Process for the preparation of mixed metal oxide catalysts

Mixed metal oxide catalysts suitable for the production of alcohols from carbon monoxide and hydrogen are prepared by: (a) forming a solution of the metals in a polar organic solvent, (b) precipitating the metals from the solution either in the form of their oxides or a form thermally decomposable to the oxides, (c) calcining the precipitate to form the oxides and remove thermally decomposable components therefrom, and (d) where an anion other than oxide remains from step (c) removing same from the precipitate. Suitable polar organic solvents are ketones, esters, ethers and alcohols, particularly C1 to C10 alcohols. Preferably, the precipitated metals are washed with water to remove anions other than oxide. The method is particularly suitable for the production of catalysts containing metals such as uranium which are difficult to precipitate from aqueous solution.

Process for the production of alcohols

Methanol is converted into alcohols containing at least two carbon atoms by reaction with hydrogen and/or carbon monoxide at elevated temperature and superatmospheric pressure in the presence, as catalyst, of (i) an oxide of Th and/or U and (ii) one or more alkali metals the latter being present in an amount of at least 1% by weight. Preferably the catalyst is free of hydrogenating metals. The methanol can be prepared by reaction of hydrogen and carbon monoxide in the presence of a methanol-forming catalyst.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in ...

Process for separating oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas by using a bi-containing mixed metal oxide membrane

Oxygen is separated from an oxygen-containing gas by introducing the gas into a first zone of a gas separation apparatus, the apparatus comprising first and second zones separated by a mixed metal oxide membrane, the membrane having a first surface open to the first zone, a second surface open to the second zone, and an empirical formula of BiAx My M'z Onn where A is at least one of Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Y, Th, U, and the lanthanide elements; M is at least one of Sc, Ti, Cr, Mn, Fe, Ni, Cu and Zn; and M' is at least one of Co, Rh, Pd, Pt or Ru. The oxygen separated from the oxygen-containing gas can be recovered from the second surface of the membrane either as molecular oxygen, or it can be reacted with an oxygen-consuming substance, such as a hydrocarbon gas, which can be introduced into the second zone of the separation apparatus and brought in contact with the second surface of the membrane.

Copper beryllium-containing catalysts for the production of alcohols

A ruthenium-free catalyst suitable for the conversion of carbon monoxide and hydrogen to alcohols, particularly methanol, comprises a mixture of metal oxides of the metals copper and beryllium where the atomic ratio of copper to beryllium is from about 0.01 to 1 to 20.0 to 1. A further metal M such as Th or Al may also be present, the atomic ratio of the metal M to beryllium being from about 0.1 to 1 to 7.5 to 1. The catalyst can be employed as convert carbon monoxide and hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure, for example 100° to 500° C. and 150 to 4000 psig, to a product rich in alcohols and low in acids and hydrocarbons.

Coated membranes

The invention relates to novel membranes, formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. One application is the separation of oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, and are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25° C. to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Preparation of catalyst for producing alcohols

Catalysts useful for the preparation of alcohols from synthesis gas and containing at leat three metal or metal oxide components are prepared by partially oxidizing an intermetallic compound or alloy with a metal oxidizing agent whereby the agent is incorporated into the catalyst.

Solid-component membranes electrochemical reactor components electrochemical reactors use of membranes reactor components and reactor for oxidation reactions

An electrochemical process for producing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds from unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds and for extracting oxygen from a gas containing N2 O, NO, NO2, SO2, or SO3 is described. The process is characterized by the use of mixed metal oxide materials having a perovskite structure represented by the formula: As A't Bu B'v B"w Oxx wherein A represents a lanthanide or Y, or a mixture thereof; A' represents an alkaline earth metal or a mixture thereof; B represents Fe; B' represents Cr or Ti, or a mixture thereof; and B" represents Mn, Co, Vi, Ni or Cu, or a mixture thereof.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

An electrochemical process for extracting oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas which uses an electrochemical cell having two zones separated by a multi-component membrane made from intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically conductive phase and an oxygen ion-conducting phase. In one zone a gas containing oxygen is passed in contact with the membrane. In the other zone a gas capable of reacting with oxygen is passed in contact with the membrane.

Catalyst composition for the preparation of alcohols

A catalyst composition containing alkali metal or alkaline earth metal uranate suitable for the conversion of mixtures of carbon monoxide and hydrogen has the formula Cua U Mb Ac Oxx where M is one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Th, Pd, Mn, Cr, Fe, Co, Zn, Ce, V, Ru, Rh, Al, Re, Os, Pt, Ir, Ag, Ti, La and Zr, A is an alkaline or alkali earth metal and a is from 0.01 to 5.0; b is from 0 to 5.0 with the proviso that when M is Th the value of b is less than 1; c is a number up to 5.0 selected so that the catalyst composition contains more than 2 percent by weight of Metal A; x is a number such that the valence requirements of the other elements for oxygen are satisfied. The catalyst composition can be used to prepare an alcohol composition containing at least 30 percent by weight of methanol, the remainder of said composition comprising higher alcohols, the distribution of which on a methanol-free basis is C2 -10 to 90 weight percent C3 -15 to 60 weight percent C4 -0.5 ...

Process for the conversion of alcohols to gaseous products

An alcohol such as methanol is decomposed to form hydrogen and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature in the presence of mixed metal oxide catalyst containing copper and a metal L selected from the group consisting of Th, Be, Zr, Ce, Mg and U. The catalyst can contain a further metal M selected from the group consisting of Ca, Mo, Mn, Pt, Ce, Cr, Zn, Al, Ti, La, V, U, Ru, Re and Pd. The catalysts are particularly effective at relatively low temperatures for example 200°-200° C.

Copper-zirconium-manganese-containing catalysts

A catalyst is disclosed which has the formula Cua ZrMnb Yc Ad Oxx wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Al, Zn, Ce, Cr, Co, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ag, Ru, Re, Os, Ta, Nb or a mixture of two or more thereof, A is an alkali or alkaline earth metal or a mixture of alkali and/or alkaline earth metals, a is from about 0.1 to about 3, b is from about 0.01 to about 3, c is from 0 to about 3, d is from about 0.02 to about 2.5, and x is the number of oxygens needed to fulfill the valance requirements of the other elements. A process for making alcohol mixtures is also disclosed which comprises contacting a gaseous reactant containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide (e.g., synthesis gas) with the foregoing catalyst.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

An electrochemical process for producing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds from unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds and for extracting oxygen from a gas containing N2 O, NO, NO2, SO2, or SO3 is described. The process is characterized by the use of mixed metal oxide materials having a perovskite structure represented by the formula: As A't Bu B'v B"w Oxx wherein A represents a lanthanide or Y, or a mixture thereof; A' represents an alkaline earth metal or a mixture thereof; B represents Fe; B' represents Cr or Ti, or a mixture thereof; and B" represents Mn, Co, V, Ni, or Cu, or a mixture thereof.

Electrocatalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons

An electrocatalytic process is described for producing unsaturated hydrocarbon compounds from saturated hydrocarbon compounds. The process is conducted in an electrogenerative cell and generally comprises the steps of (A) providing a fuel cell comprising a solid electrolyte having a first surface coated with conductive metal, metal oxide or mixtures thereof capable of catalyzing the reduction of oxygen to oxygen ions, and a second surface coated with metal, metal oxide or mixtures thereof, the two conductive coatings being connected by an external circuit, (B) passing an oxygen-containing gas in contact with the first conductive coating while, (C) passing the saturated hydrocarbon compound-containing feed gas in contact with the second conductive coating, and (D) recovering unsaturated hydrocarbons. In a preferred embodiment, the conductive metal coating on the first and second surfaces comprises a silver-containing metal composition. In another preferred embodiment, the invention comprises ...

Process for the electrocatalytic conversion of light hydrocarbons to synthesis gas

An electrocatalytic process is described for producing synthesis gas from light hydrocarbons such as methane or natural gas. The process generally comprises the steps of (A) providing an electrochemical cell comprising a solid electrolyte having a first surface coated with conductive metal, metal oxide or mixtures thereof capable of facilitating the reduction of oxygen to oxygen ions, and a second surface coated with conductive metal, metal oxide or mixtures thereof, provided that both coatings are stable at the operating temperatures, (B) heating the cell to a temperature of at least 1000° C., (C) passing an oxygen-containing gas in contact with the first conductive coating, (D) passing methane, natural gas or other light hydrocarbons in contact with the second conductive coating, and (E) recovering synthesis gas.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in ...

Oxygen permeable mixed conductor membranes

The present invention relates to novel solid state mixed conductor membranes and their use for separating oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes comprise a multicomponent metallic oxide of substantially cubic perovskite structure, stable in air over the temperature range of 25°-950° C., having no connected through porosity wherein the membrane is of a composition represented by the formula ?A1-x A'x !?Co1-y-z By B'z !O3-δ, where A≡Ca, Sr, Ba, and mixtures thereof; A'≡La, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U, and mixtures thereof; B≡Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, and mixtures thereof; B'≡Cu, Ni, and mixtures thereof; ∼0.0001≦×≦∼0.1; ∼0.002≦y<0.05; ∼0.0005≦z≦∼0.3; δ is determined by the valence of the metals.

Oxygen permeable mixed conductor membranes

The present invention relates to novel solid state mixed conductor membranes and their use for separating oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes comprise a multicomponent metallic oxide of substantially cubic perovskite structure, stable in air over the temperature range of 25°-950° C., having no connected through porosity wherein the membrane is of a composition represented by the formula ?A1-x A'x !?Co1-y-z By B'z !O3-δ, where A≡Ca, Sr, Ba, and mixtures thereof; A'≡La, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U, and mixtures thereof; B≡Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, and mixtures thereof; B'≡Cu, Ni, and mixtures thereof; ∼0.0001≦x≦∼0.1; ∼0.002≦y<0.05; ∼0.0005≦z≦∼0.3; δ is determined by the valence of the metals.

Catalysts for the conversion of syn gas

A catalyst system for the conversion of synthesis gas in a single stage to liquid hydrocarbons comprises (a) a copper-containing alcohol synthesis catalyst, (b) an iron-containing modifier for the alcohol synthesis catalyst to promote the formation of hydrocarbons, and (c) a metallosilicate wax cracking catalyst. The alcohol synthesis catalyst (a) can contain thorium, zinc, uranium or zirconium in addition to the copper. The iron-containing modifier (b) can contain an iron-containing zeolite such as ferrierite or an inorganic support containing ferrous or ferric ions. The metallosilicate can be a zeolite or gallosilicate. The zeolite can have a pore diameter of at least 5 Angstroms and can have the faujasite structure. A Group VIIIA metal e.g., Pd may be incorporated on the zeolite to suppress coke formation. A hydrocarbon product from the conversion can be obtained containing at least 70 percent by weight of hydrocarbons in the range C3 to a boiling point of 340° C., and less than 10 percent ...

Continuous process for the extraction and esterification of carboxylic acid

A continuous process for the production of alkyl esters from carboxylic acids wherein an aqueous stream containing a first carboxylic acid, RCO2 H, is contacted with an organic stream comprising a carboxylic acid ester, R"CO2 R', so that the organic stream is enriched with RCO2 H. The RCO2 H enriched organic stream is separated from the aqueous stream and is contacted with a catalyst to obtain a second carboxylic acid, R"CO2 H, and a product carboxylic acid ester, RCO2 R'. The product ester, RCO2 R', is separated from the second acid, R"CO2 H, the reactant ester, R"CO2 R', and the first acid, RCO2 H, and the second acid, R"CO2 H, is esterified to obtain the reactant ester, R"CO2 R', which is recycled to the initial part of the process. In this process R is aliphatic or aromatic, R' is alkyl and R" is aliphatic with at least about 4 carbon atoms. When the reactant ester is a bifunctional polymer having both sulfonic acid and R' carboxylic acid ester pendant functional groups, this process ...

Tube and shell reactor with oxygen selective ion transport ceramic reaction tubes

A reactor comprising: a hollow shell defining a hermetic enclosure; a plurality of tube sheets disposed within said hermetic enclosure, a first one of said plurality of tube sheets defining a first chamber; at least one reaction tube each having a first end and an opposing second end, said first end being fixedly attached and substantially hermetically sealed to one end of said plurality of tube sheets and opening into said first chamber, the second end being axially unrestrained; each of said reaction tubes is comprised of an oxygen selective ion transport membrane with an anode side wherein said oxygen selective ion transport membrane is formed from a mixed conductor metal oxide that is effective for the transport of elemental oxygen at elevated temperatures and at least a portion of said first and second heat transfer sections are formed of metal; each of said reaction tubes includes first and second heat transfer sections and a reaction section, said reaction section disposed between ...

Copper-zirconium-manganese-containing catalysts and processes for making alcohol mixtures using same

A catalylst is disclosed which has the formula Cua ZrMnb Yc Ad Oxx wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of Al, Zn, Ce, Cr, Co, Pd, Pt, Rh, Ag, Ru, Re, Os, Ta, Nb or a mixture of two or more thereof, A is an alkali or alkaline earth metal or a mixture of alkali and/or alkaline earth metals, a is from about 0.1 to about 3, b is from about 0.01 to about 3, c is from 0 to about 3, d is from about 0.02 to about 2.5, and x is the number of oxygens needed to fulfill the valence requirements of the other elements. A process for making alcohol mixtures is also disclosed which comprises contacting a gaseous reactant containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide (e.g., synthesis gas) with the foregoing catalyst.

Process for the partial oxydation of hydrocarbons

The invention relates to a process for the partial oxidation of C1 to C4 hydrocarbons, using novel membranes formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. The process uses membranes that are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, which are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25° C. to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Oxygen permeable mixed conductor membranes

The present invention relates to novel solid state mixed conductor membranes and their use for separating oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes comprise a multicomponent metallic oxide of substantially cubic perovskite structure, stable in air over the temperature range of 25°-950° C., having no connected through porosity wherein the membrane is of a composition represented by the formula [A1-x A'x ][Co1-y-z By B'z ]O3-δ, where A≡Ca, Sr, Ba, and mixtures thereof; A'≡La, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U, and mixtures thereof; B≡Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, and mixtures thereof; B'≡Cu, Ni, and mixtures thereof; ∼0.0001≦x≦∼0.1; ∼0.002≦y<0.05; ∼0.0005≦z≦∼0.3; δ is determined by the valence of the metals.

Processes for converting biomass to btx with low sulfur, nitrogen and olefin content via a catalytic fast pyrolysis process

Methods of separating and purifying products from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are recovered and purified using a hydrotreating step that reduces the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen components, and hydrogenates olefins to produce aromatic products that meet commercial quality specifications.

PROCESSES FOR CONVERTING BIOMASS TO BTX WITH LOW SULFUR, NITROGEN AND OLEFIN CONTENT VIA A CATALYTIC FAST PYROLYSIS PROCESS

Methods of separating and purifying products from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are recovered and purified using a hydrotreating step that reduces the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen components, and hydrogenates olefins to produce aromatic products that meet commercial quality specifications. 115-. (canceled)16. A mixed BTX stream produced from biomass comprising 5 to 85 mass % benzene , 10 to 95 mass % toluene , 2 to 40 mass % xylenes , and sulfur-containing species of less than 50 ppmw (part per million by weight) , or less than 10 ppmw , or less than 1 ppmw.17. A mixed BTX stream of comprising mercaptan sulfur species of less than 20 claim 16 , or less than 10 claim 16 , or less than 5 claim 16 , or less than 1 ppmw.18. A mixed BTX stream of comprising less than 20 claim 17 , or less than 10 claim 17 , or less than 5 claim 17 , or less than 1 ppmw of thiophenic sulfur species.19. A mixed BTX stream of comprising less than 25 claim 17 , or less than 10 claim 17 , or less than 1 ppmw of nitrogen containing organic species.20. A mixed BTX stream of comprising less than 100 claim 17 , less than 50 claim 17 , or less than 10 claim 17 , or less than 1 ppmw oxygenates.21. A mixed BTX stream of comprising less than 1 claim 17 ,000 claim 17 , or less than 500 claim 17 , or less than 100 ppmw dienes.22. A mixed BTX stream produced of having a Bromine Index of less than 100 claim 17 , or less than 50 claim 17 , or less than 25.23. (canceled)24. A mixed BTX stream of comprising less than 1 claim 16 , or less than 0.1 claim 16 , or less than 0.01 claim 16 , or less than 0.001 weight percent of phenolic species.2515. A hydrotreated C9+ heavy aromatic stream of claim comprising less than 15 ppmw sulfur claim 16 , or less than 10 ppmw sulfur.25. (canceled)26. The product from used as a blendstock for diesel fuel.27. The product from used as a gasoline blendstock.28. The ...

GAS JET INJECTOR REACTOR FOR CATALYTIC FAST PYROLYSIS PROCESS

Methods and systems utilizing gas jets to carry biomass into a biomass conversion reactor are described. Reactor configurations and conditions for carrying out processes utilizing the gas jets are also described. The use of gas jets has been found to be especially desirable for operation with pyrolysis of biomass in catalytic fluidized bed reactors. 1. A method for producing one or more fluid hydrocarbon products from a solid hydrocarbonaceous material comprising:feeding a first reactant comprising the solid hydrocarbonaceous material to a reactor by injection in a gas jet;pyrolyzing within the reactor at least a portion of the hydrocarbonaceous material under reaction conditions sufficient to produce one or more pyrolysis products; andcatalytically reacting at least a portion of the one or more pyrolysis products under reaction conditions sufficient to produce the one or more fluid hydrocarbon products; and further comprising one or more of the following characteristics:wherein the gas jet comprises a carrier fluid and the solid hydrocarbonaceous material, wherein the gas jet enters the reactor through a feed port and wherein the carrier fluid flows through the feed port with a linear velocity of at least 25 cm/sec; orwherein the solid hydrocarbonaceous material is fed though a feed port into a fluidization reactor with a ratio of gas flow rate through the feed port to flow through a fluidization port of less than 10; orwherein the solid hydrocarbonaceous material is fed into the reactor through a feed port wherein the feed port has an angle that is at least 15 degrees from the horizontal.2. The method of wherein the linear velocity of the carrier fluid in the feed port is from 25 cm/sec to 10 claim 1 ,000 cm/sec.3. The method of wherein the ratio of gas flow rate injected with the solid hydrocarbonaceous material to the gas flow rate introduced through the fluidization port is less than 10.4. The method of wherein the space velocity of the biomass in comparison to ...

Processes for holding char in a catalyic fast pyrolysis process and char compositions

Methods of separating and utilizing char produced by the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the char from a catalytic pyrolysis reactor is recovered and treated and combusted to provide heat to the catalytic pyrolysis reactor. A novel char and methods of amending soil with a char composition are also described.

Electroless Plating in Microchannels

Novel methods of electroless plating are described. Catalyst coatings can be applied within microchannel apparatus. Various reactions, including combustion and steam reforming, can be conducted over electroless catalyst coatings. 1. A method of electroles sly depositing Rh , comprising:forming an Rh-containing aqueous solution comprising a Rh amine complex having a Rh content of at least 1 g/L;wherein the Rh-containing aqueous solution is essentially free of chloride and nitrite;contacting a support with the Rh-containing aqueous solution;reacting the Rh-containing aqueous solution with a reducing agent; anddepositing Rh onto the support.2. The method of wherein the aqueous solution is formed by dissolving a solid compound having the stiochiometry Rh(NH)(OH) claim 1 , where x is 3 to 6.3. The method of comprising forming claim 1 , at room temperature claim 1 , an Rh-containing aqueous solution comprising a Rh amine complex having a Rh content of at least 1 g/L.4. The method of wherein the aqueous solution comprising a Rh amine complex consisting essentially of Rh claim 1 , NH claim 1 , and at least one of OH claim 1 , and NO.5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. Microchannel apparatus claim 1 , comprising:a flow path comprising a microchannel;an electrolessly-applied passivation coating on at least one wall defining the flow path; wherein the catalyst and the electrolessly-applied passivation coating have different compositions; and', 'wherein the electrolessly-applied passivation coating comprises at least one element selected from the group consisting of: Pt, Cu, Au, Ag, Pd, Rh, Ru, Re, Zn, and combinations thereof., 'a catalyst in the microchannel;'}8. (canceled)9. The method of wherein the catalyst metal comprises Pt and wherein the oxidation comprises heating to a temperature of at least 500° C. in the presence of oxygen (O) and wherein the reduction comprises heating to a temperature of at least 500° C. in the presence of hydrogen (H) claim 8 , and further comprising ...

REGENERATION OF CATALYTIC FAST PYROLYSIS CATALYST

Catalyst that is used in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass is regenerated by oxidation and washing with a liquid to remove minerals and restore catalyst activity and selectivity to aromatics. 1. A method for regenerating catalyst used in catalytic pyrolysis of biomass , comprising:providing catalyst that has been used to catalyze the pyrolysis of biomass;washing the catalyst with a liquid or supercritical CO2;separating the catalyst from the liquid or supercritical CO2; andusing at least a portion of the separated catalyst in a reactor for the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass.2. (canceled)3. The method of wherein the liquid comprises at least 90% water.410-. (canceled)11. The method of further comprising a step of reacting the catalyst that has been used to catalyze the pyrolysis of biomass with an oxidant; wherein the step of reacting with an oxidant is conducted prior to the step of washing.12. The method of wherein step of reacting with an oxidant is conducted at a temperature of at least 550° C. but less than 690° C.13. (canceled)14. The method of comprising a step of removing the catalyst that has been used to catalyze the pyrolysis of biomass from a pyrolysis reaction chamber prior to washing the catalyst and/or prior to treating it with an oxidant.1516-. (canceled)1715. The method of claim wherein the catalyst comprises a zeolite.18. The method of further comprising a step subsequent to the step of washing wherein the catalyst activity is increased by treating the catalyst with a solution that adds a metal or metals to the catalyst wherein the added metal is chosen from among Ga claim 1 , Zn claim 1 , Co claim 1 , Fe claim 1 , Cr claim 1 , Cu claim 1 , V claim 1 , Ni claim 1 , Mn claim 1 , Ag claim 1 , Na claim 1 , P claim 1 , Sn claim 1 , Zr claim 1 , Nb claim 1 , Y claim 1 , Ti claim 1 , Ce claim 1 , La claim 1 , or combinations thereof.19. The method of wherein at least a portion of the catalyst that has been treated with an oxidant is passed through one or ...

Porous Electrolessly Deposited Coatings

A new electroless plating approach to generate a porous metallic coating is described in which a metal is electrolessly deposited on a surface. Microparticles in the metal are removed to leave pores in the metal coating. Another method of forming electroless coatings is described in which a blocking ligand is attached to the surface, followed by a second coating step. The invention includes coatings and coated apparatus formed by methods of the invention. The invention also includes catalyst structures comprising a dense substrate and a porous metal adhered to the dense substrate, which is further characterized by one or more of the specified features. 116-. (canceled)17. A catalyst structure , comprising:a dense substrate, anda porous metal adhered to the dense substrate,particles of metal oxides disposed in the porous metal; and an average pore size of at least 1 micron in the porous metal; or', 'a bi-modal distribution of pore sizes in the porous metal., 'one or more of the following features18. The structure of wherein the dense substrate comprises a wall of the microchannel apparatus.19. An electrode claim 17 , comprising:a dense substrate, and 'a second material (in addition to the porous metal) filling the pores in the porous metal, wherein the second material comprises an ionic conductor.', 'a porous metal adhered to the dense substrate, and'}20. A fuel cell comprising the structure of .21. (canceled)22. The electrode of comprises oxides of zirconia.23. The electrode of wherein the oxides are stabilized in the cubic form with Mg claim 22 , Ca claim 22 , Y or other rare earth metal claim 22 , ceria claim 22 , optionally stabilized by Gd claim 22 , Eu or other rare earth metal claim 22 , perovskites of formulation M1M2Ox wherein M1 is chosen from among Fe claim 22 , Co claim 22 , Cr claim 22 , or some combination claim 22 , M2 is chosen from among Ba claim 22 , Sr claim 22 , La claim 22 , rare earths claim 22 , or some combination thereof claim 22 , BiVMOx ...

Tube and shell reactor with oxygen selective ion transport ceramic reaction tubes

A reactor comprising: a hollow shell defining a hermetic enclosure; a plurality of tube sheets disposed within said hermetic enclosure, a first one of said plurality of tube sheets defining a first chamber; at least one reaction tube each having a first end and an opposing second end, said first end being fixedly attached and substantially hermetically sealed to one end of said plurality of tube sheets and opening into said first chamber, the second end being axially unrestrained; each of said reaction tubes is comprised of an oxygen selective ion transport membrane with an anode side wherein said oxygen selective ion transport membrane is formed from a mixed conductor metal oxide that is effective for the transport of elemental oxygen at elevated temperatures and at least a portion of said first and second heat transfer sections are formed of metal; each of said reaction tubes includes first and second heat transfer sections and a reaction section, said reaction section disposed between said first and second heat transfer sections; a reforming catalyst disposed about said anode side of said oxygen selective ion transport membrane; a first process gas inlet; a second process gas inlet; and, a plurality of outlets.

Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation, and microchannel reactors for catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation

The invention provides methods of oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). Conducting ODH in microchannels has unexpectedly been found to yield superior performance when compared to the same reactions at the same conditions in larger reactors. ODH methods employing a Mo—V—Mg—O catalyst is also described. Microchannel apparatus for conducting ODH is also disclosed.

Catalysts, in microchannel apparatus, and reactions using same

The present invention provides new microreactor systems, catalysts, and chemical processes. Methods of making novel catalysts and reaction apparatus are also described.

Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation, and microchannel reactors for catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation

The invention provides methods of oxidative dehyfrogenation (ODH). Conducting ODH in microchannels has unexpectedly been found to yield superior performance when compared to the same reactions at the same conditions in larger reactors. ODH methods employing a Mo-V-Mg-O catalyst is also described. Microchannel apparatus for conducting ODH is also disclosed.

Regeneration of catalytic fast pyrolysis catalyst

Catalyst that is used in the catalytic pyrolysis of biomass is regenerated by oxidation and washing with a liquid to remove minerals and restore catalyst activity and selectivity to aromatics.

Coated membranes

The invention relates to novel membranes, formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. One application is the separation of oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, and are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25°C to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation, and microchannel reactors for catalytic oxidative dehydrogenation

The invention provides methods of oxidative dehydrogenation (ODH). Conducting ODH in microchannels has unexpectedly been found to yield superior performance when compared to the same reactions at the same conditions in larger reactors. ODH methods employing a Mo-V-Mg-O catalyst are also described. Microchannel apparatus for conducting ODH is also disclosed.

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactor components, electrochemical reactors and use of membranes, reactor components, and reactor for oxidation reactions

Solid membranes comprising an intimate, gas-impervious, multi-phase mixture of an electronically-conductive material and an oxygen ion-conductive material and/or a mixed metal oxide of a perovskite structure are described. Electrochemical reactor components, such as reactor cells, and electrochemical reactors are also described for transporting oxygen from any oxygen-containing gas to any gas or mixture of gases that consume oxygen. The reactor cells generally comprise first and second zones separated by an element having a first surface capable of reducing oxygen to oxygen ions, a second surface capable of reacting oxygen ions with an oxygen-consuming gas, an electron-conductive path between the first and second surfaces and an oxygen ion-conductive path between the first and second surfaces. The element may further comprise (1) a porous substrate, (2) an electron-conductive metal, metal oxide or mixture thereof and/or (3) a catalyst. The reactor cell may further comprise a catalyst in the zone which comprises a passageway from an entrance end to an exit end of the element. Processes described which may be conducted with the disclosed reactor cells and reactors include, for example, the partial oxidation of methane to produce unsaturated compounds or synthesis gas, the partial oxidation of ethane, substitution of aromatic compounds, extraction of oxygen from oxygen-containing gases, including oxidized gases, ammoxidation of methane, etc. The extraction of oxygen from oxidized gases may be used for flue or exhaust gas cleanup.

SYNTHESIS GAS REACTOR WITH CERAMIC MEMBRANE.

SE COMBINAN TERMICAMENTE UNA REACCION EXOTERMICA Y UNA REACCION ENDOTERMICA EN UN REACTOR QUE TIENE AL MENOS UNA MEMBRANA DE TRANSPORTE IONICO, SELECTIVA AL OXIGENO, QUE PROPORCIONA LA REACCION EXOTERMICA CON OXIGENO A PARTIR DE UN GAS QUE CONTENGA OXIGENO, COMO AIRE. LOS REQUERIMIENTOS TERMICOS DE LA REACCION ENDOTERMICA SON SATISFECHOS POR LA REACCION EXOTERMICA. DEPENDIENDO DEL DISEÑO DEL REACTOR EMPLEADO, LAS REACCIONES EXOTERMICA Y ENDOTERMICA SE PUEDEN COMBINAR GASEOSAMENTE. THERE IS AN EXOTHERMAL REACTION AND AN ENDOTHERMAL REACTION IN A REACTOR THAT HAS AT LEAST ONE IONIC TRANSPORTATION MEMBRANE, SELECTED TO THE OXYGEN, THAT PROVIDES THE EXOTHERMAL REACTION WITH OXYGEN FROM A GAS CONTAINING OXYGEN,. THE THERMAL REQUIREMENTS OF ENDOTHERMAL REACTION ARE SATISFIED BY EXOTHERMAL REACTION. DEPENDING ON THE DESIGN OF THE EMPLOYEE REACTOR, EXOTHERMAL AND ENDOTHERMAL REACTIONS CAN BE COMBINED GASINGLY.

ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTORS AND MEMBRANES OF VARIOUS USEFUL COMPONENTS FOR OXIDATION REACTIONS.

UNA MEMBRANA MULTICOMPONENTE SOLIDA PARA SER UTILIZADA EN UN REACTOR ELECTROQUIMICO QUE SE CARACTERIZA POR UN MATERIAL MIXTO DE OXIDO DE METAL QUE TIENE UNA ESTRUCTURA DE PEROVSKITE QUE COMPRENDE (1) UN LANTANIDO, Y, O UNA COMBINACION DE UN LATANIDO Y Y, (2) UN METAL TERROSO ALCALINO, (3) FE, Y (4) CR, TI, O UNA COMBINACION DE CR Y TI. TAMBIEN SE REQUIERE UN ELEMENTO PARA SER UTILIZADO EN UN REACTOR ELECTROQUIMICO O CELULA DE REACTOR QUE POSEA UNA PRIMERA SUPERFICIE CAPAZ DE REDUCIR EL OXIGENO A IONES DE OXIGENO, UNA SEGUNDA SUPERFICIE CAPAZ DE HACER REACCIONAR IONES DE OXIGENO CON UN GAS CONSUMIDOR DE OXIGENO, UNA VIA DE CONDUCCION DE ELECTRONES ENTRE LA PRIMERA Y SEGUNDA SUPERFICIE Y UNA VIA DE CONDUCCION DE IONES DE OXIGENO ENTRE LA PRIMERA Y SEGUNDA SUPERFICIE CARACTERIZADA POR CONSISTIR EL ELEMENTO DE (A) UN MATERIAL MIXTO DE OXIDO DE METAL QUE POSEE UNA ESTRUCTURA DE PEROVSKISTE Y (B) UNA CAPA CONDUCTORA, UN CATALIZADOR, O UNA CAPA CONDUCTORA QUE COMPRENDE UN CATALIZADOR. LA INVENCIONPERMITE EL REALIZAR UNA SERIE DE REACCIONES ELECTROQUIMICAS. A MULTICOMPONENT SOLID MEMBRANE TO BE USED IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR THAT IS CHARACTERIZED BY A MIXED METAL OXIDE MATERIAL THAT HAS A PEROVSKITE STRUCTURE THAT INCLUDES (1) A LANTANIDE, AND, OR A COMBINATION OF A LATANIDE AND A METAL TERROSO ALLCALINO, (3) FAITH, AND (4) CR, IT, OR A COMBINATION OF CR AND IT. IT IS ALSO REQUIRED AN ELEMENT TO BE USED IN AN ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTOR OR REACTOR CELL THAT POSSESSES A FIRST CAPABLE SURFACE TO REDUCE THE OXYGEN TO OXYGEN IONS, A SECOND SURFACE ABLE TO MAKE AN OXYGEN OXYGEN CONSIDERATION OF ELECTRONIC DRIVING BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND SURFACE AND AN OXYGEN ION DRIVING ROAD BETWEEN THE FIRST AND SECOND SURFACE CHARACTERIZED BY CONSISTING THE ELEMENT OF (A) A MIXED METAL OXIDE MATERIAL THAT POSSESSES A STRUCTURE AND PEROVSKISTE ) A DRIVING COAT, A CATALYST, OR A DRIVING COAT THAT INCLUDES A CATALYST. THE INVENTION ALLOWS TO PERFORM A SERIES OF ELECTROCHEMICAL REACTIONS.

Membrane systems containing an oxygen transport membrane and catalyst

An apparatus for separating oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas and facilitating a chemical reaction with the separated oxygen includes a mixed conducting membrane, a porous body, and a material for catalyzing the reaction. The mixed conducting membrane has respective oxidation and reducti on surfaces and is made of a non-porous, gas-impermeable, solid material capabl e of simultaneously conducting oxygen ions and electrons. At least the membran e and the catalyzing material are non-reactive with each other or are physical ly separated from each other during oxygen separation and the chemical reaction . The apparatus can be embodied by tubes, and a plurality of such tubes can fo rm part of a reaction vessel in which various chemical reactions can occur benefiting from the apparatus design.

Oxygen permeable mixed conductor membranes

The present invention relates to novel solid state mixed conductor membranes and their use for separating oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes comprise a multicomponent metallic oxide of substantially cubic perovskite structure, stable in air over the temperature range of 25-950°C, having no connected through porosity wherein the membrane is of a composition represented by the formula [A1-xA'x][Co1-y-zByB'z]O3-.delta., where A - Ca, Sr, Ba, and mixtures thereof; A' - La, Y, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu, Th, U, and mixtures thereof; B = Fe, Mn, Cr, V, Ti, and mixtures thereof; B' - Cu, Ni, and mixtures thereof; ?0.0001 x ?0.1; ?0.002 y < 0.05; ?0.0005 z ?0.3; .delta. is determined by the valence of the metals.

Electrochemical reactors and multicomponent membranes useful for oxidation reactions

Process for producing a syngas

An exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction are thermally combined in a reactor having at least one oxygen selective ion transport membrane that provides the exothermic reaction with oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas such as air. The thermal requirements of the endothermic reaction are satisfied by the exothermic reaction. Dependent on the reactor design employed, the exothermic and endothermic reactions may be gaseously combined.

Syngas reactor and ceramic membrane

An exothermic reaction and an endothermic reaction are thermally combined in a reactor having at least one oxygen selective ion transport membrane that provides the exothermic reaction with oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas such as air. The thermal requirements of the endothermic reaction are satisfied by the exothermic reaction. Dependent on the reactor design employed, the exothermic and endothermic reactions may be gaseously combined.

Porous Electrolessly Deposited Coatings

A new electroless plating approach to generate a porous metallic coating is described in which a metal is electrolessly deposited on a surface. Microparticles in the metal are removed to leave pores in the metal coating. Another method of forming electroless coatings is described in which a blocking ligand is attached to the surface, followed by a second coating step. The invention includes coatings and coated apparatus formed by methods of the invention. The invention also includes catalyst structures comprising a dense substrate and a porous metal adhered to the dense substrate, which is further characterized by one or more of the specified features.

Coated membranes

The invention relates to novel membranes, formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. One application is the separation of oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, and are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25°C to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Solid multi-component membranes for reactions.

Ingredients for use in electrochemical cells and their use in oxygen separation

Electrocatalytic oxidative dehydrogenation of saturated hydrocarbons to unsaturated hydrocarbons

PROCEDURE FOR ELECTROCATALYTIC CONVERSION OF LIGHT HYDROCARBONES TO SYNTHESIC GAS.

Electroless plating in microchannels

Novel methods of electroless plating are described. Catalyst coatings can be applied within microchannel apparatus. Various reactions, including combustion and steam reforming, can be conducted over electroless catalyst coatings.

Components for electrochemical cells and their use in oxygen separation

Electroless plating in microchannels

Novel methods of electroless plating are described. Catalyst coatings can be applied within microchannel apparatus. Various reactions, including combustion and steam reforming, can be conducted over electroless catalyst coatings.

Processes for converting biomass to btx with low sulfur, nitrogen and olefin content via a catalytic fast pyrolysis process

Methods of separating and purifying products from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are recovered and purified using a hydrotreating step that reduces the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen components, and hydrogenates olefins to produce aromatic products that meet commercial quality specifications.

Processes for converting biomass to btx with low sulfur, nitrogen and olefin content via a catalytic fast pyrolysis process

Methods of separating and purifying products from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are recovered and purified using a hydrotreating step that reduces the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen components, and hydrogenates olefins to produce aromatic products that meet commercial quality specifications.

Coated membranes

The invention relates to novel membranes, formed from perovskitic or multi-phase structures, with a chemically active coating which demonstrate exceptionally high rates of fluid flux. One application is the separation of oxygen from oxygen-containing feeds at elevated temperatures. The membranes are conductors of oxygen ions and electrons, and are substantially stable in air over the temperature range of 25°C to the operating temperature of the membrane.

Processes for converting biomass to btx with low sulfur, nitrogen and olefin content via a catalytic fast pyrolysis process

Methods of separating and purifying products from the catalytic fast pyrolysis of biomass are described. In a preferred method, a portion of the products from a pyrolysis reactor are recovered and purified using a hydrotreating step that reduces the content of sulfur, nitrogen, and oxygen components, and hydrogenates olefins to produce aromatic products that meet commercial quality specifications.

Multi-phase solid ion and electron conducting membrane with low volume percentage electron conducting phase and methods for fabricating same

A multi-phase solid electrolyte ion transport membrane comprising at least two phases wherein one of the phases comprises an oxygen ion single conductive material. The other phase comprises an electronically-conductive metal or metal oxide conducting phase is present in a low volume percentage. One method for achieving this result incorporates the minority phase into the powder from which the membrane is made by deposition of the metal or metal oxide from a polymer made by polymerizing a chelated metal dispersion in a polymerizable organic monomer or prepolymer. The multi-phase composition advantageously comprises a first phase of a ceramic material and a second phase of a metal or metal oxide bound to a surface of the ceramic material. A second method fabricates the membrane from a mixture of two powders one of which contains a mixture of the two phases.

Catalysts, in microchannel apparatus, and reactions using same

The present invention provides new microreactor systems, catalysts, and chemical processes. Methods of making novel catalysts and reaction apparatus are also described.

Feste mehrkomponenten-membranen, elektrochemischer reaktor und anwendung dieser membranen und dieses reaktors für oxidationsreaktionen

Membransystem zur übertragung von sauerstoff mit einem katalysator

Electrically heated reactor for endothermic processes

Designs for electrically heated reactors are disclosed. In one embodiment, a cylindrical reactor design to provide high temperature heat for an endothermic steam methane reformer without combustion includes: a cylindrical shell, one or more parallel internal cylindrical return tubes, baffles perpendicular to the axis of the shell, electrical heating elements disposed parallel to the shell axis and arranged in one or more rings extending through one or more baffles, and fitted with annular gas entrance and cylindrical gas outlet plena attached to one end of the device.

Solid,multi-component membranes,electrochemical reactor components,electrochemical reactors and use of membranes,reactor components and reactor for oxidation reactions

Solid multi-component membranes, electrochemical reactors containing the membranes and reactors for oxidation reactions

Komponenten für elektrochemische zellen und ihre verwendung in sauerstofftrennung

Für oxydationsreaktionen nützliche elektrochemische reaktoren und mehrkomponenten- membranen

Porous electrolessly deposited coatings

A new electroless plating approach to generate a porous metallic coating is described in which a metal is electrolessly deposited on a surface. Microparticles in the metal are removed to leave pores in the metal coating. Another method of forming electroless coatings is described in which a blocking ligand is attached to the surface, followed by a second coating step. The invention includes coatings and coated apparatus formed by methods of the invention. The invention also includes catalyst structures comprising a dense substrate and a porous metal adhered to the dense substrate, which is further characterized by one or more of the specified features.