Methods of making separators for electrochemical cells comprising pseudo-boehmite layers and a protective coating layer

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) two microporous pseudo-boehmite layers and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer interposed between the microporous pseudo-boehmite layers; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Method of making separators for electrochemical cells comprising a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

LITHIUM BATTERIES UTILIZING NANOPOROUS SEPARATOR LAYERS

Provided are methods of preparing lithium batteries comprising a separator/electrode assembly having one or more current collector layers interposed between first and second electrode layers of the same polarity, wherein the first electrode layer is coated or laminated overlying a separator layer and the separator/electrode assembly is interleaved with an electrode comprising a current collector layer interposed between two electrode layers of opposite polarity to said first and second electrodes. 1. A method of making a lithium battery , the method comprising the steps of:(a) coating a porous separator layer on a substrate;(b) coating or laminating a first electrode layer of a polarity overlying said separator layer;(c) coating or laminating a second electrode layer of the same polarity overlying said separator layer;(d) coating, laminating, or depositing one or more current collector layers overlying said first electrode layer to make a separator/electrode stack;(e) laminating said second electrode layer to said one or more current collector layers on the side opposite to said first electrode layer and delaminating said substrate from said separator layer to form a separator/electrode assembly having said one or more current collector layers interposed between said first and second electrode layers; and(f) interleaving said assembly with an electrode comprising a current collector layer interposed between two electrode layers of opposite polarity to said first and second electrode layers of steps (b) and (c) to form a dry cell.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said assembly and said electrode are in a sheet configuration prior to said interleaving step.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein there are further steps of (1) enclosing said dry cell in a casing and (2) filling with electrolyte and sealing.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said one or more current collector layers comprises a metal layer.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein an edge connection of said one or ...

Filtration media and methods of preparation

Provided are methods of preparing filtration media in which a microporous layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and a porous substrate is then laminated to the microporous layer, after or prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the microporous layer. Preferably, the microporous layer comprises one or more microporous xerogel layers. Also provided are filtration media prepared by such methods.

Organic photovoltaic cells

The present invention pertains to organic infrared absorbing layers comprising an organic radical cation compound that absorbs in an infrared region and produces an electron transfer reaction that results in a flow of electrons. Preferably, the organic radical cation compound is a salt of an aminium radical cation. Provided are photovoltaic cells comprising such light-sensitive organic infrared absorbing layers.

Methods of preparing electrochemical cells

Provided are methods of preparing a cathode/separator assembly for use in electrochemical cells in which a microporous separator layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and a cathode active layer is then coated or laminated on the separator layer prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the separator layer. The microporous separator layer may comprise one or more microporous xerogel layers. Optionally, the cathode/separator assembly may comprise one or more protective coating layers which are in contact with at least one of the microporous xerogel layers, and one of the protective coating layers may be coated on the temporary carrier substrate prior to coating the separator layer. Also, provided are methods of preparing electrochemical cells utilizing cathode/separator assemblies prepared by such methods, and cathode/separator assemblies and electrochemical cells prepared by such methods.

SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Fuel cells and methods of preparation

Provided are methods of preparing a fuel cell in which a microporous layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and an electrode assembly is then laminated to the microporous layer, after or prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the microporous layer. Preferably, the microporous layer comprises one or more microporous xerogel layers. Also provided are fuel cells prepared by such methods.

Optical shutter assembly

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising a photon-absorbing layer and a surface layer in a transparent state on at least one side of the photon-absorbing layer, wherein the optical shutter is characterized by the absorption of photons to change the photon-absorbing layer to an opaque state and to change the surface layer to a reflective state. The optical shutter is reversibly imageable between these transparent and reflective states. The optical shutter may comprise a metallized layer on at least one side of the photon-absorbing layer. Preferably, the optical shutter comprises an organic free radical compound, such as a salt of an aminium radical cation, in the photon-absorbing layer. Also provided are optical switch devices and optical buffers comprising such optical shutters and methods of switching an optical signal utilizing such optical shutters and switch devices.

BATTERIES UTILIZING ANODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided is a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer. Also provided are methods of preparing such separator/anode assemblies.

PROTECTIVE COATING FOR SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

This invention pertains to separators for use in electrochemical cells which comprise at least one microporous pseudo-boehmite layer, which separator is in contact with at least one protective coating layer positioned on the anode-facing side of the separator opposite from the cathode active layer in the cell; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Window films with reflective organic and metal layers

A system and method for windows films having one or more layers incorporating an organic free radical compound, wherein the layers reflect in the infrared region, and one or more layers of a multilayer interference stack of a metal/metal or metal/metal oxide design. Preferably, the organic free radical compound is a salt of an aminium radical cation. One or more layers of the multilayer interference stack may incorporate an aminium radical cation compound. Also provided are security windows that utilize such window films.

Protective coating for separators for electrochemical cells

This invention pertains to separators for use in electrochemical cells which comprise at least one microporous pseudo-boehmite layer, which separator is in contact with at least one protective coating layer positioned on the anode-facing side of the separator opposite from the cathode active layer in the cell; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Methods of preparing a microporous article

Provided are methods of preparing an article in which a microporous layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and a substrate is then laminated to the microporous layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the microporous layer. The microporous layer may comprise one or more microporous xerogel layers. Optionally, the microporous layer assembly may comprise one or more non-microporous coating layers which are in contact with at least one of the microporous xerogel layers, and one of the non-microporous coating layers may be coated on the temporary carrier substrate prior to coating the microporous layer. Also provided are articles, such as electrochemical cells, capacitors, fuel cells, ink jet ink printing media, and filtration media, prepared by such methods.

PROTECTIVE COATING FOR SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) two microporous pseudo-boehmite layers and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer interposed between the microporous pseudo-boehmite layers; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Optical shutter

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free compound, preferably a radical cation or a radical anion, wherein the organic free radical compound forms an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared or a visible wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound. Preferably, the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds after absorption of photons by the free radical compound. Also, preferably, the change in absorption is reversible and occurs in less than 10 milliseconds. Also provided is an optical shutter for use as an optical switch in fiber optic communications, and, alternatively, for use in a laser protection device, a security protection system, and an eyewear device.

BATTERIES UTILIZING ELECTRODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided are lithium batteries utilizing electrode coatings directly on nanoporous separators, the batteries comprising (a) a separator/cathode assembly, (b) a separator/anode assembly, and (c) an electrolyte, where the batteries comprise alternating layers of the separator/cathode assembly and the separator/anode assembly. Preferably, a portion of the separator/cathode assembly is not in contact with the separator/anode assembly and a portion of the separator/anode assembly is not in contact with the separator/cathode assembly, and electrically conductive edge connections are made through these portions. Also provided are methods of preparing such lithium batteries.

Optical amplifier

An optical amplifier includes an organic luminescent free radical compound, preferably a salt of a radical cation or a salt of a radical anion, wherein an excited state of the luminescent free radical compound undergoes stimulated emission in an infrared wavelength region, such as 1500 to 1650 nm. Suitable organic luminescent free radical compounds include aminium infrared-absorbing dyes.

Separators for electrochemical cells

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Optical switch device

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free radical compound, wherein the optical shutter is reversibly imageable to switch between a non-reflective and transparent state and a reflective state. This switching may be induced by the absorption of photons, the application of an electric current, or thermally. Preferably, the organic free radical compound is a salt of an aminium radical cation. Also provided are optical switch devices and optical buffers comprising such optical shutters, methods of switching an optical signal utilizing such optical shutters and switch devices, and methods of storing an optical signal utilizing such optical buffers.

Batteries utilizing anode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided is a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer. Also provided are methods of preparing such separator/anode assemblies.

Capacitors and methods of preparation

Provided are methods of preparing a capacitor in which a microporous layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and an electrode assembly is then laminated to the microporous layer, after or prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the microporous layer. Preferably, the microporous layer comprises one or more microporous xerogel layers. Also provided are capacitors prepared by such methods.

METHODS OF PRODUCING BATTERIES UTILIZING ANODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.

Microporous separators for electrochemical cells

Provided are separators for use in an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an hydrated aluminum oxide of the formula Al₂O₃.xH₂O, wherein x is less than 1.0 and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the hydrated aluminum oxide comprises organic substituents. Preferably, x of the hydrated aluminum oxide is less than 0.8, or more preferably, x is less than 0.6. Preferably, the organic substituents comprise a reaction product of a multifunctional monomer, such as a divinyl ether of an ethylene glycol, and/or an organic carbonate with an aluminum oxide, such as pseudo-boehmite or a hydrated aluminum oxide.

Electroactive polymers of high sulfur content for use in electrochemical cells

Provided is an electroactive organic polymer, which polymer comprises conductive polymer segments and non-conductive polymer segments, having one or more of these polymer segments bonded to polysulfide chains, and wherein the polysulfide chains comprise one or more moieties selected from the group consisting of -(Sm)-, -(Sm)<->, and (Sm)<2->, where m is an integer from 3 to 200 and is the same or different at each occurrence. Also provided are composite cathodes comprising such polymers, electrochemical cells comprising such cathodes, and methods of making such polymers, composite cathodes, and cells.

Optical shutter

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free compound, preferably a radical cation or a radical anion, wherein the organic free radical compound forms a reaction product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared or a wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced reaction of the free radical compound. Preferably, the photo-induced reaction occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds after absorption of photons by the free radical compound. Also, preferably, the change in absorption is reversible, and the optical shutter is reversibly imaged in less than 10 milliseconds to regenerate the free radical compound. Provided is an optical shutter for use as an optical switch in fiber optic communications, and, alternatively, for use in a laser protection device, a security protection system, and an eyewear device. Also provided are optical switch arrays, optical buffers, optical routers, and tunable optical gain filters comprising such optical shutters.

Optical shutter assembly

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an photon-absorbing layer and a surface layer in a transparent state on at least one side of the photon-absorbing layer, wherein the optical shutter is characterized by the absorption of photons to change the photon-absorbing layer to an opaque state and to change the surface layer to a reflective state. The optical shutter is reversibly imageable between these transparent and reflective states. The optical shutter may comprise a metallized layer on at least one side of the photon-absorbing layer. Preferably, the optical shutter comprises an organic free radical compound, such as a salt of an aminium radical cation, in the photon-absorbing layer. Also provided are optical switch devices and optical buffers comprising such optical shutters and methods of switching an optical signal utilizing such optical shutters and switch devices.

Methods of preparing electrochemical cells

Methods of preparing a cathode/separator assembly for use in electrochemical cells in which a protective coating layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate, a microporous separator layer is then coated on the protective coating layer, and a cathode is then coated or laminated on the separator layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the protective coating layer. Also, methods of preparing electrochemical cells utilizing cathode/separator assemblies prepared by such methods, and cathode/separator assemblies and electrochemical cells prepared by such methods.

Protective coating for separators for electrochemical cells

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) a microporous pseudo-boehmite layer and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Microporous articles and methods of preparation

Provided are methods of preparing an article in which a microporous layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate and a substrate is then laminated to the microporous layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the microporous layer. The microporous layer comprises one or more microporous xerogel layers. Optionally, the microporous layer assembly may comprise one or more non-microporous coating layers which are in contact with at least one of the microporous xerogel layers, and one of the non-microporous coating layers may be coated on the temporary carrier substrate prior to coating the microporous layer. Also provided are articles, such as electrochemical cells, capacitors, fuel cells, ink jet ink printing media, and filtration media, prepared by such methods.

Batteries utilizing electrode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are lithium batteries utilizing electrode coatings directly on nanoporous separators, the batteries comprising (a) a separator/cathode assembly, (b) a separator/anode assembly, and (c) an electrolyte, where the batteries comprise alternating layers of the separator/cathode assembly and the separator/anode assembly. Preferably, a portion of the separator/cathode assembly is not in contact with the separator/anode assembly and a portion of the separator/anode assembly is not in contact with the separator/cathode assembly, and electrically conductive edge connections are made through these portions. Also provided are methods of preparing such lithium batteries.

Methods of preparing electrochemical cells

Methods of preparing a cathode/separator assembly for use in electrochemical cells in which a protective coating layer, such as a single ion conducting layer, is coated on a temporary carrier substrate, a microporous separator layer is then coated on the protective coating layer, and a cathode active layer is then coated on the separator layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the protective coating layer. Additional layers, including an edge insulating layer, a cathode current collector layer, an electrode insulating layer, an anode current collector layer, an anode layer such as a lithium metal layer, and an anode protective layer, such as a single ion conducting layer, may be applied subsequent to the coating step of the microporous separator layer. Also, methods of preparing electrochemical cells utilizing cathode/separator assemblies prepared by such methods, and cathode/separator assemblies and electrochemical cells prepared by such methods.

Optical shutter

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free compound, such as a radical cation or a radical anion, and a polydiacetylene compound, wherein the polydiacetylene compound is characterized by having a change in absorption in a wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced heat transfer from the free radical compound. The thermochromic change in absorption is reversed by thermal cooling or by a photo-induced reaction after the photo-induced heat transfer. Also provided is an optical shutter for use as an optical switch in fiber optic communications, and, alternatively, for use in a laser protection device, in a security protection system, or in an eyewear device.

Reflective organic layers

The present invention pertains to organic reflective layers comprising an organic radical cation compound, wherein the layer reflects in the infrared region. Preferably, the organic radical cation compound is a salt of an aminium radical cation. Provided are solar window films comprising such infrared reflective layers.

DUAL VESICULAR AND INFRARED IMAGING MEDIA

Provided is a laser imageable media that forms both a vesicular bubble image and an infrared image upon exposure to laser radiation. The laser imageable media comprises (1) a substrate, preferably a transparent plastic substrate, (2) an infrared absorbing layer comprising an infrared absorbing compound, preferably an aminium radical cation compound, that exhibits a reduction in infrared absorption when exposed to the laser radiation, and (3) a polymeric layer comprising an organic polymer, preferably nitrocellulose, overlying the infrared absorbing layer. The vesicular image on a transparent plastic substrate is readable with a visible scanner without the use of any reflective background material behind the transparent plastic substrate.

SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Provided are separators for use in batteries and capacitors comprising (a) at least 50% by weight of an aluminum oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified aluminum oxide, and wherein the treatment provides dispersibility of the aluminum oxide in aprotic solvents such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Preferably, the organic acid is a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid. Also preferably, the organic polymer is a fluorinated polymer, such as polyvinylidene fluoride. Also provided are electrochemical cells and capacitors comprising such separators. 1. A separator for an electric current producing cell , wherein said separator comprises a microporous layer comprising (a) at least 50% by weight of an aluminum oxide and (b) an organic polymer , wherein said aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified aluminum oxide , and wherein said treatment provides dispersibility of said aluminum oxide in aprotic solvents , and said organic polymer comprises a first fluorinated organic monomer and a second organic monomer or said organic polymer comprises a polyvinylidene fluoride polymer.2. The separator of claim 1 , wherein said organic acid is a sulfonic acid.3. The separator of claim 2 , wherein said sulfonic acid is an aryl sulfonic acid claim 2 , preferably a toluenesulfonic acid.4. The separator of claim 1 , wherein said organic acid is a carboxylic acid.5. The separator of claim 1 , wherein said aluminum oxide comprises a hydrated aluminum oxide of the formula AlO·xHO claim 1 , wherein x is in the range of 1.0 to 1.5 claim 1 , and wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified hydrated aluminum oxide.6. The separator of claim 5 , wherein said separator comprises 60 to 90% by weight of said modified aluminum oxide.7. The separator of claim 5 , wherein said microporous layer has an ...

NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS FOR BATTERIES AND RELATED MANUFACTURING METHODS

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries. 1. A lithium battery comprising:an anode,a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals,an electrolyte, anda porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound.2. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises lithium metal.3. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals selected from the group consisting of manganese claim 1 , nickel and cobalt.4. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator comprises one or more inorganic oxides or nitrides.5. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the separator comprises boehmite.6. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anionic compound comprises two or more anionic groups.7. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the anionic groups are selected from the group consisting of sulfonate and carboxylate.8. The battery of claim 6 , wherein the cation of the anionic groups comprises a lithium ion.9. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anionic compound comprises greater than about 0.1 weight percent of the weight of the porous separator.10. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anionic compound is an anthraquinone.11. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anionic compound is a photosensitizer.12. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the photosensitizer is an oxygen scavenger.13. The battery of claim 11 , wherein the separator comprises polymer formed by the absorption of photons by the photosensitizer.14. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the anionic compound is an oxidizer of lithium metal.15. The battery of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator has an average pore diameter of less than ...

MULTILAYER NANOPOROUS SEPARATOR

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm. 1. A separator for use in a lithium battery comprising:(a) a porous polymeric layer, which porous polymeric layer comprises a plurality of pores, and(b) 0.27 grams, or greater, per square meter of boehmite particles disposed within the plurality of pores of the porous polymeric layer.2. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the boehmite particles comprise hydrophobic boehmite particles.3. The separator of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophobic boehmite particles comprise a reaction product of an organic carbonate with boehmite.4. The separator of claim 3 , wherein the organic carbonate is ethylene carbonate.5. The separator of claim 3 , wherein the organic carbonate is fluoroethylene carbonate.6. The separator of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophobic boehmite particles comprise an organic polymer chemically reacted to at least a portion of the boehmite of said boehmite particles.7. The separator of claim 1 , wherein an average crystallite size of said boehmite particles disposed within the pores of said porous polymeric layer is between 5 nm and 25 nm.8. The separator of claim 1 , wherein an average crystallite size of said boehmite particles disposed within the pores of said porous polymeric layer is between 5 nm and 8 nm.9. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the separator further comprises a nanoporous layer adjacent at least one of two opposing sides of the porous polymeric layer claim 1 , wherein said nanoporous layer comprises boehmite particles and one or more organic polymer binders.10. The separator of claim 9 , wherein the boehmite particles of said ...

BATTERIES UTILIZING CATHODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.

COATED STACKS FOR BATTERIES AND RELATED MANUFACTURING METHODS

Provided is a battery stack for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the coated stack comprises a porous separator, an electrode layer adjacent the porous separator, and a current collector layer coated on the electrode layer, wherein the current collector layer comprises sintered metal particles. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such coated stacks. 1. A battery stack comprising:a porous separator;an electrode layer adjacent the porous separator; anda current collector layer coated on the electrode layer, wherein the current collector layer comprises sintered metal particles.2. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the current collector layer comprises sintered nickel particles.3. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the current collector layer comprises sintered copper particles.4. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the current collector layer comprises sintered aluminum particles.5. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the current collector layer is 2-20 μm thick.6. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator comprises particles selected from the group consisting of inorganic oxide particles and inorganic nitride particles.7. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator comprises an organic polymer.8. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator includes boehmite or alumina.9. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator includes between 65-95% boehmite by weight.10. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the porous separator has an average pore size between 10-90 nm.11. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the electrode layer is a cathode layer.12. The battery stack of claim 1 , wherein the electrode layer is an anode layer.13. The battery stack of claim 1 , further comprising a shutdown layer adjacent to the porous separator.14. The battery stack of claim 1 , further comprising a coating of non-sintered metal particles on a portion of the porous separator.15. A ...

SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Provided are separators for use in an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an inorganic oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the inorganic oxide comprises organic substituents. Also provided are electrochemical cells comprising such separators. 120-. (canceled)21. An electrochemical cell comprising:an anode,a cathode, and [ a hydrated aluminum oxide, and', 'an organic polymer that is covalently bonded to at least a portion of said hydrated aluminum oxide, and, '(a) a separator comprising, '(b) an electrolyte selected from the group consisting of liquid organic electrolytes, gel polymer electrolytes, and solid polymer electrolytes., 'an electrolyte element interposed between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte element comprising22. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the separator is laminated to the anode.23. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the separator is laminated to the cathode.24. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide comprises one or more of boehmite and an organically-modified aluminum oxide.25. The electrochemical cell of claim 24 , wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide further comprises organic substituents.26. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide is of the formula AlO.xHO claim 21 , wherein x is in a range of 0.8 to 1.5.27. The electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein said organic polymer is a polyethylene oxide.28. The electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide is of the formula AlO.xHO claim 26 , wherein x is in a range of 0.8 to less than 1.0.29. The electrochemical cell of claim 26 , wherein said hydrated aluminum oxide is of the formula AlO.xHO claim 26 , wherein x is in a range of 1.0 to 1.5.30. The electrochemical cell of claim 21 , wherein the separator further comprises a reaction product of an organic carbonate.31. The electrochemical cell of claim 30 , wherein the organic carbonate is ethylene carbonate. ...

SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Provided are separators for use in batteries and capacitors comprising (a) at least 50% by weight of an aluminum oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified aluminum oxide, and wherein the treatment provides dispersibility of the aluminum oxide in aprotic solvents such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Preferably, the organic acid is a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid. Also preferably, the organic polymer is a fluorinated polymer, such as polyvinylidene fluoride. Also provided are electrochemical cells and capacitors comprising such separators. 151-. (canceled)52. A separator for an electric current producing cell comprising a microporous layer , the microporous layer comprising:(a) a sulfonic acid-surface-modified hydrated aluminum oxide; and(b) an organic polymer that is soluble in aprotic solvents.53. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the sulfonic acid-surface-modified hydrated aluminum oxide has dispersibility in aprotic solvents.54. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the thickness of the separator is from 5 microns to 20 microns.55. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the separator is flame retardant and does not melt at temperatures lower than 300° C.56. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the organic polymer is a fluorinated organic polymer.57. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the microporous layer is a xerogel layer claim 52 , and wherein the xerogel layer is a continuous xerogel layer and has a porosity of at least 30%.58. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the sulfonic acid is an aryl sulfonic acid.59. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the modified hydrated aluminum oxide comprises a hydrated aluminum oxide of the formula AlO.xHO claim 52 , wherein x is in the range of 1.0 to 1.5.60. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the modified hydrated aluminum oxide has an AlOcontent of 50% to 85% by weight.61. The separator of claim 52 , wherein the separator ...

METHODS OF PRODUCING BATTERIES UTILIZING ANODE COATINGS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method of making a cell for a lithium battery comprising the steps of: (i) providing a porous separator layer;', '(ii) depositing a first anode layer directly on said porous separator layer, wherein said anode layer comprises an electroactive anode metal;', '(iii) depositing an anode current collector layer on said first anode layer; and', '(iv) depositing a second anode layer on said anode current collector layer;, '(a) providing a separator/anode assembly made by a method comprising the steps of(b) providing a cathode assembly which comprises a current collector layer interposed between two cathode layers; and(c) interleaving the cathode assembly and separator/anode assembly such that said cathode assembly is adjacent to the separator layer of said separator/anode assembly, so as to make said cell.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said electroactive anode metal comprises lithium metal.23. The method of claim 21 , wherein said electroactive anode metal comprises an alloy of lithium.24. The method of claim 21 , wherein said depositing of said first anode layer comprises vapor deposition.25. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer has a thickness of less than 9 microns.26. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer has a thickness of less than 6 microns.27. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer comprises aluminum boehmite.28. The method of claim 21 , wherein step (a)(i) further comprises depositing the porous separator layer on a substrate.29. The method of claim 28 ...

MULTILAYER NANOPOROUS SEPARATOR

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm. 1. A separator for use in a lithium battery comprising:(a) a porous polymeric layer, which porous polymeric layer comprises a plurality of pores, and(b) 0.27 grams, or greater, per square meter of boehmite particles disposed within the plurality of pores of the porous polymeric layer.2. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the boehmite particles comprise hydrophobic boehmite particles.3. The separator of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophobic boehmite particles comprise a reaction product of an organic carbonate with boehmite.4. The separator of claim 3 , wherein the organic carbonate is ethylene carbonate.5. The separator of claim 3 , wherein the organic carbonate is fluoroethylene carbonate.6. The separator of claim 2 , wherein the hydrophobic boehmite particles comprise an organic polymer chemically reacted to at least a portion of the boehmite of said boehmite particles.7. The separator of claim 1 , wherein an average crystallite size of said boehmite particles disposed within the pores of said porous polymeric layer is between 5 nm and 25 nm.8. The separator of claim 1 , wherein an average crystallite size of said boehmite particles disposed within the pores of said porous polymeric layer is between 5 nm and 8 nm.9. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the separator further comprises a nanoporous layer adjacent at least one of two opposing sides of the porous polymeric layer claim 1 , wherein said nanoporous layer comprises boehmite particles and one or more organic polymer binders.10. The separator of claim 9 , wherein the boehmite particles of said ...

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode metal depositions directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein an electroactive anode metal layer, such as a lithium metal layer, is deposited directly on a porous separator, such as a nanoporous separator layer.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

SEPARATORS FOR ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Provided are separators for use in batteries and capacitors comprising (a) at least 50% by weight of an aluminum oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified aluminum oxide, and wherein the treatment provides dispersibility of the aluminum oxide in aprotic solvents such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Preferably, the organic acid is a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid. Also preferably, the organic polymer is a fluorinated polymer, such as polyvinylidene fluoride. Also provided are electrochemical cells and capacitors comprising such separators.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

METHODS OF PRODUCING BATTERIES UTILIZING ANODE METAL DEPOSITIONS DIRECTLY ON NANOPOROUS SEPARATORS

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method of making a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell comprising the steps of:(a) providing a porous separator layer;(b) depositing a non-anode active layer directly on said porous separator layer; and(c) depositing an anode layer directly on said non-anode active layer, wherein said anode layer comprises an electroactive anode metal.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said electroactive anode metal comprises lithium metal.23. The method of claim 21 , wherein said electroactive anode metal comprises an alloy of lithium.24. The method of claim 21 , wherein said depositing of said anode layer comprises a vapor deposition.25. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer comprises a xerogel layer.26. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer has a thickness of less than 9 microns.27. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer comprises aluminum boehmite.28. The method of claim 21 , wherein said porous separator layer is nanoporous.29. The method of claim 21 , wherein step (a) comprises depositing the porous separator layer on a substrate.30. The method of claim 29 , further comprising claim 29 , after step (c):(d) delaminating said porous separator layer from said substrate.31. The method of claim 29 , wherein said substrate is a porous substrate.32. The method of claim 31 , wherein said porous substrate is selected from the group consisting of porous polymer films and porous non-woven polymer fiber substrates.33. The method of claim 21 , ...

Separator for electrochemical cells and method of making the same

A separator for an electrochemical cell having a porous layer with a blend of a first type of boehmite particles and a second type of boehmite particles and an organic polymer binder, where the first type of boehmite particles is different from the second type of boehmite particles with respect to crystallite particle size and/or composition, and the blend ranges from about 50%-50% by weight of the first and second types of boehmite particles to about 60%-40% by weight of the first and second types of boehmite particles. The separator does not include a polymer separator layer; has a shrinkage of less than 1% when heated at 220° C. for 1 hour; and swells by less than 5% when soaked in propylene carbonate for 1 hour.

Optical shutter

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free compound, preferably a radical cation or a radical anion, wherein the organic free radical compound forms a reaction product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared or a wavelength region as a result of a photo- induced reaction of the free radical compound. Preferably, the photo-induced reaction occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds after absorption of photons by the free radical compound. Also, preferably, the change in absorption is reversible, and the optical shutter is reversibly imaged in less than 10 milliseconds to regenerate the free radical compound. Provided is an optical shutter for use as an optical switch in fiber optic communications, and, alternatively, for use in a laser protection device, a security protection system, and an eyewear device. Also provided are optical switch arrays, optical buffers, optical routers, and tunable optical gain filters comprisin g such optical shutters.

Methods of preparing electrochemical cells

Methods of preparing a cathode/separator assembly for use in electrochemical cells in which a protective coating layer is coated on a temporary carrier substrate, a microporous separator layer is then coated on the protective coating layer, and a cathode is then coated or laminated on the separator layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the protective coating layer. Also, methods of preparing electrochemical cells utilizing cathode/separator assemblies prepared by such methods, and cathode/separator assemblies and electrochemical cells prepared by such methods.

Separators for electrochemical cells

Provided are separators for use in an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an inorganic oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the inorganic oxide comprises organic substituents. Also provided are electrochemical cells comprising such separators.

Methods of preparing electrochemical cells

Methods of preparing a cathode/separator assembly for use in electrochemical cells in which a protective coating layer, such as a single ion conducting layer, is coated on a temporary carrier substrate, a microporous separator layer is then coated on the protective coating layer, and a cathode active layer is then coated on the separator layer, prior to removing the temporary carrier substrate from the protective coating layer. Additional layers, including an edge insulating layer, a cathode current collector layer, an electrode insulating layer, an anode current collector layer, an anode layer such as a lithium metal layer, and an anode protective layer, such as a single ion conducting layer, may be applied subsequent to the coating step of the microporous separator layer. Also, methods of preparing electrochemical cells utilizing cathode/separator assemblies prepared by such methods, and cathode/separator assemblies and electrochemical cells prepared by such methods.

Separators for electrochemical cells

Optical scanner

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter comprising an organic free compound, preferably a radical cation or a radical anion, wherein the organic free radical compound forms an oxidized or a reduced product having a change in absorption in a near-infrared or a visible wavelength region as a result of a photo-induced electron transfer reaction of the free radical compound. Preferably, the photo-induced electron transfer reaction occurs in less than 0.1 nanoseconds after absorption of photons by the free radical compound. Also, preferably, the change in absorption is reversible and occurs in less than 10 milliseconds. Also provided is an optical shutter of use as an optical switch in fiber optic communications, and, alternatively, for use in a laser protection device, a security protection system, and an eyewear device.

Protective coating for separators for electrochemical cells

This invention pertains to separators for electrochemical cells which comprise (i) two microporous pseudo-boehmite layers and (ii) a protective coating layer comprising a polymer interposed between the microporous pseudo-boehmite layers; electrolyte elements comprising such separators; electrical current producing cells comprising such separators; and methods of making such separators, electrolyte elements and cells.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode metal depositions directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein an electroactive anode metal layer, such as a lithium metal layer, is deposited directly on a porous separator, such as a nanoporous separator layer.

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.

Protective coating for separators for electrochemical cells

Separators for electrochemical cells

Provided are separators for use in an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an inorganic oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the inorganic oxide comprises organic substituents. Also provided are electrochemical cells comprising such separators.

Optical shutter

Separator for electrochemical cells and method of making the same

A separator for an electrochemical cell having a porous layer with a blend of a first type of boehmite particles and a second type of boehmite particles and an organic polymer binder, where the first type of boehmite particles is different from the second type of boehmite particles with respect to crystallite particle size and/or composition, and the blend ranges from about 50%-50% by weight of the first and second types of boehmite particles to about 60%-40% by weight of the first and second types of boehmite particles. The separator does not include a polymer separator layer; has a shrinkage of less than 1% when heated at 220°C for 1 hour; and swells by less than 5% when soaked in propylene carbonate for 1 hour.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Ink jet recording medium

Lithium batteries utilizing nanoporous separator layers

Provided are methods of preparing lithium batteries comprising a separator/electrode assembly having one or more current collector layers interposed between first and second electrode layers of the same polarity, wherein the first electrode layer is coated or laminated overlying a separator layer and the separator/electrode assembly is interleaved with an electrode comprising a current collector layer interposed between two electrode layers of opposite polarity to said first and second electrodes.

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Ink jet recording medium

Provided are ink jet recording media comprising a substrate and a porous layer, wherein the porous layer comprises an inorganic oxide, preferably an inorganic oxide xerogel, an organic polymer as a binder, an aminium radical cation, and an arylamine. The aminium radical cation and the arylamine are added to reduce the fading of the colorants in the ink jet media after imaging. Also provided are imaged ink jet media comprising such stabilizing additives and layers and methods of preparing such ink jet recording media and such imaged ink jet media.

Ink jet recording medium

Provided are ink jet recording media comprising a substrate and a porous layer, wherein the porous layer comprises an inorganic oxide, preferably an inorganic oxide xerogel, an organic polymer as a binder, an aminium radical cation, and an arylamine. The aminium radical cation and the arylamine are added to reduce the fading of the colorants in the ink jet media after imaging. Also provided are imaged ink jet media comprising such stabilizing additives and layers and methods of preparing such ink jet recording media and such imaged ink jet media.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer, and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Separators for electrochemical cells

Provided are separators for use in batteries and capacitors comprising (a) at least 50% by weight of an aluminum oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the aluminum oxide is surface modified by treatment with an organic acid to form a modified aluminum oxide, and wherein the treatment provides dispersibility of the aluminum oxide in aprotic solvents such as N-methyl pyrrolidone. Preferably, the organic acid is a sulfonic acid, such as p-toluenesulfonic acid. Also preferably, the organic polymer is a fluorinated polymer, such as polyvinylidene fluoride. Also provided are electrochemical cells and capacitors comprising such separators.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Nanoporowate separatory do baterii i powiązane sposoby wytwarzania

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Nanoporous separators for batteries and related manufacturing methods

Provided is a lithium battery, wherein the battery comprises an anode, a cathode, wherein the cathode comprises one or more transition metals, an electrolyte, and a porous separator interposed between the cathode and anode, wherein the separator comprises an anionic compound. Also provided are methods of manufacturing such batteries.

Optical shutter assembly

Lithium batteries utilizing nanoporous separator layers

Provided are methods of preparing lithium batteries comprising a separator/electrode assembly having one or more current collector layers interposed between first and second electrode layers of the same polarity, wherein the first electrode layer is coated or laminated overlying a separator layer and the separator/electrode assembly is interleaved with an electrode comprising a current collector layer interposed between two electrode layers of opposite polarity to said first and second electrodes.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5nm to 90nm.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

A separator for a lithium battery having (a) a porous polymeric layer, such as a polyethylene layer; and (b) a nanoporous inorganic particle/polymer layer on both sides of the polymeric layer, the nanoporous layer having an inorganic oxide and one or more polymers; the volume fraction of the polymers in the nanoporous layer is about 15% to about 50%, and the crystallite size of the inorganic oxide is 5 nm to 90 nm.

Optical shutter device

The present invention pertains to an optical shutter device comprising one or more photon absorbing materials that convert photons to heat in less than 1 nanosecond and one or more thermochromic materials that undergo an increase or decrease in optical density at one or more wavelengths when the thermochromic material is heated from 25 °C to a temperature greater than 100 °C in less than 1 nanosecond.

Optical shutter device

Dispositivo obturador optico.

Un dispositivo obturador óptico que consta de: a) uno o más materiales absorbentes de fotones, en donde dicho material absorbente de fotones convierte los fotones absorbidos en calor en menos de 1 nanosegundo; y b) uno o más materiales termocrómicos, en donde la densidad óptica de dicho material termocrómico aumenta o disminuye en más del 5 % en una o más longitudes de onda cuando dicho material termocrómico se calienta desde 25º C hasta una temperatura mayor de 100º C en menos de 1 nanosegundo.

Multilayer nanoporous separator

Separators for electrochemical cells

Provided are separators for use in an electrochemical cell comprising (a) an inorganic oxide and (b) an organic polymer, wherein the inorganic oxide comprises organic substituents. Also provided are electrochemical cells comprising such separators.

Methods of producing batteries utilizing anode coatings directly on nanoporous separators

Provided are methods of preparing a separator/anode assembly for use in an electric current producing cell, wherein the assembly comprises an anode current collector layer interposed between a first anode layer and a second anode layer and a porous separator layer on the side of the first anode layer opposite to the anode current collector layer, wherein the first anode layer is coated directly on the separator layer.