ТОПЛИВНЫЙ ЭЛЕМЕНТ И ЕГО ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

Изобретение относится к наночастицам сплава палладий-кобальт, используемым в качестве электрокатализаторов восстановления кислорода в топливных элементах. Палладий-кобальтовые катализаторы особенно пригодны в качестве компонентов катода в реакциях восстановления кислорода в топливных элементах. Согласно изобретению топливный элемент включает: (i) катод для восстановления кислорода, композицию бинарного сплава палладий-кобальт, содержащую наночастицы, как минимум, нульвалентного палладия и нульвалентного кобальта, причем указанный сплав соответствует формуле Pd1-xСoх, где х имеет минимальное значение примерно 0.1 и максимальное значение примерно 0.9 и связан с электропроводящим носителем; (ii) анод; (iii) электрический проводник, связывающий указанный катод для восстановления кислорода с указанным анодом; и (iv) протон-проводящую среду, контактирующую с указанными катодом и анодом. Техническим результатом является высокая каталитическая активность катализатора в восстановлении кислорода, ...

ПОТРЕБЛЯЮЩИЙ КИСЛОРОД ЭЛЕКТРОД, СПОСОБ ЕГО ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ И ПРИМЕНЕНИЕ

... 1. Потребляющий кислород электрод, содержащий, по меньшей мере, один коллектор электрического тока и газодиффузионный слой с каталитически активным компонентом, отличающийся тем, что газодиффузионный слой выполнен в виде пористой пленки из фторированных полимеров, в частности в виде пористой политетрафторэтиленовой (ПТФЭ) пленки, в которую в качестве каталитически активного компонента введены мелкодисперсные частицы катализатора со средним диаметром в пределах от 0,05 мкм до 5 мкм и средней длиной в пределах от 10 мкм до 700 мкм каталитического металла, и которые соединены электропроводно с коллектором электрического тока.2. Потребляющий кислород электрод по п.1, отличающийся тем, что катализатор содержит в качестве каталитически активного компонента серебро.3. Потребляющий кислород электрод по п.1, отличающийся тем, что частицы катализатора имеют средний диаметр в пределах от 0,1 мкм до 5 мкм и среднюю длину в пределах от 10 мкм до 700 мкм.4. Потребляющий кислород электрод по п.1, отличающийся ...

Molten carbonate fuel cell - has sintered porous nickel-nickel oxide anode with lithium titanate on inside and outside to stabilise inside dia.

Molten carbonate fuel cell (MCFC) has a metallic current transfer plate (6), a cathode (2), a matrix (5) impregnated with Li2CO3 and K2CO3 melt (4), an anode (3) and another metallic current transfer plate (7), laminated in the given sequence. The anode (3) is sintered and is based on porous Ni and NiO2, with Li2TiO3 on the outside and inside surfaces. Pref. the anode contains Cr2O3, Al2O3, LiAlO2 and/or Li2TiO3 as component(s) acting as hardener and wetted by the melt. The amt. of Li2TiO3 on the inside and outside surfaces is 5-50, pref. 15-30 (wt.)%. The anode has a laminated structure a from the transfer plate side to the matrix side and the Li2TiO3 fraction on the side towards the transfer plates (6, 7) pref. is lower than that on the opposite side or is zero, whilst the Ni fraction is 95-50, pref. 85-70%. The transfer plates consist of Ni-plated stainless steel and pref. are bipolar, with ducts (8, 9) for the fuel on one side and the O2 carrier on the other. ADVANTAGE - The inside ...

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG EINES KATALYTISCH WIRKSAMEN ELEKTRODENMATERIALS FUER SAUERSTOFFVERZEHR-ELEKTRODEN

VERFAHREN ZUR ERZEUGUNG VON GASTRANSPORTPOREN IN KATALYSATORMATERIALIEN

Verfahren zum Herstellen eines feinen Katalysatorpartikels und Brennstoffzelle umfassend ein durch das Herstellverfahren hergestelltes feines Katalysatorpartikel

Die vorliegende Erfindung stellt ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines feinen Katalysatorpartikels, das ausgestaltet ist, um ab dem Beginn der Herstellung eine hohe Aktivität zu zeigen, und eine Brennstoffzelle umfassend ein durch das Herstellverfahren hergestelltes feines Katalysatorpartikel bereit. Offenbart ist ein Verfahren zum Herstellen eines feinen Katalysatorpartikels, das ein palladiumhaltiges Partikel und eine das palladiumhaltige Partikel bedeckende äußerste Platinschicht umfasst, wobei ein erster Verbundkörper enthaltend Palladium und Platin durch Vermischen des palladiumhaltigen Partikels mit einer ersten Lösung, in der eine Platinverbindung gelöst ist, und dann Bedecken mindestens eines Teils einer Oberfläche des palladiumhaltigen Partikels mit Platin gebildet wird; wobei ein zweiter Verbundkörper enthaltend Palladium, Platin und Kupfer durch Vermischen des ersten Verbundkörpers mit einer zweiten Lösung, in der eine Kupferverbindung gelöst ist, und dann Bedecken mindestens eines ...

Elektrochemisches Vorrichtungssystem

Ein elektrochemisches Vorrichtungssystem beinhaltet eine elektrochemische Vorrichtung und eine Steuerung (7). Die elektrochemische Vorrichtung beinhaltet eine negative Elektrode (21), die in der Lage ist, Lithiumionen zu okkludieren und freizusetzen, eine positive Elektrode (20), die Sauerstoff als aktives Material der positiven Elektrode verwendet und Sauerstoff während der Entladung reduziert, und einen Festelektrolyten (22), der zwischen der negativen Elektrode und der positiven Elektrode angeordnet ist und Lithiumionen leiten kann. Die Steuerung führt eine Stromregelung während der Entladung der elektrochemischen Vorrichtung durch. In der positiven Elektrode wird während der Entladung aus Sauerstoff und Lithium-Ionen ein Reaktionsprodukt erzeugt und das Reaktionsprodukt wird während des Ladevorgangs in Sauerstoff und Lithium-Ionen zerlegt. Aus den Entladespannungen werden mehrere Arten des Reaktionsproduktes erzeugt, die unterschiedliche Ladespannungen aufweisen. Die Steuerung steuert ...

Verfahren zum Vorbereiten eines Mehrkomponenten-Legierungskatalysators

Ein Verfahren zum Vorbereiten eines Mehrkomponenten-Legierungskatalysators, auf dem ein katalytisches Metall getragen wird, enthält das Vorbereiten eines Kohlenstoffverbundstoffes, der einen Kohlenstoffträger aufweist, der mit einem kationischen Polymer beschichtet ist, Tragen eines katalytischen Metalls, das zumindest zwei Metallelemente enthält, auf dem Kohlenstoffverbundstoff, um einen Legierungskatalysator-Vorläufer vorzubereiten, und Waschen des Legierungskatalysator-Vorläufers, um das kationische Polymer zu entfernen.

Method for coating electrode surfaces with an electrically conducting corrosion protection layers used as bipolar plates in fuel cells comprises using metal powder or metal precursors and reactive boron, carbon and/or nitrogen compounds

Method for coating electrode surfaces with an electrically conducting corrosion protection layers using reactive thermal deposition comprises feeding metal powder or metal precursors and reactive gaseous, liquid or solid boron, carbon and/or nitrogen compounds into the plasma zone of a plasma stream, reacting the metal powder or metal precursors forming metal borides, carbides, nitrides and/or carbonitrides in the plasma and depositing the reaction products and the unconverted metals in nanocrystalline or amorphous form on the substrate. An independent claim is also included for high grade steel electrodes with the nanocrystalline coating.

Nanoparticles and preparation Method

ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE ELECTRODE

... 1312659 Electrodes; fuel cells BRUNSWICK CORP 23 July 1970 [24 July 1969] 18024/71 Divided out of 1312658 Heading H1B The description is the same as that of Specification 1,312,658, but the claims are directed to the electrodes.

Process of manufacturing a catalyst-coated membrane-seal assembly

Gaseous diffusion electrodes and fuel cells or piles based on these electrodes

A process for producing sintered fuel cell electrodes comprises forming at least two layers of uncompacted metal powders e.g. Ni, Co, Au, Ag, Pt group metal or alloys in a die, one layer forming a coarse pore layer and the other a fine pore layer and at least one layer containing an expanding agent, compacting the layers together and then sintering. The metal powder has a particle size of 1 to 10 microns, the expanding agent in the fine pore layer has a particle size of less than 40 microns and a particle size of 100 to 150 microns in the coarse layer. The expanding agent may be ammonium bicarbonate or a compound which thermally decomposes to form an oxide of B, Al or Li e.g. a carbonate or oxalate of Al or Li. The sintered electrodes may be heated to 600 DEG -1000 DEG C., impregnated with a Li, B or Al compound and then heat treated at 400 DEG -1000 DEG C in an oxidizing atmosphere to form the oxide of Li B or Al. Oxidation catalysts such as nickel oxide, Ag or Pt may also be formed in ...

Gas-diffusion electrode

... A gas-diffusion electrode comprises two coarse pored working layers 2, each of which is bonded to a fine pored surface layer 1, separated by and bonded to a coarser pored gas distributing layer 6, the layers being formed and bonded together by sintering. A porous frame 15 surrounds the electrode. The electrode was made by compressing at 200 kg./cm.2 14 gm. carbonyl nickel (particle size less than 5 microns) in an annular mould to form frame 15 and introducing and lightly compressing one of the working layers 2 which comprises 5 gm. of a double skeleton catalyst, e.g. 3 gm. carbonyl nickel powder and 2 gm. Raney alloy (50/50 nickel, aluminium, particle size 35-50 microns. 9 gms. of carbonyl nickel and 4 gms. of potassium chloride crystals (particle size 200-400 microns) forming the coarse pored gas distributing layer 6 is introduced and lightly pressed followed by another 5 gms. of the above mentioned working layer powder. The three layers were compressed at 680 kg ...

Catalyst

A process for preparing a catalyst material, said catalyst material comprising a support material, a first metal and one or more second metals, wherein the first metal and the second metal(s) are alloyed and wherein the first metal is a platinum group metal and the second metal(s) is selected from the group of transition metals and tin provided the second metal(s) is different to the first metal is disclosed. The process comprises depositing a silicon oxide before or after deposition of the second metal(s), alloying the first and second metals and subsequently removing silicon oxide. A catalyst material prepared by this process is also disclosed.

Improvements relating to hydrogen-oxygen cells particularly for use as electrolysers

... 864,457. Electrolysers; fuel cells. E.R.A. PATENTS Ltd. Sept. 19, 1957 [Aug. 23, 1956], No. 25802/56. Classes 41 and 53. An electrolyser for water, which can be operated in reverse as a gas battery or fuel cell has porous nickel electrodes in which the pores in the faces in contact with the electrolyte are smaller than the pores on the opposite faces so that the generated gases force the electrolyte out of the pores but are prevented from bubbling into the electrolyte. The electrode at which oxygen is evolved is provided with a porous non-conducting coating on the face in contact with the electrolyte whereby the oxygen is prevented from being liberated directly into the electrolyte. The apparatus shown is similar to that described in Specification 864,456 and comprises a stack of bipolar electrodes 1, each of which consists of a central nickel plate having a recess on each side containing porous nickel which is spaced a short distance from the plate. The spaces between the electrodes are ...

Preventing mobilization of trace metals in subsurface aquifers due to the introduction of oxygenated water

A method for providing the recharge of water into underground aquifers while preventing the mobilization of trace metals. The recharge water may be used for storage and subsequent withdrawal, or to regain or increase the long term beneficial use of an aquifer. The recharge water may be also be used to influence the groundwater flow in the aquifer. Water is treated and recharged by the addition of a small amount of a sulfide compound to remove dissolved oxygen and prevent dissolution of negative valence sulfur bearing minerals, such as pyrite, in the subsurface. The recharged water may increase the pressure head in the aquifer, alter the groundwater flow pattern to prevent the encroachment of objectionable quality water, or to segregate water of different quality. The recharge water may be fresh or brackish depending on the specific objectives of the application.

Non-PGM catalysts for ORR based on charge transfer organic complexes

A sacrificial support-based method, a mechanosynthesis-based method, and a combined sacrificial support/mechanosynthesis support based method that enables the production of supported or unsupported catalytic materials and/or the synthesis of catalytic materials from both soluble and insoluble transition metal and charge transfer salt materials.

Electrodes for use in bacterial fuel cells and bacterial electrolysis cells and bacterial fuel cells and bacterial electrolysis cells employing such electrodes

Catalysts made using thermally decomposable porous supports

Abstract A catalyst precursor is provided having a thermally decomposable porous support; an 5 organic coating/filling compound, and a non-precious metal precursor, wherein the organic coating/filling compound and the non-precious metal catalyst precursor coat and/or fill the pores of the thermally decomposable porous support.

ELECTRODES FOR USE IN BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS AND BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS EMPLOYING SUCH ELECTRODES

A bacterial fuel cell including a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes in liquid communication with a liquid to be purified, the plurality of anodes and the plurality of cathodes each including a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled across a load in an electrical circuit and an electrically conductive coating at least between the metal electrical conductor and the liquid to be purified, the electrically conductive coating being operative to mutually seal the liquid and the electrical conductor from each other.

FUEL CELL CATHODE

... . A cathode for oxygen reduction in a fuel cell is formed from a host matrix including at least one transition metal element which is structurally modified by the incorporation of at least one modifier element to enhance its catalytic properties. The catalytic body is based on a disordered non-equilibrium material designed to have a high density of catalytically active sites, resistance to poisoning and long operating life. Modifier elements, such as La, Al, K, Cs, Na, Li, C, and O structurally modify the local chemical environments of a host matrix including one or more transition elements such as Mn, Co and Ni to form the catalytic materials of the cathode. The catalytic materials can be deposited as a layer on the surface of a porous electrode substrate to form a gas diffusion cathode or can be formed as a gas diffusion electrode.

NICKEL ANODE ELECTRODE

METAL / METAL CHALCOGENIDE ELECTRODE WITH HIGH SPECIFIC SURFACE AREA

La présente invention concerne une électrode comprenant un support électro-conducteur dont au moins une partie de la surface est recouverte par un dépôt métallique de cuivre, la surface dudit dépôt étant sous une forme oxydée, sulfurée, sélénée et/ou tellurée et le dépôt ayant une surface spécifique supérieure à 1 m2 /g; un procédé de préparation d'une telle électrode; un dispositif électrochimique comprenant une telle électrode; et un procédé d'oxydation de l'eau en dioxygène impliquant une telle électrode.

METAL-HYDROGEN BATTERIES FOR LARGE-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE

A metal-hydrogen battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a bi-functional catalyst to catalyze both hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction at the second electrode.

FUEL CELL ELECTRODE CATALYST COMPRISING BINARY PLATINUM ALLOY AND FUEL CELL USING THE SAME

An object of the present invention is to provide a fuel cell electrode catalyst which offers an improved durability while inhibiting the degradation of an initial catalytic activity to exhibit a stably high catalytic activity over a long period. The present invention provides a fuell cell electrode catalyst having an alloy carried by carbon, the alloy consisting of platinum and a platinum-family metal other tha platinum, characterized in that a composition ratio of platinum to platinum-family metal other than platinum to carbon is 1:(0.03 to 1.5):(0.46 to 2.2) (wt ratio).

PLATE-SHAPED CATALYST PRODUCT AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

The present disclosure provides a catalyst product having particular three- dimensional plate-like shape and comprising catalyst nanoparticles and a method for manufacturing same. The present product may be useful in fuel cells or battery applications. In certain embodiments the present catalysts show good catalytic activity and durability even at low catalyst loads.

ELECTRODES FOR USE IN BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS AND BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROL YSIS CELLS EMPLOYING SUCH ELECTRODES

Abstract A bacterial fuel cell including a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes in liquid communication with a liquid to be purified, the plurality of anodes and the plurality of cathodes each including a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled across a load in an electrical circuit and an electrically conductive coating at least between the metal electrical conductor and the liquid to be purified, the electrically conductive coating being operative to mutually seal the liquid and the electrical conductor from each other.

Gasdiffusionselektrode

Brennstoffzellenelement

Procédé de fabrication d'une électrode pour pile à combustible

Electrode pour cellule électrolytique du type oxygène-hydrogène

Electrode bipolaire destinée à être utilisée dans une cellule électrolytique du type oxygène-hydrogène, et procédé de fabrication de ladite électrode

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Katalysatorelektroden

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elektroden für galvanische Brennstoffzellen für hohe Temperaturen

Procédé pour incorporer un sel de lithium à une électrode à nickel poreux pour pile à combustible

Electrode à diffusion de gaz pour générateur électrochimique

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Elektroden für galvanische Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen mit festem Elektrolyt

Verfahren zur Herstellung von porösen Trägerschichten für Elektroden an Festelektrolyten für Hochtemperatur-Brennstoffzellen

Nano fiber electrode and its preparation method

Novel magnesium air battery catalysis layer material as well as preparation technology and application

Preparation of Fe-Co co-doped carbon-nitrogen core-shell microspheres and its application in electrocatalysis

A method for the activation of oxygen electrodes or other applications

CERAMICS HAS STRUCTURE PEROVSKITE, ITS USE AS ELECTRODE DEREFERENCE

METHOD OF MANUFACTURING GAS ELECTRODES

Electrode and gas cells for the aforementioned piles

Process for the manufacture of electrodes for galvanic cells with fuels working with high temperatures like electrodes thus obtained

electrodes and their manufactoring process

Improvements with the electrolysers

ELECTROCHEMICAL ACCUMULATOR TYPE LITHIUM LITHIUM AIR

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF CATALYST NANOPARTICLES FOR REDUCING THE DIOXYGEN IN THE PRESENCE OF METHANOL

L'invention concerne un procédé de préparation de nanoparticules de catalyseur de réduction cathodique et tolérant au méthanol, ces nanoparticules comprenant un centre métallique et une sous-monocouche d'un chalcogène.

A method for the activation of oxygen electrodes or other applications

전극용 촉매, 가스 확산 전극 형성용 조성물, 가스 확산 전극, 막·전극 접합체, 연료전지 스택

... 염소(Cl)종 및 브롬(Br)종의 함유량이 소정의 수준 이하로 저감되어 있어 충분한 촉매성능을 발휘할 수 있는 전극용 촉매의 제공. 담체와, 상기 담체 상에 형성되는 코어부와, 상기 코어부의 표면의 적어도 일부를 덮도록 형성되는 셸부를 포함하는 코어·셸 구조를 갖는 전극용 촉매로서, 형광 X선(XRF) 분석법에 의해 측정되는 브롬(Br)종의 농도가 400ppm 이하이며, 형광 X선(XRF) 분석법에 의해 측정되는 염소(Cl)종의 농도가 900ppm 이하인 것을 특징으로 한다.

The porous electrode fabrication using infiltration and manufacturing method of it

부식방지 기체 확산층 및 그 제조방법과 이를 구비한 막전극접합체

... 이 발명은 금속 섬유를 압축 소결하여 제작한 기공도를 갖는 금속 섬유 소결체를 전처리하는 단계와, 상기 금속 섬유 소결체에 귀금속 코팅 또는 질소 도핑하여 부식방지층을 형성하는 단계와, 상기 부식방지층을 갖는 금속 섬유 소결체를 귀금속 촉매 염을 갖는 용액 내에 침지하여 상기 금속 섬유 소결체의 표면 기공 및 요철 부위에 촉매 염이 담지되도록 하는 단계, 및 상기 티타늄 섬유 소결체 상에 담지된 귀금속 촉매 전구체 이온을 환원제를 이용하여 환원시켜 촉매 금속 코팅층을 형성하는 단계를 포함한다. 이 발명은 내부식성 및 내구성이 우수한 부식방지층을 형성한 후, 상온에서 전기화학적인 환원공정 한 공정만으로 촉매층을 코팅하여 기체 확산층을 제조하고, 양극과 음극의 조성이 동일한 기체 확산층의 사이에 고분자 전해질막을 배치하는 간단한 구조로 막전극접합체를 구성하므로, 간단한 공정 및 구조로 수전해, 연료전지 및 일체형 재생연료전지에 모두 동일하게 적용할 수 있는 장점이 있다.

산화막 형성에 의해 갈바닉 치환반응성을 조절한 AuPd 나노입자를 포함하는 산화환원용 전극촉매 및 그의 제조방법

... 본 발명은 산화막 형성에 의해 갈바닉 치환반응성을 조절한 AuPd 나노입자를 포함하는 산화환원용 전극촉매 및 그의 제조방법에 관한 것으로서, 보다 상세하게는 이금속성 AuPd 나노입자를 포함하되, 상기 AuPd 나노입자의 합성시 Au 나노입자에 산화막을 형성함으로써 우수한 산소-환원 활성과 안정성을 가지는 산소-환원용 전극촉매 및 그의 제조방법을 제공하는 것이다. 본 발명에 산화막 형성에 의해 갈바닉 치환반응성을 조절한 AuPd 나노입자를 포함하는 산화환원용 전극촉매는 Au 코어와 Au 코어를 둘러싼 Pd 다공성 쉘을 포함하여 형성되며, 상기 Au 코어는 전처리 공정에 의해 산화막이 형성된 것을 특징으로 한다.

FUEL CELLS

PLATINUM-BASED INTERMETALLIC COMPOUND NANOWIRE CATALYST AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

TRANSITION METAL-CARBON NANOFIBER CATALYST CAPABLE OF HAVING DURABILITY AND ELECTRODE ACTIVITY COMPARABLE TO PLATINUM CATALYST TO OXYGEN REDUCTION IN ALKALI ATMOSPHERE TOGETHER WITH IMPROVING PRICE COMPETITIVENESS BY USING CHEAP TRANSITION METAL, AND A MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

PURPOSE: A manufacturing method of a transition metal-carbon nanofiber catalyst is provide to improve catalytic performance by modifying functional group of nanofiber surface, to effectively control size and thickness, thereby capable of using the manufactured catalyst as an electrode shape. CONSTITUTION: A manufacturing method of a transition metal-carbon nanofiber catalyst comprises: a step of manufacturing polymer precursor mixture by mixing polymer precursor into organic solvent; a step of manufacturing spinning solution by mixing transition metal precursor into the polymer precursor mixture; a step of manufacturing transition metal-nanofiber by electrospinning the spinning solution; a step of obtaining medium transition metal-nanofiber by stabilizing the transition metal-nanofiber; and a step of obtaining transition metal-carbon nanofiber catalyst by carbonizing the medium transition metal-nanofiber. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2012 ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL CATALYST STRUCTURE, AND METHOD OF FABRICATING SAME

The present invention relates to an electrochemical catalyst structure, and a method of fabricating the same. The electrochemical catalyst structure according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a catalyst layer which comprises perovskite-based oxide as an electrochemical oxygen reduction catalyst; and a reforming layer which is in contact with the catalyst layer and contains transition metal oxide capable of chemical interaction with a metal of the perovskite oxide through electron trajectory hybridization. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2018 ...

안정한 촉매 잉크 제형, 섬유 형성에서의 상기 잉크 사용 방법 및 상기 섬유를 포함하는 물품

... 본 발명은 할로겐-포함 중합체로부터 선택되는 전기방사 중합체를 포함하는 안정한 촉매 잉크 제형에 관한 것이다. 본 발명은 또한 상기 잉크 제형의 전기 방사에 관한 것이고, 이에 따라 수득된 전기방사 섬유 매트와 더불어 상기 전기방사 섬유 매트를 포함하는 물품에 관한 것이다.

Propylene glycol reforming

CARBON SUPPORTED CATALYST

A catalyst comprising (i) a primary metal or alloy or mixture comprising the primary metal, and (ii) an electrically conductive carbon support material for the primary metal or alloy or mixture comprising the primary metal, characterised in that the carbon support material: (a) has a specific surface area (BET) of 100-600 m2/g, (b) has a micropore area of 10-90 m2/g is disclosed.

ELECTRICALLY RECHARGEABLE, METAL ANODE CELL AND BATTERY SYSTEMS AND METHODS

The invention provides for a fully electrically rechargeable metal anode battery systems and methods of achieving such systems. An electrically rechargeable metal anode cell may comprise a metal electrode, an air contacting electrode, and an aqueous electrolyte separating the metal electrode and the air contacting electrode. In some embodiments, the metal electrode may directly contact the liquid electrolyte and no separator or porous membrane is needed between the air contacting electrode and the electrolyte. Rechargeable metal anode cells may be electrically connected to one another through a centrode connection where a metal electrode of one cell and an air contacting electrode of a second cell are electrically connected. Air tunnels or pathways may be provided between individual metal anode cells arranged in a stack. In some embodiments, an electrolyte flow management system may also be provided to maintain liquid electrolyte at constant levels during charge and discharge cycles.

FUEL CELL

[Problem] To provide a fuel cell having excellent power generation performance, which includes a compound containing at least hydrogen and nitrogen as fuel and uses an anion exchange membrane as an electrolyte layer. [Solution] In a fuel cell including an electrolyte layer formed from an anion exchange membrane, a fuel side electrode and an oxygen side electrode both electrodes being disposed to face each other with the electrolyte layer interposed therebetween, the fuel side electrode contains lanthanum and nickel as a metal catalyst such that the content proportion of lanthanum is 10 to 30% relative to the total mole of the lanthanum and nickel. Further, a compound containing at least hydrogen and nitrogen, such as hydrazine, is used as fuel. 1. A fuel cell comprising an electrolyte layer , a fuel side electrode to which fuel is supplied , and an oxygen side electrode to which oxygen is supplied , the fuel side electrode and the oxygen side electrode being disposed to face each other with the electrolyte layer interposed therebetween , whereinthe electrolyte layer is an anion exchange membrane;the fuel includes a compound containing at least hydrogen and nitrogen;the fuel side electrode contains lanthanum and nickel; andthe fuel side electrode contains lanthanum at a proportion of 10 to 30 mol % relative to the total mole of lanthanum and nickel.2. The fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the fuel is hydrazines. The present invention relates to a fuel cell, and more particularly to a polymer electrolyte fuel cell.Various fuel cells such as an alkali type (AFC), a polymer electrolyte type (PEFC), phosphoric aid type (PAFC), a molten carbonate type (MCFC), and a solid oxide type (SOFC) are currently known. Among these fuel cells, a polymer electrolyte fuel cell can be driven at relatively low temperature, so that use in various applications such as automobiles has been examined.As one example of the polymer electrolyte fuel cells, a fuel cell has been proposed ...

Imprinting nanoscale patterns for catalysis and fuel cells

A method and mold for creating nanoscale patterns in an ion-selective polymer membrane is provided, in which a mold comprising a substrate and a molding layer having at least one protruding feature is imprinted on the ion-selective polymer membrane, thereby creating a recessed feature in the membrane. Protruding features having nanoscale dimensions can be created, e.g., by using self-assembled nanostructures as a shadow mask for etching a molding layer. In one embodiment, an imprinted ion selective polymer membrane, suitable for use as a solid electrolyte, is adapted for use in an electrochemical device or fuel cell by adding a metal catalyst to one portion of the membrane to serve as a catalytic electrode.

Method for forming molten carbonate fuel cell component and structure

A molten carbonate fuel cell with oppositely charged porous electrodes and a continuous electrolyte layer therebetween formed of a porous non-electrically conducting binder containing a carbonate salt. The electrolyte layer is formed by suspending the porous binder powder in a dielectric liquid vehicle and contacting it with one of the fuel cell electrodes. An electric field is applied between the electrode and a spaced counter-electrode in the suspension to cause electrophoretic deposition of the powder in a dense binder layer, adhered to and supported by the electrode. The binder layer-one electrode is assembled into a molten carbonate fuel cell, such as by affixing the binder layer side to an oppositely charged electrode plate, and incorporating the combination into a fuel cell.

Method for manufacturing electrode for fuel cell and electrode manufactured thereby

A method for manufacturing an electrode for a fuel cell includes a mixing step of producing a first mixed solution by mixing a carbon support, a metal catalyst, a binder and a first dispersion solvent, a drying step of producing a first mixed solution dried body by drying the first mixed solution, a heat treatment step of heating the first mixed solution dried body, a second mixed solution production step of producing a second mixed solution by dissolving the heat-treated first mixed solution dried body in a second dispersion solvent, and a release paper coating step of producing an electrode by coating the second mixed solution onto a release paper, and then drying the second mixed solution.

CATALYST ELECTRODE LAYER, MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, AND FUEL CELL

A catalyst electrode layer is configured to be disposed in contact with an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell. A content of Fe per unit area of the catalyst electrode layer is equal to or larger than 0 μg/cm2 and equal to or smaller than 0.14 μg/cm2, and a water absorption rate of the catalyst electrode layer is equal to or higher than 11% and equal to or lower than 30%.

Synthesis of Au-induced Structurally Ordered AuPdCo Intermetallic Core-shell Nanoparticles and Their Use as Oxygen Reduction Catalysts

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to intermetallic nanoparticles. Embodiments include nanoparticles having an intermetallic core including a first metal and a second metal. The first metal may be palladium and the second metal may be at least one of cobalt, iron, nickel, or a combination thereof. The nanoparticles may further have a shell that includes palladium and gold. 1. A nanoparticle comprising intermetallic palladium and cobalt , wherein the palladium and cobalt are ordered into different distinct sites of the nanoparticle.2. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein at least parts of the intermetallic palladium and cobalt comprises a trigonal symmetry.3. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein at least parts of the intermetallic palladium and cobalt comprises a rhombohedral symmetry.4. The nanoparticle of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle has an average diameter of between about 2 nm and about 10 nm.5. (canceled)6. A nanoparticle claim 1 , comprising:an intermetallic core comprising a first metal and a second metal, wherein the first metal is palladium and the second metal is at least one of cobalt, iron, nickel, or combination thereof, and the first metal and the second metal are ordered into different distinct sites of the intermetallic core; anda shell comprising palladium and gold.7. The nanoparticle of claim 6 , wherein at least parts of the intermetallic core comprises a trigonal symmetry.8. The nanoparticle of claim 6 , wherein at least parts of the intermetallic core comprises a rhombohedral symmetry.9. The nanoparticle of claim 6 , the nanoparticle has an average diameter of between about 2 nm and about 10 nm.10. (canceled)11. The nanoparticle of claim 6 , wherein the second metal is cobalt.12. The nanoparticle of claim 6 , wherein the shell is conformal with the intermetallic core.13. A method of producing a nanoparticle claim 6 , comprising:providing seed nanoparticles suspended in a liquid, wherein the seed nanoparticles comprises at least one of ...

Co-Electroless Deposition Methods for Formation of Methanol Fuel Cell Catalysts

The present disclosure is directed to compositions and structures of supported metal catalysts for use in applications such as direct methanol fuel cells. Generally, implementations include supported metal catalysts that include Pt active sites that have been modified by addition or co-localization of a second metal such as Cu, Co, Ni, and/or other base metals to lower the inhibiting effect of strongly-adsorbed CO, an intermediate of methanol oxidation. An example aspect of the present disclosure includes catalyst compositions where the exterior metal sites in the supported catalyst include at least two metals: Pt and a competitive binder (e.g., a second metal).

Metal-air cell

The metal-air cell according to the present invention includes an electrolyte cell containing an electrolyte, a metal electrode disposed in the electrolyte cell and serving as an anode, and an air electrode serving as a cathode. The metal electrode includes a current collector and an electrode active material part disposed on the current collector and made of an electrode active material. The current collector includes a supporting part supporting the electrode active material part and a receiving part disposed between a bottom of the electrolyte cell and the electrode active material part. The receiving part includes a projection projecting in the electrolyte cell beyond a side surface of the electrode active material part toward a sidewall of the electrolyte cell.

CERAMIC WITH PEROVSKITE STRUCTURE, USE THEREOF AS REFERENCE ELECTRODE

The invention concerns a ceramic, a method for preparing same, and a reference electrode containing same. The ceramic has a perovskite structure and the following properties: its composition is of formula L(2/3) -xA3x (1/3)-2xEO3, wherein L is Bi, Sb, a lanthanide or an alkaline-earth metal; A is Ag or an alkali metal; E is a transition metal oxidizable up to +5 oxidation level, alone or combined with Al or a transition metal oxidizable up to +5 or +6 level;is a vacancy and 0.03¿x¿0.16; it consists of grains having a dimension of the order of 3 to 5 ¿m, having an irregular parallelepiped structure or an irregular octahedral structure; it has a specific surface area of the order or 2000 to 4000 cm2/g.

Method of manufacturing electrodes of molten carbonate fuel cell and electrode manufactured thereby

A method of manufacturing a porous electrode (4) for a molten carbonate fuel cell comprises the steps of: pulverizing an Al-base intermetallic compound (1) (step I); mixing Ni powders (2) with the pulverized intermetallic compound (1) to form a slurry (3) which contains Ni powders (2) and the pulverized intermetallic compound (1), the pulverised intermetallic compound (1) serving as a reinforcement (step II); shaping the slurry (3) like a sheet or a tape; and sintering the sheet or tape-like slurry (3) to form the porous electrode (4). ...

CATALYST MATERIAL FOR A FUEL CELL OR AN ELECTROLYSER, AND METHOD OF PRODUCING THE SAME

METHOD FOR PRODUCING METAL-CONTAINING SPHERICAL POROUS CARBON PARTICLES

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung metallhaltiger sphärisch poröser Kohlenstoffpartikel. Dazu wird bevorzugt in einem ersten Schritt ein Kohlenstoff-Präkursor mit einem strukturbildenden Templat in einem Lösungsmittel zu einer Polymerlösung polymerisiert, in einem zweiten Schritt wird die Metallverbindung der Polymerlösung hinzugegeben und schließlich in einem dritten Schritt die metallhaltigen sphärisch porösen Kohlenstoffpartikel mittels eines Aerosolsprühverfahrens gebildet. Darüber hinaus betrifft die Erfindung ein Verfahren zur Herstellung einer Tinte und eine Verwendung der metallhaltigen sphärisch porösen Kohlenstoffpartikel als Katalysator.

MANUFACTURE OF ELECTRODE FOR FUEL CELL

PURPOSE: To make an electrode to be assembled easily and not to generate a deformation or a crack even in operation by sintering metallic fiber and metallic fine powder after impregnating a slurry containing metallic fine powder for constructing the electrode into woven fabric or felt consisting of metallic fiber. CONSTITUTION: After impregnating a slurry containing metallic fine powder for constructing an electrode, solvent and preferably organic hinder into woven fabric or felt consisting of metallic fiber, the solvent and the organic binder are removed by heating, then the metallic fiber and metallic fine powder are sintered by heating at a high temperature. As for the metallic fine powder for constructing the electrode some kinds of metallic fine powder commonly used for the electrode of a fused carbonate type fuel cell are suitable, e.g. nickel, nickel-chromium alloy or nickel-cobalt alloy and so on can be used desirably. The grain diameter of the metallic fine powder is adequate to ...

SOLID ELECTROLYTE FUEL CELL

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a solid electrolyte fuel cell which can more surely prevent delamination between an electrode layer and a solid electrolyte layer, and can further improve heat resistance at high-temperature use and heat resistance at temperature rise and fall. SOLUTION: Either an alternate laminated structure part 2 of a thin-film layer 2a composed of an electrode material and a thin-film layer 2b composed of a common phase of a solid electrolyte material and an electrode material, or an alternate laminated structure part 3 of a thin-film layer 2a composed of an electrode material and a material having thermal expansion coefficient intermediate between the solid electrolyte material and a reduction electrode material or equivalent to the solid electrolyte material is made interposed between electrode layers A, C and a solid electrolyte layer B. COPYRIGHT: (C)2003,JPO ...

Fuel cell anodes

Process for the manufacture of a solide oxide membrane electrode assembly

Fuel cells

Fuel cell anodes

METHOD OF MAKING AN ELECTROCHEMICAL ELECTRIC ENERGY SOURCE DEVICE

... 1312658 Electrodes; fuel cells BRUNSWICK CORP 23 July 1970 [24 July 1969] 35799/70 Heading H1B A fuel cell 10 comprises a manifold 12 for a fuel gas, e.g. H 2 or CU 4 , and a manifold 14 for an oxidizing gas, e.g. air or O 2 . Electrodes 18, 20 bounding the electrolyte 16 are connected to the external circuit by wires, not shown. The electrodes each comprise an electrolyte-permeable metallic film 22, 24 to which wicks 26, 28 of fine metal fibres are secured, e.g. by sintering. The electrolyte 16 consists of a eutectic mixture of lithium, sodium and potassium carbonates which may contain a finely divided ceramic powder such as magnesium oxide. At the operating temperature of 700‹ C. the electrolyte is molten and resembles a liquid or paste and it is contained in a porous ceramic matrix such as magnesia to which the films 22, 24 are applied. The preferred metals for the anode 18 and cathode 20 are, respectively, nickel and silver. Each wick 26, 28 comprises a few fine metal fibres arranged ...

Method

TWO-CHAMBER ANODE STRUCTURE.

PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE ELECTRODE MATERIAL FOR OXYGEN-CONSUMING ELECTRODES

... of the disclosure: Metallic silver is deposited from a silver salt solution onto a support by reduction, and thus a catalytically active electrode material for oxygen-consuming electrodes is obtained. For this purpose, a) an aqueous dispersion of a hydrophobic polymer, in particular a dispersion of PTFE, b) a silver salt solution and c) a reducing agent for silver ions are mixed. During this, a pH at which the dispersion employed is stable, and the silver salt is reduced, should be maintained.

DUAL COMPARTMENT ANODE STRUCTURE

A dual compartment anode structure for use in molten carbonates fuel cells having an electrolyte porous metallic plate structure with one face adapted to contact the electrolyte and an opposite face having a plurality of ribs extending therefrom, a hydrogen ion and molecular hydrogen and electrolyte non-porous metallic foil having one face in contact with the ends of the ribs to define an anode reaction gas compartment therebetween, and a corrugated metallic current collector having a plurality of peaks with one face at the peaks in contact with the opposite face of the metallic foil defining an anode fuel gas compartment therebetween. The dual compartment anode structure of this invention provides separation between the electrolyte and the fuel thereby permitting internal cell reforming of hydrocarbon containing fuels without poisoning of the reforming catalyst and provides greater cell stability due to reduction in corrosion and reduced electrolyte and electrode loss.

PROCESS OF PRODUCING COMPOSITE MATERIALS CONSISTING OF SHEET METAL PLATES, METAL STRIPS AND FOILS HAVING A SKELETON SURFACE STRUCTURE AND USE OF THE COMPOSITE MATERIALS

In a process of producing composite materials consisting of sheet metal plates, metal strips and foils and provided with a skeleton surface structure, a layer of a metal powder which is difficultly flowable and consists of irregularly shaped particles is applied to a continuously moved metallic carrier layer and is bonded to the carrier layer by cold roll cladding and is sintered in a reducing atmosphere at temperatures of 600 to 1000.degree.C. In order to produce composite materials in which the skeleton structure constitues a layer that is of uniform thickness throughout the surface and is firmly bonded to the carrier layer, the metal powder is uniformly distributed and applied as regards its bulk volume and the powder layer is moved under a distributing roller, which rotates opposite to the main direction of movement of the carrier layer, whereby a uniform thickness is obtained.

CELL ELECTRODE, COMPOSITION FOR CELL ELECTRODE CATALYST LAYER, AND CELL

Provided are a cell electrode, a composition for a cell electrode catalyst layer, and a cell which are low cost while having excellent characteristics. The cell electrode as in an embodiment of the present invention includes a catalyst layer that contains a non-platinum catalyst and platinum particles that are not supported in the non-platinum catalyst, where the platinum particle content per unit area of the cell electrode is 0.0010 mg/cm2-0.1200 mg/cm2.

ELECTRODE-SUPPORTED SOLID STATE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL

A process for manufacturing a solid oxide fuel cell (200) comprises, in one embodiment according to the invention: forming a plastic mass comprising a mixture of an electrolyte substance and an electrochemically active substance; extruding the plastic mass through a die to form an extruded tube; and sintering the extruded tube to form a tubular anode (260) capable of supporting the solid oxide fuel cell. The process may further comprise, after sintering the extruded tube, layering an electrolyte onto the tubular anode; and, after layering the electrolyte (240), layering a cathode (220) onto the electrolyte. In a further related embodiment, the process further comprises co- extruding more than one anode layer to form the tubular anode. Each of the anode layers may comprise a ratio of electrochemically active substance to electrolyte substance, with such ratios being higher for layers that are layered further from a surface of the anode that contacts a fuel gas (265) than for layers that ...

FUEL CELL STACK

A fuel cell stack includes multiple power generating units and a dummy unit, and respectively providing openings providing reactant-gas supply manifolds. Each power generating unit includes one or more first supply passages extending from the opening to a central region thereof. The dummy unit includes one or more second supply passages extending from the opening to a central region thereof, and a second supply passage port at the highest position in the vertical direction among the second supply passage ports where the second supply passages are connected to the opening is located at a lower position in the vertical direction than a first supply passage port at the highest position in the vertical direction among the first supply passage ports where the first supply passages are connected to the opening.

MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY WITH IMPROVED ELECTRODE

A membrane electrode assembly comprises a polymer electrolyte interposed between an anode electrode and a cathode electrode, the anode electrode comprising an anode catalyst layer adjacent at least a portion of a first major surface of the polymer electrolyte, the cathode electrode comprising a cathode catalyst layer adjacent at least a portion of a second major surface of the polymer electrolyte; at least one of the anode and cathode catalyst layers comprising: a first catalyst composition comprising a noble metal; and a second composition comprising a metal oxide; wherein the second composition has been treated with a fluoro-phosphonic acid compound.

CATALYST PARTICLES, CARBON-SUPPORTED CATALYST PARTICLES AND FUEL CELL CATALYSTS, AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CATALYST PARTICLES AND CARBON-SUPPORTED CATALYST PARTICLES

A catalyst particle is composed of an inner particle and an outermost layer that includes platinum and covers the inner particle. The inner particle includes on at least a surface thereof a first oxide having an oxygen defect.

HIGHLY SINTER-STABLE METAL NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTED ON MESOPOROUS GRAPHITIC PARTICLES AND THEIR USE

The present invention refers to highly sinter-stable metal nanoparticles supported on mesoporous graphitic spheres, the so obtained metal-loaded mesoporous graphitic particles, processes for their preparation and the use thereof as catalysts, in particular for high temperature reactions in reducing atmosphere and cathode side oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in PEM fuel cells.

CATALYST PARTICLES FOR FUEL CELLS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING SAME

A catalyst particle (1) for a fuel cell according to the present invention includes: a metal particle (2) composed of either one of metal other than noble metal and an alloy of the metal other than the noble metal and the noble metal; and a noble metal layer (3) that is provided on a surface of the metal particle and has a thickness of 1 nm to 3.2 nm. By the fact that the catalyst particle for a fuel cell has such a configuration, the catalyst particle can enhance catalytic activity while reducing an amount of the noble metal. The catalyst particle (1) for a fuel cell according to the present invention can enhance the catalytic activity while reducing the amount of the noble metal.

MANAGEMENT OF GAS PRESSURE AND ELECTRODE STATE OF CHARGE IN ALKALINE BATTERIES

An inventive, new system that measures gas composition and pressure in the headspace of an aqueous electrolyte battery is described. The system includes a microcontroller that can use the composition and pressure information to connect a third electrode to either the anode(s) or the cathode(s) in order to balance the state of charge between the two. Results have shown that such a system can control the gas pressure inside a sealed flooded aqueous electrolyte battery to remain below 20 kPa (3 psi) and greatly extend the useable life of the battery.

NON-PGM CATALYSTS FOR ORR BASED ON CHARGE TRANSFER ORGANIC COMPLEXES

A sacrificial support-based method, a mechanosynthesis-based method, and a combined sacrificial support/mechanosynthesis support based method that enables the production of supported or unsupported catalytic materials and/or the synthesis of catalytic materials from both soluble and insoluble transition metal and charge transfer salt materials.

ELECTRODE FOR FUEL CELL AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING ELECTRODE FOR FUEL CELL, MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, AND FUEL CELL

An electrode for a fuel cell is provided with carbon nanotubes, a fuel cell catalyst carried on the carbon nanotubes, and an ionomer for coating the carbon nanotubes and the fuel cell catalyst. The length (La) and center-to-center pitch (Pa) satisfy the following two formulas: 30 = La = 240 and 0.351 × La + 75 = Pa = 250, where La [µm] is the length of the carbon nanotubes, and Pa [nm] is the center-to-center pitch of the carbon nanotubes.

Porous clusters of silver powder promoted by zirconium oxide for use as a catalyst in gas diffusion electrodes, and method for the production thereof

A catalyst including: a plurality of porous clusters of silver particles, each cluster of the clusters including: (a) a plurality of primary particles of silver, and (b) crystalline particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO 2 ), wherein at least a portion of the crystalline particles of ZrO 2 is located in pores formed by a surface of the plurality of primary particles of silver.

Cathode Catalyst Layer, Manufacturing Method Thereof and Membrane Electrode Assembly

According to the present invention, it is possible to improve the use ratio of active sites in a catalyst having oxygen reduction activity so as to provide a cathode catalyst layer and MEA for a fuel cell with high a level of power generation performance. The present invention includes a process of introducing a functional group into a surface of the catalyst 13 which has oxygen reduction activity and a process of blending the catalyst 13 with the functional group on the surface together with an electron conductive material and a proton conductive polymer electrolyte to prepare a catalyst ink for forming the cathode catalyst layer for the fuel cell.

Oxygen-consuming electrode and process for production thereof

An oxygen-consuming electrode is described, more particularly for use in chloralkali electrolysis, comprising a novel catalyst coating, as is an electrolysis apparatus. Also described is a production process for the oxygen-consuming electrode and the use thereof in chloralkali electrolysis or fuel cell technology. The oxygen-consuming electrode comprises at least an electrically conductive support, an electrical contact site and a gas diffusion layer comprising a catalytically active component, characterized in that the coating at least one fluorinated polymer, silver in the form of silver particles and silver oxide in the form of silver oxide particles, which is produced in a selected precipitation step.

HOLLOW NANOPARTICLES AS ACTIVE AND DURABLE CATALYSTS AND METHODS FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

Hollow metal nanoparticles and methods for their manufacture are disclosed. In one embodiment the metal nanoparticles have a continuous and nonporous shell with a hollow core which induces surface smoothening and lattice contraction of the shell. In a particular embodiment, the hollow nanoparticles have an external diameter of less than 20 nm, a wall thickness of between 1 nm and 3 nm or, alternatively, a wall thickness of between 4 and 12 atomic layers. In another embodiment, the hollow nanoparticles are fabricated by a process in which a sacrificial core is coated with an ultrathin shell layer that encapsulates the entire core. Removal of the core produces contraction of the shell about the hollow interior. In a particular embodiment the shell is formed by galvanic displacement of core surface atoms while remaining core removal is accomplished by dissolution in acid solution or in an electrolyte during potential cycling between upper and lower applied potentials. 1. A catalyst particle comprising:a metal nanoparticle consisting of a continuous and nonporous shell with a hollow core,wherein the hollow core has a structure that induces lattice contraction of the shell and forms a smooth shell surface.2. The catalyst particle of wherein said hollow nanoparticle is less reactive than a solid nanoparticle of similar composition claim 1 , size claim 1 , and shape claim 1 , making the hollow nanoparticle more stable in acidic media and more active as a catalyst for desorption-limited reactions.3. The catalyst particle of wherein the nanoparticle is substantially spherical claim 1 , and the shell includes a shell wall with an interior and an exterior surface claim 1 , an external diameter of the shell as measured between opposing exterior surfaces is less than 20 nm claim 1 , and a wall thickness claim 1 , as measured between the interior and exterior surface of the shell is between 1 nm and 3 nm.4. The catalyst particle of wherein the nanoparticle comprises at least one ...

Method for Removing Strongly Adsorbed Surfactants and Capping Agents from Metal to Facilitate their Catalytic Applications

A method of synthesizing activated electrocatalyst, preferably having a morphology of a nanostructure, is disclosed. The method includes safely and efficiently removing surfactants and capping agents from the surface of the metal structures. With regard to metal nanoparticles, the method includes synthesis of nanoparticle(s) in polar or non-polar solution with surfactants or capping agents and subsequent activation by CO-adsorption-induced surfactant/capping agent desorption and electrochemical oxidation. The method produces activated macroparticle or nanoparticle electrocatalysts without damaging the surface of the electrocatalyst that includes breaking, increasing particle thickness or increasing the number of low coordination sites. 1. A method of removing surfactants or capping agents , comprising:providing a noble-metal or non-noble transition metal structure having a plurality of surfactants and/or capping agents on a surface of the metal structure;inducing desorption of the surfactant, the capping agent, or the combination thereof by CO adsorption on the surface of the metal structure; andstripping a CO monolayer formed on the surface of the metal structure by electrochemical oxidation.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the noble-metal structure comprises palladium (Pd) claim 1 , gold (Au) claim 1 , rhodium (Rh) claim 1 , iridium (Ir) claim 1 , ruthenium (Ru) claim 1 , osmium (Os) claim 1 , rhenium (Re) claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the non-noble transition metal structure comprises nickel (Ni) claim 1 , cobalt (Co) claim 1 , iron (Fe) claim 1 , copper (Cu) claim 1 , or a combination thereof.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the surfactant is selected from the group consisting of sodium dodecyl sulfate claim 1 , octadecylamine (ODA) claim 1 , polyvinylpyrrolidone claim 1 , oleic acid claim 1 , and a combination thereof.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the capping agent is ...

NICKEL-BASED ELECTROCATALYTIC PHOTOELECTRODES

The disclosure provides methods and compositions comprising metal alloy powders. The disclosure also provides a photoelectrode, methods of making and using, including systems for water-splitting are provided. The photoelectrode can be a semiconductive material having a photocatalyst such as nickel or nickel-molybdenum coated on the material. 1. A method of producing a nanoparticle mixed metal composite , comprising:(a) precipitating a nanoparticle mixed metal composite from a heated solvent system, the heated solvent system produced by adding an aqueous metal salt solution to a heated solvent; and(b) reducing the nanoparticle mixed metal composite using a reducing agent;wherein the heterogeneous metal salt solution is comprised of at least two transition metal containing salts, wherein the solvent system is heated at temperatures of at least 90° C., and wherein the nanoparticle mixed metal composite is comprised substantially of oxidized metal species.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein (b) is carried out at an elevated temperature under a reducing atmosphere comprising the reducing agent.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the reducing atmosphere comprises at least 4% hydrogen gas and wherein hydrogen is the reducing agent.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein prior to step (b) the nanoparticle mixed metal composite precipitant is substantially purified comprising the steps of: removing the solvent from the precipitant claim 1 , washing the precipitant claim 1 , and drying the precipitant.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle mixed metal composite is comprised of at least one of the following transition metals: nickel claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , iron claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , manganese claim 1 , tungsten claim 1 , and vanadium.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanoparticle mixed metal composite is comprised of at least two of the following transition metals: nickel claim 1 , molybdenum claim 1 , iron claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , ...

CATALYST PARTICLES, CARBON-SUPPORTED CATALYST PARTICLES AND FUEL CELL CATALYSTS, AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING SUCH CATALYST PARTICLES AND CARBON-SUPPORTED CATALYST PARTICLES

A catalyst particle is composed of an inner particle and an outermost layer that includes platinum and covers the inner particle. The inner particle includes on at least a surface thereof a first oxide having an oxygen defect. 1. A catalyst particle comprising:an inner particle containing on at least a surface thereof a first oxide having oxygen defects, the inner particle having a center particle and an intermediate layer covering the center particle, the center particle containing a second oxide that is free of oxygen defects and that includes an element common with an element other than oxygen included in the first oxide, and the intermediate layer containing the first oxide; andan outermost layer formed from a single material that contains platinum and covers the inner particle, the outermost layer covering at least a portion of the intermediate layer.2. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the second oxide is an oxide that claim 1 , by reducing a surface of the center particle claim 1 , has generated oxygen defects in the first oxide.3. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the first oxide includes an element selected from the group consisting of titanium claim 1 , tin claim 1 , tantalum claim 1 , niobium and silicon.4. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein an average particle size of the catalyst particle is 2 to 20 nm.5. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost layer has a degree of coverage of from 70 to 100% with respect to the inner particle.6. The catalyst particle according to claim 1 , wherein the outermost layer is a layer of three or fewer atoms.7. A carbon-supported catalyst particle comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the catalyst particle according to ; and'}a carbon support that supports the catalyst particle.8. The carbon-supported catalyst particle according to claim 7 , wherein the carbon support is composed of at least one carbon material selected ...

FUEL ELECTRODES FOR SOLID OXIDE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL, PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING THE SAME, AND SOLID OXIDE ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

A fuel electrode for a solid oxide electrochemical cell includes: an electrode layer constituted of a mixed phase including an oxide having mixed conductivity and another oxide selected from the group including an aluminum-based oxide and a magnesium-based composite oxide, said another oxide having, supported on a surface part thereof, particles of at least one member selected from nickel, cobalt, and nickel-cobalt alloys. 1. A fuel electrode for a solid oxide electrochemical cell comprising:an electrode layer comprising a mixed phase constituted of an oxide having mixed conductivity and another oxide selected from the group consisting of an aluminum-based oxide and a magnesium-based composite oxide, said another oxide having, supported on a surface part thereof, particles of at least one member selected from nickel, cobalt, and nickel-cobalt alloys.2. The fuel electrode of claim 1 , wherein the oxide having mixed conductivity is CeOdoped with SmO claim 1 , CeOdoped with GdO claim 1 , or CeOdoped with YO.3. The fuel electrode of claim 1 , wherein the particles have an average particle diameter of from 5 nm to 200 nm.4. A solid oxide electrochemical cell including:a solid electrolyte plate having oxygen ion conductivity;a fuel electrode formed on one side of the solid electrolyte plate, the fuel electrode comprising: an electrode layer comprising a mixed phase constituted of an oxide having mixed conductivity and another oxide selected from the group consisting of an aluminum-based oxide and a magnesium-based composite oxide, said another oxide having, supported on a surface part thereof, particles of at least one member selected from nickel, cobalt, and nickel-cobalt alloys; and{'sub': 1-x', 'x', '3-δ', '1-x', 'x', '3-δ', '2', '2', '3', '2', '2', '3', '2', '2', '3, 'an air electrode formed on the other side of the solid electrolyte plate, the air electrode comprising a composite oxide represented by LnABO(wherein Ln is a rare-earth element; A is Sr, Ca, or Ba; and B ...

Magnesium metal-air battery

Disclosed is a magnesium metal-air battery in which capacity of a negative electrode made of magnesium or its alloy is sufficiently utilized for battery performance and which has a positive electrode material which is capable of coping with the capacity of the negative electrode. The magnesium metal-air battery includes at least one unit battery cell. The cell comprises a negative electrode made of magnesium or its alloy; a positive electrode-side catalyst layer including, as positive active material, activated carbon for absorbing oxygen in air, anhydrous poly-carboxylate, manganese and metal powder; a positive current collector which is made of conductive material and which is laminated on the positive electrode-side catalyst layer; and a separator which allows passing of ions between the negative electrode and the positive electrode-side catalyst layer while it separates therebetween. The positive electrode-side catalyst layer may further include carbon black, metal chloride and graphite. In use, where water or metal chloride solution is supplied to at least the positive electrode-side catalyst layer, an electromotive force is generated between the negative electrode and the positive current collector. In the case where a plurality of unit battery cells are connected in series, an insulator is provided therebetween.

BIFUNCTIONAL HOLLANDITE Ag2Mn8O16 CATALYST FOR LITHIUM-AIR BATTIERIES

A lithium air battery cell includes an anode having lithium, a cathode having a AgMnOcatalyst, and an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt. A cathode for a lithium air battery cell and a lithium air battery with a cathode including buckypaper and a AgMnOcatalyst are also disclosed. 1. A lithium air battery cell , comprising:an anode comprising lithium;{'sub': 2', '8', '16, 'a cathode comprising a AgMnOcatalyst; and,'}an electrolyte comprising a lithium salt.2. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of single-wall carbon nanotubes claim 1 , multi-wall carbon nanotubes claim 1 , and carbon nanofibers.3. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of carbon black claim 1 , carbon microbeads claim 1 , and activated carbon.4. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises small and large diameter multi-wall nanotubes.5. The lithium air battery cell of claim 3 , wherein the cathode comprises an entanglement of flexible single-wall nanotubes and small diameter multi-wall nanotubes around nanofibers and the large diameter multi-wall nanotubes.6. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the AgMnOparticles are between 2-100 nm in diameter.7. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the loading of the AgMnOcatalyst is between 5% and 75%.8. The lithium air battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte comprises at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium hexafluorophosphate claim 1 , lithium tetrafluoroborate claim 1 , lithium hexafluoroarsenate claim 1 , lithium perchlorate claim 1 , lithium bis(trifluorosulfonyl)imide claim 1 , lithium bis(perfluoroethylsulfonyl)imide claim 1 , lithium triflate claim 1 , lithium bis(oxalato) borate claim 1 , lithium tris(pentafluoroethyl)trifluorphosphate claim 1 , lithium bromide claim 1 , and lithium iodide.9. The lithium ...

Electro-catalyst

The present invention relates to an electro-catalyst M′ a IrbM c , wherein M′ is selected from the group consisting of Pt, Ta and Ru, and wherein the molar ratio a:b is within the range of 85:15 to 50:50 and the molar ratio a:c is within the range of 50:50 to 95:5, both calculated as pure metal and wherein M is selected from metals from Groups 3-15 of the Periodic System of Elements. The present invention further relates to an electrode comprising a support and the electro-catalyst. The present invention further relates to the use of the electro-catalyst and/or the electrode in electrochemical processes which comprise an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR), an oxygen evolution reaction (OER), a hydrogen evolution reaction (HER), a hydrogen oxidation reaction (HOR), a carbon monoxide oxidation reaction (COR) or a methanol oxidation reaction (MOR).

CARBON CATALYST AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION THEREOF, AND ELECTRODE AND BATTERY EACH EQUIPPED WITH SAME

Provided is a carbon catalyst having an improved catalytic activity, a production method therefor, and an electrode and a battery which use the carbon catalyst. The carbon catalyst is obtained by carbonizing a raw material including an organic substance containing a nitrogen atom and metals, and includes iron and/or cobalt, and copper as the metals. Further, the carbon catalyst has a crystallinity of 41.0% or less, which is determined by X-ray diffractometry, a nitrogen atom-to-carbon atom ratio of 0.7 or more, which is determined by X-ray photoelectronic spectrometry, and an oxygen reduction-starting potential of 0.774 V (vs. NHE) or more. 1. A carbon catalyst , which is obtained by carbonizing a raw material including an organic substance containing a nitrogen atom and metals ,the catalyst comprising iron and/or cobalt, and copper as the metals,wherein a ratio of a content of copper to a total of a content of iron and/or a content of cobalt, and the content of copper is 10 to 95% by mass.2. (canceled)3. The carbon catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the carbon catalyst comprises at least iron and copper as the metals.4. A carbon catalyst claim 1 , having a crystallinity of 41.0% or less claim 1 , which is determined by X-ray diffractometry claim 1 , a nitrogen atom-to-carbon atom ratio of 0.7 or more claim 1 , which is determined by X-ray photoelectronic spectrometry claim 1 , and an oxygen reduction-starting potential of 0.774 V (vs. NHE) or more.5. An electrode claim 1 , comprising the carbon catalyst according .6. A battery claim 5 , comprising the electrode according to .7. A method of producing a carbon catalyst claim 5 , the method comprising carbonizing a raw material including an organic substance containing a nitrogen atom and metals claim 5 ,wherein the metals comprise iron and/or cobalt, and copper,wherein a ratio of a content of copper to a total of a content of iron and/or a content of cobalt, and the content of copper in the raw material is 10 to ...

Anode-Side Catalyst Composition For Fuel Cells, and Membrane Electrode Assembly (MEA) For Solid Polymer Fuel Cells Which Comprises Same

A technology is provided that is capable of improving deterioration of a fuel cell due to non-stationary operation (startup/shutdown, fuel depletion). 1. An anode-side catalyst composition for a fuel cell comprising a catalyst and an ion exchange resin , the catalyst having catalyst particles carried on electrically conductive material , characterized in that the catalyst particle is formed of an alloy , of which oxygen reduction capability and water electrolysis overvoltage are both lower than those of platinum and which has hydrogen oxidizing capability.2. The catalyst composition as claimed in claim 1 , wherein said alloy comprises a metal selected from a group consisting of iridium claim 1 , ruthenium claim 1 , gold claim 1 , palladium claim 1 , cobalt claim 1 , nickel and silver.3. The catalyst composition as claimed in claim 2 , wherein said alloy comprises a metal selected from a group consisting of iridium and palladium.4. The catalyst composition as claimed in claim 3 , wherein said alloy comprises a first metal selected from a group consisting of iridium and palladium claim 3 , and a second metal that can be alloyed with the first metal claim 3 , wherein the second metal that can be alloyed with iridium is selected from a group consisting of cobalt claim 3 , molybdenum claim 3 , niobium claim 3 , osmium claim 3 , rhenium claim 3 , ruthenium claim 3 , tantalum claim 3 , titanium claim 3 , tungsten claim 3 , vanadium claim 3 , and zirconium claim 3 , and the second metal that can be alloyed with palladium is selected from a group consisting of silver claim 3 , aluminum claim 3 , gold claim 3 , cobalt claim 3 , chromium claim 3 , copper claim 3 , iron claim 3 , indium claim 3 , manganese claim 3 , molybdenum claim 3 , nickel claim 3 , osmium claim 3 , lead claim 3 , rhodium claim 3 , ruthenium claim 3 , tin claim 3 , titanium claim 3 , uranium claim 3 , vanadium claim 3 , tungsten and zirconium.5. The catalyst composition as claimed in claim 4 , wherein said ...

AIR ELECTRODE FOR METAL-AIR BATTERY, MEMBRANE/AIR ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY FOR A METAL-AIR BATTERY HAVING SUCH AIR ELECTRODE, AND METAL-AIR BATTERY

An air electrode () for a metal-air battery includes an air electrode catalyst, an electrolyte for air electrodes and a; conductive material. The electrolyte for air electrodes contains a layered double hydroxide. 1. (canceled)2. The air electrode according to claim 14 , wherein the layered double hydroxide has at least one type of divalent metal ion and at least one type of trivalent metal ion.3. The air electrode according to claim 2 , wherein the layered double hydroxide comprises a higher-order structure in which a plate-like crystal has a two-dimensional regular arrangement of double hydroxide having the metal ions claim 2 , the plate-like crystal stacked in two or more layers.4. The air electrode according to claim 14 , wherein the layered double hydroxide has a property by which anions are taken up between the layers.5. The air electrode according to claim 14 , wherein the layered double hydroxide is at least one layered double hydroxide selected from a group consisting of a magnesium-aluminum double hydroxide claim 14 , a nickel-aluminum double hydroxide claim 14 , and a cobalt-aluminum double hydroxide.6. The air electrode according to claim 14 , wherein the air electrode catalyst is a complex oxide having at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of iron claim 14 , cobalt claim 14 , nickel claim 14 , titanium claim 14 , manganese and copper claim 14 , and having at least one structure selected from the group consisting of a perovskite structure claim 14 , a spinel structure and a pyrochlore structure.7. The air electrode according to claim 14 , wherein a layer thickness of the air electrode catalyst layer ranges from 0.5 μm to 500 μm.8. The air electrode according to claim 7 , wherein a layer thickness of the air electrode catalyst layer ranges from 1 μm to 200 μm.9. A membrane/air electrode assembly comprising:an anion-exchange membrane; and{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00014', 'claim 14'}, 'the air electrode according to ,'}wherein ...

Electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction including silver/silver halide composite, fuel cell including the same, and preparing method of the same

The present disclosure relates to an electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction including a silver/silver halide composite, a fuel cell including the electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction, and a method for preparing the electrocatalyst for oxygen reduction.

Method for producing fuel cell electrode catalyst, fuel cell electrode catalyst, and uses thereof

A method for producing a fuel cell electrode catalyst, including: a step (1) of mixing at least a metal compound (1), a nitrogen-containing organic compound (2), a compound (3) containing fluorine and at least one element A selected from the group consisting of boron, phosphorus, and sulfur, and a solvent to obtain a catalyst precursor solution, a step (2) of removing the solvent from the catalyst precursor solution, and a step (3) of heat-treating a solid residue, obtained in the step (2), at a temperature of 500 to 1100° C. to obtain an electrode catalyst; a portion or the entirety of the metal compound (1) being a compound containing, as a metal element, at least one transition metal element M1 selected from the elements of group 4 and group 5 of the periodic table; and at least one of the compounds (1), (2), and (3) having an oxygen atom.

Catalysts and process for producing same

A catalyst, a hydrocarbon steam reforming catalyst, and a method for producing the same are provided. A catalytic metal containing at least Ni is supported on a composite oxide containing R, Zr, and oxygen, at a composition of not less than 10 mol % and not more than 90 mol % of R, not less than 10 mol % and not more than 90 mol % of Zr, and not less than 0 mol % and not more than 20 mol % of M (M: elements other than oxygen, R, and Zr), with respect to the total of the elements other than oxygen being 100 mol %, wherein the composite oxide has a specific surface area of 11 to 90 m 2 /g, and the largest peak in the wavelength range of 200 to 800 cm −1 of Raman spectrum with a full width at half maximum of 20 to 72 cm −1 .

Method of producing displacement plating precursor

A method of producing a displacement plating precursor, including a deposition step of depositing a Cu layer on a surface of a core particle formed of Pt or a Pt alloy by contacting a Cu ion-containing acidic aqueous solution with at least a portion of a Cu electrode, and contacting the Cu electrode with the core particle or with a composite, in which the core particle is supported on an electroconductive support, within the acidic aqueous solution or outside the acidic aqueous solution, and moreover contacting the core particle with the acidic aqueous solution under an inert gas atmosphere.

Reducing Oxygen and Electrolyte Transport Limitations in the Lithium/Oxygen Battery through Electrode Design and Wetting Control

A battery system in one embodiment includes a negative electrode, a separator layer adjacent to the negative electrode, and a positive electrode adjacent to the separator layer, the positive electrode including a gas phase and an electrically conductive framework defining at least one wetting channel, the wetting channel configured to distribute an electrolyte within the electrically conductive framework.

Nitrogen-Doped Carbon-Supported Cobalt-Iron Oxygen Reduction Catalyst

A Fe—Co hybrid catalyst for oxygen reaction reduction was prepared by a two part process. The first part involves reacting an ethyleneamine with a cobalt-containing precursor to form a cobalt-containing complex, combining the cobalt-containing complex with an electroconductive carbon supporting material, heating the cobalt-containing complex and carbon supporting material under conditions suitable to convert the cobalt-containing complex and carbon supporting material into a cobalt-containing catalyst support. The second part of the process involves polymerizing an aniline in the presence of said cobalt-containing catalyst support and an iron-containing compound conditions suitable to form a supported, cobalt-containing, iron-bound polyaniline species, and subjecting said supported, cobalt-containing, iron bound polyaniline species to conditions suitable for producing a Fe—Co hybrid catalyst.

Catalysts made using thermally decomposable porous supports

A catalyst precursor is provided having a thermally decomposable porous support; an organic coating/filling compound, and a non-precious metal precursor, wherein the organic coating/filling compound and the non-precious metal catalyst precursor coat and/or fill the pores of the thermally decomposable porous support.

DIRECT AMMONIA-FED SOLID OXIDE FUEL CELL AND METHODS FOR MAKING THE SAME

According to embodiments of the present disclosure, a solid oxide fuel cell includes a cathode, an anode, and a solid oxide electrolyte between the anode and the cathode. The solid oxide electrolyte includes a solid oxide, and the anode includes a porous scaffold. The porous scaffold includes a solid oxide having metal-based catalysts disposed on one or more surfaces of the porous scaffold. In embodiments, at least one ammonia decomposition layer is disposed proximate the surface of the porous scaffold and is configured to convert ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen for subsequent feed of hydrogen to the anode. The ammonia decomposition layer also includes a metal decomposition catalyst. 1. A solid oxide fuel cell comprising a cathode , an anode , and a solid oxide electrolyte between the anode and the cathode , wherein:the solid oxide electrolyte comprises a solid oxide;the anode comprises a porous scaffold, the porous scaffold comprising a solid oxide having metal based catalysts disposed on one more surfaces of the porous scaffold; andat least one ammonia decomposition layer is disposed proximate the surface of the porous scaffold and configured to convert ammonia into hydrogen and nitrogen for subsequent feed of hydrogen to the anode, the ammonia decomposition layer comprising a metal decomposition catalyst.2. The solid oxide fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the metal based catalysts are at least partially embedded below the surface of the porous scaffold.3. The solid oxide fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the porous scaffold comprises LaSrCrMnO(LCSM) claim 1 , LaSrCoFeO(LSCF) claim 1 , LaSrTiO(LST) nanofibers claim 1 , or combinations thereof.4. The solid oxide fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the solid oxide electrolyte and the porous scaffold of the anode comprise the same solid oxide.5. The solid oxide fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the solid oxide electrolyte claim 1 , the anode or both comprise LaSrGaMgO(LSGM) claim 1 , ...

Chemical Vapour Deposition of PTSI from Organometallic Complexes of PT

The present invention relates to the use, as a precursor for the chemical vapour deposition of PtSi at the surface of a support, of at least one organometallic complex of Pt comprising at least:—a ligand having a cyclic structure that comprises at least two non-adjacent C═C double bonds, or two ligands having a cyclic structure that each comprise a C═C double bond; and—a ligand chosen from *O—Si(R)and *N—(Si(R)), with: the R units being chosen, independently of one another, from (C-C)alkoxy groups; the R′ units being chosen, independently of one another, from (C-C)alkyl and (C-C)cycloalkyl groups; and * representing the coordination of the ligand to the platinum. 119.-. (canceled)20. A process for the chemical vapor deposition of PtSi on a surface of a support , using at least one or more organometallic Pt platinum complex comprising at least:one ligand having a cyclic structure and comprising at least two nonadjacent C═C double bonds, or two ligands having a cyclic structure and each comprising a C═C double bond; and {'br': None, 'sub': 3', '3', '2, '*O—Si(R)and *N—(Si(R′))'}, 'one ligand chosen from [{'sub': 1', '4, 'the R units being, independently of one another, from (C-C)alkoxy groups;'}, {'sub': 1', '4', '3', '4, 'the R′ units being, independently of one another, from (C-C)alkyl and (C-C)cycloalkyl groups; and'}, 'wherein *represents a coordination of the ligand to the platinum., 'with22. The process of claim 20 , wherein the organometallic compound is (cod)Pt(OSi(OtBu))or (cod)Pt(Cl)(N(TMS)).23. The process of claim 20 , wherein the support comprises a ceramic claim 20 , a heat-resistant polymer claim 20 , a glass claim 20 , a perovskite claim 20 , or a textile comprising a microporous carbon-based surface layer.24. The process of claim 23 , wherein the support comprises LaAlO claim 23 , Si claim 23 , or SiC.25. The process of claim 20 , wherein the support is a carbon-based support.26. The process of claim 20 , wherein the support comprises one or more ...

Potassium-Oxygen Batteries Based on Potassium Superoxide

Potassium-oxygen (K—O) batteries based on potassium superoxide (KO) are provided. The K—Obatteries can exhibit high specific energy a low discharge/charge potential gap (e.g., a discharge/charge potential gap of less than 50 mV at a current density of 0.16 mA/cm) without the use of any catalysts. The discharge product of the K—Obatteries is K—O, which is both kinetically stable and thermodynamically stable. As a consequence of the stability of the discharge product, the K—Obatteries can exhibit improved operational stability relative to other metal-air batteries. 1. A potassium-oxygen battery comprising:a first electrode comprising potassium;a second electrode; and{'sup': '+', 'a Kelectrolyte solution comprising an ether solvent.'}2. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode comprises potassium metal.3. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode comprises a porous carbon electrode.4. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein after discharging the battery claim 1 , the second electrode comprises potassium superoxide (KO).5. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the ether solvent comprises a solvent selected from the group consisting of dimethoxyethane claim 1 , diglyme claim 1 , tetraglyme claim 1 , and butyl diglyme.6. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the ether solvent comprises a mixture of diglyme and butyl diglyme.7. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the Kelectrolyte solution comprises KPF.8. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the potassium-oxygen battery further comprises a separator.9. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 8 , wherein the separator comprises a glassy fiber separator.10. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the potassium-oxygen battery exhibits a discharge/charge potential gap of less than 50 mV at a current density of 0.16 mA/cm.11. The potassium-oxygen battery of claim 1 , wherein the potassium-oxygen battery ...

ELECTROLYTE LAYER-ANODE COMPOSITE MEMBER FOR FUEL CELL, CELL STRUCTURE, FUEL CELL, AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING COMPOSITE MEMBER

Provided is an electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell, the electrolyte layer-anode composite member including an anode and a solid electrolyte layer having ion conductivity, the anode being an aggregate of granules including a composite metal, the composite metal including a nickel element and an iron element, the granules including a plurality of pores, the composite metal accounting for 80% by mass or more of the anode, the anode having a bulk density of 75% or less of a real density of the composite metal. Also provided is a cell structure including the electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell described above, and a cathode arranged on a side of the solid electrolyte layer. 1. An electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell , the electrolyte layer-anode composite member comprising:an anode; anda solid electrolyte layer having ion conductivity,the anode being an aggregate of granules including a composite metal,the composite metal including a nickel element and an iron element,the granules including a plurality of pores,the composite metal accounting for 80% by mass or more of the anode,the anode having a bulk density of 75% or less of a real density of the composite metal.2. The electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the pores have a diameter of 500 nm or less.3. A cell structure comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'the electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell according to ; and'}a cathode arranged on a side of the solid electrolyte layer.4. A fuel cell comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00003', 'claim 3'}, 'the cell structure according to ;'}a fuel channel for supplying a fuel to the anode; andan oxidizer channel for supplying an oxidizer to the cathode.5. A method for manufacturing an electrolyte layer-anode composite member for a fuel cell claim 1 , the method comprising heat-treating a stacked body of a first layer ...

METHOD

The present invention relates to methods of immobilising metals on polymeric surfaces using surfactants and to products that can be formed by such methods. Polymer substrates with metal immobilised on the surface are very useful in a variety of applications. The metal is usually in the form of a nanoparticle. A major use of the invention is in catalysts. The invention can also be used in medical applications, such as to make antimicrobial surfaces. 1. A method of immobilising metals on a polymeric substrate , the method comprising the steps of:(1) providing a polymeric substrate that has a surface;(2) treating the surface with an aqueous surfactant solution under conditions that lead to surfactant being partially absorbed into the surface; then(3) adding to the surface a metal salt solution, so that ions of the metal salt become associated with partially absorbed surfactant; and(4) adding to the metal salt solution on the surface a reducing agent, so that metal ions in the metal salt solution are reduced to metal particles.2. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the surface of the polymeric substrate is hydrophobic.3. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric substrate is a polyolefin claim 1 , preferably wherein the polymeric substrate is polypropylene or polyethylene.4. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymeric substrate is microporous.5. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous surfactant solution comprises a cationic surfactant claim 1 , preferably wherein the aqueous surfactant solution comprises benzalkonium chloride claim 1 , benzyl-dodecyl-dimethylammonium bromide claim 1 , benzyl dimethyloctadecylazanium chloride claim 1 , benzylhexadecyldimethylazanium chloride or thonzonium bromide.6. A method according to claim 1 , wherein the metal salt solution comprises an iron claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , rhenium claim 1 , vanadium claim 1 , rhodium or silver salt claim 1 , preferably wherein the metal salt ...

CATALYST COMPRISING PT, NI, AND RU

Catalysts comprising nanostmctured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt, Ni, and Ru, wherein the Pt is present in a range from 33.9 to 35.9 atomic percent, the Ni is present in a range from 60.3 to 63.9 atomic percent, and the Ru is present in a range from 0.5 to 9.9 atomic percent and wherein the total atomic percent of Pt, Ni, and Ru equals 100. Catalyst described herein are useful, 0 for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies. 1. A catalyst comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt , Ni , and Ru , wherein , when considering only the collective Pt , Ni , and Ru , the Pt is present in a range from 32.4-37.0 atomic percent , the Ni is present in a range from 57.7-63.7 atomic percent , and the Ru is present in a range from 0.5-9.9 atomic percent , and wherein the total atomic percent of the collective of Pt , Ni , and Ru equals 100.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the Pt is present in a range from 35.3-36.8 atomic percent claim 1 , the Ni is present in a range from 61.8 to 63.962.2-63.7 atomic percent claim 1 , and the Ru is present in a range from 0.5 to 5.90.5-2.0 atomic percent.3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises a layer comprising platinum and nickel and a layer comprising ruthenium on the layer comprising platinum and nickel.4. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent thickness up to 25 nm.5. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises alternating layers comprising platinum and nickel and layers comprising ruthenium.6. The catalyst of claim 5 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent thickness up to 25 nm.7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the ...

ELECTROCATALYST FOR HYDROGEN EVOLUTION AND OXIDATION REACTIONS

A metallic alloy includes Cu and one or more metals M selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Zn, wherein the alloy has a surface in the form of a vermiculated arrangement of irregular, nanoporous lands separated by troughs or channels. It can be made by contacting a precursor alloy including Cu, M and Al with a caustic liquid under conditions sufficient to remove the Al. Or, a metallic alloy includes Cu and one or more metals M selected from the group consisting of Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni and Zn, wherein the one or more metals M in total constitute in a range of 3 at. % to 7 at. %, relative to the total of Cu and M. Both types of alloy can be used as an electrocatalyst in a water electrolyzer or a hydrogen fuel cell. 1. A metallic alloy comprising Cu and one or more metals M selected from the group consisting of Ti , V , Cr , Mn , Fe , Co , Ni and Zn , wherein the alloy has a surface in the form of a vermiculated arrangement of irregular , nanoporous lands or ridges separated by troughs or channels.2. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein M comprises Ti.3. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein M comprises Ni.4. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein M comprises Co.5. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy consists of Cu and Ti.6. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metals M in total constitute in a range of 1 at. % to 15 at. % claim 1 , relative to the total of Cu and M.7. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metals M in total constitute in a range of 2 at. % to 8 at. % claim 1 , relative to the total of Cu and M.8. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the one or more metals M in total constitute in a range of 3 at. % to 7 at. % claim 1 , relative to the total of Cu and M.9. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy further comprises Al.10. The metallic alloy of claim 1 , wherein the alloy consists of Cu claim 1 , Ti and Al.11. A method of producing the metallic alloy of ...

Oxygen reduction reaction catalyst

A method for the manufacture of an oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) catalyst, the method comprising; providing a metal organic framework (MOF) material having a specific internal pore volume of 0.7 cm 3 g −1 or greater; providing a source of iron and/or cobalt; pyrolysing the MOF material together with the source of iron and/or cobalt to form the catalyst, wherein the MOF material comprises nitrogen and/or the MOF material is pyrolysed together with a source of nitrogen and the source of iron and/or cobalt is disclosed.

CATALYST COMPRISING PT, NI, AND TA

Catalysts comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt, Ni, and Ta, wherein the Pt is present in a range from 32.0 to 35.7 atomic percent, the Ni is present in a range from 57.2 to 64.0 atomic percent, and the Ta is present in a range from 0.26 to 10.8 atomic percent, and wherein the total atomic percent of Pt, Ni, and Ta equals 100. Catalyst described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies. 1. A catalyst comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt , Ni , and Ta ,wherein the Pt is present in a range from 34.1 to 35.6 atomic percent, the Ni is present in a range from 60.8 to 63.6 atomic percent, and the Ta is present in a range from 0.78 to 5.1 atomic percent, and collectively the atomic percentages of Pt, Ni, and Ta add up to 100.2. (canceled)3. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises a layer comprising platinum and nickel and a layer comprising tantalum on the layer comprising platinum and nickel.4. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent thickness up to 25 nm.5. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises alternating layers comprising platinum and nickel and layers comprising tantalum.6. The catalyst of claim 5 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent thickness up to 25 nm.7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises a layer comprising platinum claim 1 , a layer comprising nickel on the layer comprising platinum claim 1 , and a layer comprising tantalum on the layer comprising nickel.8. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises a layer comprising nickel claim 1 , a layer ...

CATALYST COMPRISING PT, NI, AND CR

Catalysts comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt, Ni, and Cr, wherein the Pt is present in a range from 32.4 to 35.8 atomic percent, the Ni is present in a range from 57.7 to 63.7 atomic percent, and the Cr is present in a range from 0.5 to 10.0 atomic percent, and wherein the total atomic percent of Pt, Ni, and Cr equals 100. Catalyst described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies. 1. A catalyst comprising nanostructured elements comprising microstructured whiskers having an outer surface at least partially covered by a catalyst material comprising at least 90 atomic percent collectively Pt , Ni , and Cr , wherein , when considering only the collective Pt , Ni , and Cr , the Pt is present in a range from 32.4 to 35.8 atomic percent , the Ni is present in a range from 57.7 to 63.7 atomic percent , and the Cr is present in a range from 0.5 to 10.0 atomic percent , and wherein the total atomic percent of the collective Pt , Ni , and Cr equals 100.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the Pt is present in a range from 33.8 to 35.8 atomic percent claim 1 , the Ni is present in a range from 60.3 to 63.7 atomic percent claim 1 , and the Cr is present in a range from 0.5 to 5.9 atomic percent of the collective Pt claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , and Cr.3. The catalyst of any preceding claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises a layer comprising platinum and nickel and a layer comprising chromium on the layer comprising platinum and nickel.4. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent thickness up to 25 nm.5. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises alternating layers comprising platinum and nickel and layers comprising chromium.6. The catalyst of claim 5 , wherein each layer independently has a planar equivalent ...

METHOD OF MAKING CARBON NANOTUBES DOPED WITH IRON, NITROGEN AND SULPHUR

A method of making carbon nanotubes doped with iron, nitrogen and sulphur for an oxygen reduction reaction catalyst includes the steps of mixing an iron containing oxidising agent with a sulphur-containing dye to form a fibrous fluctuate of reactive templates and using these for in-situ polymerisation of an azo compound to form polymer-dye nanotubes, adding an alkali to precipitate magnetite, and subjecting the nanotubes to pyrolysis, acid leaching, and heat treatment. 1. A composition of carbon nanotubes , comprising:a plurality of polymer coated carbon nanotubes; anda plurality of dopants including iron, nitrogen and sulphur; wherein the iron is in the form of magnetite crystals.2. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of polymer coated carbon nanotubes is coated with azo polymer.3. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the magnetite crystals anchor to the carbon nanotubes.4. The composition according to claim 3 , wherein the magnetite crystals are embedded in the wall of the carbon nanotubes.5. The composition according to claim 4 , wherein the wall of the carbon nanotubes further includes a plurality of nanopores.6. The composition according to claim 5 , wherein the plurality of nanopores is arrange to facilitate catalytic activities on the surface of the carbon nanotubes.7. The composition according to claim 1 , wherein the magnetite crystals includes iron oxide.8. The composition according to claim 7 , wherein the magnetite crystals includes FeO.9. The composition according to claim 1 , for use as a functional material in an electrode claim 1 , filter claim 1 , absorber claim 1 , catalyst claim 1 , sensor claim 1 , and/or the like.10. The composition according to claim 9 , wherein the doped carbon nanotubes are used as oxygen reduction reaction catalysts.11. The composition according to claim 10 , wherein the doped carbon nanotubes are used in an electrode of an electrical energy storage device.12. The composition according to ...

POROUS CARBON FILMS

Self-supporting or supported porous carbon films, including nanoporous carbon films, are provided. The porous carbon films comprise an open network of interconnected pores. Methods for making porous carbon films are also provided. One synthesis method includes formation of a synthesis mixture comprising particles of an inorganic material, a carbon precursor material and water, forming a layer of the synthesis mixture on a substrate and heat treating the film to convert the carbon precursor to carbon. 1) A method for synthesis of a porous carbon-based film , the method comprising the steps of:a) forming a mixture comprising particles of an inorganic material, a carbon precursor material and water;b) forming a layer of the mixture on a substrate;c) removing water from the layer to form a film;d) removing the film from the substrate;e) heat treating the film for a time sufficient to convert the carbon precursor in the film to carbon, thereby forming a composite film comprising carbon and the particles of inorganic material; andf) removing the inorganic material from the composite film, thereby forming a porous carbon-based film.2) The method of claim 1 , wherein:i) the porous carbon film is self-supporting;ii) the porous carbon film is a nanoporous carbon film;iii) the inorganic material is a metal oxide;iv) the inorganic material is colloidal silica;v) the particles of inorganic material are spherical in shape;vi) the average size of the particles of the inorganic material is 1 nm to 10 μm;vii) the mass ratio of the carbon precursor to the inorganic material is in the range from 1/50 to 5/1;viii) in step e, the film is exposed to a temperature from 500° C. to 1500° C. for 0.1 to 48 hours;ix) in step e, the film is heated from room temperature to a temperature from 500° C. to 1500° C. at a rate of 0.1° C./min to 100° C./min;x) in step e, the film is exposed to a temperature of 100° C. to 500° C. for 0.1 to 48 hours prior to exposure of the film to a temperature from ...

HOLLOW NANOPARTICLES WITH HYBRID DOUBLE LAYERS

The present invention discloses the morphology of hollow, double-shelled submicrometer particles generated through a rapid aerosol-based process. The inner shell is an essentially hydrophobic carbon layer of nanoscale dimension (5-20 nm), and the outer shell is a hydrophilic silica layer of approximately 5-40 nm, with the shell thickness being a function of the particle size. The particles are synthesized by exploiting concepts of salt bridging to lock in a surfactant (CTAB) and carbon precursors together with iron species in the interior of a droplet. This deliberate negation of surfactant templating allows a silica shell to form extremely rapidly, sealing in the organic species in the particle interior. Subsequent pyrolysis results in a buildup of internal pressure, forcing carbonaceous species against the silica wall to form an inner shell of carbon. The incorporation of magnetic iron oxide into the shells opens up applications in external stimuli-responsive nanomaterials.

Core-Shell Fuel Cell Electrodes

Embodiments of the disclosure relate to electrocatalysts. The electrocatalyst may include at least one gas-diffusion layer having a first side and a second side, and particle cores adhered to at least one of the first and second sides of the at least one gas-diffusion layer. The particle cores includes surfaces adhered to the at least one of the first and second sides of the at least one gas-diffusion layer and surfaces not in contact with the at least one gas-diffusion layer. Furthermore, a thin layer of catalytically atoms may be adhered to the surfaces of the particle cores not in contact with the at least one gas-diffusion layer. 1. An electrocatalyst comprising:at least one gas-diffusion layer having a first side and a second side;particle cores adhered to at least the first side of the at least one gas-diffusion layer, wherein the particle cores include a first surface area adhered to the first side of the at least one gas-diffusion layer and a second surface area not in contact with the at least one gas-diffusion layer; anda thin layer of catalytically active metal atoms adhered to the second surface area of the particle cores not in contact with the at least one gas-diffusion layer.2. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the particle core comprises a noble metal.3. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the particle core further comprises a non-noble metal.4. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the thin layer of catalytically active metal atoms comprises noble metals.5. The electrocatalyst of claim 4 , wherein the thin layer of noble metal atoms is one to three monolayers thick.6. The electrocatalyst of claim 5 , wherein the thin layer of noble metal atoms comprises platinum (Pt).7. The electrocatalyst of wherein the particle core is a nanoparticle having dimensions of 1 to 100 nm along three orthogonal directions.8. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 , wherein the particle core comprises an alloy.9. The electrocatalyst claim 1 , wherein the particle ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING CATALYTICALLY ACTIVE POWDERS FROM METALLIC SILVER OR FROM MIXTURES OF METALLIC SILVER WITH SILVER OXIDE FOR PRODUCING GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODES

The invention relates to an electrochemical method for producing catalytically active powder from mixtures of metallic silver, optionally with silver oxides, which are particularly suitable for use in oxygen-consuming electrodes, in particular for use in chlor-alkali electrolysis. The invention also relates to the use of said electrodes in chlor-alkali electrolysis or fuel cell technology or in metal/air batteries. 114.-. (canceled)15. A process for producing electrochemically active silver-containing powder from metallic silver comprising anodic dissolution of the metallic silver to form silver ions in an electrolyte containing a silver salt , and a further alkali metal salt , and cathodic deposition of particles comprising at least silver and silver oxide from the electrolyte , with the deposited particles being removed from the cathode and isolated , wherein the pH during the deposition is not more than 9 and at least 1.16. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrolyte contains silver ions and also ions from the alkali metal or alkaline earth metal group in the concentration range up to its respective solubility limit.17. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the current density is at least 200 A/m claim 15 , preferably from 200 to 5000 A/m.18. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the electrochemical production process is carried out at a temperature of the electrolyte of from 0 to 50° C.19. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the pH rises by not more than two units.20. The process as claimed in claim 19 , wherein the pH of the electrolyte is kept constant during deposition.21. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the particles removed from the cathode are purified and dried to such an extent that the nitrate content in the silver/silver oxide powder is less than 0.5% by weight.22. The process as claimed in claim 15 , wherein the isolated powder produced on the cathode comprises metallic silver and silver oxide with ...

CATALYST FOR RECHARGEABLE ENERGY STORAGE DEVICES AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME

According to various aspects of the present disclosure, a catalyst for rechargeable energy storage devices having a first transition metal and a second transition metal, wherein the first and second transition metals are formed on carbon nanotubes, the carbon nanotubes are doped with nitrogen and phosphorous, wherein the carbon nanotubes have edges and interlayer spaces and are axially aligned, and the first and second transition metals form bimetal centers, wherein the bimetal centers may be uniformly distributed catalytic active sites located at the edges or the interlayer spaces of the carbon nanotubes providing intercalated layers. The present FeCo—NPCNTs are a morphology-dependent catalyst that provides effective performance for bifunctional oxygen reduction reaction and oxygen evolution reaction in metal-air-cells and fuel cells. 1. A catalyst for rechargeable energy storage devices comprising:a first transition metal and a second transition metal, wherein the first and second transition metals are formed on carbon nanotubes;the carbon nanotubes are doped with nitrogen (N) and phosphorous (P), wherein the carbon nanotubes have edges and interlayer spaces, and are axially aligned, wherein the carbon nanotubes are filled with intercalated layers; andthe first and second transition metals are formed as bimetal centers that are principally located at the edges or the interlayer spaces of the carbon nanotubes providing catalytically active sites.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the first and second transition metals are selected from the group comprising iron (Fe) claim 1 , cobalt (Co) claim 1 , nickel (Ni) claim 1 , manganese (Mn) claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.3. The catalyst of claim 1 , further comprising:the first transition metal is Fe; andthe second transition metal is Co.4. The catalyst of claim 3 , wherein the bimetal centers further comprise catalytically active sites comprising single Fe and Co atoms having sub-nanometer or atomic scale claim 3 , ...

Catalyst

A process for preparing a catalyst material, said catalyst material comprising a support material, a first metal and one or more second metals, wherein the first metal and the second metal(s) are alloyed and wherein the first metal is a platinum group metal and the second metal(s) is selected from the group of transition metals and tin provided the second metal(s) is different to the first metal is disclosed. The process comprises depositing a silicon oxide before or after deposition of the second metal(s), alloying the first and second metals and subsequently removing silicon oxide. A catalyst material prepared by this process is also disclosed. 1. A process for preparing a catalyst material , said catalyst material comprising a support material , a first metal and one or more second metals , wherein the first metal and the second metal(s) are alloyed and wherein the first metal is a platinum group metal and the second metal(s) is selected from the group of transition metals and tin provided the second metal(s) is different to the first metal , said process comprising the steps:(i) providing a catalyst material precursor comprising the first metal supported on the support material;(ii) depositing a silicon oxide precursor and one or more second metal precursors on the catalyst material precursor;(iii) carrying out a first heat treatment step to convert the silicon oxide precursor to silicon oxide;(iv) carrying out a second heat treatment step to alloy the first metal and the second metal(s); and(v) removing at least some of the silicon oxide to give the catalyst material.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (ii) the silicon oxide precursor is deposited prior to the second metal precursor(s).3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (ii) the second metal precursor(s) is deposited prior to the silicon oxide precursor.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises two or more second metals and wherein in step ...

HIERARCHICAL METAL/TiSi2 NANOSTRUCTURE MATERIALS AND METHOD OF PREPARATION THEREOF

The invention provides a unique catalyst system without the need for carbon. Metal nanoparticles were grown onto conductive, two-dimensional material of TiSinanonet by atomic layer deposition. The growth exhibited a unique selectivity with the elemental metal deposited only on defined surfaces of the nanonets in nanoscale without mask or patterning. 1. A catalytic system comprising nanoparticles of a metallic element grown onto one or more two-dimensional conductive nanostructures of TiSi , wherein the catalyst system does not comprise carbon.2. The catalytic system of claim 1 , wherein the metallic element is selected from Pt claim 1 , Ru and Pd.3. The catalytic system of claim 2 , wherein the nanoparticles of a metallic element are grown onto the one or more two-dimensional conductive nanostructures of TiSiby atomic layer deposition.4. The catalytic system of claim 3 , wherein the nanoparticles of a metallic element are grown onto the one or more two-dimensional conductive nanostructures of TiSiwithout mask or patterning.5. The catalytic system of claim 4 , wherein the nanoparticles of a metallic element are selectively grown only on the top/bottom surfaces of the one or more two-dimensional conductive nanostructures of TiSi.6. The catalytic system of claim 5 , wherein the nanoparticles of a metallic element are crystalline.7. The catalytic system of claim 4 , wherein the nanostructures of TiSiare nanonets of TiSi.8. The catalytic system of claim 2 , wherein the metallic element is Pt.9. The catalytic system of claim 2 , wherein the metallic element is Ru.10. The catalytic system of claim 2 , wherein the metallic element is Pd.11. The catalytic system of claim 8 , selectively exhibiting a 5-fold twinned structure exposing {111} surfaces of Pt.12. A fuel cell comprising the catalytic system of .13. A battery comprising the catalytic system of .14. Nanoparticles of a metallic element grown on a surface of a two-dimensional conductive nanostructure of TiSi.15. The ...

REDOX FLOW BATTERY

Provided in the present invention is a redox flow battery including a positive electrode, a negative electrode and a separation membrane, wherein a positive electrode electrolyte composed of an aqueous solution containing vanadium ions is supplied into a positive electrode chamber, and a negative electrode electrolyte composed of an aqueous solution containing vanadium ions is supplied into a negative electrode chamber, to carry out charging and discharging of the battery. In the redox flow battery, zirconium or titanium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof is used as a positive electrode material, and when the positive electrode material is zirconium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof, the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte contain sulfuric acid; and when the positive electrode material is titanium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof, the positive electrode electrolyte contains nitric acid. 1. A redox flow battery comprising a positive electrode , a negative electrode and a separation membrane ,wherein a positive electrode electrolyte composed of an aqueous solution containing vanadium ions is supplied into a positive electrode chamber, and a negative electrode electrolyte composed of an aqueous solution containing vanadium ions is supplied into a negative electrode chamber, to carryout charging and discharging of the battery; and when the positive electrode material is zirconium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof, the positive electrode electrolyte and the negative electrode electrolyte contain sulfuric acid; and', 'when the positive electrode material is titanium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof, the positive electrode electrolyte contains nitric acid., 'wherein zirconium or titanium coated with a noble metal or a compound thereof is used as a positive electrode material, and'}2. The redox flow battery according to claim 1 , wherein the positive electrode is ...

MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY OF FUEL CELL

A membrane electrode assembly includes a proton exchange membrane and at least one electrode located on the proton exchange membrane, wherein the at least one electrode includes a carbon fiber film. The carbon fiber film includes at least one carbon nanotube film including a number of carbon nanotubes joined end to end and extending along a same direction. Each of the number of carbon nanotubes is joined with a number of graphene sheets, and an angle is between a lengthwise direction of each of the number of graphene sheets and the number of carbon nanotubes. 1. A membrane electrode assembly comprising:a proton exchange membrane; and at least one carbon nanotube film comprising a plurality of carbon nanotubes joined end to end and extending along a same direction;', 'wherein each of the plurality of carbon nanotubes is joined with a plurality of graphene sheets, and an angle is defined between a lengthwise direction of each of the plurality of graphene sheets and the plurality of carbon nanotubes., 'at least one electrode located on the proton exchange membrane, wherein the at least one electrode comprises a carbon fiber film comprising2. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein an outside wall of each of the plurality of carbon nanotubes is joined with the plurality of graphene sheets by a covalent bond.3. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of carbon nanotubes is substantially parallel to a surface of the at least one carbon nanotube film.4. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the angle is in a range from about 0 degrees to about 90 degrees.5. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the angle is in a range from about 30 degrees to about 60 degrees.6. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , further comprising a negative current collector claim 1 , and the carbon fiber film is located on the negative current collector.7. The membrane electrode assembly of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of ...

Method for manufacturing electrode for fuel cell and electrode manufactured thereby

A method for manufacturing an electrode for a fuel cell includes a mixing step of producing a first mixed solution by mixing a carbon support, a metal catalyst, a binder and a first dispersion solvent, a drying step of producing a first mixed solution dried body by drying the first mixed solution, a heat treatment step of heating the first mixed solution dried body, a second mixed solution production step of producing a second mixed solution by dissolving the heat-treated first mixed solution dried body in a second dispersion solvent, and a release paper coating step of producing an electrode by coating the second mixed solution onto a release paper, and then drying the second mixed solution.

REDOX FLOW SECONDARY BATTERY

The present invention relates to a redox flow secondary battery. The redox flow secondary battery of the present invention comprises a unit cell including a pair of electrodes made of a porous metal, wherein the surface of the porous metal is coated with carbon. According to the present invention, a redox flow secondary battery using porous metal electrodes uniformly coated with carbon is provided, thus improving conductivity of the electrodes, and the electrodes have surfaces uniformly coated with a carbon layer having a wide specific surface area, thus improving reactivity. As a result, capacity of the redox flow secondary battery and energy efficiency can be improved and resistance of a cell can be effectively reduced. Further, the electrodes are uniformly coated with a carbon layer, thus also improving corrosion resistance. 1. A redox flow secondary battery , comprising:a unit cell formed of a porous metal, and including a pair of electrodes formed at a surface of the porous metal coated with carbon;a pair of current collectors bonded to both outer surfaces of the unit cell; anda pair of cell frames attached to each outer surface of the current collectors.2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the amount of carbon coated on the surface of the porous metal is 50 wt % or less compared to a weight of the porous metal.3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the porous metal be any one selected from nickel (Ni) claim 1 , copper (Cu) claim 1 , iron (Fe) claim 1 , molybdenum (Mo) claim 1 , titanium (Ti) claim 1 , platinum (Pt) claim 1 ,4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the coating is performed using any one selected from a dip coating method and a spray coating method.5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein a carbon content of coating slurry to be used for the coating is 50 wt % or more.6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the unit cell comprises:an ion exchange layer;the pair of electrodes each bonded to both surfaces of the ion exchange layer and including an anode and a ...

Interconnector material, intercellular separation structure, and solid electrolyte fuel cell

Provided is an interconnector material which is chemically stable in both oxidation atmospheres and reduction atmospheres, has a high electron conductivity (electric conductivity), a low ionic conductivity, does not contain Cr, and enables a reduction in sintering temperature. The interconnector material is arranged between a plurality of cells each composed of an anode layer, a solid electrolyte layer, and a cathode layer stacked sequentially, and electrically connects the plurality of cells to each other in series in a solid electrolyte fuel cell. The interconnector is formed of a ceramic composition represented by the composition formula La(Fe 1-x Al x )O 3 in which 0<x<0.5.

Metal fine particle association and method for producing the same

There is provided a metal fine particle association suitably applied to an electrode catalyst to achieve even higher output leading to reduction in amount of the catalyst used, and a process for producing the same, that is, a metal fine particle association including a plurality of metal fine particles that have a mean particle diameter of 1 nm to 10 nm and are associated to form a single assembly, an association mixture including the metal fine particle association and a conductive support; a premix for forming an association, including metal fine particles, a metal fine particle dispersant made of a hyperbranched polymer, and a conductive support; and a method for producing the association mixture.

HIGH CAPACITY ORGANIC RADICAL MEDIATED PHOSPHOROUS ANODE FOR REDOX FLOW BATTERIES

A battery includes a redox flow anode chamber coupled to an anode current collector, a separator, and an external container in fluid connection with the redox flow anode chamber. The external container has therein a solid phosphorus material. A first redox-active mediator and the second redox-active mediator are circulated through the half-cell electrode chamber and the external container. During a charging cycle the first redox-active mediator is reduced at the current collector electrode and the reduced first mediator reduces the phosphorus material, and wherein during a discharging cycle the second redox-active mediator is oxidized at the anode current collector electrode, and the second redox-active mediator is then reduced by the reduced phosphorus material. A method of operating a battery and a method of making a battery are also discussed. 1. A battery , comprising:a redox flow anode chamber coupled to an anode current collector electrode;a separator conducting at least one selected from the group consisting of lithium ions and sodium ions, and coupled to the anode chamber, wherein the anode chamber comprises a first redox-active mediator and a second redox-active mediator;an external container in fluid connection with the redox flow anode chamber, the external container having therein a solid phosphorus material, wherein the first redox-active mediator and the second redox-active mediator are circulated through the half-cell electrode chamber and the external container;wherein the phosphorus material has an average redox potential between the redox potential of the first mediator and the redox potential of the second mediator, wherein during a charging cycle the first redox-active mediator is reduced at the current collector and subsequently reduces the phosphorus material, and wherein during a discharging cycle the second mediator is oxidized at the current collector, and the second redox-active mediator is then reduced by the reduced phosphorus material.2. ...

CATALYST MATERIAL FOR A FUEL CELL OR AN ELECTROLYSER AND ASSOCIATED PRODUCTION METHOD

The invention relates to a multi-component catalyst material for use in a fuel cell or electrolysis system, in particular in a regenerative fuel cell or reversible electrolyser. 1. A catalyst material for a fuel cell or an electrolyser , comprising a multi-component system includinga manganese oxide doped with a dopant M,a NiFe intercalation compound, anda conductive carbon-containing carrier material on which the doped manganese oxide and the NiFe intercalation compound are directly or indirectly arranged.2. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the doped manganese oxide is a cryptomelane-type manganese dioxide according to the formula M:α-MnO.3. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the dopant M is selected from the group of iron claim 1 , nickel claim 1 , copper claim 1 , silver and/or cobalt.4. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the dopant M is contained in the manganese oxide in a proportion in the range from 0.1 to 3.5 wt % claim 1 , in particular in the range from 0.2 to 3.35 wt %.5. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the NiFe intercalation compound is a NiFe LDH claim 1 , which in particular has 1.5 to 5 times the proportion by weight of nickel in relation to iron.6. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the NiFe intercalation compound is a NiFe intercalation compound modified by anion exchange.7. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive carbon-containing carrier material is selected from carbon black claim 1 , graphene claim 1 , nanostructured carbon claim 1 , carbon nanotubes and/or a carbonised carrier particle.8. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive carbon-containing carrier material is modified by oxygen claim 1 , nitrogen and/or phosphorus.9. The catalyst material according to claim 1 , wherein the NiFe intercalation compound is grown directly on the conductive carbon-containing carrier material.10. An electrode ...

Metal Support-Type Fuel Cell and Fuel Cell Module

A metal support-type fuel cell that has a configuration in which a fuel cell element is supported by a metal support, and is capable of reasonably and effectively utilizing an internal reforming reaction even when an anode layer provided in the fuel cell element has a thickness of several tens of micron order is obtained. A fuel cell element is formed in a thin layer shape on a metal support, an internal reforming catalyst layer for producing hydrogen from a raw fuel gas by a steam reforming reaction is provided in a cell unit, and an internal reformed fuel supply path for discharging steam generated by a power generation reaction from an anode layer to lead the steam to the internal reforming catalyst layer, and leading the produced hydrogen to the anode layer is provided. 1. A metal support-type fuel cell configured as a fuel cell single unit comprising:a fuel cell element in which an anode layer and a cathode layer are formed with an electrolyte layer interposed therebetween, a reducing gas supply path for supplying a gas containing hydrogen to the anode layer, and an oxidizing gas supply path for supplying a gas containing oxygen to the cathode layer,the fuel cell element is formed in a thin layer shape on a metal support,an internal reforming catalyst layer for producing hydrogen from a raw fuel gas by a steam reforming reaction is provided in the fuel cell single unit, andan internal reformed fuel supply path for discharging steam generated by a power generation reaction from the anode layer to lead the steam to the internal reforming catalyst layer, and leading hydrogen produced in the internal reforming catalyst layer to the anode layer.2. The metal support-type fuel cell according to claim 1 ,wherein a plurality of through-holes penetrating the metal support are provided,the anode layer is provided on one surface of the metal support, the reducing gas supply path is provided along another surface of the metal support, and the internal reforming catalyst ...

CORE-SHELL STRUCTURED ELECTROCATALYSTS FOR FUEL CELLS AND PRODUCTION METHOD THEREOF

Disclosed is a method for producing a core-shell structured electrocatalyst for a fuel cell. The method includes uniformly supporting nano-sized core particles on a support to obtain a core support, and selectively forming a shell layer only on the surface of the core particles of the core support. According to the method, the core and the shell layer can be formed without the need for a post-treatment process, such as chemical treatment and heat treatment. Further disclosed is a core-shell structured electrocatalyst for a fuel cell produced by the method. The core-shell structured electrocatalyst has a large amount of supported catalyst and exhibits superior catalytic activity and excellent electrochemical properties. Further disclosed is a fuel cell including the core-shell structured electrocatalyst. 1. A method for preparing core nanoparticles supported on a support for a core-shell structured electrocatalyst , comprising(a) reacting a support with a precursor of at least one core-forming metal in an ether-based solvent.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction in step (a) is carried out at 80 to 120° C.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the core is composed of an alloy of Pd and Cu claim 1 , and step (a) is carried out at room temperature.4. The method according claim 1 , wherein the ether-based solvent is selected from benzyl ether claim 1 , phenyl ether claim 1 , dimethoxytetraglycol claim 1 , furan-based aromatic ethers claim 1 , and mixtures of two or more thereof.5. A method for producing a core-shell structured electrocatalyst for a fuel cell claim 1 , comprising(a) reacting a support with a precursor of at least one core-forming metal in an ether-based solvent to obtain core nanoparticles supported on the support, and(b) reducing a precursor of at least one shell-forming metal using an ester-based reducing agent in a solution in which the core nanoparticles supported on the support are dipped or dispersed.7. The method according ...

CATALYST

A process for preparing a catalyst material, said catalyst material comprising a support material, a first metal and one or more second metals, wherein the first metal and the second metal(s) are alloyed and wherein the first metal is a platinum group metal and the second metal(s) is selected from the group of transition metals and tin provided the second metal(s) is different to the first metal is disclosed. The process comprises depositing a silicon oxide before or after deposition of the second metal(s), alloying the first and second metals and subsequently removing silicon oxide. A catalyst material prepared by this process is also disclosed. 1. A process for preparing a catalyst material , said catalyst material comprising a support material , a first metal and one or more second metals , wherein the first metal and the second metal(s) are alloyed and wherein the first metal is a platinum group metal and the second metal(s) is selected from the group consisting of transition metals and tin , provided the second metal(s) is different to the first metal , said process comprising the steps:(i) providing a catalyst material precursor comprising the first metal supported on the support material;(ii) depositing a silicon oxide precursor and one or more second metal precursors on the catalyst material precursor;(iii) carrying out a first heat treatment step to convert the silicon oxide precursor to silicon oxide;(iv) carrying out a second heat treatment step to alloy the first metal and the second metal(s); and(v) removal of at least some of the silicon oxide to give the catalyst material.2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (ii) the silicon oxide precursor is deposited prior to the second metal precursor(s).3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein in step (ii) the second metal precursor(s) is deposited prior to the silicon oxide precursor.4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the catalyst material comprises two or more second metals and ...

Anaerobic Aluminum-Water Electrochemical Cell

Provided is a method for generating an electrical current. The method includes: introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of an electrochemical cell, to form an electrolyte; anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy; and electrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode. When the cell is in operation, the hydroxyaluminate (Al(OH)) in the electrolyte reaches a concentration maximum and thereafter a concentration minimum. The concentration maximum is above 125% of the saturation concentration and below 2000% of the saturation concentration. The concentration minimum is below 125% of the saturation concentration and above 50% of the saturation concentration. 1. A method for generating an electrical current using an electrochemical cell comprising: a plurality of electrode stacks , each electrode stack comprising an anode including the aluminum or aluminum alloy , and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks , an electrolyte , and the physical separators; and a water injection port , in the housing , configured to introduce water into the housing , the method comprising:introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of the electrochemical cell, to form the electrolyte;anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy; andelectrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode,wherein:{'sub': '4', 'sup': '−', 'claim-text': the concentration maximum is above 125% of the saturation concentration and below 2000% of the saturation concentration, and', 'the concentration minimum is below 125% of the saturation concentration and above 50% of the saturation concentration., 'when the cell is in operation, the hydroxyaluminate (Al(OH)) in the electrolyte reaches a concentration maximum and thereafter a concentration minimum, wherein2. The method ...

Anaerobic Aluminum-Water Electrochemical Cell

Provided is a method for generating an electrical current. The method includes: introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of an electrochemical cell, to form an electrolyte; anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy at the anode; and electrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode. The electrochemical cell includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack comprising an anode including the aluminum or aluminum alloy, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, the electrolyte, and the physical separators; and a water injection port in the housing. When the cell is in operation, the concentration of aluminum species in the electrolyte is maintained between at least 0.01 M to at most 0.7 M.

Anaerobic Aluminum-Water Electrochemical Cell

Provided a method for generating an electrical current. The method includes: introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of an electrochemical cell, to form an electrolyte; anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy; and electrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode. The electrochemical cell includes: a plurality of electrode stacks, each electrode stack comprising an anode including the aluminum or aluminum alloy, and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks, the electrolyte, and the physical separators; and a water injection port. When the cell is in operation, the hydroxyaluminate concentration of the electrolyte in the cell is maintained between at least 20% to at most 750% of the saturation concentration. 1. A method for generating an electrical current using an electrochemical cell comprising: a plurality of electrode stacks , each electrode stack comprising an anode including the aluminum or aluminum alloy , and at least one cathode configured to be electrically coupled to the anode; one or more physical separators between each electrode stack adjacent to the cathode; a housing configured to hold the electrode stacks , an electrolyte , and the physical separators; and a water injection port , in the housing , configured to introduce water into the housing , the method comprising:introducing water between the anode and at least one cathode of an electrochemical cell, to form the electrolyte;anaerobically oxidizing aluminum or an aluminum alloy; andelectrochemically reducing water at the at least one cathode,wherein:when the cell is in operation, the hydroxyaluminate concentration of the electrolyte in the cell is maintained between at least 20% to at most 750% of the saturation concentration.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL DEVICES AND FUEL CELL SYSTEMS

Electrochemical devices including electrochemical pumps (ECPs) and fuel cell systems comprising a fuel cell and an ECP are disclosed. In particular, this electrochemical device can be an ECP that comprises an anode, a cathode and an anion exchange polymer separating the anode from the cathode. The ECP can be coupled to a hydroxide exchange membrane fuel cell (HEMFC) that is disclosed herein as a fuel cell system. These devices can be used in methods for removing carbon dioxide from air and for generating electricity. 168-. (canceled)69. An electrochemical pump (ECP) for separating carbon dioxide from a carbon dioxide-containing gas comprising: two electrodes that are capable of serving as an anode or a cathode, the two electrodes each independently comprising a charge-storage compound and an anion exchange polymer, the charge storage compound being capable of reacting to form hydroxide ions when serving as cathode and reacting to consume hydroxide ions or produce protons when serving as anode; and', 'a membrane adjacent to and separating the two electrodes;, 'a cell, the cell comprisingwherein the cell is adapted such that in operation:the carbon dioxide-containing gas is contacted with the electrode serving as cathode and the carbon dioxide reacts with the hydroxide ions to form bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, or bicarbonate and carbonate ions;the bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, or bicarbonate and carbonate ions are transported to the electrode serving as anode through the membrane; andthe bicarbonate ions, carbonate ions, or bicarbonate and carbonate ions react at the electrode serving as anode to form carbon dioxide and water.70. The ECP of claim 69 , wherein one or both of the two electrodes comprise a metal oxide claim 69 , a metal hydroxide claim 69 , a metal oxyhydroxide claim 69 , or a hydrogen storage alloy.71. The ECP of claim 70 , wherein the metal oxyhydroxide comprises nickel oxyhydroxide.72. The ECP of claim 70 , wherein the metal hydroxide ...

Metal Oxygen Battery System

A metal oxygen battery system. The metal oxygen battery storage system includes a metal oxygen battery, which includes a cathode and an anode including a lithium metal material. The metal oxygen battery system further includes an oxygen containment unit including an oxygen storage material and external to the metal oxygen battery. The metal oxygen battery system also includes a reversible closed-loop in fluid communication with the metal oxygen battery and the oxygen containment unit, which are spaced apart from each other. 1. (canceled)2. A metal oxygen battery system comprising:a metal oxygen battery including a cathode and an anode including a lithium metal material;an oxygen containment unit including an oxygen storage material and external to the metal oxygen battery; anda reversible closed-loop in fluid communication with the metal oxygen battery and the oxygen containment unit, which are spaced apart from each other.3. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 2 , wherein the cathode is configured to receive oxygen from the oxygen containment unit.4. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 2 , wherein the reversible closed-loop is a conduit.5. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 4 , wherein the conduit includes a first conduit and a second conduit.6. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 5 , wherein the second conduit is configured to communicate oxygen from the metal oxygen battery to the oxygen containment unit.7. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 5 , wherein the first conduit is configured to communicate oxygen from the oxygen containment unit to the metal oxygen battery.8. The metal oxygen battery system of claim 2 , wherein the oxygen containment unit has an oxygen volumetric capacity of at least 10 grams of oxygen per liter of the oxygen containment unit under an operational pressure range of 1 to 700 bar.9. A metal oxygen battery system comprising:a metal oxygen battery including a cathode and an anode including a lithium metal material ...

PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING CATALYST-LAYER-SUPPORTING SUBSTRATE, CATALYST-LAYER-SUPPORTING SUBSTRATE, MEMBRANE ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, AND FUEL CELL

A catalyst-layer-supporting substrate comprising a substrate supporting a catalyst layer; wherein the catalyst layer comprises two or more porous catalyst metal particle layers that are superposed alternately with (i) two or more intersticed layers comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Sn, Al, and Cu; or (ii) two or more fibrous carbon layers having interstices among fibers of the fibrous carbon. A method for forming a catalyst-layer-supporting structure that comprises porous catalyst metal particle by removing a pore-forming metal from a mixture layer containing a pore-forming metal and a catalyst metal. 121-. (canceled)22. A catalyst-layer-supporting substrate comprising:a substrate supporting a catalyst layer; two or more porous catalyst metal particle layers having a porosity ranging from 20% to 90% that are superposed alternately with', '(i) two or more intersticed layers comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Zn, Sn, Al, and Cu; or', '(ii) two or more fibrous-carbon layers having interstices among fibers of the fibrous carbon, wherein for (ii) the two or more porous catalyst metal particle layers having a porosity ranging from 20% to 90% are produced by removing a pore-forming metal from a mixture layer containing a pore-forming metal and the catalyst metal., 'wherein the catalyst layer comprises'}23. The catalyst-layer-supporting substrate according to that comprises (i) two or more intersticed layers comprising at least one element selected from the group consisting of Mn claim 22 , Fe claim 22 , Co claim 22 , Ni claim 22 , Zn claim 22 , Sn claim 22 , Al claim 22 , and Cu claim 22 , wherein said intersticed layers have a thickness ranging from 10 nm to 500 nm.24. The catalyst-layer-supporting substrate according to that comprises (ii) two or more fibrous-carbon layers having interstices among fibers of the fibrous carbon claim 22 , wherein said fibrous carbon ...

PRODUCTION PROCESS OF ELECTRODE CATALYST FOR FUEL CELLS, ELECTRODE CATALYST FOR FUEL CELLS AND USES THEREOF

An object of the present invention is to suppress flooding phenomenon in an electrode catalyst for fuel cells containing a metal atom, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom. A production process of an electrode catalyst for fuel cells is provided which includes a fluorination step of bringing a catalyst body into contact with fluorine, the catalyst body having an atom of at least one metal element selected from the group consisting of zinc, titanium, niobium, zirconium, aluminum, chromium, manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, copper, strontium, yttrium, tin, tungsten, cerium, samarium and lanthanum, a carbon atom, a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom. 1. A production process of an electrode catalyst for fuel cells comprising a fluorination step of bringing a catalyst body into contact with fluorine , the catalyst body comprising an atom of at least one metal element M selected from the group consisting of zinc , titanium , niobium , zirconium , aluminum , chromium , manganese , iron , cobalt , nickel , copper , strontium , yttrium , tin , tungsten , cerium , samarium and lanthanum , a carbon atom , a nitrogen atom and an oxygen atom.2. The process for producing an electrode catalyst for fuel cells according to claim 1 , wherein in the fluorination step claim 1 , the catalyst body is brought into contact with a mixture gas of fluorine gas and a diluting gas.3. The process for producing an electrode catalyst for fuel cells according to claim 2 , wherein the fluorine gas concentration in the mixture gas is from 0.1 to 50 vol %.4. The process for producing an electrode catalyst for fuel cells according to claim 1 , wherein the fluorination step is performed at 0 to 500° C.5. The process for producing an electrode catalyst for fuel cells according to claim 1 , wherein the fluorination step is performed for 1 to 120 minutes.6. The process for producing an electrode catalyst for fuel cells according to claim 1 , wherein when a composition of the catalyst body is ...

TIN-BASED CATALYSTS, THE PREPARATION THEREOF, AND FUEL CELLS USING THE SAME

A composition comprised of a tin (Sn) or lead (Pb) film, wherein the film is coated by a shell, wherein the shell: (a) is comprised of an active metal, and (b) is characterized by a thickness of less than 50 nm, is discloses herein. Further disclosed herein is the use of the composition for the oxidation of e.g., methanol, ethanol, formic acid, formaldehyde, dimethyl ether, methyl formate, and glucose. 1. A composition comprising:metal nanoparticles (NP) coated by a shell, wherein:said metal NPs comprise a metal selected from the group consisting of: tin (Sn), lead (Pb), antimony (Sb) or a combination thereof;said shell: (a) comprises a noble metal, and (b) is characterized by a thickness of less than 50 nm; andsaid metal is in an elemental state within said composition.2. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said element is Sn.3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said thickness is in the range of 2 nm to 10 nm.4. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said noble metal is selected from the group consisting of: platinum (Pt) claim 1 , palladium (Pd) claim 1 , ruthenium (Ru) claim 1 , gold (Au) claim 1 , silver (Ag) claim 1 , rhodium (Rh) claim 1 , iridium (Ir) claim 1 , or an alloy or a combination thereof.5. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said shell further comprises a metal selected from the group consisting of Sn claim 1 , Pb claim 1 , Sb claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Os claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , W claim 1 , indium-tin-oxide and selenium (Se) claim 1 , including any oxide or a combination thereof.6. The composition of claim 1 , wherein herein a median size of said metal nanoparticles is from 1 to 50 nanometers.7. The composition of claim 4 , wherein said Pt claim 4 , and Pd are in a molar ratio of from 3:1 to 1:3 claim 4 , respectively.8. The composition of claim 1 , wherein said composition is in a form of an electrocatalyst configured for oxidation of a fuel.9. The composition of claim 8 , wherein said fuel is ...

Metal-Air Battery and Production Method for Air Electrode

A battery performance of a metal-air battery is improved while still maintaining a low environmental burden. A metal-air battery includes an air electrode formed from a co-continuous substance having a three-dimensional network structure in which a plurality of nanostructures are integrated by noncovalent bonds; an anode; and an electrolyte disposed between the air electrode and the anode, in which the electrolyte is a gel electrolyte obtained by gelling an aqueous solution containing an ion conductor with a gelling agent, and the gelling agent is constituted of at least one of a plant-derived polysaccharide, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, a microbial polysaccharide, an animal-derived polysaccharide, and a group of acetic acid bacteria that produce the polysaccharides. 1. A metal-air battery comprising:an air electrode formed from a co-continuous substance having a three-dimensional network structure in which a plurality of nanostructures are integrated by noncovalent bonds;an anode; andan electrolyte disposed between the air electrode and the anode, wherein the electrolyte is a gel electrolyte obtained by gelling an aqueous solution containing an ion conductor with a gelling agent, and the gelling agent is constituted of at least one of a plant-derived polysaccharide, a seaweed-derived polysaccharide, a microbial polysaccharide, an animal-derived polysaccharide, or a group of acetic acid bacteria that produce the polysaccharides.2. The metal-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the ion conductor is constituted of one or more of a chloride claim 1 , an acetate claim 1 , a carbonate claim 1 , a citrate claim 1 , a phosphate claim 1 , 4-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-piperazine ethanesulfonic acid (HEPES) claim 1 , a pyrophosphate claim 1 , or a metaphosphate.3. The metal-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures of the air electrode are a nanosheet constituted of at least one of carbon claim 1 , iron oxide claim 1 , manganese oxide claim 1 , zinc ...

BIOFUEL CELL

The biofuel cell has a positive electrode, a negative electrode, an external circuit electrically connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode, a positive electrode region where the positive electrode is disposed, a negative electrode region where the negative electrode is disposed, and a proton permeable membrane disposed between the positive electrode region and the negative electrode region, and the negative electrode region houses a biocatalyst together with the crushed material. The negative electrode region is separated by a mesh into an electrode region and a crushed material region, the negative electrode is housed in the electrode region, and the crushed material is housed in the crushed material region. 1. A biofuel cell for generating electricity by recycling a crushed material of disposable diaper waste , comprising:a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and an external circuit electrically connecting the positive electrode and the negative electrode,a positive electrode region where the positive electrode is disposed,a negative electrode region where the negative electrode is disposed, wherein the negative electrode region houses a biocatalyst together with the crushed material, anda proton permeable membrane disposed between the positive electrode region and the negative electrode region,wherein the negative electrode region is separated by a mesh into an electrode region and a crushed material region,the negative electrode is housed in the electrode region, and the crushed material is housed in the crushed material region.2. The biofuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein the proton permeable membrane is composed of a composite cation exchange membrane containing a cation exchange membrane and an anion exchange layer formed only on a side surface of the negative electrode region of the cation exchange membrane.3. The biofuel cell according to claim 1 , wherein an electron mediator is housed in the negative electrode region.4. The ...

HIGHLY SINTER-STABLE METAL NANOPARTICLES SUPPORTED ON MESOPOROUS GRAPHITIC PARTICLES AND THEIR USE

The present invention refers to highly sinter-stable metal nanoparticles supported on mesoporous graphitic spheres, the so obtained metal-loaded mesoporous graphitic particles, processes for their preparation and the use thereof as catalysts, in particular for high temperature reactions in reducing atmosphere and cathode side oxygen reduction reaction (ORR) in PEM fuel cells.

METAL-HYDROGEN BATTERIES FOR LARGE-SCALE ENERGY STORAGE

A metal-hydrogen battery includes a first electrode, a second electrode, and an electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode. The second electrode includes a bi-functional catalyst to catalyze both hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction at the second electrode. 1. A metal-hydrogen battery , comprising:a first electrode;a second electrode; andan electrolyte disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode,wherein the second electrode includes a bi-functional catalyst to catalyze both hydrogen evolution reaction and hydrogen oxidation reaction at the second electrode.2. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 1 , wherein the second electrode includes a conductive substrate and a coating covering the conductive substrate claim 1 , and the coating includes the bi-functional catalyst.3. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 2 , wherein the conductive substrate is porous.4. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 2 , wherein the conductive substrate includes a metal foam or a metal alloy foam.5. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 2 , wherein the bi-functional catalyst includes a nickel-molybdenum-cobalt alloy.6. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 2 , wherein the coating includes nanostructures of the bi-functional catalyst.7. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 1 , wherein the first electrode includes a conductive substrate and a coating covering the conductive substrate claim 1 , and the coating includes a redox-reactive material that includes a transition metal.8. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 7 , wherein the conductive substrate is porous.9. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 7 , wherein the conductive substrate includes a metal foam or a metal alloy foam.10. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 7 , wherein the transition metal is nickel.11. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 7 , wherein the transition metal is cobalt.12. The metal-hydrogen battery of claim 7 , wherein the transition metal is manganese.13. ...

POLYARENE MEDIATORS FOR MEDIATED REDOX FLOW BATTERY

The fundamental charge storage mechanisms in a number of currently studied high energy redox couples are based on intercalation, conversion, or displacement reactions. With exception to certain metal-air chemistries, most often the active redox materials are stored physically in the electrochemical cell stack thereby lowering the practical gravimetric and volumetric energy density as a tradeoff to achieve reasonable power density. In a general embodiment, a mediated redox flow battery includes a series of secondary organic molecules that form highly reduced anionic radicals as reaction mediator pairs for the reduction and oxidation of primary high capacity redox species ex situ from the electrochemical cell stack. Arenes are reduced to stable anionic radicals that in turn reduce a primary anode to the charged state. The primary anode is then discharged using a second lower potential (more positive) arene. Compatible separators and solvents are also disclosed herein. 1. A battery comprising:an anode including an anode chamber coupled to an anode current collector electrode;a cathode including a cathode chamber coupled to a cathode current collector electrode; anda separator disposed between the anode and cathode, the separator comprising polyethylene oxide.2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the battery is a redox flow battery.3. The battery of claim 2 , wherein the anode chamber comprises a redox mediator dissolved in a solvent claim 2 , the solvent selected from the group consisting of: tetrahydrofuran claim 2 , dimethoxyethane claim 2 , diglyme claim 2 , triglyme claim 2 , tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether claim 2 , and mixtures thereof.4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the separator is a gel comprising the polyethylene oxide and tetraethyleneglycol dimethylether.5. The battery of claim 3 , wherein the redox mediator comprises biphenyl. This application is a divisional of pending U.S. application Ser. No. 14/515,423 filed Oct. 15, 2014 and entitled “POLYARENE ...

CATALYST FOR FUEL CELL AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF

A catalyst for a fuel cell and a manufacturing method thereof are provided. The manufacturing method includes the following steps. A first mixture is mixed with a solvent to form a mixture solution, wherein the first mixture includes a nitrogen-containing precursor, a sulfur-containing precursor, a non-noble metal-containing precursor, and a carbon support. The solvent in the mixture solution is removed to form a second mixture. A thermal treatment is performed on the second mixture. 1. A manufacturing method of a catalyst for a fuel cell , comprising:mixing a first mixture with a solvent to form a mixture solution, wherein the first mixture comprises a nitrogen-containing precursor, a sulfur-containing precursor, a non-noble metal-containing precursor, and a carbon support;removing the solvent in the mixture solution to form a second mixture; andperforming a thermal treatment on the second mixture.2. The manufacturing method of a catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the nitrogen-containing precursor comprises melamine claim 1 , urea claim 1 , polyaniline claim 1 , polypyrrole claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The manufacturing method of a catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the sulfur-containing precursor comprises lipoic acid claim 1 , carbon disulfide claim 1 , or a combination thereof.4. The manufacturing method of a catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the non-noble metal-containing precursor comprises an iron-containing precursor claim 1 , a cobalt-containing precursor claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The manufacturing method of a catalyst for a fuel cell of claim 1 , wherein the thermal treatment is performed in a high-temperature furnace.6. A catalyst for a fuel cell claim 1 , comprising:a carbon support; anda nitrogen-containing metal compound and a sulfur-containing metal compound,wherein the nitrogen-containing metal compound, the sulfur-containing metal compound, and the carbon support form the catalyst for a fuel ...

ELECTROCATALYST AND METHOD OF PREPARING THE SAME

An electrocatalyst includes a carbon substrate, metal oxide particles dispersed on the carbon substrate, and metal catalyst particles. The metal catalyst particles are metal substitutions in the metal oxide particles, or adsorbed on the metal oxide particles. 1. An electrocatalyst , comprising:a carbon substrate;metal oxide particles dispersed on the carbon substrate; andmetal catalyst particles,wherein the metal catalyst particles are metal substitutions in the metal oxide particles, or adsorbed on the metal oxide particles.2. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 ,{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'wherein the metal oxide particles include a member selected from the group consisting of ZrO, CeO, HfO, and combinations thereof.'}3. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 ,wherein the metal catalyst particles are transition metals or precious metals.4. The electrocatalyst of claim 3 ,wherein the transition metals include a member selected from the group consisting of Fe, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Cr, and combinations thereof.5. The electrocatalyst of claim 3 ,wherein the precious metals include a member selected from the group consisting of Ir, Ru, Os, Rh, Pt, Pd, Au, Ag, and combinations thereof.6. The electrocatalyst of claim 3 ,wherein metal components of the metal oxide particles are substituted with the transition metals, or the transition metals and the precious metals are adsorbed on the metal oxide particles.7. The electrocatalyst of claim 1 ,wherein the carbon substrate includes a member selected from the group consisting of graphite, porous carbon sheet, carbon fiber, graphene, graphene oxide, reduced graphene oxide, and combinations thereof.8. A method of preparing an electrocatalyst claim 1 , comprising:pyrolysis of a metal-organic framework (MOF) precursor, containing metal oxide clusters and organic materials, and a metal catalyst,wherein, based on the pyrolysis of the MOF structure due to thermal treatment, the organic materials form a carbon substrate, the metal oxide clusters form metal ...

CASCADE PHOTOCATALYSIS DEVICE

Described herein are devices and methods utilizing cascade photocatalysis to drive multiple chemical reactions via a series of photoelectrochemical catalysts driven by the conversion of light into current by one or more photovoltaic devices. The described devices and methods are tunable and may be used in conjunction with different reactants and products, including the conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable hydrocarbon products. 1. A device comprising:a photovoltaic device capable of generating current at a plurality of potentials;a first catalyst in electronic communication with the photovoltaic device; anda second catalyst in electronic communication with the photovoltaic device.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device is a multijunction stacked semiconductor device.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the photovoltaic device is a three-terminal tandem (3TT) semiconductor device.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a photoelectrode and a transparent conductive encapsulant (TCE) layer which further comprises a polymer claim 1 , a plurality of microspheres of the first catalyst and a plurality of microspheres of the second catalyst.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a plurality of photovoltaic devices positioned on a substrate.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a doped interdigitated back contact semiconductor device and the first catalyst is in communication with a first doped region and the second catalyst is in communication with a second doped region.7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a semiconductor.8. The device of claim 8 , wherein the semiconductor is selected group consisting of: InGaP claim 8 , GaAs claim 8 , InGaN claim 8 , perovskite and silicon.9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst comprises silver (Ag) or gold (Au).10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst comprises ...

Management of Gas Pressure and Electrode State of Charge in Alkaline Batteries

An inventive, new system that measures gas composition and pressure in the headspace of an aqueous electrolyte battery is described. The system includes a microcontroller that can use the composition and pressure information to connect a third electrode to either the anode(s) or the cathode(s) in order to balance the state of charge between the two. Results have shown that such a system can control the gas pressure inside a sealed flooded aqueous electrolyte battery to remain below 20 kPa (3 psi) and greatly extend the useable life of the battery.

Hybrid Ionomer Electrochemical Devices

A membrane electrode assembly for use in a fuel cell includes an anode electrode, a proton exchange membrane, an anion exchange membrane and a cathode electrode. The anode electrode includes a first catalyst. The first catalyst separates a reducing agent into a plurality of positively charged ions and negative charges. The proton exchange membrane is configured to favor transport of positively charged ions therethrough and is also configured to inhibit transport of negatively charged particles therethrough. The anion exchange membrane is configured to favor transport of negatively charged ions therethrough and is also configured to inhibit transport of positively charged ions therethrough. The cathode electrode includes a second catalyst and is disposed adjacent to a second side of the anion exchange membrane. The second catalyst reacts electrons with the at least one oxidizing agent so as to generate+reduced species. 1. A method of generating electrical energy from a reducing agent , comprising the actions of:a. introducing the reducing agent to an anode electrode that includes a first catalyst and that is coupled to a first side of a proton exchange membrane, the proton exchange membrane having a second side disposed oppositely from the first side, wherein the anode electrode is configured to oxidize the reducing agent into a plurality of positively charged ions;b. introducing an oxidizing agent to a cathode electrode that includes a second catalyst and that is coupled to a second side of an anion exchange membrane, the anion exchange membrane including a first side that is disposed adjacently to the second side of the proton exchange membrane, wherein the cathode electrode is configured to receive the oxidizing agent along the second cathode surface, the second catalyst configured to react electrons with the oxidizing agent so as to generate negatively charged reduced species;c. coupling a load between the anode electrode and the cathode electrode, the load ...

SELF-SUPPORTED CATALYST AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A catalyst consisting of structurally ordered mesoporous carbon containing a transition metal and a method for preparing the same are provided. The method for preparing the catalyst includes forming a mixture of a carbon precursor and structurally ordered mesoporous silica, carbonizing the mixture to form a composite, and removing mesoporous silica from the composite.

Method for preparing carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst

Disclosed is a method for preparing a carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst using a stabilizer. According to the method, the transition metal on the nanoparticle surface and the stabilizer are simultaneously removed by treatment with acetic acid. Therefore, the method enables the preparation of a carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst in a simple and environmentally friendly manner compared to conventional methods. The carbon-supported platinum-transition metal alloy nanoparticle catalyst can be applied as a high-performance, highly durable fuel cell catalyst.

Alloy Catalyst Material

The present invention relates to a novel alloy catalyst material for use in the synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from oxygen and hydrogen, or from oxygen and water. The present invention also relates to a cathode and an electrochemical cell comprising the novel catalyst material, and the process use of the novel catalyst material for synthesising hydrogen peroxide from oxygen and hydrogen, or from oxygen and water. 1. A process for the electrochemical synthesis of hydrogen peroxide from an electrolyte comprising water wherein an alloy catalyst material catalyses the oxygen reduction reaction ,wherein the alloy catalyst material comprises an active metal for catalysing the oxygen reduction, and a less active metal for preserving the O—O bond,wherein the active metal is selected from the group consisting of copper (Cu), ruthenium (Ru), rhodium (Rh), palladium (Pd), and platinum (Pt), and any combinations thereof, andwherein the less active metal is selected from the group consisting of gold (Au) and mercury (Hg), and any combinations thereof,with the proviso that said alloy catalyst material cannot be an alloy made of gold and palladium.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the water content of the electrolyte is between 0.05% and 100% water.3. The process according to or claim 1 , wherein the electrolyte is water.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein hydrogen peroxide is synthesized from oxygen and hydrogen claim 1 , or oxygen and water claim 1 , or oxygen and a proton source selected from the group comprising or consisting of hydrogen claim 1 , water claim 1 , methanol claim 1 , ethanol claim 1 , hydrazine claim 1 , hydrochloric acid claim 1 , formic acid claim 1 , and/or methane.5. The process according to to claim 1 , wherein the electrochemical cell potential for hydrogen peroxide production is lower than 2.0 V claim 1 , such as between 0.2 and 2.0 V claim 1 , or between 0.7 and 2.0 V.6. An alloy catalyst material for use in the electrochemical ...

CARBON DIOXIDE REDUCTION ELECTRO CATALYSTS PREPARED FOR METAL ORGANIC FRAMEWORKS

A pyrolyzed MOF catalyst for in the carbon dioxide reduction reaction and methods of making the catalyst. The catalysts are composed of highly porous transition metal organic frameworks exhibiting large pores with regular distribution of transition metals within the structure. 1. A method comprising: reacting an organic ligand with a transition metal ion; and', 'pyrolyzing the metal organic framework at a temperature between 700 and 800° C. as well as 1050° C. for a period of 120 minutes., 'preparing a metal organic framework by21. The method of clam , wherein the pyrolizing temperature is between 800 and 810° C. for between 60 and 120 minutes.31. The method of clam , wherein the pyrolizing period is between 60 minutes and 120 minutes.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein pyrolizing consists of converting at least a portion of the transition metal ions to zero valence state transition metal.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein micropores are formed within the metal organic framework and during pyrolyzing claim 1 , a transition metal microcrystalite is formed within at least a portion of the micropores.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the organic ligand is selected from the group consisting of: 1 claim 1 ,4-dicarboxylic acid claim 1 , 1 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,5 tricarboxylic acid claim 1 , methylimidazole and ethylimidazole.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is selected from the group consisting of: Cu claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Cu/Zn claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Fe and Co.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the transition metal is Co.9. The method of further forming the metal organic framework further comprises replacing a portion of the transition metal reacted with the organic ligand with a second transition metal wherein a multi-metallic metal organic framework is formed.10. A pyrolyzed metal organic framework for carbon dioxide reduction reaction catalyst comprising:a pyrolyzed metal organic framework consisting of nitrogen-free carbonaceous supports and ...

Metal oxide-carbon nanomaterial composite, method of preparing the same, catalyst, method of preparing the same, and catalyst layer for fuel cell electrodes

Provided are a metal oxide-carbon nanomaterial composite, a method of preparing the metal oxide-carbon nanomaterial composite, a catalyst, a method of preparing the catalyst, and a catalyst layer that includes the catalyst and that is used for fuel cell electrodes. The metal oxide-carbon nanomaterial composite includes a metal oxide particle having a specific surface area of 5 square meters per gram (m2/g) or less, and a carbon nanomaterial formed on a surface of the metal oxide particle. The catalyst includes a metal oxide-carbon nanomaterial composite in which a carbon nanomaterial is formed on a metal oxide particle, and an active metal particle formed on a surface of the carbon nanomaterial.

HOLLOW NANOPARTICLES WITH HYBRID DOUBLE LAYERS

The present invention discloses the morphology of hollow, double-shelled submicrometer particles generated through a rapid aerosol-based process. The inner shell is an essentially hydrophobic carbon layer of nanoscale dimension (5-20 nm), and the outer shell is a hydrophilic silica layer of approximately 5-40 nm, with the shell thickness being a function of the particle size. The particles are synthesized by exploiting concepts of salt bridging to lock in a surfactant (CTAB) and carbon precursors together with iron species in the interior of a droplet. This deliberate negation of surfactant templating allows a silica shell to form extremely rapidly, sealing in the organic species in the particle interior. Subsequent pyrolysis results in a buildup of internal pressure, forcing carbonaceous species against the silica wall to form an inner shell of carbon. The incorporation of magnetic iron oxide into the shells opens up applications in external stimuli-responsive nanomaterials. 1182-. (canceled)183. A method of forming a plurality of particles , each particle having a hollow core , a layer surrounding the hollow core , wherein the layer comprises a species derived from an organic precursor from the group consisting of monosaccharides and polysaccharides , a shell surrounding the layer , wherein the shell comprises a ceramic , and a plurality of metal oxide nanoparticles located within the shell or between the shell and layer , comprising the steps of:a) providing a solution comprising a ceramic precursor, an organic precursor from the group consisting of monosaccharides and polysaccharides, a metal salt, and a templating surfactant;b) atomizing the solution into aerosol droplets;c) heating the aerosol droplets to form a plurality of particles, each particle having a shell comprising a ceramic derived from the ceramic precursor and a core containing the organic precursor, metal salt, and templating surfactant; andd) conducting pyrolysis of the plurality of particles, ...

ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTANCE, METHOD OF PRODUCING ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTANCE, AND ELECTRODE, CATALYST AND MATERIAL CONTAINING ELECTRICALLY CONDUCTIVE SUBSTANCE

Disclosed is an electrically conductive substance which comprises a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions. The copper ions contained in the complex comprise copper (I) ions. The electrically conductive substance is produced by a production method which comprises mixing a rubeanic acid compound and a copper (I) compound in the presence of a base. 1. An electrically conductive substance comprising a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions , wherein the copper ions comprise copper (I) ions.2. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of copper ion content to rubeanic acid ligand content is 1.2 or more.3. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , wherein a proportion of the copper (I) ions in the copper ions is 20 mol % or more.4. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive substance has crystallinity.5. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , wherein the electrically conductive substance has a BET specific surface area of 20 m2/g or more.6. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , wherein a molar ratio of copper ion content to rubeanic acid ligand content is 2.0 or more.7. The electrically conductive substance of claim 1 , further comprising copper (I) sulfide and/or copper (II) sulfide.8. A method of producing an electrically conductive substance which comprises a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions claim 1 , the method comprising:mixing a rubeanic acid compound and a copper (I) compound in the presence of a base to provide an electrically conductive substance which comprises a complex containing rubeanic acid ligands and copper ions,wherein the copper ions comprise copper (I) ions.9. The method of producing an electrically conductive substance of claim 8 , wherein the rubeanic acid compound and the base are used in a molar ratio of 1:0.3 to 1:5.10. The method of producing an electrically conductive substance ...

CATALYST

Catalysts comprising a Ta layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon, wherein the Ta layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers, wherein the layer comprising Pt has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 50 nanometers, and wherein the Pt and Ta are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 0.01:1 to 10:1. Catalyst described herein are useful, for example, in fuel cell membrane electrode assemblies. 1. A catalyst comprising a Ta layer having an outer layer with a layer comprising Pt directly thereon , wherein the Ta layer has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 30 nanometers , wherein the layer comprising Pt has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 50 nanometers , and wherein the Pt and Ta are present in an atomic ratio in a range from 0.01:1 to 10:1.2. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst surface area is at least 20% greater than would be present without the presence of the Ta layer.3. The catalyst of either claim 1 , further comprising at least one pair of alternating layers claim 1 , wherein the first alternating layer comprises Ta claim 1 , and wherein the second alternating layer comprises Pt.4. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein a layer of Ir is present between the Ta and Pt layers claim 1 , and wherein the layer comprising Ir has an average thickness in a range from 0.04 to 50 nanometers.5. The catalyst of claim 4 , wherein the Ta to Ir atomic ratio is in a range from 0.01:1 to 100:1.6. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprising Pt comprises Pt crystallites with an FCC lattice constant in a range from 0.395 to 0.392 nm.7. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprising Pt comprises Pt crystallites with a crystallite size in a range from 2 to 20 nanometers.8. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein the layer comprising Pt further comprises Ni.9. The catalyst of claim 8 , wherein the Pt to Ni atomic ratio is in a range from 0.5:1 to 5:1.10. A method of making the ...

Catalyst Layers And Electrolyzers

A catalyst layer for an electrochemical device comprises a catalytically active element and an ion conducting polymer. The ion conducting polymer comprises positively charged cyclic amine groups. The ion conducting polymer comprises at least one of an imidazolium, a pyridinium, a pyrazolium, a pyrrolidinium, a pyrrolium, a pyrimidium, a piperidinium, an indolium, a triazinium, and polymers thereof. The catalytically active element comprises at least one of V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Sn, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Al, Si, In, Tl, Pb, Bi, Sb, Te, U, Sm, Tb, La, Ce and Nd. In an electrolyzer comprising the present catalyst layer, the feed to the electrolyzer comprises at least one of COand HO. 1. An electrolyzer comprising a catalyst layer , the catalyst layer comprising a catalytically active element and an ion conducting polymer , wherein said ion conducting polymer comprises positively charged cyclic amine groups , and further wherein a reactant stream comprising carbon dioxide is in contact with said catalyst layer.2. The electrolyzer of claim 1 , wherein said ion conducting polymer comprises one or more of imidazoliums claim 1 , pyridiniums claim 1 , pyrazoliums claim 1 , pyrrolidiniums claim 1 , pyrroliums claim 1 , pyrimidiums claim 1 , piperidiniums claim 1 , indoliums or triaziniums.3. The electrolyzer of claim 2 , wherein said ion conducting polymer comprises one or more of imidazoliums claim 2 , pyridiniums or pyrazoliums.4. The electrolyzer of claim 2 , wherein said ion conducting polymer also comprises at least one of styrene claim 2 , vinyl benzyl derivatives or polymers thereof.5. The catalyst layer of claim 1 , wherein said catalytically active element comprises one or more of V claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Zr claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Cd claim 1 , Hf claim 1 , Ta claim 1 , W claim 1 , ...

Method for the Preparation of Fibers from a Catalyst Solution, and Articles Comprising Such Fibers

The present invention relates to a method for the preparation of fibers from a catalyst solution by electrospinning and further to articles comprising such fibers. 1. A process of producing an electrospun fibrous mat , said process comprising the steps of(a) preparing an electrospinning ink comprising metal supported on a carrier, an ionomer, an electrospinning polymer and a solvent by mixing; and(b) electrospinning in electrospinning equipment said electrospinning ink to obtain the electrospun fibrous mat,wherein step (b) is performed by nozzle-free electrospinning.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the metal is selected from the group consisting of Sc claim 1 , Y claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , Zr claim 1 , Hf claim 1 , V claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Ta claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Mo claim 1 , W claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Ru claim 1 , Os claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Rh claim 1 , Ir claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Pd claim 1 , Pt claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Au claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Cd claim 1 , Hg claim 1 , lanthanides claim 1 , actinides and any blend thereof.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the carrier is selected from the group consisting of carbon claim 1 , silica claim 1 , metal oxides claim 1 , metal halides and any blend thereof.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the mixing in step (a) is performed by sonication claim 1 , stirring claim 1 , ball milling claim 1 , homogenization or a combination of all.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ionomer comprises electrically neutral repeating units and ionized or ionizable repeating units.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of water claim 1 , alcohols claim 1 , ketones claim 1 , ethers claim 1 , amides and any blend thereof.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the electrospinning equipment comprises two electrodes claim 1 , the distance between which is at least 0.01 m and at most 2 m.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

CATALYST ELECTRODE LAYER, MEMBRANE-ELECTRODE ASSEMBLY, AND FUEL CELL

A catalyst electrode layer is configured to be disposed in contact with an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell. A content of Fe per unit area of the catalyst electrode layer is equal to or larger than 0 μg/cmand equal to or smaller than 0.14 μg/cm, and a water absorption rate of the catalyst electrode layer is equal to or higher than 11% and equal to or lower than 30%. 14-. (canceled)5. A production method for a membrane-electrode assembly including a catalyst electrode layer configured to be disposed in contact with an electrolyte membrane of a fuel cell , wherein the catalyst electrode layer includes catalyst metal , a catalyst support that supports the catalyst metal , and an ionomer , the production method comprising:adjusting at least one factor of the catalyst electrode layer such that a water absorption rate of the catalyst electrode layer is equal to or higher than 11% and equal to or lower than 30%, wherein:the at least one factor includes at least one of a kind of the ionomer, a weight percent of the ionomer in the catalyst electrode layer, a kind of the catalyst support, a weight percent of the catalyst support in the catalyst electrode layer, and a structure of the catalyst electrode layer, andthe water absorption rate satisfies a relationship of the water absorption rate=(Q3−Q1)/Q1×100−(Q2−Q1)/Q1×100, where Q1 is a weight of the catalyst electrode layer after the catalyst electrode layer is dried for 1 hour under an environment in which a temperature is 100° C. and a relative humidity is 0%, after a fuel cell including the catalyst electrode layer is maintained for 100 hours under a condition that a cell temperature is 60° C., the relative humidity is 40%, and a generated voltage is 0.5 V, Q2 is a weight of the catalyst electrode layer after the catalyst electrode layer is further maintained for 1 hour under an environment in which the temperature is 70° C. and the relative humidity is 15%, and Q3 is a weight of the catalyst electrode layer after the ...

HYDROGEN MANAGEMENT IN ELECTROCHEMICAL SYSTEMS

Systems, methods, and apparatus configured for the mitigation of hydrogen accumulation within electrochemical systems are generally described. The systems, methods, and apparatus described herein can be, according to certain embodiments, configured to be part of an electrochemical system in which hydrogen is generated (e.g., as a reaction byproduct). 1. An electrochemical system , comprising:a housing comprising an interior volume in which an electrolyte is exposed to a first electrode comprising an aluminum-based electrode active material and a second electrode, the interior volume comprising an outlet; anda hydrogen-permeable medium that is not substantially permeable to the electrolyte, the medium associated with the outlet and defining an interface between the interior volume of the housing and an environment external to the interior volume.2. An electrochemical system , comprising:a housing comprising an interior volume in which an electrolyte is exposed to a first electrode and a second electrode, the interior volume comprising an outlet;a hydrogen-permeable medium that is not substantially permeable to the electrolyte, the medium associated with the outlet and defining an interface between the interior volume of the housing and an environment external to the interior volume; anda hydrogen-reaction system configured to receive hydrogen gas from the hydrogen-permeable medium and to facilitate reaction of the hydrogen gas with oxygen.3. The electrochemical system of claim 2 , wherein the first electrode comprises an aluminum-based electrode active material.4. The electrochemical system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen-permeable medium is a layer associated with the outlet.5. The electrochemical system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen-permeable medium comprises a hydrogen-permeable membrane.6. The electrochemical system of claim 5 , wherein the hydrogen-permeable membrane is a microporous membrane.7. The electrochemical system of claim 1 , wherein the hydrogen- ...

Bipolar Metal-Air Battery, Air Electrode Manufacturing Method, And Collector Manufacturing Method

The performance of a bipolar type metal air battery is improved while a low environmental load is maintained. The bipolar type metal air battery includes a plurality of cells including air electrodes composed of a co-continuous component having a 3D network structure in which a plurality of nanostructures are integrated by non-covalent bonds, negative electrodes, and an electrolyte disposed between the air electrode and the negative electrode, and a current collector disposed between the plurality of cells, and the plurality of cells are electrically connected in series, and the current collector is in close contact with the negative electrode using a biodegradable material.

Dehydrogenation method for hydrogen storage materials

A dehydrogenation method for hydrogen storage materials, which is executed by a fuel cell system. The fuel cell system includes a hydrogen storage material tank, a heating unit, a fuel cell, a pump, a water thermal management unit and a heat recovery unit. The described dehydrogenation method utilizes the heating unit and the heat recovery unit to provide thermal energy to the hydrogen storage material tank, so that hydrogen storage material is heated to the dehydrogenation temperature. The pump extracts hydrogen from the hydrogen storage material tank, so that the hydrogen storage material is under negative pressure (i.e. H2 absolute pressure below 1 atm), according to which the hydrogen storage material is dehydrogenated, and the dehydrogenation efficiency and the amount of hydrogen release are improved. The method n can reduce the dehydrogenation temperature of the hydrogen storage material, and reduce the thermal energy consumption for heating the hydrogen storage material.

THIN FILM CATALYTIC MATERIAL FOR USE IN FUEL

A catalytic material includes (i) a support material and (ii) a thin film catalyst coating having an inner face adjacent to the support material and an outer face, the thin film catalyst coating having a mean thickness of ≦8 nm, and wherein at least 40% of the support material surface area is covered by the thin film catalyst coating; and wherein the thin film catalyst coating includes a first metal and one or more second metals, and wherein the atomic percentage of first metal in the thin film catalyst coating is not uniform through the thickness of the thin film catalyst coating. 1. A catalytic material comprising (i) a support material and (ii) a thin film catalyst coating having an inner face adjacent to the support material and an outer face , the thin film catalyst coating having a mean thickness of ≦8 nm , and wherein at least 40% of the support material surface area is covered by the thin film catalyst coating; and wherein the thin film catalyst coating comprises a first metal and one or more second metals , and wherein the atomic percentage of first metal in the thin film catalyst coating is not uniform through the thickness of the thin film catalyst coating.2. A catalytic material comprising (i) a support material and (ii) a thin film catalyst coating having an inner face adjacent to the support material and an outer face , the thin film catalyst coating having a surface area of at least 25 m/g , and wherein at least 40% of the support material surface area is covered by the thin film catalyst coating; and wherein the thin film catalyst coating comprises a first metal and one or more second metals , and wherein the atomic percentage of first metal in the thin film catalyst coating is not uniform through the thickness of the thin film catalyst coating.3. A catalytic material according to claim 1 , wherein the first metal is selected from the platinum group metals.4. A catalytic material according to claim 3 , wherein the first metal is platinum or iridium.5 ...

POROUS CLUSTERS OF SILVER POWDER PROMOTED BY ZIRCONIUM OXIDE FOR USE AS A CATALYST IN GAS DIFFUSION ELECTRODES, AND METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF

A catalyst including: a plurality of porous clusters of silver particles, each cluster of the clusters including: (a) a plurality of primary particles of silver, and (b) crystalline particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO), wherein at least a portion of the crystalline particles of ZrOis located in pores formed by a surface of the plurality of primary particles of silver. 1. A catalyst comprising: a plurality of porous clusters of silver particles , each cluster of said clusters including a plurality of primary particles of silver and crystalline particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO) , wherein at least a portion of said crystalline particles of ZrOis located in pores formed by a surface of said plurality of primary particles , wherein said primary particles have an average size 20 to 100 nanometers , the pores in said porous clusters have an average characteristic diameter of 15 to 250 nanometers and the crystalline particles of ZrOhave an average particle size of less than about 50 nanometers.2. A catalyst comprising: a plurality of porous clusters of silver particles , each cluster of said clusters including a plurality of primary particles of silver and crystalline particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO) , wherein at least a portion of said crystalline particles of ZrOis located in pores formed by a surface of said plurality of primary particles , wherein said clusters of silver particles have an average size in the range of 1 to 50 microns.3. A catalyst comprising: a plurality of porous clusters of silver particles , each cluster of said clusters including a plurality of primary particles of silver and crystalline particles of zirconium oxide (ZrO) , wherein at least a portion of said crystalline particles of ZrOis located in pores formed by a surface of said plurality of primary particles , wherein the concentration of the crystalline particles of zirconium oxide in the catalyst is between 1% and 6% by weight.4. A catalyst comprising: a plurality of porous clusters of silver ...

ELECTRODE FOR LITHIUM-AIR BATTERY CONTAINING POROUS CARBON SUPPORTED BY CATALYST

Disclosed is an electrode for a lithium-air battery containing porous carbons on which a metal catalyst is supported. In particular, the present invention relates to an electrode for a lithium-air battery with improved battery performance in which metal catalyst supported mesoporous carbons are mixed with heterogeneous conductive carbons as a conductive material, leading to an increase in dispersibility and reaction area. 1. An electrode for a lithium-air battery comprising: a first conductive material supported by a metal catalyst and composed of ordered mesoporous carbons; and a second conductive material composed of a heterogeneous conductive carbon different from the first conductive material , wherein the first conductive material and the second conductive material are mixed at a weight ratio of about 3˜50:97˜50.2. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the metal catalyst is at least one of nano-sized gold claim 1 , platinum claim 1 , manganese and nickel.3. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 2 , wherein the metal catalyst is manganese.4. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the mesoporous carbon has a specific surface area of about 800˜3000 m/g and a pore size of about 1˜20 nm.5. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the heterogeneous conductive carbon of the second conductive material is KETJENBLACK®.6. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the first conductive material and second conductive material are mixed at a weight ratio of about 20˜40:80˜60.7. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 1 , wherein the second conductive material is supported by a metal catalyst.8. The electrode for a lithium-air battery according to claim 7 , wherein the metal catalyst supporting the second conductive material is at least one of nano-sized gold claim 7 , platinum claim 7 , manganese and nickel.9. The ...

CELL CATALYST COMPOSITION AND MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, ELECTRODE MATERIAL, AND FUEL CELL

A cell catalyst composition according to the present invention includes a carbon catalyst granule and a binder resin, and at least a part of the binder resin includes a resin (B) including a hydrophilic functional group. The carbon catalyst granule is (i) a carbon catalyst granule wherein carbon catalyst (A) particles are bound to each other by using at least the resin (B), or/and (ii) a carbon catalyst granule wherein carbon catalyst (A) particles form a sintered body and are thereby bound to each other. The carbon catalyst (A) includes a carbon element, a nitrogen element, and a base metal element as constituent elements. Further, an average particle diameter of the carbon catalyst granule is 0.5 to 100 μm, and a sphericity of the carbon catalyst granule is equal to or greater than 0.5. 119.-. (canceled)20. A manufacturing method of a cell catalyst composition comprising a carbon catalyst granule and a binder resin , whereinat least a part of the binder resin comprises a resin (B) comprising a hydrophilic functional group,the carbon catalyst granule is formed by granulation wherein: a carbon catalyst (A) is obtained by mixing a carbon material with a compound (E) and then carbonizing the mixture by heat treatment; and the obtained carbon catalyst (A) is wet-mixed with at least the resin (B) and then the mixture is sprayed and dried,the carbon catalyst (A) comprises a carbon element, a nitrogen element, and a base metal element as constituent elements,the carbon material is at least one material selected from a group consisting of carbon particles derived from an inorganic carbon material and an organic material that becomes carbon particles by a heat-treatment,the compound (E) is a compound that may comprise a nitrogen element and comprises one type or two or more types of a base metal element,the type of at least one of the carbon material and the compound (E) is chosen so that the at least one of the carbon material and the compound (E) serves as a supply source ...

ELECTRODES FOR USE IN BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS AND BACTERIAL FUEL CELLS AND BACTERIAL ELECTROLYSIS CELLS EMPLOYING SUCH ELECTRODES

A bacterial fuel cell including a plurality of anodes and a plurality of cathodes in liquid communication with a liquid to be purified, the plurality of anodes and the plurality of cathodes each including a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled across a load in an electrical circuit and an electrically conductive coating at least between the metal electrical conductor and the liquid to be purified, the electrically conductive coating being operative to mutually seal the liquid and the electrical conductor from each other. 154-. (canceled)55. An electrode for use in at least one of a fuel cell and an electrolysis cell , the electrode comprising:a metal electrical conductor arranged to be electrically coupled in an electrical circuit, said metal electrical conductor being formed of copper or a copper alloy or aluminum or an aluminum alloy;an electrically conductive coating on the entirety of said metal electrical conductor, said electrically conductive coating operative to mutually seal a liquid in said cell and said electrical conductor from each other.56. An electrode according to and also comprising at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth on a surface thereof which is in liquid communication with said liquid and is in electrical communication with said metal electrical conductor via said electrically conductive coating.57. An electrode according to and wherein said electrically conductive coating is adapted for biofilm growth.58. An electrode according to and wherein said metal electrical conductor is a coated metal electrical conductor and said electrically conductive coating comprises an electrically conductive coating formed onto said metal electrical conductor.59. An electrode according to and wherein said at least one surface adapted for biofilm growth is defined by cylindrical surfaces of a multiplicity of elongate elements formed of conductive plastic and extending generally radially outwardly from said metal electrical ...

Mesoporous carbon materials comprising bifunctional catalysts

The present application is directed to mesoporous carbon materials comprising bi-functional catalysts. The mesoporous carbon materials find utility in any number of electrical devices, for example, in lithium-air batteries. Methods for making the disclosed carbon materials, and devices comprising the same, are also disclosed.

ELECTRODE MATERIAL AND ITS APPLICATIONS IN DIRECT FUEL CELL AND ELECTROCHEMICAL HYDROGENATION ELECTROLYTIC TANK

An electrode material for a direct fuel cell or an electrochemical hydrogenation electrolytic tank, includes component A, or component B, or the mixture of component A and component B. The component A is any one of or a mixture of two or more than two of HNbO, HVO, HMoO, HTaOor HWOat any ratio, where 0 Подробнее

DRY-PARTICLE BASED ADHESIVE AND DRY FILM AND METHODS OF MAKING SAME

Dry process based energy storage device structures and methods for using a dry adhesive therein are disclosed. 140.-. (canceled)41. A method of manufacturing an energy storage device , comprising:providing conductive particles;providing dry binder particles consisting essentially of a single fibrillizable binder material in the absence of other binders;intermixing the conductive and dry binder particles; andforming a film with the intermixed conductive and dry binder particles, wherein the intermixing and forming are performed without the substantial use of processing solvent and lubricant.42. The method of claim 41 , wherein the conductive particles comprise carbon.43. The method of claim 42 , wherein the conductive particles comprise dry carbon.44. The method of claim 42 , wherein the conductive particles comprise conductive carbon.45. The method of claim 42 , wherein the conductive particles comprise graphite.46. The method of claim 41 , wherein the fibrillizable binder comprises a fluorinated polymer.47. The method of claim 46 , wherein the fluorinated polymer comprises PTFE.48. The method of claim 41 , wherein intermixing comprises forming a mixture comprising between about 50 to 99% activated carbon claim 41 , 0% to 25% conductive carbon claim 41 , and 0.5% to 20% binder particles by weight.49. The method of claim 41 , wherein forming the film comprises compressing the intermixed conductive and dry particles to a thickness of about 80 to 260 microns.50. The method of claim 41 , wherein forming the film comprises compressing the intermixed conductive and dry particles to a density of at least about 0.3 gm/cm.51. The method of claim 41 , wherein intermixing comprises milling the conductive and dry binder particles.52. The method of claim 41 , wherein forming the film comprises forming a first film claim 41 , wherein the method further comprises recycling a portion of the intermixed conductive and dry binder particles to form a second film.53. A dry electrode ...

ZINC-AIR BATTERY

A zinc-air battery includes an air electrode part, a separator and a negative electrode part in sequence within a case, wherein the negative electrode part comprises potassium hydroxide (KOH) in the form of powder, and the case has an opening part formed in at least one region thereof, with the opening part being covered by a porous membrane. 1. A zinc-air battery comprising:an air electrode part;a negative electrode part comprising potassium hydroxide (KOH) in a form of a powder;a separator formed between the air electrode part and the negative electrode part' anda case including the air electrode part, the negative electrode part and the separator, the case having an opening part covered with a porous membrane.2. The zinc-air battery of claim 1 , wherein the negative electrode material further includes zinc in a form of a powder.3. The zinc-air battery of claim 1 , wherein the opening part is formed in at least a portion of a region occupied by the negative electrode part of the case.4. The zinc-air battery of claim 2 , wherein the porous membrane has a pore size that is smaller than a particle size of each of the zinc (Zn) powder and the KOH powder.5. Marine rescue equipment incorporating the zinc-air battery according to . The present invention relates to a zinc-air battery having an excellent storage property in an ordinary situation and capable of effectively generating electricity when being exposed to a water environment.A battery has been conventionally and widely used as a means for supplying electric power to an electrical device. Conventionally, primary batteries such as a manganese dry cell, an alkaline manganese dry cell, a zinc-air battery, and the like, and secondary batteries such as a nickel-cadmium (Ni—Cd) battery, a nickel-hydrogen (Ni—H) battery, a lithium ion battery, and the like are used as batteries. Among the foregoing batteries, the zinc-air battery has advantages of providing a relatively high voltage of 1.4 V and having high energy ...

PROCESS OF MANUFACTURING A CATALYST-COATED MEMBRANE-SEAL ASSEMBLY

Disclosed is a process for the manufacture of a catalyst-coated membrane-seal assembly, including: 111-. (canceled)12. A process for the manufacture of a catalyst-coated membrane-seal assembly , said process comprising the steps of:(i) providing a carrier material; (a) depositing a first catalyst component onto the carrier material such that the first catalyst component is deposited in discrete regions;', '(b) drying the first layer;, '(ii-i) forming a first layer, said first layer being formed by (a) depositing a first seal component, such that the first seal component provides a picture frame pattern having a continuous region and void regions, the continuous region comprising first seal component and the void regions being free from first seal component;', '(b) depositing a first ionomer component onto the first layer, such that the first ionomer component is deposited in discrete regions; and', '(c) drying the second layer;', 'wherein the void regions of the first seal component are centrally positioned over the discrete regions of the first ionomer component;', 'wherein the discrete regions of the first ionomer component are centrally positioned over the discrete regions of the first catalyst component; and', 'wherein steps (ii-ii)(a) and (ii-ii)(b) are carried out in either order;, '(ii-ii) forming a second layer, said second layer being formed by(iii) removing the carrier material.13. A process according to claim 12 , which comprises a further step after step (ii-ii): (a) depositing a second catalyst component onto the second layer such that the second catalyst component is deposited in discrete regions; and', '(b) drying the third layer;', 'wherein the discrete regions of the second catalyst component are centrally positioned over the discrete regions of first ionomer component., '(ii-iii) forming a third layer, said third layer being formed by14. A process according to claim 12 , wherein step (ii-i) comprises a further step prior to step (b):(a′) depositing ...

Composite Filaments having Thin Claddings, Arrays of Composite Filaments, Fabrication and Applications Thereof

A method of fabricating composite filaments is provided. An initial composite filament including a core and a cladding (such as a Pt-group metal) is cut into smaller pieces (or is first mechanically reduced and then cut into smaller pieces). The smaller pieces of the filaments are inserted into a metal matrix, and the entire structure is then further reduced mechanically in a series of reduction steps. The process can be repeated until the desired cross sectional dimension of the filaments is achieved. The matrix can then be chemically removed to isolate the final composite filaments with the cladding thickness down to the nanometer range. The process allows the organization and integration of filaments of different sizes, compositions, and functionalities into arrays suitable for various applications. Materials and components made from such composite filaments and arrays of composite filaments are also disclosed, 1. A method of fabricating micro-sized composite filaments from an initial composite filament having a first cross sectional dimension , the initial composite filament including a core made from a first material and a cladding made from a second material and enclosing the core , comprising:(a) mechanically reducing the initial composite filament to produce an intermediate composite filament having a reduced cross sectional dimension;(b) cutting the intermediate composite filament into two or more shorter filaments;(c) inserting the two or more shorter composite filaments side by side into a first matrix made from a third material;(d) mechanically reducing the first matrix with the two or more shorter filaments to further reduce the cross sectional dimensions of the two or more shorter filaments; and(e) isolating the two or more shorter filaments having further reduced cross sectional dimensions obtained from (d) from the first matrix.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein obtaining the initial composite filament comprises inserting the core into a tube of the ...

Method of carrying out a chemical reaction with the use of a catalyst

An exemplary embodiment provides for a method of conducting a chemical reaction involving the powder catalyst, in particular ferromagnetic catalyst. The method is characterized in that while conducting a chemical reaction, particles of the catalyst comprising a ferromagnetic material are put into oscillation by the oscillating magnetic field with a frequency greater than 0.1 Hz and a magnetic field induction greater than 0.01 mT. Oscillating magnetic field here is a field the induction vector of which changes its direction in time. Putting catalyst particles into oscillation increases the efficiency of the chemical reaction by several dozen to several hundred percent. 18-. (canceled)9. A method comprising reactants,', wherein the catalyst is in a powdered form,', 'wherein the catalyst contains ferromagnetic material,, 'a catalyst,'}], 'a) conducting a chemical reaction including 'wherein the reaction occurs at a the set temperature and pressure', 'b) concurrently with at least a portion of (a), setting a pressure of the chemical reaction at a given value and setting a temperature of the chemical reaction at a given value,'} 'wherein the oscillating magnetic field has an induction vector, wherein the induction vector changes its direction with time, and', 'wherein the external magnetic field is an oscillating magnetic field,'}, 'c) during at least a portion of (a) applying an external magnetic field to the chemical reactants and catalyst undergoing the chemical reaction,'}d) obtaining a reaction product.10. The method of claim 9 , wherein in (a) the catalyst powdered form has particles which have a particle size claim 9 , wherein the particle size is nanometric.11. The method of claim 9 , wherein in (a) the catalyst powdered form has particles which have a particle size claim 9 , wherein the particle size is micrometric.12. The method of claim 9 , wherein in (a) the catalyst powdered form has particles which have a particle size claim 9 , wherein the particle size is ...

VANADIUM REDOX FLOW BATTERIES

A vanadium redox flow battery employs a single electrolyte as a starting material to be placed in equal amounts in the positive and negative electrolyte storage tanks for supporting electrolytes containing zinc and chloride ions. A supporting solution includes chloride ions and zinc ions, and a half-cell solution including vanadium ions based on an aggregate oxidation state around +3.5 is disposed in the supporting solution to form the electrolyte solution for the redox flow battery. With HCl as a supporting electrolyte, as an alternative to conventional sulfuric acid, the use of zinc provides multiple benefits in the preparation of vanadium-based electrolytes. 1. An electrolyte solution for use in a vanadium redox flow cell battery , comprising:a supporting solution containing chloride ions and zinc ions; anda battery electrolyte solution containing vanadium ions.2. The electrolyte solution of claim 1 , wherein:the total concentration of vanadium lies between 2.0 M and 2.75 M in a liquid solution; andthe vanadium is resistant to precipitation of a solid phase from the liquid solution for a duration of at least two weeks at a temperature within the range of −20° C. to +70° C.3. The electrolyte solution of wherein the electrolyte solution is based on an equimolar mixture of V+ and V+ ions.4. The electrolyte solution of wherein the electrolyte solution has an initial oxidation state substantially around +3.5.5. The electrolyte solution of wherein the electrolyte solution defines V as an electroactive species prior to charging or discharging.6. The electrolyte solution of wherein species of vanadium other than V are excluded from the electrolyte solution.7. The electrolyte solution of wherein the electrolyte solution is obtained by the reduction of V by oxalic acid.8. The solution of wherein the electrolyte solution is obtained by the reduction of V by glycerol.9. The solution of wherein the electrolyte solution defines V as an electroactive species prior to charging ...

METAL HYDRIDE ALLOY WITH ENHANCED SURFACE MORPHOLOGY

The performance of an ABtype metal hydride alloy is improved by adding an element to the alloy which element is operative to enhance the surface area morphology of the alloy. The alloy may include surface regions of differing morphologies. 1. A hydrogen storage alloy material having a bulk region and an interface region , said interface region having a plurality of catalytic channels defined therethrough , said channels having a cross-sectional dimension in the range of 25-150 angstroms and a length which is greater than said cross-sectional dimension , said channels including a plurality catalytic sites defined thereupon , said sites having a concentration of nickel which is greater than the concentration of nickel in the remainder of said alloy; wherein the volume fraction of said channels in said interface region is greater than 5%.2. A hydrogen storage material for an electrochemical cell , said material comprising a bulk metal and an interface oxide layer comprising at least two distinct regions , each distinct region of the interface layer having a morphology which differs from the morphology of at least one of another of said at least two regions.3. The material of claim 2 , wherein said morphologies are selected from the group consisting of: a structure without catalyst material claim 2 , a structure with a catalyst material claim 2 , a porous structure with a catalyst material claim 2 , a porous structure comprising a plurality of interconnected channels not having a catalytic material disposed in said channels claim 2 , and a porous structure comprising a plurality of interconnected channels having a catalytic material disposed in at least a portion of said channels.4. The material of claim 2 , wherein one of said regions is operative to enhance the low temperature performance of said material.5. The material of claim 2 , wherein the chemical composition of one of said at least two regions differs from the chemical composition of at least one of another of ...

METAL HYDRIDE ALLOY WITH IMPROVED LOW-TEMPERATURE PERFORMANCE

The performance of an ABtype metal hydride alloy is improved by adding an element to the alloy which element is operative to enhance the surface area morphology of the alloy. The alloy may include surface regions of differing morphologies. 1. A method for improving the low-temperature electrochemical performance of an AB(1≦x≦5) type metal hydride alloy incorporated into a rechargeable battery cell , said method comprising:adding an element selected from the group consisting of: Si, Mo, Y, Sn, Sb, and combinations thereof to said alloy which element is operative to increase the surface area of said alloy by a factor of more than 2 and/or the catalytic ability of said alloy by more than 20%.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said element increases the surface area of said alloy by a factor of at least 4.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said element increases both the surface area and the catalytic activity of said alloy.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said element comprises Si.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said alloy is selected from the group consisting of: AB alloys claim 1 , ABalloys claim 1 , ABalloys claim 1 , ABalloys claim 1 , ABalloys claim 1 , and combinations thereof.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said alloy is an ABLaves phase alloy.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said metal hydride alloy includes nickel and said element substitutes for a portion of the nickel in said nickel metal hydride alloy.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said element is present in an amount greater than zero and ranging up to 10 atomic percent.9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said element is present in an amount of up to 5 atomic percent.101. A rechargeable electrochemical cell having a nickel cathode claim 1 , a separator claim 1 , electrolyte claim 1 , and an anode claim 1 , said anode comprising an AB( Подробнее

Bimetallic Non-PGM Alloys for the Electrooxidation of Gas Fuels in Alkaline Media

Electrooxidative materials and various method for preparing electrooxidative materials formed from an alloy of oxophilic and electrooxidative metals. The alloy may be formed using methods such as spray pyrolysis or mechanosynthesis and may or may not include a supporting material which may or may not be sacrificial as well as the materials.