LITHIUM-IONEN-BATTERIE

Eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie beinhaltet positive und negative Elektroden und einen nanoporösen oder mikroporösen Polymerseparator, der in einer Elektrolytlösung getränkt wurde und zwischen der positiven Elektrode und der negativen Elektrode eingebaut ist. Für die Komplexierung von Übergangsmetallionen sind Komplexbildner enthalten, die aber nicht die Bewegung der Lithiumionen durch den Separator während des Betriebs der Lithium-Ionen-Batterie beeinträchtigen. Die Komplexbildner sind: gelöst in der Elektrolytlösung; auf das Polymer des Separator gepfropft; an das Bindemittel der negativen und/oder positiven Elektrode gebunden; eine Schicht auf einer Oberfläche des Separators; und/oder auf einer Oberfläche der negativen und/oder positiven Elektrode. Die Komplexbildner sind ausgewählt aus: Ionenfallen in molekularer Form, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Polyaminen, Thiolen und Alkalimetallsalzen organischer Säuren; Polymeren, funktionalisiert mit Alkalimetall salzen organischer Säuren ...

An-Bord-Verfahren und -System zur Überwachung des Beginns einer schnellen Öloxidation und Schlammbildung in Motorölen

Verfahren zur Überwachung des Beginns einer schnellen Öloxidation und Schlammbildung in Motorölen (22), umfassend, dass:ein Motor (20) bereitgestellt wird, der eine Menge an Motoröl ((22) aufweist;eine Größe der Viskositätshysterese der Menge von Motoröl (22) in einem Erwärmungs-Kühlungs-Zyklus als eine Funktion einer gemessenen Temperatur der Menge an Motoröl (22) bestimmt wird; undein Zustand einer Motorölverschlechterung in der Menge von Motoröl (22) aus dem Erwärmungs-Kühlungs-Zyklus als eine Funktion der bestimmten Größe der Viskositätshysterese für den Erwärmungs-Kühlungs-Zyklus bestimmt wird. A method of monitoring the onset of rapid oil oxidation and sludge formation in engine oils (22), comprising: providing an engine (20) having an amount of engine oil ((22); a magnitude of the viscosity hysteresis of the amount of engine oil (22) determined in a warm-cool cycle as a function of a measured temperature of the amount of engine oil (22); and a condition of engine oil degradation in the amount of engine oil (22) from the warm-cool cycle as a function of the determined amount of viscosity hysteresis is determined for the heating-cooling cycle.

Lithium-Ionen-Batterie mit in einem Elektrolyten eingebetteten Separatorpartikeln

Es ist eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie beschrieben, in der elektrisch nichtleitfähige Keramikpartikel zwischen der Anode und der Kathode angeordnet sind, um die Separation zwischen diesen zu verstärken und Kurzschlüsse zu verhindern. Die Partikel, bevorzugt gleichachsig oder monodispers, können allgemein gleichmäßig in einem nicht-wässrigen gelierten oder hoch viskosen Elektrolyten verteilt sein. Der Elektrolyt kann auf eine oder beide von der Anode und der Kathode in einer geeigneten Dicke aufgebracht werden, um die Partikel mit dem Elektrolyten abzuscheiden und einen geschichteten Verbundstoff mit im Wesentlichen gleichmäßig beabstandeten Partikeln zu bilden, der geeignet ist, um die gegenüberliegenden Anoden- und Kathodenflächen in einer beabstandeten Beziehung zu halten. Die Dicke der aufgebrachten Elektrolytschicht wird gewählt werden, um eine Abscheidung der Partikel im Wesentlichen als eine Teil-Monoschicht, eine Monoschicht oder eine Mehrfachschicht, wie für die Anwendung erforderlich ...

Fluoridionenfänger für Brennstoffzellbauteile

Brennstoffzelle umfassend: eine zwischen einer Anode und einer Kathode angeordnete Polymerelektrolytmembran, wobei wenigstens eine der Polymermembran, der Anode oder der Kathode Fluoratome enthält, welche sich beim Betrieb der Zelle zu Fluoridanionen umsetzen können, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Polymerelektrolytmembran aus Ionomeren gebildet ist, ein Fluoridanionenfängermittel, welches Azakronenreste enthält, vorgesehen ist, und die Azakronenreste in die Ionomere eingebaut sind.

ELEKTRODE UND ZUSAMMENSETZUNG MIT MASSGESCHNEIDERTER POROSITÄT FÜR EINE ELEKTROCHEMISCHE LITHIUM-IONEN-ZELLE

Eine Elektrode für eine elektrochemische Zelle mit Lithiumionen enthält einen Stromabnehmer und eine erste Schicht, die aus einer ersten Elektrodenzusammensetzung gebildet wird, die auf dem Stromabnehmer angeordnet ist. Die erste Elektrodenzusammensetzung enthält eine Bindemittelkomponente; eine leitende Füllstoffkomponente, die in der Bindemittelkomponente dispergiert ist; und eine aktive Materialkomponente, die in der Bindemittelkomponente und der leitenden Füllstoffkomponente dispergiert ist. Die erste Elektrodenzusammensetzung hat eine erste Oberfläche und eine zweite Oberfläche, die von der ersten Oberfläche beabstandet und parallel zu ihr ist. Die erste Elektrodenzusammensetzung definiert eine Vielzahl von Poren zwischen der ersten Oberfläche und der zweiten Oberfläche mit einer maßgeschneiderten Porengrößenverteilung, die mindestens eine erste Porengröße und eine zweite Porengröße, die größer als die erste Porengröße ist, einschließt. Die erste Elektrodenzusammensetzung hat eine erste Porosität von mindestens 60%. An electrode for a lithium ion electrochemical cell includes a current collector and a first layer formed from a first electrode composition disposed on the current collector. The first electrode composition contains a binder component; a conductive filler component dispersed in the binder component; and an active material component dispersed in the binder component and the conductive filler component. The first electrode composition has a first surface and a second surface that is spaced from and parallel to the first surface. The first electrode composition defines a plurality of pores between the first surface and the second surface with a tailored pore size distribution including at least a first pore size and a second pore size larger than the first pore size. The first electrode composition has a first porosity of at least 60%.

Sonochemische Synthese von Titan enthaltenden Oxiden

Ein Titanhalogenid, vorzugsweise Titantetrachlorid, wird mit geeignetem Reduktionsmittel, vorzugsweise mit einem Alkalimetall oder Erdalkalimetall, unter Ultraschallanregung in einem flüssigen Reaktionsmedium umgesetzt, um Titanpartikel mit Nanometergröße zu bilden, die nicht umgesetztes Reduktionsmittel einbauen können. Die Titanpartikel mit Nanometergröße können ein Vorläufer für Titanoxid mit Nanometergröße sein, das durch Oxidieren des Titans gebildet wird, und zwar vorzugsweise mit einem Alkohol mit niedrigem Molekulargewicht. Wenn die Titanpartikel nicht umgesetztes Reduktionsmittel einbauen, wird die Oxidationsreaktion Titanate mit Nanometergröße ergeben. Die Nanopartikel, entweder aus Titanoxid oder Titanaten, können extrahiert werden, indem sie zuerst aus dem Reaktionsmedium abfiltriert werden, anschließend mit Wasser gewaschen werden, um wasserlösliche Reaktionsprodukte zu entfernen sowie anschließend sprühgetrocknet werden.

VERFAHREN ZUR VORLITHIERUNG VON ELEKTROAKTIVEM MATERIAL UND ELEKTRODEN MIT VORLITHIERTEM ELEKTROAKTIVEM MATERIAL

Verfahren zum Vorlithieren eines elektroaktiven Materials, das ein Element der Gruppe III, ein Element der Gruppe IV, ein Element der Gruppe V oder eine Kombination davon für eine Elektrode für eine elektrochemische Zelle beinhaltet, sind ebenso vorgesehen wie Elektroden, die das vorlithierte elektroaktive Material beinhalten. Die Verfahren beinhalten die Reaktion eines Lithiierungsmittels, das LiH oder LiN beinhaltet, mit dem elektroaktiven Material, um ein vorlithiertes elektroaktives Material zu bilden.

ELEKTROLYTSYSTEM ZUR UNTERDRÜCKUNG ODER MINIMIERUNG VON METALLVERUNREINIGUNGEN UND DENDRITBILDUNG IN LITHIUM-IONEN-BATTERIEN

Elektrochemische Zellen, die Lithium-Ionen zyklisieren, und Verfahren zur Unterdrückung oder Minimierung der Dendritbildung sind vorgesehen. Die elektrochemischen Zellen beinhalten eine positive Elektrode, eine negative Elektrode und einen dazwischen liegenden Separator. Die positiven und negativen Elektroden und der Separator können jeweils ein Elektrolytsystem mit einem oder mehreren Lithiumsalzen, einem oder mehreren Lösungsmitteln und einem oder mehreren Komplexbildnern beinhalten. Der eine oder die mehreren Komplexbildner binden an Metallverunreinigungen innerhalb der elektrochemischen Zelle, um Metallionen-Komplexverbindungen zu bilden, welche die Bildung von Dendritvorsprüngen an der negativen Elektrode zumindest durch Vergrößern der horizontalen Fläche (z. B., Verringern der Höhe) jeder Dendritbildung minimieren oder unterdrücken.

DICKE, FLEXIBLE KATHODEN FÜR LITHIUMIONEN-BATTERIEN

Eine Lithium-Metalloxid (LMO)-Kathode umfasst einen Stromkollektor mit einer Länge, die ein erstes Ende und ein zweites Ende definiert, einer Breite und einer ersten Seite sowie einer zweiten Seite, LMO-Aktivmaterial, das auf der ersten Seite und der zweiten Seite des Stromkollektors so aufgebracht ist, dass das auf jeder jeweiligen Seite des Stromkollektors aufgebrachte LMO-Aktivmaterial eine an den Stromkollektor angrenzende Innenfläche und eine Außenfläche aufweist, und eine Vielzahl von Kanälen, die sich in Breitenrichtung über die Kathode innerhalb des auf der ersten und zweiten Seite aufgebrachten LMO-Aktivmaterials erstrecken. Das LMO-Aktivmaterial auf jeder Stromkollektorseite kann eine Dicke von etwa 100 µm bis etwa 400 µm haben. Die Kanäle auf der gleichen Seite des Stromkollektors können im Abstand von 0,1 mm bis 10 mm voneinander angeordnet sein. Die Kanäle können Breiten von 10 µm bis 60 µm haben.

Lithiumionenbatterie-Separatoren und -Elektroden

Ein Lithiumionenbatterie-Separator umfasst einen porösen Film eines polymeren Chelatbildners. Der polymere Chelatbildner umfasst ein Poly(undecylenyl-Makrocyclus), wobei der Makrocyclus ein Chelatbildner ist. Eine positive Elektrode umfasst eine Struktur und eine Beschichtung, die auf einer Oberfläche der Struktur gebildet ist. Die Struktur umfasst ein aktives Material auf Lithiumübergangsmetallbasis, ein Bindemittel und einen leitfähigen Kohlenstoff, und die Beschichtung umfasst ein Poly(undecylenyl-Makrocyclus), wobei der Makrocyclus ein Chelatbildner ist. Der Separator und/oder die positive Elektrode ist/sind zur Verwendung in einer Lithiumionenbatterie geeignet.

Lithiumionenbatterie-Komponenten mit Chelatbildnern, die orientierte permanente Dipolmomente haben

Ein Beispiel einer Lithiumionenbatterie-Komponente ist ein Lithiumionenbatterie-Separator, der eine planare mikroporöse Polymermembran und einen Chelatbildner, der durch eine Verknüpfungsgruppe an die planare mikroporöse Polymermembran gebunden ist, umfasst. Der Chelatbildner ist so gebunden, dass das permanente Dipolmoment des Chelatbildners senkrecht zu der Ebene der planaren mikroporösen Polymermembran orientiert ist.

Sonochemische Synthese von Titan enthaltenden Oxiden

Verfahren zur Bildung von Partikeln aus einem Titan enthaltenden Oxid mit Nanometergröße, umfassend die Schritte: Zugeben eines Reduktionsmittels zu einem flüssigen Reaktionsmedium, das bei einer vorbestimmten Temperatur gehalten wird und das in einem Reaktionsgefäß, unter einer Atmosphäre aus trockenem Inertgas enthalten ist; Ultraschallbehandeln des Gemisches aus Reduktionsmittel und flüssigem Reaktionsmedium, um das Reduktionsmittel in dem Reaktionsmedium fein zu dispergieren und gleichmäßig zu verteilen; Zugeben eines Titanhalogenids zu der Dispersion aus Reduktionsmittel und flüssigem Reaktionsmedium unter Bildung eines ersten Reaktionsgemisches, während das erste Reaktionsgemisch mit Ultraschall behandelt wird; Halten des ersten Reaktionsgemisches für eine Zeit, die ausreichend ist, um eine im Wesentlichen vollständige Reaktion zwischen dem Reduktionsmittel und dem Titanhalogenid zu ermöglichen und ein erstes Reaktionsproduktgemisch zu bilden, das Titanpartikel mit Nanometergröße ...

Herstellung von Platin-Titan-Legierungen mit Nanogröße

Verfahren zum Herstellen von Platin und Titan enthaltenden Metallpartikeln mit Nanometergröße, wobei das Verfahren umfasst: Suspendieren oder Lösen einer Vorläuferverbindung oder von Verbindungen aus Titan und aus Platin in einem flüssigen Medium, Hindurchperlen eines reduzierenden Gases durch das flüssige Medium und Aussetzen des flüssigen Mediums gegenüber Ultraschallschwingungen, um die Titan- und Platin-Bestandteile des Vorläufers oder der Vorläufer zu Metallpartikeln, welche Platin und Titan enthalten, zu reduzieren, wobei das flüssige Medium bei einer Temperatur unterhalb von 0°C Ultraschallschwingungen ausgesetzt wird.

NEGATIVE ELEKTRODE FÜR EINE ELEKTROCHEMISCHE LITHIUM-IONEN-ZELLE UND VERFAHREN ZU IHRER HERSTELLUNG

Ein Verfahren zum Bilden einer Elektrode schließt das Anbringen einer Kennzeichnung an einem Kollektor, um einen vorab mit Kontaktnasen versehenen Stromabnehmer zu bilden; Anordnen des vorab mit Kontaktnasen versehenen Stromabnehmers auf einem nicht haftenden Substrat, um ein Werkstück zu bilden; und Gießen einer Aufschlämmung auf das Werkstück, um einen Film zu bilden, ein. Die Aufschlämmung schließt eine Aktivmaterialkomponente, ein oder mehrere Kohlenstoffadditive und/oder ein faserartiges Kupferadditiv und/oder ein dendritisches Kupferadditiv ein. Das Verfahren schließt das Trocknen des Films bei einer ersten Temperatur, um einen getrockneten Film zu bilden; Härten des getrockneten Films unter Druck bei einer zweiten höheren Temperatur, um einen gehärteten Film zu bilden; Entfernen des gehärteten Films von dem nicht haftenden Substrat, um einen Vorläuferfilm zu bilden; und Carbonisieren und Glühen des Vorläuferfilms bei einer dritten höheren Temperatur ein. Das Carbonisieren bildet ...

Lithiumionenbatterie

Verfahren, umfassend:Binden eines Chelatbildners oder mehrerer Chelatbildner an eine Lithiumionenbatterie-Komponente, wobei der eine Chelatbildner oder die mehreren Chelatbildner so konstruiert und so angeordnet ist/ sind, dass diese(r) mit Metallionen komplexiert, mit Lithiumionen aber nicht stark komplexiert, wobei die Chelatbildner wenigstens einen/ eine von einem Kronenether, einem Lariatether, einem Calixaren, einer Calixkrone oder Gemische davon umfassen, wobei die Chelatbildner an Polyolefine gebunden sind.

Protonenaustauschmembran-Brennstoffzelle

Protonenaustauschmembran-Brennstoffzelle, die dazu konfiguriert ist, Wasserstoffgas als Brennstoff und Sauerstoffgas oder Luft als Oxidationsmittel zu empfangen, wobei die Brennstoffzelle umfasst: eine Protonenaustauschmembran (16) mit gegenüberliegenden Seiten, wobei die Membran (16) für Protonen von einer Seite zur anderen Seite der Membran leitfähig ist; eine Kathode (14), die auf einer Oberfläche einer Seite der Protonenaustauschmembran (16) angeordnet ist und dazu konfiguriert ist, Sauerstoffgas oder Luft als Oxidationsmittel zu empfangen; und eine Anodenmaterialüberzugsschicht (12), die auf einer Oberfläche der gegenüberliegenden Seite der Protonenaustauschmembran (16) angeordnet ist und dazu konfiguriert ist, Wasserstoffgas als Brennstoff zu empfangen, wobei das Anodenmaterial Kohlenstoffträgerpartikel, die ein Katalysatormaterial für die Oxidation von Wasserstoff zu Protonen und Elektronen tragen, und Wolfram enthaltende Partikel eines Wolframsilizids umfasst, wobei die Wolfram ...

Umkehrosmose-Membranen, die mit PFSA-Ionomer und ePTFE hergestellt sind

Ein Verfahren zur Bildung einer Membran umfasst einen Schritt des Lösens eines Lithiumsalzes in einer Lösung, die ein Ionomer umfasst, welches protogene Gruppen umfasst, um eine modifizierte Lösung zu bilden. Eine Membran wird aus der Lösung, die das Lithiumsalz und das Ionomer, das protogene Gruppen umfasst, enthält, gebildet. Die Membran wird getrocknet und dann mit Wasser unter Bildung einer Vielzahl von Poren darin in Kontakt gebracht.

Lithiumionenbatterie-Elektroden

Eine Lithiumionenbatterie umfasst eine positive Elektrode und eine negative Elektrode. In einem Beispiel umfasst eine positive Elektrode für die Lithiumionenbatterie ein aktives Material auf Lithiumübergangsmetalloxid-Basis und einen Kohlenstoff mit hoher spezifischer Oberfläche. Die positive Elektrode umfasst außerdem ein reaktives Bindemittel, das einen Makrocyclus daran gebunden hat.

Brennstoffzelle und Verfahren zum Schützen von Brennstoffzellenbauelementen, einschliesslich PEMs

Brennstoffzelle mit:einer Membranelektrodenanordnung (MEA), die eine zwischen einer ersten und zweiten Elektrode schichtartig angeordnete, ein protonenleitendes Polymer enthaltende Membran umfasst;einem Schadstoffperoxid, das die MEA schädigt; undzumindest einer Komponente, die mit dem Schadstoffperoxid vorhanden ist und die eine Zersetzung von zumindest einem aus: der ersten Elektrode; der zweiten Elektrode; der Membran oder einer beliebigen Kombination daraus, verhindert oder zumindest hemmt,dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Komponente in einer chemischen Verbindung oder als chemische Verbindung vorliegt, welche umfasst:(a) eine in der Zelle dispergierte natürlich vorkommende chemische Verbindung, die aus Ascorbinsäure, alpha-Tocopherol oder einem Enzym oder deren Kombinationen ausgewählt ist;(b) ein in der MEA vorliegendes Polymer oder Copolymer, in dem die Komponente eine funktionelle Gruppe ist, die ein Teil der Polymer- oder Copolymerhauptkette ist oder dieser aufgepfropft ist, wobei die funktionelle Gruppe aus Phenolen, Phenolderivaten, Aminen, zweiwertigen Schwefel enthaltenden Verbindungen, gehinderten Phenolderivaten von Phosphor, Ascorbinsäure oder alpha-Tocopherol oder deren Kombinationen ausgewählt ist; und/oder(c) ein Derivat eines Trimethylchinolinpolymers.

Metall Ionophore in PEM-Membranen

Eine Membranelektrodenanordnung für Brennstoffzellen umfasst eine protonenleitende Membran, die eine erste Seite und eine zweite Seite hat. Die protonenleitende Membran umfasst ihrerseits ein erstes Polymer, das cyclische Polyether-Gruppen enthält, und ein zweites Polymer, das Sulfonsäure-Gruppen hat. Die Membranelektrodenanordnung umfasst außerdem eine Anode, die über der ersten Seite der protonenleitenden Schicht angeordnet ist, und eine Kathodenkatalysatorschicht, die über der zweiten Seite der protonenleitenden Schicht angeordnet ist.

Herstellung von Metall- oder Metalloid-Nanopartikeln

Eine Ausführungsform kann ein Verfahren zur Herstellung von Nanopartikeln, die elementare Metalle oder Metalloide und/oder Legierungen davon umfassen, umfassen. Das Verfahren kann Reduzieren eines Metallhalogenids oder eines Metalloidhalogenids mit einem Alkalimetall unter Herstellen eines Reaktionsprodukts, das Partikel des gewünschten Metalls oder Metalloids und eines Halogenidsalzes produziert, umfassen. Eine Ausführungsform kann Zusammengeben von Reaktanten in Gegenwart eines nicht-reaktiven Lösungsmittels und/oder Induzieren von Kavitation in den Reaktanten und/oder dem nicht-reaktiven Lösungsmittel, wenn es vorhanden ist, umfassen. Bestimmte Metalle oder Metalloide, zum Beispiel Zinn, Aluminium, Silicium, Antimon, Indium oder Bismut, können in elektrochemischen Zellen, zum Beispiel Lithiumzellen, nützlich sein, wenn sie durch diese veranschaulichenden Verfahren produziert werden. Eine Ausführungsform einer Batterieelektrode kann Nanopartikel umfassen, die durch dieses oder andere Verfahren produziert werden können.

LITHIUM-IONEN-BATTERIE

Eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie beinhaltet eine positive und eine negative Elektroden und einen nanoporösen oder mikroporösen Polymerseparator, der in einer Elektrolytlösung getränkt wurde und zwischen den Elektroden eingebaut ist. Mindestens zwei unterschiedliche Komplexbildner sind enthalten und ausgewählt zur Komplexierung von: i) zwei oder mehr unterschiedlichen Übergangsmetallionen; ii) einem Übergangsmetallion in zwei oder mehr verschiedenen Oxidationsstufen; oder iii) sowohl i) als auch ii). Die mindestens zwei verschiedenen ausgewählten Komplexbildnern dienen zur Komplexbildung mit Übergangsmetallionen, in einer Weise, damit die Bewegung der Lithiumionen durch den Separator während des Betriebs der Batterie nicht beeinträchtigt wird. Die Komplexbildner sind: gelöst oder dispergiert in der Elektrolytlösung; auf das Polymer des Separators gepfropft; an das Bindemittel der negativen und/oder positiven Elektrode gebunden; innerhalb der Poren des Separators angeordnet; bilden eine Schicht ...

Verfahren zum Aufbringen von nicht leitfähigen Keramiken auf Lithium-Ionen-Batterie-Separatoren

Es sind Verfahren zum Beschichten einer nicht leitfähigen Oxid-Keramik auf Lithium-Ionen-Batterie-Separatoren vorgesehen. Ein Separator wird in einer Lösung aus einem flüchtigen organischen Lösungsmittel und einer metallorganischen Verbindung angeordnet. Der Separator wird mit einer Keramik aus einer Metalloxidkomponente der metallorganischen Verbindung gebildet, wenn das flüchtige organische Lösungsmittel verdampft. Methods are provided for coating a non-conductive oxide ceramic on lithium-ion battery separators. A separator is placed in a solution of a volatile organic solvent and an organometallic compound. The separator is formed with a ceramic made of a metal oxide component of the organometallic compound when the volatile organic solvent evaporates.

VERFAHREN ZUR HERSTELLUNG VON SILIZIUMHALTIGEN VERBUNDELEKTRODEN FÜR LITHIUM-BASIERTE BATTERIEN

Elektroaktive Materialien mit einer stickstoffhaltigen Kohlenstoffbeschichtung und Verbundmaterialien für eine Lithium-basierte Hochenergiedichte sowie Verfahren zur Bildung derselben sind vorgesehen. Das Verbundwerkstoff-Elektrodenmaterial beinhaltet ein siliziumhaltiges elektroaktives Material mit einer im Wesentlichen kontinuierlichen stickstoffhaltigen Kohlenstoffbeschichtung, die darauf gebildet ist. Das Verfahren beinhaltet das Kontaktieren des siliziumhaltigen elektroaktiven Materials und eines oder mehrerer stickstoffhaltiger Vorläufermaterialien und das Erhitzen der Mischung. Das eine oder die mehreren stickstoffhaltigen Vorläufermaterialien beinhalten eine oder mehrere Stickstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen und während des Erhitzens des Stickstoffstoffs der einen oder mehreren Stickstoff-Kohlenstoff-Bindungen mit Silizium in dem siliziumhaltigen elektroaktiven Material, um die stickstoffhaltige Kohlenstoffbeschichtung auf exponierten Oberflächen des siliziumhaltigen elektroaktiven Materials zu bilden.

Lithiumionenbatterie

Eine Ausführungsform kann eine Lithiumionenbatterie umfassen, wobei ein Chelatbildner oder mehrere Chelatbildner an eine Batteriekomponente gebunden sein können.

LITHIUM-IONEN-BATTERIE MIT IONENFALLEN

Es wird eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie mit den folgenden Merkmalen zur Verfügung gestellt: eine positive Elektrode; eine negative Elektrode; ein mikroporöser, in einer Elektrolytlösung getränkter Polymerseparator, wobei sich der mikroporöse Polymerseparator zwischen der positiven und der negativen Elektrode befindet; und eine Übergangsmetallkationenfalle die i) als Binder in eine der positiven oder negativen Elektrode integriert ist, ii) auf einer Oberfläche der positiven oder negativen Elektrode angebracht ist, iii) Bestandteil des mikroporösen Polymerseparators ist, iv) auf einer Oberfläche des mikroporösen Polymerseparators angebracht ist, oder v) als Additiv in der Elektrolytlösung vorkommt. Die Übergangsmetallkationenfalle ist ein Siderophor.

Säureabfangende funktionelle Separatoren für die Leistung von elektrochemischen Lithium-Ionen-Zellen

Verfahren zum Abfangen von Säure in einer elektrochemischen Lithium-Ionen-Zelle sind vorgesehen. Elektrolytlösung, die eine Säure enthält oder in der Lage ist, die Säure zu bilden, wird mit einem Polymer in Kontakt gebracht, das einen stickstoffhaltigen säureabfangenden Teil, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus: einer Amingruppe, einer Pyridingruppe und Kombinationen derselben, umfasst. Der stickstoffhaltige säureabfangende Teil fängt die in der Elektrolytlösung vorhandenen sauren Spezies durch Beteiligung an einer Lewis-Säure-Base-Neutralisierungsreaktion ab. Die Elektrolytlösung umfasst ein Lithiumsalz und ein oder mehrere Lösungsmittel und ist in der elektrochemischen Zelle enthalten, die des Weiteren eine erste Elektrode, eine zweite Elektrode mit entgegengesetzter Polarität zur ersten Elektrode und einen porösen Separator umfasst. Lithiumionen können durch den Separator und die Elektrolytlösung von der ersten Elektrode zur zweiten Elektrode zyklisch geleitet werden, wobei die während ...

Membranelektrodenanordnung für eine Brennstoffzelle

Membranelektrodenanordnung für eine Brennstoffzelle, wobei die Membranelektrodenanordnung umfasst:eine protonenleitende Membran, die eine erste Seite und eine zweite Seite aufweist, umfassend:ein zweites Polymer, das Sulfonsäuregruppen aufweist undein erstes Polymer, das cyclische Polyethergruppen aufweist;eine Anode, die über der ersten Seite der protonenleitenden Schicht angeordnet ist, undeine Kathodenkatalysatorschicht, die über der zweiten Seite der protonenleitenden Schicht angeordnet ist,wobei die Verbindung, die cyclische Polyethergruppen aufweist, ein cyclisches Oligomer ist, das eine der folgenden Formeln aufweist:oder wobei die Verbindung, die cyclische Polyethergruppen aufweist, ein cyclisches Oligomer ist, das durch Polymerisation einer Verbindung gemäß der Formel 30 gebildet ist:worin n und m jeweils unabhängig eine ganze Zahl von 1 bis 8 sind.

POLYMER-IONENFALLEN ZUR UNTERDRÜCKUNG ODER MINIMIERUNG VON ÜBERGANGSMETALL-IONEN UND DENDRITBILDUNG ODER -WACHSTUM IN LITHIUM-IONEN-BATTERIEN

Elektrochemische Zellen, die Lithium-Ionen zyklisieren, und Verfahren zur Unterdrückung oder Minimierung der Dendritbildung sind vorgesehen. Die elektrochemischen Zellen beinhalten eine positive Elektrode, eine negative Elektrode und einen dazwischen angeordneten Separator. Mindestens eine Übergangsmetall-Ioneneinfangeinheit, einschließlich eines oder mehrerer Polymere, die mit einer oder mehreren Einfanggruppen funktionalisiert ist, kann innerhalb der elektrochemischen Zelle als Beschichtung, Porenfüller, Ersatz-Seitengruppe oder Bindemittel aufgenommen werden. Die eine oder die mehreren Einfanggruppen können ausgewählt werden aus der Gruppe bestehend aus: Kronenethern, Siderophoren, Bactinen, ortho-Phenanthrolin, Iminodiessigsäure-Dilithiumsalz, Oxalaten Malonaten, Fumaraten, Succinaten, Itaconaten, Phosphonaten und Kombinationen derselben, und können an Metallionen binden, die in der elektrochemischen Zelle gefunden werden, um die Bildung von Dendritvorsprüngen an der negativen Elektrode zu minimieren oder zu unterdrücken.

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

One embodiment may include a lithium ion battery, wherein one or more chelating agents may be attached to a battery component 1. A method comprising:attaching one or more chelating agents to a lithium ion battery component, the one or more chelating agents being constructed and arranged to complex with metal cations but not strongly complex with lithium ions.2. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of (EtO)3SiCH2CH2CH2-NH2+chloromethylbenzo-18-crown-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.3. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of (EtO)3SiH+CH2=CH(CH2)8CH2O—CH12-18-Crown-6+Pt catalyst followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.4. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of 3-glycidoxypropyltri(ethoxy)silane+HOCH2-18-crown-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.5. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of 2-chloroethyltriethoxysilane+HOCH2-18-crwon-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.6. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of methacryloxypropyltris(methoxy)silane+vinyl benzo-18-crown-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.7. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of 7-octenyltrimethoxysilane (or 10-undecenyltrimethoxysilane)+undecylenyl-hydoxy-methyl-18-crown-6 claim 1 , followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether functionalized silane.8. A method as set forth in wherein the attaching comprises the reaction of(EtO)3SiCH2CH2CH2-SH+chioromethylbenzo-18-crown-6 followed by hydrolysis of the crown ether; this can also be functionalized with alumina.9. A component for use in a lithium ion battery claim 1 , comprising:one or more chelating agents attached to a component constructed and arranged for use in a lithium ion battery, wherein the one or more chelating ...

SURFACE ETCHED DIAMOND PARTICLES AND METHOD FOR ETCHING THE SURFACE OF DIAMOND PARTICLES

A method is provided of etching a diamond particle including the step of heating the particle at a temperature of about 700° C. or greater in the presence of water vapor to form an etched particle. Also provided is an etched particle having a core and a surface. The core is formed of sp3 hybridized carbon atoms covalently bonded together, and the surface has substantially no chlorine atoms, oxygen atoms or oxygen species. 1. A method of etching a particle comprising the step of:heating the particle at a temperature of about 700° C. or greater in the presence of water to form an etched particle,wherein the particle consists essentially of diamond.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle is heated at a temperature of about 700° C. to about 1 claim 1 ,100° C.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle has a diameter of from about 0.1 μm to about 1000 μm.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle has a diameter of from about 15 μm to about 20 μm.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water is distilled water.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water contains substantially no chlorine atoms.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle is heated for about 1 minute to about 240 minutes.8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the particle is heated for about 30 minutes to about 120 minutes.9. The method of claim 1 , comprising performing the heating step such that the etched particle has a mass less than the particle before the heating step.10. The method of claim 1 , comprising performing the heating step such that the etched particle has a surface area greater than the particle before the heating step.11. The method of claim 1 , comprising performing the heating step such that the etched particle has a crushing strength index greater than or equal to the particle before the heating step.12. The method of claim 1 , comprising performing the heating step such that the etched particle has a roundness greater than the particle before the heating step.13. The ...

LITHIUM SALTS OF FLUORINATED BORATE ESTERS FOR LITHIUM-ION BATTERIES

Lithium salts with fluorinated chelated orthoborate anions are prepared and used as electrolytes or electrolyte additives in lithium-ion batteries. The lithium salts have two chelate rings formed by the coordination of two bidentate ligands to a single boron atom. In addition, each chelate ring has two oxygen atoms bonded to one boron atom, methylene groups bonded to the two oxygen atoms, and one or more fluorinated carbon atoms bonded to and forming a cyclic bridge between the methylene groups. 1. A lithium salt , comprising:a lithium cation; anda borate ester chelate complex with two bidentate ligands coordinated to a single boron atom to form two chelate rings, each chelate ring comprising two oxygen atoms bonded to said boron atom, one methylene group bonded to each of said oxygen atoms, and one or more fluorinated carbon atoms bonded to and forming a cyclic bridge between said methylene groups.2. A lithium salt as recited in wherein said bidentate ligands are diols.3. A lithium salt as recited in wherein said bidentate ligands are 2 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3-tetrafluoro-1 claim 1 ,4-butanediol or 2 claim 1 ,2 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,3 claim 1 ,4 claim 1 ,4-hexafluoro-1 claim 1 ,5-pentanediol.4. An electrolyte solution for a lithium-ion battery claim 1 , said electrolyte solution comprising:lithium cations; andborate ester anions, said anions having two bidentate ligands coordinated to a single boron atom to form two chelate rings, each chelate ring comprising two oxygen atoms bonded to said boron atom, one methylene group bonded to each of said oxygen atoms, and one or more fluorinated carbon atoms bonded to and forming a cyclic bridge between said methylene groups.5. An electrolyte solution as recited in wherein said bidentate ligands are diols.6. An electrolyte solution as recited in wherein said bidentate ligands are 2 claim 4 ,2 claim 4 ,3 claim 4 ,3-tetrafluoro-1 claim 4 ,4-butanediol or 2 claim 4 ,2 claim 4 ,3 claim 4 ,3 claim 4 ,4 claim 4 ,4- ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY WITH ELECTROLYTE-EMBEDDED SEPARATOR PARTICLES

A lithium ion battery in which electrically-non conducting ceramic particles are interposed between the anode and cathode to enforce separation between them and prevent short circuits is described. The particles, preferably equiaxed or monodisperse, may be generally uniformly dispersed in a non-aqueous gelled or high viscosity electrolyte. The electrolyte may be applied to one or both of the anode and cathode in suitable thickness to deposit the particles with the electrolyte and form a layered composite with substantially uniformly spaced particles suitable for holding the opposing anode and cathode faces in spaced-apart relation. The thickness of the applied electrolyte layer will be selected to enable deposition of the particles substantially as a fractional monolayer, a monolayer, or a multilayer as required for the application. 1. A lithium ion battery comprising an anode with a surface and a cathode with a surface , the anode surface and the cathode surface being maintained in spaced apart opposition only by a plurality of substantially uniformly dispersed , electrically non-conducting ceramic particles with characteristic dimensions of between 2 and 30 micrometers and disposed as at least a fraction of a monolayer between the anode and cathode surfaces; the particle characteristic dimension substantially enforcing the extent of the anode-cathode separation; and , the spaced apart anode and cathode surfaces confining between them a non-aqueous lithium-conducting electrolyte in ionic contact with the particles , the anode and the cathode.2. The lithium ion battery recited in in which the particles are of substantially equal characteristic dimension and are one or more of the group consisting of spherical claim 1 , equiaxed claim 1 , cylindrical and branched.3. The lithium ion battery recited in in which the particles are one or more of the group consisting of oxides claim 1 , carbides and nitrides.4. The lithium ion battery recited in in which the particles are ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution. The microporous polymer separator is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. An ion exchange polymer material is any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator. Examples of methods for making the ion exchange polymer material for use in the lithium ion batteries are also disclosed herein. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; andan ion exchange polymer material any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator.4. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the is selected from the group consisting of polyolefins claim 3 , polyethylene terephthalate claim 3 , polyvinylidene fluoride claim 3 , polyamides claim 3 , polyurethanes claim 3 , polycarbonates claim 3 , polyesters claim 3 , polyetheretherketones claim 3 , polyethersulfones claim 3 , polyimides claim 3 , polyamide-imides claim 3 , polyethers claim 3 , polyoxymethylene claim 3 , polybutylene terephthalate claim 3 , polyethylenenaphthenate claim 3 , polybutene claim 3 , polyolefin copolymers claim 3 , acrylonitrile-butadiene styrene copolymers claim 3 , polystyrene copolymers claim 3 , polymethylmethacrylate claim 3 , ...

PRODUCTION OF METAL OR METALLOID NANOPARTICLES

One embodiment may include a method of making nanoparticles comprising elemental metals or metalloids and/or alloys thereof. The method may include reducing a metal halide or a metalloid halide with an alkali metal to produce a reaction product comprising particles of the desired metal or metalloid and a halide salt. One embodiment may include introducing reactants to each other in the presence of a non-reactive solvent and/or inducing cavitation in the reactants and/or the non-reactive solvent when present. Certain metals or metalloids such as tin, aluminum, silicon, antimony, indium or bismuth may be useful in electrochemical cells such as lithium-ion cells when produced by these illustrative methods. One embodiment of a battery electrode may include nanoparticles that may be produced by these or other methods. 1. A method comprising:providing a solution comprising an elemental alkali metal and an aprotic solvent;agitating the solution while adding a halide to the solution that reacts with the alkali metal to form a halide salt and particles of a metal or metalloid;wherein the halide comprises the metal or metalloid and the metal or metalloid comprises at least one of Sn, In, Al, Sb, Bi or Si.2. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein agitating the solution comprises inducing cavitation in the solution.3. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein agitating the solution comprises at least one of high-shear mixing or ultrasonic mixing.4. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the solvent comprises a hydrocarbon liquid.5. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the halide is in fluid form.6. The method set forth in claim 1 , wherein the elemental alkali metal is sodium.7. A method comprising:providing a heterogeneous solution comprising a liquefied elemental alkali metal and a liquid solvent;inducing cavitation in the solution; andadding a fluid comprising a halide of a metal or metalloid to the solution while continuing to induce cavitation.8. The method set ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a microporous polymer separator disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, and a polymer having a chelating agent tethered thereto. The polymer is incorporated into the lithium ion battery such that the chelating agent complexes with metal cations in a manner sufficient to not affect movement of lithium ions across the microporous polymer separator during operation of the lithium ion battery. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a microporous polymer separator disposed between the negative electrode and the positive electrode; anda polymer having a chelating agent tethered thereto, the polymer being incorporated into the lithium ion battery such that the chelating agent complexes with metal cations in a manner sufficient to not affect movement of lithium ions across the microporous polymer separator during operation of the lithium ion battery.2. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the microporous polymer separator comprises a membrane having the polymer with the chelating agent tethered thereto incorporated into the membrane structure.3. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the microporous polymer separator comprises a membrane having the polymer with the chelating agent tethered thereto applied claim 1 , as a layer claim 1 , to one surface of the membrane or more than one surface of the membrane.4. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the chelating agent is chosen from a crown ether claim 1 , a podand claim 1 , a lariat ether claim 1 , a calixarene claim 1 , a calixcrown claim 1 , or combinations thereof.5. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the crown ether is a cryptand.6. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the chelating agent is a crown ether chosen from any of a 15-crown-5 claim 4 , an 18-crown-6 claim 4 , or a 21-crown-7.7. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein ...

Reverse Osmosis Membranes Made with PFSA Ionomer and ePTFE

A method for forming a membrane includes a step of dissolving a lithium salt in a solution including an ionomer that includes protogenic groups to form a modified solution. A membrane is formed from the solution containing the lithium salt and the ionomer that includes protogenic groups. The membrane is dried and then contacted with water to form a plurality of pores therein. 1. A method for forming a membrane , the method comprising:a) dissolving lithium salt in a solution including an ionomer with protogenic groups to form a modified solution;b) forming a membrane from the modified solution;c) drying the membrane; andd) contacting the membrane with water to form a plurality of pores therein.2. The method of wherein the lithium salt is lithium chloride.3. The method of wherein the pore size varies along the thickness of the membrane.4. The method of wherein the pore size decreases along the thickness of the membrane.5. The method of wherein the pore size decreases along the thickness of the membrane.6. The method of wherein the membrane has a region substantially free of pores.7. The method of wherein the membrane in step b) is formed by contacting a polymeric support with the modified solution.8. The method of wherein the polymeric support is expanded polytetrafluoroethylene.9. The method of wherein the protogenic groups are selected from the group consisting of —SOX claim 1 , —POH claim 1 , and —COX where X is an —OH claim 1 , a halogen claim 1 , or a Cester.10. The method of wherein the ionomer having protogenic groups is a perfluorosulfonic acid polymer.11. The method of wherein the perfluorosulfonic acid polymer is a copolymer containing a polymerization unit based on a perfluorovinyl compound represented by:{'br': None, 'sub': 2', '2', 'm', 'r', '2', 'q', '3, 'sup': '1', 'CF═CF—(OCFCFX)—O—(CF)—SOH'}{'sup': '1', 'where m represents an integer of from 0 to 3, q represents an integer of from 1 to 12, r represents 0 or 1, and Xrepresents a fluorine atom or a ...

TITANIUM METAL POWDER PRODUCED FROM TITANIUM TETRACHLORIDE USING AN IONIC LIQUID AND HIGH-SHEAR MIXING

Titanium tetrahalide (preferably titanium tetrachloride) is reduced to titanium metal particles by reaction with an alkali metal dispersed in a non-aqueous, organic ionic liquid. The dispersion is enhanced using high-shear mixing. By-product alkali metal chloride salt(s) is dissolved in the ionic liquid. Precipitated titanium metal powder is readily separated from the ionic liquid solution as a product. And the separated solution may be subjected to electrolysis to recover chlorine gas, electrodeposited alkali metal, and the ionic liquid. Other metal halides may be added with the titanium halide to form titanium-based alloys or other titanium based products. 1. A method of producing titanium metal from titanium tetrachloride comprising:dispersing solid particles or liquid droplets of an alkali metal in a non-aqueous, organic, room temperature ionic liquid;adding a chemically equivalent amount of titanium tetrachloride to the dispersion of the alkali metal in the ionic liquid while maintaining the dispersion, the titanium tetrachloride reacting with the dispersed alkali metal to form particles of titanium metal that are not soluble in the ionic liquid and alkali metal chloride salt which is soluble in the ionic liquid; andseparating the titanium metal particles from the solution of alkali metal chloride in the ionic liquid.2. A method of producing titanium metal as recited in in which the non-aqueous organic ionic liquid comprises nitrogen-containing anions and nitrogen-containing cations.3. A method of producing titanium metal as recited in in which the ionic liquid comprises one or more cations selected from the group consisting of N-methyl claim 1 , N-propyl-piperidinium cations claim 1 , trimethyl propyl ammonium cations and 1-ethyl-3-methyl imidazolium cations.4. A method of producing titanium metal as recited in in which the ionic liquid comprises bis(trifluoromethane sulfonyl) imide anions.5. A method of producing titanium metal as recited in in which the ...

Metal Ionophores in PEM Membranes

A membrane electrode assembly for fuel cells includes a proton conducting membrane having a first side and a second side. The proton conducting membrane in turn includes a first polymer including cyclic polyether groups and a second polymer having sulfonic acid groups. The membrane electrode assembly further includes an anode disposed over the first side of the proton conducting layer and a cathode catalyst layer disposed over the second side of the proton conducting layer.

Iron ion trapping van der waals gripper additives for electrolyte systems in lithium-ion batteries

Electrochemical cells that cycle lithium ions and methods for suppressing or minimizing deposition of transition metal ions at negative electrodes are provided. The electrochemical cells include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, a separator disposed therebetween, and an electrolyte system including one or more lithium salts, one or more solvents, and at least one additive complexing compound. The at least one additive complexing compound includes an alkyl group having greater than or equal to 4 carbon atoms and less than or equal to 22 carbon atoms and a transition metal ion trapping group. The at least one additive compound associates with a surface of the separator via van der Waal's interactive forces and is further capable of complexing with transition metal ion within the electrochemical cell to sequester or tether the ions generated by contaminants to minimize or suppress the deposition of transition metal cations on the negative electrode.

Polymeric ion traps for suppressing or minimizing transition metal ions and dendrite formation or growth in lithium-ion batteries

Electrochemical cells that cycle lithium ions and methods for suppressing or minimizing dendrite formation are provided. The electrochemical cells include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator disposed therebetween. At least one transition metal ion-trapping moiety, including one or more polymers functionalized with one or more trapping groups, may be included within the electrochemical cell as a coating, pore filler, substitute pendant group, or binder. The one or more trapping groups may be selected from the group consisting of: crown ethers, siderophores, bactins, ortho-phenanthroline, iminodiacetic acid dilithium salt, oxalates malonates, fumarates, succinates, itaconates, phosphonates, and combinations thereof, and may bind to metal ions found within the electrochemical cell to minimize or suppress formation of dendrite protrusions on the negative electrode.

ELECTROLYTE SYSTEM SUPPRESSING OR MINIMIZING METAL CONTAMINANTS AND DENDRITE FORMATION IN LITHIUM ION BATTERIES

Electrochemical cells that cycle lithium ions and methods for suppressing or minimizing dendrite formation are provided. The electrochemical cells include a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a separator sandwiched therebetween. The positive and negative electrodes and separator may each include an electrolyte system comprising one or more lithium salts, one or more solvents, and one or more complexing agents. The one or more complexing agents binds to metal contaminants found within the electrochemical cell to form metal ion complex compounds that minimize or suppress formation of dendrite protrusions on the negative electrode at least by increasing the horizontal area (e.g., decreasing the height) of any dendrite formation. 1. An electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions having improved capacity retention comprising:a positive electrode comprising a positive lithium-based electroactive material;a separator;a negative electrode comprising a negative electroactive material; and{'sub': 12', '8', '2', '3', '6', '5', '7', '6', '8', '7', '2', '2', '4', '10', '8', '2', '4', '8', '2', '2', '44', '30', '4', '7', '5', '4', '32', '18', '8, 'sup': '−', 'an electrolyte system comprising one or more lithium salts, one or more solvents, and one or more complexing agents that bind to metal contaminants within the electrochemical cell to form metal ion complex compounds, wherein the one or more complexing agents are selected from the group consisting of: 1,10-phenanthroline (CHN), trilithium citrate (LiCHO), citric acid (CHO), dilithium oxalate (LiCO), cyanide (CN), trilithium ethylenediaminetriacetate, 2,2′-bipyridine (CHN), dimethylglyoxime (CHNO), porphyrin, meso-tetraphenylporphyrin (CHN), lithium (Li) salts of quinolinic acid (CHNO), phthalocyanine (CHN), tetrazaporphyrin, tetrabenzoporphyrin, and combinations thereof, and the metal ion complex compounds minimize or suppress formation of dendrite protrusions on the negative electrode.'}2. The electrochemical ...

Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing an electrode

An electrode heat treatment device and associated method for fabricating an electrode are described, and include forming a workpiece, including coating a current collector with a slurry. The workpiece is placed on a first spool, and the first spool including the workpiece is placed in a sealable chamber, wherein the sealable chamber includes the first spool, a heat exchange work space, and a second spool. An inert environment is created in the sealable chamber. The workpiece is subjected to a multi-step continuous heat treatment operation in the inert environment, wherein the multi-step continuous heat treatment operation includes continuously transferring the workpiece through the heat exchange work space between the first spool and the second spool and controlling the heat exchange work space to an elevated temperature.

SOFT-START FOR ISOLATED POWER CONVERTER

Current flowing through an inductor on a primary side of a voltage converter is sensed and compared to a threshold peak current value to determine when to end an ON portion of the voltage converter. The secondary side of the voltage converter supplies an indication of output voltage for use in determining the threshold peak current value. On start-up the primary side detects when the indication of output voltage is supplied by the secondary side across on isolation channel. Prior to detecting the indicating is being supplied, the primary side uses an increasing threshold peak current as the threshold peak current value. After detection that the indication of output voltage is being provided by the secondary side, the threshold peak current value is based on the indication of the output voltage. 1. A method comprising:sensing output voltage on a secondary side of a voltage converter having a primary side and a secondary side;for a first period of time sending from the secondary side to the primary side proportional control information as an indication of a difference between the output voltage and a reference voltage; andafter an end of the first period of time, sending proportional and integral control information as the indication of the difference between the output voltage and the reference voltage from the secondary side to the primary side.2. The method as recited in further comprising:initializing a state variable used for the integral control information based on the proportional control information.3. The method as recited in further comprising initializing the state variable by charging a capacitor with charging current based on the proportional control information.4. The method as recited in further comprising determining the end of the first period of time based on the charging current supplied to the capacitor.5. The method as recited in further comprising determining the end of the first period of time according to passage of a predetermined amount of ...

Methods for fabricating silicon-based electrodes comprising naturally occurring carbonaceous filaments and battery cells utilizing the same

Methods for fabricating electrodes include coating a current collector with a slurry to form a coated current collector. The slurry includes a dry fraction, including silicon particles, polymeric binders, and one or more types of naturally occurring carbonaceous filaments, and one or more solvents. The coated current collector is heat treated to produce the electrode having a layer of silicon-based host material. The one or more naturally occurring carbonaceous filaments can include animal fibers, chitin, alginate, cellulose, keratin, and chitosan, and can have an average length of 1 μm to 50 μm and an average diameter of 1 nm to 500 nm. The dry fraction can include 5 wt. % to 95 wt. % silicon particles, 0.1 wt. % to 15 wt. % polymeric binders, and 1 wt. % to 20 wt. % naturally occurring carbonaceous filaments. The method can include assembling a battery cell by disposing the electrode and a positive electrode in electrolyte.

LITHIUM ION BATTERY SEPARATORS AND ELECTRODES

A lithium ion battery separator includes a porous film of a polymeric chelating agent. The polymeric chelating agent includes a poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), where the macrocycle is a chelating agent. A positive electrode includes a structure and a coating formed on a surface of the structure. The structure includes a lithium transition metal based active material, a binder, and a conductive carbon; and the coating includes a poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), where the macrocycle is a chelating agent. The separator and/or positive electrode are suitable for use in a lithium ion battery. 1. A lithium ion battery separator , comprising:a microporous film of a polymeric chelating agent, the polymeric chelating agent including poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), wherein the macrocycle is a chelating agent.2. The lithium ion battery separator as defined in wherein the chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of a crown ether claim 1 , a crown ether having at least one ether oxygen substituted with a heteroatom claim 1 , a podand claim 1 , a lariat ether claim 1 , a calixarene claim 1 , a calixcrown claim 1 , or combinations thereof.4. The lithium ion battery separator as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a porous polymer membrane claim 1 , wherein the porous film is a coating on a surface of the porous polymer membrane.5. A positive electrode claim 1 , comprising:a structure including a lithium transition metal based active material, a binder, and a conductive carbon; anda coating formed on a surface of the structure, the coating including poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), wherein the macrocycle is a chelating agent.7. A lithium ion battery claim 1 , comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; anda polymeric chelating agent including a poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), wherein the macrocycle is ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY COMPONENTS WITH CHELATING AGENTS HAVING ORIENTED PERMANENT DIPOLE MOMENTS

One example of a lithium ion battery component is a lithium ion battery separator including a planar microporous polymer membrane and a chelating agent bonded to the planar microporous polymer membrane through a linking group. The chelating agent is bonded such that the permanent dipole moment of the chelating agent is oriented perpendicular to the plane of the planar microporous polymer membrane. 1. A method for making a planar lithium ion battery component , the method comprising:manufacturing the lithium ion battery component using a polymeric chelating agent, the polymeric chelating agent including a polymer having a chelating agent bonded thereto through a linking group; andduring the manufacturing, applying an electrical poling field to orient a permanent dipole moment of the chelating agent perpendicular to the plane of the lithium ion battery component.2. The method as defined in wherein:the manufacturing of the lithium ion battery component includes forming a sheet by extruding a mixture through a dual slot die of an extrusion nozzle at a temperature above a melting point of any polymer in the mixture and below a boiling point of a high boiling point fluid in the mixture, the mixture including i) a pure form of the polymeric chelating agent and the high boiling point fluid or ii) the polymeric chelating agent, an other polymer, and the high boiling point fluid; andthe applying of the electrical poling field includes applying two opposite DC voltage differences to the dual slot die to achieve two electrical poling fields in opposite directions.3. The method as defined in wherein:the lithium ion battery component is one microporous sheet of a microporous separator membrane;the manufacturing of the one microporous sheet and the applying of the electrical poling field includes solvent casting a film of the polymeric chelating agent under an applied electric field having a first direction, thereby orienting the permanent dipole moments of the chelating agents in ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY ELECTRODES

A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode. In an example, a positive electrode for the lithium ion battery includes a lithium transition metal oxide-based active material and a high surface area carbon. The positive electrode further includes a reactive binder having a macrocycle bonded thereto. 1. A positive electrode for a lithium ion battery , comprising:a lithium transition metal oxide-based active material;a high surface area carbon; anda reactive binder having a macrocycle bonded thereto.2. The positive electrode as defined in wherein the macrocycle is selected from the group consisting of a crown ether claim 1 , a podand claim 1 , a lariat ether claim 1 , a calixarene claim 1 , a calixcrown claim 1 , or combinations thereof.4. The positive electrode as defined in wherein the reactive binder is a carbohydrate claim 1 , poly(vinyl alcohol) claim 1 , acetate copolymers of poly(vinyl alcohol) claim 1 , polyacylic acid claim 1 , polyundecylenol claim 1 , polyvinylbenzyl alcohol claim 1 , polyundecylenic acid claim 1 , or a salt of an acid cellulosic compound.5. The positive electrode as defined in wherein the reactive binder is the carbohydrate claim 4 , and wherein the carbohydrate is β-cyclodextrin.6. The positive electrode as defined in wherein the reactive binder is the salt of the acid cellulosic compound claim 4 , and wherein:the salt is a lithium salt, a sodium salt, or a potassium salt; andthe acid cellulosic compound is alginate or carboxymethyl cellulose.7. The positive electrode as defined in wherein:the high surface area carbon is acetylene black; and{'sub': 2', '4', '2', '1.5', '0.5', '2', '4', '2', '4', '1−x', '1−y', 'x+y', '2', 'x', '2−y', 'y', '4', '2', '5, 'the lithium transition metal oxide-based active material is selected from the group consisting of LiMnO, LiCoO, Li(MnNi)O, LiFePO, LiFePOF, LiNiCoMO(M is a metal), LiMnAlO, and LiVO.'}8. The positive electrode as defined in claim 1 , wherein a linking group ...

TRANSFORMERS

A transformer having a transformer core that forms a magnetic flux path between and through a top yoke, leg, and bottom yoke of the transformer core. A winding can be disposed about the leg. Further, a flitch plate, which can have at least one slot that is configured to reduce eddy losses generated by the winding, can be disposed adjacent to the leg and extend between the top yoke and the bottom yoke. The flitch plate can be clamped to the top and bottom yokes by top and bottom clamps, respectively. The top and bottom clamps can each include at least one cutout that reduces an attraction of stray flux from the winding and into the corresponding top and bottom clamps. Additionally, at least one of the top clamp and the bottom clamp can include an internal lattice structure. 1. A transformer comprising:a transformer core having a top yoke, a bottom yoke, and a leg, the leg extending between the top yoke and the bottom yoke, the transformer core constructed to form a magnetic flux path between and through the top yoke, the leg, and the bottom yoke;a winding disposed about the leg;a flitch plate disposed adjacent to the leg and extending between the top yoke and the bottom yoke; anda core clamp having a top clamp and a bottom clamp, the flitch plate being clamped to the top yoke by the top clamp and clamped to the bottom yoke by the bottom clamp, the top clamp and the bottom clamp each including a cutout positioned and sized to reduce an attraction of stray flux from the winding into the corresponding top clamp and bottom clamp.2. The transformer of claim 1 , wherein the top clamp and the bottom clamp include an internal lattice structure.3. The transformer of claim 1 , wherein the flitch plate includes at least one slot that extends through the flitch plate and which is positioned along at least a portion of the flitch plate between the top yoke and the bottom yoke claim 1 , the at least one slot being configured to at least assist in reducing eddy losses generated by ...

Articles of manufacture and methods for additive manufacturing of articles having desired magnetic anisotropy

A method for additive manufacturing of an article having a controlled magnetic anisotropy includes: forming a metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the metallic layer having a magnetic anisotropy aligned in a first direction; forming a subsequent metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a second direction different from the first direction; and repeating the forming of subsequent metallic layers of the article to form at least a portion of the article, each subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a different direction than a previous metallic layer

UPDATING CONTROL PARAMETERS OF A GATE DRIVER DURING OPERATION

A gate driver includes a variable strength driver circuit that provides an output signal to drive a high power device. The gate driver receives an update request from a host controller during an operating mode in which switching operations occur and updates one or more operating parameters associated with driving the high power device. The operating parameters including turn-on parameters, turn-off parameters, and soft shutdown parameters. The variable strength driver circuit uses the turn-on parameters for turn-on phases for the output signal, uses the turn-off parameters for turn-off phases for the output signal, and uses the soft shutdown parameters for soft shutdown phases for the output signal. The update request adjusts current, voltage, and/or time for one or more phases of the turn-on, turn-off and/or soft shutdown parameters. 1. A method comprising:updating one or more operating parameters of a gate driver responsive to an update request during an operating mode of the gate driver in which switching operations occur, the one or more operating parameters being updated including one or more turn-on parameters, one or more turn-off parameters, or both the one or more turn-on parameters and the one or more turn-off parameters, the turn-on parameters and the turn-off parameters associated with supplying an output signal supplied by the gate driver to drive a device,using the turn-on parameters for a first plurality of turn-on phases for an output signal that is coupled to the device that is driven by the gate driver; andusing the turn-off parameters for a second plurality of turn-off phases for the output signal.2. The method as recited in claim 1 , further comprising:updating during the operating mode, one or more soft shut down parameters, the soft shut down parameters being for a third plurality of soft shutdown phases for shutting down the device being driven by the gate driver.3. The method as recited in claim 1 , wherein the updating includes selecting one ...

VARIABLE CURRENT DRIVE FOR ISOLATED GATE DRIVERS

A method for driving a high-power drive device includes providing a signal having a first predetermined signal level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase transition process. The method includes generating a first indication of a first parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node. The method includes generating a second indication of a second parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node. The method includes providing the signal having a second predetermined signal level to the output node during a second phase of the multi-phase transition process. The method includes transitioning from the first phase to the second phase based on the first indication and the second indication. A multi-die, distributed package technique addresses power dissipation requirements for a driver product based on size and associated power dissipation needs of the high-power drive device in a target application. 1. A method for controlling a high-power drive device , the method comprising:providing a signal having a first predetermined signal level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase transition process;generating a first indication of a first parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node;generating a second indication of a second parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node, in the first phase, the second parameter being a time elapsed from a start of the first phase;providing the signal having a second predetermined signal level to the output node during a second phase of the multi-phase transition process; andtransitioning from the first phase to the second phase based on the first indication and the second indication.2. The method as recited in further comprising entering the first phase of the multi-phase transition process in response to a received control signal changing from a first signal level to a second signal level and in the absence of a fault condition.3. The ...

VALIDATION OF CURRENT LEVELS DELIVERED BY A GATE DRIVER

A method for validating operation of a driver integrated circuit includes providing a signal using an output node. The signal is provided using multiple set points in response to a change in state of an input signal. Each set point corresponds to a different phase of a multi-phase transition of the signal. The method includes providing a timer value at an end of a phase of the multi-phase transition and determining whether the signal is in a target signal range of the phase based on the timer value at the end of the phase, a predetermined value defining the target signal range of the phase, and a predetermined time limit for the phase. A current through the output node may be provided using the multiple set points, and a voltage on the output node may have the multi-phase transition. 1. A method for validating operation of a driver integrated circuit , the method comprising:providing a signal using an output node, the signal being provided using multiple set points in response to a change in state of an input signal, each set point corresponding to a different phase of a multi-phase transition of the signal;providing a timer value at an end of a phase of the multi-phase transition; anddetermining whether the signal is in a target signal range of the phase based on the timer value at the end of the phase, a predetermined value defining the target signal range of the phase, and a predetermined time limit of the phase.2. The method as recited in wherein the output node is coupled to a control terminal of a high-power drive device claim 1 , a current through the output node is provided using the multiple set points claim 1 , and a voltage on the output node has the multi-phase transition claim 1 , the signal causing a corresponding multi-phase transition of the high-power drive device in response to the change in the state of the input signal.3. The method as recited in wherein the end of the phase is determined based on a sensed voltage level on the output node claim 1 ...

METHOD FOR MAKING SILICON-CONTAINING COMPOSITE ELECTRODES FOR LITHIUM-BASED BATTERIES

Electroactive materials having a nitrogen-containing carbon coating and composite materials for a high-energy-density lithium-based, as well as methods of formation relating thereto, are provided. The composite electrode material includes a silicon-containing electroactive material having a substantially continuous nitrogen-containing carbon coating formed thereon. The method includes contacting the silicon-containing electroactive material and one or more nitrogen-containing precursor materials and heating the mixture. The one or more nitrogen-containing precursor materials include one or more nitrogen-carbon bonds and during heating the nitrogen of the one or more nitrogen-carbon bonds with silicon in the silicon-containing electroactive material to form the nitrogen-containing carbon coating on exposed surfaces of the silicon-containing electroactive material. 1. A method of forming a coated electroactive material for use in an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions , the method comprising:contacting a silicon-containing electroactive material and one or more nitrogen-containing precursor materials comprising one or more nitrogen-carbon bonds that is selected from the group consisting of: melamine, cyanuric acid, nicotine, 1,10-phenanthroline, carbazole, adenine, guanine, dopamine, branched or linear poly(ethyleneimine), poly(4-vinylpyridine), poly(3,5-pyridine), poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-divinylbenzene), poly(4-vinylpyridine-co-styrene), poly(melamine-co-formaldehyde), polypyrrole, polyaniline, and combinations thereof; andheating the silicon-containing electroactive material and the one or more nitrogen-containing precursor materials to a temperature ranging from greater than or equal to about 200° C. to less than or equal to about 1,300° C., so that the nitrogen of the one or more nitrogen-carbon bonds with silicon in the silicon-containing electroactive material to form a nitrogen-containing carbon coating on exposed surfaces of the silicon-containing ...

NEGATIVE ELECTRODE FOR A LITHIUM-ION ELECTROCHEMICAL CELL AND METHOD OF FORMING SAME

A method of forming an electrode includes attaching a tab to a collector to form a pre-tabbed current collector; disposing the pre-tabbed current collector onto a non-stick substrate to form a workpiece; and casting a slurry onto the workpiece to form a film. The slurry includes an active material component, one or more carbon additives, and at least one of a filamentary copper additive and a dendritic copper additive. The method includes drying the film at a first temperature to form a dried film; curing the dried film under pressure at a second higher temperature to form a cured film; removing the cured film from the non-stick substrate to form a precursor film; and carbonizing and annealing the precursor film at a third higher temperature. Carbonizing forms a three-dimensional electrically-conductive network and annealing forms a second contiguous network of copper connected to the active material component to form the electrode. 1. A method of forming a negative electrode for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell , the method comprising:attaching a tab formed from nickel to a current collector formed from a copper matrix to form a pre-tabbed current collector;disposing the pre-tabbed current collector onto a non-stick substrate including polytetrafluoroethylene to form a workpiece; an active material component;', 'one or more carbon additives; and', 'at least one of a filamentary copper additive and a dendritic copper additive;, 'casting a slurry onto the workpiece to form a film disposed on the pre-tabbed current collector, wherein the slurry includesdrying the film at a first temperature to form a dried film;curing the dried film under pressure at a second temperature that is higher than the first temperature to form a cured film;removing the cured film from the non-stick substrate to form a precursor film; andcarbonizing and annealing the precursor film at a third temperature that is higher than the second temperature;wherein carbonizing forms a three- ...

VARIABLE CURRENT DRIVE FOR ISOLATED GATE DRIVERS

A method for controlling a high-power drive device includes providing a current having a first predetermined current level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase turn-on process for the high-power drive device coupled to the output node. The method includes transitioning from the first phase to a second phase of the multi-phase turn-on process based on a first indication of a sensed voltage level on the output node during the first phase and a second indication of a time elapsed from a start of the first phase during the first phase. The method includes providing the current having a second predetermined current level to the output node during the second phase. 1. A method for controlling a high-power drive device , the method comprising:providing a current having a first predetermined current level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase turn-on process for the high-power drive device coupled to the output node;transitioning from the first phase to a second phase of the multi-phase turn-on process based on a first indication of a sensed voltage level on the output node during the first phase and a second indication of a time elapsed from a start of the first phase during the first phase; andproviding the current having a second predetermined current level to the output node during the second phase.2. The method as recited in further comprising entering the first phase of the multi-phase turn-on process in response to a received control signal changing from a first signal level to a second signal level and in the absence of a fault condition.3. The method as recited in further comprising delaying entry into the first phase of the multi-phase turn-on process from a state providing the current having a third predetermined signal level.4. The method as recited in wherein the first predetermined current level is greater than the second predetermined current level.5. The method as recited in wherein transitioning from the first phase to ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY WITH ION TRAPS

A lithium ion battery is provided that includes: a positive electrode; a negative electrode; a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and a transition metal cation trap which is i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator, or v) included as an additive in the electrolyte solution. The transition metal cation trap is a siderophore. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; anda transition metal cation trap which is i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator, or v) included as an additive in the electrolyte solution, wherein the transition metal cation trap includes a siderophore.2. The lithium ion battery as defined in in which the transition metal cation trap is part of a transition metal chelating polymer material which is i) incorporated as the binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode claim 1 , ii) deposited onto the surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode claim 1 , iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator claim 1 , iv) deposited onto the surface of the microporous polymer separator or v) included as the additive in the electrolyte solution.3. The lithium ion ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

A lithium-ion cell has a positive electrode comprising at least one active material comprising a lithium transition metal compound in a binder comprising at least one binder material with functional groups selected from alkali and alkaline earth salts of acid groups and hydroxyl groups, amine groups, isocyanate groups, urethane groups, urea groups, amide groups, and combinations of these; a negative electrode comprising metallic lithium or a lithium host material with appropriately low operation voltage vs. metallic lithium; a nonaqueous solution of a lithium salt; and an electrically nonconductive, ion-pervious separator positioned between the electrodes. 1. A lithium-ion cell , comprising:(a) a positive electrode comprising at least one active material comprising a lithium transition metal compound in a binder comprising at least one binder material with functional groups selected from alkali and alkaline earth salts of acid groups and hydroxyl groups, amine groups, isocyanate groups, urethane groups, urea groups, amide groups, and combinations of these;(b) a negative electrode comprising metallic lithium or a lithium host material;(c) a nonaqueous solution of a lithium salt; and(d) an electrically nonconductive, ion-pervious separator positioned between the electrodes.2. A lithium-ion cell according to claim 1 , wherein the binder material comprises at least one member selected from the group consisting of:(i) alkali and alkaline earth salts of polymers and copolymers of ethylenically unsaturated acids;(ii) alkali and alkaline earth salts of carboxylated polyvinyl chloride;(iii) alkali and alkaline earth salts of polyvinyl alcohol and copolymers with vinyl alcohol monomer units;(iv) alkali and alkaline earth salts of polysaccharides;(v) alkali and alkaline earth salts of polyundecylenol and copolymers of olefins and undecylenol, polyundecylenic acid and copolymers of olefins and undecylenic acid;(vi) alkali and alkaline earth salts of maleated polymers and ...

SOFT-START FOR ISOLATED POWER CONVERTER

Current flowing through an inductor on a primary side of a voltage converter is sensed and compared to a threshold peak current value to determine when to end an ON portion of the voltage converter. The secondary side of the voltage converter supplies an indication of output voltage for use in determining the threshold peak current value. On start-up the primary side detects when the indication of output voltage is supplied by the secondary side across on isolation channel. Prior to detecting the indicating is being supplied, the primary side uses an increasing threshold peak current as the threshold peak current value. After detection that the indication of output voltage is being provided by the secondary side, the threshold peak current value is based on the indication of the output voltage. 1. A voltage converter having a switching cycle with an ON portion and an OFF portion , the voltage converter comprising:a current control loop to sense current through an inductor on a primary side of the voltage converter and to compare the sensed current to a threshold peak current value to determine when to end the ON portion by turning off a switch, the current flowing through the inductor and the switch during the ON portion; anda start-up circuit to detect when a secondary side of the voltage converter is supplying an indication of output voltage;a soft start threshold peak current generator to supply an increasing threshold peak current value prior to detection that the indication of output voltage is being provided by the secondary side; andwherein the indication of output voltage from the secondary side is used to generate the threshold peak current value after the detection that the indication is being provided by the secondary side.2. The voltage converter as recited in claim 1 , wherein the soft start threshold peak current generator supplies the increasing threshold peak current value starting from at or near a zero current value.3. The voltage converter as ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

In a lithium ion battery, one or more chelating agents may be attached to a microporous polymer separator for placement between a negative electrode and a positive electrode or to a polymer binder material used to construct the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or both. The chelating agents may comprise, for example, at least one of a crown ether, a crown ether, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or mixtures thereof. The chelating agents can help improve the useful life of the lithium ion battery by complexing with unwanted metal cations that may become present in the battery's electrolyte solution while, at the same time, not significantly interfering with the movement of lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode;a negative electrode;a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the microporous polymer separator disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; anda chelating agent chemically attached to the microporous polymer separator, a binder material of the negative electrode, or a binder material of the positive electrode, and wherein the one or more chelating agents complex with transition metal cations but complex less strongly with lithium ions so that the movement of lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes is not substantially affected;wherein the chelating agent is selected from the group consisting of a crown ether, a cryptand, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or a mixture of two or more of these chelating agents.2. The lithium ion battery as defined in wherein the microporous polymer separator claim 1 , the binder material of the negative electrode claim 1 , or the binder material of the positive electrode is a polymer and wherein the crown ether attached to the polymer is a cyclic ether claim 1 , and wherein oxygen atoms of the cyclic ether are to complex with the ...

FLEXIBLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM

An apparatus having a first set of windings disposed about a first main leg of a transformer core, and a second set of windings disposed about a second main leg of the transformer core. The first set of windings are electrically coupled to the second set of windings to selectively provide a parallel connection and a series connection between the first set of windings and the second set of windings. Additionally, at least two windings of the first set of windings are electrically coupled to each other to selectively provide a parallel connection and a serial connection between the at least two windings of the first set of windings. Similarly, two windings of the second set of windings are electrically coupled to each other to selectively provide a parallel connection and a serial connection between the at least two windings of the second set of windings. 1. An apparatus comprising:a transformer core;a first set of windings disposed about a first main leg of the transformer core; anda second set of windings disposed about a second main leg of the transformer core, the first set of windings being electrically coupled to the second set of windings to selectively provide a parallel connection and a series connection between the first set of windings and the second set of windings.2. The apparatus of claim 1 ,wherein the first set of windings includes at least one first low voltage winding and at least one first high voltage winding, the at least one first high voltage winding having a higher voltage rating than the at least one first low voltage winding,wherein the second set of windings includes at least one second low voltage winding and at least one second high voltage winding, the at least one second high voltage winding having a higher voltage rating than the at least one second low voltage winding, andwherein the apparatus accommodates selection of the series connection or the parallel connection between at least one of (a) the at least one first low voltage ...

Fixed abrasive three-dimensional lapping and polishing plate and methods of making and using the same

A fixed abrasive three-dimensional plate includes micron size diamond beads or a mixture of abrasive particles and metal oxide beads, ranging in size from a few microns to a few tens of microns, incorporated into a matrix of one or more inorganic binders and fillers. The composition is formed into a rigid plate blank, and the abrasive plate is mounted on a substrate forming a lapping/polishing plate. The abrasive plate is capable of delivering high material removal rates coupled with reduced surface roughness when lapping/polishing advanced materials, including sapphire, titanium carbide reinforced alumina, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, zinc selenide, and other compound semiconductor materials, as well as, glass, ceramic, metallic, and composite workpieces. The diamond beads incorporated in the fixed abrasive three-dimensional plate include diamond particles ranging in size from a few nanometers to a few tens of microns, bonded with one or more inorganic binders and additives.

METHODS OF PRE-LITHIATING ELECTROACTIVE MATERIAL AND ELECTRODES INCLUDING PRE-LITHIATED ELECTROACTIVE MATERIAL

Methods for pre-lithiating an electroactive material including a Group III element, Group IV element, a Group V element, or a combination thereof for an electrode for an electrochemical cell are provided as well as electrodes including the pre-lithiated electroactive material. The methods include reacting a lithiating agent including LiH or LiN with the electroactive material to form a pre-lithiated electroactive material. 1. A method of pre-lithiating an electroactive material for an electrode for an electrochemical cell , the method comprising:reacting a first lithiating agent comprising LiH with the electroactive material comprising a Group III element, a Group IV element, a Group V element, or a combination thereof to form a pre-lithiated electroactive material comprising a lithium-containing metallic compound comprising the Group III element, the Group IV element, the Group V element, or a combination thereof.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein reacting the first lithiating agent with the electroactive material comprises one or more of:(i) heating the first lithiating agent and the electroactive material in the presence of a first inert gas; and(ii) mechanically alloying the first lithiating agent and the electroactive material in the presence of a second inert gas.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein first lithiating agent and the electroactive material are heated to a temperature of greater than or equal to about 350° C.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the Group III element is selected from the group consisting of boron claim 1 , aluminum claim 1 , and a mixture thereof claim 1 , the Group IV element is selected from the group consisting of silicon claim 1 , germanium claim 1 , tin claim 1 , and a mixture thereof claim 1 , and the Group V element is selected from the group consisting of arsenic claim 1 , antimony claim 1 , phosphorus claim 1 , and a mixture thereof5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the electroactive material comprises silicon and the lithium- ...

FLEXIBLE VOLTAGE TRANSFORMATION SYSTEM

Unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of a modular power transformer are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a matrix power transformer including a plurality of block assemblies each including a plurality of transformer modules, each transformer module including a primary winding coupled to an input and a secondary winding coupled to an output, the inputs of each transformer module in one block assembly being coupled together and the outputs of each transformer block being coupled together. One of the secondary windings includes a plurality of taps structured to be selectively coupled to the output of the associated transformer module assembly or another secondary winding of the associated module assembly. 1. A matrix power transformer system comprising:a plurality of block assemblies each including a plurality of transformer modules, each transformer module including a primary winding coupled to an input and a secondary winding coupled to an output, the inputs of each transformer module in one block assembly being coupled together and the outputs of each transformer block being coupled together,wherein one of the secondary windings includes a plurality of taps structured to be selectively coupled to the output of the associated transformer module assembly or another secondary winding of the associated module assembly.2. The matrix power transformer system of claim 1 , wherein each block assembly is structured to weigh less than 40 tons claim 1 , and wherein the matrix power transformer system has a power rating greater than 100 megavolt-amperes (MVA).3. The matrix power transformer system of claim 1 , wherein each transformer module includes a plurality of primary windings coupled in series or in parallel claim 1 , and wherein each transformer module includes a plurality of second windings coupled in series or in parallel.4. The matrix power transformer system of claim 3 , wherein each input includes two input terminals claim 3 , each input ...

Apparatus for Power Converter with Efficient Switching and Associated Methods

An apparatus includes a voltage converter to convert an input voltage to an output voltage. The voltage converter includes a first set of switches operated during a first switching phase. The voltage converter further includes a second set of switches operated during a second switching phase. The duration of the second switching phase is related to the duration of the first switching phase. 1. An apparatus , comprising: a first set of switches operated during a first switching phase; and', 'a second set of switches operated during a second switching phase, wherein a duration of the second switching phase is related to the duration of the first switching phase., 'a voltage converter to convert an input voltage to an output voltage, the voltage converter comprising2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the duration of the second switching phase is a fraction of the duration of the first switching phase.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the duration of the second switching phase is related to the duration of the first switching phase by a ratio.4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the ratio is fixed.5. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the ratio is variable.6. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the voltage converter comprises a buck-boost converter.7. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the duration of the second switching phase is set relative to the duration of the first switching phase in order to trade off an efficiency of the voltage converter with an output-voltage ripple of the voltage converter.8. The apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising a controller to control the first and second sets of switches during the first and second switching phases claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises:a first capacitor charged during a first period of time;a second capacitor charged during a second period of time; anda comparator to compare a voltage across the first capacitor with a voltage across ...

METHODS FOR FABRICATING ELECTRODES COMPRISING SILICON-BASED HOST MATERIAL AND BATTERY CELLS UTILIZING THE SAME

Methods for fabricating electrodes include coating a current collector with a slurry and pyrolyzing the coated current collector to produce the electrode with a layer of silicon-based host material. The slurry can include one or more solvents and a dry fraction having silicon particles, one or more polymeric binders, and carbon fibers. Pyrolyzing includes heating at a first temperature, and subsequently heating at a second temperature higher than the first temperature. The silicon particles include single-phase silicon and/or LiSi, have an average particle diameter of less than 10 μm, and can be 70% of the dry fraction. The polymeric binders can be only polyacrylonitrile, or optionally one or more fluorinated polymers. The carbon fibers have an average diameter of at least about 50 nm, an average length of at least about 1 μm, and can be up to 15 wt. % of the dry fraction. 1. A method for fabricating an electrode , the method comprising: [ silicon particles,', 'one or more polymeric binders, and', 'carbon fibers, and, 'a dry fraction comprising, 'one or more solvents; and, 'coating a current collector with a slurry to form a coated current collector, wherein the slurry includespyrolyzing the coated current collector to produce the electrode comprising a layer of silicon-based host material, wherein pyrolyzing the coated current collector comprises heating at a first temperature, and subsequently heating at a second temperature wherein the first temperature is higher than the first temperature.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicon particles comprise single-phase silicon and LiSi.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the silicon particles have an average particle diameter of less than about 10 μm.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the dry fraction comprises at least about 70 wt. % silicon particles.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the polymeric binders comprise polyacrylonitrile claim 1 , and/or one or more fluorinated polymers.6. The method of claim 1 , ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

A lithium ion battery includes positive and negative electrodes, and a nanoporous or microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. Chelating agent(s) are included to complex with transition metal ions while not affecting movement of lithium ions across the separator during operation of the lithium ion battery. The chelating agents are: dissolved in the electrolyte solution; grafted onto the polymer of the separator; attached to the binder material of the negative and/or positive electrode; coated on a surface of the separator; and/or coated on a surface of the negative and/or positive electrode. The chelating agents are selected from: ion traps in molecular form selected from polyamines, thiols and alkali metal salts of organic acids; polymers functionalized with alkali metal salts of organic acids; polymers functionalized with nitrogen-containing functional groups; and polymers functionalized with two or more functional groups. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode including a binder material;a negative electrode including a binder material;a nanoporous or microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator operatively disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; andone or more chelating agents to complex with transition metal ions in a manner sufficient to not affect movement of lithium ions across the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator during operation of the lithium ion battery; dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte solution;', 'grafted onto the polymer of the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator as a substitute pendant group;', 'attached to the binder material of the negative electrode;', 'attached to the binder material of the positive electrode;', 'disposed within pores of the separator;', 'coated on a surface of the separator;', 'coated on a surface of the ...

LITHIUM ION BATTERY

A lithium ion battery includes a positive and a negative electrode, and a nanoporous or microporous polymer separator soaked in electrolyte solution and disposed between the electrodes. At least two different chelating agents are included and selected to complex with: i) two or more different transition metal ions; ii) a transition metal ion in two or more different oxidation states; or iii) both i) and ii). The at least two different selected chelating agents are to complex with transition metal ions in a manner sufficient to not affect movement of lithium ions across the separator during operation of the battery. The chelating agents are: dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte solution; grafted onto the polymer of the separator; attached to the binder material of the negative and/or positive electrode; disposed within pores of the separator; coated on a surface of the separator; and/or coated on a surface of an electrode. 1. A lithium ion battery , comprising:a positive electrode including a binder material;a negative electrode including a binder material;a nanoporous or microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution, the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator operatively disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode; and i) two or more different transition metal ions;', 'ii) a transition metal ion in two or more different oxidation states;', 'or iii) both i) and ii);', 'the at least two different selected chelating agents to complex with transition metal ions in a manner sufficient to not affect movement of lithium ions across the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator during operation of the lithium ion battery;, 'at least two different chelating agents selected to complex with dissolved or dispersed in the electrolyte solution;', 'grafted onto the polymer of the nanoporous or microporous polymer separator as, 'wherein the chelating agents are at least one of attached to the binder material of the negative ...

ACID-SCAVENGING FUNCTIONAL SEPARATORS FOR POWER PERFORMANCE OF LITHIUM ION ELECTROCHEMICAL CELLS

Methods of scavenging acid in a lithium-ion electrochemical cell are provided. An electrolyte solution that contains an acid or is capable of forming the acid is contacted with a polymer comprising a nitrogen-containing acid-trapping moiety selected from the group consisting of: an amine group, a pyridine group, and combinations thereof. The nitrogen-containing acid-trapping moiety scavenges acidic species present in the electrolyte solution by participating in a Lewis acid-base neutralization reaction. The electrolyte solution comprises a lithium salt and one or more solvents and is contained in the electrochemical cell that further comprises a first electrode, a second electrode having an opposite polarity from the first electrode, and a porous separator. Lithium ions can be cycled through the separator and electrolyte solution from the first electrode to the second electrode, where acid generated during the cycling is scavenged by the polymer comprising a nitrogen-containing acid-trapping moiety. 1. A method of scavenging acid in a lithium-ion electrochemical cell , the method comprising:contacting an electrolyte solution that contains an acid or is capable of forming the acid with a polymer comprising a nitrogen-containing acid-trapping moiety selected from the group consisting of: an amine group, a pyridine group, and combinations thereof, so that the nitrogen-containing acid-trapping moiety scavenges acidic species present in the electrolyte solution by participating in a Lewis acid-base neutralization reaction, wherein the electrolyte solution comprises a lithium salt and one or more solvents and is contained in the electrochemical cell that further comprises a first electrode, a second electrode having an opposite polarity from the first electrode, and a porous separator; andcycling lithium ions through the separator and electrolyte solution between the first electrode and the second electrode, wherein acidic species generated is scavenged by the polymer ...

Power Supply with Digital Control Loop

One embodiment of a power supply apparatus includes a switching regulator generating an output voltage VOUT at an output node from an input voltage VIN at an input node in accordance with a pulse width modulated signal having a nominal frequency of f s . A pulse width modulator provides the pulse width modulated signal in accordance with a pulse control signal. A digital control loop sampling the second voltage to provide an m-bit sampled value at a sampling rate, f 1 . The digital control loop includes a loop filter providing a filtered value from the sampled value and a delta sigma modulator sampling the filtered value as an n-bit value at a frequency f 2 to provide the pulse control signal, wherein m>n.

Flexible voltage transformation system

Unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of a modular power transformer are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a matrix power transformer including a plurality of block assemblies each including a plurality of transformer modules, each transformer module including a primary winding coupled to an input and a secondary winding coupled to an output, the inputs of each transformer module in one block assembly being coupled together and the outputs of each transformer block being coupled together. One of the secondary windings includes a plurality of taps structured to be selectively coupled to the output of the associated transformer module assembly or another secondary winding of the associated module assembly.

Anode materials for PEM fuel cells

Die Einarbeitung von Wolfram enthaltenden Wasserstoffüberlaufmaterialien in eine Verbundbrennstoffzellenanode kann beim Bewahren der Kohlenstoffkatalysatorträgermaterialien in der Brennstoffzellenkathode während Perioden mit Wasserstoffverarmung hilfreich sein. Bevorzugte Beispiele von solchen Wolfram enthaltenden Wasserstoffüberlaufmaterialien sind Wolframoxide und Wolframsilizide. Diese Materialien haben, wenn sie mit Katalysator beladenen Kohlenstoffträgerpartikeln in einer Verbundanode physikalisch vermischt sind, die Fähigkeit gezeigt, die Wasserstoffspeicherung in Mengen zu fördern, die während einer Unterbrechung der Wasserstoffgasströmung eine Anodenpotentialabweichung in den Sauerstoffentwicklungsbereich für eine Periode von zumindest mehreren Sekunden verzögern können. Incorporation of tungsten-containing hydrogen overflow materials into a composite fuel cell anode may be helpful in conserving the carbon catalyst carrier materials in the fuel cell cathode during periods of hydrogen depletion. Preferred examples of such tungsten-containing hydrogen overflow materials are tungsten oxides and tungsten silicides. These materials, when physically mixed with catalyst-loaded carbon support particles in a composite anode, have demonstrated the ability to promote hydrogen storage in amounts that can retard an anode potential deviation into the oxygen evolution range for a period of at least several seconds during a disruption of hydrogen gas flow.

Lithium ion battery

In a lithium ion battery, one or more chelating agents may be attached to a microporous polymer separator for placement between a negative electrode and a positive electrode or to a polymer binder material used to construct the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or both. The chelating agents may comprise, for example, at least one of a crown ether, a crown ether, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or mixtures thereof. The chelating agents can help improve the useful life of the lithium ion battery by complexing with unwanted metal cations that may become present in the battery's electrolyte solution while, at the same time, not significantly interfering with the movement of lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes.

Flexible voltage transformation system

Unique systems, methods, techniques and apparatuses of a modular power transformer are disclosed. One exemplary embodiment is a matrix power transformer including a plurality of block assemblies each including a plurality of transformer modules, each transformer module including a primary winding coupled to an input and a secondary winding coupled to an output, the inputs of each transformer module in one block assembly being coupled together and the outputs of each transformer block being coupled together. One of the secondary windings includes a plurality of taps structured to be selectively coupled to the output of the associated transformer module assembly or another secondary winding of the associated module assembly.

Methods and apparatus for treating plant products using electromagnetic fields

The disclosure relates to the use of electromagnetic field energy in methods and apparatus for treatment of plant products. The energy can be in the form of pulsed EMF or continuous EIVIF waves. The methods and apparatus are applicable, for example, in a variety of plant products including the treating of corn, soybeans, peas, wheat, wheat flour, and durum pasta and in a variety of industrial processes including wet and dry milling and refining operations. The methods and apparatus in particular embodiments relate to the drying of corn with potential for high energy efficiency while achieving advantageous, high quality dried corn, with a low to very low level of cracks.

Lithium ion batteries

A lithium ion battery includes a positive electrode, a negative electrode, and a microporous polymer separator soaked in an electrolyte solution. The microporous polymer separator is disposed between the positive electrode and the negative electrode. An ion exchange polymer material is any of i) incorporated as a binder in any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, ii) deposited onto a surface of any of the positive electrode or the negative electrode, iii) incorporated into the microporous polymer separator, or iv) deposited onto a surface of the microporous polymer separator. Examples of methods for making the ion exchange polymer material for use in the lithium ion batteries are also disclosed herein.

Motion transmitting remote control assembly

Lithium ion battery separators and electrodes

A lithium ion battery separator includes a porous film of a polymeric chelating agent. The polymeric chelating agent includes a poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), where the macrocycle is a chelating agent. A positive electrode includes a structure and a coating formed on a surface of the structure. The structure includes a lithium transition metal based active material, a binder, and a conductive carbon; and the coating includes a poly(undecylenyl-macrocycle), where the macrocycle is a chelating agent. The separator and/or positive electrode are suitable for use in a lithium ion battery.

Methods and apparatus for treating plant products using electromagnetic fields

The disclosure relates to the use of electromagnetic field energy in methods and apparatus for treatment of plant products. The energy can be in the form of pulsed EMF or continuous EIVIF waves. The methods and apparatus are applicable, for example, in a variety of plant products including the treating of corn, soybeans, peas, wheat, wheat flour, and durum pasta and in a variety of industrial processes including wet and dry milling and refining operations. The methods and apparatus in particular embodiments relate to the drying of corn with potential for high energy efficiency while achieving advantageous, high quality dried corn, with a low to very low level of cracks.

Fixed abrasive three-dimensional lapping and polishing plate and methods of making and using the same

A fixed abrasive three-dimensional plate includes micron size diamond beads or a mixture of abrasive particles and metal oxide beads, ranging in size from a few microns to a few tens of microns, incorporated into a matrix of one or more inorganic binders and fillers. The composition is formed into a rigid plate blank, and the abrasive plate is mounted on a substrate forming a lapping/polishing plate. The abrasive plate is capable of delivering high material removal rates coupled with reduced surface roughness when lapping/polishing advanced materials, including sapphire, titanium carbide reinforced alumina, silicon carbide, gallium nitride, aluminum nitride, zinc selenide, and other compound semiconductor materials, as well as, glass, ceramic, metallic, and composite workpieces. The diamond beads incorporated in the fixed abrasive three-dimensional plate include diamond particles ranging in size from a few nanometers to a few tens of microns, bonded with one or more inorganic binders and additives.

Electrode and composition having tailored porosity for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell

An electrode for a lithium-ion electrochemical cell includes a current collector and a first layer formed from a first electrode composition disposed on the current collector. The first electrode composition includes a binder component; a conductive filler component dispersed within the binder component; and an active material component dispersed within the binder component and the conductive filler component. The first electrode composition has a first surface and a second surface spaced apart from and parallel to the first surface. The first electrode composition defines a plurality of pores between the first surface and the second surface having a tailored pore size distribution that includes at least a first pore size and a second pore size that is greater than the first pore size. The first electrode composition has a first porosity of at least 60%.

Conductive matrices for fuel cell electrodes

The durability of a fuel cell having a polymer electrolyte membrane with an anode on one surface and an oxygen-reducing cathode on the other surface is improved by replacing conductive carbon matrix materials in an electrode with a matrix of electrically conductive metal compound particles. The electrode includes a catalyst supported on a nanosize metal oxides and electrically conductive nanosize matrix particles of a metal compound. One or more metal compounds such as a boride, carbide, nitride, suicide, carbonitride, oxyboride, oxycarbide, or oxynitride of a metal such as cobalt, chromium, nickel, molybdenum, neodymium niobium, tantalum, titanium, tungsten, vanadium, and zirconium is suitable. For example, the combination of platinum particles deposited on titanium dioxide support particles mixed in a conductive matrix of titanium carbide particles provides an electrode with good oxygen reduction capability and corrosion resistance in an acid environment.

Lithium ion battery

One embodiment may include a lithium ion battery, wherein one or more chelating agents may be attached to a battery component.

Validation of current levels delivered by a gate driver

A method for validating operation of a driver integrated circuit includes providing a signal using an output node. The signal is provided using multiple set points in response to a change in state of an input signal. Each set point corresponds to a different phase of a multi-phase transition of the signal. The method includes providing a timer value at an end of a phase of the multi-phase transition and determining whether the signal is in a target signal range of the phase based on the timer value at the end of the phase, a predetermined value defining the target signal range of the phase, and a predetermined time limit for the phase. A current through the output node may be provided using the multiple set points, and a voltage on the output node may have the multi-phase transition.

Apparatus for assembling roller bearing remote control cable

Cytobacteriological staining solution and method for making the same

Platinum particles with varying morphology

Nanometer to micrometer sized particles containing platinum and having selected morphologies are prepared by a sonochemical process. A compound of platinum is dissolved, suspended, or diluted in a suitable liquid medium at a predetermined concentration and the liquid is maintained at a predetermined temperature from sub-ambient temperatures to above ambient temperatures. A reducing gas is bubbled through the liquid as it is subjected to cavitation at a controlled power to affect the reductive decomposition of the platinum compound. The morphology of the precipitated platinum particles can be varied widely by varying the described concentration, temperature and power parameters.

Supports for fuel cell catalysts

The durability of a fuel cell having a polymer electrolyte membrane with an anode on one surface and an oxygen-reducing cathode on the other surface is improved by substituting electrically conductive titanium carbide or titanium nitride particles for carbon particles as oxygen-reducing and hydrogen-oxidizing catalyst supports. For example nanosize platinum particles deposited on nanosize titanium carbide or titanium nitride support particles provide good oxygen reduction capability and are corrosion resistant in an acid environment. It is preferred that the catalyst-on-titanium carbide (nitride) particles be mixed with non-catalyst-bearing carbon in the electrode material for improved electrode performance.

Reconnect interlock

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE A motion transmitting remote control assembly which prevents connection of the outer casing members of adjoining mechanical push-pull control sections unless the inner trans-lating core members are connected. The assembly includes at least two inner translating core members for transmission of motion and being detachably connected for allowing connected and disconnected positions. At least two outer casing members slid-ably receive the inner translating core members and are detachably attached by a coupling nut for allowing attached and unattached positions. A spring-loaded finger member having a flange portion is pivotally housed in a longitudinal cavity in one of the core members. The flange portion protrudes to be engageable with an abutment surface defined by an annular groove axially disposed within one of the outer casing members to provide an inoperable position of the assembly. The portion of the outer casing member surrounding the annular groove encloses the finger member in order to limit access to the finger member. A head member is connected to the other core member by an extension member. The first-mentioned core member has a slot which terminates in a radial bore adjacent the longitudinal cavity for receiving the extension member and the head member. The finger member has a reactive surface which cooperates with an interaction surface on the head member for moving the finger member to a retracted position when the inner translating core members are connected in order to provide an operable position of the assembly whereby the outer casing members may be connected. Additionally, the second-mentioned inner translating core member engages a shoulder surface defined by its associated outer casing member to limit axial movement of the second core member.

Conductive matrices for fuel cell electrodes

Brennstoffzelle, mit: einer Polymerelektrolytmembran, die zwischen einer Anode und einer Kathode schichtartig angeordnet ist; wobei zumindest eine der Anode und der Kathode Partikel eines Katalysators umfasst, die auf nichtleitenden Katalysatorträgerpartikeln in einer Matrix aus leitenden Partikeln getragen sind, wobei die leitenden Matrixpartikel im Wesentlichen aus einer Metallverbindung bestehen, die ein Nichtmetallelement enthält, das aus der Gruppe gewählt ist, die umfasst: Bor, Kohlenstoff, Stickstoff oder Silizium, wobei die Metallverbindung einen spezifischen elektrischen Widerstand im Bereich von weniger als 300 μΩ cm besitzt. Fuel cell, with: a polymer electrolyte membrane layered between an anode and a cathode; wherein at least one of the anode and the cathode comprises particles of a catalyst carried on nonconductive catalyst carrier particles in a matrix of conductive particles, the conductive matrix particles consisting essentially of a metal compound containing a non-metal element selected from the group consisting of includes: boron, carbon, nitrogen or silicon, wherein the metal compound has a resistivity in the range of less than 300 μΩ · cm.

Sonochemical synthesis of titanium-containing oxides

A titanium halide, preferably titanium tetrachloride, is reacted with suitable reductant, preferably an alkali metal or alkaline earth metal, under ultrasonic excitation in a liquid reaction medium to form nanometer size particles of titanium which may incorporate unreacted reductant. The nanosized titanium particles may be a precursor for nanosized titanium oxide which is formed by oxidizing the titanium, preferably with a low molecular weight alcohol. When the titanium particles incorporate unreacted reductant the oxidation reaction will yield nanometer sized titanates. The nanosized particles, whether titanium oxide or titanates may be extracted by first filtering them from the reaction medium, followed by washing with water to remove any water-soluble reaction products followed by spray drying.

Lithium ion battery

In a lithium ion battery, one or more chelating agents may be attached to a microporous polymer separator for placement between a negative electrode and a positive electrode or to a polymer binder material used to construct the negative electrode, the positive electrode, or both. The chelating agents may comprise, for example, at least one of a crown ether, a podand, a lariat ether, a calixarene, a calixcrown, or mixtures thereof. The chelating agents can help improve the useful life of the lithium ion battery by complexing with unwanted metal cations that may become present in the battery's electrolyte solution while, at the same time, not significantly interfering with the movement of lithium ions between the negative and positive electrodes.

Validation of current levels delivered by a gate driver

A method for validating operation of a driver integrated circuit includes providing a signal using an output node. The signal is provided using multiple set points in response to a change in state of an input signal. Each set point corresponds to a different phase of a multi-phase transition of the signal. The method includes providing a timer value at an end of a phase of the multi-phase transition and determining whether the signal is in a target signal range of the phase based on the timer value at the end of the phase, a predetermined value defining the target signal range of the phase, and a predetermined time limit for the phase. A current through the output node may be provided using the multiple set points, and a voltage on the output node may have the multi-phase transition.

Variable current drive for isolated gate drivers

A method for driving a high-power drive device includes providing a signal having a first predetermined signal level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase transition process. The method includes generating a first indication of a first parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node. The method includes generating a second indication of a second parameter associated with the signal provided to the output node. In the first phase, the second parameter is a time elapsed from a start of the first phase. The method includes providing the signal having a second predetermined signal level to the output node during a second phase of the multi-phase transition process. The method includes transitioning from the first phase to the second phase based on the first indication and the second indication.

Lithium-Ion Battery Electrolytes

A rechargeable lithium-ion battery includes an anode, a cathode and an electrolyte containing one or more dispersed lithium salts. The electrolyte is composed of one or more solvent materials. A principal solvent constituent compound is at least one of γ-valerolactone, methyl isobutyryl acetate, 2-methoxyethyl acetate, 2-ethoxyethyl acetate, and diethyl oxalate.

Bicontinuous separating layers for solid-state batteries and methods of forming the same

A bicontinuous separating layer include a separating matrix having pores and a solid-state electrolyte disposed in the pores of the separating matrix. In certain variations, the bicontinuous separating layer is prepared by contacting a solid-state electrolyte liquid-state precursor with the separating matrix and heating the infiltrated separating matrix to a temperature between about 25° C. and about 300° C. The solid-state electrolyte liquid-state precursor includes a solvent and a solid-state electrolyte powder or a solid-state electrolyte precursor. In other variations, the bicontinuous separating layer may be prepared by contacting a solid-state electrolyte powder with a separating matrix to form a physical mixture and heating the physical mixture to a temperature between about 240° C. and about 500° C., where the separating matrix is defined by a polymer having a melting temperature greater than about 215° C., and the solid-state electrolyte has a melting temperature greater than about 300° C.

Variable current drive for isolated gate drivers

A method for controlling a high-power drive device includes providing a current having a first predetermined current level to an output node during a first phase of a multi-phase turn-on process for the high-power drive device coupled to the output node. The method includes transitioning from the first phase to a second phase of the multi-phase turn-on process based on a first indication of a sensed voltage level on the output node during the first phase and a second indication of a time elapsed from a start of the first phase during the first phase. The method includes providing the current having a second predetermined current level to the output node during the second phase.

Silicon-containing electrodes and methods for preparing the same

An electrochemical cell may include a first electrode that includes a positive electroactive material, a second electrode that includes a negative electroactive material and a polyacrylate binder, and a separating layer disposed between the first and second electrodes. The polyacrylate binder has a molecular weight greater than or equal to about 250,000 mol/g to less than or equal to about 500,000 mol/g. The second electrode is prepared by disposing an electrode forming slurry having a temperature greater than or equal to about 4° C. to less than or equal to about 15° C. one or near a surface of a current collector. The electrode forming slurry includes the negative electroactive material and the polyacrylate binder. The negative electroactive material can be a silicon-containing material.

Composite electrodes

The present disclosure provides a composite electrode for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions. The composite electrode includes a first electroactive material having a first specific capacity and a first average particle size, and a second electroactive material having a second specific capacity and a second average particle size. The first specific capacity is larger than the second specific capacity. For example, the first specific capacity can be greater than or equal to about 1,000 mAh/g to less than or equal to about 3,600 mAh/g, and the second specific capacity greater than or equal to about 250 mAh/g to less than or equal to about 400 mAh/g. The second average particle size is comparable with the first average particle size. For example, the second average particle can be no less than half the first average particle size and no greater than twice the first average particle size.

Articles of manufacture and methods for additive manufacturing of articles having desired magnetic anisotropy

A method for additive manufacturing of an article having a controlled magnetic anisotropy includes: forming a metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the metallic layer having a magnetic anisotropy aligned in a first direction; forming a subsequent metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a second direction different from the first direction; and repeating the forming of subsequent metallic layers of the article to form at least a portion of the article, each subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a different direction than a previous metallic layer

Electrolyte composition for lithium-ion cells with silicon electrodes

An electrolyte composition for use in a battery system including a silicon-based negative electrode having active material particles is provided. The electrolyte composition includes a polar solvent selected from the group consisting of ethylene carbonate, propylene carbonate, sulfolane, γ-butyrolactone, and combinations thereof and at least one lithium salt dissolved in the polar solvent at a concentration of at least 2 moles of the at least one lithium salt per 1 liter of the polar solvent. The at least one lithium salt and the polar solvent add dipoles to the electrolyte composition configured for reducing an electric field present at a surface of each of the active material particles in the silicon-based negative electrode of the battery system.

Verfahren zur Untersuchung einer Fluidqualität auf Grundlage von Impedanz

Ein System zur Bestimmung einer Qualität eines Fluids umfasst eine Impedanzzelle, die in das Fluid eingetaucht ist, wie auch eine Impedanzinstrumentenausrüstung, die mit der Impedanzzelle in Verbindung steht. Eine Steuerung misst eine erste Impedanz des Fluids unter Verwendung eines elektrischen Signals mit einer ersten Frequenz, misst eine zweite Impedanz des Fluids unter Verwendung eines elektrischen Signals mit einer zweiten Frequenz und misst eine dritte Impedanz des Fluids unter Verwendung eines elektrischen Signals mit einer dritten Frequenz. Die Steuerung bestimmt eine Permittivität wie auch einen spezifischen elektrischen Widerstand des Fluids auf der Grundlage der ersten, zweiten und dritten Impedanz. Die Qualität des Fluids wird auf Grundlage der Permittivität und des spezifischen elektrischen Widerstands bewertet.

Method and apparatus for pyrolyzing an electrode

An electrode heat treatment device and associated method for fabricating an electrode are described, and include forming a workpiece, including coating a current collector with a slurry. The workpiece is placed on a first spool, and the first spool including the workpiece is placed in a sealable chamber, wherein the sealable chamber includes the first spool, a heat exchange work space, and a second spool. An inert environment is created in the sealable chamber. The workpiece is subjected to a multi-step continuous heat treatment operation in the inert environment, wherein the multi-step continuous heat treatment operation includes continuously transferring the workpiece through the heat exchange work space between the first spool and the second spool and controlling the heat exchange work space to an elevated temperature.

Entertainment and treatment method

The invention refers to a method or a way of entertainment in the trade market, in order to be applied in masses the special electronics organ which can learn and amuse everybody, playing to it. The component consists in a table where the electronics organ is putted which is going to have two had phones and a chair for the person who is playing on it and eventually for the companion person, the electronics organ having in its memory different songs which can be played even by children at 2 years old, because the person who is playing is conducted by the lights or by the lightly keys which are light on, one by one, depending the music line.

Verbundelektroden

Die vorliegende Offenbarung stellt ein Verbundelektrode für eine elektrochemische Zelle bereit, die Lithiumionen zyklisch bewegt. Die Verbundelektrode enthält ein erstes elektroaktives Material mit einer ersten spezifischen Kapazität und einer ersten durchschnittlichen Teilchengröße und ein zweites elektroaktives Material mit einer zweiten spezifischen Kapazität und einer zweiten durchschnittlichen Teilchengröße. Die erste spezifische Kapazität ist größer als die zweite spezifische Kapazität. Beispielsweise kann die erste spezifische Kapazität größer als oder gleich etwa 1.000 mAh/g bis kleiner als oder gleich etwa 3.600 mAh/g und die zweite spezifische Kapazität größer als oder gleich etwa 250 mAh/g bis kleiner als oder gleich etwa 400 mAh/g sein. Die zweite durchschnittliche Teilchengröße ist vergleichbar mit der ersten durchschnittlichen Teilchengröße. Beispielsweise kann die zweite durchschnittliche Teilchengröße nicht weniger als die Hälfte der ersten durchschnittlichen Teilchengröße und nicht mehr als das Doppelte der ersten durchschnittlichen Teilchengröße betragen.

Constituents and methods for protecting fuel cell components, including pems

A fuel cell comprising a membrane electrode assembly (MEA) that is made up of a membrane sandwiched between first and second electrodes, a contaminant peroxide, damaging to the MEA, and at least one constituent with the contaminant peroxide that prevents, or at least inhibits, decomposition of at least one of the first electrode, the second electrode, the membrane, and any combination thereof.

Lithium-ionen-batterie mit ionenfallen

Eine Lithium-Ionen-Batterie, umfassend:eine positive Elektrode;eine negative Elektrode;einen mit einer Elektrolytlösung getränkten mikroporösen Polymerseparator, der sich zwischen der positiven Elektrode und der negativen Elektrode befindet; undeine Übergangsmetallkationenfalle die i) als Bindemittel an der positiven Elektrode oder der negativen Elektrode verbaut ist, ii) auf einer Oberfläche der positiven Elektrode oder der negativen Elektrode aufgebracht ist, iii) Bestandteil des mikroporösen Polymerseparators ist, iv) auf einer Oberfläche des mikroporösen Polymerseparators aufgebracht ist, oder v) als Additiv in der Elektrolytlösung vorliegt, wobei die Übergangsmetallkationenfalle Übergangsmetallkationen, ausgewählt aus der Gruppe bestehend aus Mn4+, Mn3+, Mn2+, Fe2+, Fe3+, Cr2+, Cr3+, Co2+, Co3+, Ni2+, Ni3+, Ni4+, V3+, V5+und Kombinationen aus diesen, abfängt und ein Siderophor besitzt,worin:das Siderophor eine Ableitung von 2,3-Dihydroxybenzoesäure ist; oderdas Siderophor wird aus einer aus der Gruppe ausgewählt bestehend aus Enterobactin (Escheria Coli), Ferri (Ustilago Sphaerogena), Mycobactin (Mycobacterium), Bacillibactin (Bacillus Subtilis), Ferrioxamin B (Streptomyces Pilosus), Fusarinin C (Fusarium Roseum), Yersiniabactin (Yersinia Pestis), Vibriobactin (Vibrio Cholerae), Azotobactin (Azotobacter Vinelandii), Pseudobactin (Pseudomonas B 10), Ornibactin (Burkholderia Cepacia) und Erythrobactin (Saccharopolyspora Erythraea).

System and method for vehicle diagnostics

An approach for vehicle diagnostics is provided. The approach, for example, involves receiving an indication identifying a need for a diagnostic scan. The approach also involves executing the diagnostic scan by initiating a movement of a movable sensor of a vehicle mirror assembly attached to a vehicle and acquiring diagnostic data during the movement of the movable sensor. The approach further involves analyzing the diagnostic data to generate a diagnostic report and providing the diagnostic report as an output.

Adaptive Power Offloading for a Subscriber Line Interface Circuit

An apparatus for offloading power includes a power offload element providing a supply drop from a first supply level to a second supply level. The supply drop varies in response to a control signal. A signal processor of a subscriber line interface circuit provides the control signal. A linefeed driver of the subscriber line interface circuit is coupled to receive the second supply level for driving a subscriber line.

Bikontinuierliche Trennschichten für Festkörperbatterien und Verfahren zu deren Herstellung

Eine bikontinuierliche Trennschicht umfasst eine Trennmatrix mit Poren und einen Festkörperelektrolyten, der in den Poren der Trennmatrix angeordnet ist. In bestimmten Variationen wird die bikontinuierliche Trennschicht hergestellt, indem ein Festkörperelektrolytvorläufer im flüssigen Zustand mit der Trennmatrix in Kontakt gebracht und die infiltrierte Trennmatrix auf eine Temperatur zwischen etwa 25 °C und etwa 300 °C erhitzt wird. Der Festkörperelektrolytvorläufer im flüssigen Zustand enthält ein Lösungsmittel und ein Festkörperelektrolytpulver oder einen Festkörperelektrolytvorläufer. In anderen Variationen kann die bikontinuierliche Trennschicht hergestellt werden, indem ein Festkörperelektrolytpulver mit einer Trennmatrix in Kontakt gebracht wird, um ein physikalisches Gemisch zu bilden, und das physikalische Gemisch auf eine Temperatur zwischen etwa 240 °C und etwa 500 °C erhitzt wird, wobei die Trennmatrix durch ein Polymer mit einer Schmelztemperatur von mehr als etwa 215 °C gebildet ist und der Festkörperelektrolyt eine Schmelztemperatur von mehr als etwa 300 °C aufweist.

Articles of manufacture and methods for additive manufacturing of articles having desired magnetic anisotropy

A method for additive manufacturing of an article having a controlled magnetic anisotropy includes: forming a metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the metallic layer having a magnetic anisotropy aligned in a first direction; forming a subsequent metallic layer of the article using additive manufacturing, the subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a second direction different from the first direction; and repeating the forming of subsequent metallic layers of the article to form at least a portion of the article, each subsequent metallic layer having the magnetic anisotropy aligned in a different direction than a previous metallic layer

Carbon-titanium oxide electrocatalyst supports for oxygen reduction in pem fuel cells

A high surface area support material is formed of an intimate mixture of carbon clusters and titanium oxide clusters. A catalytic metal, such as platinum, is deposited on the support particles and the catalyzed material used as an electrocatalyst in an electrochemical cell such as a PEM fuel cell. The composite material is prepared by thermal decomposition and oxidation of an intimate mixture of a precursor carbon polymer, a titanium alkoxide and a surfactant that serves as a molecular template for the mixed precursors.

Validation of current levels delivered by a gate driver

A method for validating operation of a driver integrated circuit includes providing a signal using an output node. The signal is provided using multiple set points in response to a change in state of an input signal. Each set point corresponds to a different phase of a multi-phase transition of the signal. The method includes providing a timer value at an end of a phase of the multi-phase transition and determining whether the signal is in a target signal range of the phase based on the timer value at the end of the phase, a predetermined value defining the target signal range of the phase, and a predetermined time limit for the phase. A current through the output node may be provided using the multiple set points, and a voltage on the output node may have the multi-phase transition.

Dispozitiv electronic de semnalizare la nivelmetru cu furtun

Medicament cu actiune anticoccidiana

Enumeration of peripheral devices on a serial communication bus

A controller enumerates a plurality of devices while operating in a daisy-chain mode of operation and then causes the devices to operate in a parallel mode of operation in which the devices are individually addressed.