Bathing device for adjusting human body metabolic balance and use method thereof

The invention discloses a bathing device for adjusting the human body metabolic balance and a use method of the bathing device. The bathing device takes a box body as a body and comprises the following components of an anti-creeping power source protection switch, a water pump electric switch, a water pump, a temperature controller, a heating electric switch, a heating pipe, a temperature probe, a collection groove, a bathing liquid box, a bathing liquid valve, a bathing shower head, a human body bathing position base plate, a cold and hot water inlet, a water inlet valve, a drainage valve, an electric wire, a water pipe, a foot pedal and four universal turning trundles. The use method of the bathing device comprises the steps of (1) taking off clothes before bathing, (2), conducting circulating bathing, (3) discharging and recycling bathing liquid after the bathing is finished, and (4) disinfecting the bathing device. The bathing liquid circulating loop design is adopted by the bathing ...

Oil fume purifier with high purification rate

The invention discloses an oil fume purifier with high purification rate. The oil fume purifier is characterized by consisting of oil fume pipes, fluid pumps, a high-pressure atomizing nozzle, a saponification liquid pool, an esterification liquid pool, an activated carbon filter layer, a fan and valves, wherein the first oil fume pipe is communicated with the saponification liquid pool; the fluid pumps are respectively arranged in the saponification liquid pool and the esterification liquid pool; the saponification liquid pool is communicated with the esterification liquid pool through the second oil fume pipe; the fan is connected with a space above the esterification liquid pool; the activated carbon filter layer is arranged at the front end of the fan; the valves are respectively arranged on the lower parts of the saponification liquid pool and the esterification liquid pool. According to the oil fume purifier, oil fume discharged into air can be well purified, and a national specified ...

On-line rapid detection method of stevioside

The invention discloses an on-line rapid detection method of stevioside, comprising the following steps of: preparing an ammonium ceric sulfate solution (Ce(IV)), a Na2SO3 solution, a stevioside standard solution and a sample stevioside solution; respectively mixing the above Na2SO3 solution and the stevioside standard solution in a three-way valve by a driving pump via a corresponding pipeline at the flow speed of 30-60 r/min, and inputting the mixed solution into a chemical luminescence analytical device of flow injection; letting the ammonium ceric sulfate solution flow through a sixteen-way valve at the flow speed of 50-80 r/min by an auxiliary pump for the injection detection time of 5-15 seconds after a baseline becomes stable, letting each solution mix and flow into a flow-through cell to detect the chemiluminescence intensity of the mixed solution, recording data, and making a standard curvilinear equation; repeating the above operation, testing the chemiluminescence intensity of ...

Recipe for meat pie containing silkworm pupa protein

The invention discloses a recipe for a meat pipe containing silkworm pupa protein. According to the recipe for the meat pie containing silkworm pupa protein, the meat pie is prepared from, by weight, 60 percent of silkworm pupa protein, eight percent of onion, four percent of carrot, two percent of salt, two percent of essence of chicken, two percent of pepper powder, two percent of cooking wine, four percent of silkworm pupa oil and 16 percent of water, and four eggs are added into per kilogram of ingredients. While the special taste from silkworm pupae of the meat pipe is guaranteed, the meat pie tastes mellow, has the effects of adjusting nutrition for balance and enhancing the immunity of the human body and is a kind of nutrient-rich food, a consumer can have more choices, and the production method of the meat pipe is suitable for being polarized and used.

Method for quick measurement of sugar content in Stevia rebaudianum Bertoni and dedicated agent therefor

Edible soy protein isolate/xylan composite film and method of producing the same

The invention discloses an edible soy protein isolate/xylan composite film and method of producing the same. The weight percentage content of the soy protein isolate and xylan is (10-5)% and (0-5)%, and the weight percentage content of the plasticiser glycerol adding amount is 0-10%, the light transmittance ratio of the composite film is 50 - 80%, the tensile strength is 1.0-8.0MPa, the elongation at break is 20.0 - 80.0%, the water vapor permeability is 2.0-10.0g*mm/m*d*Pa, and the peroxide number antioxidation performance of the fat is 10.0-50.0Meq/Kg. Adding a xylan will not only makes the composite film have dietary fiber function characteristic, but also the oxygen barrier and the water-blocking film can be improved markedly, respectively improving 4.33-11.46% than the pure soy protein isolate film (for water vapor permeability WVTR characterization) and 5.71-36.97% (to preserve the fat peroxide value POV characterization). The invention has simple method, low cost, and better application ...

Formula of meat balls containing silkworm pupa protein

The invention discloses a formula of meat balls containing silkworm pupa protein. The formula of the meat balls containing the silkworm pupa protein comprises following components in percentage by weight: 62.5% of the silkworm pupa protein, 5% of water, 15% of egg white, 6.25% of wet starch, 0.5% of refined salt, 1.75% of green onion juice, 2% of ginger juice, 0.5% of chicken powder, 6.25% of silkworm pupa oil and 0.25% of ground pepper. According to the meat balls, the special flavor of silkworm pupas is guaranteed and the taste is mellow; the meat balls have the effects of adjusting nutrition balance and enhancing the immunity of a human body, and are of a food with abundant nutrition; consumers have more selections; the production and manufacturing method of the meat balls is simple and the meat balls are easy to popularize and use.

Sweet tea seed oil containing stevioside natural antioxidants

Sweet tea seed oil containing stevioside natural antioxidants is characterized in that stevioside is added into tea seed oil. The tea seed oil has the advantages that natural food sweetening agents-stevioside are applied to tea seed oil. The test proves that the antioxidation function of the stevioside is identical to chemical synthesis antioxidants-tertiary butylhydroquinone (TBHQ), and accordingly, the storage period of tea seed oil can be prolonged, the tea seed oil is harmless to human bodies, and the tea seed oil quality can be improved.

Automatic recognition method for controlling intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing color of alcohol-based fuel

The invention discloses an automatic recognition method for controlling an intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing the color of an alcohol-based fuel, and belongs to the field of new biomass energy. The method comprises the following steps of 1. presetting starting conditions, 2. preparing alcohol-based fuel having different colors 3. mounting a color detector and a sensing controller, and 4. obtaining detecting signals to control an intelligent combustor to ignite. The alcohol-based fuels having different colors are prepared through adding pigments in alcohol-based fuels, the color detector can control an intelligent combustor to ignite through sensing, so the intelligent combustor can automatically recognize and control itself, an alcohol-based fuel coming from an abnormal channel will not be ignited in the intelligent combustor, so a formula of an alcohol-based fuel and the intellectual property of a combustor can be protected, at the same time, an alcohol-base fuel coming from a normal ...

Automatic recognition method for controlling intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing conductivity of alcohol-based fuel

The invention discloses an automatic recognition method for controlling an intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing the conductivity of an alcohol-based fuel, and belongs to the field of new biomass energy. The method comprises the following steps of 1. presetting starting conditions, 2. preparing alcohol-based fuels having different conductivities, 3. mounting a conductivity electrode probe and a sensing controller, and 4. obtaining detecting signals to control an intelligent combustor to ignite. The alcohol-based fuels having the different conductivities are prepared through adding salts and mutual soluble auxiliary agents in alcohol-base fuels, the conductivity electrode can control an intelligent combustor to ignite through sensing, so the intelligent combustor can automatically recognize and control itself, an alcohol-based fuel coming from an abnormal channel will not be ignited in the intelligent combustor, so a formula of an alcohol-based fuel and the intellectual property of a ...

Flow injection chemiluminescence method for quickly detecting tigogenin

The invention discloses a flow injection chemiluminescence method for quickly detecting tigogenin. According to the method, the tigogenin is detected by using an IFFM-E type flow injection chemiluminescence analyzer; the concentration of luminol is 1.6*10<-5>mol/L, the concentration of potassium ferricyanide is 1.6*10<-5>mol/L, the number of revolutions of a main pump is 45r/min (2.25mL/min), the number of revolutions of an auxiliary pump is 60r/min (3.0mL/min), the inner diameter of a circulation tube (a polytetrafluoroethylene tube) is 0.8mm, the distance between valve pools is 12cm, and the negative high voltage of a photomultiplier tube is 800V. The flow injection chemiluminescence method is high in sensitivity, high in repeatability, wide in linear range, easy to operate and low in detection cost, can be used for online conventional detection, and is easily applied to industrial production or agricultural production; simple instruments and equipment are adopted.

Method for on-line detection of gibberellin with flow-injection chemiluminescence method

The invention discloses a method for on-line detection of gibberellin with a flow-injection chemiluminescence method. The method comprises the steps of: preparing a cerium ammonium sulfate solution (Ce(IV)), a Na2SO3 solution, a gibberellin standard solution and a sample gibberellin solution; performing three-way mixing on the Na2SO3 solution and the gibberellin standard solution respectively by an active pump through corresponding pipes at a flow rate of 30-60 r/min, and inputting into a flow-injection chemiluminescence analyzer; after a baseline is stabilized, injecting the cerium ammonium sulfate solution through a sixteen-way injection valve at a flow rate of 30-60 r/min by an auxiliary pump for 10-20 seconds, mixing all solutions, leading the mixed solution to flow into a flowing cell, detecting chemiluminescence intensity of the mixed solution, recording data, and establishing a standard curve equation; and repeating the operation to detect the chemiluminescence intensity of the sample ...

Formula of silkworm pupa protein-containing sausage

The invention discloses a formula of silkworm pupa protein-containing sausage. According to the formula, the silkworm pupa protein-containing sausage comprises the components by weight percent: 55% of silkworm pupa protein, 10% of pork fat, 1.6% of salt, 3% of sugar, 0.6% of monosodium glutamate, 0.3% of composite phosphate, 0.3% of carrageenan, 2% of corn starch, 1.6% of modified starch, 0.3% of white pepper powder, 0.04% of ground nutmeg, 0.1% of cassia oil powder, 22% of water, 0.15% of silkworm pupa essence, 3% of Qu liquor and 0.01% of sodium nitrite. The silkworm pupa protein-containing sausage is mellow in taste while guaranteeing the special mouthfeel of silkworm pupa, and has the effects of adjusting the nutrition to be balanced and improving the immunity of a human body, thus being a food with rich nutrition, and enabling a consumer to have more choices; the production method of the silkworm pupa protein-containing sausage is suitable for being popularized and used.

Portable injection chemiluminescence analysis method of isoflavone compound

Chemiluminescence method for detecting chlorophyll alpha

The invention discloses an analysis method for flow injection chemiluminescence chlorophyll a determination by a potassium ferricyanide-luminol system. The method comprises the processes of optimization of flow injection chemiluminescence analytic system test parameters establishment of a method for determining chlorophyll a by the potassium ferricyanide-luminol system and the like. The chlorophyll a can be determined by the method, but chlorophyll b can not be determined by the method. Mass concentration of the chlorophyll a within 0.5-10.0mg/L is subject to a good linear relation with a sensitization rate, a regression equation thereof is I=23.244C-4.2218(R=0.9991), and detection limit of the method is 0.13mg/L. Standard chlorophyll a solution with the concentration being 5.0mg/L is subject to 11 precision tests in parallel determination and repeated tests divided into 6 partial determinations, and RSD thereof is 1.17% and 3.74%. The method can rapidly and flexibly detect the chlorophyll ...

Dried persimmon wine making method

The invention discloses a dried persimmon wine making method. The dried persimmon wine is made through the steps of taking sufficiently ripe dried persimmon with bad appearance as a making material, cleaning, soaking with whitewash to remove acrid odor, crushing by using a crushing machine, regulating components, primarily fermenting, squeezing and filtering, post fermenting, storing and pouring raw wine from one tank to another tank, blending the wine, filling the tank full with the wine, ageing the wine, filtering, packaging, sterilizing and the like. The physicochemical indexes of the dried persimmon are as follows: the content of total sugar is 15-25%, the content of total acid is 0.8-1.2%, the content of crude fibers is 2.0%, and the content of vitamin is 30-50mg/100g. According to the method provided by the invention, the additional value of the dried persimmon is increased, the variety of wines in our country is enriched, meanwhile, the development of forestry and fruit industries ...

Method for transforming sisal saponin into sapogenin by using microbial fermentation

The invention discloses a method for transforming sisal saponin into sapogenin by using microbial fermentation. A microbial strain is now collected in CCTCC (China Center for Type Culture Collection) of Wuhan University, China, at July 9, 2013, and has the collection number of CCTCCM2013322 and the category name of GLHZB22. The method comprises the steps: firstly, carrying out first-time fermentation on the strain, so as to prepare fermentation strains, and carrying out fermented amplification culture for 72 hours at the temperature of 30 DEG C; then, acquiring a certain volume of hot-water lixiviate of sisal residues, inoculating the strains to the lixiviate according to a certain ratio, and carrying out fermentation culture, so as to obtain fermented liquid, wherein the liquid does not contain the sapogenin, tigogenin can be detected in the liquid after the liquid is cultured for 3-5 days, thus, glycosyl of the saponin is biodegraded by the strains, and meanwhile, the fermented liquid ...

Separation and purification preparation method of water-soluble antibiotic

The invention discloses a separation and purification preparation method of water-soluble antibiotic. The method comprises the following nine steps: (1) preparing a culture medium; (2) preparing a fermentation strain solution; (3) determining the enlarged fermentation condition; (4) performing first purification of antibiotic ZwA through an extraction method; (5) performing second purification of the antibiotic ZwA through a macroporous resin method; (6) performing third purification of the antibiotic ZwA through a silica gel chromatography method; (7) detecting the purity through a high efficiency liquid chromatography method; (8) performing qualitative analysis on the molecular weight through a mass-spectrography method; (9) obtaining a conclusion that the water-soluble antibiotic having two molecular structures of which the molecular weight is respectively 364 and 382 is prepared. The water-soluble antibiotic prepared by the preparation method disclosed by the invention has high purity ...

Esterification liquid for purifying lampblack and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses an esterification liquid for purifying lampblack and a preparation method thereof. The esterification liquid is prepared by mixing three liquids including a dissolving liquid of the lampblack, the esterification liquid of the lampblack, a sodium hydrogen sulfite liquid and the like; raw materials are proportioned according to weight percentage or volume percentage or chemical molar concentration. The dissolving liquid of the lampblack is 100ml of a mixed liquid composed of 1-10 parts of petroleum ether by volume and 1-10 parts of benzene by volume; the esterification liquid of the lampblack is 1.0-10g of a KOH-methanol liquid or 100ml of an ethanol liquid; and 0.5-5g of the sodium hydrogen sulfite liquid is dissolved into 100ml of water. The esterification liquid not only can be used for purifying harmful components including the lampblack and the like which are discharged by a range hood, but can also be environment-friendly and does not pollute the environment, ...

Saponification liquid for purifying cooking fumes and preparation method of saponification liquid

The invention discloses a saponification liquidfor purifying cooking fumes and a preparation method of the saponification liquid. The preparation method comprises the steps as follows: mixing three organic liquids in parts by volume, namely, 8-12 parts of triethanolamine, 3-7 parts of succinic acid and 81-89 parts of ethyl alcohol to obtain a liquid 1 for use; dissolving and mixing three solidsin parts by weight, namely, 18-22 parts of sodium sulfonate, 3-7 parts of sodium hydroxide and 3-7 parts of sodium carbonate in 67-76 parts of water to obtain a liquid 2 for use; and taking, mixing and evenly stirring 50% of the liquid 1 and 50% of the liquid 2 to obtain the saponification liquid. The saponification liquid not only can purify harmful components such as the cooking fumes discharged by arange hood and the like, but also is environment-friendly and can create a more comfortable and clean environment for a kitchen user, so that consumers have more choices, and the production method is ...

Alcohol-based fuel produced by using frying waste oil and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses alcohol-based fuel produced by using frying waste oil and a preparation method thereof. The preparation method comprises the following steps: adding n-hexanol, sec-octyl alcohol and oleic acid mixed liquid with the volume fraction of 8% to pretreated frying waste oil with the volume fraction of 12%, uniformly mixing, then adding ferrocene with the methanol mass fraction of 0.60% in the solution, vibrating by using an ultrasonic cleaner till the ferrocene is completely dissolved, finally adding methyl alcohol liquid with the volume fraction of 100%, and fully stirring till the liquid is uniform and transparent, thus obtaining the alcohol-based fuel. As a cosolvent and a combustion improver are added to the alcohol-based fuel, the alcohol-based fuel and polar low alcohol molecules are intermiscible, and the alcohol-based fuel and macromolecular fatty acid ester are also intermiscible; the cosolvent and the combustion improver have bridge effects, so that the alcohol-based ...

Bath lotion containing water extract of ginkgo leaves and preparation method thereof

The invention relates to a bath lotion containing the water extract of ginkgo leaves and a preparation method thereof. The bath lotion is prepared by mixing and extracting the following raw materials in parts by weight in water: 4-6 parts of ginkgo leaves, 2-4 parts of danshen roots, 2-4 parts of safflowers, 0.5-1.5 parts of milkvetch roots, 1-3 parts of lobed kudzuvine roots, 1-3 parts of Chinese angelica, 1-3 parts of barbary wolfberry fruits and 1-3 parts of fadix notoginseng. The bath lotion has the functions of regulating and balancing the metabolism of blood, keeping the blood vessels from being unblocked, preventing cardio-cerebrovascular diseases and regulating the sub-health state of people. The bath lotion retains the special functions of the ginkgo leaves and contains a variety of natural substances, the effective components in the bath lotion can penetrate into skin under the heating action of hot water so as to be absorbed by capillaries and delivered to the blood circulation ...

Automatic recognition method for controlling intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing viscosity of alcohol-based fuel

The invention discloses an automatic recognition method for controlling an intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing the viscosity of an alcohol-based fuel, and belongs to the field of new biomass energy. The method comprises the following steps of 1. presetting starting conditions, 2. preparing alcohol-based fuel having different viscosities 3. mounting a viscosity electrode probe and a sensing controller, and 4. obtaining detecting signals to control an intelligent combustor to ignite. The alcohol-based fuels having different viscosities are prepared through adding glycol, polyethylene glycol, glycerol, methyl methacrylate, polyoxybutanol or carboxymethyl cellulose in alcohol-based fuels, the viscosity electrode can control an intelligent combustor to ignite through sensing, so the intelligent combustor can automatically recognize and control itself, an alcohol-based fuel coming from an abnormal channel will not be ignited in the intelligent combustor, so a formula of an alcohol-based ...

Method for separating and purifying water-soluble antibiotic Zwittermicin A in Bacillus thuringiensis

The invention discloses a method for separating and purifying water-soluble antibiotic Zwittermicin A in Bacillus thuringiensis through an isoelectrofocusing electrophoresis method, which comprises the following steps: preliminarily purifying the supernate of a Bacillus thuringiensis fermentation liquid with anhydrous alcohol and petroleum ether, and sampling; preparing the supernate sample, an amphoteric electrolyte liquid, bromphenol blue, distilled water and agarose into a gel liquid, heating to 75-85 DEG C until the materials are sufficiently dissolved, and pouring the liquid into a medical rubber tube with a diameter of about 0.3cm while keeping the temperature; cooling the liquid for two hours, and introducing into an electrophoresis cell; and respectively adding electrolyte into negative and positive poles as required, and immersing both ends of the rubber tube into the electrode liquid to carry out isoelectrofocusing electrophoresis, thus separating and purifying the water-soluble ...

Oil smoke recycling and purifying device

The invention discloses an oil smoke recycling and purifying device, which is composed of an oil smoke pipe, fluid pumps, a water vacuum pipe, a saponification liquid pool, an esterification liquid pool, an active carbon filtering layer, a draught fan and valves, wherein the oil smoke pipe is communicated with the saponification liquid pool; the fluid pumps are respectively arranged in the saponification liquid pool and the esterification liquid pool; the water vacuum pipe is connected with the fluid pump; the saponification liquid pool is communicated with the esterification liquid pool through a pipe; the draught fan is connected with the space above the esterification liquid pool; the active carbon filtering layer is arranged at the front end of the draught fan; the valves are respectively arranged at the lower parts of the saponification liquid pool and the esterification liquid pool. According to the oil smoke recycling and purifying device, the oil smoke exhausted into air is well ...

Method for breeding high content stevioside genetic material

The invention discloses a method for breeding genetic material with high content of stevioside, which comprises the steps that: (1) single plants are initially selected; (2) general indican content determination is made to the leaves of the initially selected plants; good single plants are preferably selected, which account for 0.1 percent to 10 percent of the single plants, a high efficient liquid chromatograph is used for making further analysis to the indican; (3) a plurality of good plants with high content of indican are initially obtained, then tissue culture is carried out by taking the obtained plants as materials for expanding reproduction; (4) tissue cultured seedlings are transplanted to fields and the high efficient liquid chromatograph is used for tracking detection and analysis; (5) the obtained strains are inbred to obtain homozygote plants. The method of the invention can obtain plants with high yield of the stevioside and increases the content of indican, thereby being ...

Method for quantifying stevioside by potassium ferricyanide-luminol chemiluminescence system

Preparation method of skin smearing shower gel containing enteromorpha polysaccharide

The invention discloses a preparation method of skin smearing shower gel containing enteromorpha polysaccharide. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) cleaning and drying enteromorpha; grinding and sieving the enteromorpha through a 100-mesh sieve; (2) adding distilled water which is 20ml/g of mass of the enteromorpha; refluxing and extracting at 90 DEG C for 2 hours, filtering, and separating residue from the extracting solution; (3) processing the residue (4) according to the step (2) twice; (4) mixing the extracting solutions, condensing and freeze-drying to obtain enteromorpha polysaccharide powder; (5) mixing the following raw materials in parts by weight: 1-5 parts of olive oil, 1-5 parts of glycerol and 1-5 parts of rosemary essential oil, to obtain a mixed solution; (6) heating 70-90 parts by weight of distilled water to 70-90 DEG C, adding 1-10 parts by weight of enteromorpha polysaccharide powder, dropwise adding the mixed solution, regulating pH value to 5.5 ...

Automatic recognition method for controlling intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing ions of alcohol-based fuel

The invention discloses an automatic recognition method for controlling an intelligent combustor to ignite utilizing ions of an alcohol-based fuel, and belongs to the field of new biomass energy. The method comprises the following steps of 1. presetting starting conditions, 2. preparing alcohol-based fuels having different ions 3. mounting an ion selectivity electrode probe and a sensing controller, and 4. obtaining detecting signals to control an intelligent combustor to ignite. Salts are added in alcohol-based fuel, the ion selectivity electrode can control an intelligent combustor to ignite through sensing, so the intelligent combustor can automatically recognize and control itself, an alcohol-based fuel coming from an abnormal channel will not be ignited in the intelligent combustor, so a formula of an alcohol-based fuel and the intellectual property of a combustor can be protected, at the same time, an alcohol-based fuel coming from normal channels can be ensured, the safety and the ...

Automatic identification method capable of utilizing proportion of alcohol-based fuel for controlling intelligent combustor to be ignited

The invention discloses an automatic identification method capable of utilizing the proportion of alcohol-based fuel for controlling an intelligent combustor to be ignited, and belongs to the field of biomass new energy. The method comprises the following steps of (1) presetting a starting condition; (2) preparing the alcohol-based fuel with different proportions; (3) mounting a pycnometer and a sensor controller; and (4) obtaining a detection signal, and controlling the intelligent combustor to be ignited. Salt and organic solvents are added into the alcohol-based fuel, and the alcohol-based fuel with the different proportions is obtained; through proportion sensing, ignition of the intelligent combustor is controlled, and the self automatic identification control aim is achieved; the alcohol-based fuel from abnormal channels are not combusted in the intelligent combustor, and the aims of protecting a formula of the alcohol-based fuel and protecting the intellectual property of the combustor ...

Alcohol-based fuel with advantages of combustion completeness and high heat efficiency and preparation method thereof

The invention discloses an alcohol-based fuel with advantages of combustion completeness and high heat efficiency and a preparation method thereof. The alcohol-based fuel is prepared by mixing the following components in parts by volume: 10-50 parts of petroleum ether, 1-5 parts of hydrogen peroxide, 1-5 parts of benzene, 1-5 parts of glycerin, 10-20 parts of mixture of water and other liquids, and the balance of mixed liquid consisting of 1 part of methanol, 3 parts of ethanol, 6 parts of propanol and the like. The volume after the multiple kinds of liquid are mixed is 100%, and then solid dicyclopentadienyl iron is added into the volume liquid and dissolved, wherein the concentration of the dicyclopentadienyl iron is 0.1-1.0%. The formula contains oxygen compounds of a certain proportion, and meanwhile, oxygen is provided through an external oxygen generator, so that the combustion value of the alcohol-based fuel is higher than that of conventional simple alcohol-based liquid fuel simply ...