DYNAMIC MICROCODE FOR NON-VOLATILE MEMORY

Providing for arbitration and dynamic downloading of microcode at a controller associated with electrically erasable non-volatile memory is described herein. By way of example, a download agent can be provided to a module of such non-volatile memory. Characteristics of the memory module and/or specifications of a host application can be utilized to select one or more memory control modules from a group of such control modules. A selected control module(s) can be installed at the controller via the download agent to provide non-default management of raw memory. Further, arbitration of multiple control modules can be implemented to select among various mechanisms to control/manage raw memory. Arbitration can be based, for instance, on specifications of a host device application. Accordingly, great flexibility and control of raw non-volatile memory can be provided for a host device at an application level.

Pedestrian route production

As a pedestrian travels, various difficulties can be encountered, such as traveling through an unsafe neighborhood or being in an open area that is subject to harsh temperatures. A route can be developed for a person taking into account factors that specifically affect a pedestrian. Moreover, the route can alter as a situation of a user changes; for instance, if a user wants to add a stop along a route.

ROUTE REWARD AUGMENTATION

Different incentives can be provided to a user for the user to take different routes. Information related to a user's specific situation can be gathered and a reward can be associated with a route. A user can input an intended destination and different routes can be taken, where the routes have various characteristics. The route can be analyzed and a determination can be made as to what routes can be associated with a user taking a particular route. Commonly, different companies can supply rewards such that the user travels past their advertisement or makes a stop at their store.

Additional content based on intended travel destination

When users travel to an intended destination, a plurality of information can be beneficial to assist their travel. If a person is traveling to a crowded event, then information can be provided such that congested traffic areas can be provided. There can be financial opportunities available in relation to providing information concerning an intended destination. An advertiser can pay money to have information played about the advertiser when it relates to the intended destination. Furthermore, a user can pay money for detailed data concerning an intended location, such as where cheapest parking is located.

Atomic commit of cache transfer with staging area

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

Device emulation to facilitate data transfer

Described is a technology by which a circuit, such as one incorporated into a USB-like cable, couples a client computing device to a server computing device. The circuit outputs identification information to each computing device to indicate that the circuit corresponds to a type of hardware device, (e.g., a CD-ROM player) and an attribute (e.g., a migration cable). The circuit then allows the communication of data between the first computing device and the second computing device. For example, the server recognizes the migration cable attribute and can emulate the CD-ROM device recognized by the client, whereby the server may provide data including software code to the client computing device by emulating the CD-ROM device. Via the software code, the client computing device is bootstrapped to recognize that it is connected to the server instead of the hardware device. Data may then be migrated from the client to the server.

Policy framework to treat data

Data can be retained upon a storage medium that has characteristics suitable for the data. However, as the storage mediums are used, time passes, etc., characteristics of memory can change and therefore data can reside upon an improper medium. Data can be dynamically moved from one storage location to another automatically and intelligently based upon a change in characteristics. In addition, new data can be placed on a storage medium based upon characteristics of the medium in a current state.

AUTOMATIC SPLICES FOR TARGETED ADVERTISEMENTS

Commonly targeted advertising is used to attract a specific demographic towards a particular product and/or service. An advertisement can be presented over a vehicle radio that relate to a route while a user is driving. Advertisements can be directed to a user, including such information as a user name, a user's destination, contextual information, etc. Advertisements can be masked to appear as thought they are part of a standard program; for instance, a normal radio advertiser's voice can be used.

HYBRID MEMORY DEVICE WITH SINGLE INTERFACE

Described is a technology by which a memory controller is a component of a hybrid memory device having different types of memory therein (e.g., SDRAM and flash memory), in which the controller operates such that the memory device has only a single memory interface with respect to voltage and access protocols defined for one type of memory. For example, the controller allows a memory device with a standard SDRAM interface to provide access to both SDRAM and non-volatile memory with the non-volatile memory overlaid in one or more designated blocks of the volatile memory address space (or vice-versa). A command protocol maps memory pages to the volatile memory interface address space, for example, permitting a single pin compatible multi-chip package to replace an existing volatile memory device in any computing device that wants to provide non-volatile storage, while only requiring software changes to the device to access the flash.

ROUTE MONETIZATION

A user can be compensated for taking detours from a projected route. Commonly, the reason for the compensation is that the user will be subjected to advertising, the user will pass by an establishment she is likely to visit, or to ease traffic congestion. Analysis of an area takes place and monetization opportunities are determined based upon the results of the analysis. A route between at least about two locations can be altered such that the user is provided a reward, commonly in an optimized manner.

MOTION BASED DISPLAY MANAGEMENT

A display manager is configured to handle the drawing of windows on one or more displays for an application differently based on detected motion information that is associated with a device. The display manager may not display windows for some applications while motion is detected, while the display manager may display windows for other applications even when motion is detected. Motion enabled applications may interact with the display manager and motion information to determine how to display windows while motion is detected.

Preparing memory to allow access to data when primary operating system is unavailable

Systems and methods of sharing files and data in memory between the two operating systems running on a computing device. A main operating system (OS) may execute on the computing device an provide numerous system features and functionality. To conserver power, the main OS may unload, or the computer may be reset, suspended or be shutdown. Prior to doing so, the main OS writes data to a known memory location that allows access by a secondary OS when the main OS is not present. The secondary OS provides a limited set of functionalities, while being able to use and interact with the data stored in the known memory location. Information about the data and permissions are stored in mailbox that is accessible to both operating system such that changes made when the secondary operating system is active are synchronized with the main operating system.

Audio and video buffer synchronization based on actual output feedback

A method and system for keeping endpoints such as speakers and displays synchronized via feedback based on the actual output of the endpoints. A source of audiovisual content transmits corresponding digital data to one or more endpoints, such as over a home network, where it may be buffered and/or decoded for playback. Microphones or the like sense actual (post-buffering/decoding) output from one or more endpoints and feed it back to a synchronization mechanism. The synchronization mechanism employs pattern matching or similar techniques to determine whether and how to adjust the timing of endpoints to synchronize their actual outputs. Synchronization may be accomplished by controllably delaying transmission and/or other processing, by controllably changing the rate of advancing in a buffer, and/or by jumping ahead in a buffer. The synchronization mechanism may adjust multiple endpoints, e.g., when limited buffer size limits the amount of adjustment a single device can provide.

Hybrid memory device with single interface

Described is a technology by which a memory controller is a component of a hybrid memory device having different types of memory therein (e.g., SDRAM and flash memory), in which the controller operates such that the memory device has only a single memory interface with respect to voltage and access protocols defined for one type of memory. For example, the controller allows a memory device with a standard SDRAM interface to provide access to both SDRAM and non-volatile memory with the non-volatile memory overlaid in one or more designated blocks of the volatile memory address space (or vice-versa). A command protocol maps memory pages to the volatile memory interface address space, for example, permitting a single pin compatible multi-chip package to replace an existing volatile memory device in any computing device that wants to provide non-volatile storage, while only requiring software changes to the device to access the flash.

TECHNIQUES USING CAPTURED INFORMATION

Techniques are provided utilizing captured information. The captured information includes at least one of audio and image information. In response to connecting a capture device including the captured information to another device, the captured information is downloaded to the other device, a text portion is formed corresponding to the captured information, and at least a portion of the captured information and text portion is stored. A selected action is automatically performed using at least one of the text portion and the captured information.

GENERATIONAL INTELLIGENT NAVIGATION SYNCHRONIZATION OR UPDATE

A direction set can be augmented with up-to-date information such that a route to be taken by a user is changed. A user can request a direction set to take a user along a long route that minimizes cost to a user. A route can be generated using a set of known fuel prices; however, as the user travels, fuel prices can change. New fuel information can be gathered and the route can be modified based upon the gathered information.

POLICY FRAMEWORK TO TREAT DATA

Data can be retained upon a storage medium that has characteristics suitable for the data. However, as the storage mediums are used, time passes, etc., characteristics of memory can change and therefore data can reside upon an improper medium. Data can be dynamically moved from one storage location to another automatically and intelligently based upon a change in characteristics. In addition, new data can be placed on a storage medium based upon characteristics of the medium in a current state.

Device emulation to facilitate data transfer

Described is a technology by which a circuit, such as one incorporated into a USB-like cable, couples a client computing device to a server computing device. The circuit outputs identification information to each computing device to indicate that the circuit corresponds to a type of hardware device, (e.g., a CD-ROM player) and an attribute (e.g., a migration cable). The circuit then allows the communication of data between the first computing device and the second computing device. For example, the server recognizes the migration cable attribute and can emulate the CD-ROM device recognized by the client, whereby the server may provide data including software code to the client computing device by emulating the CD-ROM device. Via the software code, the client computing device is bootstrapped to recognize that it is connected to the server instead of the hardware device. Data may then be migrated from the client to the server.

PEDESTRIAN ROUTE PRODUCTION

As a pedestrian travels, various difficulties can be encountered, such as traveling through an unsafe neighborhood or being in an open area that is subject to harsh temperatures. A route can be developed for a person taking into account factors that specifically affect a pedestrian. Moreover, the route can alter as a situation of a user changes; for instance, if a user wants to add a stop along a route.

Enabling user interface elements based on short range wireless devices

A system and method for enabling user interface elements to be displayed on a display device is disclosed. The technology includes a method for enabling user interface elements to be displayed on a display device. The method includes accessing location information corresponding to a first short range wireless device coupled with the display device wherein the location information identifies the location of the first short range wireless device with respect to a viewing surface of the display device. The method also includes enabling a first contactless user interface icon to be displayed on the viewing surface of the display device wherein the contactless user interface icon is displayed on the viewing surface proximate the location of the first short range wireless device.

Facilitating Use of a Device Based on Short-Range Wireless Technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device. 1. A method for facilitating use of a first device with a second device , the method comprising:detecting, by a processing device, the first device based on a received short-range wireless protocol signal from the first device;determining, by the processing device, based on the received short-range wireless protocol signal, a relative location of the first device with respect to the second device;determining, by the processing device, an orientation of the first device; andusing, by the processing device, information related to the relative location of the first device and the orientation of the first device to facilitate use of the first device and the second device with the processing device by automatically configuring the processing device to work with the first device and the second device.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the short-range wireless protocol signal includes at least one of a Near Field Communication protocol signal or a Radio Frequency Identification protocol signal.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the first device includes a first monitor,the second ...

REMOTE DIFFERENTIAL COMPRESSION APPLIED TO STORAGE

Oftentimes, computer files, information packets, and the like share identical data portions that cause duplicate storing. The files and/or packets can be logically divided and checks can be performed to determine if there are shared portions. If shared portions exist, then as opposed to making a duplicate copy of information, a pointer can be produced that identifies where the portion is saved. In addition, pointers can be used in compression of information such that a compressed file can identify an original copy—the original copy can be used to decompress the information.

Techniques using captured information

Techniques are provided utilizing captured information. The captured information includes at least one of audio and image information. In response to connecting a capture device including the captured information to another device, the captured information is downloaded to the other device, a text portion is formed corresponding to the captured information, and at least a portion of the captured information and text portion is stored. A selected action is automatically performed using at least one of the text portion and the captured information.

Dynamic microcode for non-volatile memory

Providing for arbitration and dynamic downloading of microcode at a controller associated with electrically erasable non-volatile memory is described herein. By way of example, a download agent can be provided to a module of such non-volatile memory. Characteristics of the memory module and/or specifications of a host application can be utilized to select one or more memory control modules from a group of such control modules. A selected control module(s) can be installed at the controller via the download agent to provide non-default management of raw memory. Further, arbitration of multiple control modules can be implemented to select among various mechanisms to control/manage raw memory. Arbitration can be based, for instance, on specifications of a host device application. Accordingly, great flexibility and control of raw non-volatile memory can be provided for a host device at an application level.

AD HOC AND OPPORTUNISTIC TRANSPORTATION SERVICES

Individuals can be organized into travel groups in plans constructed in advance or in real-time to save resources and travel in an efficient manner. Multi-segment trips between starting points and destinations can be constructed with several vehicles, including private, public, and commercial transportation assets. Numerous requests for real-time or planned recurrent commutes by a population of users can be considered in a larger analysis that seeks to optimize one or more attributes such as vehicle usage and/or greenhouse emissions. Data concerning multiple related individuals can be gathered and analyzed—based upon the analysis, a determination can be made if it is logical to group individuals together such that they physically travel together. A transportation asset provider and/or individuals can be offered a reward to become part of the travel group and/or to perform specific tasks related to the travel group, such as using a vehicle with a certain fuel type.

High speed nonvolatile memory device using parallel writing among a plurality of interfaces

Described is a high speed nonvolatile memory device and technology that includes a controller coupled via interfaces to sets of nonvolatile storage, such as separate flash memory chips or separate regions of a single chip. The controller includes logic that processes write requests of arbitrary size, by interleaving writes among the interfaces, including by parallel writing among the interfaces. For example, the data may be received via direct memory access (DMA) transfers. The controller maintains information to allow the interleaved data to be reassembled into its correct relative locations when read back, such as by DMA. The high speed nonvolatile memory device thus provides a hardware device and software solution that allows a personal computer to rapidly boot or resume from a reduced power state such as hibernation. The high speed nonvolatile memory device also may be used for other data storage purposes, such as caching and file storage.

Enabling user interface elements based on short range wireless devices

A system and method for enabling user interface elements to be displayed on a display device is disclosed. The technology includes a method for enabling user interface elements to be displayed on a display device. The method includes accessing location information corresponding to a first short range wireless device coupled with the display device wherein the location information identifies the location of the first short range wireless device with respect to a viewing surface of the display device. The method also includes enabling a first contactless user interface icon to be displayed on the viewing surface of the display device wherein the contactless user interface icon is displayed on the viewing surface proximate the location of the first short range wireless device.

Facilitating use of a device based on short-range wireless technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

EFFICIENTLY SYNCHRONIZING WITH SEPARATED DISK CACHES

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

Techniques using captured information

Techniques are provided utilizing captured information. The captured information includes at least one of audio and image information. In response to connecting a capture device including the captured information to another device, the captured information is downloaded to the other device, a text portion is formed corresponding to the captured information, and at least a portion of the captured information and text portion is stored. A selected action is automatically performed using at least one of the text portion and the captured information.

Facilitating use of a device based on short-range wireless technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

Facilitating use of a device based on short-range wireless technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

VIRTUAL OBJECT NAVIGATION

A navigation manager is configured to navigate the display of an object that is larger than a computer's display based on manipulation of the display screen itself. Sensing devices associated with the display detect movement of the device and/or interaction with the display. When the movement and/or the interaction with the display is sensed, the display of the object is updated accordingly. For example, moving the display to the left may scroll the display of the object to the left, whereas pressing down on the device may zoom in on the object.

Sensor discovery and configuration

A system for policy-based applications may be developed by using non-device specific policies that are executed on a policy engine. During installation, available sensor devices are identified by metadata that describes the devices within a taxonomy of sensor devices, and a separate device policy may be installed and executed by each sensor device. The policy engine, in conjunction with the sensor devices operating a device policy, may be execute a wide range of applications. In many applications, a sensor device may detect that a first policy engine is not available and send communications to a second policy engine that may be accessed through the Internet.

Route transfer between devices

A user can intend to travel between different locations and employ different traveling manners to reach an intended travel destination. At different points, different devices can be employed for disclosing a route. For instance, as a user walks, a route can be integrated into a personal electronic device, such as a cellular telephone. An evaluation can take place that due to specific route details, for example detailed text, a particular device would be superior for presentment over another.

Displaying an intended video image

Techniques for displaying an intended video image are described herein. One exemplary method ascertains whether an image generated from a video signal is to be cropped. Based upon whether the image is to be cropped, the method selectively takes an action to enhance a user experience relating to the image.

Fast display initialization and light up

Described is a technology by which a computer display may quickly resume outputting video data following its awakening from a deep sleep state. Displayed settings are maintained in a memory, such as a memory of the display, while the display is in a sleep state. The settings are associated with a token maintained by a host computer system and display. Upon a need to awaken the display to output video data, the host computer system and the display communicate the token, whereby the display may confirm whether maintained settings are still valid for actual use with the host's video signals. If still valid, the display restores the maintained display settings as actual display settings. The restoring of previously maintained display settings is ordinarily significantly faster than conventional mechanisms that are presently used to configure a display upon wakeup, resulting in the user perceiving a near-instantaneous wakeup of a display.

Facilitating use of a device based on short-range wireless technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

Displaying an intended video image

Techniques for displaying an intended video image are described herein. One exemplary method ascertains whether an image generated from a video signal is to be cropped. Based upon whether the image is to be cropped, the method selectively takes an action to enhance a user experience relating to the image.

EFFICIENTLY SYNCHRONIZING WITH SEPARATED DISK CACHES

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

Performing server side interactive television

A method for providing enhanced programming to an entertainment module where the display of the enhanced programming is prepared remotely from the entertainment module. The method includes a step for analyzing a programming transmission stream deliverable to an entertainment module, remotely from the entertainment module, to identify whether the transmission stream includes at least one enhanced programming control signal. In the event that the transmission stream includes at least one enhanced programming control signal, a step for preparing, remotely from the entertainment module, a visual representation of the enhanced programming based upon the at least one enhanced programming control signal. Following preparing the enhanced programming by the preparing step, a step for delivering the visual representation of the enhanced programming to the entertainment module.

ADDITIONAL CONTENT BASED ON INTENDED TRAVEL DESTINATION

When users travel to an intended destination, a plurality of information can be beneficial to assist their travel. If a person is traveling to a crowded event, then information can be provided such that congested traffic areas can be provided. There can be financial opportunities available in relation to providing information concerning an intended destination. An advertiser can pay money to have information played about the advertiser when it relates to the intended destination. Furthermore, a user can pay money for detailed data concerning an intended location, such as where cheapest parking is located.

Interactive television schema

A method for delivering enhanced programming content to a receiver module that displays the enhanced programming content. The method includes accessing a schema document that defines instructions and control parameters that identify one or more of: (i) the availability of enhanced programming or enhanced programming content; (ii) where the enhanced programming or programming content is stored; (iii) when the enhanced programming or programming content is to be delivered to a receiver module; and (iv) what enhanced programming or programming content is to be delivered to a receiver module. The method further includes analyzing the schema to retrieve the control parameters from the schema document. In response to analyzing the schema document, the enhanced programming or programming content is delivered to a receiver module for presentation to the viewer.

Computer control of audio/video switching

Described are computer-controlled switching mechanisms that couple various audio/visual devices' outputs to the inputs of other audio/visual devices. The user (or some process) selects an audio/visual operating mode via a computer system, and the computer system controls the switching mechanism to couple audio/visual devices in a way that matches the mode. The computer may also control settings and operations of some or all of the devices.

FACILITATING USE OF A DEVICE BASED ON SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

FEDERATED ROUTE PRODUCTION

A route can be generated through utilization of a conventional manner, such as a portable electronic device accessing a database with roads, traffic information, weather data, and the like. As a user approaches a private area, the route can be augmented with travel information concerning the private area. Artificial intelligence techniques can be used to determine if a route should be augmented, to infer what augmentations to make, etc.

Location context service handoff

A location service providing system and method for repeatedly providing a location service.

Hybrid memory device with single interface

Described is a technology by which a memory controller is a component of a hybrid memory device having different types of memory therein (e.g., SDRAM and flash memory), in which the controller operates such that the memory device has only a single memory interface with respect to voltage and access protocols defined for one type of memory. For example, the controller allows a memory device with a standard SDRAM interface to provide access to both SDRAM and non-volatile memory with the non-volatile memory overlaid in one or more designated blocks of the volatile memory address space (or vice-versa). A command protocol maps memory pages to the volatile memory interface address space, for example, permitting a single pin compatible multi-chip package to replace an existing volatile memory device in any computing device that wants to provide non-volatile storage, while only requiring software changes to the device to access the flash.

ROUTE TRANSFER BETWEEN DEVICES

A user can intend to travel between different locations and employ different traveling manners to reach an intended travel destination. At different points, different devices can be employed for disclosing a route. For instance, as a user walks, a route can be integrated into a personal electronic device, such as a cellular telephone. An evaluation can take place that due to specific route details, for example detailed text, a particular device would be superior for presentment over another.

Preparing memory to allow access to data when primary operating system is unavailable

Systems and methods of sharing files and data in memory between the two operating systems running on a computing device. A main operating system (OS) may execute on the computing device an provide numerous system features and functionality. To conserver power, the main OS may unload, or the computer may be reset, suspended or be shutdown. Prior to doing so, the main OS writes data to a known memory location that allows access by a secondary OS when the main OS is not present. The secondary OS provides a limited set of functionalities, while being able to use and interact with the data stored in the known memory location. Information about the data and permissions are stored in mailbox that is accessible to both operating system such that changes made when the secondary operating system is active are synchronized with the main operating system.

Federated route production

A route can be generated through utilization of a conventional manner, such as a portable electronic device accessing a database with roads, traffic information, weather data, and the like. As a user approaches a private area, the route can be augmented with travel information concerning the private area. Artificial intelligence techniques can be used to determine if a route should be augmented, to infer what augmentations to make, etc.

ROUTE GENERATION BASED UPON ACTIVITY CRITERIA

A route can be optimized according to various constraints, specifically towards non-travel constraints. A number of community activities can take place such that the activities impact traffic. Thus, a route can be produces that lowers an influence the activities have upon a route. Moreover, a route can be produced that improves signal strength, such as strength of a signal used to communicate with a cellular telephone. In addition, a route can be enhanced by taking into account weather conditions, including real-time weather in addition to weather predictions.

Fast display initialization and light up

Described is a technology by which a computer display may quickly resume outputting video data following its awakening from a deep sleep state. Displayed settings are maintained in a memory, such as a memory of the display, while the display is in a sleep state. The settings are associated with a token maintained by a host computer system and display. Upon a need to awaken the display to output video data, the host computer system and the display communicate the token, whereby the display may confirm whether maintained settings are still valid for actual use with the host's video signals. If still valid, the display restores the maintained display settings as actual display settings. The restoring of previously maintained display settings is ordinarily significantly faster than conventional mechanisms that are presently used to configure a display upon wakeup, resulting in the user perceiving a near-instantaneous wakeup of a display.

High speed nonvolatile memory device

Described is a high speed nonvolatile memory device and technology that includes a controller coupled via interfaces to sets of nonvolatile storage, such as separate flash memory chips or separate regions of a single chip. The controller includes logic that processes write requests of arbitrary size, by interleaving writes among the interfaces, including by parallel writing among the interfaces. For example, the data may be received via direct memory access (DMA) transfers. The controller maintains information to allow the interleaved data to be reassembled into its correct relative locations when read back, such as by DMA. The high speed nonvolatile memory device thus provides a hardware device and software solution that allows a personal computer to rapidly boot or resume from a reduced power state such as hibernation. The high speed nonvolatile memory device also may be used for other data storage purposes, such as caching and file storage.

Limited memory power

Storage devices can retain information through application of a charge upon the storage device. However, applying the charge upon the storage device can be change physical characteristics of the charge and ultimately increase a likelihood of device failure. Therefore, a determination can be made on how to apply the charge based upon analysis of the device, of data for retention, and the like. Raw data can be analyzed and/or estimations can be made to determine the charge.

Sensor discovery and configuration

A system for policy-based applications may be developed by using non-device specific policies that are executed on a policy engine. During installation, available sensor devices are identified by metadata that describes the devices within a taxonomy of sensor devices, and a separate device policy may be installed and executed by each sensor device. The policy engine, in conjunction with the sensor devices operating a device policy, may be execute a wide range of applications. In many applications, a sensor device may detect that a first policy engine is not available and send communications to a second policy engine that may be accessed through the Internet.

SOCIAL NETWORK BASED ROUTES

A route can be generated that considers social networking information. For instance, a user can be traveling on vacation and individuals designated by a user can add comments to a route. In addition, previous journeys of user contacts can be evaluated and based upon the evaluation results, portions of a route can be constructed. Further functionality can include transferring rewards between parties for disclosing information as well as posting information on various social networking profiles.

Techniques for audio and image capture

Techniques are provided for capturing audio and image information. A capture device may be used to capture audio and/or image information. The device includes at least one of an audio and a image capturing component for capturing information, a flash memory, and a button for use in connection with controlling capture of the information. Capturing of the information is performed while holding the button in a depressed position. Capturing of the information is stopped when the button is released.

SAFE ROUTE CONFIGURATION

Routes can be produced based on safety characteristics of paths that are included in the route. Safety characteristics can include how susceptible an area surrounding a path is to crime as well as traffic data, such as how many automobile accidents take place on average. Various amounts of safety information can be gathered and a particular path can be assigned a safety score. Analysis can run on different path combinations that would take a user from a starting point to an intended destination. A route can be produced based on the safety score alone, such as a route with a lowest score, based on the safety score with other factors such as anticipated traffic, and the like.

Performing server side interactive television

A method for providing enhanced programming to an entertainment module where the display of the enhanced programming is prepared remotely from the entertainment module. The method includes a step for analyzing a programming transmission stream deliverable to an entertainment module, remotely from the entertainment module, to identify whether the transmission stream includes at least one enhanced programming control signal. In the event that the transmission stream includes at least one enhanced programming control signal, a step for preparing, remotely from the entertainment module, a visual representation of the enhanced programming based upon the at least one enhanced programming control signal. Following preparing the enhanced programming by the preparing step, a step for delivering the visual representation of the enhanced programming to the entertainment module.

Efficiently synchronizing with separated disk caches

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

Motion based display management

A display manager is configured to handle the drawing of windows on one or more displays for an application differently based on detected motion information that is associated with a device. The display manager may not display windows for some applications while motion is detected, while the display manager may display windows for other applications even when motion is detected. Motion enabled applications may interact with the display manager and motion information to determine how to display windows while motion is detected.

Motion based display management

A display manager is configured to handle the drawing of windows on one or more displays for an application differently based on detected motion information that is associated with a device. The display manager may not display windows for some applications while motion is detected, while the display manager may display windows for other applications even when motion is detected. Motion enabled applications may interact with the display manager and motion information to determine how to display windows while motion is detected.

Facilitating use of a device based on short-range wireless technology

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device.

EFFICIENTLY SYNCHRONIZING WITH SEPARATED DISK CACHES

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device. 1. A method comprising:providing a mapping to a storage device, the mapping identifying cache data to be atomically committed from a staging area; andutilizing an atomic commit operation to instruct said storage device to atomically commit said cache data to a mapping scheme of said storage device.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said mapping is an initial mapping sent to said storage device prior to transfer of any of said cache data.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said mapping is an updated mapping claim 1 , the method further comprising:providing to the storage device, prior to the providing the updated mapping, an initial mapping, the updated mapping corresponding to cache data changed after creation of the initial mapping.4. The method of claim 1 , said mapping comprising a unique identifier associating said mapping with a particular instantiation of cache data claim 1 , the method further comprising:confirming or validating, using said unique identifier, that said particular instantiation of cache data has been transferred to said staging area of said storage device.5. The method of claim 1 , said mapping comprising an association between an element of said cache data and particular data of said storage device.6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising receiving a response to said atomic commit operation.7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising conditioning erasure of said cache data on a successful outcome of said atomic commit operation.8. A method comprising:receiving, by a storage device, a mapping; andindicating, by said storage device, successful atomic commitment of cache data from a staging area to a mapping scheme of said storage device ...

Optical mouse/barcode scanner built into cellular telephone

A cellular telephone having an optical mouse component built into the telephone. The telephone is adapted to track when it was turned ON and placed on a suitable surface. The top of the telephone includes two buttons which are used as “left click” and “right click” buttons while the mouse optics are in use. These buttons could be used for other functions when the mouse optics were not in use. The telephone communicates with a user's laptop in any number of ways including being paired to it through Bluetooth or by being physically connected using USB. The same optics used for the mouse component are capable of scanning coded symbols and barcodes. Users can scan nearly any item and retrieve information from a locally stored database or from a network. Users can also scan unique IDs from phonecards or other references which cause action such as loading more minutes onto the phone, downloading other information or sending of information from the phone to take part in a transaction.

Efficiently synchronizing with separated disk caches

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

LIMITED MEMORY POWER

Storage devices can retain information through application of a charge upon the storage device. However, applying the charge upon the storage device can be change physical characteristics of the charge and ultimately increase a likelihood of device failure. Therefore, a determination can be made on how to apply the charge based upon analysis of the device, of data for retention, and the like. Raw data can be analyzed and/or estimations can be made to determine the charge.

DESTINATION AUCTIONED THROUGH BUSINESS OF INTEREST

In order to provide advertising to a user concerning an intended travel destination, an auction takes place where multiple companies place bids to have an advertisement disclosed. Bid selection can take place according to various parameters, including matching a user interest, a bidder that offers a highest price, etc. Bids can be solicited and then received—once a bid is selected for presentation, the advertisement can be received, evaluated, and then presented to a user.

MOTION BASED DISPLAY MANAGEMENT

A display manager is configured to handle the drawing of windows on one or more displays for an application differently based on detected motion information that is associated with a device. The display manager may not display windows for some applications while motion is detected, while the display manager may display windows for other applications even when motion is detected. Motion enabled applications may interact with the display manager and motion information to determine how to display windows while motion is detected.

Efficiently synchronizing with separated disk caches

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

LOAD BALANCE PAYMENT

A user can be provided a variety of incentives to take a route that is different from a standard path in order to relieve path load balancing issues. Information on a primary path can be collected and analyzed to determine if it would be beneficial to encourage users to take an alternate path. If it is determined that users should be encouraged to take another path, then analysis of potential users can occur. A result of the user analysis can be used to select users that are offered to take the alternate path as well as an incentive offered to the user to encourage her to take the alternate path.

TRACK IMPRESSION OF ADVERTISEMENT UPON MEMORY

Oftentimes users can be exposed to media content such as advertisements while in a non-connective state. Advertisement providers can desire to obtain information related to the exposure and users can be rewarded for the exposure. Therefore, a record can be retained related to advertisement exposure and the record can be transmitted when it is determined that the user is in a connective state. Since personal information can be held upon the record and there can be motivation to alter the record, the record can be stored in hardware, such as a microcontroller of a flash memory device, prior to transmission.

Hybrid memory device with single interface

Described is a technology by which a memory controller is a component of a hybrid memory device having different types of memory therein (e.g., SDRAM and flash memory), in which the controller operates such that the memory device has only a single memory interface with respect to voltage and access protocols defined for one type of memory. For example, the controller allows a memory device with a standard SDRAM interface to provide access to both SDRAM and non-volatile memory with the non-volatile memory overlaid in one or more designated blocks of the volatile memory address space (or vice-versa). A command protocol maps memory pages to the volatile memory interface address space, for example, permitting a single pin compatible multi-chip package to replace an existing volatile memory device in any computing device that wants to provide non-volatile storage, while only requiring software changes to the device to access the flash.

Efficiently synchronizing with separated disk caches

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

Advertisement data store

An advertisement data store maintains advertisements that have been displayed for viewing and/or information corresponding to the displayed advertisements. The advertisement data store provides advertisers with an advertising model to selectively reach potential customers and clients, and provides viewers with additional information about a particular product and/or service after having viewed an advertisement of interest. A viewer can reference the information maintained in the advertisement data store without interrupting a current television program and without missing other advertisements that may be of interest to the viewer.

ROUTE-BASED ACTIVITY PLANNER

Oftentimes individuals have a number of objectives to complete while traveling in a vehicle. The objectives can be arranged automatically and an associated route can be produced such that the objectives can be completed in an effective manner. Data related to the objectives can be collected such as a traffic pattern on paths near a location the objective is to take place. Locations for the objectives to be completed can be determined automatically as well as provided by user. Analysis of the collected data can take place and based on a result of the analysis, an efficient route is produced.

Location context service handoff

A location service providing system and method for repeatedly providing a location service.

Enabling a plurality of devices to control each other

A technology for enabling a plurality of devices to control each other is disclosed. In one method approach, a constellation is created by associating a plurality of devices with each other. At least one device that is associated with the constellation is used to control an activity associated with at least one other device that is associated with the constellation.

Cache data transfer to a staging area of a storage device and atomic commit operation

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

EFFICIENTLY SYNCHRONIZING WITH SEPARATED DISK CACHES

In a method of synchronizing with a separated disk cache, the separated cache is configured to transfer cache data to a staging area of a storage device. An atomic commit operation is utilized to instruct the storage device to atomically commit the cache data to a mapping scheme of the storage device.

SWARM IMAGING

A method and apparatus is provided for collecting data and generating synthesized data from the collected data. For example, a request for an image may be received from a requestor and at least one data capture device may be identified as capable of providing at least a portion of the requested image. A request may be sent to identified data capture devices to obtain an image corresponding to the requested image. Multiple images may be received from the data capture devices and may further be connected or stitched together to provide a panoramic, 3-dimensional image of requested subject matter. 1. A method performed on a computing device , the method comprising:selecting devices from a plurality of devices that are each configured for providing at least a portion of a desired composite media;sending, to each of the selected devices, a request for the corresponding portion; andsynthesizing the desired composite media based on at least some of the requested portions received from the selected devices.2. The method of where at least one of the requests comprises instructions configured for instructing the corresponding device regarding obtaining the requested corresponding portion.3. The method of where the selecting comprises facilitating bidding between the plurality of devices.4. The method of where the desired composite media comprises an image.5. The method of where the desired composite media comprises audio.6. The method of where the desired composite media comprises video.7. The method of where the synthesizing results in a model of a real-world subject.8. At least one computer storage device storing computer-executable instructions that claim 1 , when executed by a computing device claim 1 , cause the computing device to perform actions comprising:selecting devices from a plurality of devices that are each configured for providing at least a portion of a desired composite media;sending, to each of the selected devices, a request for the corresponding portion; ...

FACILITATING USE OF A DEVICE BASED ON SHORT-RANGE WIRELESS TECHNOLOGY

Various devices may include a short-range wireless transmitter and/or one or more short-range wireless readers. When a first device including the transmitter is placed near a second device including the one or more readers, a relative location of the first device may be determined. Information regarding the relative location of the first device, may be used to facilitate use of the first device with a processing device. In one embodiment, the processing device may automatically configure itself, such that the first device may be used with the processing device. In another embodiment, the processing device may provide feedback, such as, for example, step-by-step instructions to facilitate setup and use of the first device with the processing device. In some embodiments, an application program interface may provide information about the device to an application executing on the processing device. 1. A method for facilitating use of a first device with a second device , the method comprising:detecting, by a processing device, the first device based on a received short-range wireless protocol signal from the first device;determining, by the processing device, based on the received short-range wireless protocol signal, a relative location of the first device with respect to the second device; andusing, by the processing device, information related to the relative location of the first device to automatically configure the processing device to work with the first device and the second device.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the short-range wireless protocol signal includes at least one of a Near Field Communication protocol signal or a Radio Frequency Identification protocol signal.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein:the first device includes a first display;the second device includes a second display; and 'automatically configuring at least one of the processing device, the first display, and the second display such that the first display and the second display are ...

ZONE POLICY ADMINISTRATION FOR ENTITY TRACKING AND PRIVACY ASSURANCE

The present invention includes entity tracking, privacy assurance, and zone policy administration technologies allowing for the creation of zone policies, including the definition of zones and managed entities, the zone policies including rules that apply to the managed entities within or in relation to the zones, and privacy policies assuring privacy of sensitive data. The technologies also provide for the definition of sensors, rule event objects, and default event objects, and for the establishment of associations between rules and managed entities, sensors, and rule event objects so as to create zone policies. Event objects may generate zone policy events or actions upon compliance with or violation of various rules of zone policy. Managed entities are defined as entities associated with mobile devices capable of location tracking and communication with zone policy servers. Entities may be persons, vehicles, animals, or any other object for which tracking and zone policy administration is of value. Zone policy may include privacy policy that may restrict access to or set access conditions for data or information. Privacy policies may be used to ensure individual managed entities and their data remain anonymous to a desired degree and that sensitive data is appropriately protected. 1. A method performed on a computing device that includes at least one processor and memory , the method comprising: monitoring a managed entity according to a zone policy , where an entity and a mobile device are together considered the managed entity , and where the zone policy indicates a mobile zone , a relationship between the mobile zone and the managed entity , and physical boundaries of the mobile zone.2. The method of further comprising verifying that the mobile device is in the possession of the entity.3. The method of further comprising generating an event in response to the managed entity entering a particular zone.4. The method of further comprising generating an event in ...

Service and policies for coordinating behaviors and connectivity of a mesh of heterogeneous devices

A method and apparatus is provided for coordinating devices in a federated network of devices. A server may determine policies for coordinating the devices and may send messages to devices in the federated network for providing a service. The policies for providing the service among the federated devices may be based on properties of the devices or relative locations of the devices. For example, the federated devices may provide media data and control of the media data to a user. Provision of the media data and/or control of the media data may change from one device to another in the federated network based on policies from the server.

Route monetization

A user can be compensated for taking detours from a projected route. Commonly, the reason for the compensation is that the user will be subjected to advertising, the user will pass by an establishment she is likely to visit, or to ease traffic congestion. Analysis of an area takes place and monetization opportunities are determined based upon the results of the analysis. A route between at least about two locations can be altered such that the user is provided a reward, commonly in an optimized manner.

Additional content based on intended travel destination

Additional content based on intended travel destination

When users travel to an intended destination, a plurality of information can be beneficial to assist their travel. If a person is traveling to a crowded event, then information can be provided such that congested traffic areas can be provided. There can be financial opportunities available in relation to providing information concerning an intended destination. An advertiser can pay money to have information played about the advertiser when it relates to the intended destination. Furthermore, a user can pay money for detailed data concerning an intended location, such as where cheapest parking is located.

Nonvolatile disk cache for data security

Described is a technology by which a secondary nonvolatile storage (e.g., a flash memory device) maintains a copy of the changes made to a hard drive after a data backup operation. The backup changes are combinable with backed up data to recreate a hard drive state, whereby changes after the last backup are not lost, e.g., if the hard drive fails. The backup change data may maintain the changes at the block (e.g., allocation unit) level corresponding to hard drive blocks, or at the file level, corresponding to files or parts of files on the hard drive. The backup changes may be filtered, so that only certain data (e.g., user data) are maintained as backup change data. Read requests can be satisfied by reading data from the backup change data, or from a performance (e.g., disk) cache that may also reside on the nonvolatile storage.

Swarm imaging

A method and apparatus is provided for collecting data and generating synthesized data from the collected data. For example, a request for an image may be received from a requestor and at least one data capture device may be identified as capable of providing at least a portion of the requested image. A request may be sent to identified data capture devices to obtain an image corresponding to the requested image. Multiple images may be received from the data capture devices and may further be connected or stitched together to provide a panoramic, 3-dimensional image of requested subject matter.

Additional content based on intended travel destination

When users travel to an intended destination, a plurality of information can be beneficial to assist their travel. If a person is traveling to a crowded event, then information can be provided such that congested traffic areas can be provided. There can be financial opportunities available in relation to providing information concerning an intended destination. An advertiser can pay money to have information played about the advertiser when it relates to the intended destination. Furthermore, a user can pay money for detailed data concerning an intended location, such as where cheapest parking is located.

Device constellation management

A method and apparatus is provided for managing a plurality of devices in a federated network and a sub-network within the federated network. The devices in the sub-network may have a functional capability of performing a function associated with the federated network. For example, the federated network may include devices for providing data content such as media content and the sub-network may include devices for controlling the presentation of the data content. In addition, a constellation of devices is provided that may share data content such as media data. At least some of the devices in the constellation may form a sub-network.

Hybrid memory device with single interface

Described is a technology by which a memory controller is a component of a hybrid memory device having different types of memory therein (e.g., SDRAM and flash memory), in which the controller operates such that the memory device has only a single memory interface with respect to voltage and access protocols defined for one type of memory. For example, the controller allows a memory device with a standard SDRAM interface to provide access to both SDRAM and non-volatile memory with the non-volatile memory overlaid in one or more designated blocks of the volatile memory address space (or vice-versa). A command protocol maps memory pages to the volatile memory interface address space, for example, permitting a single pin compatible multi-chip package to replace an existing volatile memory device in any computing device that wants to provide non-volatile storage, while only requiring software changes to the device to access the flash.

Route reward augmentation

Different incentives can be provided to a user for the user to take different routes. Information related to a user's specific situation can be gathered and a reward can be associated with a route. A user can input an intended destination and different routes can be taken, where the routes have various characteristics. The route can be analyzed and a determination can be made as to what routes can be associated with a user taking a particular route. Commonly, different companies can supply rewards such that the user travels past their advertisement or makes a stop at their store.

Fast display initialization and light up

Described is a technology by which a computer display may quickly resume outputting video data following its awakening from a deep sleep state. Displayed settings are maintained in a memory, such as a memory of the display, while the display is in a sleep state. The settings are associated with a token maintained by a host computer system and display. Upon a need to awaken the display to output video data, the host computer system and the display communicate the token, whereby the display may confirm whether maintained settings are still valid for actual use with the host's video signals. If still valid, the display restores the maintained display settings as actual display settings. The restoring of previously maintained display settings is ordinarily significantly faster than conventional mechanisms that are presently used to configure a display upon wakeup, resulting in the user perceiving a near-instantaneous wakeup of a display.

Control of sensor networks

A method and apparatus is provided for generating an index and creating a network of devices based on the index. Information and data may be provided via the network. In one example, a request may be received from a user at a service. The service may maintain an index containing characteristics of devices. Any number or type of devices may be selected to participate in the network. Also, the network may be subsequently modified by the addition or removal of any device from the network. Information or data received from the network devices may be returned to the user requesting the information via the service.

Route reward augmentation

Different incentives can be provided to a user for the user to take different routes. Information related to a user's specific situation can be gathered and a reward can be associated with a route. A user can input an intended destination and different routes can be taken, where the routes have various characteristics. The route can be analyzed and a determination can be made as to what routes can be associated with a user taking a particular route. Commonly, different companies can supply rewards such that the user travels past their advertisement or makes a stop at their store.

Destination auctioned through business of interest

In order to provide advertising to a user concerning an intended travel destination, an auction takes place where multiple companies place bids to have an advertisement disclosed. Bid selection can take place according to various parameters, including matching a user interest, a bidder that offers a highest price, etc. Bids can be solicited and then received - once a bid is selected for presentation, the advertisement can be received, evaluated, and then presented to a user.

Real-time federated auctions and purchasing

A method and system is provided for conducting a purchasing activity among federated devices in an ad hoc network. In one example, the purchasing activity is an auction. Devices may be identified for federating into the ad hoc network. The devices may be identified, for example, based on distance from an auction item or distance from a device of a seller of the auction item. Alternatively, the purchasing activity may include a bulk purchase in which user devices may federate into an ad hoc network for sharing costs of bulk items.

Safe route configuration

Routes can be produced based on safety characteristics of paths that are included in the route. Safety characteristics can include how susceptible an area surrounding a path is to crime as well as traffic data, such as how many automobile accidents take place on average. Various amounts of safety information can be gathered and a particular path can be assigned a safety score. Analysis can run on different path combinations that would take a user from a starting point to an intended destination. A route can be produced based on the safety score alone, such as a route with a lowest score, based on the safety score with other factors such as anticipated traffic, and the like.

Safe route configuration

High speed nonvolatile memory device

Described is a high speed nonvolatile memory device and technology that includes a controller coupled via interfaces to sets of nonvolatile storage, such as separate flash memory chips or separate regions of a single chip. The controller includes logic that processes write requests of arbitrary size, by interleaving writes among the interfaces, including by parallel writing among the interfaces. For example, the data may be received via direct memory access (DMA) transfers. The controller maintains information to allow the interleaved data to be reassembled into its correct relative locations when read back, such as by DMA. The high speed nonvolatile memory device thus provides a hardware device. and software solution that allows a personal computer to rapidly boot or resume from a reduced power state such as hibernation. The high speed nonvolatile memory device also may be used for other data storage purposes, such as caching and file storage.