Method and device for preventing corrosion on a gas inlet nozzle during nitric acid condensation

By a method and a device for preventing corrosion on and in the region of a gas inlet nozzle during nitric acid condensation, contact of the condensing gas with the nozzle and with the surroundings of the nozzle are supposed to be minimized. This is achieved in that the gas inlet nozzle has a sleeve on the inside in the transition region to the interior of the condenser, by which sleeve a gas inlet orifice in the form of an annular gap is formed, whereby the annular space is provided with at least one feed opening for secondary air, so that an enveloping flow of secondary air is produced around the entering NO gas.

Zn5(BTA)6(TDA)2 - A ROBUST HIGHLY INTERPENETRATED METAL-ORGANIC FRAMEWORK CONSTRUCTED FROM PENTANUCLEAR CLUSTERS FOR SELECTIVE SORPTION OF GAS MOLECULES

Disclosed herein are highly interpenetrated robust metal-organic frameworks having the repeat unit Zn 5 (BTA) 6 (TDA) 2 , useful for applications such as selective gas storage, selective gas sorption and/or separation, and gas detection.

Gas separations with redox-active metal-organic frameworks

Fe 2 (dobdc) has a metal-organic framework with a high density of coordinatively-unsaturated Fe II centers lining the pore surface. It can be effectively used to separate O 2 from N 2 and in a number of additional separation applications based on selective, reversible electron transfer reactions. In addition to being an effective O 2 separation material, it can be used for many other processes, including paraffin/olefin separation, nitric oxide/nitrous oxide separation, acetylene storage, and as an oxidation catalyst.

NITROUS OXIDE-CONTAINING IONIC LIQUIDS AS CHEMICAL REAGENTS

The invention relates to the use of an NO-containing ionic liquid as a reagent in a chemical reaction, for example as an oxidising agent. 127-. (canceled)28. A method for conducting a chemical reaction wherein an NO-containing ionic liquid is used as an oxidizing agent , and wherein the NO-containing ionic liquid is obtained via a reaction process comprising the steps:{'sub': '2', '(a) contacting a reactant with a reagent to produce a product and a mixture of by-products comprising NO; and'}{'sub': 2', '2, '(b) contacting the mixture of by-products with an ionic liquid to absorb the NO to produce an NO-containing ionic liquid.'}29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the reaction to obtain the NO-containing ionic liquid is an oxidation reaction claim 28 , the reagent in step (a) is an oxidizing agent and the product in step (a) is an oxidized product.30. The method of claim 29 , wherein the oxidizing agent is nitric acid.31. The method of claim 29 , wherein the reactant in step (a) is selected from cyclohexanol claim 29 , cyclohexanone or a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone and the oxidized product is adipic acid.32. The method of claim 31 , wherein the reactant in step (a) is produced by the hydrogenation of phenol.33. The method of claim 32 , wherein the phenol is produced by the oxidation of benzene.34. The method of claim 33 , wherein the use comprises oxidizing benzene to produce phenol.35. The method of claim 33 , wherein the use comprises the oxidative dehydrogenation of an alcohol to a ketone.36. The method of claim 33 , wherein the use comprises the oxidative dehydrogenation of butane to 1 claim 33 ,3-butadiene.37. The method of claim 33 , wherein the use comprises the oxidation of cyclohexene to cyclohexanol claim 33 , cyclohexanone or a mixture of cyclohexanol and cyclohexanone.38. The method of claim 33 , wherein the use comprises the oxidation of cyclododecene to cyclododecanone.39. The method of claim 28 , wherein the NO-containing ionic liquid ...

NITROUS OXIDE REGENERABLE ROOM TEMPERATURE PURIFIER AND METHOD

A nitrous oxide room temperature purification method, apparatus and system utilizing at least partially oxidized nickel. In an embodiment, a room temperature regenerable NO purifier includes a vessel having an inlet and outlet, an active portion being at least partially filled with a purification material comprising nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel, wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 3 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 50 m/g. 1. A method for the purification of NO comprising feeding a NO gaseous stream to a vessel having an inlet and outlet , the vessel being at least partially filled with a purification material comprising nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel , wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 3 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 50 m/g.2. A method according to characterized in that it is carried out at room temperature.3. A method according to wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 5 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 100 m/g.4. A method according to wherein the purification material essentially consists of nickel oxide.5. A method according to wherein the purification material is supported.6. A method according to wherein the purification material is supported on at least one of amorphous silica and magnesium oxide.7. A room temperature regenerable NO purifier comprising a vessel having an inlet and outlet claim 5 , an active portion being at least partially filled with a purification material comprising nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel claim 5 , wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is ...

VAPOUR DEPOSITION PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF A CHEMICAL COMPOUND

The present invention provides a vapour deposition process for the preparation of a chemical compound, wherein the process comprises providing each component element of the chemical compound as a vapour, and co-depositing the component element vapours on a common substrate, wherein: the vapour of at least one component element is provided using a cracking source; the vapour of at least one other component element is provided using a plasma source; and at least one further component element vapour is provided; wherein the component elements react on the substrate to form the chemical compound. 1. A vapour deposition process for the preparation of a chemical compound , wherein the process comprises providing each component element of the chemical compound as a vapour , and co-depositing the component element vapours on a common substrate , wherein:the vapour of at least one component element is provided using a cracking source;the vapour of at least one other component element is provided using a plasma source; andat least one further component element vapour is provided;wherein the component elements react on the substrate to form the chemical compound.2. A vapour deposition process according to claim 1 , wherein the vapour provided using a cracking source is selected from cracked phosphorus claim 1 , cracked sulphur claim 1 , cracked arsenic claim 1 , cracked selenium claim 1 , cracked antimony and cracked tellurium.3. A vapour deposition process according to claim 2 , wherein the vapour provided using a cracking source is cracked phosphorus or cracked sulphur.4. A vapour deposition process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one other component element provided using a plasma source is selected from oxygen claim 1 , nitrogen and hydrogen.5. A vapour deposition process according to claim 4 , wherein the at least one other component element provided using a plasma source is oxygen.6. A vapour deposition process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one ...

GAS SENSOR AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A gas sensor includes a sensor element having electrode pads, metal terminal members connected to the respective electrode pads, separators, and lead wires connected to the rear ends of the metal terminal members. Each metal terminal member has a forward locking portion and a rear locking portion provided at the forward and rear ends, respectively. The separator is composed of a forward separator and a rear separator connected to each other. The forward separator includes a first locking portion having a rearward-facing surface, and the rear separator includes a second locking portion having a forward-facing surface. The metal terminal member is held between the forward separator and the rear separator in a state in which the forward locking portion is in locking engagement with the rearward-facing surface and the rear locking portion is in locking engagement with the forward-facing surface. 1. A gas sensor comprising:a sensor element having a plate shape, extending in a direction of an axial line and having an electrode pad on an outer surface of a rear end portion thereof;a metal terminal member extending in the direction of the axial line and electrically connected to the electrode pad;a tubular separator which holds the metal terminal member and surrounds the rear end portion of the sensor element; anda lead wire connected to a rear end portion of the metal terminal member and extending rearward of the separator, whereinthe metal terminal member has a forward locking portion provided at a forward end side of the metal terminal member and a rear locking portion provided at a rear end side of the metal terminal member,the separator is composed of a forward separator and a rear separator which are disposed on forward and rear sides in the direction of the axial line, respectively, and are connected to each other, the forward separator including a first locking portion having a rearward-facing surface, the rear separator including a second locking portion having a ...

ULTRAFINE-BUBBLE GENERATION AGENT INCLUDING HIGH-CO2-CONTENT ICE

An object of the present invention is to provide an ultrafine bubble generating agent capable of easily generating ultrafine bubbles in a liquid without requiring an ultrafine-bubble generator, a method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid, an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid produced by the same production method, and the like. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid of the present invention comprises melting ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more (preferably a COhydrate). 19.-. (canceled)10. A method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid comprising a step of melting ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more.11. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid according to claim 10 , wherein the ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more is a COhydrate.12. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid according to claim 10 , wherein the ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more is a consolidated COhydrate.13. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid according to claim 10 , wherein the ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more is ice having a size with a maximum length of 3 mm or more and having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more.14. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid according to claim 10 , wherein the step of melting ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more is a step of melting ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more by contacting the ice with a liquid other than a melt liquid of the ice claim 10 , or a step of melting ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more without contacting the ice with the liquid other than the melt liquid of the ice.15. The method for producing an ultrafine bubble-containing liquid according to claim 10 , wherein the ice having a CO-content rate of 3 wt % or more is ice capable of generating ultrafine bubbles in water so that a density of the ultrafine bubbles is ...

LIQUID HYDROGEN PRODUCTION FACILITY AND HYDROGEN GAS PRODUCTION FACILITY

A reformer configured to generate hydrogen gas by reforming a hydrocarbon; a hydrogen liquefier configured to generate liquid hydrogen by liquefying the hydrogen gas; a reservoir for storing the liquid hydrogen; and a heat exchanger configured to cause heat exchange between boil-off gas that occurs in the reservoir and carbon dioxide that occurs during a process of generating the hydrogen gas to liquefy the carbon dioxide. 1. A liquid hydrogen production facility comprising:a reformer configured to generate hydrogen gas by reforming a hydrocarbon;a hydrogen liquefier configured to generate liquid hydrogen by liquefying the hydrogen gas;a reservoir for storing the liquid hydrogen; anda heat exchanger configured to cause heat exchange between boil-off gas that occurs in the reservoir and carbon dioxide that occurs during a process of generating the hydrogen gas to liquefy the carbon dioxide.2. A liquid hydrogen production facility comprising:a reformer configured to generate hydrogen gas by reforming a hydrocarbon;a hydrogen liquefier configured to generate liquid hydrogen by liquefying the hydrogen gas by cooling the hydrogen gas with use of heat of vaporization of liquid nitrogen; anda heat exchanger configured to cause heat exchange between nitrogen gas that is discharged from the hydrogen liquefier and carbon dioxide that occurs during a process of generating the hydrogen gas to liquefy the carbon dioxide.3. The liquid hydrogen production facility according to claim 1 , whereinthe hydrocarbon is methane contained in liquefied natural gas as a major component.4. The liquid hydrogen production facility according to claim 1 , whereinthe reformer reforms the hydrocarbon by steam reforming.5. A hydrogen gas production facility comprising:a reformer configured to generate hydrogen gas by reforming a hydrocarbon;a reservoir for storing liquid hydrogen supplied from outside; anda heat exchanger configured to cause heat exchange between boil-off gas that occurs in the ...

Ammonia Oxidation Reactor With Internal Filter Element

A reaction vessel for oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide in the presence of a catalyst is provided. The catalyst can become dislodged during the oxidation. The reaction vessel includes a reactor body having a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion. The top and middle portions cooperate to define a cavity where the ammonia is catalytically oxidized to provide the nitrogen monoxide. The reaction vessel also includes an internal filter element. The internal filter element includes a filter cage that defines an interior volume and a filter medium disposed adjacent to the filter cage. The internal filter element collects the catalyst dislodged during the oxidation. 1. A reaction vessel for oxidation of ammonia to nitrogen monoxide in the presence of a catalyst which can become dislodged during the oxidation , said reaction vessel comprising: 'wherein said top and middle portions cooperate to define a cavity where the ammonia is catalytically oxidized to provide the nitrogen monoxide;', 'a reactor body having a top portion, a bottom portion, and a middle portion,'}a filter plate extending across said reactor body dividing said bottom portion from said cavity; and wherein said internal filter element comprises a filter cage defining an interior volume and a filter medium disposed adjacent to said filter cage and protruding upwardly from said filter plate into said cavity, and', 'wherein said internal filter element collects said catalyst dislodged during the oxidation., 'an internal filter element provided on said filter plate,'}2. The reaction vessel of wherein said filter medium comprises ceramic.3. The reaction vessel of further comprising a heat removal device positioned in said cavity above said internal filter element.4. The reaction vessel of wherein said filter medium is disposed in said interior volume of said filter cage.5. The reaction vessel of wherein said internal filter element is further defined as a plurality of internal filter elements ...

Nitrous Oxide Regenerable Room Temperature Purifier and Method

A nitrous oxide room temperature purification method, apparatus and system utilizing at least partially oxidized nickel. In an embodiment, a room temperature regenerable NO purifier includes a vessel having an inlet and outlet, an active portion being at least partially filled with a purification material comprising nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel, wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 3 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 50 m/g. 1. A method for the purification of NO comprising feeding a NO gaseous stream to a vessel having an inlet and outlet , the vessel being at least partially filled with a purification material comprising nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel , the portion being filled with the purification material being the purifier active portion , wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 3 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 50 m/g.2. A method according to characterized in that it is carried out at room temperature.3. A method according to wherein the weight ratio between the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 5 and the surface area of the nickel oxide and the optional elemental nickel is equal or higher than 100 m/g.4. A method according to wherein the purification material essentially consists of nickel oxide.5. A method according to wherein the purification material is supported.6. A method according to wherein the purification material is supported on at least one of amorphous silica and magnesium oxide.7. A method according to wherein the purification material consists of nickel oxide and optional elemental nickel.8. A purification method according to wherein the purification phase is alternate to a regeneration phase where the vessel is ...

METHOD FOR OXIDIZING AMMONIA AND SYSTEM SUITABLE THEREFOR

A system suitable for oxidizing ammonia with oxygen in the presence of catalysts is described. The system includes a reactor equipped with at least one supply line for a reactant gas mixture and at least one discharge line for a process gas; a catalyst comprising at least one transition metal oxide that is not an oxide of a platinum metal; and a device for adjusting a molar ratio of oxygen to ammonia of less than or equal to 1.75 mol/mol in the reactant gas mixture by mixing an oxygen-containing gas stream having an Ocontent of <20% by volume with a chosen amount of ammonia. The oxygen-containing gas stream is produced by a device for: diluting an air stream with a gas stream comprising less than 20% by volume oxygen; or depleting oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas mixture, preferably from air; or by a combination thereof. 130.-. (canceled)31. A method for oxidizing ammonia with oxygen in the presence of catalysts comprising at least one transition metal oxide that is not an oxide of a platinum metal , wherein the ratio of the molar amounts of oxygen to ammonia at the inlet of the reactant gas mixture into the catalyst bed is adjusted to values of less than or equal to 1.75 mol O/mol NH.32. The method as claimed in claim 31 , wherein the ratio of the molar amounts of Oto NHin the reactant gas mixture at the inlet into the catalyst bed is from 1.25 to 1.75 mol O/mol NH.33. The method as claimed in claim 31 , wherein the ratio of the molar amounts of Oto NHin the reactant gas mixture at the inlet into the catalyst bed is so chosen that it is in the range of from 0.1 mol O/mol NHbelow to 0.4 mol O/mol NHabove an optimal molar ratio claim 31 , wherein the optimal molar ratio is the ratio of oxygen to ammonia at the inlet of the reactant gas mixture into the catalyst bed at which a maximum yield of NOis achieved.34. The method as claimed in claim 31 , wherein the optimal molar ratio of oxygen to ammonia is determined by carrying out a series of tests under given method ...

PRODUCTION OF NITROGEN OXIDES

A method and apparatus for the manufacture of nitric oxide and/or nitrogen dioxide in which a plasma is formed from nitrogen and oxygen passed through gas inlets into a reaction chamber to create a vorticular flow in the reaction chamber. A source of microwave energy is used to energise the nitrogen and oxygen in a microwave transparent inner plasma containment 131-. (canceled)32. A nitric oxide and nitrogen dioxide manufacturing apparatus comprising:a first reaction chamber;a first set of inlets for introducing reacting gases into the first reaction chamber arranged to create a vorticular flow in the first reaction chamber, wherein the reacting gases are nitrogen and oxygen; anda first microwave-transparent inner plasma containment cylinder disposed within the first reaction chamber and a first microwave source arranged to direct microwaves at the first microwave-transparent inner plasma containment cylinder to create a plasma.33. The apparatus according to claim 32 , in which the microwaves have a wavelength in free space claim 32 , and the first reaction chamber has a diameter which is between multiples of 0.5 and 1.5 times the wavelength in free space.34. The apparatus according to claim 32 , further including a second reaction chamber having a second inlet claim 32 , the first reaction chamber having an outlet connected to the second inlet so that the gases flow in a downstream direction from the first reaction chamber flow into the second reaction chamber.35. The apparatus according to claim 34 , in which the second reaction chamber has a second microwave-transparent inner plasma containment cylinder and claim 34 , in use claim 34 , the gases flow into the second microwave-transparent inner plasma containment cylinder.36. The apparatus according to claim 35 , further including a second microwave source arranged to direct microwaves at the second microwave-transparent inner plasma containment cylinder.37. The apparatus according to claim 35 , further including ...

CATALYST SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF AMMONIA TO FORM NITROGEN OXIDES IN A MEDIUM-PRESSURE SYSTEM

Known catalyst systems for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides consist of a plurality of catalyst gauze layers which are knitted, woven or braided from platinum-based precious metal wire, which form a catalyst package when arranged after one another when viewed in a fresh gas flow direction. In order to provide a catalyst system on this basis for use in a medium-pressure system, with which a yield of the main product NO comparable to the industry standard can be achieved despite the reduced precious metal use, according to the invention, the catalyst package is formed from a front assembly with three catalyst gauzes with a first average mass per unit area and a downstream assembly of catalyst gauze layers arranged after the front assembly and having a second average mass per unit area, wherein the average mass per unit area of the front assembly has a short weight in the region of 1.5% to 29% in relation to the second average mass per unit area, and the first average mass per unit area lies in the regions of 410 to 30 g/mand the second average mass per unit area lies in the region of 540 to 790 g/m. 1. A catalyst system for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides in a medium-pressure plant , having a plurality of catalyst gauze layers weft-knitted , woven or warp-knitted from platinum-based noble metal wire , which , when arranged one behind the other in a fresh gas flow direction , form a catalyst pack , wherein the catalyst pack is formed from a front assembly with three catalyst gauzes having a first average weight per unit area , and a downstream assembly of catalyst gauze layers arranged after the front assembly , having a second average weight per unit area , wherein the average weight per unit area of the front assembly has a weight reduction ranging from 1.5% to 29% relative to the second average weight per unit area , and in that the first average weight per unit area is in the range of 410 to 530 g/mand the ...

Extended production of nitric oxide from a microencapsulated nitrite salt and an aqueous acidified gel

Methods and compositions are provided for generating and applying long-lasting therapeutic nitric oxide (NO) gas from the reaction of a least one microencapsulated nitrite salt and an activating volume of an aqueous acidified gel that has sufficient acidity to convert the nitrite salt to a nitric oxide (NO) and further provides a reducing property that retains the NO in bioactive form

PROCESS FOR REDUCING THE CONTENT OF NOx AND N2O FROM A TAIL GAS OF A NITRIC ACID PROCESS

Process for reducing the content of NOx and N2O from an input tail gas () of a nitric acid process, said input tail gas having a temperature lower than 400° C., the process comprising an abatement stage at least including a deN2O stage and deNOx stage and providing a conditioned tail gas () having a temperature greater than the input tail gas (), wherein, prior to submission to said abatement stage, said input tail gas () is pre-heated to a temperature of at least 400° C. by indirect heat exchange with at least a portion of said conditioned gas (). 115-. (canceled)16. A process for reducing the content of NOx and N2O from an input tail gas of a nitric acid process , said input tail gas having a temperature lower than 400° C. , the process comprising:an abatement stage including at least a stage of catalytic N2O decomposition (deN2O) over an iron-loaded zeolite catalyst and a stage of catalytic NOx reduction (deNOx), said abatement stage providing a conditioned tail gas having a temperature greater than the input tail gas, wherein:prior to submission to said abatement stage, said input tail gas is pre-heated to a temperature of at least 400° C. by indirect heat exchange with at least a portion of said conditioned gas;said deN2O and deNOx stages being carried out in separated catalytic beds and said deNOx stage being carried out over at least one of: a vanadium catalyst, a copper-loaded zeolite catalyst, or an iron-loaded zeolite catalyst.17. The process according to claim 16 , wherein said input tail gas has a temperature from 300° C. to 370° C.18. The process according to claim 16 , wherein said input tail gas has a temperature from 330° C. to 370° C.19. The process according to claim 16 , wherein said input tail gas is pre-heated to a temperature greater than 410° C.20. The process according to claim 16 , wherein said input tail gas is pre-heated to a temperature greater than 420° C.21. The process according to claim 16 , wherein:said nitric acid process includes ...

CATALYST SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR THE CATALYTIC COMBUSTION OF AMMONIA TO FORM NITROGEN OXIDES IN A MEDIUM-PRESSURE SYSTEM

Known catalyst systems for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides consist of a plurality of single- or multilayer catalyst gauzes warp-knitted, weft-knitted or woven from platinum-based noble metal wire, which, when arranged one behind the other in a fresh gas flow direction, form a front group of gauze layers and at least one downstream group of gauze layers arranged after the front group. To provide from this starting point a catalyst system for use in a medium-pressure plant for ammonia oxidation, with which a high service life and a high yield of the main product NO can be achieved, it is proposed that the front group comprises a gauze layer or a plurality of gauze layers made of a first, rhodium-rich noble metal wire, wherein the gauze layer or one of the gauze layers made of the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is a front gauze layer facing the fresh gas, and that the downstream group comprises gauze layers made of a second, rhodium-poor noble metal wire, wherein the rhodium content in the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is at least 7 wt. % and no more than 9 wt. % and is at least 1 percentage point higher than the rhodium content in the rhodium-poor noble metal wire 1. A catalyst system for the catalytic combustion of ammonia to form nitrogen oxides in a medium-pressure plant , having a plurality of single- or multilayer catalyst gauzes warp-knitted , weft-knitted or woven from platinum-based noble metal wire , which , when arranged one behind the other in a fresh gas flow direction , form a front group of gauze layers and at least one downstream group of gauze layers arranged after the front group , characterised in that the front group comprises at least one gauze layer made of a first , rhodium-rich noble metal wire , wherein the at least one gauze layer made of the rhodium-rich noble metal wire is a front gauze layer facing the fresh gas , and in that the downstream group comprises gauze layers made of a second , rhodium-poor noble metal ...

A PLANT FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NITRIC ACID, A RELATED PROCESS AND METHOD OF REVAMPING

A dual-pressure plant for the synthesis of nitric acid comprising: a reactor () providing a gaseous effluent () containing nitrogen oxides; an absorption tower () nitrogen oxides react with water providing raw nitric acid and, said absorption tower operating at a pressure greater than the pressure of the reactor; a compressor () elevating the pressure of the reactor effluent () to the absorption pressure; said plant also comprising a first bleacher () and a second bleacher (), said first bleacher () stripping with air () nitrogen oxides from the output stream () of the absorption tower () providing a partially stripped nitric acid stream () and a nitrogen oxides-loaded air stream (), the former being fed to the second bleacher () and the latter being recycled to the delivery-side of said compressor (). 1. A dual-pressure plant for the synthesis of nitric acid comprising:a reactor, wherein a stream of ammonia is oxidized to provide a gaseous effluent containing nitrogen oxides;an absorption tower, wherein nitrogen oxides contained in said gaseous effluent react with water,wherein the adsorption tower provides an output product stream containing nitric acid and nitrogen oxides and a tail gas,said reactor operating at a reaction pressure and said absorption tower operating at an absorption pressure greater than the reaction pressure;a compressor, which elevates the pressure of the gaseous effluent of the reactor from the reaction pressure to the absorption pressure;said plant comprising at least a first bleacher and a second bleacher,said first bleacher stripping nitrogen oxides away from said output product stream of the absorption tower with a first stripping medium, providing a partially stripped nitric acid stream and a nitrogen oxides-loaded stripping medium,said partially stripped nitric acid stream being fed to the second bleacher, said second bleacher stripping nitrogen oxides away from said partially stripped nitric acid stream with a second stripping medium, ...

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH-CONCENTRATION, LOW-TEMPERATURE NITRIC OXIDE

A device and method for forming NO-containing gas flow to treat a biological object is disclosed. The device may include an anode, a cathode, an interelectrode area between the cathode and the anode, an NO-containing gas flow outlet channel leading from the interelectrode area to a nozzle for directing and releasing the NO-containing gas flow from the device and a mechanism to adjust a relative position between the anode and the cathode to produce varying concentrations of NO. In addition, the device may include one or more features for interconnecting the various components to ensure proper and consistent assembly of the device. 1. A device for forming NO-containing plasma gas flow to treat a biological object , the device comprising:an anode;a cathode;an insulator disposed about the cathode;a cathode insulator disposed about a portion of the insulator;an alignment bushing coupled to an end of the cathode insulator;an interelectrode area disposed between the cathode and the anode;an interim electrode disposed about a proximal end of the cathode;an interim electrode standoff coupled between the insulator and the interim electrode;a chamber standoff coupled between the interim electrode and the anode; andan NO-containing gas flow outlet channel leading from the interelectrode area to a nozzle for directing the NO-containing gas flow from the device;wherein the insulator, cathode insulator, interim electrode standoff, and chamber standoff are made from a dielectric material.2. The device in claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of holes formed in an outer perimeter of a distal end of the cathode claim 1 , the holes creating a vortex of fluid flow as the fluid flow passes through the interelectrode area.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of holes comprise a plurality of tangential holes.4. The device of claim 2 , wherein the plurality of holes are configured to direct fluid from a central hollow portion of the cathode out of the plurality of holes such ...

SELECTIVE CATALYTIC REDUCTION STEADY STATE AMMONIA SLIP DETECTION WITH POSITIVE PERTURBATION

Described herein is a method for detecting steady state ammonia slip for a motor vehicle having an internal combustion engine and an emissions control system. The emissions control system includes a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) device, a NOx sensor, and a controller. The controller executes a method for ammonia slip detection that includes determining if the SCR device is at steady state, comparing a NOx measurement from the NOx sensor with a predicted NOx value. If the NOx measurement exceeds the predicted NOx value by a threshold, perturbing a reductant injection, the perturbation having a selected magnitude and a selected duration. The method also includes measuring a NOx value resulting from the perturbation and computing a gradient thereof relative to the measured NOx, and ascertaining if a gradient of the NOx resulting from the perturbation exceeds a threshold and identifying a reductant slip condition if so. 1. An emissions control system for treating exhaust gas in a motor vehicle including an internal combustion engine , the emissions control system comprising:a selective catalytic reduction (SCR) Device;a NOx sensor; anda controller that is configured to perform reductant slip detection by:determining if the SCR device is in a steady state operating condition with a steady state reductant injection;comparing a steady state NOx measurement from the NOx sensor with a predicted steady state NOx value; andin response to a magnitude of the steady state NOx measurement exceeding the predicted steady state NOx value by a first threshold value:perturbing the reductant injection corresponding to the steady state; the perturbation of the reductant injection having a selected magnitude and a selected duration;measuring a NOx value resulting from the perturbation of the reductant injection and computing a gradient in the NOx value resulting from the perturbation of the reductant injection relative to the NOx value measured at steady state;determining if the ...

NITRIC OXIDE GENERATION PROCESS CONTROLS

The present disclosure describes systems and methods for controlling the electrical generation of nitric oxide. In some aspects, a system for generating nitric oxide comprises a plasma chamber housing two or more electrodes in communication with a resonant high voltage circuit configured to send a signal to the plasma chamber for generating nitric oxide in a product gas from a flow of a reactant gas, and a controller configured to generate a pulse width modulation signal having multiple harmonic frequencies to excite the resonant high voltage circuit. The controller is configured to adjust the duty cycle of the pulse width modulation signal, the controller selecting the duty cycle based on a target voltage before plasma formation and a target current after plasma formation in the plasma chamber.

CATALYST GAUZE

A catalyst gauze for an ammonia oxidation process is described, containing a first layer of knitted first wire material, whereby said first wire material is made from a platinum-rhodium alloy, characterized in that said first layer contains an activator in the form of a second wire material which is knitted among the first wire material and which is made from un-alloyed platinum. 111-. (canceled)12. A catalyst gauze for an ammonia oxidation process , containing a first layer of knitted first wire material , wherein said first wire material is made from a platinum-rhodium alloy , characterized in that said first layer contains an activator in the form of a second wire material which is knitted among the first wire material and which is made from un-alloyed platinum.13. The catalyst gauze according to claim 12 , wherein the first wire material is made from a Pt—Rh alloy with 1 to 10% by weight Rh.14. The catalyst according to claim 12 , wherein the second wire material is made from ≥99.5% by weight Pt.15. The catalyst gauze according to wherein the weight percentage of the activator second wire material in the catalyst gauze is in the range of 1 to 45% by weight.16. The catalyst gauze pack for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to nitric oxide claim 12 , comprising at least one activated catalyst gauze according to as a top layer on a layer formed from one or more knitted gauzes made from a platinum-rich wire material comprising at least 85% by weight Pt.17. The catalyst gauze pack according to wherein the top layer consists of a single activated catalyst gauze.18. A catalyst pack according to wherein one or more knitted gauzes of a Pd—Pt alloy are placed below the one or more knitted gauzes made from the platinum-rich wire material to reduce nitrous oxide by-product formation.19. The catalyst gauze pack according to claim 16 , further comprising a catchment layer comprising one or more catchment gauzes of palladium or a palladium-rich alloy as a bottom layer.20. A ...

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

Various systems, devices, NOabsorbents, NOscavengers and NOrecuperator for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, an apparatus for converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide can include a receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an absorbent wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material and the absorbent such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide. 125.-. (canceled)26. A method for delivering nitric oxide to a patient , comprising:supplying:a gas source of nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide, or nitric oxide;a first device having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix, wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow from the source and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the porous solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide; anda recuperator coupled to the outlet of the first device, wherein the recuperator includes an exit shell and an inside shell, the inside shell includes inner and outer tubes with fixed annulus;converting nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide in the recuperator prior to delivery to the patient; anddelivering nitric oxide to the patient.27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a flow resistance of less than 3 cm of water pressure at a flow of 60 L/minute.28. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a flow resistance of less than 1 cm water at 15 L/min.29. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator is operated at atmospheric pressure.30. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has an oxygen concentration of in the range of 21 to 100%.31. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a humidity of dry to 99%.32. The method of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator is thermally insulated.33. The method ...

PRE-TREATMENT OF A DESALINATION PROCESS FEED

Pre-treatment of an input feed in a desalination process includes splitting the input feed into two streams, a first stream and a second stream, passing the second stream through a nano-filtration unit to produce a softened second stream, combining the softened second stream and the first stream, and feeding the combined streams to a desalination process. An apparatus for pre-treatment of an input feed in a desalination process includes an adsorption unit for splitting the input feed into two streams, a first stream rich in sodium ions and a second stream rich in calcium and magnesium ions, a nano-filtration unit to receive the second stream to produce a softened second stream, and a combiner for combining the softened second stream and the first stream, and feeding the combined streams to a desalination process. 1. A method for pre-treatment of a desalination input feed in a desalination process , comprising:splitting the desalination input feed into two streams, a first stream and a second stream;passing the second stream through a nano-filtration unit to produce a softened second stream;combining the softened second stream and the first stream; andfeeding the combined streams to a desalination process.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the desalination input feed is selected from the group consisting of seawater claim 1 , brine claim 1 , brackish water claim 1 , wastewater claim 1 , mixed salty water containing Na claim 1 , Ca claim 1 , and Mg claim 1 , and a combination thereof.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first stream includes a sodium ions rich stream.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the second stream includes a calcium and a magnesium ions rich stream.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the nano-filtration unit softens the calcium and magnesium ions and eliminates bicarbonate and carbonate ions from the second stream.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the desalination input feed is split using an ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR INDICATING LIFETIME OF AN NO2-TO-NO REACTOR CARTRIDGE USED TO DELIVER NO FOR INHALATION THERAPY TO A PATIENT

The principles and embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and systems for safely providing NO to a recipient for inhalation therapy. There are many potential safety issues that may arise from using a reactor cartridge that converts NOto NO, including exhaustion of consumable reactants of the cartridge reactor. Accordingly, various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods of determining the remaining useful life of a NO2-to-NO reactor cartridge and/or a break-through of NO, and providing an indication of the remaining useful life and/or break-through. 1. A system for safely delivering a supply of nitric oxide (NO) to a recipient , comprising:{'sub': '2', 'a gas source that supplies a gas, wherein the gas supplied by the gas source is nitric dioxide (NO);'}a gas conduit connected to and in fluid communication with the gas source;{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'a NO-to-NO reactor cartridge connected to and in fluid communication with the gas conduit, so as to allow gas to flow from the gas source to an inlet end of the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge, wherein the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge further comprising an outlet end and an internal volume comprising a consumable conversion media;'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'one or more sensor probe(s) configured to monitor the functioning of the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge operatively associated with the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge, wherein the one or more sensor probe(s) are selected from one or more cannula sensor probe(s) and one or more fiber optic sensor probe(s);'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'a delivery conduit connected to and in fluid communication with an outlet end of the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge, wherein the delivery conduit is operable to allow NO gas from the NO-to-NO reactor cartridge to flow to the recipient;'}a computer in electronic communication with the one or more sensor probe(s) over a communication path, wherein the computer is configured to receive electronic signals from the one or more sensor probe(s) ...

NITROGEN DIOXIDE STORAGE DEVICE

A nitric oxide delivery system can include a cassette which is a single use disposable component used to store liquid NOactivate upon operator demand, convert NOto NOvia a heating element(s) controlled by a console to deliver NOat a controlled flow rate, direct concentrated NOto a contained pair of conversion cartridges and exhaust NO gas to the console for delivery to the patient. 1a shuttle tube;an ampule containing liquid dinitrogen tetroxide disposed in the shuttle tube;an inerting material configured to inert nitrogen dioxide; anda leak valve, the leak valve configured to couple the ampule to the inerting material when the shuttle tube is in a first position.. An apparatus, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 16/283,724, filed Feb. 22, 2019, which is a divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/918,511, filed Oct. 20, 2015, now U.S. Pat. No. 10,213,572, which claims priority under 35 U.S.C. § 119(e) to U.S. Patent Application Ser. No. 62/066,345 filed on Oct. 20, 2014, each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.The invention relates to systems and methods for the storage and delivery of a gas including at least 1% nitric oxide.Some disorders or physiological conditions can be mediated by inhalation of nitric oxide. The use of low concentrations of inhaled nitric oxide can prevent, reverse, or limit the progression of disorders which can include, but are not limited to, acute pulmonary vasoconstriction, traumatic injury, aspiration or inhalation injury, fat embolism in the lung, acidosis, inflammation of the lung, adult respiratory distress syndrome, acute pulmonary edema, acute mountain sickness, post cardiac surgery acute pulmonary hypertension, persistent pulmonary hypertension of a newborn, perinatal aspiration syndrome, haline membrane disease, acute pulmonary thromboembolism, heparin-protamine reactions, sepsis, asthma and status asthmaticus or hypoxia. Nitric oxide can also be used to treat ...

NITRIC OXIDE GENERATING SYSTEMS

An example of a nitric oxide (NO) generating system includes an NO generating formulation, having: a stable NO donor/adduct; a hydrophilic binder; and an additive. The additive is to control a rate of release of NO from the stable NO donor/adduct after the formulation is exposed to an effective amount of water, water vapor, or blue or ultraviolet (UV) light. This example NO generating system further includes an inhalation device in operative contact with the NO generating formulation. 1. A nitric oxide (NO) generating system , comprising: a stable NO donor/adduct;', 'a hydrophilic binder; and', 'an additive;', 'wherein the additive is to control a rate of release of NO from the NO donor/adduct after the formulation is exposed to an effective amount of water, water vapor, or blue or ultraviolet (UV) light; and, 'an NO generating formulation, includingan inhalation device in operative contact with the NO generating formulation.2. The NO generating system as defined in wherein the NO generating formulation further includes a lubricant.3. The NO generating system as defined in wherein:the stable NO donor/adduct is an S-nitrosothiol (RSNO) powder present in an amount ranging from about 3 wt % to about 12 wt % of the NO generating formulation;the hydrophilic binder is present in an amount ranging from about 15 wt % to about 82 wt % of the NO generating formulation;the lubricant is present in an amount ranging from about 1 wt % to about 15 wt % of the NO generating formulation; andthe additive is present in an amount ranging from about 3 wt % to about 60 wt % of the NO generating formulation.4. The NO generating system as defined in wherein the lubricant is a surfactant selected from the group consisting of sodium stearate claim 2 , zinc stearate claim 2 , magnesium stearate claim 2 , sodium laurate claim 2 , zinc laurate claim 2 , sodium palmitate claim 2 , zinc palmitate claim 2 , ascorbyl palmitate claim 2 , and combinations thereof.5. The NO generating system as ...

New Class Of Tunable Gas Storage And Sensor Materials

The electronic structure of nanowires, nanotubes and thin films deposited on a substrate is varied by doping with electrons or holes. The electronic structure can then be tuned by varying the support material or by applying a gate voltage. The electronic structure can be controlled to absorb a gas, store a gas, or release a gas, such as hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and the like. 1. A method for storing a gas comprising:providing a device comprising:a support deposited on a gate wherein the support is in electrical communication with the gate;a carbon-containing material deposited on the support, wherein the support is in electrical communication with the carbon-containing material and wherein the carbon-containing material is separated from the gate by the support; anda power supply comprising the gate in electrical communication with the support and the carbon-containing material, wherein the power supply is capable of producing a voltage across the device and wherein the carbon-containing material is configured to adsorb gas responsive to the applied voltage; andstoring a gas by applying a voltage to the device.2. The method of wherein the support comprises SiO.3. The method of wherein the support comprises Si and SiO.4. The method of wherein the carbon-containing material is selected from the group consisting of carbon nanotubes and nanowires.5. The method of wherein the carbon-containing material is carbon nanotubes.6. The method of wherein the carbon nanotubes are single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWNTs).7. The method of wherein the SWNTs are semiconducting.8. The method of wherein the carbon-containing material is about 2 μm in length.9. The method of wherein the gas is hydrogen claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , carbon dioxide claim 1 , carbon monoxide claim 1 , methane claim 1 , ammonia or NO.10. The method of wherein the gas is hydrogen.11. The method of wherein the gas is NO.12. The method of further comprising releasing the gas by decreasing the ...

MULTI-STEP PROCESS FOR NO PRODUCTION

The present invention relates to a multi-step process for the production of nitrogen monoxide (NO) from a pH-labile NO donor in the presence of at least one antioxidant. The invention also relates to a device for implementation of said process and the use of said device for the treatment of diseases. Moreover, the invention relates to a cosmetic process using said process or said device. 1. A process for the production of nitrogen monoxide (NO) , comprising:(a) providing a carrier medium comprising at least one pH-labile NO donor;(b) adjusting a pH value of the carrier medium to a pH value that induces degradation of the at least one pH-labile NO donor while producing NO;(c) maintaining the pH value that induces the production of NO for a period of time from 15 seconds to 60 minutes to permit production of an amount of 0.01 to 2 mM of NO; and(d) increasing the pH value of the carrier medium by at least one pH level;wherein at least one antioxidant is contained in the carrier medium in step (a) or at least one antioxidant is added in step (b), andwherein the process optionally further comprises an addition of at least another antioxidant.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the carrier medium is selected from a group consisting of foam claim 1 , gel claim 1 , cream claim 1 , and liquid.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one pH-labile NO donor is selected from a group consisting of inorganic nitrite salts claim 1 , alkyl nitrites claim 1 , diazeniumdiolate derivatives claim 1 , trans[RuCl([15]aneN4)NO] claim 1 , 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrrol claim 1 , S-nitroso-glutathione claim 1 , S-nitroso-thiol claim 1 , S-nitroso-N-acetyl-D-penicillamine (SNAP) claim 1 , nitroaniline derivatives claim 1 , 2-methyl-2-nitrosopropane claim 1 , imidazolyl derivatives claim 1 , nitrate esters claim 1 , hydroxylnitrosamine claim 1 , hydroxylamine claim 1 , hydroxy urea claim 1 , and sodium nitroprusside.4. The process according to claims 1 , wherein the at ...

Compositions And Methods For Treating Diseases Or Disorders Using Extended Release Nitric Oxide Releasing Solutions

The present invention relates to a liquid nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) comprised of at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of nitric oxide gas (gNO). The present invention also relates to a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitrite compound having a concentration of no greater than about 0.5% w/v and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS releases a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. The present invention also relates to a method for the treatment of a wound in a human, the method comprising administering to the human a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. The present invention also relates to a method for the treatment, prevention, or reduction of incidence of a disease or disorder in a human in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the human a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitrite compound at a concentration of no greater than about 0.5% w/v and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS releases a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. 1. A liquid nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) comprised of at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent , wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of nitric oxide gas (gNO).2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nitric oxide releasing compound is selected from the group consisting of a nitrite claim 1 , a salt thereof claim 1 , and any combinations thereof.3. The solution of claim 2 , wherein the nitrite is sodium nitrite.4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the at least one nitric oxide releasing compound is not greater than about 0.5% w/v.5. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at ...

Nitric oxide generator and non-deliquescent tablet for use in same

An apparatus to generate nitric oxide is disclosed in one embodiment in accordance with the invention as including a heat source and a vessel containing the heat source. A tablet may be placed within the vessel such that it is in thermal communication with the heat source to receive heat therefrom. The tablet may contain reactants that are substantially non-deliquescent and form nitric oxide in response to heat from the heat source.

AUTOTHERMAL AMMONIA CRACKING PROCESS

Process for the production of a product gas containing nitrogen and hydrogen from ammonia comprising the steps of non-catalytic partial oxidation of ammonia with an oxygen containing gas to a process gas containing nitrogen, water, amounts of nitrogen oxides and residual amounts of ammonia; cracking of at least a part of the residual amounts of ammonia to hydrogen and nitrogen in the process gas by contact with a nickel containing catalyst and simultaneously reducing the amounts of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water by reaction with a part of the hydrogen formed during cracking of the process gas by contact of the process gas with the nickel containing catalyst; and withdrawing the hydrogen and nitrogen containing product gas. 1. Process for the production of a product gas containing nitrogen and hydrogen from ammonia comprising the steps of non-catalytic partial oxidation of ammonia with an oxygen containing gas to a process gas containing nitrogen , water , amounts of nitrogen oxides and residual amounts of ammonia;cracking of at least a part of the residual amounts of ammonia to hydrogen and nitrogen in the process gas by contact with a nickel containing catalyst and simultaneously reducing the amounts of nitrogen oxides to nitrogen and water by reaction with a part of the hydrogen formed during cracking of the process gas by contact of the process gas with the nickel containing catalyst; andwithdrawing the hydrogen and nitrogen containing product gas.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the amounts of nitrogen oxides generated in the non-catalytic partial oxidation step are reduced by more than 80% claim 1 , and up to 100% as limited by thermodynamic equilibrium claim 1 , through reaction of the nitrogen oxides with hydrogen by contact with the nickel containing catalyst.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the non-catalytic partial oxidation of ammonia is performed by burning the ammonia in gaseous form in a burner with under -stoichiometric amounts of oxygen ...

Plant and process for producing nitric acid

Disclosed is a dual pressure plant for the production of nitric acid on the basis of the oxidation of ammonia. The plant comprises a reactor configured to produce a burner gas stream; a gas cooling section configured to form a cooled burner gas; a condensation section configured to form an aqueous nitric acid condensate and an uncondensed nitrogen oxides gas stream; an absorption section configured to produce raw nitric acid and a tail gas; and a tail gas treatment system configured to form a purified tail gas. In a tail gas heating section a further heat exchanger configured to receive heat from the burner gas stream, said further heat exchanger being positioned relatively close to the reactor.

METHOD FOR THE CATALYTIC OXIDATION OF AMMONIA GAS

A process for catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas by way of an oxygen-containing gas in a presence of a noble metal-containing catalyst may be employed to give nitrogen monoxide. A temperature of an ammonia/air mixed gas may be optimized in respect of nitrogen monoxide selectivity of the reaction before contact with the catalyst. Examination of catalytic NHoxidation according to 4NH+5O→4NO+6HO revealed that an optimum mode of operation of an NHburner in an HNOplant is not to be achieved by maintenance of a constant gauze temperature of the catalyst gauze by automatic setting of the NH: air ratio. Rather, there is an optimum temperature for each process condition that should be set not by changing the NH: air ratio but instead by altering the temperature of the NH/air mixed gas before contact with the catalyst gauzes. 126.-. (canceled)27. A process for catalytic oxidation of ammonia gas by way of an oxygen-containing gas in a presence of a catalyst to give nitrogen monoxide in an oxidation reactor , the process comprising regulating a reaction temperature at the catalyst to an optimum value with respect to nitrogen monoxide selectivity of a reaction , wherein the regulating is effected by way of measures upstream of the oxidation reactor.28. The process of wherein the oxygen-containing gas is air claim 27 , the process comprising indirectly heating or cooling the air and/or the ammonia gas/air mixed gas before contact with the catalyst.29. The process of comprising indirectly heating the air and/or the ammonia gas/air mixed gas by way of steam or other heat transfer.30. The process of wherein the catalytic oxidation occurs in a plant comprising a process air compressor with an intermediate cooler and a regulated process air-side bypass around the intermediate cooler for setting an exit temperature of air exiting from the process air compressor.31. The process of wherein the oxygen-containing gas is air claim 27 , the process comprising directly heating or cooling the ...

METHOD OF SELECTIVELY RELEASING NITRIC OXIDE DEPENDING ON CHANGE IN PH USING CALCIUM PHOSPHATE

Provided is a method of controlling release of nitric oxide, and more particularly, to a method of selectively releasing nitric oxide depending on a change in pH using calcium phosphate. 1. A nitric oxide releasing particle comprising a silane coupling agent containing a secondary amine group , and calcium phosphate.3. The nitric oxide releasing particle of claim 1 , wherein in the silane coupling agent claim 1 , the secondary amine group reacts with nitric oxide to form a diazeniumdiolate functional group.4. The nitric oxide releasing particle of claim 1 , wherein the calcium phosphate is hydroxyapatite (Ca(PO)(OH)).5. A method of preparing nitric oxide releasing particles claim 1 , the method comprising:a) forming calcium phosphate in a solution in which a silane coupling agent containing a secondary amine group is contained; andb) injecting nitric oxide gas thereinto to form a diazeniumdiolate functional group.6. The method of claim 5 , wherein the calcium phosphate in step a) is formed by mixing any one phosphate salt selected from phosphoric acid (HPO) claim 5 , sodium dihydrogen phosphate (NaHPO) claim 5 , sodium hydrogen phosphate (NaHPO) claim 5 , potassium dihydrogen phosphate (KHPO) claim 5 , potassium hydrogen phosphate (KHPO) claim 5 , ammonium dihydrogen phosphate (NHHPO) claim 5 , and ammonium hydrogen phosphate ((NH)HPO) and any one calcium salt selected from calcium nitrate (Ca(NO)) claim 5 , calcium carbonate (CaCO) claim 5 , calcium chloride (CaCl) claim 5 , calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)) claim 5 , and calcium acetate (Ca(CHCOO)) with each other.7. The method of claim 5 , wherein a pH in step a) is adjusted to 7 to 11.8. A method of selectively releasing nitric oxide claim 1 , wherein nitric oxide is released by adjusting a pH of the nitric oxide releasing particle of to 5.0 to 7.4. This application claims priority under 35 U.S.C. §119 to Korean Patent Application No. 10-2015-0163839, filed on Nov. 23, 2015, in the Korean Intellectual Property Office. ...

NITRIC OXIDE CYLINDER FILLING APPARATUS AND METHOD

An apparatus and method for filling a gas cylinder with nitric oxide gas is disclosed. A vacuum pump evacuates the air from the system. A suitable reactor generates nitric oxide gas within the system. The nitric oxide gas fills a gas cylinder. The gas cylinder is pressurized with nitrogen so the nitric oxide gas can be more readily used or stored. 1. A method for filling a gas cylinder with nitric oxide , comprising: a reactor, a pump, and a nitric oxide cylinder all in fluid communication with each other, wherein the reactor is capable of generating nitric oxide gas and the pump is capable of establishing a vacuum throughout the system and the nitric oxide cylinder is capable of containing the nitric oxide gas generated by the reactor;', 'a vacuum valve is proximate the pump and positioned within the system in a manner that allows the pump to be closed off from the remainder of the system;', 'a vacuum diaphragm valve is proximate the reactor and positioned within the system in a manner that allows the reactor to be closed off from the remainder of the system;, 'providing a system comprisingcreating a vacuum within the system;closing the vacuum valve;generating nitric oxide gas; andfilling the nitric oxide cylinder with the nitric oxide gas.2. The method of wherein the system further comprises a filter proximate the reactor and positioned within the system so that gasses passing in and out of the reactor pass through the filter.3. The method of wherein the system further comprises an analyzer in fluid communication with the nitric oxide cylinder.4. The method of wherein the system further comprises at least two nitric oxide cylinders that are in fluid communication with the system.5. A method for filling a gas cylinder with nitric oxide comprising: a reactor, a pump, a nitrogen cylinder, and a nitric oxide cylinder all in fluid communication with each other, wherein the reactor is capable of generating nitric oxide gas and the pump is capable of establishing a ...

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. 130.-. (canceled)31. A method of delivering nitric oxide to a human comprising converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide by fluidly communicating a gas flow including nitrogen dioxide to a receptacle including an inlet , an outlet , and a surface-active material comprising silica coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant , wherein the antioxidant includes ascorbic acid or a variant of vitamin E , wherein the inlet is configured to receive the gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide.32. The method of wherein the surface-active material is saturated with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant.33. The method of wherein the surface-active material comprises a substrate that retains water.34. The method of wherein the variant of vitamin E includes alpha tocopherol or gamma tocopherol.35. The method of where the silica gel is 35 to 70 sized mesh.36. The method of wherein the receptacle comprises a cartridge.37. The method of wherein the antioxidant comprises ascorbic acid.38. The method of wherein the receptacle is at ambient temperature.39. The method of wherein the surface-active material is prepared using a solution of ascorbic acid in water.40. The method of wherein the surface-active material is prepared using a 20% solution of ascorbic acid in water.41. The method of wherein the surface-active material is prepared using a 25% solution of ascorbic acid in water.42. The method of wherein the surface-active material is prepared using a 30% solution of ascorbic acid in water.43. The method of wherein the surface-active material ...

SYSTEMS FOR GENERATING NITRIC OXIDE

Various systems generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the system includes a first gas source providing nitrogen dioxide mixed in air or oxygen, and a second gas source supplying compressed air and/or compressed oxygen. The system also includes a ventilator coupled to the first and second gas sources, wherein the ventilator is resistant to nitrogen dioxide. The ventilator regulates gas flow and allows for the adjustment of nitrogen dioxide concentration in the gas flow. The system further includes one or more conversion devices operably coupled to the ventilator where the conversion devices convert nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide. A patient interface delivers nitric oxide to the patient and is operably coupled to the conversion devices. The system allows oxygen and nitric oxide levels to be varied independently. 1. A system for delivering nitric oxide to a patient , comprising:a first gas source including nitrogen dioxide mixed in air or oxygen;a second gas source supplying compressed air;a ventilator coupled to the first and second gas sources, wherein the ventilator is resistant to nitrogen dioxide, and wherein the ventilator provides a gas flow having a proper amount of nitrogen dioxide;one or more conversion devices operably coupled to the ventilator, wherein the conversion devices covert nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide; anda patient interface operably coupled to the conversion devices, wherein the patient interface delivers nitric oxide to the patient.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a third gas source supplying compressed oxygen claim 1 , wherein the third gas source is communication with the ventilator.3. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a humidifier positioned between the ventilator and the one or more conversion devices.4. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a humidifier is integral with a first conversion device.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a humidifier is integral ...

Nitric oxide generating systems for inhalation

A moisture or hydrating liquid activatable solid formulation for nitric oxide (NO) generation includes a nitrite source; a copper (I) or copper (II) catalyst; an NO generation accelerant; and a solid pH buffer. The nitrite source is to generate NO when exposed to an effective amount of moisture or a hydrating liquid. The pH buffer is present in an amount sufficient to render a pH of the moisture or hydrating liquid activatable solid formulation from greater than 4 to about 9.0.

NEW CLASS OF TUNABLE GAS STORAGE AND SENSOR MATERIALS

The electronic structure of nanowires, nanotubes and thin films deposited on a substrate is varied by doping with electrons or holes. The electronic structure can then be tuned by varying the support material or by applying a gate voltage. The electronic structure can be controlled to absorb a gas, store a gas, or release a gas, such as hydrogen, oxygen, ammonia, carbon dioxide, and the like. 120.-. (canceled)21. A method for storing and releasing a gas comprising: a support deposited on a gate wherein the support is in electrical communication with the gate;', 'a material deposited on the support, wherein the support is in electrical communication with the material and wherein the material is separated from the gate by the support; and', 'a power supply comprising the gate in electrical communication with the support and the material, wherein the power supply is capable of producing a voltage across the device and wherein the material is configured to adsorb the gas responsive to the applied voltage;, 'providing a device comprisingstoring the gas for a certain storage time by applying a voltage the device; andreleasing the gas by decreasing the voltage.22. The method of claim 21 , wherein the support comprises SiOand/or Si.23. The method of claim 21 , wherein the material is one-dimensional.24. The method of claim 21 , wherein the material is two-dimensional.25. The method of claim 21 , wherein the material a carbon-containing material.26. The method of claim 25 , wherein the carbon-containing material is selected from the group consisting of carbon claim 25 , activated carbon claim 25 , carbon powder claim 25 , amorphous carbon claim 25 , carbon fibers claim 25 , carbon nanofibers claim 25 , graphite claim 25 , carbon films claim 25 , and combinations thereof.27. The method of wherein the carbon-containing material is about 2 μm in length.28. The method according to claim 21 , wherein the material is selected from the group consisting of metal nanowires claim 21 , ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PREVENTING AND TREATING INFECTIONS WITH NITRIC OXIDE

System and methods for providing nitric oxide can include at least one pair of electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide from a flow of a reactant gas, and at least one controller configured to regulate an amount of nitric oxide in the product gas generated by the at least one pair of electrodes using one or more parameters as an input to the controller. One or more sensors are configured to collect information relating to at least one of patient information, the reactant gas, the product gas, and an inspiratory gas into which at least a portion of the product gas flows, the sensors configured to communicate the information to the controller to be used as the one or more parameters. The patient information includes information relating to a methemoglobin (MetHg) measurement collected from a MetHg sensor. 1. A system for providing nitric oxide , comprising:at least one plasma chamber configured to ionize a reactant gas to generate a product gas containing nitric oxide;at least one controller configured to regulate an amount of nitric oxide in the product gas generated in the at least one plasma chamber using one or more parameters as an input to the controller;one or more sensors configured to collect information relating to at least one of patient information, the reactant gas, the product gas, and an inspiratory gas into which at least a portion of the product gas flows, the sensors configured to communicate the information to the controller to be used as the one or more parameters, at least one of the one or more sensors being configured to collect patient information relating to a methemoglobin measurement; andan injection pump in communication with the controller, the controller configured to control a delivery of methylene blue from the injection pump based on the methemoglobin measurement to decrease a methemoglobin level.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the methemoglobin measurement from the methemoglobin sensor is used by the ...

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HIGH-CONCENTRATION, LOW-TEMPERATURE NITRIC OXIDE

A device and method for forming NO-containing gas flow to treat a biological object is disclosed. The device may include an anode, a cathode, an interelectrode area between the cathode and the anode, an NO-containing gas flow outlet channel leading from the interelectrode area to a nozzle for directing and releasing the NO-containing gas flow from the device and a mechanism to adjust a relative position between the anode and the cathode to produce varying concentrations of NO. In addition, the device may include one or more features for interconnecting the various components to ensure proper and consistent assembly of the device. 1. A device for forming NO-containing plasma gas flow to treat a biological object , the device comprising:an anode;a cathode;an interelectrode area between the cathode and the anode;an NO-containing gas flow outlet channel leading from the interelectrode area to a nozzle for directing and releasing the NO-containing gas flow from the device; andmeans to adjust a relative position between the anode and the cathode to produce varying concentrations of NO.2. The device in claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of holes formed in an outer perimeter of a distal end of the cathode claim 1 , the holes creating a vortex of airflow as the gas flow passes through the interelectrode area.3. The device of claim 1 , further comprising:an outer housing, the anode being electrically coupled to of the device; andan insulator positioned between a portion of the cathode and a portion of the outer housing of the device to insulate the portion of the cathode from the outer housing of the device.4. The device of claim 3 , further comprising an interim electrode coupled to the insulator claim 3 , the interim electrode positioned adjacent to a hafnium tip associated with the cathode so that an electrical arc occurs between the interim electrode and the hafnium tip claim 3 , the electrical arc emanating into the interelectrode area.5. The device of claim 4 , ...

PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND NITRIC ACID FROM NITROUS OXIDE

Described herein is an improved conversion of nitrous oxide (NO) present as a by-product in a chemical process to NOwhich can be further converted to a useful compound or material, such as nitric acid. 1. A process for preparing adipic acid , comprising:{'sub': '2', 'reacting at least one of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid to produce adipic acid and an offgas comprising at least 10 mol % nitrous oxide (NO);'}{'sub': 2', 'x, 'converting the NO present in the offgas to nitrogen oxide (NO) (x=1 or 2) in a yield of greater than 15% by passing the offgas through a reactor operating at a temperature of 2200° F. or greater;'}{'sub': 'x', 'converting the NOto nitric acid; and'}optionally recycling the nitric acid to produce additional adipic acid.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor operates at a temperature range of 2400 to 3300° F.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas prior to passing through the reactor comprises 15 to 90 mol % NO.4. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas prior to passing through the reactor further comprises less than 2 mol % water.5. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the reactor has a length to diameter ratio (L/D) of 3 to 30.6. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas passes through the reactor at a rate of greater than 1000 pph.7. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas prior to passing through the reactor further comprises less than 2 mol % NO.8. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas prior to passing through the reactor is preheated to greater than 900° F.9. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the offgas prior to passing through the reactor is treated to reduce an amount of at least one of water and NOpresent in the offgas.10. A reaction system for converting nitrous oxide (NO) present in a feedgas to nitrogen oxide (NO) (x=1 or 2) claim 1 , comprising:a preheater configured to heat a feedgas entering a reactor and to ...

Conversion of nitrogen dioxide (no2) to nitric oxide (no)

A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal.

CATALYST STRUCTURES

A catalyst structure suitable for use in an ammonia oxidation process is described including a plurality of shaped catalyst units supported on one or more members in a spaced relationship that allows the structure to flex. 1. An ammonia oxidation process comprising the step of passing a gas mixture comprising ammonia , an oxygen containing gas and optionally a methane containing gas through a catalyst structure comprising an ammonia oxidation catalyst and/or a nitrous oxide decomposition catalyst , wherein the catalyst structure comprises a plurality of shaped catalyst units supported on one or more members in a spaced relationship that avows the structure to flex , wherein the shaped catalyst units have maximum and minimum dimensions in the range 1.5 to 20 mm , and an aspect ratio less than 3 , the supporting members are metal or ceramic wires , and the separation of adjacent shaped catalyst units is in the range 140 mm , wherein the catalyst structure is disposed on a support mesh.2. A process according to wherein a particulate inert material is included in the structure.3. A process according to wherein two or more different catalyst particle sizes are present.4. A process according to wherein the shaped catalyst units have 1 to 10 through-holes.5. A process according to wherein the catalyst units are cylindrical pellets having 1-5 through holes.6. A process according to wherein the supporting members comprise steel or a platinum alloy.7. A process according to wherein the support members run both externally and internally with regard to the shaped catalyst units.8. A process according to wherein two or more linear catalyst structures claim 1 , in which the catalyst units are the same or different claim 1 , are connected to each other to form a mat structure.9. A process according to wherein two or more mat structures are arranged in layers to form a three-dimensional bed structure.10. A process according to wherein the support members in the mat structures are ...

A WIRE FOR MANUFACTURING CATALYST GAUZES

Wire for weaving or knitting a catalyst gauze, said wire being characterized in that it is a stranded wire comprising an assembly of n intertwined filaments, n being an integer with 2≤n≤8, wherein each of said filaments comprises Pt or a Pt alloy constituted of at least 50% by 5 weight of Pt, said filaments being twisted together over their length so that each of the filaments is wound to at least one other filament. 1. A wire for weaving or knitting a catalyst gauze , wherein said wire is a twisted wire comprising an assembly of n intertwined filaments , n being an integer with 2≤n≤8 , wherein each of said filaments comprises at least 50% by weight of Pt , said filaments being twisted together over their length so that each of the filaments is wound to at least one other filament.2. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein 3≤n≤8.3. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein each of said filaments have its own reference diameter dr inferior or equal to 0.100 mm and superior or equal to 0.010 mm claim 1 , each first reference diameter dbeing defined as the diameter of a circle having the same area as the cross sectional area of the corresponding filament.4. Wire according to claim 3 , wherein 0.010 mm≤d≤0.075 mm.5. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein said wire has a reference diameter dbeing defined as the diameter of a circle having the same area as the cross sectional area of the wire claim 1 , with 0.040 mm≤d≤0.300 mm.6. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein it comprises at least four filaments7. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein each of said filaments comprise at least 90% by weight of Pt.8. Wire according to claim 1 , wherein each of said filaments comprise at least 5% by weight of Rh.9. Wire according to claim 3 , wherein d=0.060 mm.10. A catalyst gauze made of the wire according to .11. Use of the gauze according to in an installation for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia into NO.12. Installation for the catalytic oxidation of ammonia to NO claim 10 , comprising at least ...

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

Various systems, devices, NOabsorbents, NOscavengers and NOrecuperator for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, an apparatus for converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide can include a receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an absorbent wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material and the absorbent such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide. 1. An apparatus for converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide comprising a receptacle including an inlet , an outlet , a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an absorbent ,wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material and the absorbent such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the absorbent is silica gel.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the absorbent is activated alumina.4. A method of providing a therapeutic amount of nitric oxide to a mammal comprising:diffusing nitrogen dioxide into a gas flow;exposing the nitrogen dioxide to a surface-active material coated with ascorbic acid and an absorbent to eliminate the by-products of ascorbic acid oxidation; andtransporting the nitric oxide in a therapeutic amount to a mammal.57.-. (canceled)8. A system for delivering nitric oxide to a patient claim 1 , comprising:a gas source of nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide, or nitric oxide;a first device having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix positioned between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, and wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow from the source and fluidly communicate the gas ...

BASKET-LIKE DEVICE HAVING WALL INSULATION

A device D accommodated in a reactor R and containing a gas- and/or liquid-permeable bottom B, in the peripheral region of which is arranged a lateral boundary W which completely surrounds the bottom B and forms a volume V which is partially or completely filled with catalytic and/or non-catalytic moldings, there optionally being located on the side facing the bottom B in the upstream direction at least one noble metal and/or non-noble metal fabric, wherein a thermal insulation layer S is located on at least part of the surface of the inner side of the lateral boundary W of the device D, the material for the thermal insulation layer S being selected from the group consisting of ceramic material, microporous material and silicate fibers. 115.-. (canceled)16. A device that can be accommodated in a reactor , the device comprising:a gas- and/or liquid-permeable bottom;a peripheral region arranged as a lateral boundary that completely surrounds the bottom and forms a volume, the volume which is partially or completely filled with catalytic and/or non-catalytic moldings;a thermal insulation layer positioned on at least part an inner side surface of the lateral boundary of the device, the thermal insulation layer being a microporous, silicatic material that includes highly dispersed silica and opacifiers, and which exhibits no decomposition in a temperature range from 700 to 1100° C., and has a thermal conductivity in a range from 0.04 to 0.09 W/m/K; andoptionally at least one noble metal and/or non-noble metal fabric located on a side facing the bottom in the upstream direction.17. The device of claim 16 , wherein the thermal insulation layer covers 30% to nearly 100% of the inner side surface of the lateral boundary.18. The device of claim 16 , wherein the thermal insulation layer covers at least the lower 30% of the inner side surface of the lateral boundary.19. The device of claim 16 , wherein the cross-section of the bottom is essentially round.20. The device of claim ...

Continuous Gas Generator

Systems and methods are disclosed for generating a gas at therapeutic levels to a subject by providing a pellet dispenser that delivers a predetermined amount of thermally labile compound to a furnace; controlling a rate of compound addition to allow controlled continuous evolution of the gas; and maintaining a predetermined concentration of the gas using temperature and dilution with an inert gas. 110-. (canceled)11. A gas delivery system , comprising:a rotatable pellet delivery carousel that drops a tablet with a thermally labile compound into a temperature controlled gas generation furnace to generate a pure gas;a timer coupled to the carousel to control rotational timed addition of thermally labile compound to drop a tablet into the furnace and to achieve continuous evolution of gas;a temperature sensor to monitor the furnace temperature; anda dispenser that provides a carrier gas to dilute the pure gas generated from a heated zone.12. The system of claim 11 , wherein the pellet delivery unit comprises a carousel.1314-. (canceled)15. The system of claim 11 , comprising a container with a carrier gas which dilutes the gas to a therapeutic dose or concentration level.16. The system of claim 11 , wherein the compound comprises nitric oxide.17. The system of claim 11 , comprising a container for a reactant introduction and wherein each of time interval and temperature is varied to control flow of the gas within a specified concentration range.18. The system of claim 11 , wherein an initial concentration of the gas is outside a human therapeutic level claim 11 , comprising a module for diluting the gas before administering the gas.19. The system of claim 18 , wherein a secondary dilution is applied to the gas to provide a therapeutic level of nitric oxide to a ventilator prior to patient inhalation. The present invention relates to a continuous gas generation system. Industrial gases are a group of gases that are specifically manufactured for use in a wide range of ...

NITRIC OXIDE REACTOR AND DISTRIBUTOR APPARATUS AND METHOD

A reaction and distribution system may include a distributor securable near or in a path correspond to a breathing passage such as the nostrils or the mouth of a user for delivering nitric oxide therapy thereto. The distributor may contain an internal reactor for creating the nitric oxide from reactants. Alternative embodiments may include an inhaler for delivering nitric oxide into the mouth of a user. The inhaler may contain a reaction chamber monolithic or contiguous with the inhaler for creating the nitric oxide from reactants. 1. An apparatus comprising:an inhaler configured to deliver nitric oxide to the mouth of a user and having a body having a first end and a second end, wherein the body is generally tubular and includes a cross-section of the body and allows fluid communication between the first end and the second end;a reaction chamber connected to the second end of the body of the inhaler such that the second end allows fluid communication with the reaction chamber, wherein the reaction chamber contains at least two reactants capable of producing nitric oxide; anda filter system comprising at least one filter covering the cross-section of the body, enclosed within the body, contacting the reaction chamber, and between the reaction chamber and the first end.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the filter system further comprises at least two filters claim 1 , each filter covering the cross-section and enclosed within the body claim 1 , selected from the group consisting of a HEPA filter claim 1 , a molecular sieve claim 1 , a sponge claim 1 , and a glass wool filter.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reaction chamber further comprises a reactant barrier separating the reactants; anda rupturing mechanism for breaking the reactant barrier and allowing the reactants to initiate the production of nitric oxide.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the filter system further comprises a filter chamber enclosed within the body that contains and the filter ...

PROCESS FOR NITRIC ACID PRODUCTION

Integrated process for the synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid including: a) production of an ammonia make-up synthesis gas, comprising steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock under provision of steam reforming heat; catalytic conversion of said make-up synthesis gas into ammonia; catalytic oxidation of a stream of ammonia obtaining a process gas; absorption of said process gas with water obtaining nitric acid, wherein at least a portion of the steam reforming heat is recovered from said hot process gas. 122-. (canceled)23. An integrated process for synthesis of ammonia and nitric acid , the integrated process comprising: a) production of an ammonia make-up synthesis gas, including steam reforming of a hydrocarbon feedstock (NG) under provision of steam reforming heat; and', 'b) catalytic conversion of the ammonia make-up synthesis gas into ammonia; and, 'a synthesis of ammonia including [{'sub': '2', 'c) catalytic oxidation of a stream of ammonia, obtaining a hot process gas containing NO; and'}, {'sub': '2', 'd) absorption of the hot process gas in water, wherein NOreact with water to produce a product stream containing nitric acid and a tail gas containing nitrogen;'}], 'a synthesis of nitric acid includingwherein the steam reforming heat is recovered from the hot process gas obtained from the catalytic oxidation of the stream of ammonia.24. The integrated process according to claim 23 , wherein the steam reforming heat includes:a first heat that is supplied to a feed stream including steam (PS) and the hydrocarbon feedstock (NG) before the steam reforming; anda second heat that is supplied to a reaction stream undergoing the steam reforming;wherein at least part of the second heat is recovered from the hot process gas obtained from the step c) of catalytic oxidation.25. The integrated process according to claim 24 , wherein the at least part of the second heat is recovered by indirect heat exchange between the reaction stream and the hot process gas leaving ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ESTIMATION OF BUILDING FLOOR AREA

A system generates an estimated floor area measurement of a building based on the calculated estimated total roof area of the roof of the building. This is based on a correlation between the size of the building roof and the size of the building. Typically, the floor area of a single full floor of the building is roughly the size of the roof of the building if the roof were flat with no slope. This in effect is turning the roof into a floor to generate estimated floor area. With additional adjustments to area measurements to account for multiple floors, roof overhang, wall width, internal building features such as walls and staircases, and/or obstructed views of the building in the aerial image(s), etc., an even more accurate floor area estimation may be generated. 1. A computing system for generating an estimated floor area measurement , the computing system comprising:one or more processor;a non-transitory memory;computer executable instructions for floor area measurement estimation stored on the non-transitory memory and that, when executed, cause the one or more processor to:receive a first aerial image of a building having a roof, and a second aerial image of the building from at least one image file database, the first aerial image and the second aerial image providing a different view of the roof of the building, the second aerial image representing an oblique view of the building;generate, a three-dimensional computer model of the roof, by analyzing the first aerial image and the second aerial image;determine a total number of stories the building has using the second aerial image of the building;determine, based at least in part on the determined total number of stories of the building and the three-dimensional computer model, an estimated floor area measurement of the building; andoutput a floor area measurement report having floor area data thereon, the floor area data including the estimated floor area measurement.2. The computing system of wherein the ...

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal. 1. A method of delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal comprising:diffusing gaseous nitrogen dioxide into an air flow wherein the air flow is configured to be between 5 to 60 liters per minute;receiving the air flow at an inlet of a receptacle, the receptacle including the inlet, an outlet, and a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, wherein the air flow is fluidly communicated to the outlet through the surface-active material to convert the gaseous nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature prior to delivery to the mammal.211.-. (canceled)12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the air flow is at 5 liters per minute.132. The method of claim claim 1 , wherein the receptacle has a pressure drop of between 0.001 and 0.01 psi.14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the air flow is at 60 liters per minute or lower.154. The method of claim claim 1 , wherein the receptacle has a pressure drop of between 0.001 and 0.05 psi.16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the receptacle comprises a cartridge.17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material is saturated with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant.18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material comprises a substrate that retains water.19. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material comprises a silica gel.20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antioxidant comprises ascorbic acid.21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the antioxidant comprises alpha tocopherol or gamma tocopherol. This application is a continuation of U.S. ...

Synthesis of nitric oxide gas for inhalation

In some additional aspects, an apparatus can include a chamber having an inlet valve for receiving a reactant gas and an outlet valve for delivering a product gas, a piston positioned inside the chamber and configured to move along a length of the chamber for adjusting pressure in the chamber, a sensor for collecting information related to one or more conditions of a respiratory system associated with a patient, a controller for determining one or more control parameters based on the collected information, and one or more pairs of electrodes positioned inside the chamber for initiating a series of electric arcs external to the patient to generate nitric oxide based on the determined control parameters.

DELIVERY OF ULTRA PURE NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

A system for delivering a therapeutic amount of nitric oxide can include a reservoir assembly, a gas supply, and a delivery conduit including a first cartridge, wherein the first cartridge can include a surface-activated material saturated with an aqueous solution of a reducing agent. 143.-. (canceled)44. A method of delivering nitric oxide comprising:releasing nitrogen dioxide from a reservoir into a delivery system;passing a gas from a gas supply into the delivery conduit which allows the gas from the gas supply and the nitrogen dioxide to mix in the delivery conduit;passing the gas and nitrogen dioxide mixture through at least one cartridge, wherein the cartridge comprises a surface-activated material and a reducing agent;delivering nitric oxide from an outlet of the delivery conduit.45. The method of claim 44 , wherein releasing nitrogen dioxide from a reservoir into a delivery conduit occurs via a restrictor.46. The method of claim 45 , wherein the restrictor includes a first end and a second end claim 45 , wherein the first end of the restrictor is coupled to the reservoir and wherein the second end of the restrictor is coupled to the delivery conduit.47. The method of claim 44 , further comprising attaching a disposable module including a reservoir claim 44 , a restrictor and a first cartridge to a base unit. This application is a continuation of U.S. application Ser. No. 13/094,535, filed Apr. 26, 2011, which claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/328,010, filed on Apr. 26, 2010, each of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.This description relates to a systems and methods for the delivery of ultra pure nitric oxide.Nitric oxide (NO), also known as nitrosyl radical, is a free radical that is an important signalling molecule. For example, NO can cause smooth muscles in blood vessels to relax, thereby resulting in vasodilation and increased blood flow through the blood vessel. These effects can be limited to small biological ...

COMPOSITIONS AND METHODS FOR TREATING DISEASES OR DISORDERS USING EXTNDE RELEASE NITRIC OXIDE RELEASING SOLUTIONS

The present invention relates to a liquid nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) comprised of at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of nitric oxide gas (gNO). The present invention also relates to a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitrite compound having a concentration of no greater than about 0.5% w/v and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS releases a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. The present invention also relates to a method for the treatment of a wound in a human, the method comprising administering to the human a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. The present invention also relates to a method for the treatment, prevention, or reduction of incidence of a disease or disorder in a human in need thereof, the method comprising administering to the human a liquid NORS comprised of at least one nitrite compound at a concentration of no greater than about 0.5% w/v and at least one acidifying agent, wherein the NORS releases a therapeutically effective amount of gNO. 1. A liquid nitric oxide releasing solution (NORS) comprising at least one nitric oxide releasing compound and at least one acidifying agent , wherein the NORS provides an extended release of a therapeutically effective amount of nitric oxide gas (gNO).2. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at least one nitric oxide releasing compound is selected from the group consisting of a nitrite claim 1 , a salt thereof claim 1 , and any combinations thereof.3. The solution of claim 2 , wherein the nitrite is sodium nitrite.4. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the amount of the at least one nitric oxide releasing compound is not greater than about 0.5% w/v.5. The solution of claim 1 , wherein the at ...

DUAL GRID CATALYST BASKET AND METHOD OF INDEPENDENTLY SUPPORTING PRIMARY AND SECONDAY CATALYSTS

An ammonia oxidation catalyst basket design has two support grids. A first grid supports the primary catalyst and a separate, second grid supports the secondary catalyst. This dual grid design separates the two catalysts, and enables the catalysts to be independent of each other. Any interruption in the primary or the secondary catalyst does not impede or adversely impact on the structure or function of the other catalyst. 1. A catalyst basket comprising:a housing;first support grid mounted to the housing for supporting an associated primary catalyst; anda separate, second support grid mounted to the housing independently supporting an associated secondary catalyst.2. The catalyst basket of wherein the second support grid is spaced from the first support grid.3. The catalyst basket of wherein the first support grid includes openings that allow gas flow therethrough.4. The catalyst basket of wherein the second support grid includes openings that allow gas flow therethrough.5. The catalyst basket of wherein a primary catalyst is sealed along a periphery thereof.6. A method of supporting first and second catalysts in a catalyst basket comprising:supplying a housing mounting a first support grid to the housing for supporting a primary catalyst; andmounting a separate, second support grid to the housing for supporting a secondary catalyst and does not support the primary catalyst.7. The method of wherein the first and second support grids are mounted in spaced relation to independently support the primary and secondary catalysts claim 6 , respectively. This application claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/039,278, filed Aug. 19, 2014, the entire disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.The present disclosure relates to a catalyst basket and associated support method, and more particularly to an improved ammonia oxidation catalyst basket design that has two support grids and a method of independently supporting primary and ...

METHOD OF MAKING THROMBORESISTANT/BACTERICIDAL S-NITROSO-N-ACETYLPENICILLAMINE (SNAP)-IMPREGNATED NITRIC OXIDE RELEASE POLYMERS WITH ENHANCED STABILITY

A method for making an NO-releasing polymeric composition, a discrete RSNO adduct is dissolved in a solvent to form a discrete RSNO adduct solution. A polymer material is soaked in the discrete RSNO adduct solution for a predetermined time to swell the polymer material and impregnate the polymer material with the discrete RSNO adduct. 1. A method for making a NO-releasing polymeric composition , comprising the steps of:dissolving a discrete RSNO adduct in a solvent to form a discrete RSNO adduct solution, wherein the solvent is selected from the group consisting of tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, methylene chloride, cyclohexanone, and combinations thereof; andsoaking a polymer material in the discrete RSNO adduct solution for a predetermined time to swell the polymer material and impregnate the polymer material with the discrete RSNO adduct.2. The method as defined in wherein the polymer material is selected from the group consisting of a siloxane-based polyurethane elastomer claim 1 , silicone rubber claim 1 , and a thermoplastic silicone-polycarbonate-urethane claim 1 , and wherein the discrete RSNO adduct is S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine.3. The method as defined in wherein the dissolving and the soaking are accomplished at room temperature ranging from about 17° C. to about 24° C.4. The method as defined in wherein the dissolving is accomplished by:adding S-nitroso-N-acetylpenicillamine to the solvent; andstirring the solution for a predetermined time.5. The method as defined in claim 1 , further comprising completely immersing the polymer material in the discrete RSNO adduct solution prior to the soaking.6. The method as defined in wherein the predetermined time is about 24 hours claim 1 , and wherein the soaking is accomplished in darkness.7. The method as defined in wherein after the soaking for the predetermined time claim 1 , the method further comprises drying the impregnated polymer material in darkness.8. A method for making an NO-releasing polymeric ...

PORTABLE, NITRIC OXIDE GENERATOR

An apparatus for portable delivery of nitric oxide without the need for pressurized tanks, power supplies, or other devices provides a single therapy session by triggering a heater to heat a reaction chamber. A piercing assembly may trigger to open sealed containers, such as bags, of liquid water or salt water in order to activate the heaters. Upon addition of liquid such as water or salt water to a chemically reactive heating element, heat is generated to activate the chemicals generating nitric oxide within a sealed reactor. Upon triggering, liquid containers are unsealed, the liquid drains down to initiate reaction of the heating chemicals, and the heat begins to penetrate the reactor. The reactor, in turn, heats its contents, which react to form nitric oxide expelled by the reactor to a line feeding a cannula for therapy. 1. A method of generating nitric oxide , the method comprising:providing a mixture of granulated reactants comprising a nitrate compound and a nitrite compound in a reactor;providing a heating system comprising water in a sealed, breachable container and water-activated chemicals positioned below the mixture of reactants to heat the mixture of reactants;breaching the container in a manner that activates the water-activated chemicals and produces heat;heating the mixture of reactants to initiate a reaction within the mixture of reactants, thereby generating nitric oxide gas;evacuating the nitric oxide gas away from the reactor in a closed conduitdelivering the nitric oxide gas at substantially ambient conditions to a user.2. (canceled)3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising sizing the granules to melt and react without vaporizing at least one of the reactants in the mixture.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the heating system to control a rate of generation of the nitric oxide gas.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reactants consist essentially of:a non-deliquescent nitrite compound;a nitrate compound; anda ...

NITRIC OXIDE GENERATION, DILUTION, AND TOPICAL APPLICATION APPARATUS AND METHOD

An apparatus for controlled delivery of nitric oxide. A pump draws air through an activated carbon filter and into a reaction chamber. The generation of nitric oxide occurs in the reaction chamber. A second pump draws the gas in the reaction chamber through a calcium hydroxide filter and delivers the nitric oxide through an orifice, or aperture, that controls the flow of nitric oxide delivered. The nitric oxide is filtered through a calcium hydroxide filter just prior to being made available for various nitric oxide therapies. Topical applications that provide a nitric oxide therapy to a surface are also provided. 115-. (canceled)16. A nitric oxide gas generator , comprising:a first pump in fluid communication with a first filter and an inlet of a reaction chamber wherein the first filter is capable of filtering oxygen and moisture;the reaction chamber having at least the inlet and an outlet and containing a first reactant in a solid form, a second reactant in a solid form, and a third reactant in a solid form that when combined and heated are capable of producing a nitric oxide gas;a heating element connected to the reaction chamber wherein the heating element is capable of heating the reaction chamber in a manner sufficient to heat the reactants and initiate the production of the nitric oxide gas; andthe outlet in fluid communication with the reaction chamber, the atmosphere outside the apparatus and a second pump wherein the second pump is capable of drawing the nitric oxide gas out of the reaction chamber.17. The nitric oxide generator of claim 16 , wherein the second pump is in fluid communication with a second filter and an aperture; andthe aperture is in fluid communication with a delivery line.18. The nitric oxide generator of claim 16 , wherein the first reactant is approximately 2.3 g of calcined chromium oxide (Cr2O3) claim 16 , the second reactant is approximately 1.6 g of sodium nitrite (NaNO2) claim 16 , and the third reactant is approximately 0.65 g ...

NITROUS OXIDE PURIFICATION METHOD

A nitrous oxide purification method includes a step of performing gas separation by introducing a mixed gas containing nitrous oxide into a gas separation membrane including a polymer material to cause nitrous oxide to selectively permeate the gas separation membrane. 1. A nitrous oxide purification method comprising a step of performing gas separation by introducing a mixed gas containing nitrous oxide into a gas separation membrane comprising a polymer material to cause nitrous oxide to selectively permeate the gas separation membrane.2. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , wherein the polymer material is an aromatic polyimide.5. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of nitrous oxide in the mixed gas containing nitrous oxide is 5 to 90 vol %.6. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixed gas containing nitrous oxide is introduced into the gas separation membrane at a pressure of less than 1.5 MPaG.7. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixed gas containing nitrous oxide is introduced into the gas separation membrane at a temperature of less than 40° C.8. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixed gas containing nitrous oxide further contains at least one additional gas component selected from nitrogen claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , nitrogen monoxide claim 1 , nitrogen dioxide claim 1 , ammonia and water.9. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , further comprising a step of performing another gas separation by introducing a permeate gas containing nitrous oxide that has been obtained by the previous gas separation into a gas separation membrane comprising a polymer material to cause nitrous oxide to selectively permeate the gas separation membrane.10. The nitrous oxide purification method according to claim 1 , further comprising claim 1 , before introducing the mixed ...

SYSTEMS AND DEVICES FOR GENERATING NITRIC OXIDE

Various systems and devices for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, the device includes a body having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix positioned with the body. The porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide. The porous solid matrix allows the device to be used in any orientation. Additionally, the porous solid matrix provides a rigid structure suitable to withstand vibrations and abuse without compromising device functionality. 1. A device for generating nitric oxide from nitrogen dioxide , comprising:a body including an inlet and outlet; anda porous solid matrix comprising a silica gel mixed with a thermoplastic resin positioned within the body, wherein the porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, and wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the porous solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide.214-. (canceled)15. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a humidifier in communication with the inlet of the body.16. The device of claim 1 , wherein the antioxidant is ascorbic acid claim 1 , alpha tocopherol claim 1 , or gamma tocopherol.17. The device of claim 1 , wherein the density of the silica gel is similar to the density of the thermoplastic resin.184. The device of claim claim 1 , wherein the porous solid matrix comprises at least 20% silica gel.194. The device of claim claim 1 , wherein the porous solid matrix complises approximately 20% to approximately 60% silica gel. This application claims the benefit of prior U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/090,614, filed on Aug. 21, 2008, which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.This description ...

BURNER BASKET FOR AN AMMONIA OXIDATION BURNER

A burner basket for an ammonia oxidation burner includes a gas-permeable bottom plate, with a side wall that is spaced apart from the bottom plate by a gap, and a retaining device covering the bottom plate and the gap for retaining particles of a bulk material that can be arranged in the burner basket. A fastening element is arranged on the bottom plate, by which the retaining device is fixed in place. An ammonia oxidation burner comprises a burner for oxidizing ammonia and a burner basket. 111.-. (canceled)12. A burner basket for an ammonia oxidation burner comprising:a gas permeable bottom plate;a sidewall adjacent to, and spaced apart from, said bottom plate so as to define a gap between said bottom plate and said sidewall;a retaining device covering both of said bottom plate and the gap between said bottom plate and said sidewall, said retaining device configured to retain particles of bulk material that may be disposed on said retaining device; andat least one fastening element coupled to said bottom plate and configured to couple said retaining device to said bottom place.13. The burner basket of claim 12 , wherein said retaining device is gas-permeable fabric.14. The burner basket of claim 12 , wherein said retaining device comprises meshes having a mesh width smaller than a size of the particles of bulk material that may be disposed in said retaining device.15. The burner basket of claim 12 , wherein said at least one fastening element is disposed in an edge area of said bottom plate facing the gap.16. The burner basket of claim 12 , wherein said at least one fastening element comprised at least one pin that is arranged transverse to said bottom plate.17. The burner basket of claim 12 , wherein said at least one fastening element comprised at least one pin that is perpendicular to said bottom plate.18. The burner basket of claim 12 , further comprising a sealing device connected to said bottom plate and at least partially covering the gap between said bottom ...

Apparatus for minimizing bypass in ammonia oxidation burners

A sealing system of a burner basket in an ammonia oxidation burner, wherein the burner basket has a wall that is anchored in the ammonia oxidation burner and the burner basket has a gas-permeable bottom plate, which is placed on further internal fittings of the ammonia oxidation burner and has a peripheral rim, wherein the wall and the gas-permeable bottom plate are not mechanically connected to each other, and so there is a gap between the wall and the peripheral rim of the bottom plate, wherein at the peripheral rim of the bottom plate a rim seal that is made up of individual segments is mounted movably by way of guiding pins and the rim seal projects over the gap between the peripheral rim of the bottom plate to the wall and lies against the wall.

NITROGEN DIOXIDE STORAGE DEVICE

A nitric oxide delivery system can include a cassette which is a single use disposable component used to store liquid NO, activate upon operator demand, convert NOto NOvia a heating element(s) controlled by a console to deliver NOat a controlled flow rate, direct concentrated NOto a contained pair of conversion cartridges and exhaust NO gas to the console for delivery to the patient. 115-. (canceled)16. A storage device of liquid nitrogen dioxide comprisinga vessel including an ampoule,an ampoule including liquid nitrogen dioxide, wherein the liquid nitrogen dioxide converts to nitric oxide when the ampoule is broken,a restrictor, wherein a proximal end of the restrictor is facing the ampoule and a distal end of the restrictor provides an exit for nitric oxide gas;a leak valve connected to the ampoule; anda shuttle tube containing the ampoule.17. The storage device of claim 16 , wherein the shuttle tube connects with the restrictor when a user breaks the ampoule.18. The storage device of claim 16 , further connected to a heater.19. The storage device of claim 17 , wherein the heater is activated when a user breaks the ampoule.20. The storage device of claim 16 , further connected to an inert chamber through the leak valve.21. The storage device of claim 20 , wherein the shuttle rotates to connect the ampoule either to the inert chamber or to the restrictor.22. The storage device of claim 16 , further connected to a mixing T-fitting.23. The storage device of claim 22 , wherein an air flows into the mixing T-fitting.24. The storage device of claim 16 , wherein the volume of the storage device is not greater than 0.53 mL.25. The storage device of claim 16 , wherein the storage is device is contained in a sealed housing.26. The storage device of claim 25 , the sealed housing further comprises the first cartridge comprising an inlet, a diverter, a body, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix including a reducing agent,', 'the porous solid matrix being positioned within the ...

Method for nitrogen removal from aqueous medium

The invention relates to a method for nitrogen removal from aqueous medium, comprising steps of (a) converting NH in the aqueous medium to NO by partial aerobic nitrification, (b) partially reducing the obtained NOto NO in anoxic conditions, and (c) decomposing NO to Nwith energy recovery. A mixture of ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate is used in step (b) for reduction of NO to NO. 1. Method for nitrogen removal from aqueous medium , comprising steps of{'sub': 4', '2, 'sup': +', '−, '(a) converting NHin the aqueous medium to NOby partial aerobic nitrification,'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'sup': '−', '(b) partially reducing the obtained NOto NO in anoxic conditions ,'}{'sub': 2', '2, '(c) decomposing NO to Nwith energy recovery,'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'sup': '−', 'wherein a mixture of ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate is used in step (b) for reduction of NOto NO.'}2. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture comprises at least 3 moles of ferrous sulfate to 1 mole of ferric sulfate.3. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the mixture of ferrous sulfate and ferric sulfate is applied in step (b) to the aqueous medium in solution form or in form of particular crystalline mixture.4. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction time for the reduction reaction in step (b) is <2 h.5. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the aqueous medium is a concentrate claim 1 , centrate or filtrate from a dewatering process.6. Method according to claim 1 , wherein the concentration of NHin the aqueous medium claim 1 , before nitrogen removal claim 1 , is at least double the molar concentration of nitrate.7. Method according to claim 1 , wherein signal values from a spectrophotometric measurement are used for measuring NOconcentration level in the aqueous medium on-line and thereafter using the measured NOconcentration level for determination of amount of reduction agent added in step (b).8. Method according to claim 7 , wherein the signal values from a spectrophotometric measurement are ...

Process for Recovery and Purification of Nitrous Oxide

This invention is aimed at recovering and purifying nitrous oxide from the gas stream containing N 2 O to produce different grade of nitrous oxide by combination of unit operation including, but not limited to, wet scrubbing, adsorption, liquefaction, flash distillation or continuous distillation with reflux.

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal. 1. A system for generating a therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal comprising:a pressure regulator configured to be connected to a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide and capable of providing diffusing gaseous nitrogen dioxide into an air flow wherein the air flow is configured to be between 5 to 60 liters per minute;a receptacle configured to attach to the pressure regulator, the receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, and a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, wherein the inlet is configured to receive the air flow and fluidly communicate the flow to the outlet through the surface-active material to convert the gaseous nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the air flow is at 5 liters per minute.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the receptacle has a pressure drop of between 0.001 and 0.01 psi.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the air flow is at 60 liters per minute or lower.5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the receptacle has a pressure drop of between 0.001 and 0.05 psi.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the receptacle comprises a cartridge claim 1 ,7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material is saturated with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant.8. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material comprises a substrate that retains water.9. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface-active material comprises a silica gel.10. The system of claim 1 , wherein the antioxidant ...

PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF NITRIC ACID WITH TERTIARY ABATEMENT OF N2O AND NOX

A nitric acid production process, comprising tertiary abatement of N2O and NOx on a tail gas withdrawn from an absorption stage, said abatement including passing the tail gas over a sequence of a deN2O stage comprising a Fe-z catalyst and a deNOx stage comprising a V2O5-TiO2 catalyst in the presence of gaseous ammonia, wherein the tail gas at the inlet of deN2O stage and the tail gas at the inlet of deNOx stage have a temperature greater than 400° C.

MODULAR CATALYST MONOLITHS

The present invention relates to a reactor R with apparatus D, the latter comprising a gas- and/or liquid-permeable tray B, in the edge region of which there is disposed a lateral boundary W which fully encloses the tray B and forms a volume V comprising catalytic and/or noncatalytic shaped bodies (F), wherein there is at least one braid made of precious metal and/or base metal on the upstream side opposite the tray B, and the catalytic and/or noncatalytic shaped bodies (F) are selected from (i) shaped bodies (F) in the form of straight prisms, the footprint of which is selected from triangle, rectangle, hexagon or fragments of these polygons, and (ii) a combination of the shaped bodies (F) with shaped bodies (F) that are smaller than the shaped bodies (F), wherein groups of m to n shaped bodies (F), m and n being an integer from 3 to 30 with n>m, are framed in a metal cassette open in the upstream direction and closed in the downstream direction by a gas-permeable tray, in a virtually seamless manner with side face to side face and with their longitudinal axis aligned in vertical direction, virtually completely covering the cross section of the tray, to form modules (M), and the modules (M), optionally with cooperation of a joint filler material, with vertical alignment of the longitudinal axis of the shaped bodies (F), are joined to one another virtually seamlessly in a mosaic-like manner such 17.-. (canceled)8112111. A reactor R with apparatus D , the latter comprising a gas- and/or liquid-permeable tray B , in the edge region of which there is disposed a lateral boundary W which fully encloses the tray B and forms a volume V comprising catalytic and/or noncatalytic shaped bodies (F) , wherein there is at least one braid made of precious metal and/or base metal on the upstream side opposite the tray B , and the catalytic and/or noncatalytic shaped bodies (F) are selected from (i) shaped bodies (F) in the form of straight prisms , the footprint of which is ...

SINGLE STEP SOLUTION COMBUSTION SYNTHESIS OF CRYSTALLINE TRANSURANIC-DOPED RARE EARTH ZIRCONATE PYROCHLORES

One-step solution combustion synthesis (SCS) methods for fabricating durable crystalline transuranic-doped rare earth zirconium pyrochlores are described. Methods are fast, amenable to upscaling, and present a simple strategy for producing crystalline ceramic materials that meet the minimum attractiveness criteria for special nuclear material. The methods include analysis of reactants and reaction conditions to select proper fuel as well as proper fuel content so as to encourage formation of the crystalline product in a single-step synthesis procedure. 1. A method for forming a transuranic-doped rare earth zirconate pyrochlore according to a reaction comprising:{'br': None, 'i': a', '+b', '+c', '+d, 'sub': 3', 'x', '3', 'y', '3', '4', 'a', 'b', 'c', '7+δ', '2', '2', '2, 'A(NO)M(NO)Zr(NO)D→AMZrO+N+HO+CO'} A is a rare earth element;', 'M is a transuranic element;', 'D is a fuel exhibiting a low complexing ability toward nitrates of A, M, and Zr;', '0.00 Подробнее

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

A nitric oxide delivery system, which includes a gas bottle having nitrogen dioxide in air, converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide and employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. A nitric oxide delivery system may be used to generate therapeutic gas including nitric oxide for use in delivering the therapeutic gas to a mammal. 1. A method of treating a patient with inhaled nitric oxide comprising delivering nitric oxide to a patient with an apparatus for generating therapeutic gas including nitric oxide comprising:a first receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, and a surface-active material coated with an antioxidant, wherein the receptacle is configured to pass a flow of gaseous nitrogen dioxide in contact with the surface-active material to convert the gaseous nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature;a second receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, and a surface-active material coated with an antioxidant, wherein the receptacle is configured to pass the flow of gaseous nitrogen dioxide in contact with the surface-active material to convert the gaseous nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide at ambient temperature;and a switching valve, wherein the position of the switching valve creates a fluid connection to the first receptacle inlet or the second receptacle inlet.2. The method of wherein the surface-active material is saturated with the aqueous solution of the antioxidant.3. The method of wherein the surface-active material comprises a substrate that retains water.4. The method of wherein the surface-active material comprises a silica gel.5. The method of wherein each of the first receptacle and second receptacle comprises cartridges.6. The method of wherein the antioxidant comprises ascorbic acid.7. The method of wherein the antioxidant comprises tocopherol.8. The method of further comprising third receptacle including an inlet claim 1 , an outlet claim 1 , and ...

Systems And Methods For Indicating Lifetime Of An NO2-to-NO Reactor Cartridge Used To Deliver NO For Inhalation Therapy To A Patient

The principles and embodiments of the present invention relate to methods and systems for safely providing NO to a recipient for inhalation therapy. There are many potential safety issues that may arise from using a reactor cartridge that converts NO 2 to NO, including exhaustion of consumable reactants of the cartridge reactor. Accordingly, various embodiments of the present invention provide systems and methods of determining the remaining useful life of a NO2-to-NO reactor cartridge and/or a break-through of NO 2 , and providing an indication of the remaining useful life and/or break-through.

PROCESS FOR PREPARATION OF NITROGEN OXIDES AND NITRIC ACID FROM NITROUS OXIDE

Described herein is an improved conversion of nitrous oxide (NO) present as a by-product in a chemical process to NOwhich can be further converted to a useful compound or material, such as nitric acid. 120.-. (canceled)21. A process for preparing adipic acid , comprising: nitrous oxide; and', 'optionally nitrogen;, 'reacting at least one of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid to produce adipic acid and an offgas comprisingconverting the nitrous oxide present in the offgas to nitrogen oxide by passing the offgas through a reactor to yield a product composition comprising nitrogen oxide;compressing the product composition; andconverting nitrogen oxide in the compressed product composition to nitric acid.22. The process of claim 21 , wherein the compressing comprises:compressing the product composition to a pressure ranging from 15 psig to 150 psig.23. The process of claim 21 , further comprising further comprising:quenching the product composition to form a cooled product composition.24. The process of claim 23 , wherein the cooled product composition has a temperature less than 1600° F.25. The process of claim 23 , wherein the cooled product composition has a temperature ranging from 900° F. to 1400° F.26. The process of claim 21 , further comprising:preheating the offgas prior to the converting.27. The process of claim 26 , wherein the off gas is preheated to a temperature less than 1800° F.28. The process of claim 21 , wherein the reactor operates at a temperature greater than 2200° F.29. The process of claim 21 , wherein the converting step has a yield greater than 15%.30. The process of claim 21 , further comprising:wherein the converting step has a yield greater than 15%.31. A process for preparing adipic acid claim 21 , comprising:reacting at least one of cyclohexanone and cyclohexanol with nitric acid to produce adipic acid and an offgas having a temperature less than 800° F. and comprisingnitrous oxide; andoptionally nitrogen;preheating the offgas ...

Functionalized Mesoporous Silica via an Aminosilane Surfactant Ion Exchange Reaction: Controlled Scaffold Design and Nitric Oxide Release

Nitric oxide-releasing mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) were prepared using an aminosilane-template surfactant ion exchange reaction. Initially, bare silica particles were synthesized under basic conditions in the presence of cetyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB). These particles were functionalized with nitric oxide (NO) donor precursors via the addition of aminosilane directly to the particle sol, and a commensurate ion exchange reaction between the cationic aminosilanes and CTAB. N-diazeniumdiolate NO donors were formed at the secondary amines to yield NO-releasing silica MSNs. Tuning of the ion exchange-based MSN modification approach allowed for the preparation of monodisperse particles ranging from 30 to 1100 nm. Regardless of size, the MSNs stored appreciable levels of NO (0.4-3.5 μmol/mg) with tunable NO-release durations (1-33 h) dependent on the aminosilane modification. The range of MSN sizes and NO release demonstrate the versatility of this strategy.

NOBLE GAS NEUROPROTECTION AND NEUROREGENERATION FROM TREATMENT RELATED NEUROTOXICITY

Disclosed are means of inducing neuroregeneration and/or neuroprotection in patients with damage to the nervous system. In one embodiment, Noble Gas containing compositions are administered to a patient suffering from a neurological injury, said therapy is administered alone, or in combination with other therapies useful in the induction of neuronal protection/stimulation of neurogenesis. In one specific embodiment, patients are treated with Noble Gas compositions to restore neural function subsequent to radiation therapy or chemotherapy for neoplasia of the brain. In another embodiment, Noble Gas compositions are administered prior to, concurrent with or after radiation and chemotherapy in order to induce a protective effect on non-malignant cells without substantially interfering with efficacy of radiation and chemotherapy. 1. A method of protecting non-neoplastic cells from cellular damaging effects of a brain cancer directed therapy , said method comprising the steps of: a) obtaining a Noble Gas composition with neuro protective and/or regenerative potential; and b) administering said composition in a manner to promote regeneration and/to provide selective protection of non-malignant tissue from effects of chemotherapy and/or radiation therapy.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said brain cancer directed therapy comprises therapies selected from a group comprising of: a) radiation therapy; b) chemotherapy; c) surgery; d) metabolic therapy; e) targeted therapy claim 1 , and f) immunotherapy.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said Noble Gas composition is gas mixture containing oxygen and a proportion by volume of 20 to 70% of xenon.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein said proportion of xenon is between 22 and 60% by volume to oxygen.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein said proportion of xenon is between 25 and 60% by volume to oxygen.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said noble gas containing mixture consists only of a) oxygen and xenon or b) air and xenon.7. The ...

METHOD OF CONTROLLING RECOMBINATION OR BACK REACTIONS OF PRODUCTS AND BYPRODUCTS IN A DISSOCIATION REACTION

The present invention provides a method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample, in a reaction chamber. The method comprises introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets, initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules, creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce/minimize disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample, and conveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets. 1. A method of controlling back reactions or recombination reactions of product molecules formed in a dissociation reaction of reactant molecules of a fluid sample , in a reaction chamber , the method comprising:introducing the fluid sample into the reaction chamber through one or more inlets;initiating the dissociation reaction of the reactant molecules of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to form the product molecules;creating a patterned flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber to reduce disordered and/or turbulent mixing of the reactant molecules and/or product molecules in the fluid sample; andconveying the fluid sample comprising the product molecules out from the reaction chamber through one or more outlets.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patterned flow is helical flow or ordered flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber.3. (canceled)4. The method of claim 2 , wherein creating the helical flow of the fluid sample in the reaction chamber comprises orienting the one or more inlets tangentially with respect to the reaction chamber and orienting the one or more outlets axially with respect to the reaction chamber.5. The method of claim 2 , wherein creating the ordered flow ...

NITRIC OXIDE GENERATOR AND NON-DELIQUESCENT TABLET FOR USE IN SAME

An apparatus to generate nitric oxide is disclosed in one embodiment in accordance with the invention as including a heat source and a vessel containing the heat source. A tablet may be placed within the vessel such that it is in thermal communication with the heat source to receive heat therefrom. The tablet may contain reactants that are substantially non-deliquescent and form nitric oxide in response to heat from the heat source. 1. An apparatus generating nitric oxide , the apparatus comprising:a heat source;a vessel containing the heat source;a tablet, positioned within the vessel and in thermal communication with the heat source to receive heat therefrom; andthe tablet, comprising at least two reactants capable of forming nitric oxide when heated, wherein at least one reactant is non-deliquescent.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the tablet further comprises an inert binder providing a substantially solid path of thermal conduction between granules of reactants.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the tablet is compressed to a hardness providing a thermal conductivity effective to heat the reactants substantially exclusively by thermal conduction.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising controlling the heat source to melt claim 1 , yet avoid vaporizing claim 1 , at least one of the reactants.5. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the hardness of the tablet is selected to be greater than 5 kiloponds.6. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the heat source is controlled so as to met claim 4 , yet avoid vaporizing claim 4 , any of the reactants.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactants consist essentially of:a non-deliquescent nitrite compound;a nitrate compound; anda single metal oxide.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the reactants comprise:a non-deliquescent nitrite compound;a nitrate compound; anda metal oxide.9. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the inert binder comprises calcium silicate.10. The apparatus of claim 8 , wherein the non ...

METHOD FOR ARRANGING A PACKING IN A BURNER AND BURNER BASKET FOR A BURNER

A method for disposing a bed comprising particles in a burner through which a gas can flow, more particularly in a burner basket of an ammonia oxidation burner, where the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner than in an inner region of the burner. Further, a burner basket for a burner may have a bed comprising particles, wherein the particles are disposed such that the bed has a greater flow resistance in an edge region of the burner basket than in an inner region of the burner basket. 116.-. (canceled)17. A method for disposing a bed comprising particles in a burner through which a gas can flow , the method comprising disposing the particles such that a flow resistance of the bed is greater at an edge region of the burner than at an inner region of the burner.18. The method of comprising disposing the bed comprising particles in a burner basket of the burner claim 17 , wherein the burner is an ammonia oxidation burner.19. The method of wherein the bed has a greater bulk density in the edge region than in the inner region.20. The method of wherein the bed comprises small particles and large particles claim 17 , wherein the small particles have a smaller diameter than the large particles.21. The method of wherein the small particles have a diameter in a range from 1 mm to 10 mm.22. The method of wherein the large particles have a diameter in a range from 5 mm to 50 mm.23. The method of wherein more of the small particles than the large particles are disposed in the edge region of the burner claim 22 , wherein more of the large particles than the small particles are disposed in the inner region of the burner.24. The method of wherein more of the small particles than the large particles are disposed in the edge region claim 22 , wherein two layers of particles are disposed in the inner region claim 22 , wherein a lower layer of the two layers has more of the small particles than the large particles and an ...

METHOD AND PLANT FOR PRODUCING NITRIC ACID

A process and a plant for producing nitric acid involves oxidizing ammonia in the presence of catalysts to provide nitrogen monoxide-containing process gas in an oxidation reactor. The formed nitrogen monoxide may be supplied with oxygen-containing gas, and nitrogen monoxide is oxidized to provide nitrogen dioxide that is reacted with water in an absorption apparatus to give nitric acid, nitrous acid, and/or solutions of nitrates and/or nitrites. Oxidation of the nitrogen monoxide may be effected in an additional reactor positioned between the oxidation reactor and the absorption apparatus and traversed by the process gas. The oxidation of the nitrogen monoxide may be effected in an additional reactor parallel and connected to the absorption apparatus and traversed by the process gas. The disclosed processes and plants feature a high energy efficiency combined with a simple construction, and existing plants are easily upgradeable. 121.-. (canceled)22. A process for producing nitric acid comprising:oxidizing ammonia with oxygen in a presence of catalysts to provide a process gas containing nitrogen monoxide in an oxidation reactor;supplying oxygen-containing gas to the nitrogen monoxide; and positioned between the oxidation reactor and the absorption apparatus with respect to a flow direction of the process gas such that the process gas traverses the second reactor, or', 'positioned in parallel with the absorption apparatus and connected to the absorption apparatus such that the process gas traverses the second reactor., 'oxidizing the nitrogen monoxide in a second reactor to provide nitrogen dioxide that is reacted with water in an absorption apparatus to provide nitric acid, nitrous acid, and/or solutions of nitrates and/or nitrites, wherein the second reactor is a container charged with a catalyst for oxidizing the nitrogen monoxide to provide the nitrogen dioxide, wherein the second reactor is at least one of23. The process of comprising causing the process gas ...

Methods and systems for automatically generating a remedial action in an industrial facility

Systems and methods of preventing an event occurrence or mitigating effects of an event occurrence in an industrial facility are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a first input is received from a first sensor and, based at least in part on the first input, an initial action is automatically generated. In response to the initial action, a second input is received from a second sensor and, based at least in part of the received first and second inputs, a likelihood of an event occurrence is determined. Based at least in part of the determined likelihood, a remedial action configured to prevent the occurrence of the event occurrence is automatically generated. In some embodiments, the remedial action is generated in real-time and can be directed to a process condition, environmental condition, or secondary source.

Catalyst support systems for ammonia oxidation burners

Catalyst support systems for ammonia oxidation burners comprising a top flange and an inner wall. The top flange comprises a planar section, a rounded outer edge, and a rounded inner edge, the rounded outer edge and the rounded inner edge being separated by the planar section. The inner wall comprises a carrier plate, a gauze shelf, and a bottom plate shelf, the gauze shelf and the bottom plate shelf being attached to the carrier plate. The carrier plate is attached to the top flange by means of the rounded inner edge.

PROCESS FOR THE MANUFACTURE OF A FROZEN PRODUCT

The present invention provides a process for the manufacture of frozen gas hydrates, the process comprising passing a liquid aqueous phase over a heat exchanger surface under an atmosphere of a pressurised water-soluble gas, characterised in that the conditions of the process are selected to ensure that there is simultaneous dissolution of the pressurised gas into the liquid aqueous phase, and the formation of a solidified continuous phase from solidification of the liquid aqueous phase in contact with the heat exchanger surface. 1. A process for the manufacture of frozen gas hydrates , the process comprising passing a liquid aqueous phase over a heat exchanger surface under an atmosphere of a pressurised water-soluble gas , characterised in that the conditions of the process are selected to ensure that there is simultaneous dissolution of the pressurised gas into the liquid aqueous phase , and the formation of a solidified continuous phase from solidification of the liquid aqueous phase in contact with the heat exchanger surface.2. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the thickness of the liquid aqueous phase is no greater than 0.5 cm.3. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the heat exchange surface is at a temperature of from −30 C to 0° C.4. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the pressure of the water-soluble gas is constant over the heat exchange surface.5. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the process is carried out under a pressure of from 1000 kPa to 4000 kPa.6. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the gas is carbon dioxide claim 1 , nitrous oxide or a mixture thereof.7. A process according to claim 1 , wherein the liquid aqueous phase is introduced to the heat exchanger surface containing substantially no dissolved water-soluble gas.8. A process according to claim 1 , which is a batch process and the solidified continuous phase grows in thickness until a desired thickness is obtained.9. A process according to claim 8 , which is ...

Synthesis of nitric oxide gas for inhalation

In some additional aspects, an apparatus for generating nitric oxide (NO) can include one or more pairs of electrodes configured to initiate a series of electric arcs to synthesize a reactant gas into a product gas comprising NO, a sensor configured to measure a flow of a gas in a respiratory system into which the product gas is provided, a controller in communication with the one or more pairs of electrodes and the sensor. The controller is configured to adjust at least one of a pulse width, pulse period, pulse count per pulse group, pulse groups per second, energy generated by the one or more pairs of electrodes, arc frequency, arc current, and a voltage supplied to the one or more pairs of electrodes based on the measured flow to control a concentration of nitric oxide in the product gas.

DUAL GRID CATALYST BASKET AND METHOD OF INDEPENDENTLY SUPPORTING PRIMARY AND SECONDARY CATALYSTS

An ammonia oxidation catalyst basket design has two support grids. A first grid supports the primary catalyst and a separate, second grid supports the secondary catalyst. This dual grid design separates the two catalysts, and enables the catalysts to be independent of each other. Any interruption in the primary or the secondary catalyst does not impede or adversely impact on the structure or function of the other catalyst. 1. A catalyst basket comprising:a housing;first support grid mounted to the housing for supporting an associated primary catalyst; anda separate, second support grid mounted to the housing independently supporting an associated secondary catalyst.2. The catalyst basket of wherein the second support grid is spaced from the first support grid.3. The catalyst basket of wherein the first support grid includes openings that allow gas flow therethrough.4. The catalyst basket of wherein the second support grid includes openings that allow gas flow therethrough.5. The catalyst basket of wherein a primary catalyst is sealed along a periphery thereof.6. A method of supporting first and second catalysts in a catalyst basket comprising:supplying a housingmounting a first support grid to the housing for supporting a primary catalyst; andmounting a separate, second support grid to the housing for supporting a secondary catalyst and does not support the primary catalyst.7. The method of wherein the first and second support grids are mounted in spaced relation to independently support the primary and secondary catalysts claim 6 , respectively. This application is a continuation application of U.S. Ser. No. 15/505,438 (now allowed), filed on Feb. 21, 2017 as a Submission Under 35 U.S.C. 371 of International Application No. PCT/US2015/045544, International Filing Date 17 Aug. 2015, which claims the priority benefit of U.S. Provisional Application Ser. No. 62/039,278, filed Aug. 19, 2014, the entire disclosures of which are incorporated herein by reference.The ...

REDUCTION OF THE NOX WASTE GAS CONCENTRATION IN THE PRODUCTION OF NITRIC ACID DURING A SHUTDOWN AND/OR START-UP PROCESS OF THE PRODUCTION DEVICE

An apparatus and a process for reducing the concentration of NOx nitrogen oxides in residual gas may be employed during shutdown and/or startup of apparatuses for preparing nitric acid. An example apparatus for reducing NOx nitrogen oxides may include a reactor that produces NOx nitrogen oxides, an absorption apparatus that absorbs at least part of the NOx nitrogen oxides produced in an aqueous composition, a residual gas purification plant that decomposes and/or reduces unabsorbed NOx nitrogen oxides, feed means for feeding the NOx nitrogen oxides to the absorption apparatus, discharge means for discharging the unabsorbed NOx nitrogen oxides from the absorption apparatus to the residual gas purification plant, and a bypass that transfers a gas mixture from the reactor to the residual gas purification plant while bypassing the absorption apparatus during startup and/or shutdown of the apparatus for preparing nitric acid. 115.-. (canceled)16. An apparatus for preparing nitric acid from NOx nitrogen oxides , the apparatus comprising:a reactor configured to produce NOx nitrogen oxides;an absorption apparatus configured to absorb at least part of the NOx nitrogen oxides produced in an aqueous composition;a residual gas purification plant configured to at least one of decompose or reduce unabsorbed NOx nitrogen oxides;feed means configured to feed the NOx nitrogen oxides from the reactor to the absorption apparatus;discharge means configured to discharge the unabsorbed NOx nitrogen oxides from the absorption apparatus to the residual gas purification plant; anda bypass configured to transfer a gas mixture from the reactor to the residual gas purification plant, bypassing the absorption apparatus during at least one of startup or shutdown of the apparatus for preparing nitric acid.17. The apparatus for preparing nitric acid of further comprising a control device configured to at least one ofopen and close the bypass;open and close the feed means; oropen and close the ...

Portable, nitric oxide generator

An apparatus for portable delivery of nitric oxide without the need for pressurized tanks, power supplies, or other devices provides a single therapy session by triggering a heater to heat a reaction chamber. A piercing assembly may trigger to open sealed containers, such as bags, of liquid water or salt water in order to activate the heaters. Upon addition of liquid such as water or salt water to a chemically reactive heating element, heat is generated to activate the chemicals generating nitric oxide within a sealed reactor. Upon triggering, liquid containers are unsealed, the liquid drains down to initiate reaction of the heating chemicals, and the heat begins to penetrate the reactor. The reactor, in turn, heats its contents, which react to form nitric oxide expelled by the reactor to a line feeding a cannula for therapy.

CATALYST HAVING A THREE-DIMENSIONAL DENT STRUCTURE IN THE FORM OF A HEXAGON

A catalyst includes a gas-permeable textile sheet material made of noble-metal-containing wire having a three-dimensional secondary structure produced thereon. The secondary structure is a three-dimensional dent structure including dents arranged adjacent to each other in rows in two spatial directions. The dents are in the form of a hexagon. The dent structure is formed by self-organization in a denting process. 18.-. (canceled)9. A catalyst comprising:a gas-permeable textile sheet structure composed of noble metal-containing wire and having a three-dimensional secondary structure produced thereon, the secondary structure being a dent structure having adjacent dents arranged next to one another in two dimensions, the dent structure being formed by self-organization in a denting operation.10. The catalyst according to claim 9 , wherein the sheet structure defines a base area in which the dent structure extends in two dimensions and wherein the catalyst is configured for the flow of a fluid through the catalyst in a flow direction claim 9 , the base area extending perpendicular to the flow direction.11. The catalyst according to claim 9 , wherein adjacent indentations are separated from one another by an edge zone.12. The catalyst according to claim 9 , wherein the noble metal-containing wire is made of a noble metal.13. The catalyst according to claim 9 , wherein the catalyst comprises a plurality of textile sheet structures arranged one after the other claim 9 , indentations of adjacent textile sheet structures being offset relative to one another.14. The catalyst according to claim 13 , wherein each of the textile sheet structures has an upper side having concave claim 13 , inward-curving indentations and an underside having convex outward-curving indentations claim 13 , and wherein the textile sheet structures are arranged one after the other such that the upper sides and the undersides of the textile sheet structures are located opposite one another.15. The ...

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

Various systems, devices, NOabsorbents, NOscavengers and NOrecuperator for generating nitric oxide are disclosed herein. According to one embodiment, an apparatus for converting nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide can include a receptacle including an inlet, an outlet, a surface-active material coated with an aqueous solution of ascorbic acid and an absorbent wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the surface-active material and the absorbent such that nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow is converted to nitric oxide. 125.-. (canceled)26. A method for delivering nitric oxide to a patient , comprising:supplying:a gas source of nitrogen dioxide, dinitrogen tetraoxide, or nitric oxide;a first device having an inlet, an outlet, and a porous solid matrix positioned between the inlet and the outlet, wherein the porous solid matrix is coated with an aqueous solution of an antioxidant, and wherein the inlet is configured to receive a gas flow from the source and fluidly communicate the gas flow to the outlet through the porous solid matrix to convert nitrogen dioxide in the gas flow into nitric oxide; anda recuperator coupled to the outlet of the first device,converting nitrogen dioxide into nitric oxide in the recuperator prior to delivery to the patient; anddelivering nitric oxide to the patient.27. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a flow resistance of less than 3 cm of water pressure at a flow of 60 L/minute.28. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a flow resistance of less than 1 cm water at 15 L/min.29. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator is operated at atmospheric pressure.30. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has an oxygen concentration of in the range of 21 to 100%.31. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator has a humidity of dry to 99% (non condensing).31. The system of claim 26 , wherein the recuperator is thermally insulated. ...

METHOD FOR OXIDIZING AMMONIA AND SYSTEM SUITABLE THEREFOR

A system suitable for oxidizing ammonia with oxygen in the presence of catalysts is described. The system includes a reactor equipped with at least one supply line for a reactant gas mixture and at least one discharge line for a process gas; a catalyst comprising at least one transition metal oxide that is not an oxide of a platinum metal; and a device for adjusting a molar ratio of oxygen to ammonia of less than or equal to 1.75 mol/mol in the reactant gas mixture by mixing an oxygen-containing gas stream having an Ocontent of <20% by volume with a chosen amount of ammonia. The oxygen-containing gas stream is produced by a device for: diluting an air stream with a gas stream comprising less than 20% by volume oxygen; or depleting oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas mixture, preferably from air; or by a combination thereof. 1. A system for oxidizing ammonia , comprising:A) a reactor for ammonia oxidation, equipped with at least one supply line for a reactant gas mixture and with at least one discharge line for a process gas;B) a catalyst arrangement inside the reactor, the catalyst comprising at least one transition metal oxide that is not an oxide of a platinum metal; and{'sub': '2', 'claim-text': c1) by a device for diluting an air stream with a gas stream that comprises less than 20% by volume oxygen; or', 'c2) by a device for depleting oxygen from an oxygen-containing gas mixture, preferably from air; or', 'c3) by a combination of measures c1 and c2., 'C) a device for adjusting a molar ratio of oxygen to ammonia in the reactant gas mixture of less than or equal to 1.75 mol/mol by mixing an oxygen-containing gas stream having an Ocontent of <20% by volume with a chosen amount of ammonia, wherein the oxygen-containing gas stream is produced2. The system as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:D) a device for adjusting an outlet temperature of a product gas from the reactor based on a concentration of ammonia of the reactant gas mixture at an inlet of the ...

Systems and Methods for Generating Nitric Oxide

Systems and methods for generating nitric oxide are disclosed. A nitic oxide (NO) generation system includes at least one pair of electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing NO from a flow of a reactant gas; and a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas produced by the at least one pair of electrodes by utilizing duty cycle values of plasma pulses selected from a plurality of discrete duty cycles to produce a target rate of NO production based on an average of discrete production rates associated with each of the plurality of discrete duty cycles. 1. A nitic oxide (NO) generation system comprising:at least one pair of electrodes configured to generate a product gas containing NO from a flow of a reactant gas; anda controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas produced by the at least one pair of electrodes by utilizing duty cycle values of plasma pulses selected from a plurality of discrete duty cycles to produce a target rate of NO production based on an average of discrete production rates associated with each of the plurality of discrete duty cycles.2. The NO generation system of claim 1 , wherein the average of discrete production rates used for each iteration of discrete duty cycle improves a resolution such that the average of the discrete production rates approaches the target rate of NO production over time.3. The NO generation system of claim 2 , wherein for each pulse sent to the at least one pair of electrodes claim 2 , the controller utilizes a higher duty cycle if the target NO production exceeds the actual production from a previous pulse.4. The NO generation system of claim 2 , wherein for each pulse sent to the at least one pair of electrodes claim 2 , the controller utilizes a lower duty cycle if the target NO production is less than the actual production from a previous pulse.5. The NO generation system of claim 1 , wherein a frequency in the system is constant ...

Architectures for Production of Nitric Oxide

Architectures for production of nitric oxide (NO) include systems and methods for generating NO having one or more plasma chambers configured to ionize a reactant gas to generate a plasma for producing a product gas containing NO using a flow of the reactant gas through one or more plasma chambers; a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas using one or more parameters as an input to the controller, one or more parameters including information from a plurality of sensors configured to collect information relating to at least one of the reactant gas, the product gas, and a medical gas into which product gas flows; and a flow divider configured to divide a product gas flow from the plasma chamber into a first product gas flow to provide a variable flow to a patient inspiratory flow and a second product gas flow. 1. A nitric oxide (NO) generation system , comprising:one or more plasma chambers configured to ionize a reactant gas to generate a plasma for producing a product gas containing nitric oxide (NO) using a flow of the reactant gas through the one or more plasma chambers;a controller configured to regulate the amount of nitric oxide in the product gas using one or more parameters as an input to the controller, the one or more parameters including information from a plurality of sensors configured to collect information relating to at least one of the reactant gas, the product gas, and a medical gas into which the product gas flows; anda flow divider configured to divide a product gas flow from the plasma chamber into a first product gas flow to provide a variable flow to a patient inspiratory flow and a second product gas flow.2. The nitric oxide (NO) generation system of claim 1 , wherein the second product gas flow from the flow divider is configured to be directed upstream of the plasma chamber and merged into the reactant gas flow to form a closed pneumatic system.3. The nitric oxide (NO) generation system of claim 1 , ...

NITRIC OXIDE RELEASING COMPOSITIONS

Nitric oxide (NO) generating compositions can include a nitrite component, an acidifying component, and a support material configured to carry one of the nitrite component and the acidifying agent. In some examples, the support material can minimize NO generation prior to addition of an activating amount of a suitable solvent. 1. A particulate composition , comprising:a blend of a nitrite component and an acidifying agent, wherein one, but not both, of the nitrite component and the acidifying agent is carried by a support material.2. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the nitrite component comprises sodium nitrite claim 1 , potassium nitrite claim 1 , barium nitrite claim 1 , calcium nitrite claim 1 , nitrite orotate claim 1 , amyl nitrite claim 1 , magnesium nitrite claim 1 , or a combination thereof.3. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the acidifying agent comprises ascorbic acid claim 1 , ascorbyl palmitate claim 1 , salicylic acid claim 1 , malic acid claim 1 , lactic acid claim 1 , citric acid claim 1 , formic acid claim 1 , benzoic acid claim 1 , tartaric acid claim 1 , hydrochloric acid claim 1 , sulfuric acid claim 1 , phosphoric acid claim 1 , or a combination thereof.4. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the support material comprises carbon black claim 1 , activated carbon claim 1 , a metal oxide claim 1 , a silica claim 1 , a silicate claim 1 , a metal phosphate claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the support material has a surface area of at least 0.1 meters squared per gram (m/g).6. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the support material has a pore volume of at least 0.01 cubic centimeters per gram (cc/g).7. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the support material is a calcined support material.8. The particulate composition of claim 1 , wherein the nitrite component and the acidifying agent are present in the particulate composition ...

An improved catalyst for the production of nitric acid by oxidation of ammonia

Low pressure drop,high surface area ammonia oxidation catalyst and catalyst for production of hydrocyanic acid

Method for producing nitric acid by means of a load-controllable production system

The present invention relates to a method for producing nitric acid, within the scope of which the partial load operation is supplied a portion of the compressed process air bypassing the chemical process for heat recovery in a gas expander (7).

CONVERSION OF NITROGEN DIOXIDE (NO2) TO NITRIC OXIDE (NO)

Inhalation of low levels of nitric oxide can rapidly and safely decrease pulmonary hypertension in mammals. A nitric oxide delivery system that converts nitrogen dioxide to nitric oxide employs a surface-active material, such as silica gel, coated with an aqueous solution of antioxidant, such as ascorbic acid. 118.-. (canceled)19. A method , comprising:conveying a gas containing nitrogen dioxide to a cartridge containing activated alumina;passing the gas through the cartridge to remove the nitrogen dioxide, leaving a nitric oxide-containing gas; anddelivering the nitric oxide-containing gas to a patient.20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the cartridge is a second cartridge claim 19 , the method further comprising:conveying the gas to a first cartridge;before passing the gas through the second cartridge, passing the gas through the first cartridge, the first cartridge including a substrate wetted with ascorbic acid such that the gas flows over the substrate and such that the ascorbic acid reacts with nitrogen dioxide to produce nitric oxide.21. The method of claim 19 , wherein the gas originates from a reservoir containing dinitrogen tetroxide.22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the gas originates from an unpressurized tankless source.23. The method of claim 19 , further comprising mixing the nitric oxide-containing gas with an oxygen-containing gas before delivering the nitric oxide-containing gas to the patient.24. The method of claim 19 , wherein the nitric oxide-containing gas is supplied to a ventilator prior to being delivered to the patient.25. The method of claim 19 , further comprising delivering the nitric oxide-containing gas to a flexible bag prior to delivering the nitric-oxide containing gas to the patient such that a constant supply of nitric oxide can be delivered to the patient during inhalation.26. The method of claim 19 , further comprising:measuring a concentration of nitrogen dioxide in the nitric oxide-containing gas before the nitric oxide- ...

Self-gettering catalysts

Catalyst support

CATALYST SUPPORT