ERROR REDUCTION IN RADIATION-BASED TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Apparatuses and systems for determining a temperature of a targeted subject are disclosed. A temperature sensing system may include an antenna for sensing electromagnetic radiation (e.g., microwaves, etc.) emanating from the source. Based on that electromagnetic radiation, the antenna generates a temperature signal. A switch, which is located at or adjacent to an output of the antenna, receives the temperature signal, as well as a reference signal from a termination. The temperature signal and the reference signal are conveyed along a cable to a signal converter. Signal-altering events that affect the temperature signal as it is conveyed also affect the reference signal. Thus, any error caused by a signal-altering event automatically cancels out. The signal converter measures or otherwise processes the temperature signal and, since there is no need to correct for errors in the temperature signal, the reference signal, and accurately calculates the temperature of the source. 1. An apparatus for establishing communication between a transducer for noninvasively measuring temperature within a body of a subject and a signal converter , comprising:a cable for communicating signals received by an antenna of a transducer from the transducer to a signal converter that includes a radiometer, the cable having a transducer end and an opposite, receiver end; anda switch for the signal converter configured for association with the transducer end of the cable.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the switch includes an input connector configured to be removably coupled with an output connector of the transducer.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the switch includes an output connector configured to be removably coupled with a connector at the transducer end of the cable.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the switch comprises a part of the cable claim 2 , and the input connector of the switch comprises a transducer connector at the transducer end of the cable.5. The apparatus ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF REGULATION ENERGY DELIVERY DURING AN ABLATION PROCEDURE

The present invention provides systems and methods for temperature-controlled ablation using radiometric feedback. An interface module may include (a) a processor; (b) a first input/output (I/O) port to receive digital radiometer and digital thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT); (c) a second I/O port to receive ablative energy from a generator; (d) a temperature display; (e) a patient relay; (f) a computer-readable medium storing instructions for causing the processor to: (i) calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the digital radiometer and thermocouple signals and operation parameters; (ii) cause the temperature display to display the calculated temperature; and (iii) close the patient relay to pass ablative energy received on the second I/O port to the first I/O port; and (g) a temperature control subsystem to regulate the ablative power based on the calculated temperature. 1. (canceled)2. An interface module for use with an ablation energy generator and an integrated catheter tip (ICT) , the ICT including a radiometer , an ablative tip , and a thermocouple , the interface module comprising:a processor; a first input/output (I/O) port configured to receive a digital radiometer signal and a digital thermocouple signal from the ICT;a second I/O port configured to receive ablative energy from the ablation energy generator; a temperature display; a patient relay in communication with the first I/O port, the second I/O port, and the processor; (a) calculating a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the digital radiometer signal, the digital thermocouple signal, and the operation parameters;', '(b) causing the temperature display to display the calculated temperature; and', '(c) closing the patient relay such that the patient relay passes ablative energy received on the second I/O port to the first I/O port; and, 'a non-transitory computer-readable medium storing operation parameters for the radiometer and for the thermocouple, and ...

Low profile temperature transducer

A low profile temperature transducer has a working surface for placement against a body surface and a first output. The transducer is a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers. The laminate defines at least one slotline antenna for exposure to the body surface to pick up thermal emissions from the underlying tissue at depth. A feed network having a characteristic impedance is connected to the first output and a slotline-to-stripline transition is connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, the transition providing a match between the impedance at the at least one antenna and the characteristic impedance. Also, a temperature sensor may be present at the working surface to detect the body surface temperature under the transducer, that surface temperature being used to calculate actual temperature at depth.

HEATING/SENSING CATHETER APPRATUS FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPLICATIONS

Catheter apparatus comprises a coaxial cable having proximal and distal ends. The cable includes a hollow center conductor, an outer conductor and an electrically insulating layer between the conductors. An antenna is at the distal end of the cable, and a diplexer is connected to the cable, the diplexer including a transmit path for connecting the antenna to a transmitter which transmits first frequency signals and a receive path for connecting the antenna to a receiver which detects second frequency signals the diplexer isolating the signals on the two paths from one another. A transmission line connects the cable to the diplexer, the transmission line having a segment with a tubular inner conductor one end of which is connected to the center conductor and a second end of which is adapted for connection to a coolant source, the center and inner conductors forming a continuous coolant pathway. 1. Catheter apparatus comprisingan elongated flexible coaxial cable having proximal and distal ends, said cable including a hollow center conductor, an outer conductor and an electrically insulating layer in an annular space between said conductors;an antenna at the distal end of the cable;a diplexer including a transmit path for connecting the antenna to a transmitter which transmits signals of a first frequency and a receive path for connecting the antenna to a receiver which detects signals of a second frequency, said diplexer isolating the signals on the two paths from one another;a transmission line connecting the cable to the diplexer, said transmission line including a segment with a tubular inner conductor one end of which is connected to the center conductor of the cable and a second end of which is adapted for connection to a coolant source, said center conductor and said inner conductor forming a continuous coolant pathway.2. The apparatus defined in wherein said receive path includes a first electrical filter.3. The apparatus defined in whereinsaid first filter ...

HEATING/SENSING CATHETER APPARATUS FOR MINIMALLY INVASIVE APPLICATION

Catheter apparatus comprises a coaxial cable having proximal and distal ends. The cable includes a hollow center conductor, an outer conductor and an electrically insulating layer between the conductors. An antenna is at the distal end of the cable, and a diplexer is connected to the cable, the diplexer including a transmit path for connecting the antenna to a transmitter which transmits first frequency signals and a receive path for connecting the antenna to a receiver which detects second frequency signals the diplexer isolating the signals on the two paths from one another. A transmission line connects the cable to the diplexer, the transmission line having a segment with a tubular inner conductor one end of which is connected to the center conductor and a second end of which is adapted for connection to a coolant source, the center and inner conductors forming a continuous coolant pathway. 1. Catheter apparatus comprisingan elongated flexible coaxial cable having proximal and distal ends, said cable including a hollow center conductor, an outer conductor and an electrically insulating layer in an annular space between said conductors;an antenna at the distal end of the cable;a diplexer including a transmit path for connecting the antenna to a transmitter which transmits signals of a first frequency and a receive path for connecting the antenna to a receiver which detects signals of a second frequency, said diplexer isolating the signals on the two paths from one another;a transmission line connecting the cable to the diplexer, said transmission line including a segment with a tubular inner conductor one end of which is connected to the center conductor of the cable and a second end of which is adapted for connection to a coolant source, said center conductor and said inner conductor forming a continuous coolant pathway.2. The apparatus defined in wherein said receive path includes a first electrical filter.3. The apparatus defined in and further including an ...

TISSUE CONTACT DETECTION PRIOR TO AND DURING AN ABLATION PROCEDURE

The present invention provides systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature and detecting tissue contact during ablation. An interface module includes a first input/output (I/O) port for receiving radiometer and thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT) that includes a radiometer; a second I/O port for receiving ablative energy from an electrosurgical generator; a temperature display; a patient relay; a computer-readable medium storing radiometer and thermocouple parameters and instructions for causing the processor to: calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the radiometer and thermocouple signals and the parameters; causing the temperature display to display the calculated temperature; closing the patient relay to pass ablative energy from the second to the first I/O port; determining whether the ICT is in contact with tissue based on the radiometer signal. An output device indicates whether the ICT is determined to be in contact with the tissue. 1. A method of using an interface module with an ablation energy generator and an integrated catheter tip (ICT) , the ICT including a radiometer , an ablative tip , and a thermocouple , the method of using the interface module comprising the steps of:(a) receiving at a first I/O port of the interface module a radiometer signal and a thermocouple signal from the ICT;(b) receiving at a second I/O port of the interface module ablative energy from the ablation energy generator;(c) calculating at the interface module a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the radiometer signal, the thermocouple signal, and the operation parameters;(d) determining at the interface module whether the ICT is in contact with tissue based on the radiometer signal;(e) outputting with an output device an indication of the interface module's determination of whether the ICT is in contact with the tissue;(f) displaying on a temperature display of the interface module the calculated temperature; and(g) ...

APPARATUSES FOR NON-INVASIVELY SENSING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed. 1. A transducer for noninvasively measuring temperature within a body of a subject , comprising:a circuit board including a front side and a back side opposite from the front side, the circuit board defining an antenna for receiving at least one native temperature signal from a location of interest within a body of a subject;a receiving aperture adjacent to the front side of the circuit board;an adhesive material adjacent to the front side of the circuit board and configured to secure the circuit board to the subject;a dielectric cavity adjacent to the back side of the circuit board, the dielectric cavity including an inner extent adjacent to the back side of the circuit board and an outer extent opposite from the inner extent, the dielectric cavity configured to conduct radiofrequency currents to the receiving aperture; andat least one shielding feature positioned adjacent to an outer extent of the dielectric cavity to prevent interfering signals from impinging ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF NON-INVASIVELY DETERMINING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE

A system for and noninvasively monitoring temperature within a body of a subject includes a transducer and an interface unit. The transducer receives native temperature signals, which are electromagnetic signals. One or both of the transducer and the interface unit convert the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal. The interface unit may be configured to be coupled to a standard temperature signal-receiving apparatus, such as a standard vital signs monitor or a standard body temperature management system, which may recognize the standard temperature signal. Methods for noninvasively monitoring temperature, including receiving native temperature signals and converting the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal, are also disclosed. 1. A system for noninvasively measuring a temperature within a body of a subject , comprising:a transducer for receiving emissions indicative of temperature from one or more locations in a volume of tissue within a body of a subject;a reference temperature sensor for determining a temperature on skin of the subject adjacent to the volume of tissue and providing a reference temperature signal;a radiometer for receiving one or more temperature signals from the transducer and for converting each temperature signal to a corresponding voltage; and at least one converter for converting each voltage to a converted temperature signal and for converting the reference temperature signal to a converted temperature signal;', 'a processing element for receiving and processing each converted temperature signal from the converter to calculate a composite temperature signal; and', 'a standardization converter for receiving the composite temperature signal and outputting a corresponding, standard temperature signal recognizable by a standard temperature signal-receiving apparatus., 'an interface unit, including2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the transducer includes at least one microwave antenna.3. The system of ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MICROWAVE ABLATION AND MEASURING TEMPERATURE DURING ABLATION

An exemplary microwave ablation system is provided. The system may use a switching antenna for both microwave heating of target tissue and microwave radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue to ensure that the desired temperatures are delivered to adequately treat the target tissue and achieve therapeutic goals. The system may integrate switching components into the switching antenna, which eliminates error from heating of the reference termination and heating of the electrical cables. 1. A method for monitoring microwave ablation of target tissue , the method comprising:emitting, by proximal and distal microwave radiating elements of a switching antenna, microwave energy to target tissue;measuring, by the switching antenna, a radiometer temperature and generating signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature;measuring, by a reference termination disposed between the proximal and distal microwave radiating elements, a reference temperature and generating signals indicative of the measured reference temperature;receiving, by a processor, the signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature and the signals indicative of the measured reference temperature from a switch configured to select between the signals generated by the switching antenna and the signals generated by the reference termination; andcalculating, by the processor, a target tissue temperature based on the signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature and the signals indicative of the measured reference temperature.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein emitting microwave energy to the target tissue comprises emitting microwave energy within a range of 1-5 GHz to the target tissue.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein emitting microwave energy to the target tissue comprises providing claim 1 , by a generator operatively coupled to the switching antenna claim 1 , power to the switching antenna to cause the proximal and distal microwave radiating elements to emit ...

APPARATUSES FOR NON-INVASIVELY SENSING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject is provided. The transducer receives a native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals, and includes one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable. 1. A transducer for noninvasively measuring temperature within a body of a subject , comprising:a circuit board including a front side and a back side opposite from the front side, the circuit board defining an antenna for receiving at least one native temperature signal from a location of interest within a body of a subject;a reference temperature sensor; anda coaxial cable connector comprising a frequency-division multiplexer for transmitting a multiplexed signal including an intermediate temperature signal from the antenna and a reference temperature signal from the reference temperature sensor.2. The transducer of claim 1 , wherein the coaxial cable connector is coupled to a cable claim 1 , the coaxial cable connector and an end of the cable being configured to swivel relative to one another upon connecting the end of the cable to the cable connector.3. The transducer of claim 2 , wherein the coaxial cable connector and the end of the cable are configured to swivel at least 180 degrees relative to one another.4. The transducer of claim 2 , wherein the coaxial ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF NON-INVASIVELY DETERMINING DEEP TISSUE TEMPERATURE USING MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal. 1. An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature comprising:a sensor antenna including an outside and a contact side;a sensor antenna measurement aperture disposed on the contact side, the sensor antenna measurement aperture configured to generate a first signal;a skin temperature sensor disposed on the contact side, the skin temperature sensor configured to generate a second signal; and [{'sub': target', 'skin', 'average', 'skin, 'wherein the target tissue temperature is calculated via the equation: T=T+(T−T)*c,'}, {'sub': target', 'skin', 'average, "wherein Tis the target tissue temperature, Tis the patient's skin temperature, Tis the average temperature as measured by the radiometer, and c is a constant."}], 'a radiometer, configured to receive the first signal and the second signal, in electrical communication with the sensor antenna, the sensor antenna measurement aperture, and the skin temperature sensor,'}2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a remote switch module disposed between the sensor antenna and the radiometer.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the constant (c) is determined experimentally based on a preexisting dataset.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the average temperature is a weighted average temperature.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the weighted average temperature is proportional to the summation of T*A*efrom the patient's skin to the target tissue claim 4 , where d is the variable depth of a tissue claim 4 , Tis the temperature at a ...

TEMPERATURE SENSING AND TISSUE ABLATION USING A PLURALITY OF ELECTRODES

According to some embodiments, an ablation system or other treatment system comprises an elongate body, a first energy delivery member positioned along the distal end of the elongate body, and at least a second energy delivery member positioned at a location proximal to the first energy delivery member, the first energy delivery member and the second energy delivery member being configured to deliver energy sufficient to at least partially ablate tissue. In some embodiments, each of the first and second energy delivery members comprises an antenna configured to receive a microwave signal corresponding to a temperature of the tissue at a location adjacent the antenna. The system further comprises at least one radiometer configured to process the microwave signals received from the antennas of the energy delivery members and configured to produce an output signal representative of tissue temperatures at depth adjacent the first and second energy delivery members. 1. An ablation system comprising:an elongate body comprising a proximal end and a distal end;a first energy delivery member positioned along the distal end of the elongate body;at least a second energy delivery member positioned at a location proximal to the first energy delivery member, the first energy delivery member and the second energy delivery member being configured to deliver energy sufficient to at least partially ablate tissue;wherein each of the first and second energy delivery members comprises an antenna configured to receive a microwave signal corresponding to a temperature of the tissue at a location adjacent the antenna;at least one radiometer configured to process the microwave signals received from the antennas of the first and second energy delivery members, the at least one radiometer being configured to produce an output signal representative of tissue temperatures at depth adjacent the first and second energy delivery members;an energy delivery module; andat least one conductor coupling ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR TISSUE ABLATION AND MEASUREMENTS RELATING TO THE SAME

An exemplary ablation system is provided. The system is designed for safe and efficacious energy delivery into tissue by, for example, emitting energy in a controlled, repeatable manner that allows for feedback and energy emission titration based on sensed parameters (e.g., tissue temperature) measured during ablation. The system may include a switching antenna for both heating of target tissue and radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue. For example, the switching antenna may include a monopole formed by proximal and distal radiating elements, such that the proximal radiating element includes a short to defeat a choke action of the proximal radiating element. The system further includes a processor for calculating the temperature of the target tissue and estimating volume of the ablation lesion based on the target tissue temperature. 1. A system for ablating target tissue within a patient , the system comprising:a catheter having a proximal region and a distal region;a main antenna comprising a monopole, the main antenna disposed at the distal region of the catheter and configured to emit energy to ablate the target tissue and to measure a radiometer temperature generated as a result of the energy emission;a reference termination disposed at the distal region of the catheter, the reference termination configured to measure a reference temperature at the distal region; and cause the main catheter to measure radiometer temperature and the reference termination to measure reference temperature in an alternating manner via a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination; and', 'calculate a target tissue temperature based on the measured radiometer temperature and the measured reference temperature., 'a processor operatively coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination, the processor configured to2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the monopole comprises a proximal radiating element and a distal radiating ...

LOW PROFILE TEMPERATURE TRANSDUCER

A low profile temperature transducer has a working surface for placement against a body surface and a first output. The transducer is a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers. The laminate defines at least one slotline antenna for exposure to the body surface to pick up thermal emissions from the underlying tissue at depth. A feed network having a characteristic impedance is connected to the first output and a slotline-to-stripline transition is connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, the transition providing a match between the impedance at the at least one antenna and the characteristic impedance. Also, a temperature sensor may be present at the working surface to detect the body surface temperature under the transducer, that surface temperature being used to calculate actual temperature at depth. 1. A low profile temperature transducer having a working surface for placement against a body surface to pick up thermal emissions at depth and produce a corresponding first transducer output , said transducer comprising a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers which define at least one slotline antenna adapted to receive thermal radiation emanating from said body surface and produce a corresponding antenna output , a feed network having a characteristic impedance connected to said first transducer output and a slotline-to-stripline transition connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network , said transition providing a match between the impedance at the at least one antenna and said characteristic impedance.2. The transducer defined in whereina first metal layer at the working surface defines an antenna aperture;a second metal layer beyond the first metal layer is slotted to form the at least one antenna, said first and second layers being grounded, anda third metal layer beyond the second meal layer includes said feed network and said transition.3. The transducer ...

System and method for detecting and diagnosing diseases and use of same

A system and method for detecting disease comprising a device for detecting angiogenesis and an electronic device. The device comprises two microwave scanners, at least one multiple channel radiometer, a microwave switch network, a controller, a data transmission device, and a power source. Each microwave scanner comprises a cup; a flexible printed circuit board, each circuit board comprising: a plurality of antenna modules coupled thereto, each antenna module comprising: an antenna, a multi-throw microwave switch, and a temperature sensor. The antenna is configured to receive microwaves thermal radiation from patient tissue and the radiometer is configured to measure microwaves thermal radiation emitted from patient tissue. The data transmission device is configured to wirelessly transmit measurement data collected by the controller from the radiometer and the temperature sensors to an electronic device and the electronic device is configured to transmit the measurement data to a cloud data storage.

SYSTEMS AND METHODS OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF TISSUE DURING AN ABLATION PROCEDURE

The present invention provides systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature during ablation. An interface module includes a processor; a first input/output (I/O) port configured to receive digital radiometer and thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT) that includes a radiometer; a second I/O port configured to receive ablative energy from an electrosurgical generator; a temperature display; a patient relay in communication with the first and second I/O ports and the processor; and a computer-readable medium storing radiometer and thermocouple operation parameters and instructions for causing the processor to: calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the radiometer and thermocouple signals and the operation parameters, causing the temperature display to display the calculated temperature, and closing the patient relay so as to pass ablative energy received on the second I/O port to the first I/O port. 121-. (canceled)22. A patient interface module configured to operatively couple an ablation catheter and an energy delivery module , comprising:a first connector configured to connect to an ablation catheter, the ablation catheter comprising an ablation member for providing ablative energy to targeted tissue of a subject, wherein the ablation catheter comprises at least one temperature sensor for determining a temperature associated with the targeted tissue during an ablation procedure;circuitry configured to receive at least one signal from the at least one temperature sensor of the ablation catheter, wherein the at least one temperature sensor comprises a radiometer;wherein the circuitry further comprises at least one signal filter for filtering out residual ablative energy from the at least one signal obtained by the at least one temperature sensor; anda second connector for operatively coupling to an energy delivery module.23. The module of claim 22 ,wherein the at least one signal received by the circuitry comprises ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR MICROWAVE ABLATION AND MEASURING TEMPERATURE DURING ABLATION

An exemplary microwave ablation system is provided. The system may use a switching antenna for both microwave heating of target tissue and microwave radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue to ensure that the desired temperatures are delivered to adequately treat the target tissue and achieve therapeutic goals. The system may integrate switching components into the switching antenna, which eliminates error from heating of the reference termination and heating of the electrical cables. 1. A microwave ablation system for ablating target tissue , the system comprising:a catheter having a proximal region, a distal region, and at least one lumen extending therebetween; a main antenna comprising first and second microwave radiating elements configured to emit microwave energy, the main antenna further configured to measure a radiometer temperature and generate signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature;', 'a reference termination disposed at a junction between the first microwave radiating element and the second microwave radiating element, the reference termination configured to measure a reference temperature and generate signals indicative of the measured reference temperature; and', 'a switch electrically coupled to the main antenna and the reference termination, the switch configured to select between the signals indicative of the measured radiometer temperature from the main antenna and the signals indicative of the measured reference temperature from the reference termination;, 'a switching antenna disposed at the distal region of the catheter, the switching antenna comprisinga generator coupled to the proximal region of the catheter, the generator configured to provide power to the first and second microwave radiating elements via a cable extending through the at least one lumen of the catheter and coupled to the main antenna at a location proximal to the switch and the reference termination; anda processor configured to receive ...

Systems for temperature-controlled ablation using radiometric feedback

The present invention provides systems and methods for temperature-controlled ablation using radiometric feedback. An interface module may include (a) a processor; (b) a first input/output (I/O) port to receive digital radiometer and digital thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT); (c) a second I/O port to receive ablative energy from a generator; (d) a temperature display; (e) a patient relay; (f) a computer-readable medium storing instructions for causing the processor to: (i) calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the digital radiometer and thermocouple signals and operation parameters; (ii) cause the temperature display to display the calculated temperature; and (iii) close the patient relay to pass ablative energy received on the second I/O port to the first I/O port; and (g) a temperature control subsystem to regulate the ablative power based on the calculated temperature.

Systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature during tissue ablation

The present invention provides systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature during ablation. An interface module includes a processor; a first input/output (I/O) port configured to receive digital radiometer and thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT) that includes a radiometer; a second I/O port configured to receive ablative energy from an electrosurgical generator; a temperature display; a patient relay in communication with the first and second I/O ports and the processor; and a computer-readable medium storing radiometer and thermocouple operation parameters and instructions for causing the processor to: calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the radiometer and thermocouple signals and the operation parameters, causing the temperature display to display the calculated temperature, and closing the patient relay so as to pass ablative energy received on the second I/O port to the first I/O port.

Systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature and detecting tissue contact prior to and during tissue ablation

The present invention provides systems and methods for radiometrically measuring temperature and detecting tissue contact during ablation. An interface module includes a first input/output (I/O) port for receiving radiometer and thermocouple signals from an integrated catheter tip (ICT) that includes a radiometer; a second I/O port for receiving ablative energy from an electrosurgical generator; a temperature display; a patient relay; a computer-readable medium storing radiometer and thermocouple parameters and instructions for causing the processor to: calculate a temperature adjacent to the ICT based on the radiometer and thermocouple signals and the parameters; causing the temperature display to display the calculated temperature; closing the patient relay to pass ablative energy from the second to the first I/O port; determining whether the ICT is in contact with tissue based on the radiometer signal. An output device indicates whether the ICT is determined to be in contact with the tissue.

Integrated heating/sensing catheter apparatus for minimally invasive applications

Medical catheter apparatus for minimally invasive applications includes a probe for radiating electromagnetic waves of a first frequency capable of heating tissue and detecting thermal emissions from that tissue of a second frequency indicative of tissue temperature. The probe has an inner conductor extending along the probe to a conductive probe tip and a concentric tubular outer conductor having a leading end spaced rearwardly from the probe tip and a closed trailing end shorted to the inner conductor. A dielectric sheath surrounds the outer conductor which sheath has a leading end spaced rearwardly from the leading end of the outer conductor. A diplexer integrated into the probe includes a filter circuit positioned inside the outer conductor and a coupling capacitor connected between a point on the inner conductor and the input of the filter circuit such that the conductors between that point and the shorted trailing end of the outer conductor constitute a quarter wave stub at the second frequency.

Polysulfonated bis-s-triazinylamino-stilbene-2,2' disulfonic acids

Dual mode temperature transducer with oxygen saturation sensor

Apparatus for detecting intracranial temperature and blood oxygenation includes a transducer having a working surface for placement against a patient's cranium. The transducer forms a microwave antenna having walls defining an aperture having a pair of opposite broader boundaries and a pair of opposite narrower boundaries at the working surface. The antenna is tuned to a frequency which produces a first output signal indicative of heat emanating from the cranium. An oxygen saturation sensor sharing that aperture includes a radiation emitter located at one of narrower boundaries which directs electromagnetic radiation across the aperture to a radiation detector at the other of the narrower boundaries and which produces a corresponding second output signal. A control unit includes a display and a processor for processing the signals to calculate an intracranial temperature and an oxygen saturation value for display by the control unit.

Low profile, high isolation and rejection x-band switched filter assembly

A multi-channel microwave switched filter bank, wherein the input circuitry and output circuitry are mounted on opposite sides of the filter bank, providing a compact structure with excellent isolation. The filter bank includes a set of microwave band pass filter circuits. A housing structure provides an outer conductive peripheral frame structure. A rack structure disposed within the housing structure has a plurality of elongated slots for mounting therein corresponding ones of the plurality of filter circuits. A top dielectric substrate board is mounted adjacent a first side of the rack structure and has a first set of openings formed therein for providing access to a first set of input/output (I/O) ports of the plurality of filter circuits. A bottom dielectric substrate board is mounted adjacent a second side of the rack structure opposite the first side and has a second set of openings formed therein for providing access to a second set of input/output (I/O) ports of the plurality of filter circuits.

Coaxial to microstrip transition

COAXIAL TO MICROSTRIP TRANSITION ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A coaxial-to-microstrip transition device is charac-terized in that the center conductor pin does not extend beyond the housing wall adjacent the microstrip circuit, and the connection between the pin and microstrip conductor is made by a short gold ribbon. Advantages of the transi-tion device include ease of assembly and improved VSWR performance.

Improved micro-electrical-mechanical variable capacitor device and method of making same

A micro-electro-mechanical variable capacitor device including a first substrate (24) ; a first contact (34) disposed on a first surface of the substrate; a piezoelectric actuator (16) disposed over the first surface of the substrate; a second contact (18) coupled to the actuator and disposed in proximity to the first contact; a gap control mechanism disposed between the substrate and the actuator for limiting movement of the first contact relative to the second contact. In the exemplary embodiment, the gap control mechanism is a gap control stop (37) constructed of dielectric material. In practice, plural stops are used. In the exemplary embodiment, plural thermosonic bonds (25) are used to connect the actuator to the first substrate. A second substrate (14) is disposed over the piezo-electric actuator. The second substrate has wells (15, 17) over the bonds to facilitate application of a bonding tool (19) to the bonds. The gap control mechanism provides consistent height control between a flipped chip and its base substrate without exposing the assembly to high temperatures.

Error reduction in radiation-based temperature measurement systems

Multi-bit phase shifters using mem rf switches

An RF phase shifter circuit includes first and second RF ports (104, 106), and a switch circuit comprising a plurality of micro-electro-mechanical ("MEM") switches (50A-50D) responsive to control signals. The switch circuit is arranged to select one of a plurality of discrete phase shift values introduced by the phase shifter circuit to RF signals passed between the first and second RF ports. The circuits can be connected to provide a single-pole-multiple-throw (SPMT) or multiple-pole-multiple-throw (MPMT) switch function. The SPMT and MPMT switch circuits can be employed in other applications, including switchable attenuators, switchable filter banks, switchable time delay lines, switch matrices and transmit/receive RF switches.

Micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) phase shifter

A micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) phase shifter for shifting the phase of a radio frequency (RF) signal. The phase shifter includes a quadrature coupler having an input port, an output port, a first load port and a second load port. A first variable reactance is coupled to the first load port and a second variable reactance is coupled the second load port. Each variable reactance has a plurality of reflecting phase shifting elements each having an associated micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) switching element to individually and selectively couple the reflecting phase shifting element to the appropriate load port.

Improved micro-electrical-mechanical variable capacitor device and method of making same

Systems and methods for tissue ablation and measurements relating to the same

An exemplary ablation system is provided. The system is designed for safe and efficacious energy delivery into tissue by, for example, emitting energy in a controlled, repeatable manner that allows for feedback and energy emission titration based on sensed parameters (e.g., tissue temperature) measured during ablation. The system may include a switching antenna for both heating of target tissue and radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue. For example, the switching antenna may include a monopole formed by proximal and distal radiating elements, such that the proximal radiating element includes a short to defeat a choke action of the proximal radiating element. The system further includes a processor for calculating the temperature of the target tissue and estimating volume of the ablation lesion based on the target tissue temperature.

Systems and methods of non-invasively determining internal temperature

A system for and noninvasively monitoring temperature within a body of a subject includes a transducer and an interface component. The transducer receives native temperature signals, which are electromagnetic signals. One or both of the transducer and the interface component convert the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal. The interface unit may be configured to be coupled to a standard temperature signal-receiving apparatus, such as a standard vital signs monitor or a standard body temperature management system, which may recognize the standard temperature signal. Methods for noninvasively monitoring temperature, including receiving native temperature signals and converting the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal, are also disclosed.

Error reduction in radiation-based temperature measurement systems

Apparatuses and systems for determining a temperature of a targeted subject are disclosed. A temperature sensing system may include an antenna for sensing electromagnetic radiation (e.g., microwaves, etc.) emanating from the source. Based on that electromagnetic radiation, the antenna generates a temperature signal. A switch, which is located at or adjacent to an output of the antenna, receives the temperature signal, as well as a reference signal from a termination. The temperature signal and the reference signal are conveyed along a cable to a signal converter. Signal-altering events that affect the temperature signal as it is conveyed also affect the reference signal. Thus, any error caused by a signal-altering event automatically cancels out. The signal converter measures or otherwise processes the temperature signal and, since there is no need to correct for errors in the temperature signal, the reference signal, and accurately calculates the temperature of the source.

Method and apparatus for managing internetwork and intranetwork activity

In accordance with the present invention, a network management program (80) is provided that manages the communication of data packets between an intranetwork (44) and an internetwork (40). An operator of a computer connected to the intranetwork (44) inputs vital information regarding users of computers connected to the intranetwork (44), mapping information regarding computers connected to the intranetwork (44), and policies to be applied against those users and computers, using a graphical user interface (GUI 70). The GUI (70) communicates the vital user information, mapping information and policies to a database (72) which stores and organizes the vital user information, mapping information and policies. A filter executive (76) optimizes the policies stored in the database (72) into a set of rules for each user and passes the rules to a filter engine (78). The filter engine (78) filters all outbound data packets transmitted from the intranetwork (44) to the internetwork (40) and verifies all inbound data packets from the internetwork (40) according to the rules provided by the filter executive (76). The filter executive (76) also communicates the mapping information stored in the database (72) to a naming service manager (74) which further updates the mapping information and returns the updated mapping information to the filter executive (76). Consequently, the filter executive (78) filters the data packets according to the most recent mapping information.

Systems and methods of non-invasively determining internal temperature

A system for and noninvasively monitoring temperature within a body of a subject includes a transducer and an interface component. The transducer receives native temperature signals, which are electromagnetic signals. One or both of the transducer and the interface component convert the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal. The interface unit may be configured to be coupled to a standard temperature signal-receiving apparatus, such as a standard vital signs monitor or a standard body temperature management system, which may recognize the standard temperature signal. Methods for noninvasively monitoring temperature, including receiving native temperature signals and converting the native temperature signals to a standard temperature signal, are also disclosed.

Improved electromechanical variable capacitor microdevice and method to do the same

Un microcondensador electromecánico variable que comprende: un primer sustrato (24); un primer contacto (34) dispuesto en una primera superficie de dicho sustrato (24); un activador piezoeléctrico (16) dispuesto sobre dicha primera superficie de dicho sustrato (24); un segundo contacto (18) acoplado a dicho activador (16) y dispuesto próximo a dicho primer contacto (34); una parada (37, 39) de control de holgura dispuesta entre dicho sustrato (24) y dicho activador (16) para limitar el movimiento de dicho primer contacto (34) con respecto a dicho segundo contacto (18); varias conexiones (25) entre dicho activador (16) y dicho primer sustrato (24); y un segundo sustrato (14) dispuesto sobre dicho activador piezoeléctrico (16), caracterizado porque dicho segundo sustrato (14) tiene unos pozos (15, 17) sobre dichas conexiones (25) para facilitar la aplicación de una herramienta de conexión (19) a dichas conexiones (25). A variable electromechanical microcapacitor comprising: a first substrate (24); a first contact (34) disposed on a first surface of said substrate (24); a piezoelectric activator (16) disposed on said first surface of said substrate (24); a second contact (18) coupled to said actuator (16) and disposed proximate said first contact (34); a slack control stop (37, 39) disposed between said substrate (24) and said actuator (16) to limit movement of said first contact (34) relative to said second contact (18); various connections (25) between said activator (16) and said first substrate (24); and a second substrate (14) arranged on said piezoelectric activator (16), characterized in that said second substrate (14) has wells (15, 17) on said connections (25) to facilitate the application of a connection tool (19) to said connections (25).

Integrated heating/sensing catheter apparatus for minimally invasive applications

Micro electro-mechanical system device with piezoelectric thin film actuator

A radio frequency (RF) micro electro-mechanical system (MEMS) device and method of making same are provided, the device including an RF circuit substrate (24) and an RF conducting path (32, 34) disposed on the RF circuit substrate, a piezoelectric thin film actuator (16), and a conducting path electrode (18). The piezoelectric thin film actuator has a proximal end (54) that is fixed relative to the RF circuit substrate and a cantilever end (56) that is spaced from the RF circuit substrate. The conducting path electrode is disposed on the cantilever end of the piezoelectric thin film actuator. The cantilever end of the piezoelectric thin film actuator is movable between a first position whereat the conducting path electrode is spaced from the RF path electrode and a second position whereat the conducting path electrode is spaced from the RF path electrode a second distance, wherein the second distance is less than the first distance. The RF MEMS device is particularly useful as a tunable capacitor. The RF MEMS device requires lower operating voltage, and provides variable RF tuning capacity, fewer stiction problems, simplified fabrication, and an improved switching time.

Microelectromechanical system device with piezoelectric thin film actuator

2-d electronically scanned array with compact cts feed and mems phase shifters

Improved microelectromechanically variable capacitor device and method of manufacturing the same

Elektronisch 2d-gescanntes array mit kompakter cts-zuführung und mems-phasenschiebern

Apparatus and method of non-invasively determining deep tissue temperature using microwave radiometry

Todimensjonal elektronisk avsøkt gruppeantenne med kompakt CTS-mating og MEMS-faseforskyvere

En mikroelektromekanisk systems (MEMS) styrbar, elektronisk avsøkt linsegruppe (ESA) antenne (10) og fremgangsmåte for frekvensavsøkning er beskrevet. MEMS ESA antennen (10) innbefatter en MEMS E-plan styrbar linsegruppe (11) og en MEMS H-plan styrbar lineær gruppe (12). Den MEMS E-plan styrbare linsegruppen (11) innbefatter første og andre grupper av bredbåndsstrålingselementer (14a, 14b), og en gruppe av MEMS E-plan faseforskyvermoduler (18) anbrakt mellom nevnte første og andre grupper av strålingselementer (14a, 14b). Den MEMS H-plan styrbare lineære gruppe (12) innbefatter en kontinuerlig tverrstump (CTS) mategruppe (16) og en gruppe av MEMS H-plan faseforskyvermodul (17) ved en inngang på CTS mategruppen (16). Den MEMS H-plan styrbare lineære gruppe (12) er anbrakt hosliggende den første gruppen av strålingselementer (14a) hos nevnte MEMS E-plan styrbare linsegruppe (12) for å tilveiebringe en plan bølgefront i nærfeltet. H-plan faseforskyvermodulen (17) forskyver RF signaler innmatet i CTS mategruppen (16) basert på faseinnstillingene hos H-plan faseforskyvermodulen (17), og E-plan faseforskyvermodulene (18) styrer en stråle utstrålt fra CTS mategruppen (16) i et E-plan basert på faseinnstillingene hos E-plan forskyvermodulene (18).

Elektronisk 2D-skanderet array med kompakt CTS-tilførsel og MEMS-fasedrejere

Elektronisch 2d-gescanntes array mit kompakter cts-zuführung und mems-phasenschiebern

Elektronisch abtastendes 2-d breitband-array mit kompakter cts-speisung und mems phasenschiebern

Dyeing of polyurethane foams

Apparatuses for non-invasively sensing internal temperature

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed.

Highly adaptable heterogeneous power amplifier ic micro-systems using flip chip and microelectromechanical technologies on low loss substrates

A first MEM (329) having first and second contact is mounted on a substrate. A PA power cell is thermally connected to the substrate using a thermal bump. The power cell has first and second power cell bumps as pathways for I/O functions. A first insulator (319) is mounted on substrate supporting a second MEM (327), having first and second connections, located on a bottom surface. This first conductive via (313) traverses the first insulator and connect the first connection from the second MEM to a first conductor connected to the first power cell bump . The second conductor (335) is connected to a second conductive via (307), which traverses a second insulator. The second conductive via is connected to a first metal member. The second conductive via is connected to a first metal member (305) formed over the upper surface of the second insulator and connected to a first input to the first MEM switch. A second metal member (303) is connected to the second contact of the first MEM switch.

Highly adaptable heterogeneous power amplifier ic micro-systems using flip chip and microelectromechanical technologies on low loss substrates

Hoyadapterbare heterogene effektforsterker IC mikrosystemer som bruker flippbrikke og mikroelektromekaniske teknologier pa lavtaps substrater

Sammendrag En første MEM (329) som har en første og andre kontakt er montert på et substrat. En PA effektcelle er termisk forbundet med substratet ved bruk av en termisk ujevnhet. Effektcellen har første og andre effektcelleujevnheter som baner for I/O funksjoner. En første isolator (319) er montert på substratet og støtter en andre MEM (327), som har første og andre forbindelser, som befinner seg på en bunnoverflate. Denne første ledende banen (313) traverserer den første isolatoren og forbinder den første forbindelsen fra den andre MEM til en første leder forbundet til den første effektcelleujevnheten. Den andre lederen (335) er forbundet med en andre ledende bane (307), som traverserer en andre isolator. Den andre ledende banen er forbundet med et første metallelement. Den andre ledende banen er forbundet til et første metallelement (305) formet over den øvre overflaten til den andre isolatoren og forbundet med en første inngang til den første MEM bryteren eller veksleren. Et andre metallelement (303) er forbundet med den andre kontakten til den første MEM bryteren.

Yderst adaptive heterogene effektforstærker-IC-mikrosystemer, som anvender flip chip- og mikroelektromekaniske teknologier på lavtabssubstrater

Hochadaptiver heterogener leistungsverstärker mittels flip-chip und mikro-elektro-mechanische (mem) systeme auf verlustarmen substraten

Apparatus and method of non-invasively determining deep tissue temperature using microwave radiometry

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal.

Apparatus and method of non-invasively determining deep tissue temperature using microwave radiometry

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal.

System for microwave ablation and measuring temperature during ablation

An exemplary microwave ablation system is provided. The system may use a switching antenna for both microwave heating of target tissue and microwave radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue to ensure that the desired temperatures are delivered to adequately treat the target tissue and achieve therapeutic goals. The system may integrate switching components into the switching antenna, which eliminates error from heating of the reference termination and heating of the electrical cables.

Apparatuses for non-invasively sensing internal temperature

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include, a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna, and/or it may be configured to multiplex signals indicative of a temperature within a subject's body with reference temperature signals.

Apparatuses for non-invasively sensing internal temperature

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed.

Micro electro-mechanical system device with piezoelectric thin film actuator

Mikroelektromekanisk systeminnretning med piezoelektrisk tynnfilmaktuator

En radiofrekvens (RF) mikroelektromekanisk system (MEMS)-innretning og fremgangsmåte for å fremstille denne er tilveiebragt, innretningen innbefatter et RF-kretssubstrat (24) og en RF-ledningsbane anbragt (32, 34) på RF-kretssubstratet, en piezoelektrisk tynnfilmaktuator (16), og en ledningsbaneelektrode (18). Den piezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren har en proksimal ende (54) som er festet relativt til RF-kretssubstratet og en bjelkeende (56) som er anbragt med mellomrom fra RF-kretssubstratet. Ledningsbaneelektroden er anbragt på bjelkeenden av den piezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren. Bjelkeenden av den piezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren er bevegelig mellom en første posisjon der ledningsbaneelektroden er i avstand fra RF-baneelektroden og en andre posisjon der ledningsbaneelektroden er i avstand fra RF-baneelektroden ved en andre avstand, der den andre avstanden er mindre enn den første avstanden. RF MEMS-innretningen er spesielt anvendbar som en avstembar kondensator. RF MEMS-innretningen krever mindre driftsspenning, og tilveiebringer variabel RF-justeringskapasitet, mindre stiksjonsproblemer, forenklet fremstilling og en forbedret switchetid.

Dispositivo de sistema microelectromecanico con actuador piezoelectrico de pelicula delgada.

Un dispositivo (10) de sistema microelectromecánico (MEMS) de radiofrecuencia (RF), que comprende: un sustrato (24) de circuito RF y una vía conductora RF (32, 34) dispuesta en el sustrato (24) de circuito RF; un actuador piezoeléctrico (16) de película delgada que tiene un extremo próximo que está fijado con respecto al sustrato (24) de circuito RF y un extremo en voladizo que está separado del sustrato (24) del circuito RF; un electrodo (18) de vía conductora dispuesto en el extremo en voladizo del actuador piezoeléctrico (16) de película delgada; en el que el extremo en voladizo del actuador piezoeléctrico (16) de película delgada puede moverse entre una primera posición en la que el electrodo (18) de vía conductora está separado del electrodo (32, 34) de vía RF una primera distancia y en una segunda posición en la que el electrodo (18) de vía conductora está separado del electrodo (32, 34) de vía RF una segunda distancia, y en el que la segunda distancia es cero o menor que la primera distancia; y en el que el actuador piezoeléctrico (16) de película delgada incluye un primer electrodo (49), un segundo electrodo (42), una capa elástica (50) dispuesta sobre el segundo electrodo (42), una capa aislante dispuesta sobre la capa elástica a lo largo de un plano sustancialmente paralelo a la superficie del sustrato del circuito RF, y una capa piezoeléctrica (44) dispuesta entre los electrodos primero y segundo (40, 42), la capa aislante reduce la formación de arco eléctrico entre los electrodos primero y segundo.

Mikroelektromekanisk systeminnretning med piezoelektrisk tynn filmaktuator

En radiofrekvens (RF) mikroelektromekanisk system (MEMS)-innretning og fremgangsmåte for å fremstille denne er tilveiebragt, innretningen innbefatter et RFkretssubstrat (24) og en RF-ledningsbane anbragt (32, 34) på RF-kretssubstratet, en piezoelektrisk tynnfilmaktuator (16), og en ledningsbaneelektrode (18). Den piezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren har en proksimal ende (54) som er festet relativt til RF-kretssubstratet og en bjelkeende (56) som er anbragt med mellomrom fra RFkretssubstratet. Ledningsbaneelektroden er anbragt på bjelkeenden av den piezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren. Bjelkeenden av den plezoelektriske tynnfilmaktuatoren er bevegelig mellom en første posisjon der ledningsbaneelektroden er i avstand fra RF-baneelektroden og en andre posisjon der ledningsbaneelektroden er i avstand fra RF-baneelektroden ved en andre avstand, der den andre avstanden er mindre enn den første avstanden. RF MEMS-innretningen er spesielt anvendbar som en avstembar kondensator. RF MEMS-innretningen krever mindre driftsspenning, og tilveiebringer variabel RF-justeringskapasitet, mindre stiksjonsproblemer, forenklet fremstilling og en forbedret switchetid.

2-d electronically scanned array with compact cts feed and mems phase shifters

A microelectromechanical system (MEMS) steerable electronically scanned lens array (ESA) antenna (10) and method of frequency scanning are disclosed. The MEMS ESA antenna (10) includes a MEMS E-plane steerable lens array (11) and a MEMS H-plane steerable linear array (12). The MEMS E-plane steerable lens array (11) includes first and second arrays of wide band radiating elements (14a, 14b), and an array of MEMS E-plane phase shifter modules (18) disposed between the first and second arrays of radiating elements (14a, 14b). The MEMS H-plane steerable linear array (12) includes a continuous transverse stub (CTS) feed array (16) and an array of MEMS H-plane phase shifter modules (17) at an input of the CTS feed array (16). The MEMS H-plane steerable linear array (12) is disposed adjacent the first array of radiating elements (14a) of the MEMS E-plane steerable lens array (12) for providing a planar wave front in the near field. The H-plane phase shifter modules (17) shift RF signals input into the CTS feed array (16) based on the phase settings of the H-plane phase shifter modules (17), and the E-plane phase shifter modules (18) steer a beam radiated from the CTS feed array (16) in an E-plane based on the phase settings of the E-plane shifter modules (18).

Apparatus and method of non-invasively determining deep tissue temperature using microwave radiometry

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal.

Todimensjonal elektronisk avsokt gruppeantenne med kompakt CTS-mating og MEMS-faseforskyvere

Apparatuses for non-invasively sensing internal temperature

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed.

Low profile temperature transducer

A low profile temperature transducer has a working surface for placement against a body surface and a first output. The transducer is a flat laminate composed of alternating conductive and dielectric layers. The laminate defines at least one slotline antenna for exposure to the body surface to pick up thermal emissions from the underlying tissue at depth. A feed network having a characteristic impedance is connected to the first output and a slotline-to-stripline transition is connected between the at least one antenna and the feed network, the transition providing a match between the impedance at the at least one antenna and the characteristic impedance. Also, a temperature sensor may be present at the working surface to detect the body surface temperature under the transducer, that surface temperature being used to calculate actual temperature at depth.

Solid state microwave power amplifier module

Apparatus and method of non-invasively determining deep tissue temperature using microwave radiometry

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal.

Systems and methods for tissue ablation and measurements relating to the same

An exemplary ablation system is provided. The system is designed for safe and efficacious energy delivery into tissue by, for example, emitting energy in a controlled, repeatable manner that allows for feedback and energy emission titration based on sensed parameters (e.g., tissue temperature) measured during ablation. The system may include a switching antenna for both heating of target tissue and radiometry to monitor the temperature of the heated tissue. For example, the switching antenna may include a monopole formed by proximal and distal radiating elements, such that the proximal radiating element includes a short to defeat a choke action of the proximal radiating element. The system further includes a processor for calculating the temperature of the target tissue and estimating volume of the ablation lesion based on the target tissue temperature.