaneous with the steps of stretching and thermally heating, subjecting the fiber mat to an electric field, whereby the simultaneous steps of stretching, thermally heating, and subjecting thereby form a polarized fiber mat. 1. A polymer-catalyst assembly comprising polarized polymeric nanofibers retaining a plurality of catalytic metallic nanoparticles.2. The polymer-catalyst assembly of claim 1 , wherein the polarized polymeric nanofibers are made of a polymer selected from the group consisting of polyvinylidene fluoride (PVDF) claim 1 , poly(vinylidene fluoride-co-hexafluoropropylene) (PVDF-HFP) claim 1 , polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) claim 1 , polyvinylchloride (PVC) claim 1 , polytetraflouroethylene (PTFE) claim 1 , polyethylene terephthalate (PET) claim 1 , polystyrene claim 1 , polyethylene claim 1 , polypropylene (PP) claim 1 , polycarbonate (PC) claim 1 , polysulfone (PS) claim 1 , and polyamides.3. The polymer-catalyst assembly of claim 1 , wherein the polarized polymeric nanofibers are made of polyvinylidene fluoride.4. The polymer-catalyst assembly of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic metallic nanoparticles are made of a metal selected from the group consisting of Ni claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ir claim 1 , Pt claim 1 , Os claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Au claim 1 , Pt claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , and Ir.5. The polymer-catalyst assembly of claim 1 , wherein the catalytic metallic nanoparticles are made of a metal oxide selected from the group consisting of oxides of Ni claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ir ...

STABILIZATION OF BULK CATALYSTS WITH ORGANO-METALLOXANE FRAMEWORK

Bulk metallic catalyst precursor compositions are provided that include a Group VIB metal, a Group VIII metal, an organic-compound based component, and an organo-metalloxane polymer or gel. The catalyst precursor compositions can further include a binder. Amorphous sulfided catalysts formed from the catalyst precursor compositions are also provided. The catalyst precursor compositions can have a surface area of about 20 m/g or less. 1. A bulk metallic catalyst precursor composition comprising:a Group VIII metal;a Group VIB metal, a combined amount of Group VIII metal and Group VIB metal being about 1 wt % to about 80 wt % on a metal oxide basis;about 10 wt % to about 60 wt % of an organic compound-based component, the organic compound-based component is based on at least one organic complexing agent; andabout 1 wt % to about 50 wt % of an organo-metalloxane polymer, organo-metalloxane gel, or combination thereof,{'sup': '2', 'the catalyst precursor composition having a surface area of 20 m/g or less based on BET.'}2. The bulk metallic catalyst precursor composition of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst precursor composition comprises at least about 5 wt % of the organo-metalloxane polymer claim 1 , organo-metalloxane gel claim 1 , or combination thereof.3. The bulk metallic catalyst precursor composition of claim 1 , wherein the organic compound-based component is further based on organic functional groups from the organo-metalloxane polymer claim 1 , organo-metalloxane gel claim 1 , or combination thereof.4. The bulk metallic catalyst precursor composition of claim 1 , wherein the organo-metalloxane polymer claim 1 , organo-metalloxane gel claim 1 , or combination thereof is water soluble.5. The bulk metallic precursor composition of claim 1 , wherein the organo-metalloxane polymer claim 1 , organo-metalloxane gel claim 1 , or combination thereof comprises an organo-siloxane claim 1 , an organo-alumoxane claim 1 , an organo-titanoxane claim 1 , or a combination thereof ...

BASE MATERIAL-CARRIED CATALYST AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING BASE MATERIAL-CARRIED CATALYST

A base material-carried catalyst including a base material, a cured body of a thermosetting resin formed on the surface of the base material, fine particles having catalytic activity carried on the surface of the cured body, in which the thermosetting resin has a phenolic hydroxyl group. 1. A base material-carried catalyst comprising:a base material;a cured body of a thermosetting resin formed on the surface of the base material; andfine particles having catalytic activity carried on the surface of the cured body,wherein the thermosetting resin has a phenolic hydroxyl group.2. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the base material includes one or more kinds selected from a group consisting of cellulose, polyurethane, polyamide, and polyester.3. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the base material is a non-polar base material.4. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 3 ,wherein the base material includes one or more kinds selected from a group consisting of polyethylene, polypropylene, polymethyl pentene, polybutene, polybutadiene, polystyrene, polyisobutylene, fluororesins such as polytetrafluoroethylene, a natural rubber, a styrene butadiene rubber, and a butyl rubber.5. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the thermosetting resin is a phenol resin.6. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the base material is plate-like or sheet-like.7. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the base material is a porous body.8. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the base material is mesh-like.9. The base material-carried catalyst according to claim 1 ,wherein the content of the cured body of the thermosetting resin is equal to or more than 0.5% by weight, with respect to the total amount of the base material and the cured body of the thermosetting resin.10. The base material-carried catalyst ...

Method of producing furan carboxylates from aldaric acids by using solid heterogeneous catalyst

According to an example aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method of producing furan carboxylates from aldaric acids in the presence of a solid heterogeneous catalyst and a solvent with short reaction time. The feedstock for the production is a stable compound, which allows industrial scaling of the process. Solid acid catalyst and sustainable solvent provide considerable reduction of toxic waste compared to traditional methods, and recyclability. 1. A method of producing furan carboxylates and furan dicarboxylates from aldaric acids , comprising mixing together an aldaric acid , a solid heterogeneous catalyst selected from the group consisting of perfluorosulfonic acid polymer , phenyl sulfonic acid ethyl sulfide silica , sulfonated alumina catalyst and sulfonated zirconia catalyst , and a solvent at temperature between 130 and 250° C. , and by applying a reaction time of 0.25 to 9 hours , to form a solution comprising furan esters.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:charging an aldaric acid, a non-toxic heterogeneous solid acid catalyst and an organic solvent into a pressure reaction vessel to form a reaction mixture,heating the reaction mixture to temperature between 130 and 250° C. in said reaction vessel,maintaining the temperature in the reaction vessel for a pre-determined reaction time, andrecovering the desired furan ester(s) and/or acid(s) from the reaction mixture.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a reaction time of 0.25 to 4 hours claim 1 , preferably 0.5 to 2 hours claim 1 , and most suitably about 1 hour.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the aldaric acid is either galactaric acid or glucaric acid in either free acid or ester form.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is water or tetrahydrofuran (THF) or mixtures thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the solvent is an alcohol solvent selected from monovalent or polyvalent C-Calcohols claim 1 , or any combination thereof.7. The ...

CATALYST FOR HYDROGENATION REACTION AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

A catalyst for a hydrogenation reaction including: a polymer support; and a catalytic component supported on the polymer support. The polymer support comprises a repeating unit represented by Formula 1.

METHOD OF PRODUCING CARBONYL COMPOUND AND FLOW TYPE REACTION SYSTEM OF PRODUCING CARBONYL COMPOUND

There are provided a method of producing a carbonyl compound by a flow type reaction, including introducing a triphosgene solution into a flow channel (I), bringing the triphosgene solution into contact with a solid catalyst immobilized in at least a part of the flow channel (I) to generate a phosgene solution while the triphosgene solution is flowing through the flow channel (I), joining the phosgene solution and an active hydrogen-containing compound solution that flows inside the flow channel (II), which are subsequently allowed to flow downstream inside a reaction flow channel to be reacted in a presence of a tertiary amine, and obtaining a carbonyl compound in a joining solution; and a flow type reaction system that is suitable for carrying out this production method. 1. A method of producing a carbonyl compound by a flow type reaction , comprising:introducing a triphosgene solution into a flow channel (I), bringing the triphosgene solution into contact with a solid catalyst immobilized in at least a part of the flow channel (I) to generate a phosgene solution while the triphosgene solution is flowing through the flow channel (I), joining the phosgene solution and an active hydrogen-containing compound solution that flows inside a flow channel (II), which are subsequently allowed to flow downstream inside a reaction flow channel to be reacted in a presence of a tertiary amine, and obtaining a carbonyl compound in the joining solution.2. The method of producing a carbonyl compound according to claim 1 ,wherein a temperature in the reaction flow channel is set to be lower than a boiling point of a solvent of which the boiling point is lowest among solvents that are used in the reaction.3. The method of producing a carbonyl compound according to claim 1 ,wherein a column filled with the solid catalyst is incorporated in the flow channel (I) to immobilize the solid catalyst in the flow channel (I).4. The method of producing a carbonyl compound according to claim 1 ...

NANO-TO-NANO FE/PPM Pd CATALYSIS OF CROSS-COUPLING REACTIONS IN WATER

In one embodiment, the present application discloses a catalyst composition comprising: a) a reaction solvent or a reaction medium; b) organometallic nanoparticles comprising: i) a nanoparticle (NP) catalyst, prepared by a reduction of an iron salt in an organic solvent, wherein the catalyst comprises at least one other metal selected from the group consisting of Pd, Pt, Au, Ni, Co, Cu, Mn, Rh, Ir, Ru and Os or mixtures thereof; c) a ligand; and d) a surfactant; wherein the metal or mixtures thereof is present in less than or equal to 50,000 ppm relative to the iron salt. 120.-. (canceled)22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the metal claim 21 , other than Pd claim 21 , is selected from the group consisting of Pt claim 21 , Au claim 21 , Ni claim 21 , Co claim 21 , Cu claim 21 , Mn claim 21 , Rh claim 21 , Ir claim 21 , Ru and Os or a mixture thereof.23. The method of further comprising:iii) contacting the product mixture with an organic solvent to form an organic phase and an aqueous phase; andiv) separating the organic phase from the aqueous phase containing the micelle composition as well as the iron/ppm Pd nanoparticles.24. The method of further comprising:v) re-cycling the aqueous phase containing the micelle composition and Fe/ppm Pd nanoparticles for use in a subsequent cross coupling or other reactions.25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the reaction solvent is water claim 21 , and the reaction solvent further comprising an organic solvent claim 21 , wherein the organic co-solvent is present in at least 5% claim 21 , 10% claim 21 , 20% claim 21 , 30% claim 21 , 40% claim 21 , 50% claim 21 , 70% claim 21 , 80% or at least 90% wt/wt.2611. The method of claim claim 21 , wherein the organic co-solvent is present at a wt of organic co-solvent to the wt of water (wt/wt) of 1/10 claim 21 , 2/10 claim 21 , 5/10 claim 21 , 10/10 claim 21 , 20/10 claim 21 , 30/10 claim 21 , 50/10 claim 21 , 70/10 claim 21 , 90/10 claim 21 , 100/10 claim 21 , 200/10 claim 21 , 300/10 ...

PHOTOCATALYTIC FILTER

Disclosed herein is a photocatalytic filter, which includes a plurality of cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/ionic liquid (IL)/TiOnanocomposite pellets, and a photocatalytic vessel. The plurality of cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellets is placed within the photocatalytic vessel. Each cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellet includes a PMMA polymeric matrix, and a plurality of IL/TiOcore-shell microspheres dispersed within the PMMA polymeric matrix. Moreover, each IL/TiOcore-shell microsphere includes a core of IL and a shell of TiOnanoparticles. 1. A photocatalytic filter , comprising:{'sub': 2', '2, 'claim-text': a PMMA polymeric matrix; and', {'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'a plurality of IL/TiOcore-shell microspheres dispersed within the PMMA polymeric matrix, each IL/TiOcore-shell microsphere comprising a core of IL and a shell of TiOnanoparticles; and'}], 'a plurality of cross-linked polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA)/ionic liquid (IL)/TiOnanocomposite pellets, each cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellet comprisinga photocatalytic vessel,{'sub': '2', 'wherein the plurality of cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellets is placed within the photocatalytic vessel.'}2. The photocatalytic filter according to claim 1 , wherein the cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellets has a porosity between 50% and 70%.3. The photocatalytic filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic filter is a visible-light-responsive filter.4. The photocatalytic filter according to claim 1 , wherein the photocatalytic vessel is made up of non-cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite.5. The photocatalytic filter according to claim 1 , wherein the TiOis present in the cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellets with a concentration of less than 0.05% of the weight of the cross-linked PMMA/IL/TiOnanocomposite pellets.6. The photocatalytic filter according to claim 5 , wherein the IL comprises 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium tetrafluoroborate ([BMIM] [BF]).7. The ...

MOUNTING MEMBER FOR WRAPPING AND MOUNTING A POLLUTION CONTROL ELEMENT

The invention relates to a mounting member for wrapping and mounting a pollution control element in a casing of a pollution control device, the mounting member comprising: inorganic fiber material; and inorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles are distributed throughout most of the mat and comprise an average diameter of 800 nm to 15000 nm (DV 50), preferably of 1000 nm to 15000 nm (DV 50) measured according to DIN ISO 13320. 1. A mounting member for wrapping and mounting a pollution control element in a casing of a pollution control device , the mounting member comprising:inorganic fiber material; andinorganic particles, wherein the inorganic particles are distributed throughout most of the mounting member and comprise an average diameter of 1000 nm to 15000 nm (DV 50) measured according to DIN ISO 13320.2. The mounting member according to wherein the inorganic fiber material comprises fibers selected from the group of glass fibers claim 1 , ceramic fibers claim 1 , carbon fibers claim 1 , silicon carbide fibers or boron fibers or a combination thereof.3. The mounting member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic fiber material of the mounting member is needle-punched.4. The mounting member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles are selected from the group consisting of metal oxides claim 1 , metal hydroxides claim 1 , metal oxide hydroxides claim 1 , silicates claim 1 , clays claim 1 , nitrides claim 1 , carbides claim 1 , sulphides claim 1 , carbonates and combinations thereof.5. The mounting mat according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles are selected from Dispal™ particles from Sasol Corporation claim 1 , USA.6. The mounting member according to claim 1 , wherein the mounting member contains organic binder up to 3 wt. %.7. The mounting member according to claim 1 , wherein the inorganic particles get impregnated through the mat by using a water based slurry containing the inorganic particles.8. The mounting member ...

DELAYED CURE MICRO-ENCAPSULATED CATALYSTS

Controlled release polyurea microcapsules can be prepared from a combination of polyisocyanates using emulsion polymerization. Encapsulated catalysts prepared using the polyurea microcapsules can be used to control the cure rate of coatings and sealants. 1. A microcapsule comprising a polyurea shell at least partially encapsulating a core , wherein the polyurea shell comprises a reaction product of reactants comprising:a combination of polyisocyanates, wherein the combination of polyisocyanates comprises an alicyclic diisocyanate and an acyclic diisocyanate; anda crosslinker, wherein the crosslinker comprises a polyamine2. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the alicyclic diisocyanate comprises isophorone diisocyanate.3. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the acyclic diisocyanate comprises hexamethylene diisocyanate.4. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the combination of polyisocyanates comprises an alicyclic diisocyanate trimer claim 1 , an acyclic diisocyanate trimer claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The microcapsule of claim 4 , wherein the alicyclic diisocyanate trimer comprises an isophorone diisocyanate trimer and/or the acyclic diisocyanate trimer comprises hexamethylene diisocyanate trimer.6. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the combination of polyisocyanates comprises isophorone diisocyanate and hexamethylene diisocyanate.7. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein an equivalents ratio of the alicyclic diisocyanate to the acyclic diisocyanate is from 10:90 to 90:10.8. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the polyamine comprises diethylenetriamine9. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the polyurea shell further comprises a silica nanopowder claim 1 , calcium carbonate claim 1 , or a combination thereof; and a weight stabilizer.10. The microcapsule of claim 1 , wherein the core comprises a catalyst.11. The microcapsule of claim 10 , wherein the core further comprises a plasticizer.12. A composition comprising the microcapsule of .13. An ...

Conductive composition and applications thereof

The present invention relates to a conductive composition, comprising: poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene): poly-(styrenesulfonic acid); and a surfactant; in which the surfactant has a concentration of 1 to 10% by weight based on the total weight of the composition, and the conductive composition does not comprise any metal component. The present invention also relates to a cathode catalyst layer prepared by said conductive composition, and a method for preparing a cathode catalyst layer with said conductive composition.

Process for Limiting Self-Heating of Activated Catalysts

The invention provides a process for limiting self-heating of activated particle catalysts wherein the catalyst particles are placed in motion inside a hot gas flow that passes through them and a liquid composition containing one or several film forming polymer(s) is pulverized onto the particles in motion until a protective layer is obtained on the surface of said particles containing said film forming polymer and having an average thickness of less than or equal to 20 μm. The invention also provides the use of this process to reduce the quantities of toxic gases that may be emitted by the activated catalysts, as well as an activated catalyst for the hydroconversion of hydrocarbons covered with a continuous protective layer that are obtained by this process. 1. A process for limiting self-heating of activated catalyst particles , comprising:placing activated catalyst particles in motion in a fluidized bed within a hot gas flow passing continuously through the activated catalyst particles, wherein the gas has a temperature greater than 25° C.; andspraying onto the activated catalyst particles in motion a liquid composition comprising a solution or a dispersion of one or more film forming polymer(s) in a solvent, wherein the liquid composition contains 0.5% to 50% by weight of film-forming polymer(s) with respect to the total weight of the composition, wherein, upon evaporation of the solvent from the liquid composition, a protective layer containing said film-forming polymer(s) is formed on the surface of the activated catalyst particles, and wherein the protective layer has an average thickness lower than or equal to 20 μm;thereby limiting self-heating of the activated catalyst particles.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid composition contains from 0.5 to 25% by weight claim 1 , with respect to the total weight of the composition.3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the hot gas has a temperature ranging from ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING COMPOSITE MATERIAL

A process is disclosed comprising, providing a source of graphene, providing a particulate material, dispersing a mixture of the source of graphene and the particulate material in a first dispersion fluid to form a dispersion mixture, and providing a source of a base in the first dispersion fluid, thereby causing the source of graphene and particulate material in the dispersion mixture to interact forming a composite. The particulate material is preferably titanium dioxide comprising anatase and/or rutile which provides an effective photocatalytic composite. Also disclosed is apparatus to remove pollutants from fluids using the photocatalytically active material. 2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process comprisesa) providing a first dispersion fluid comprising graphene or partially oxidised graphene,b) providing a particulate material,c) dispersing the particulate material in the first dispersion fluid comprising graphene or partially oxidised graphene, to form a dispersion mixture, andd) providing a base in the dispersion mixture,thereby causing the graphene and particulate material in the dispersion mixture to interact forming a composite.3. The process according to claim 1 , the process comprisinga) providing graphite flakes or partially oxidised graphite flakes,b) dispersing the graphite flakes or partially oxidised graphite flakes in a first dispersion fluid,c) exfoliating the graphite flakes or partially oxidised graphite flakes in the first dispersion fluid to provide a first dispersion fluid comprising graphene or partially oxidised graphene;d) providing a particulate material,e) dispersing the particulate material in the dispersion comprising graphene or partially oxidised graphene to form a dispersion mixture, andf) providing a base in the dispersion mixture,thereby causing the graphene or partially oxidised graphene and particulate material in the dispersion mixture to interact forming a composite.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the process ...