Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy

Methods and apparatus for performing biometric identification or verification of identities using optical spectroscopy of tissue. Tissue optical spectra can be obtained by projecting optical radiation into skin and capturing the light transmitted or reflected back and out through the tissue. The tissue spectra collected preferably includes primarily light that has passed through skin tissue below the epidermis. Multiple tissue spectra and identities can be collected from one or more individuals. These tissue spectra can be analyzed on a computer, and the spectral features that are most important for classifying person-to-person differences can be established using principle component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, or a variety of other related techniques. One or more tissue spectra and identities can be collected from individuals for whom identification or verification may later be desired. A target individual seeking identification or verification can submit a suitable tissue site for spectroscopic measurement. In addition a target individual seeking identity verification can submit a purported identity using some means such as a typed user name, PIN code, magnetic card, transponder, etc. Similarity between the target spectrum and the spectrum or spectra in the enrolled spectral database with respect to the inter-person classification spectral features is determined and identification or verification is granted based on the degree of similarity.

DUAL-IMAGER BIOMETRIC SENSOR

Embodiments disclose a two imager biometric sensor. In some embodiments, the two imagers can include a direct imager and a TIR imager. In some embodiments, multispectral light sources can be used to illuminate target tissue imaged by two imagers. In some embodiments, composite images can be created from images detected using both imagers.

System and method for robust fingerprint acquisition

Combined multispectral and total-internal-reflectance biometric imaging systems are disclosed. A platen has multiple facets, at least one of which has a surface adapted for placement of a purported skin site by an individual and another facet may include an optical absorber. An illumination source and an optical arrangement are disposed to illuminate the purported skin site with light from the illumination source along distinct illumination paths, including paths at angles less than the critical angle and paths at angles greater than the critical angle. Both multispectral and total-internal-reflectance illumination are received by an imaging system. The imaging system may include first and second imaging locations adapted to record images from separate illumination paths. The platen may also include non parallel exits facets.

Optical authentication of objects based on latent structural characteristics

Systems and methods are described for using optical techniques to authenticate a pre-characterized object according to its latent structural characteristics. For example, an image stack can be generated by aligning enrollment images acquired from an enrollment object according to different optical geometries. Enrollment basis functions can be computed from the stack that describe latent structural characteristics of the enrollment object, and enrollment magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. Subsequently, another image stack can be generated by aligning authentication images acquired from an authentication object according to different optical geometries. Authentication basis functions can be computed from the stack to describe latent structural characteristics of the authentication object, and authentication magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. A mathematical correspondence can be computed between the enrollment and authentication magnitudes, from which ...

Two camera biometric imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Multiplexed biometric imaging

Some embodiments of the present invention disclose systems and methods for a multiplexed multispectral imaging, object discrimination, background discrimination, and/or object identification. In some embodiments, a multispectral sensor is provided that includes at least two illumination sources and an imager with a color filter array. The two illumination sources can illuminate a platen with light having distinct illumination angles as well as distinct characteristics, such as distinct wavelengths or wavelength bands and/or distinct polarization conditions. The color filter array, which may be integral with the imager or separate therefrom, can filter light based on the specific distinctions between the two illumination sources. A single image of an object at the platen can be acquired. Individual pixels of the image will then be highly associated with one or the other illumination source. Because of the filtering by the color filter array, this image will include information about the ...

Methods and systems for estimating genetic characteristics from biometric measurements

Methods and devices are disclosed for collecting fingerprint and genetic information from an individual during a single collection session. A skin site is illuminated by direct imaging of the skin site using light reflected from the illuminated skin site. A cell of the individual, such as a skin cell, is retrieved from the collection surface.

Biometric terminals

Biometric terminals are disclosed that include a biometric reader, an input device, and a processor coupled with the biometric reader and the input device. The processor has instructions to read a biometric measure from a user with the biometric reader. It also has instructions to receive an encoded signal from a handheld device with the input device, the encoded signal including an instruction to update a biometric access system. Instructions are included to decode the encoded signal and to modify biometric access by the user to the biometric access system in accordance with the instruction to update the biometric access system. Update of the biometric access system is acknowledged.

Apparatus and method for identification of individuals by near-infrared spectrum

Methods and apparatus for non-invasively verifying human identities using near-infrared spectroscopy. Near-infrared tissue spectra can be obtained by projecting near-infrared radiation into skin on the underside of human forearms and capturing the light reflected back and out through the tissue. The tissue spectrum collected preferably includes primarily diffuse reflected light reflected from the inner dermis. Multiple tissue spectra and identities can be collected from individuals for whom identity verification may later be desired. The tissue spectra for each individual can be analyzed on a computer, and the spectra for each individual clustered or classified together using tools such as linear discriminant analysis. A target individual seeking identity verification can submit both a purported identity and a near-infrared tissue spectrum for analysis through near-infrared spectroscopy of the forearm. Similarity between the target spectrum and the multiple spectra for the purported identity in the spectral database is determined and identify verified or not verified based on the degree of similarity.

Optical biometrics imaging with films

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models

A method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved subject-tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate subject-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling within- subject physiological variation, sample location, insertion variations, and instrument variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target subject separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each subject.

Hygienic biometric sensors

Methods and systems for performing a biometric measurement on an individual are disclosed. A containment film is disposed between a skin site of the individual and a platen. Light is directed through the containment film to the skin site to illuminate the skin site under multiple distinct optical conditions. Light scattered from the skin site is received for the multiple optical conditions. A multispectral image of the skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Methods and systems for estimation of personal characteristics from biometric measurements

Methods and apparatus are provided for estimating a personal characteristic of an individual. A biometric data measurement is collected from the individual. The personal characteristic is determined by applying an algorithmic relationship between biometric data measurements and values of the personal characteristic derived from application of a multivariate algorithm to previous measurements.

Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models

CONTACTLESS MULTISPECTRAL BIOMETRIC CAPTURE

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 1140-. (canceled)141. A method of decoding a machine-readable symbol , comprising:acquiring at least one image of a machine-readable symbol having a plurality of three-dimensional marks formed in or on a surface of the machine-readable symbol;identifying an array of cells from the acquired image, where each mark is disposed in one of the cells;using reference cells of the array of cells to classify nonreference cells of the array of cells as including or not including one of the marks therein;compiling classifications of the nonreference cells into a binary grid; anddecoding the binary grid.142. The method recited in claim 141 , wherein each three dimensional mark includes at least one of a depression in the surface of the machine-readable symbol and a protuberance on the surface of the machine-readable symbol.143. The method recited in claim 141 , wherein the using includes:evaluating the reference cells of the array in accordance with a reference standard for the machine-readable symbol to identify optical characteristics consistent with the presence or absence of a mark in the reference cells; andclassifying the nonreference cells of the array in accordance with the identified optical characteristics to determine the presence or absence of a mark in the nonreference cells.144. The method recited in claim 143 , wherein the acquiring the image of the machine-readable symbol comprises illuminating the machine-readable symbol with a plurality of illumination sources having different illumination spectra claim 143 , and wherein the evaluating reference cells of the array and classifying nonreference cells of the array comprises separating chromatic components of the acquired image.145. The method recited in claim 144 ...

Apparatus and method for identification of individuals by near-infrared spectrum

Methods and apparatus for non-invasively verifying human identities using near-infrared spectroscopy. Near-infrared tissue spectra can be obtained by projecting near-infrared radiation into skin on the underside of human forearms and capturing the light reflected back and out through the tissue. The tissue spectrum collected preferably includes primarily diffuse reflected light reflected from the inner dermis. Multiple tissue spectra and identities can be collected from individuals for whom identity verification may later be desired. The tissue spectra for each individual can be analyzed on a computer, and the spectra for each individual clustered or classified together using tools such as linear discriminant analysis. A target individual seeking identity verification can submit both a purported identity and a near-infrared tissue spectrum for analysis through near-infrared spectroscopy of the forearm. Similarity between the target spectrum and the multiple spectra for the purported identity ...

Data transmission to optical terminals

Methods are disclosed for transmitting information from a handheld device to a terminal. The information is encoded as a barcode pattern. The barcode pattern is generated on a display of the handheld device. A size of the barcode pattern is periodically modulated on the display while maintaining internal relative dimensions within the barcode pattern. The periodically modulating barcode pattern is displayed to an optical reader of the terminal.

Biometrics based on locally consistent features

Systems, devices, methods, and software are described for biometric sensors that permit a reduction in the size of the sensing area without significant reduction in biometric functionality of the sensor. A skin site of an individual is illuminated, and light scattered from the skin site is received. An image of a locally consistent feature of the skin site is formed from the received light. The locally consistent feature is analyzed to perform a biometric function.

Contactless Multispectral Biometric Capture

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 196.-. (canceled)97. A copy-resistant symbol comprising:a substrate; anda machine-readable symbol instantiated on the substrate, the machine-readable symbol represents a combination of substantive information and encrypted security information; and', 'a decryption of the encrypted security information identifies a security feature of the copy-resistant symbol identifiable through optical imaging of the copy-resistant symbol., 'wherein98. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the machine-readable symbol comprises a barcode.99. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the substrate and/or the machine-readable symbol comprises an optically variable material.100. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the machine-readable symbol is printed over the substrate.101. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the machine-readable symbol is incorporated within the substrate.102. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the security feature comprises an identifying mark comprised by the substrate or comprised by the machine-readable symbol.103. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the security feature comprises an angular relationship of the identifying mark and a reference comprised by the copy-resistant symbol.104. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the security feature comprises a spatial relationship between the identifying mark and a reference comprised by the copy-resistant symbol.105. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein:the substrate is comprised by an item; andthe substantive information identifies the item.106. The copy-resistant symbol recited in wherein the security feature comprises a mark made on the substrate during manufacture of the item.107. The copy- ...

Methods and systems for biometric identification of individuals using linear optical spectroscopy

Methods and systems are provided for identifying an individual. Electromagnetic radiation is propagated into tissue of the individual. A measured spectral variation is received in the form of electromagnetic radiation scattered from the tissue of the individual. The measured spectral variation is compared with a previously stored spectral variation over a predetermined wavelength interval. The comparison is performed at each of multiple wavelengths within the predetermined wavelength interval and is performed of a property of the measured and previously stored spectral variations that is independent of a presence of other wavelengths. The individual is designated as having an identity associated with the previously stored spectral variation if the measured spectral variation is consistent with the previously stored spectral variation.

MULTISPECTRAL BARCODE IMAGING

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

BIOMETRICS BASED ON LOCALLY CONSISTENT FEATURES

Systems, devices, methods, and software are described for biometric sensors that permit a reduction in the size of the sensing area without significant reduction in biometric functionality of the sensor. A skin site of an individual is illuminated, and light scattered from the skin site is received. An image of a locally consistent feature of the skin site is formed from the received light. The locally consistent feature is analyzed to perform a biometric function.

Updates of biometric access systems

Methods are disclosed for performing an update to a biometric access system. An instruction is received at a handheld device defining the update. An encoded signal is generated from the instruction to be transmitted to a biometric terminal from the handheld device. An acknowledgment is received from the biometric terminal at the handheld device that the encoded signal has been received and acted upon. Update information is transmitted from the handheld device over a network to a server to record the update.

Systems and methods for improved biometric feature definition

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session for a fixed position of the purported skin site. Light from the purported skin site is received for each of the optical conditions. Images of the purported skin site are generated from the received light. The images are analyzed to identify a biometric feature as a characteristic in a portion of at least one of the images. The biometric function is implemented in accordance with an identification of the biometric feature.

MULTISPECTRAL IMAGING BIOMETRICS

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image. 128.-. (canceled)29. A method for acquiring an image of an optical code , the method comprising:first configuring optical components of a biometric imager in a close-up configuration, the biometric imager integrated in a portable electronic device;first imaging a purported skin site in contact with a platen of the biometric imager while the optical components are in the close-up configuration;second configuring the optical components in a macro configuration that is distinct from the close-up configuration; andsecond imaging an optical code out of contact with the platen while the optical components are in the macro configuration.30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the first imaging is performed in close temporal proximity to the second imaging.31. The method of claim 30 , further comprising:associating a first image acquired by the first imaging with a second image acquired by the second imaging; andusing the associated first and second images in at least one of a legal audit trail or a forensic chain of evidence.32. The method of claim 29 , wherein the first imaging comprises:acquiring an image of the purported skin site; andprocessing the image to perform a biometric function.33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the biometric function comprises at least one of biometric identification or biometric authentication.34. The method of claim 29 , wherein the first imaging comprises:illuminating the purported skin site;receiving light from the ...

Multispectral liveness determination

Methods and systems are provided for determining a liveness state of purported tissue. The purported tissue is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered from the purported tissue is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported tissue is derived from the received light. It is verified that the derived multispectral image is consistent with living tissue.

Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches ...

Optically similar reference samples and related methods for multivariate calibration models used in optical spectroscopy

Systems and methods for establishing and/or maintaining the prediction capability over time of a multivariate calibration model designed for quantitative optical spectroscopic measurement of attributes or analytes in bodily tissues, bodily fluids or other biological samples, which are particularly useful when the spectral absorbance of the attribute or analyte is small relative to the background. The present invention provides an optically similar reference sample to capture the characteristics of instrument and environmental variation and to reduce the effect of such variation on the measurement capability of the model. The optically similar reference is preferably stable over time and is designed such that its optical properties are sufficiently matched to the sample of interest that instrument and environmental variations are captured in the same manner in both the test sample of interest and the optically similar reference sample. The optically similar reference sample may include one ...

BIOMETRIC IMAGING USING AN OPTICAL ADAPTIVE INTERFACE

Embodiments of the invention provide for a biometric system with an optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, an optically adaptive interface changes optical characteristics in response to the placement of a finger on the optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, the optically adaptive interface can include an active layer and a surface layer. The active layer and the surface layer can have different optical properties. For example, one layer may be opaque and the other transparent, the two layers may have complementary colors, the two layers may have orthogonal polarization reflectors, one layer may be reflective and the other absorptive, etc. Moreover, the active layer can be a fluid with either high or low viscosity. For example, the viscosity can be such that the active layer fluid is either completely displaced or not displaced in locations corresponding to finger valleys.

Multispectral biometric sensors

A biometric measurement system has a platen, an illumination source, a light detector, and a controller. The controller is interfaced with the illumination source and the light detector. The controller has instructions to illuminate a purported skin site of an individual under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session while the purported skin site is moved over the platen. The controller also has instructions to derive a multispectral image of the purported skin site from light received by the light detector after scattering from the purported skin site for multiple distinct optical conditions while the purported skin site is moved over the platen.

BIOMETRICS SENSOR

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image. 121.-. (canceled)22. A biometric sensor comprising:an illumination source;a volume of material at least partially transparent to a wavelength generated by the illumination source;a reflective coating disposed at a surface of the volume of material;imaging optics disposed to direct light from the illumination source through the volume of material to the reflective coating;an imager disposed to receive light reflected from the reflective coating to derive an image of a skin site of an individual disposed over the volume of material; anda controller interfaced with the illumination source and the imager, the controller including instructions to initiate a biometric function using the derived image of the skin site.23. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the illumination source comprises a single illumination source.24. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the illumination source comprises a plurality of illumination sources.25. The biometric sensor recited in where at least two of the plurality of illumination sources provide light at different wavelengths.26. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the illumination source comprises a broadband illumination source.27. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the illumination source comprises a substantially monochromatic illumination source.28. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the biometric function comprises identifying the individual.29. The biometric sensor recited in wherein the ...

CONTACTLESS MULTISPECTRAL BIOMETRIC CAPTURE

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

Comparative texture analysis of tissue for biometric spoof detection

Methods are described of evaluating the genuineness of a sample presented for biometric evaluation. The sample is illuminated under distinct optical conditions. Light scattered from the sample is received. Multiple images are formed, each image being formed from the received light for one of the optical conditions. A set of texture measures is generated, each texture measure being generated from one of the images. It is determined whether the generated texture measures is consistent with the sample being authentic unconcealed biological tissue.

Liveness sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

Method and apparatus to combine biometric sensing and other functionality

A multispectral system is disclosed that can image a biometric features as well as secondary objects or environments. In some embodiments machine readable information and a biometric images can be imaged using a multispectral systems disclosed herein. Such systems can be used to implement a number of processes that can include secondary authentication, alternate authentication, two-factor authentication, one-time authentication, etc. Some embodiments of the invention provide for greater functionality in a fingerprint reader in order to variously increase security, increase user convenience, decrease system size, decrease system complexity, decrease system cost, increase system throughput or transaction speed, provide alternative authentication, record and/or confirm the identity of a person.

Machine-readable symbols

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

Dual-imager biometric sensor

Embodiments disclose a two imager biometric sensor. In some embodiments, the two imagers can include a direct imager and a TIR imager. In some embodiments, multispectral light sources can be used to illuminate target tissue imaged by two imagers. In some embodiments, composite images can be created from images detected using both imagers.

Methods and apparatus for spectroscopic calibration model transfer

A method and apparatus for measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved instrument-tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate instrument-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling intra-instrument variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target instrument separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each instrument.

Optical topographic imaging

Methods and devices of studying a predefined portion of an object having a feature of interest are disclosed. The feature of interest defines a class of objects that includes the object. Light sources directly illuminate the object from different illumination directions. The light sources are maintained in a stable configuration relative to the object. For each illumination direction, an image is generated from light scattered from the object with a camera maintained in a stable configuration relative to the light sources. A methodology derived from machine learning for the class of objects is applied to filter the generated images are filtered for a characteristic consistent with the feature of interest. Surface gradients are determined from the filtered images and integrated to generate a topography of a surface of the object.

Methods and systems for performing biometric functions

Methods and sensors are disclosed for executing a biometric function. Illumination light is generated and directed to a deformable layer when the deformable layer is in a state of deformation resulting from pressure applied to the deformable layer by a skin site. Light scattered from the deformable layer is received. A fingerprint pattern of the skin site is determined from the received light. The biometric function is performed with the determined fingerprint pattern.

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BIOMETRIC DETERMINATION USING SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property. 111.-. (canceled)12. A method of determining a liveness state of a sample , the method comprising:illuminating the sample with light emitted from a light source;detecting light emanating from the sample with a plurality of light detectors having different separations from the light source; andanalyzing the detected light to determine whether the sample comprises living tissue.13. The method recited in wherein the light emitted from the light source comprises near-infrared light.14. The method recited in wherein the light source and the plurality of light detectors are on opposite sides of the sample.15. The method recited in wherein the light source and the plurality of light detectors are on the same side of the sample.16. The method recited in wherein analyzing the detected light comprises analyzing the detected light to determine whether the sample comprises living human tissue. ...

White-light spectral biometric sensors

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated with white light. Light scattered from the purported skin site is received with a color imager on which the received light is incident. Spatially distributed images of the purported skin site are derived and correspond to different volumes of illuminated tissue of the individual. The images are analyzed to perform the biometric function.

Machine-readable symbols

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

White-light spectral biometric sensors

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated with white light. Light scattered from the purported skin site is received with a color imager on which the received light is incident. Spatially distributed images of the purported skin site are derived and correspond to different volumes of illuminated tissue of the individual. The images are analyzed to perform the biometric function.

Biometric imaging using an optical adaptive interface

Embodiments of the invention provide for a biometric system with an optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, an optically adaptive interface changes optical characteristics in response to the placement of a finger on the optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, the optically adaptive interface can include an active layer and a surface layer. The active layer and the surface layer can have different optical properties. For example, one layer may be opaque and the other transparent, the two layers may have complementary colors, the two layers may have orthogonal polarization reflectors, one layer may be reflective and the other absorptive, etc. Moreover, the active layer can be a fluid with either high or low viscosity. For example, the viscosity can be such that the active layer fluid is either completely displaced or not displaced in locations corresponding to finger valleys.

SECURING CREDENTIALS WITH OPTICAL SECURITY FEATURES FORMED BY QUASI-RANDOM OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF CREDENTIAL SUBSTRATES

Systems and methods are described for securing credentials with optical security features formed by quasi-random optical characteristics (QROCs) of credential substrates. A QROC can be a pattern of substrate element locations (SELs) on the substrate that includes some SELs that differ in optical response from surrounding SELs. During manufacturing, a QROC of a substrate can be characterized, hidden by a masking layer, and associated with a substrate identifier. During personalization, personalization data can be converted into an authentication graphic formed on the substrate by de-masking portions of the masking layer according to a de-masking pattern. The graphic formation can result in a representation that manifests a predetermined optical response only when the de-masking pattern is computed with knowledge of the hidden QROC. The authentication graphic and optical response can facilitate simple human authentication of the credential without complex or expensive detection equipment.

Contactless multispectral biometric capture

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

Augmented reality security verification

Providing visual security verification includes an electronic credential of a credential holder causing credential holder information to be transmitted to an augmented reality device, superimposing the credential holder information on to a live image of an immediate environment of the augmented reality device to provide a superimposed image, where the credential holder information includes a picture of the credential holder, and providing security verification based on a comparison of the picture of the credential holder and the live image. The information may be stored in the augmented reality device and an identifier of the credential holder from the electronic credential may be used to look up the information. The information may be provided by the electronic credential to the augmented reality device. The augmented reality device may cache information for a subset of the credential holders. The information may be stored in a cloud storage device.

TWO CAMERA BIOMETRIC IMAGING

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Multispectral biometric sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BIOMETRIC DETERMINATION USING SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property. 111.-. (canceled)12. A method of determining a liveness state of a sample , the method comprising:illuminating the sample with light emitted from a light source;detecting light emanating from the illuminated sample with a light detector; andanalyzing the detected light to determine whether the sample comprises living tissue.13. The method recited in wherein the light source and the light detector are on opposite sides of the sample.14. The method recited in wherein the light source and the light detector are on a same side of the sample.15. The method recited in wherein analyzing the detected light comprises analyzing the detected light to determine whether the sample comprises living human tissue.16. The method recited in wherein the light source comprises a plurality of light sources.17. The method recited in wherein the plurality of light sources comprise light sources having ...

Multispectral imaging biometrics

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Multispectral biometric sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

MULTIPLEXED BIOMETRIC IMAGING

Some embodiments of the present invention disclose systems and methods for a multiplexed multispectral imaging, object discrimination, background discrimination, and/or object identification. In some embodiments, a multispectral sensor is provided that includes at least two illumination sources and an imager with a color filter array. The two illumination sources can illuminate a platen with light having distinct illumination angles as well as distinct characteristics, such as distinct wavelengths or wavelength bands and/or distinct polarization conditions. The color filter array, which may be integral with the imager or separate therefrom, can filter light based on the specific distinctions between the two illumination sources. A single image of an object at the platen can be acquired. Individual pixels of the image will then be highly associated with one or the other illumination source. Because of the filtering by the color filter array, this image will include information about the ...

Texture-biometrics sensor

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated with illumination light. The purported skin site is in contact with a surface. Light scattered from the purported skin site is received in a plane that includes the surface. An image is formed from the received light. An image-texture measure is generated from the image. The generated image-texture measure is analyzed to perform the biometric function.

Miniaturized optical biometric sensing

Systems and methods are described for providing reliable biometric access control using an optical biometric sensor in a miniaturized form factor. Some implementations include multiple light sources that can illuminate skin or other tissue at multiple locations during a single measurement session. An imaging array can be arranged to form images of the light exiting the tissue only after undergoing diffuse reflectance in the tissue. Some implementations use the images to perform biometric functions. For example, the images can be used to identify an individual, verify identity of an individual, estimate demographic characteristics of an individual, etc. Such biometric functions can further be used to determine and affect access to secured assets.

Bioimpedance spoof detection

Embodiments relate to bioimpedence-based spoof detection in an optical biometric reader. For example, embodiments operate in context of a biometric reader having a platen integrated with substantially transparent bioimpedance source and receiver electrodes covered by a substantially transparent protective layer. A multi-frequency input signal can be injected from the source electrode into a purported skin site (through the protective layer), so that a response signal is received by the receiver electrode. The response signal is interrogated to formulate a dispersive bioimpedance response of the purported skin site to the input signal over multiple frequencies. A biometric spoof determination can then be made according to the dispersive bioimpedance response. The spoof determination can be used for spoof detection, presence detection, and/or other functions.

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BIOMETRIC DETERMINATION USING SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches ...

DERMATOGLYPHIC HAND SENSOR

Methods and systems are disclosed for performing a biometric function. A means is provided for positioning a hand of an individual in a substantially repeatable manner. An optical direct-imaging sensor is disposed relative to the means for positioning to image a portion of the hand when the hand is positioned by the means for positioning. A computational unit in communication with the optical direct-imaging sensor has instructions to operate the optical direct-imaging sensor to generate an image of the portion of the hand, and instructions to perform the biometric function with the generated image. 1. A system for performing a biometric function , the system comprising:means for positioning a hand of an individual in a substantially repeatable manner;an optical direct-imaging sensor disposed relative to the means for positioning to image a portion of the hand when the hand is positioned by the means for positioning; and instructions to operate the optical direct-imaging sensor to generate an image the portion of the hand; and', 'instructions to perform the biometric function with the generated image., 'a computational unit in communication with the optical direct-imaging sensor, the computational unit comprising2. The system recited in wherein the optical direct-imaging sensor comprises a multispectral sensor.3. The system recited in wherein the optical direct-imaging sensor comprises an optical topographic sensor.4. The system recited in wherein the hand is in contact with the optical direct-imaging sensor when the hand is positioned by the means for positioning.5. The system recited in wherein the hand is not in contact with the optical direct-imaging sensor when the hand is positioned by the means for positioning.6. The system recited in wherein the biometric function comprises identifying the individual.7. The system recited in wherein the biometric function comprises verifying an identity of the individual.8. The system recited in claim 1 , wherein the ...

Spatial-spectral fingerprint spoof detection

Methods and apparatus are provided of deriving a discrimination feature set for use in identifying biometric spoofs. True skin sites are illuminated under distinct optical conditions and light reflected from each of the true skin sites is received. True-skin feature values are derived to characterize the true skin sites. Biometric spoofs is similarly illuminated under the distinct optical conditions and light reflected from the spoofs is received. Spoof feature values are derived to characterize the biometric spoofs. The derived true-skin feature values are compared with the derived spoof feature values to select a subset of the features to define the discrimination feature set.

Contactless multispectral biometric capture

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

Accommodating subject and instrument variations in spectroscopic determinations

A method and apparatus for measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved instrument-tailored or subject-tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate instrument-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling intra-instrument or intra-subject variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target instrument separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each instrument or subject.

Biometrics with spatiospectral spoof detection

Methods and apparatus are described for performing a biometric function on a purported skin site. The site is illuminated under distinct optical conditions and light reflected from the site is received. A feature value for several features is derived from the received light, permitting a comparison to be performed with reference feature values. Whether the purported skin site is a true skin site is determined from the comparison.

MULTISPECTRAL BARCODE IMAGING

A multispectral sensor is provided with an illumination source and a digital imaging system. The illumination source is disposed to provide light at multiple wavelengths to an object. The digital imaging system is disposed to receive light scattered from the object and has a digital array of light detectors and a color filter array. The color filter array has a multiple distributed filter elements, each of which is adapted to transmit light of one of a limited number of specified narrowband wavelength ranges. The color filter array is disposed to filter the light scattered from the object prior to encountering the digital array of light detectors.

Multispectral imaging biometrics

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Electro-optical sensor

Methods and systems are provided that extend the functionality of electro-optical sensors. A device has a multiple light sources, a light detector, and a processor configured to operate the light sources and the light detector to perform distinct functions. At least one of the distinct functions includes a biometric identification function in which light is propagated from the plurality of light sources through presented material. The propagated light is received with the light detector, with the presented material being identified from the received light. Another of the distinct functions includes a nonidentification function performed with the light sources and the light detector.

Whole-hand multispectral biometric imaging

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

Whole-Hand Multispectral Biometric Imaging

A number of biometric systems and methods are disclosed. A system according to one embodiment includes an illumination subsystem, an imaging subsystem, and an analyzer. The illumination subsystem is disposed to illuminate a target space. The imaging subsystem is configured to image the target space under distinct optical conditions. The analyzer is provided in communication with the illumination subsystem, the imaging subsystem, and the three-dimensional subsystem. The analyzer also has instructions to operate the subsystems to collect substantially simultaneously a plurality of images of the object disposed at the predetermined spatial location under multispectral conditions.

Multispectral biometric imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual disposed relative to a platen is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. At least one of the optical conditions includes illuminating the purported skin site with light at an angle greater than a critical angle defined by an interface of the platen with an external environment. At least another of the distinct optical conditions includes illuminating the purported skin site with light at an angle less than the critical angle. Light scattered from the purported skin site is received separately for each of multiple optical conditions to derive a multispectral image of the purported skin site.

Machine-readable symbols

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

Biometric imaging using an optical adaptive interface

Embodiments of a biometric system with an optically adaptive interface are described. In some embodiments, an optically adaptive interface changes optical characteristics in response to the placement of a finger on the optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, the optically adaptive interface can include an active layer and a surface layer. The active layer and the surface layer can have different optical properties. For example, one layer may be opaque and the other transparent, the two layers may have complementary colors, the two layers may have orthogonal polarization reflectors, one layer may be reflective and the other absorptive, etc. Moreover, the active layer can be a fluid with either high or low viscosity. For example, the viscosity can be such that the active layer fluid is either completely displaced or not displaced in locations corresponding to finger valleys.

BIOMETRIC TERMINALS

Biometric terminals are disclosed that include a biometric reader, an input device, and a processor coupled with the biometric reader and the input device. The processor has instructions to read a biometric measure from a user with the biometric reader. It also has instructions to receive an encoded signal from a handheld device with the input device, the encoded signal including an instruction to update a biometric access system. Instructions are included to decode the encoded signal and to modify biometric access by the user to the biometric access system in accordance with the instruction to update the biometric access system. Update of the biometric access system is acknowledged.

UPDATES OF BIOMETRIC ACCESS SYSTEMS

Methods are disclosed for performing an update to a biometric access system. An instruction is received at a handheld device defining the update. An encoded signal is generated from the instruction to be transmitted to a biometric terminal from the handheld device. An acknowledgment is received from the biometric terminal at the handheld device that the encoded signal has been received and acted upon. Update information is transmitted from the handheld device over a network to a server to record the update.

Securing credentials with optical security features formed by quasi-random optical characteristics of credential substrates

Systems and methods are described for securing credentials with optical security features formed by quasi-random optical characteristics (QROCs) of credential substrates. A QROC can be a pattern of substrate element locations (SELs) on the substrate that includes some SELs that differ in optical response from surrounding SELs. During manufacturing, a QROC of a substrate can be characterized, hidden by a masking layer, and associated with a substrate identifier. During personalization, personalization data can be converted into an authentication graphic formed on the substrate by de-masking portions of the masking layer according to a de-masking pattern. The graphic formation can result in a representation that manifests a predetermined optical response only when the de-masking pattern is computed with knowledge of the hidden QROC. The authentication graphic and optical response can facilitate simple human authentication of the credential without complex or expensive detection equipment.

Copy-resistant symbol having a substrate and a machine-readable symbol instantiated on the substrate

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

SPATIAL-SPECTRAL FINGERPRINT SPOOF DETECTION

Methods and apparatus are provided of deriving a discrimination feature set for use in identifying biometric spoofs. True skin sites are illuminated under distinct optical conditions and light reflected from each of the true skin sites is received. True-skin feature values are derived to characterize the true skin sites. Biometric spoofs is similarly illuminated under the distinct optical conditions and light reflected from the spoofs is received. Spoof feature values are derived to characterize the biometric spoofs. The derived true-skin feature values are compared with the derived spoof feature values to select a subset of the features to define the discrimination feature set.

Biometric Detection Using Spatial, Temporal, And/Or Spectral Techniques

A biometric feature detection system is provided according to one embodiment. The system may include a target, an illumination source, a color filter array, a light detector, and a computational unit. The illumination source illuminates a portion of the target with monochromatic light at a large angle of incidence measured from the normal of the target surface. The light detector may be configured to receive light from the target through the color-filter array and provide an image of the target surface. Each pixel of the light detector may correspond to one of a plurality of color filter mosaics such that each pixel detects light associated with a corresponding color filter. The computational unit may be interfaced with at least the light detector. The computational unit may include instructions to monitor the levels of monochromatic light and make proximity, presence and segmentation determinations based on the detected levels of monochromatic light.

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR ESTIMATING GENETIC CHARACTERISTICS FROM BIOMETRIC MEASUREMENTS

Methods and devices are disclosed for collecting fingerprint and genetic information from an individual during a single collection session. A skin site is illuminated by direct imaging of the skin site using light reflected from the illuminated skin site. A cell of the individual, such as a skin cell, is retrieved from the collection surface. 1. A method of collecting fingerprint and genetic information from an individual during a single collection session , the method comprising:illuminating a skin site positioned over and at least partially in contact with a collection surface;obtaining an image of the skin site by direct imaging of the skin site using light reflected from the illuminated skin site; andretrieving a cell of the individual from the collection surface.2. The method recited in wherein:the collection surface is comprised by a single-use collection membrane at least partially transparent to the light; andilluminating the skin site comprises directing light through the collection membrane to the skin site.3. The method recited in further comprising replacing the collection membrane in preparation for collecting fingerprint and genetic information from a second individual during a second collection session.4. The method recited in wherein the collection surface includes a chemical.5. The method recited in wherein the collection surface includes an adhesive property.6. The method recited in wherein the collection surface includes an abrasive property.7. The method recited in further comprising applying heat to the skin site.8. The method recited in further comprising applying pressure to the skin site.9. The method recited in further comprising moving the skin site relative to the collection membrane.10. The method recited in further comprising flowing air over the skin site.11. The method recited in wherein illuminating the skin site comprises illuminating the skin site under a plurality of distinct optical conditions.12. The method recited in wherein ...

Machine-readable symbols

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property.

Biometric sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 1. A method of acquiring an image of a machine-readable symbol , the method comprising:illuminating the machine-readable symbol with a plurality of illumination sources disposed relative to the machine-readable symbol to define a plurality of distinct illumination geometries;for each illumination geometry, obtaining a respective raw image of the machine-readable symbol, wherein at least one of the respective raw images includes a dark region; andcombining information from the respective raw images to generate a single image of the machine-readable symbol.2. The method recited in wherein the machine-readable symbol comprises a printed barcode.3. The method recited in wherein combining information from the respective raw images comprises selecting a nonminimum pixel from each of the respective raw images.4. The method recited in wherein combining information from the respective raw images comprises applying a bilateral filter to at least one of the respective raw images.5. The method recited in wherein combining information from the respective raw images comprises averaging a pixel intensity across the respective raw images.6. The method recited in wherein combining information from the respective raw images comprises uniformly weighting the information from each of the respective raw images.7. The method recited in wherein combining information from the respective raw images comprises applying a nonuniform weighting to information from the respective raw images.8. The method recited in wherein applying the nonuniform weighting comprises applying the nonuniform weighting in accordance with a determination of a quality for each of the respective raw images.9. The method recited in wherein the plurality of illumination ...

BIOMETRICS WITH SPATIOSPECTRAL SPOOF DETECTION

Methods and apparatus are described for performing a biometric function on a purported skin site. The site is illuminated under distinct optical conditions and light reflected from the site is received. A feature value for several features is derived from the received light, permitting a comparison to be performed with reference feature values. Whether the purported skin site is a true skin site is determined from the comparison.

DATA TRANSMISSION TO OPTICAL TERMINALS

Methods are disclosed for transmitting information from a handheld device to a terminal. The information is encoded as a barcode pattern. The barcode pattern is generated on a display of the handheld device. A size of the barcode pattern is periodically modulated on the display while maintaining internal relative dimensions within the barcode pattern. The periodically modulating barcode pattern is displayed to an optical reader of the terminal.

OPTICAL TOPOGRAPHIC IMAGING

Methods and devices of studying a predefined portion of an object having a feature of interest are disclosed. The feature of interest defines a class of objects that includes the object. Light sources directly illuminate the object from different illumination directions. The light sources are maintained in a stable configuration relative to the object. For each illumination direction, an image is generated from light scattered from the object with a camera maintained in a stable configuration relative to the light sources. A methodology derived from machine learning for the class of objects is applied to filter the generated images are filtered for a characteristic consistent with the fetaure of interest. Surface gradients are determined from the filtered images and integrated to generate a topography of a surface of the object. 1. A method of studying a predefined portion of an object having a feature of interest and that is of a class of objects that each have a substantially similar optical property , the method comprising:activating each of a plurality of light sources to directly illuminate the object, wherein each of the plurality of light sources provides illumination from a different illumination direction and wherein the plurality of light sources is maintained in a stable configuration relative to the object;for each illumination direction, generating an image from light scattered from the object with a camera maintained in a stable configuration relative to the plurality of light sources; and filter the generated images for a characteristic consistent with the feature of interest;', 'determine surface gradients for the object from the filtered images; and', 'integrate the surface gradients to generate a topography of a surface of the predefined portion of the object., 'applying a methodology derived from machine learning for the class of objects to2. The method recited in further comprising determining an albedo of the surface of the object from the ...

Combined total-internal-reflectance and tissue imaging systems and methods

Methods and systems are provided for combining total-internal-reflectance and tissue imaging to perform biometric functions. The system may include an illumination source, a platen, a light detector, an optical train, and a computational unit. The platen is disposed to make contact with a skin site of an individual. The optical train is disposed to provide optical paths between the illumination source and the platen, and between the platen and the light detector. The combination of the illumination source and optical train provides illumination to the platen under multispectral conditions. The computational unit is interfaced with the light detector and has instructions to generate a total-internal-reflectance image of the skin site from a first portion of light received from the skin site, and to generate a tissue image of the skin site from a second portion of light received from the skin site.

Spectroscopic cross-channel method and apparatus for improved optical measurements of tissue

According to the invention, a sampling system for spectroscopic measurements of a biological sample is disclosed. The sampling system includes a plurality of illumination points, a plurality of detection points, a memory, and a processor. Each of the plurality of illumination points is involved in at least two measurements of illumination through the biological sample. Each of the plurality of detection points is involved in at least two measurements of illumination through the biological sample. The memory stores a plurality of measurements. The processor determines a value from the plurality of measurements that is related to the biological sample.

Multispectral imaging biometrics

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

AUGMENTED REALITY SECURITY VERIFICATION

Providing visual security verification includes an electronic credential of a credential holder causing credential holder information to be transmitted to an augmented reality device, superimposing the credential holder information on to a live image of an immediate environment of the augmented reality device to provide a superimposed image, where the credential holder information includes a picture of the credential holder, and providing security verification based on a comparison of the picture of the credential holder and the live image. The information may be stored in the augmented reality device and an identifier of the credential holder from the electronic credential may be used to look up the information. The information may be provided by the electronic credential to the augmented reality device. The augmented reality device may cache information for a subset of the credential holders. The information may be stored in a cloud storage device. 1. A method of providing visual security verification , comprising:an electronic credential of a credential holder causing credential holder information to be transmitted to an augmented reality device;superimposing the credential holder information on to a live image of an immediate environment of the augmented reality device to provide a superimposed image, wherein the credential holder information includes a picture of the credential holder; andproviding security verification based on a comparison of the picture of the credential holder and the live image.2. A method claim 1 , according to claim 1 , wherein the information is stored in the augmented reality device and an identifier of the credential holder from the electronic credential is used to look up the information.3. A method claim 1 , according to claim 1 , wherein the information is provided by the electronic credential to the augmented reality device.4. A method claim 3 , according to claim 3 , wherein the augmented reality device caches information for a ...

Multibiometric multispectral imager

A skin site of an individual is illuminated and light scattered from the skin site under multispectral conditions is received. The light includes light scattered from tissue beneath a surface of the skin site. Multiple biometric modalities are derived from the received light. The biometric modalities are fused into a combined biometric modality that is analyzed to perform a biometric function.

Noninvasive alcohol sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

Apparatus and method for identification of individuals by near-infrared spectrum

Methods and apparatus for non-invasively verifying human identities using near-infrared spectroscopy. Near-infrared tissue spectra can be obtained by projecting near-infrared radiation into skin on the underside of human forearms and capturing the light reflected back and out through the tissue. The tissue spectrum collected preferably includes primarily diffuse reflected light reflected from the inner dermis. Multiple tissue spectra and identities can be collected from individuals for whom identity verification may later be desired. The tissue spectra for each individual can be analyzed on a computer, and the spectra for each individual clustered or classified together using tools such as linear discriminant analysis. A target individual seeking identity verification can submit both a purported identity and a near-infrared tissue spectrum for analysis through near-infrared spectroscopy of the forearm. Similarity between the target spectrum and the multiple spectra for the purported identity in the spectral database is determined and identify verified or not verified based on the degree of similarity.

Smart switching using multispectral imaging

A multispectral sensor is provided with an illumination source and a digital imaging system. The illumination source is disposed to provide light at multiple wavelengths to an object. The digital imaging system is disposed to receive light scattered from the object and has a digital array of light detectors and a color filter array. The color filter array has a multiple distributed filter elements, each of which is adapted to transmit light of one of a limited number of specified narrowband wavelength ranges. The color filter array is disposed to filter the light scattered from the object prior to encountering the digital array of light detectors. 117.-. (canceled)18. A multispectral smart switch comprising:a switch in electrical communication with an associated device and having a platen; andan imaging system disposed to image an object in proximity to the platen, and to determine, according to the image, whether the object is a finger,the switch disposed to enable a function of the associated device only when the object is determined to be a finger.19. The smart switch of claim 18 , further comprising:an illumination source disposed to provide light at a plurality of wavelengths to an object in proximity to the platen,wherein the imaging system is disposed to image the object by receiving light scattered from the object.20. The smart switch of claim 19 , wherein the imaging system is further disposed to determine whether the object is a finger by analyzing or one or more multispectral qualities of the object from the image.21. The smart switch of claim 18 , wherein the imaging system is further disposed to:collect a sequence of image frames; andanalyze the sequence of image frames to detect a motion,wherein the imaging system is disposed to determine whether the object is a finger according to the motion.22. The smart switch of claim 21 , wherein the imaging system is further disposed to determine whether the object is a finger according to the motion by analyzing ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF BIOMETRIC DETERMINATION USING SPECIALIZED OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY SYSTEMS

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches ...

Apparatus and method of biometric determination using specialized optical spectroscopy systems

Methods and apparatuses for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue. The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are spaced at multiple distances from a detector to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches ...

Encoded variable filter spectrometer

Spectroscopic system and spectrometers including an optical bandpass filter unit having a plurality of bandpass regions and a spatial encoding unit for encoding discrete frequencies of light passing through the optical filter. The incorporation of the encoding unit allows the spectrometer system to use a detector having one or a small number of elements, rather than using a more expensive detector array typically used with filter-based spectrometers. The system can also include an integrating chamber that collects the light that is not transmitted through the bandpass filter unit, and redirects this light to strike the filter unit again, resulting in a significant increase in the optical power passing through the filter. The integrating chamber maximizes the return of the reflected light to the filter assembly and minimizes optical losses. The integrating chamber may be an orthogonal design to preserve the optical geometric characteristics of the light entering the chamber.

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 174.-. (canceled)75. A method of decoding a machine-readable symbol configured as a set of marks formed in a surface of an object , a presence or absence of a mark in each cell of an array of cells designating a binary state of the each cell , the method comprising:acquiring an image of the machine-readable symbol;identifying the cells of the array from the acquired image;evaluating reference cells of the array in accordance with a reference standard for the machine-readable symbol to identify optical characteristics consistent with the presence or absence of a mark in the reference cells;classifying nonreference cells of the array in accordance with the identified optical characteristics to determine the presence or absence of a mark in the nonreference cells;compiling classifications of the nonreference cells into a binary grid; anddecoding the binary grid.76. The method recited in wherein:acquiring the image of the machine-readable symbol comprises illuminating the machine-readable symbol with a plurality of illumination sources having different illumination spectra; andevaluating reference cells of the array and classifying nonreference cells of the array comprises separating chromatic components of the acquired image.77. The method recited in wherein the plurality of illumination sources are disposed relative to the machine-readable symbol to provide a plurality of distinct illumination geometries.78. The method recited in wherein at least two of the plurality of illumination sources are disposed at different azimuthal angles relative to the machine-readable symbol.79. The method recited in wherein at least two of the plurality of illumination sources are disposed at different elevation angles relative to the ...

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols.

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 164.-. (canceled)65. A multimode machine-readable symbol comprising:a first machine-readable symbol instantiated on an object at a first location, the first machine-readable symbol readable by a first methodology; anda second machine-readable symbol instantiated on the object at a second location that overlaps the first location, the second machine-readable symbol readable by a second methodology different from the first methodology.66. The multimode machine-readable symbol recited in further comprising a third machine-readable symbol instantiated on the object at a third location that overlaps the first and second locations claim 65 , the third machine-readable symbol readable by a third methodology different from the first and second methodologies.67. The multimode machine-readable symbol recited in wherein the second machine-readable symbol comprises a pattern of marks formed in a surface of the object.68. The multimode machine-readable symbol recited in wherein the first machine-readable symbol comprises a barcode printed on the surface of the object.69. The multimode machine-readable symbol recited in wherein the first machine-readable symbol comprises a barcode printed on a conformal layer applied over the surface of the object.70. A method of decoding a multimode machine-readable symbol having a first machine-readable symbol instantiated on an object at a first location and a second machine-readable symbol instantiated on the object at a second location that overlaps the first location claim 67 , the method comprising:acquiring an image of the multimode machine-readable symbol;processing the image to separately evaluate first and second characteristics of the image, wherein the first characteristics arise ...

MACHINE-READABLE SYMBOLS

A variety of forms of machine-readable symbols are disclosed, as well as methods and systems of constructing machine-readable symbols, methods and systems of acquiring machine-readable symbols, and methods and systems of decoding machine-readable symbols. 1. A method of authenticating a machine-readable symbol instantiated on a substrate , the method comprising:imaging the machine-readable symbol from a plurality of different positions relative to the machine-readable symbol to generate a plurality of images of the machine-readable symbol;transforming and registering the plurality of images; andconfirming an authenticity of the machine-readable symbol from the transformed and registered images.2. The method of authenticating recited in wherein confirming the authenticity of the machine-readable symbol from the transformed and registered images comprises:decoding the machine-readable symbol from the transformed and registered images to derive a message;determining a security feature from the message; andconfirming a physical presence of the security feature on the substrate.3. The method of authenticating recited in wherein determining the security feature from the message comprises:decrypting a portion of the message by applying a decryption key to the portion of the message; anddetermining the security feature from the decrypted portion of the message.4. The method of authenticating recited in wherein imaging the machine-readable symbol from the plurality of different positions relative to the machine-readable symbol comprises optically imaging the machine-readable symbol with a camera in motion relative to the machine-readable symbol.5. The method of authenticating recited in wherein imaging the machine-readable symbol from the plurality of different positions relative to the machine-readable symbol further comprises optically imaging the machine-readable symbol under a plurality of different lighting conditions.6. The method of authenticating recited in wherein ...

OPTICAL BIOMETRICS IMAGING WITH FILMS

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric measurement on an individual. A purported skin site of the individual is illuminated under a plurality of distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session. Light scattered beneath a surface of the purported skin site is received separately for each of the plurality of distinct optical conditions. A multispectral image of the purported skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

BIOMETRICS BASED ON LOCALLY CONSISTENT FEATURES

Systems, devices, methods, and software are described for biometric sensors that permit a reduction in the size of the sensing area without significant reduction in biometric functionality of the sensor. A skin site of an individual is illuminated, and light scattered from the skin site is received. An image of a locally consistent feature of the skin site is formed from the received light. The locally consistent feature is analyzed to perform a biometric function. 1. A method of performing a biometric function , the method comprising:illuminating a small-area purported skin site of an individual with illumination light;receiving light scattered from the small-area purported skin site;generating a local feature profile from the received light, wherein the local feature profile identifies a feature of the small-area purported skin site, of a type predetermined to exhibit substantial local consistency; andanalyzing the generated local feature profile to perform the biometric function,wherein analyzing the generated local feature profile comprises comparing the generated local feature profile with a reference local feature profile was generated from light scattered from a small-area reference skin site.25.-. (canceled)6. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein generating the local feature profile comprises:forming an image from the received light;generating spatially-distributed multispectral data from the image; andprocessing the spatially-distributed multispectral data to generate the local feature profile.7. The method recited in claim 1 , wherein generating the local feature profile comprises:forming an image from the received light;generating an image-texture measure from the image; andprocessing the generated image-texture measure to generate the local feature profile.8. The method recited in wherein:the biometric function comprises an antispoofing function; andanalyzing the generated local feature profile comprises determining whether the small-area purported ...

METHODS AND SYSTEMS FOR PERFORMING BIOMETRIC FUNCTIONS

Methods and sensors are disclosed for executing a biometric function. Illumination light is generated and directed to a deformable layer when the deformable layer is in a state of deformation resulting from pressure applied to the deformable layer by a skin site. Light scattered from the deformable layer is received. A fingerprint pattern of the skin site is determined from the received light. The biometric function is performed with the determined fingerprint pattern. 1. A method of executing a biometric function , the method comprising:generating illumination light;directing the illumination light to an optically distinct portion of a deformable layer while the deformable layer is in a state of deformation resulting from application of pressure to the deformable layer by a skin site;receiving light scattered from the optically distinct portion of the deformable layer;generating a displacement map from the received light, the displacement map corresponding to displacements at points of the optically distinct portion of an interface between the deformable layer and the skin site;determining a fingerprint pattern of the skin site from the displacement map; andperforming the biometric function with the determined fingerprint pattern.2. The method recited in wherein determining the fingerprint pattern comprises:determining a topography of the skin site from the displacement map; anddetermining the fingerprint pattern from the determined topography of the skin site.3. The method recited in wherein generating the displacement map comprises:determining positions of the points of the optically distinct portion from the received light to generate a position map; andgenerating the displacement map as a difference between the position map and a reference position map, the reference position map comprising positions of the points of the optically distinct portion when the deformable layer is in a relaxed state.4. The method recited in wherein generating the illumination light ...

BIOIMPEDANCE SPOOF DETECTION

Embodiments relate to bioimpedence-based spoof detection in an optical biometric reader. For example, embodiments operate in context of a biometric reader having a platen integrated with substantially transparent bioimpedance source and receiver electrodes covered by a substantially transparent protective layer. A multi-frequency input signal can be injected from the source electrode into a purported skin site (through the protective layer), so that a response signal is received by the receiver electrode. The response signal is interrogated to formulate a dispersive bioimpedance response of the purported skin site to the input signal over multiple frequencies. A biometric spoof determination can then be made according to the dispersive bioimpedance response. The spoof determination can be used for spoof detection, presence detection, and/or other functions. 1. A biometric sensor comprising:a platen;a source electrode and a receiver electrode disposed on the platen;an imaging system that operates to form an image of a purported skin site through the platen using optical wavelengths; and inject an input signal from the source electrode into a purported skin site that is coupled with the source electrode and the receiver electrode via the protective layer, thereby causing the receiver electrode to receive a response signal, the input signal comprising a plurality of frequencies;', 'interrogate the response signal to formulate a dispersive bioimpedance response of the purported skin site to the input signal over the plurality of frequencies; and', 'determine whether the purported skin site is a live finger according to the dispersive bioimpedance response., 'a controller that operates to2. The bioimpedance sensor of claim 1 , further comprising:an insulative protective layer disposed on the platen and covering the source and receiver electrodes, wherein the skin site is coupled with the source electrode and the receiver via the protective layer.3. The biometric sensor ...

BIOMETRIC IMAGING USING AN OPTICAL ADAPTIVE INTERFACE

Embodiments of the invention provide for a biometric system with an optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, an optically adaptive interface changes optical characteristics in response to the placement of a finger on the optically adaptive interface. In some embodiments, the optically adaptive interface can include an active layer and a surface layer. The active layer and the surface layer can have different optical properties. For example, one layer may be opaque and the other transparent, the two layers may have complementary colors, the two layers may have orthogonal polarization reflectors, one layer may be reflective and the other absorptive, etc. Moreover, the active layer can be a fluid with either high or low viscosity. For example, the viscosity can be such that the active layer fluid is either completely displaced or not displaced in locations corresponding to finger valleys. 121.-. (canceled)22. A method for use in performing a biometric function comprising:providing a sensor including a platen, an optically adaptive interface, an illumination subsystem, and an imaging subsystem optically adaptive interface disposed on the platen and comprising a contact state and a non-contact state, wherein in the non-contact state the optically adaptive interface is opaque and in the contact state at least a portion of the optically adaptive interface is substantially transparent;contacting an optically adaptive interface with a skin site of a purported individual such that the portion of optically adaptive interface transitions from said non-contact state to said contact state;operating an illumination subsystem to illuminate said skin site of said purported individual; andoperating said imaging subsystem to image the skin site.23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the default state of the optically adaptive interface is the non-contact state claim 22 , and said contacting comprises causing the optically adaptive interface to change from the non- ...

MINIATURIZED OPTICAL BIOMETRIC SENSING

Systems and methods are described for providing reliable biometric access control using an optical biometric sensor in a miniaturized form factor. Some implementations include multiple light sources that can illuminate skin or other tissue at multiple locations during a single measurement session. An imaging array can be arranged to form images of the light exiting the tissue only after undergoing diffuse reflectance in the tissue. Some implementations use the images to perform biometric functions. For example, the images can be used to identify an individual, verify identity of an individual, estimate demographic characteristics of an individual, etc. Such biometric functions can further be used to determine and affect access to secured assets. 1. A biometric access system comprising: an interface subsystem comprising an interface surface disposed to contact purported tissue of a subject;', 'an illumination subsystem disposed to pass source illumination into the purported tissue of a subject via a set of first surface regions of the purported tissue; and', 'a detector subsystem disposed to acquire a plurality of images corresponding to a plurality of optical imaging conditions, the plurality of images being based on response illumination exiting a set of second surface regions of the purported tissue, the set of second surface regions being different from the set of first surface regions, the response illumination produced by interactions between the source illumination and subsurface characteristics of the purported tissue., 'a biometric sensor comprising2. The biometric access system of claim 1 , wherein the interface subsystem further comprises:a shield disposed to substantially block the source illumination from reaching the detector subsystem without first entering the purported tissue.3. The biometric access system of claim 1 , wherein the interface subsystem further comprises:a set of optical guides disposed to guide the source illumination from the ...

Optical authentication of objects based on latent structural characteristics

Systems and methods are described for using optical techniques to authenticate a pre-characterized object according to its latent structural characteristics. For example, an image stack can be generated by aligning enrollment images acquired from an enrollment object according to different optical geometries. Enrollment basis functions can be computed from the stack that describe latent structural characteristics of the enrollment object, and enrollment magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. Subsequently, another image stack can be generated by aligning authentication images acquired from an authentication object according to different optical geometries. Authentication basis functions can be computed from the stack to describe latent structural characteristics of the authentication object, and authentication magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. A mathematical correspondence can be computed between the enrollment and authentication magnitudes, from which a determination can be made as to whether the authentication object is the enrollment object.

Hygienic biometric sensors

Methods and systems for performing a biometric measurement on an individual are disclosed. A containment film is disposed between a skin site of the individual and a platen. Light is directed through the containment film to the skin site to illuminate the skin site under multiple distinct optical conditions. Light scattered from the skin site is received for the multiple optical conditions. A multispectral image of the skin site is derived from the received light. A biometric function is performed with the derived multispectral image.

Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models

A method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved subject-tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate subject-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling within--subject physiological variation, sample location, insertion variations, and instrument variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target subject separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each subject.

Spectroscopic analysis of tissue to detect diabetes

Apparatus and methods for spectroscopic analysis of human tissue to classify an individual as diabetic or non-diabetic, or to determine the probability, progression or level of diabetes in an individual. Tissue optical information of an individual, including at least a measurement of at least one wavelength or group of wavelengths indicative of glycosylated collagen content in tissue, is analyzed using multivariate techniques. The multivariate techniques include an algorithm developed from optical information from individuals having a known disease state. At least one factor in the algorithm is dependent on or a function of the measurement of the at least one wavelength or group of wavelengths indicative of glycosylated collagen content in tissue. The device includes an illumination subsystem (100), a tissue sampling (200), an FTIR spectrometer subsystem (400), a data acquisition subsystem (500), an embedded processing subsystem (600), and a calibration maintenance subsystem (300).

BIOMETRIC DETECTION / REVIEW USING MULTISPEKTRAL IMAGING

Apparatus and method of biometric determination on the basis of spectral optical measurements

Methods and apparatus for performing biometric determinations using optical spectroscopy of tissue (40). The biometric determinations that are disclosed include determination or verifications of identity, estimation of age, estimation of sex, determination of sample liveness and sample authenticity. The apparatuses disclosed are based upon discrete light sources (41,43,45,47,49,51) such as light emitting diodes, laser diodes, vertical cavity surface emitting lasers, and broadband sources with multiple narrow-band optical filters. The multiple light sources are encoded in a manner that the tissue response for each source can be efficiently measured. The light sources are prederably spaced at multiple distances from a detector (36) to contribute differing information to the biometric determination task as do light sources with different wavelength characteristics. Apparatuses are disclosed that incorporate a spectral biometric sensor with a personal electronic device such as cellular telephones, personal digital assistants, wristwatches, electronic fobs for the purpose of providing secure biometric access to protected property.

Method and apparatus to combine biometric sensing and other functionality

A multispectral system is disclosed that can image a biometric features as well as secondary objects or environments. In some embodiments machine readable information and a biometric images can be imaged using a multispectral systems disclosed herein. Such systems can be used to implement a number of processes that can include secondary authentication, alternate authentication, two-factor authentication, one-time authentication, etc. Some embodiments of the invention provide for greater functionality in a fingerprint reader in order to variously increase security, increase user convenience, decrease system size, decrease system complexity, decrease system cost, increase system throughput or transaction speed, provide alternative authentication, record and/or confirm the identity of a person.

Combined total-internal-reflectance and tissue imaging systems and methods

Methods and systems are provided for combining total-internal-reflectance and tissue imaging to perform biometric functions. The system may include an illumination source, a platen, a light detector, an optical train, and a computational unit. The platen is disposed to make contact with a skin site of an individual. The optical train is disposed to provide optical paths between the illumination source and the platen, and between the platen and the light detector. The combination of the illumination source and optical train provides illumination to the platen under multispectral conditions. The computational unit is interfaced with the light detector and has instructions to generate a total-internal-reflectance image of the skin site from a first portion of light received from the skin site, and to generate a tissue image of the skin site from a second portion of light received from the skin site.

Optical authentication of objects based on latent structural characteristics

Systems and methods are described for using optical techniques to authenticate a pre-characterized object according to its latent structural characteristics. For example, an image stack can be generated by aligning enrollment images acquired from an enrollment object according to different optical geometries. Enrollment basis functions can be computed from the stack that describe latent structural characteristics of the enrollment object, and enrollment magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. Subsequently, another image stack can be generated by aligning authentication images acquired from an authentication object according to different optical geometries. Authentication basis functions can be computed from the stack to describe latent structural characteristics of the authentication object, and authentication magnitudes can be extracted from those basis functions. A mathematical correspondence can be computed between the enrollment and authentication magnitudes, from which a determination can be made as to whether the authentication object is the enrollment object.

METHOD IMPLEMENTED ON A COMPUTER UNIT AND DEVICE FOR ANALYSIS OF A PREDEFINED PART OF AN OBJECT THAT HAS A RESOURCE OF INTEREST

CRIAÇÃO DE IMAGEM TOPOGRÁFICA. Métodos e dispositivos para modificação de uma parte pré-definida de um objeto possuindo uma característica de interesse são descritos. A característica de interesse define uma classe de objetos que inclui objeto, Fontes de luz iluminam diretamente o objeto a partir de direções de iluminação diferentes. As fontes de luz são mantidas em uma configuração estável com relação ao objeto. Para cada direção de iluminação, uma imagem é gerada a partir da luz espalhada a partir do objeto com uma câmera mantida em uma configuração estável com relação às fontes de luz. Uma metodologia derivada do aprendizado com máquina para a classe de objetos é aplicada para filtrar as imagens geradas filtradas para uma característica consistente com a característica de interesse. Os gradientes de superfície são determinados a partir de imagens filtradas e integradas para gerar uma topografia de uma superfície do objeto. TOPOGRAPHIC IMAGE CREATION. Methods and devices for modifying a predefined part of an object having a characteristic of interest are described. The feature of interest defines a class of objects that includes object, Light sources directly illuminate the object from different lighting directions. Light sources are kept in a stable configuration with respect to the object. For each lighting direction, an image is generated from the light scattered from the object with a camera held in a stable configuration with respect to light sources. A methodology derived from machine learning for the object class is applied to filter the generated images filtered for a feature consistent with the feature of interest. Surface gradients are determined from filtered and integrated images to generate a topography of an object's surface.

Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models

A method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved subject tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate subject-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling within subject physiological variation, sample location, insertion variations, and instrument variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target subject separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each subject.

Multispectral biometric sensors

A biometric measurement system has a platen, an illumination source, a light detector, and a controller. The controller is interfaced with the illumination source and the light detector. The controller has instructions to illuminate a purported skin site of an individual under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session while the purported skin site is moved over the platen. The controller also has instructions to derive a multispectral image of the purported skin site from light received by the light detector after scattering from the purported skin site for multiple distinct optical conditions while the purported skin site is moved over the platen.

Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy

Methods and apparatus for performing biometric indentification or verificati on of identities using optical spectroscopy of tissue. Tissue optical spectra c an be obtained by projecting optical radiation into skin and capturing the ligh t transmitted or reflected back and out through the tissue. The tissue spectra collected preferably includes primarily light that has passed through skin tissue below the epidermis. Multiple tissue spectra and identities can be collected from one or more individuals. These tissue spectra can be analyzed on a computer, and the spectral features that are most important for classifying person-to-person differences can be established using principle component analysis, linear discriminant analysis, or a veriety of other related techniques, One or more tissue spectra and identities can be collect ed from individuals for whom identification or verification may later be desire d. A target individual seeking identification or verification can submit a suitable tissue site for spectroscopic measurement. In addition a target individual seeking identity verification can submit a purported identity usi ng some means such as a typed user name, PIN code, magnetic card, transponder, etc. Similarity between the target spectrum and the spectrum or spectra in t he enrolled spectraldatabase with respect to the inter-person classification spectral features is determined and identification or verification is grante d based on the degree of similarity.

Apparatus and method of biometric identification or verification of individuals using optical spectroscopy

Encoded variable filter spectrometer

Spectroscopic system and spectrometers including an optical bandpass filter unit consisting of a plurality of bandpass regions and a spatial encoding unit for encoding discrete frequencies of light passing through the optical filter. The incorporation of the encoding unit allows the spectrometer system to use a detector consisting of one or a small number of elements, rather than using a more expensive detector array as is commonly used with filter-based spectrometers. The system can also include an integrating chamber that collects the light that is not transmitted through the bandpass filter unit and is substantially reflected, and redirects this light to strike the filter unit again, resulting in a significant increase in the optical power passing through the filter. The integrating chamber maximizes the return of the reflected light to the filter assembly and minimizes optical losses. The integrating chamber may be an orthogonal design to preserve the optical geometric characteristics of the light entering the chamber, even after multiple reflections from the optical filter.

Multispectral biometric sensor

Methods and systems are provided for biometric sensing. An illumination subsystem provides light at discrete wavelengths to a skin site of an individual. A detection subsystem receives light scattered from the skin site. A computational unit is interfaced with the detection system. The computational unit has instructions for deriving a spatially distributed multispectral image from the received light at the discrete wavelengths. The computational unit also has instructions for comparing the derived multispectral image with a database of multispectral images to identify the individual.

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR THE BIOMETRIC IDENTIFICATION OR BIOMETRIC DETECTION OF INDIVIDUALS USING OPTICAL SPECTROSCOPY

Multispectral imaging biometrics

Spatial-spectral fingerprint spoof detection

Methods and apparatus for tailoring spectroscopic calibration models

A method and apparatus for non-invasively measuring a biological attribute, such as the concentration of an analyte, particularly a blood analyte in tissue such as glucose. The method utilizes spectrographic techniques in conjunction with an improved subject tailored calibration model. In a calibration phase, calibration model data is modified to reduce or eliminate subject-specific attributes, resulting in a calibration data set modeling within subject physiological variation, sample location, insertion variations, and instrument variation. In a prediction phase, the prediction process is tailored for each target subject separately using a minimal number of spectral measurements from each subject.

Methods and systems for estimation of personal characteristics from biometric measurements

Methods and apparatus are provided for estimating a personal characteristic of an individual. A biometric data measurement is collected from the individual. The personal characteristic is determined by applying an algorithmic relationship between biometric data measurements and values of the personal characteristic derived from application of a multivariate algorithm to previous measurements.

Optical topographic imaging

Methods and devices of studying a predefined portion of an object having a feature of interest are disclosed. The feature of interest defines a class of objects that includes the object. Light sources directly illuminate the object from different illumination directions. The light sources are maintained in a stable configuration relative to the object. For each illumination direction, an image is generated from light scattered from the object with a camera maintained in a stable configuration relative to the light sources. A methodology derived from machine learning for the class of objects is applied to filter the generated images are filtered for a characteristic consistent with the feature of interest. Surface gradients are determined from the filtered images and integrated to generate a topography of a surface of the object.

Miniaturized optical biometric sensing

Systems and methods are described for providing reliable biometric access control using an optical biometric sensor in a miniaturized form factor. Some implementations include multiple light sources that can illuminate skin or other tissue at multiple locations during a single measurement session. An imaging array can be arranged to form images of the light exiting the tissue only after undergoing diffuse reflectance in the tissue. Some implementations use the images to perform biometric functions. For example, the images can be used to identify an individual, verify identity of an individual, estimate demographic characteristics of an individual, etc. Such biometric functions can further be used to determine and affect access to secured assets.

Optical topographic imaging

Multispectral imaging biometrics

System and method for robust fingerprint acquisition

Combined multispectral and total-internal-reflectance biometric imaging systems are disclosed. A platen has multiple facets, at least one of which has a surface adapted for placement of a purported skin site by an individual and another facet may include an optical absorber. An illumination source and an optical arrangement are disposed to illuminate the purported skin site with light from the illumination source along distinct illumination paths, including paths at angles less than the critical angle and paths at angles greater than the critical angle. Both multispectral and total-internal-reflectance illumination are received by an imaging system. The imaging system may include first and second imaging locations adapted to record images from separate illumination paths. The platen may also include non parallel exits facets.

Multispectral biometric sensor

Biometric sensors

Methods are described of evaluating the genuineness of a sample presented for biometric evaluation. The sample is illuminated under distinct optical conditions. Light scattered from the sample is received. Multiple images are formed, each image being formed from the received light for one of the optical conditions. A set of texture measures is generated, each texture measure being generated from one of the images. It is determined whether the generated texture measures is consistent with the sample being authentic unconcealed biological tissue.

Biometric recognition/verification using multispectral imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session for a fixed position of the purported skin site. Light from the purported skin site is received for each of the optical conditions. Images of the purported skin site are generated from the received light. The images are analyzed to identify a biometric feature as a characteristic in a portion of at least one of the images. The biometric function is implemented in accordance with an identification of the biometric feature.

Apparat und verfahren zur biometrischen identifizierung oder überprüfung von personen mittels optischer spektroskopie

Método para verificar a autenticidade de um objeto e sistema de autenticação de objeto

AUTENTICAÇÃO ÓPTICA DE OBJETOS COM BASE EM CARACTERÍSTICAS ESTRUTURAIS LATENTES. Sistemas e métodos são descritos para usar técnicas ópticas para autenticar um objeto pré-caracterizado de acordo com suas características estruturais latentes. Por exemplo, uma pilha de imagens pode ser gerada por alinhar imagens de inscrições adquiridas a partir de um objeto de inscrição de acordo com diferentes geometrias ópticas. Funções de base de inscrição podem ser computadas a partir da pilha que descreve características estruturais latentes do objeto de inscrição, e magnitudes de inscrição podem ser extraídas a partir dessas funções de base. Subsequentemente, outra pilha de imagens pode ser gerada por alinhar imagens de autenticação adquiridas a partir de um objeto de autenticação de acordo com diferentes geometrias ópticas. Funções de base de autenticação podem ser computadas a partir da pilha para descrever características estruturais latentes do objeto de autenticação, e magnitudes de autenticação podem ser extraídas a partir dessas funções de base. Uma correspondência matemática pode ser computada entre as magnitudes de autenticação e inscrição, a partir da qual uma determinação pode ser feita como se o objeto de autenticação fosse o objeto de inscrição.

Bioimpedance spoof detection

Biometric terminals

Methods are disclosed for performing an update to a biometric access system. An instruction is received at a handheld device defining the update. An encoded signal is generated from the instruction to be transmitted to a biometric terminal from the handheld device. An acknowledgment is received from the biometric terminal at the handheld device that the encoded signal has been received and acted upon. Update information is transmitted from the handheld device over a network to a server to record the update.

Optically similar reference samples and related methods for multivariate calibration models used in optical spectroscopy

Systems and methods for establishing and/or maintaining the prediction capability over time of a multivariate calibration model designed for quantitative optical spectroscopic measurement of attributes or analytes in bodily tissues, bodily fluids or other biological samples, which are particularly useful when the spectral absorbance of the attribute or analyte is small relative to the background. The present invention provides an optically similar reference sample to capture the characteristics of instrument and environmental variation and to reduce the effect of such variation of the measurement capability of the model. The optically similar reference is preferably stable over time and is designed such that its optical properties are sufficiently matched to the sample of interest that instrument and environmental variations are captured in the same manner in both the test sample of interest and the optically similar reference sample. The optically similar reference sample max include one or more physical components which are spectroscopically measured in a manner which closely mimics the spectroscopic measurement of the test sample of interest. Spectral similarity may also be achieved by using alternative components with spectral characteristics similar to the components contained in the test sample of interest.

Biometric recognition/verification using multispectral imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session for a fixed position of the purported skin site. Light from the purported skin site is received for each of the optical conditions. Images of the purported skin site are generated from the received light. The images are analyzed to identify a biometric feature as a characteristic in a portion of at least one of the images. The biometric function is implemented in accordance with an identification of the biometric feature.

Biometric recognition/verification using multispectral imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session for a fixed position of the purported skin site. Light from the purported skin site is received for each of the optical conditions. Images of the purported skin site are generated from the received light. The images are analyzed to identify a biometric feature as a characteristic in a portion of at least one of the images. The biometric function is implemented in accordance with an identification of the biometric feature.

Biometric recognition/verification using multispectral imaging

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated under distinct optical conditions during a single illumination session for a fixed position of the purported skin site. Light from the purported skin site is received for each of the optical conditions. Images of the purported skin site are generated from the received light. The images are analyzed to identify a biometric feature as a characteristic in a portion of at least one of the images. The biometric function is implemented in accordance with an identification of the biometric feature.

Optically similar reference samples and related methods for multivariate calibration models used in optical spectroscopy

Systems and methods for establishing and/or maintaining the prediction capability over time of a multivariate calibration model designed for quantitative optical spectroscopic measurement of attributes or analytes in bodily tissues, bodily fluids or other biological samples, which are particularly useful when the spectral absorbance of the attribute or analyte is small relative to the background. The present invention provides an optically similar reference sample to capture the characteristics of instrument and environmental variation and to reduce the effect of such variation of the measurement capability of the model. The optically similar reference is preferably stable over time and is designed such that its optical properties are sufficiently matched to the sample of interest that instrument and environmental variations are captured in the same manner in both the test sample of interest and the optically similar reference sample. The optically similar reference sample max include one or more physical components which are spectroscopically measured in a manner which closely mimics the spectroscopic measurement of the test sample of interest. Spectral similarity may also be achieved by using alternative components with spectral characteristics similar to the components contained in the test sample of interest.

Methods and systems for performing biometric functions

Methods and sensors are disclosed for executing a biometric function. Illumination light is generated and directed to a deformable layer when the deformable layer is in a state of deformation resulting from pressure applied to the deformable layer by a skin site. Light scattered from the deformable layer is received. A fingerprint pattern of the skin site is determined from the received light. The biometric function is performed with the determined fingerprint pattern.

White-light spectral biometric sensors

Methods and systems are provided for performing a biometric function. A purported skin site of an individual is illuminated with white light. Light scattered from the purported skin site is received with a color imager on which the received light is incident. Spatially distributed images of the purported skin site are derived and correspond to different volumes of illuminated tissue of the individual. The images are analyzed to perform the biometric function.

Methods and systems for performing biometric functions

Methods and sensors are disclosed for executing a biometric function. Illumination light is generated and directed to a deformable layer when the deformable layer is in a state of deformation resulting from pressure applied to the deformable layer by a skin site. Light scattered from the deformable layer is received. A fingerprint pattern of the skin site is determined from the received light. The biometric function is performed with the determined fingerprint pattern.

Noninvasive Structural and Valvular Abnormality Detection System based on Flow Aberrations

Embodiments provide a reliable, convenient, noninvasive, and cost-effective determination of structural and valvular abnormalities in the left ventricular outflow tract. Embodiments obtain a noninvasive optical pulse plethysmogram from the systolic and diastolic phases of the cardiac cycle for subsequent morphologic waveform analysis to determine left ventricular outflow tract anomalies. Left ventricular outflow tract abnormalities alter the rate of increase in flow during early systole and decrease in flow during late systole. These flow variances at the aortic valve are amplified as the pulse wave moves to the periphery due to a combination of the ventricular-aortic interaction, pulse augmentation, and reflections at branching vessels and changes in diameter. The invention addresses historical limitations in the noninvasive determination of structural and valvular abnormalities in the left ventricular outflow tract by using one or more of (1) improved optical measurement systems, (2) peripheral sampling locations that maximize signal differences, (3) volitional patient maneuvers to improve the diagnostic ability of the system, and (4) pulse enhancement techniques. The resulting test system can be used to determine the presence of abnormalities and to diagnose the type of abnormality. The ability to more efficiently and effectively diagnose aortic stenosis, the most common abnormality, in the primary care clinic will result in fewer patients experiencing complications such as heart failure, heart attack, and sudden death.