High pressure fluidic switching valve having variable pressure loading

Described are a rotary shear seal valve and a method for switching a high pressure fluid. The method includes applying a fixed force between a planar surface of a rotor and a planar surface of a stator. The planar surface of the rotor includes a fluidic channel and the planar surface of the stator has a pair of ports to receive and provide the fluid. A control signal is applied to a linear actuator coupled to the rotor to generate a controllable force between the planar surfaces of the rotor and stator. The control signal is responsive to a rotational state of the rotor. The total force between the planar surfaces of the rotor and the stator is substantially equal to a sum of the fixed force and the controllable force. The method reduces the wear and extends the lifetime of components in a rotary shear seal valve.

Liquid-chromatography conduit assemblies having high-pressure seals

A method for making a liquid-chromatography apparatus includes inserting two inner conduits into an intermediate tube, inserting the intermediate tube into an outer tube, forming a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and forming a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits. A liquid-chromatography apparatus includes an outer tube, an intermediate tube disposed in the outer tube, two inner conduits disposed in the intermediate tube, a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits.

Temperature Control Of Enrichment And Separation Columns In Chromatography

A method of analyzing samples includes loading a sufficient quantity of the sample onto a trap column to overload the trap column; heating an analytical column and the trap column to a greater temperature than the analytical column; and pumping a solvent, to the trap column, having a solvent composition profile that, in cooperation with a temperature differential, causes at least some of the components to elute sequentially from the trap column to the analytical column and focus on the analytical column prior to eluting from the analytical column; or optionally: loading a small-molecule sample onto a cooled portion of an analytical column; heating the analytical column; and pumping a solvent, to the heated analytical column, to elute the components from the analytical column. Chromatographic separation includes: a trap column; a separation column; a trap-column heater; a separation-column heater; a solvent pump unit; and a control unit can be used. 1. A method of analyzing proteins , comprising:providing a complex protein-related sample comprising a plurality of components;loading a sufficient quantity of the sample onto a trap column to overload the trap column, wherein an outlet of the trap column is in fluid communication with an inlet of an analytical column;heating the analytical column;heating the trap column to a greater temperature than the analytical column, thereby providing a temperature differential between the trap and analytical columns; andpumping a solvent, to the trap column, having a solvent composition profile that, in cooperation with the temperature differential, causes at least some of the components to elute sequentially from the trap column to the analytical column and focus on the analytical column prior to eluting from the analytical column.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the trap column is packed with particles having a diameter of greater than about 2 μm claim 1 , and the analytical column is packed with particles having a diameter of ...

Method And Apparatus For Performing Mass Spectrometry

The invention feature devices and methods for preserving and processing samples comprising a fluid having deuterated compounds. The device of the present invention comprises a housing defining a first chamber and a second chamber. The first chamber is heated to an elevated temperature and receives the sample and performs a digestion process on the sample at the elevated temperature. The second chamber is cooled to a low temperature and receives the deuterated digested sample from the first chamber and performs one or more separation steps to isolate an analyte. The device of further comprises conduit means for containing and moving the sample into the first chamber to form a digested sample. The conduit means moves the digested sample from the first chamber to the second chamber to separate the sample to form at least one analyte. The analyte is maintained at the low temperature to preserve its deuterated form.

Liquid-Chromatography Conduit Assemblies Having High-Pressure Seals

A method for making a liquid-chromatography apparatus includes inserting two inner conduits into an intermediate tube, inserting the intermediate tube into an outer tube, forming a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and forming a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits. A liquid-chromatography apparatus includes an outer tube, an intermediate tube disposed in the outer tube, two inner conduits disposed in the intermediate tube, a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits. 111-. (canceled)12. A liquid-chromatography apparatus , comprising:two inner conduits disposed end-to-end, in contact, to define a low dead-volume interface;an intermediate tube, within which the two inner conduits are disposed, wherein the intermediate tube is attached to at least one of the two inner conduits at a distal seal area spaced from the interface;an outer tube, within which the intermediate tube is disposed, wherein the outer tube is deformed at at least two locations proximal to the interface to form a substantially liquid-tight seal areas between the two inner conduits and the intermediate tube;13. The apparatus of claim 12 , wherein the two inner conduits comprise two liner tubes having different inner diameters.14. The apparatus of claim 13 , further comprising particles packed in the liner tube having a larger inner diameter.15. The apparatus of claim 14 , wherein the liner tube having the larger inner diameter defines a trap column or a separation column.16. The apparatus of claim 15 , further comprising a connector directly attached to an exit end of the column.17. The apparatus of claim 12 , further comprising at least one ferrule disposed about the outer tube adjacent to the interface claim 12 , and crimped to define the proximal seal areas.18. The apparatus of ...

Variable-volume injection valve

Variable-volume injection valves include a stator and a rotor. The stator has a first port, a second port, and a contact surface with a groove therein. The first port opens into the stator groove. The rotor has a contact surface with a groove therein. The contact surface of the rotor is urged against the contact surface of the stator such that the rotor groove opposes the stator groove with one end of the rotor groove overlapping the stator groove and the opposite end of the rotor groove overlapping the second port of the stator. The overlapping grooves of the rotor and stator provide a fluidic channel between the first and second ports of the stator. The rotor is movable with respect to the stator in order to vary a length of overlap between their overlapping grooves.

HIGH PRESSURE FLUIDIC SWITCHING VALVE HAVING VARIABLE PRESSURE LOADING

Described are a rotary shear seal valve and a method for switching a high pressure fluid. The method includes applying a fixed force between a planar surface of a rotor and a planar surface of a stator. The planar surface of the rotor includes a fluidic channel and the planar surface of the stator has a pair of ports to receive and provide the fluid. A control signal is applied to a linear actuator coupled to the rotor to generate a controllable force between the planar surfaces of the rotor and stator. The control signal is responsive to a rotational state of the rotor. The total force between the planar surfaces of the rotor and the stator is substantially equal to a sum of the fixed force and the controllable force. The method reduces the wear and extends the lifetime of components in a rotary shear seal valve. 1. A rotary shear seal valve , comprising:a rotor shaft having a shaft axis;a linear actuator secured to the rotor shaft and configured to apply a force directed parallel to the shaft axis in response to an applied electrical signal, the force having a magnitude responsive to the applied electrical signal;a rotor having a planar surface with a fluidic channel therein, the rotor being coupled to the linear actuator and configured to rotate about the shaft axis; anda stator having a planar surface disposed parallel to and in contact with the planar surface of the rotor, the planar surface of the stator having a first port to receive a fluid and a second port to provide the fluid,wherein the fluidic channel conducts the fluid received at the first port to the second port when the rotor is in a first switch position and wherein the fluid is prevented from flowing from the first port to the second port when the rotor is in a second switch position.2. The rotary shear seal valve of further comprising a valve mechanism to apply a substantially fixed force between the planar surfaces of the stator and the rotor claim 1 , wherein a total force between the planar ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INJECTING A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SAMPLE

Described are a method and apparatus for diluting a chromatographic sample. The method includes repeating an alternating acquisition of sample fluidic plugs each having an incremental volume of sample and diluent fluidic plugs each having an incremental volume of diluent to obtain a stack of alternating sample and diluent fluidic plugs. The stack is inserted into a flow of a mobile phase in a chromatography system. Alternatively, the method includes repeating the steps of injecting an incremental volume of sample into a chromatographic system flow and providing an incremental volume of mobile phase into the chromatographic system flow. In either implementation, the dilution ratio of the sample equals the sum of the incremental volumes of the sample and the diluent or mobile phase divided by the sum of the incremental volumes of the sample. 1. A method for diluting a sample upon injection into a chromatographic system flow , comprising:a) injecting an incremental volume of a sample into a chromatographic system flow, the sample comprising at least one analyte dissolved in a solvent;b) providing an incremental volume of a mobile phase into the chromatographic system flow; andrepeating steps a) and b) until a total volume of stored sample is injected into the chromatographic system flow, wherein a dilution ratio of the injected sample equals the sum of the incremental volumes of the sample and the mobile phase divided by the sum of the incremental volumes of the sample.2. The method of wherein steps a) and b) are performed by controlling an injection valve in communication with a sample loop and a source of the mobile phase.3. The method of further comprising loading the total volume of the sample into the sample loop prior to a first injection of the incremental volume of the sample into the chromatographic system flow.4. The method of wherein the incremental volume of the sample is proportional to an injection duration and wherein the incremental volume of the mobile ...

RECONFIGURABLE FLUIDIC MANIFOLD FOR A LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY SYSTEM

Described is a fluidic manifold that includes a block formed of multiple layers each bonded to at least one adjacent layer at a layer interface. Bonding may be achieved using a diffusion bonding process. The block includes one or more attachment surfaces and at least two fluidic channels. Each fluidic channel is at least partially disposed at one of the layer interfaces and has a first end at one of the attachment surfaces. Each attachment surface includes an attachment feature at the first end of one of the fluidic channels to enable a fluidic coupling of the two fluidic channels through a fluidic component. Attachment features include, for example, a compression fitting coupling body adapted to receive a conventional seal, such as a ferrule and compression screw, and a fitting body that permits a face seal or gasket seal between the fluidic component and the block. 1. A reconfigurable fluidic manifold comprising:a block comprising a plurality of layers each joined by bonding to at least one adjacent one of the other layers at an interface, the block further comprising at least one attachment surface, a first fluidic channel and a second fluidic channel, each of the first and second fluidic channels at least partially disposed at one of the interfaces of the layers and having a first end at one of the attachment surfaces, each of the attachment surfaces having an attachment feature at the first end of a respective one of the first and second fluidic channels to enable a fluidic coupling of the first and second fluidic channels to a fluidic component.2. The reconfigurable fluidic manifold of wherein at least one of the first and second fluidic channels comprises a horizontal channel portion disposed at one of the layers.3. The reconfigurable fluidic manifold of wherein both the first and second fluidic channels comprise a horizontal channel portion claim 2 , the reconfigurable fluidic manifold further comprising a vertical channel portion extending between the ...

Variable fluidic restrictor having selective restriction

A variable fluidic restrictor of a liquid chromatography system including a stator body, the stator body include a plurality of fluidic channels located within the stator body, wherein each fluidic channel of the plurality of fluidic channels includes a restrictor element, wherein a flow of a fluid through the variable fluidic restrictor is selectively restricted based on a position of an external element coupled to the stator body is provided. Furthermore, an associated method is also provided.

Electrokinetically Controlled Calibrant Delivery

An electrokinetic pump can be used to deliver calibrant (“lock mass”) ions to a mass spectrometer for calibration of a mass spectrometry system. Electrokinetically controlled calibrant delivery can help to eliminate the need for the more cumbersome mechanisms that are often used for ion delivery. In addition, electrokinetically controlled calibrant delivery can provide for a more user-friendly system in which a calibrant solution can be packaged into a disposable cartridge. Furthermore, when implemented in a microfluidic format, electrokinetically controlled calibrant delivery can be coupled with an electrokinetically controlled separation system, such as capillary electrophoresis (CE), to allow efficient solid-state switching between analytical and calibrant sprays. 1. A method comprising:actuating an electrokinetic pump and thereby providing an electroosmotic flow of a calibrant solution from a calibrant solution source to an electrospray ionization emitter such that a plume of calibrant ions is emitted from the electrospray ionization emitter toward an inlet orifice of a mass spectrometer.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein actuating the electrokinetic pump comprises applying a high voltage to the electrokinetic pump.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the high voltage is about +100 volts to about +10 KV4. The method of claim 2 , further comprising holding a source of calibrant solution at ground potential.5. The method claim 1 , wherein actuating the electrokinetic pump comprises applying a high voltage to the electrokinetic pump for a plurality of discrete time intervals.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein actuating the electrokinetic pump comprises alternating a voltage applied to the electrokinetic pump.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the applied voltage is alternated between an off state of about 0 kV and an on state of about +100 volts to about +10 kV.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the calibrant solution source comprises a reservoir operably connected ...

CHROMATOGRAPHY COLUMN ASSEMBLY

Described is a chromatography column assembly that includes a permanently deformable outer tube, an intermediate tube, an inner tube and a sorbent bed disposed within the inner tube. The sorbent bed may be in the form of packed chromatographic particles or a porous monolithic structure. A radial seal is provided by one or more uniform radial crimps at longitudinal locations on the assembly. The uniform radial crimp compresses the outer tube and underlying intermediate tube onto the inner tube to achieve a high pressure liquid tight seal between the three tubes. The length and depth of each crimp is accurately formed to accommodate the requirements of the particular application. Leakage along the tubing assembly is prevented and void volume is reduced or eliminated. No external ferrule or ferrule swaging mechanism is needed; therefore the chromatography column assembly is easily adapted for use in various chromatographic column configurations. 1. A chromatographic column assembly , comprising:an outer tube comprising a metal;an intermediate tube comprising a polymeric material and disposed within the outer tube;an inner tube disposed within the intermediate tube; anda sorbent bed disposed within the inner tube,wherein the outer tube is deformed by a uniform radial crimp at a longitudinal location along the outer tube to form a fluid-tight seal between the outer tube, intermediate tube and inner tube, and wherein the uniform radial crimp has a base region in which a diameter of the outer tube is reduced for a non-zero longitudinal length.2. The chromatographic column assembly of further comprising a pair of frits claim 1 , one of the frits disposed at an end of the sorbent bed and the other of the frits disposed at an opposite end of the sorbent bed.3. The chromatographic column assembly of wherein the longitudinal length of the base region of the uniform radial crimp is at least one millimeter.4. The chromatographic column assembly of wherein the inner tube is a ...

SOLVENT DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY THAT MAINTAINS FLUID INTEGRITY AND PRE-FORMS GRADIENTS

A solvent delivery subsystem for a chromatography device performs relatively low pressure, high flow mixing of solvents to form a gradient and subsequent high pressure, low flow delivery of the gradient to the separation column. The mixing of the gradient is independent and does not interfere with the gradient delivery. To form the gradient, the outputs of an aqueous pump and an organic pump are mixed to fill a storage capillary while a downstream point from the storage capillary is vented to atmosphere. After gradient formation, the vent to atmosphere is closed, the solvent delivery system rises to high pressure, and only the aqueous pump runs for gradient delivery. To maintain integrity of the fluid stream, the solvent delivery system uses feed forward compensation and controls at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pressure and flow in the conduit means to follow a gradual ramp. 168-. (canceled)69. A solvent delivery system for a liquid chromatography system , comprising:a first leg including a first pump for introducing a first solvent into the first leg;a second leg including a second pump for introducing a second solvent into the second leg;a mixing tee positioned at a junction between the first leg and the second leg for mixing the first solvent form the first leg with the second solvent from the second leg;a controller comprising a processor for providing open loop feed forward control of the first pump and the second pump based on a parameter of stored energy in the liquid chromatography system.70. The solvent delivery system of claim 69 , further comprising a first pressure sensor for measuring pressure in the first leg and a second pressure sensor for measuring pressure in the second leg claim 69 , wherein the first pressure sensor and the second pressure sensor are configured to provide pressure measurements to the controller.71. The solvent delivery system of claim 69 , wherein the parameter is a ratio of compressibility for the ...

APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR CREATING A STATIC AND TRAVERSING THERMAL GRADIENT ON A MICROFLUIDIC DEVICE

A microfluidic device, for use in separation systems, includes a substrate having a fluidic channel. One or more heaters made of a thick film material are integrated with the substrate and in thermal communication with the fluidic channel of the substrate. The one or more heaters produce a thermal gradient within the fluidic channel in response to a current flowing through the one or more heaters. A plurality of electrically conductive taps can be in electrically conductive contact with the one or more heaters. The plurality of electrically conductive taps provides an electrically conductive path to the one or more heaters by which an electrical supply can produce the current flowing through the one or more heaters. Alternatively, the thick film material can be ferromagnetic, and the electrical supply can use induction to cause the current to flow through the one or more heaters. 1. A microfluidic device for use in separation systems , comprising:a substrate having a fluidic channel; andone or more heaters made of a thick film material integrated with the substrate and in thermal communication with the fluidic channel of the substrate, the one or more heaters producing a thermal gradient within the fluidic channel in response to a current flowing through the one or more heaters.2. A microfluidic device of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of electrically conductive taps in electrical communication with the one or more heaters claim 1 , the plurality of electrically conductive taps providing an electrically conductive path to the one or more heaters by which an electrical supply can produce the current flowing through the one or more heaters.3. A microfluidic device of claim 1 , wherein the one or more heaters made of a thick film material are formed within or on the substrate.4. The microfluidic device of claim 1 , wherein at least one heater of the one or more heaters is trapezoidal in shape with a narrow end and a wide end claim 1 , and wherein the ...

MICRO SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION DEVICES AND METHODS

Sample preparation and separation can be performed using a sample cartridge (). The cartridge includes a barrel () with a first and second end, a column segment () connected to the second end of the barrel, and a column () containing a sorbent material. The sorbent material includes particles that have antibodies attached to them to selectively retain analytes, proteins attached to them to retain certain classes of antibodies, or enzymes attached to them to perform specific modifications to certain classes of molecules. The column segment can be in thermal communication with a temperature control device in order to control the temperature of the column. 1. A cartridge for use in the washing and separation of a sample comprisinga barrel having a barrel first end that is open and a barrel second end opposite the barrel first end;a column segment, having a column segment first end connected to the barrel second end and a column segment second end opposite the column segment first end;a column spanning the column segment, the column containing a sorbent material and having a column first end in fluid communication with the barrel second end and a column second end opposite the column first end; anda mobile phase source port at the column segment first end and in fluid communication with the column first end;wherein the sorbent material includes particles that have antibodies attached to them to selectively retain analytes, proteins attached to them to retain certain classes of antibodies, or enzymes attached to them to perform specific modifications to certain classes of molecules.2. The cartridge of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent material includes particles that have antibodies to selectively retain small molecules claim 1 , proteins claim 1 , or other antibodies.3. The cartridge of claim 1 , wherein the sorbent material includes particles that have one or more of protein A claim 1 , G claim 1 , or L attached to them to retain certain classes of antibodies.4. The ...

MICRO SOLID PHASE EXTRACTION DEVICES AND METHODS

Methods and devices for the washing, extraction, and separation of a sample in a disposable chromatography cartridge () comprising a barrel () and a column (), and especially including reinforcement to the column permitting high-pressure separation. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. A cartridge for use in the washing and separation of a sample comprisinga barrel having a barrel first end that is open and a barrel second end opposite the barrel first end;a column segment, having a column segment first end connected to the barrel second end and a column segment second end opposite the column segment first end;a column spanning the column segment, the column filled with a sorbent material and having a column first end in fluid communication with the barrel second end and a column second end opposite the column first end; anda mobile phase source port at the column segment first end and in fluid communication with the column first end.4. The cartridge of claim 3 , wherein the mobile phase source port is configured to form a substantially pressure-tight connection.5. The cartridge of claim 3 , wherein the mobile phase source port is configured to form a substantially pressure-tight connection to a line in fluid communication with a mobile phase source.6. The cartridge of claim 3 , additionally comprising an eluate release port at the column segment second end and in fluid connection with the column second end.7. The cartridge of claim 6 , wherein the eluate release port is configured to form a substantially pressure-tight connection.8. The cartridge of claim 6 , wherein the eluate release port is configured to form a substantially pressure-tight connection with a line in fluid communication with a detector.9. The cartridge of wherein the column segment is reinforced to withstand pressures above about 10000 psi.10. The cartridge of claim 3 , wherein the barrel and the column segment each comprise a cylindrical portion and wherein the cylindrical portions have collinear axes.11 ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR INJECTING A CHROMATOGRAPHIC SAMPLE

A method for injecting a diluted sample in a chromatography system includes merging a flow of a sample and a flow of a diluent to form a flow of a diluted sample. A dilution ratio of the diluted sample equals a sum of the volumetric flow rates of the sample and the diluent divided by the volumetric flow rate of the sample. The diluted sample is stored in a holding element before injection into a chromatographic system flow. Sample dilution occurs under low pressure relative to the chromatographic flow thereby allowing lower pressure sample and diluent syringes to be used. Other benefits include reduced compressibility and a reduction in leaks due to the lower pressure operation. The method avoids problems associated with manual techniques which can introduce errors due, for example, to loss of sample, sample precipitation and adsorption of sample to vials. 1. A method for injecting a diluted sample into a chromatographic system flow , comprising:merging a first flow of a first volume of a sample at a first flow rate and a second flow of a second volume of a diluent at a second flow rate to form a third flow of a diluted sample, the sample comprising at least one analyte dissolved in a solvent, wherein a dilution ratio of the diluted sample equals a sum of the first and second flow rates divided by the first flow rate;storing the diluted sample in a holding element; andinjecting the diluted sample stored in the holding element into a chromatographic system flow.2. The method of wherein the first and second flows are provided from a sample syringe and a diluent syringe claim 1 , respectively.3. The method of wherein the first flow comprises a continuous flow of the sample and the second flow comprises a continuous flow of the diluent.4. The method of wherein the first flow comprises discrete fluidic plugs of the sample and the second flow comprises discrete fluidic plugs of the diluent that are interleaved in time with the discrete fluidic plugs of the sample.5. The ...

Method to Remove Ion Interferences

A method of mass spectrometry is disclosed comprising mass analysing an eluent from a chromatography device and obtaining parent ion data sets and corresponding product ion data sets, and determining whether, in a first product ion data set, one or more product ions are present that are related to one or more parent ions in a corresponding first parent ion data set, based on the mass or mass to charge ratio and/or intensity of the one or more product ions and the one or more parent ions. If it is determined that the one or more product ions are present, the method further comprises removing the one or more product ions from one or more second product ion data sets to produce one or more second modified product ion data sets and/or removing ions other than the one or more product ions from the first product ion data set to produce a first modified product ion data set. 1. A method of mass spectrometry comprising:mass analysing an eluent from a chromatography device and obtaining a plurality of parent ion data sets and a plurality of corresponding product ion data sets; anddetermining whether, in a first product ion data set of said plurality of product ions data sets, one or more product ions are present that are related to one or more parent ions in a corresponding first parent ion data set of said plurality of parent ion data sets, based on the masses or mass to charge ratios and/or intensities of said one or more product ions and said one or more parent ions;wherein if it is determined that said one or more product ions are present, the method further comprises removing said one or more product ions from one or more second product ion data sets of said plurality of product ion data sets to produce one or more second modified product ion data sets.2. A method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein if it is determined that said one or more product ions are present claim 1 , the method further comprises removing ions other than said one or more product ions from said first ...

SPRING-ENERGIZED CHECK VALVE

A check valve includes a first valve body having a chamber in which second and third valve bodies are located. The check valve also includes a spring-energized seal disposed in the chamber. The spring-energized seal includes a compliant seal body having an annular shape and a resilient member, such as a cantered spring or O-ring, disposed in a pocket of the seal body. The resilient member applies a force to portions of the seal body to prevent the passage of fluid from a valve inlet port to a valve outlet port unless the differential fluid exceeds the cracking pressure of the check valve. 1. A check valve comprising:a first valve body having a cylindrical chamber defined by a chamber wall comprising a cylindrical surface and an end surface, a first channel extending from a first external surface to a first port at the end surface of the chamber wall and a second channel extending from a second external surface to a second port at the cylindrical surface of the chamber wall;a second valve body disposed in the chamber and having a cylindrical external surface and a flange at one end;a third valve body having a cylindrical surface and disposed in the chamber between the flange and the end surface of the chamber wall at the inlet port; and a first compliant seal body having an annular shape, a seal circumferential surface and a pocket, the seal circumferential surface being in contact with the cylindrical surface of the chamber wall or the cylindrical surface of the third valve body; and', 'a resilient member disposed in the pocket of the first compliant seal body, the resilient member configured to apply a force to urge a first portion of the first compliant seal body against a region of the end surface of the chamber wall surrounding the inlet port and to urge a second portion of the first compliant seal body against the flange of the second valve body., 'a first spring-energized seal disposed in the chamber and comprising2. The check valve of wherein the second valve ...

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES FOR PROVIDING PRESSURIZED SOLVENT FLOW

The present disclosure generally relates to systems, methods and devices for providing pressurized solvent flow in chromatography systems. 1. A chromatographic solvent delivery system comprising:at least one pressurized solvent source;at least one divert valve in fluid communication with the at least one solvent source; anda pump in fluid communication with the at least one divert valve,wherein the at least one divert valve is located in between the at least one solvent source and pump, and wherein the at least one divert valve is adapted for diverting at least one solvent flow stream to the pump or to an auxiliary flow path.29-. (canceled)10. The chromatographic solvent delivery system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one pressurized solvent source comprises:a solvent container configured to be pressurized;a mechanism to engage with the container and configured to pressurize the container; andat least one sensor configured to determine the pressure, volume or solvent flow from, inside the container.11. The chromatographic solvent delivery system of claim 10 , wherein the mechanism is a piston and the at least one sensor is configured to determine the pressure claim 10 , volume or solvent flow from the position of the piston.12. The chromatographic solvent delivery system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one pressurized solvent source includes a solvent container having a solvent outlet arranged below the solvent container claim 1 , such that the solvent at the solvent outlet is pressurized due to gravity.13. The chromatographic solvent delivery system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one pressurized solvent source includes: a plurality of solvent bays claim 1 , each bay comprising a force applicator and being configured to receive a solvent container claim 1 , each force applicator being individually controllable to apply a force to the corresponding solvent container in the corresponding bay.14. A chromatographic solvent delivery system comprising:at least one ...

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND DEVICES PROVIDING SOLVENT CONTAINER IDENTIFICATION AND INCORPORATION

Solvent containers and solvent container trays for chromatography systems are described for providing control over solvent supply and waste collection. Designated solvent containers and exclusively designated solvent containers provide solvents for use by chromatography systems. Control over solvent supply is achieved by requiring matched container shape and container receiving position shape within the tray, and additionally or alternatively, through solvent container coding readable by the solvent tray and chromatography system which provide information about the solvent container to the chromatography system. 1. A solvent container system for a chromatography system , wherein the solvent container system comprises:a plurality of container types, each container type comprising a container body and describing a unique shape, anda tray comprising a plurality of receiving positions, each receiving position formed to correspond to one of the unique shapes, such that the tray may have one or more receiving positions corresponding to each of the unique shapes represented by the plurality of container types, or corresponding to each of a subset of the unique shapes represented by the plurality of container types.2. A solvent container system for a chromatography system , wherein the solvent container system comprises:a set of coded containers, each coded container comprising a container body and an identification code unit providing an identification code, andone or more receiving positions, each receiving position comprising a reader which reads the identification code.3. The solvent container system of claim 2 , wherein the identification code unit is selected from a group consisting of a bar code claim 2 , a matrix bar code claim 2 , a radio-frequency identification (RFID) device claim 2 , a 125 kHz or 13.56 MHz proximity device claim 2 , and a contact smart chip.4. The solvent container system of claim 2 , wherein the identification code unit is a set of tab ...

MANAGING FLUIDIC CONNECTIONS TO MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES

A method may include reducing fluid flow between a rotor and a microfluidic device. The method may further include reducing a sealing force between the rotor and the microfluidic device. The method may also include rotating the rotor relative to the microfluidic device, at the reduced sealing force, to change a fluid pathway therebetween. The method may additionally include reestablishing the sealing force to produce a fluid tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device. Moreover, the method may include reestablishing the fluid flow between the rotor and the microfluidic device. 1. A method comprising:reducing fluid flow between a rotor and a microfluidic device;reducing a sealing force between the rotor and the microfluidic device;rotating the rotor relative to the microfluidic device, at the reduced sealing force, to change a fluid pathway therebetween;reestablishing the sealing force to produce a fluid tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device; andreestablishing the fluid flow between the rotor and the microfluidic device.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising coordinating the steps of reducing the fluid flow and reducing the sealing force between the rotor and the microfluidic device.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein reducing fluid flow comprises reducing the flow to zero flow.4. A method for controlling a chromatography system to prevent at least one of wear claim 1 , particulate formation claim 1 , leakage claim 1 , and composition disturbance associated with an interface between a rotor and a microfluidic device claim 1 , the method comprising:driving a linear actuator to push the microfluidic device into fluid tight contact with the rotor to create a sealing force at the interface between the rotor and the microfluidic device to prevent at least one of wear, particulate formation, leakage, and composition disturbance associated with the interface between the rotor and the microfluidic device;delivering a mobile phase into ...

MANAGING FLUIDIC CONNECTIONS TO MICROFLUIDIC DEVICES

A system (e.g., a chromatography system) includes a rotor, a microfluidic device, a rotor driver, a clamping mechanism, and control electronics. The rotor defines a plurality of first fluid-conveying features. The micro fluidic device defines one or more channels and a plurality of second fluid-conveying features, in fluid communication with the one or more channels. The rotor driver is coupled to the rotor and is configured to rotate the rotor, relative to the microfluidic device, between a first position and a second position such that, in each of the positions, at least one of the first fluid-conveying features cooperates with at least one of the one or more channels to provide for fluid communication therebetween. The clamping mechanism is operable to provide a sealing force to establish a fluid-tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device. 1. A system comprising:a rotor defining a plurality of first fluid-conveying features;a microfluidic device defining one or more channels and a plurality of second fluid-conveying features, in fluid communication with the one or more channels;a rotor driver coupled to the rotor and configured to rotate the rotor, relative to the microfluidic device, between a first position and a second position such that, in each of the positions, at least one of the first fluid-conveying features cooperates with at least one of the one or more channels to provide for fluid communication therebetween;a clamping mechanism operable to provide a sealing force to establish a fluid-tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device; andcontrol electronics operatively associated with the clamping mechanism and configured to control operation of the clamping mechanism such that the sealing force is reduced during rotation of the rotor relative to the microfluidic device.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the first fluid-conveying features are grooves.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the rotor comprises a polymeric material claim ...

INTEGRATED PRESSURE CONTROL DEVICE AND COLLECTION VESSEL FOR COMPRESSIBLE FLUID EXTRACTION

A pressure control device for use with a compressible fluid extraction system is provided, which includes a body portion integrated with a first vessel, and a pressure control element configured to control a first pressure of a second vessel upstream of the first vessel, wherein a decompression event occurs at a point of decompression proximate an outlet of the pressure control element of the pressure control device, wherein an analyte soluble in an extraction solvent stream at the first pressure but has reduced solubility in the extraction solvent stream at the pressure resulting from the decompression event drops out of solution and into the first vessel at the point of decompression Furthermore, an associated extraction system and method is also provided. 1. A pressure control device for use with a compressible fluid extraction system , comprising:a body portion integrated with a first vessel; anda pressure control element configured to control a first pressure of a second vessel upstream of the first vessel, wherein a decompression event occurs at a point of decompression proximate an outlet of the pressure control element of the pressure control device;wherein an analyte soluble in an extraction solvent stream at the first pressure but has reduced solubility in the extraction solvent stream at the pressure resulting from the decompression event drops out of solution and into the first vessel at the point of decompression.2. The pressure control device of claim 1 , wherein the decompression event is a drop in density from a high density state to a lower density state.3. The pressure control device of claim 1 , wherein the point of decompression is an outlet side of the pressure control element claim 1 , located within the first vessel.4. The pressure control device of claim 1 , wherein the pressure control element is a needle and seat.5. The pressure control device of claim 1 , wherein the pressure control element is a diaphragm.6. The pressure control device of ...

MODULAR EXTRACTION VESSEL AND ASSOCIATED METHODS

Exemplary embodiments are directed to a method for diffusing fluid flow within a modular extraction vessel. A modular extraction vessel can be assembled using a plurality of extraction vessel chambers, and each extraction vessel chamber is associated with at least one diffuser element. An extracting solvent is introduced into the modular extraction vessel, and the extracting solvent flows through the extraction vessel chambers. By flowing through the extraction vessel chambers and diffusers, the flow path of the extracting solvent is diffused along an extraction path. 1. A method for diffusing fluid flow within a modular extraction vessel , comprising:assembling a modular extraction vessel including a plurality of extraction vessel chambers, wherein each extraction vessel chamber is associated with at least one diffuser;introducing an extracting solvent into the modular extraction vessel;flowing the extracting solvent through the plurality of extraction vessel chambers; anddiffusing a flow path of the extracting solvent along an extraction path using the diffusers associated with the extraction vessel chambers.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the positioning of the extraction vessel chambers and the diffusers redistributes flow of the extracting solvent along the extraction path more equally than a single extraction vessel.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extraction vessel chambers are arranged in parallel within the modular extraction vessel.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the extraction vessel chambers are arranged in series within the modular extraction vessel.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein a fluid diffuser is positioned between each extraction vessel chamber arranged in series.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein assembling the modular extraction vessel includes coupling each extraction vessel chamber in series with a fluid diffuser between each extraction vessel chamber.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein flowing the extracting solvent through the ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR SCALING BETWEEN CHROMATOGRAPHIC SYSTEMS USING HIGHLY COMPRESSIBLE FLUIDS

Methods for transferring a carbon dioxide based separation procedure from a reference chromatographic system to a target chromatographic system involve alternative techniques for determining system pressure drops not attributable to the column. One technique involves leveraging experimental chromatography to develop a correction factor that is a function of at least one correction coefficient and at least one ratio of the differential analyte retention time to the retention time in the reference system. Another technique involves leveraging other experimental measurements of tubing pressure drops under various condition to develop a lookup table that can be used to identify likely tubing pressure drops in the target system. A third technique leverages knowledge of the separation procedure and the target system and the likely nature of the relevant flow to calculate tubing pressure drops in the target system. 1. A method for efficiently transferring a carbon dioxide based separation procedure from a reference chromatographic system to a field chromatographic system , the method comprising:(a) identifying an average system pressure, an average column pressure, and an elution time for at least one analyte in a carbon dioxide based separation in the reference chromatographic system;(b) modifying at least one characteristic of the tubing between a pump outlet and a column inlet or between a column outlet and a back pressure regulator inlet in the reference chromatographic system to create a modified reference chromatographic system;(c) identifying an average system pressure, an average column pressure, and an elution time for the at least one analyte in the carbon dioxide based separation in the modified reference chromatographic system;(d) calculating an elution time differential and a correction coefficient for the at least one analyte in the carbon dioxide based separation; and(e) identifying an average system pressure and an elution time for the at least one analyte ...

Chromatography Column Assembly

Described is a chromatographic column assembly that includes an outer tube comprising a metal, a first conduit disposed within the outer tube, a second conduit disposed within the outer tube, and a first joint located between the first conduit and the second conduit. The outer tube is deformed by a first uniform radial crimp at a longitudinal location along the outer tube that surrounds the first conduit on a first side of the first joint, and a second uniform radial cramp at a longitudinal location along the outer tube that surrounds the second conduit on a second side of the first joint. The first and second uniform radial cramps form a fluid-tight seal between the first conduit and the second conduit and each have a substantially flat base region over which a diameter of the outer tube is reduced for a non-zero longitudinal length. 1. A chromatographic column assembly , comprising:an outer tube comprising a metal;an intermediate tube comprising a polymeric material and disposed within the outer tube;a sorbent bed tube disposed within the intermediate tube and having a first end and a second end opposite the first end;a sorbent bed disposed within the sorbent bed tube; anda first inner tube disposed within the intermediate tube and having a first inner tube end abutting the first end of the sorbent bed tube, thereby defining a first joint;wherein the outer tube is deformed by a first uniform radial crimp at a longitudinal location along the outer tube that surrounds the first inner tube on a first side of the first joint, wherein the outer tube is deformed by a second uniform radial cramp at a longitudinal location along the outer tube that surrounds the sorbent bed tube on a second side of the first joint, andwherein the first and second uniform radial cramps form a fluid-tight seal between the first inner tube end and the first end of the sorbent bed tube.2. The chromatographic column assembly of claim 1 , wherein the first and second uniform radial crimps each ...

SOLVENT DELIVERY SYSTEM FOR LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY THAT MAINTAINS FLUID INTEGRITY AND PRE-FORMS GRADIENTS

A solvent delivery subsystem for a chromatography device performs relatively low pressure, high flow mixing of solvents to form a gradient and subsequent high pressure, low flow delivery of the gradient to the separation column. The mixing of the gradient is independent and does not interfere with the gradient delivery. To form the gradient, the outputs of an aqueous pump and an organic pump are mixed to fill a storage capillary while a downstream point from the storage capillary is vented to atmosphere. After gradient formation, the vent to atmosphere is closed, the solvent delivery system rises to high pressure, and only the aqueous pump runs for gradient delivery. To maintain integrity of the fluid stream, the solvent delivery system uses feed forward compensation and controls at least one parameter selected from the group consisting of pressure and flow in the conduit means to follow a gradual ramp. 1. A method of forming a gradient in a liquid chromatography system having a pump that fills a storage capillary , the method comprising the steps of:venting the storage capillary to atmosphere; andrunning the pump at relatively low pressure and higher flow rate to fill the storage capillary until the gradient is formed therein.2. A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the relatively low pressure is approximately 100 psi and the relatively higher flow rate is approximately fifteen times a normal chromatographic flow rate.3. A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein a geometry of the storage capillary is sized by a length and an inner diameter to achieve a volume capacity for the gradient and to minimize formation of backpressure and gradient dispersion.4. A method as recited in claim 3 , wherein the volume capacity of the storage capillary is sized to accommodate the gradient and an overhead of transport volume necessary to move the gradient to a separations column.5. A method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the pump comprises an aqueous pump and an organic pump ...

Sample Injector System for Liquid Chromatography

An injection device ( 10 ) includes a carrier inlet ( 40 ), a sample inlet ( 46 ), waste outlet ( 44 ) and a chamber outlet ( 64 ) attached to separation column ( 66 ). Valves ( 52, 54, 56 ) are used to control flow such that sample flows into chamber ( 22 ) and is carried into the chamber outlet ( 42 ).

Liquid-Chromatography Conduit Assemblies Having High-Pressure Seals

A method for making a liquid-chromatography apparatus includes inserting two inner conduits into an intermediate tube, inserting the intermediate tube into an outer tube, forming a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and forming a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits. A liquid-chromatography apparatus includes an outer tube, an intermediate tube disposed in the outer tube, two inner conduits disposed in the intermediate tube, a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits.

Liquid-chromatography conduit assemblies having high-pressure seals

A method for making a liquid-chromatography apparatus includes inserting two inner conduits into an intermediate tube, inserting the intermediate tube into an outer tube, forming a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and forming a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits. A liquid-chromatography apparatus includes an outer tube, an intermediate tube disposed in the outer tube, two inner conduits disposed in the intermediate tube, a proximal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits, and a distal seal between the intermediate tube and at least one of the inner conduits.

Chromatography column assembly

Managing fluidic connections to microfluidic devices

A method may include reducing fluid flow between a rotor and a microfluidic device. The method may further include reducing a sealing force between the rotor and the microfluidic device. The method may also include rotating the rotor relative to the microfluidic device, at the reduced sealing force, to change a fluid pathway therebetween. The method may additionally include reestablishing the sealing force to produce a fluid tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device. Moreover, the method may include reestablishing the fluid flow between the rotor and the microfluidic device.

Spring-energized check valve

A check valve includes a first valve body having a chamber in which second and third valve bodies are located. The check valve also includes a spring-energized seal disposed in the chamber. The spring-energized seal includes a compliant seal body having an annular shape and a resilient member, such as a cantered spring or O-ring, disposed in a pocket of the seal body. The resilient member applies a force to portions of the seal body to prevent the passage of fluid from a valve inlet port to a valve outlet port unless the differential fluid exceeds the cracking pressure of the check valve.

Managing fluidic connections to microfluidic devices

Methods, compositions and devices for performing ionization desorption on silicon derivatives

A device for the presentation of samples for MALDI or DIOS ion source, comprising a semiconductor wafer body having at least one first surface and at least one second surface, the first surface being chemically modified to repel said aqueous sample toward said second surface.

A sample injector system for liquid chromatography

An injection device (10) includes a carrier inlet (40), a sample inlet (46), waste outlet (44) and a chamber outlet (64) attached to separation column (66). Valves (52, 54, 56) are used to control flow such that sample flows into chamber (22) and is carried into the chamber outlet (42).

Method and apparatus for injecting a chromatographic sample

A method for injecting a diluted sample in a chromatography system includes merging a flow of a sample and a flow of a diluent to form a flow of a diluted sample. A dilution ratio of the diluted sample equals a sum of the volumetric flow rates of the sample and the diluent divided by the volumetric flow rate of the sample. The diluted sample is stored in a holding element before injection into a chromatographic system flow. Sample dilution occurs under low pressure relative to the chromatographic flow thereby allowing lower pressure sample and diluent syringes to be used. Other benefits include reduced compressibility and a reduction in leaks due to the lower pressure operation. The method avoids problems associated with manual techniques which can introduce errors due, for example, to loss of sample, sample precipitation and adsorption of sample to vials.

Managing fluidic connections to microfluidic devices

A system (e.g., a chromatography system) includes a rotor, a microfluidic device, a rotor driver, a clamping mechanism, and control electronics. The rotor defines a plurality of first fluid-conveying features. The micro fluidic device defines one or more channels and a plurality of second fluid-conveying features, in fluid communication with the one or more channels. The rotor driver is coupled to the rotor and is configured to rotate the rotor, relative to the microfluidic device, between a first position and a second position such that, in each of the positions, at least one of the first fluid-conveying features cooperates with at least one of the one or more channels to provide for fluid communication therebetween. The clamping mechanism is operable to provide a sealing force to establish a fluid-tight seal between the rotor and the microfluidic device.

Device for performing ionization desorption

A device for the presentation of aqueous samples for analysis by desorption ionization, such as MALDI or DIOS, comprising a semiconductor wafer body 12 comprising a first surface 13 and plural second surfaces 14 which are surrounded by the first surface, where the second surfaces are formed by partial destruction of the first surface. The second surfaces are more hydrophilic than the first surface, and the first surface is more hydrophobic than the second surfaces so that upon application of aqueous sample to the first surface, the sample is directed towards and concentrated at the second surfaces. The second surfaces may be oxidized by ozone, and may be formed by heat treatment, chemical or enzyme treatment, or preferably laser ablation. The first surface may be functionalized with a silane, preferably (tridecafluoro-1,1,2,2-tetrahydrooctyl)dimethylchlorosilane, and the second surface may be functionalized with a hydrogen atom or hydroxyl moiety.

Sample injection system for liquid chromatography

Vorrichtung zum Fördern eines oder mehrerer Fluide durch eine Ausgangsleitung, umfassend: ein Gehäuse mit einer Kammer zum Aufnehmen und/oder Halten eines oder mehrerer Fluide unter Druck und einer Außenseite, wobei das Gehäuse wenigstens eine erste Ausgangsöffnung, eine erste Einlassöffnung, eine zweite Ausgangsöffnung und eine zweite Einlassöffnung aufweist, wobei sich jede Öffnung von der Kammer zu der Außenseite erstreckt, um Leitungsmittel aufzunehmen; ein erstes Ausgangsleitungsmittel, das von der ersten Ausgangsöffnung in Kommunikation mit der Kammer aufgenommen ist, um Fluide von der Kammer aus der ersten Ausgangsöffnung heraus zu transportieren, wobei das erste Ausgangsleitungsmittel für eine Verbindung mit einer analytischen Vorrichtung ausgestaltet ist; ein erstes Einlassleitungsmittel, das von der ersten Einlassöffnung in Kommunikation mit der Kammer aufgenommen ist, um ein erstes Fluid in die Kammer zu transportieren, wobei das erste Einlassleitungsmittel für eine Verbindung mit einer ersten Zuführvorrichtung ausgestaltet ist; ein zweites Einlassleitungsmittel, das von der zweiten... Apparatus for conveying one or more fluids through an exit conduit, comprising: a housing having a chamber for receiving and / or holding one or more fluids under pressure and an outside, the housing having at least a first exit port, a first inlet port, a second exit port and a second inlet port, each port extending from the chamber the outside extends to receive conduit means; first exit conduit means received from the first exit port in communication with the chamber for transporting fluids from the chamber out of the first exit port, the first exit conduit means configured for connection to an analytical device; a first inlet conduit means received in communication with the chamber from the first inlet port to transport a first fluid into the chamber, the first inlet conduit means configured for connection to a first delivery device; a second inlet conduit means ...

Micro solid phase extraction device with reinforced columns and corresponding extraction method

Methods and devices for the washing, extraction, and separation of a sample in a disposable chromatography cartridge (201) comprising a barrel (204) and a column (205), and especially including reinforcement to the column permitting high-pressure separation.

Flow sensing apparatus used to monitor/provide feedback to a split flow pumping system

A method and apparatus for monitoring and controlling the nano-scale flow rate of fluid in the operating flow path of a HPLC system without relying on a nano-scale sensor in the operating flow path. A main flow sensor is disposed in the main flow path between the pump and a flow-divider. A waste flow sensor is disposed in the waste flow path downstream of the splitter. The output signal of the waste flow sensor is subtracted from the output signal of the main flow sensor in a difference circuit. The difference signal is divided by the output signal from the main flow sensor in a divider circuit. The output of the divider circuit represents an empirical split ratio of the flow-divider and is independent of media composition.

Variable-volume injection valve

Variable-volume injection valve

Variable- volume injection valves include a stator and a rotor. The stator has a first port, a second port, and a contact surface with a groove therein. The first port opens into the stator groove. The rotor has a contact surface with a groove therein. The contact surface of the rotor is urged against the contact surface of the stator such that the rotor groove opposes the stator groove with one end of the rotor groove overlapping the stator groove and the opposite end of the rotor groove overlapping the second port of the stator. The overlapping grooves of the rotor and stator provide a fluidic channel between the first and second ports of the stator. The rotor is movable with respect to the stator in order to vary a length of overlap between their overlapping grooves.

Micro solid phase extraction devices and methods

Device and methods for reducing pressure and flow perturbations in a chromatographic system

Micro solid phase extraction devices and methods

Sample preparation and separation can be performed using a sample cartridge (201). The cartridge includes a barrel (204) with a first and second end, a column segment (209) connected to the second end of the barrel, and a column (205) containing a sorbent material. The sorbent material includes particles that have antibodies attached to them to selectively retain analytes, proteins attached to them to retain certain classes of antibodies, or enzymes attached to them to perform specific modifications to certain classes of molecules. The column segment can be in thermal communication with a temperature control device in order to control the temperature of the column.

Micro solid phase extraction devices and methods

Sample preparation and separation can be performed using a sample cartridge. The cartridge incudes a barrel with a first and second end, a column segment connected to the second end of the barrel, and a column containing a sorbent material. The sorbent material includes particles that have antibodies attached to them to selectively retain analytes, proteins attached to them to retain certain classes of antibodies, or enzymes attached to them to perform specific modifications to certain classes of molecules. The column segment can be in thermal communication with a temperature control device in order to control the temperature of the column.

Chromatography column assembly

Described is a chromatography column assembly that includes a permanently deformable outer tube, an intermediate tube, an inner tube and a sorbent bed disposed within the inner tube. The sorbent bed may be in the form of packed chromatographic particles or a porous monolithic structure. A radial seal is provided by one or more uniform radial crimps at longitudinal locations on the assembly. The uniform radial crimp compresses the outer tube and underlying intermediate tube onto the inner tube to achieve a high pressure liquid tight seal between the three tubes. The length and depth of each crimp is accurately formed to accommodate the requirements of the particular application. Leakage along the tubing assembly is prevented and void volume is reduced or eliminated. No external ferrule or ferrule swaging mechanism is needed; therefore the chromatography column assembly is easily adapted for use in various chromatographic column configurations.