TANDEM-SOLARMODUL

СОЛНЕЧНАЯ ЭНЕРГЕТИЧЕСКАЯ УСТАНОВКА

Предметом изобретения является солнечная энергетическая установка, содержащая по меньшей мере один солнечный элемент (1) и по меньшей мере один переключатель (4, 5, 6). Переключатель (4, 5, 6) выполнен с возможностью изменения направления тока и получения режима выработки энергии или режима нагрева. Согласно изобретению предусмотрены один или несколько датчиков (10, 11), например, для приема чувствительных к погоде данных, как датчик (10, 11) наружной температуры, датчик (11) снегопада, причем датчики (10, 11) и переключатель (4, 5, 6) присоединены к системе (12) управления, которая в зависимости от измеренных величин, зарегистрированных с помощью датчиков (10, 11), переводит установку в режим выработки энергии или режим нагрева.

DETECTOR X-RAY IMAGE, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING PHOTOSENSITIVE ELEMENT AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING DETECTOR

Piecewise single-sided direct-connected solar cell module and preparation method thereof

Method and framework for improving generating capacity of solar cell on unit erection area

Apparatus of inclination control for Solar-driven generator

TITANIUM OXIDE HAVING HEXAGONAL COLUMN SHAPE, MANUFACTURING METHOD THEREOF, SOLAR CELL COMPRISING SAME, AND MANUFACTURING METHOD OF SOLAR CELL COMPRISING SAME

Disclosed is a titanium oxide having a hexagonal column shape. The titanium oxide having a hexagonal column shape includes: a bottom surface having six sides which parallels a first direction and a second direction perpendicular to the first direction; a top surface having six sides which parallels the first direction and the second direction and faces the bottom surface; and six side surfaces extended from each side of the bottom surface to each side of the top surface. COPYRIGHT KIPO 2016 ...

TRANSPORTABLE HYBRID POWER SYSTEM

A transportable, deployable power system comprising a hybrid power box containing solar panels, wind turbine(s), fuel cells, fuel reformers, and other energy sources. The system could also include waste water and potable water inlet and outlet ports for water treatment. It will also allow for shelf mounted solar and wind turbine installation for disaster recovery, backup power for telecommunication, military power, Homeland Security power, off grid homes and water and wastewater packaging domestically and internationally. The present invention is ideal for any situation requiring immediate power and/or water treatment, such as remote construction sites or in emergency situations. The hybrid power box can be mounted to a standard shipping truck, train, or ship, and transported over land to the desired location.

SOLAR PANEL SYSTEM

A solar panel system includes a solar module. The solar module includes a housing, a solar panel, and a reflector. The solar panel is supported by the housing. The solar panel is configured to receive incident light and convert a first portion of the incident light to electricity. The reflector is positioned to reflect a second portion of the incident light that was not converted to electricity by the solar panel back at the solar panel.

METHOD OF PRODUCING SHEETS OF CRYSTALLINE MATERIAL

Herstellungsverfahren für invertierte metamorphe Solarzelle mit Mehrfachübergängen (IMM-Solarzelle)

Verfahren zur Herstellung einer invertierten metamorphen Solarzelle mit Mehrfachübergängen (IMM-Solarzelle), das umfasst:Bilden einer ersten Teilzelle (12) auf einem temporären Substrat (30);Bilden einer zweiten Teilzelle (14) auf der ersten Teilzelle (12), wobei die zweite Teilzelle eine kleinere Bandlücke aufweist als die erste Teilzelle;Bilden einer ersten Metallgitterschicht (18), die eine Vielzahl von Gittern aufweist, auf der zweiten Teilzelle (14); Abscheiden einer Antireflexionsbeschichtung (22) auf exponierte Teile der zweiten Teilzelle (14) zwischen Gittern der ersten Metallgitterschicht (18);Bereitstellen einer Silizium-Teilzelle (16);Bilden einer zweiten Metallgitterschicht (20), die eine Vielzahl von Gittern aufweist, auf der Silizium-Teilzelle (16);Abscheiden einer Antireflexionsbeschichtung (24) auf exponierte Teile der Silizium-Teilzelle (16) zwischen Gittern der zweiten Metallgitterschicht (20);Binden der zweiten Teilzelle (14) an die Silizium-Teilzelle (16), derart, dass ...

SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOVOLTAIC GENERATOR AND A METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SAME

Leistungswiederherstellung von Photovoltaikkraftwerken

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Wiederherstellung oder Aufstockung der Nennleistung eines Photovoltaikkraftwerks. Das Verfahren ist durch folgende Verfahrensschritte gekennzeichnet: A) Bereitstellen zumindest eines ersten Photovoltaikmoduls (1) des Photovoltaikkraftwerks; B) Vorzugsweise elektrisches Trennen des ersten Photovoltaikmoduls (1) von einer Strangleitungsinfrastruktur des Photovoltaikkraftwerks; C) Aufbringen eines zweiten Photovoltaikmoduls (2) auf eine Vorderseite (3) des ersten Photovoltaikmoduls (1), sodass das zweite Photovoltaikmodul (2) zumindest teilweise die Vorderseite (3) des ersten Photovoltaikmoduls (1) vollflächig bedeckt; D) Befestigen des zweiten Photovoltaikmoduls (2) auf/ an der Vorderseite (3), einem Rahmen und/ oder einer Trägerkonstruktion des ersten Photovoltaikmoduls (1); E) Verbinden des zweiten Photovoltaikmoduls (2) mit der Strangleitungsinfrastruktur des Photovoltaikkraftwerks.

Solar energy detection module and solar panel

Solar energy detection module and solar panel are introduced. The solar energy detection module includes a backsheet, a first encapsulation layer, a first photovoltaic unit, a light source, a second encapsulation layer and a transparent 5 layer. The first encapsulation layer is disposed above the backsheet. The first photovoltaic unit and the light source are disposed above the first encapsulation layer. The second encapsulation layer is disposed above the first photovoltaic unit and light source. The transparent layer is disposed above the second encapsulation layer. The light source is configured to emit light toward the transparent layer. The 0 first photovoltaic unit is arranged to be able to receive light from the light source and generates an electrical signal indicating intensity of light that the first photovoltaic unit receives. The solar panel includes the solar energy detection module and a plurality of second photovoltaic units. Detection .- 200 processing unit Signal detector ...

Double-sided coupling photovoltaic cell system based on reflection and condensation

Disclosed in the present invention is a double-sided coupling photovoltaic cell system based on reflection and condensation, which is composed of one or more structural units. Each structural unit consists of a double-sided photovoltaic cell and two reflection-type photovoltaic cells; the two reflection-type photovoltaic cells are respectively positioned on two sides of the double-sided photovoltaic cell; light receiving surfaces of the reflection-type photovoltaic cells face the double-sided photovoltaic cell; an included angle is formed between each reflection-type photovoltaic cell and the double-sided photovoltaic cell, so that incident light can irradiate the two surfaces of the double-sided photovoltaic cell after being reflected by the reflection-type photovoltaic cells. The present invention solves the problem of performance attenuation of a narrow band gap cell caused by reduced carrier concentration in a conventional multi-band gap photovoltaic cell combination, can more effectively ...

MODULAR PHOTOVOLTAIC LIGHT AND POWER CUBE

Submitted is a modular stationary portable photovoltaic solar powered electrical generation, storage and supply device and light tower. The device consists of an elongated cube or rectangular prism shaped support structure with a flat base, flat sides and a flat decked top to form a protective crate shaped module when the various components, such as the solar panel arrays, telescoping mast, and light assembly or outriggers of the device are retracted to where the boundaries may be defined by the perimeters of the cube or prism. This modular design can allow for the modules to be stored, loaded, or shipped quickly, efficiently, and in greater quantities on flatbeds, in shipping containers, in warehouses, and other settings and modes where they can not only be packed end to end and side to side with no unused space, but can also be stacked up to three modules high for significantly higher storage density. The interconnectivity of multiple modules to create incrementally larger power generation ...

ДЕТЕКТОР РЕНТГЕНОВСКОГО ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЯ, СПОСОБ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ФОТОЧУВСТВИТЕЛЬНОГО ЭЛЕМЕНТА И СПОСОБ ИЗГОТОВЛЕНИЯ ДЕТЕКТОРА

Изобретение относится к области рентгенотехники, медицинской диагностики, а также к области неразрушающего контроля и может быть использовано при изготовлении детекторов рентгеновского изображения. Детектор включает матрицу фоточувствительных элементов, смонтированных на общей подложке. Повышение технологичности конструкции детектора, обеспечение плоскостности фоточувствительной поверхности матрицы достигаются за счет того, что изготавливают детектор, в котором сборку каждого фоточувствительного элемента выполняют в калибровочном устройстве, содержащем узел задания толщины указанного элемента. Каждый элемент выполнен в виде сборочной единицы и содержит фоточувствительную пластину и подложку, между которыми размещают и закрепляют посредством клея упругодеформируемую прослойку. Фоточувствительные элементы смонтированы на общей подложке с возможностью замены без нарушения плоскостности фоточувствительной поверхности матрицы.

СИСТЕМА АККУМУЛИРОВАНИЯ СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Система аккумулирования солнечной энергии, содержащая устройство слежения за Солнцем, отличающаяся тем, что содержит основную горизонтальную несущую нагрузку трубку, которая способна поворачиваться вокруг своей оси; множество вспомогательных трубок, закрепленных таким образом, что они могут перемещаться перпендикулярно упомянутой основной трубке и способны поворачиваться вокруг своей оси; при этом к каждой из упомянутых вспомогательных трубок прикреплена панель, которая способна поглощать солнечную энергию; опорную конструкцию, содержащую первую стойку и вторую стойку, расположенные вертикально; причем каждая из упомянутой первой стойки и упомянутой второй стойки содержит соединительный элемент, расположенный у ее верхней части, для надежного закрепления упомянутой основной трубки на ее концах; при этом упомянутый соединительный элемент содержит первый поперечный участок для прикрепления упомянутой основной трубки и второй поперечный участок для прикрепления возможной дополнительной основной ...

СИСТЕМА ЭЛЕКТРИЧЕСКОЙ СЕТИ ДЛЯ СБОРА СОЛНЕЧНОЙ ЭНЕРГИИ

Система для сбора солнечной энергии с электрической сети, содержащая панель солнечной батареи, включающую изолирующий материал и фотоэлектрический модуль, прикрепленный к изолирующему материалу. Панель солнечной батареи адаптирована для монтажа на действующую в электрической сети линию электропередач.

Hydrogen passivation technology for improving light failure problem of mono-crystalline solar cell

BIFACIAL TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS AND MODULES

A tandem photovoltaic cell includes a top cell having a first absorber and a bottom cell having a second absorber. The top cell and the bottom cell are electrically coupled in series. The top cell is configured to receive solar radiation through a first surface of the top cell and to transmit photons through a second surface of the top cell to the bottom cell, and the bottom cell is configured to receive the photons from the top cell through a first surface of the bottom cell and to receive solar radiation through a second surface of the bottom cell. A photovoltaic module includes a multiplicity of the tandem photovoltaic cells.

Method of producing sheets of crystalline material

A method of producing sheets of crystalline material is disclosed, as well as devices employing such sheets. In the method, a growth mask is formed upon a substrate and crystalline material is grown at areas of the substrate exposed through the mask and laterally over the surface of the mask to form a sheet of crystalline material. This sheet is optionally separated so that the substrate can be reused. The method has particular importance in forming sheets of crystalline semiconductor material for use in solid state devices.

Shingled solar cell module

A high efficiency configuration for a solar cell module comprises solar cells arranged in a shingled manner to form super cells, which may be arranged to efficiently use the area of the solar module, reduce series resistance, and increase module efficiency.

SOLAR CELL MODULE PACKAGING STRUCTURE AND SOLAR POWER GENERATION DEVICE

A solar cell module packaging structure enables two solar cell modules to be stacked and packaged, the solar cell module including a solar cell panel and a frame having a groove into which an end edge of the solar cell panel is inserted and fixed, wherein the frame is fixed only to one end edge of two end edges in a predetermined direction in the solar cell panel, one of the two solar cell modules is disposed upside down and the other thereof is stacked thereon, in this state, rear surfaces of the solar cell panels included in the respective two solar cell modules face each other, the rear surface being a surface on an opposite side to a surface, of the solar cell panel, which solar light is directly incident on, and a space is formed between the rear surfaces.

MULTIJUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

Cadmium sulphide photocell and method of producing it

Solar energy detection module and solar panel

Solar energy detection module and solar panel are introduced. The solar energy detection module includes a backsheet, a first encapsulation layer, a first photovoltaic unit, a light source, a second encapsulation layer and a transparent 5 layer. The first encapsulation layer is disposed above the backsheet. The first photovoltaic unit and the light source are disposed above the first encapsulation layer. The second encapsulation layer is disposed above the first photovoltaic unit and light source. The transparent layer is disposed above the second encapsulation layer. The light source is configured to emit light toward the transparent layer. The 0 first photovoltaic unit is arranged to be able to receive light from the light source and generates an electrical signal indicating intensity of light that the first photovoltaic unit receives. The solar panel includes the solar energy detection module and a plurality of second photovoltaic units. Detection .- 200 processing unit Signal detector ...

Grid-shaped single-sided direct-connected solar cell module and preparation method thereof

Single-surface directly connected solar cell assembly and preparation method

SOLAR COLLECTOR FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION

The invention concerns a solar collector for electricity generation. This includes at least one elongate modular strip (10) of electrically interconnected PV cells (12) laminated between respective upper and lower layers (16, 18) of flexibly resilient plastics material to form an elongate PV cell module (23). The upper laminating layer (16) is light transmitting in nature. The solar collector also includes a rigid support structure that includes, for each module, a rigid, elongate pan (44, 50) of thermally conductive material having a base (32) with a width not substantially greater than a width of the module. The underside of each module is anchored on the base of a pan in thermally transmitting relationship.

Multi-source optimal reconfigurable energy harvester

Provided is an energy harvesting device, including a solar cell including at least one active layer for receiving a first range of electromagnetic frequencies, at least one layer including antenna structures for receiving RF energy and formed on a first side of the solar cell, and at least one semiconductor for absorbing IR energy, and formed on a second side of the solar cell opposite the first side.

Photovoltaic systems with intermittent and continuous recycling of light

The one or more embodiments of the present invention propose a novel photovoltaic system. The system can include a housing and at least one layer of photovoltaic panels inside the housing. Photovoltaic cells can be arranged on the panel. Light is reflected in many ways and recycled within the housing either continuously or intermittently. This can reduce the loss of light energy back into the atmosphere due to reflections from the panel and can also improve the working efficiency of the photovoltaic cells by creating multiple passes for the light either continuously or intermittently.

Solarmodul

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Solarmodul, aufweisend- ein rahmenloses Solarmodullaminat (1) mit einer Solarmodullaminat-Vorderseite (11), einer Solarmodullaminat-Rückseite (13) und einer umlaufenden Solarmodulkante (12), und- mindestens einen Clip (2), der einen Laminat-Bereich (21) zum Fixieren des Clips (2) an einem Fixierabschnitt (121) der Solarmodulkante (12) und einen an den Laminat-Bereich (21) angrenzenden oder in diesen übergehenden Montage-Bereich (22) aufweist, wobei der Laminat-Bereich (21) einen Vorderseitenschenkel (211) zum Übergreifen der Solarmodullaminat-Vorderseite (11) entlang des Fixierabschnitts (121) der Solarmodulkante (12), einen Rückseitenschenkel (212) zum Übergreifen der Solarmodullaminat-Rückseite (13) entlang des Fixierabschnitts (121) der Solarmodulkante (12) und einen Nut-Steg (213) aufweist, der den Vorderseitenschenkel (211) und den Rückseitenschenkel (212) voneinander beabstandet, wobei sich der Vorderseitenschenkel (211) und der Rückseitenschenkel (212) ...

Method of producing a conductive multiple substrate stack

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Herstellung eines Mehrfachsubstratstapels aus einem, insbesondere wellenlängensensitiven, Halbleitersubstrat (2) und mindestens einem weiteren, insbesondere wellenlängensensitiven, Halbleitersubstrat (2', 2") mit folgenden Schritten: Aufbringung einer zumindest abschnittsweise elektrisch leitfähigen dielektrischen Schicht (3, 3 ') auf mindestens eine Substratoberfläche (2o, 2o', 2o", 2u, 2u', 2u") mindestens eines der Halbleitersubstrate (2, 2', 2") und Kontaktierung des Halbleitersubstrats (2) mit dem weiteren Halbleitersubstrat (2', 2' ') und Ausbildung einer elektrisch leitfähigen Verbindung zwischen den Halbleitersubstraten (2, 2', 2 ").

High utilization photo-voltaic device

An article of manufacture includes a first and second PV cell layer, where the first and second PV cell layers are at least partially displaced from each other and define a continuous optical coverage area throughout a solar active area. The article provides for enhanced utilization of the active solar area.

Novel solar cell wall component

A weld area for lamination type solar wafer subassembly

Titanium oxide having Hexagonal column shape, method of fabricating the same, solar cell comprising the same, and method of fabricating solar cell comprising the same

... 육각 기둥 형태의 티타늄 산화물이 제공된다. 상기 육각 기둥 형태의 티타늄 산화물은, 제1 방향 및 상기 제1 방향에 직각인(perpendicular) 제2 방향과 평행하고, 6개의 변을 갖는 하부면(bottom surface), 상기 제1 방향 및 제2 방향에 평행하고, 상기 하부면과 마주보고(facing), 6개의 변을 갖는 상부면(top surface), 및 각각의 상기 하부면의 변들(sides)에서 각각의 상기 상부면의 변들(sides)으로 연장하는 6개의 측면들(side surfaces)을 포함한다.

Methods and systems to boost efficiency of solar cells

The physical and chemical properties of surfaces can be controlled by bonding nanoparticles, microspheres, or nanotextures to the surface via inorganic precursors. Surfaces can acquire a variety of desirable properties such as antireflection, antifogging, antifrosting, UV blocking, and IR absorption, while maintaining transparency to visible light. Micro or nanomaterials can also be used as etching masks to texture a surface and control its physical and chemical properties via its micro or nanotexture.

Solar battery mounting structure in a vehicle

A solar battery mounting structure including a solar battery module (1) in which a frame (B) includes a light transmissive plate member (2), an adhesive portion (S) by which a lower surface of a side end portion of the light transmissive plate member (2) is adhered to an adhesive surface of a vehicle body frame member (B), and a fixation portion which is fixed to a lower surface of the light transmissive plate member through a sealing material layer (4), and is fixed to a fixation surface (F) of the vehicle body frame member facing the lower surface, a protrusion portion in contact with the lower surface of the light transmissive plate member through the sealing material layer is formed in the fixation portion, and frame a step portion is formed between the adhesive surface and the fixation surface.

Erweiterte PV-Anlage mit verbesserter Effizienz

Die Erfindung betrifft das Verbessern einer Effizienz einer bereits bestehenden, installierten PV-Anlage. Dabei wird einer bestehenden PV-Zelle der bestehenden PV-Anlage eine folienartige, laminierte Perowskit-PV-Zelle ggf. nebst zugehöriger Leistungselektronik hinzugefügt und dabei derart auf der bestehenden PV-Zelle angeordnet, dass Licht L von einer Lichtquelle, welches durch die bestehende PV-Anlage in elektrische Energie umzusetzen ist, zunächst auf die Perowskit-PV-Zelle und anschließend auf die bestehende PV-Zelle fällt. Es wird also eine laminierte Perowskit-PV-Zelle derart verwendet, dass eine bestehende PV-Anlage dahingehend aufgewertet wird, dass ihre Effizienz ohne einen Austausch von Komponente verbessert wird.

A method for improving the light decay single crystal solar cell of the hydrogen passivation process

Fold photovoltaic module battery piece space of a whole page made of baked clay and divide structure

LAMINATION SYSTEM, INSTALLATION INCLUDING SUCH A SYSTEM AND METHOD LAMINATION LAMINATION IMPLEMENTED USING SUCH A LAMINATION SYSTEM

INSTALLATION OF CONVERSION Of Solar energy

Stacked photovoltaic cell

A stacked photovoltaic cell includes a resonant layer disposed between a first photovoltaic cell and a second photovoltaic cell and provided for controlling a light source to pass through the first photovoltaic cell and then passing the light source of a specific wavelength through the resonant layer to produce a constructive intervention and entering such light source into the second photovoltaic cell, and the light source absorbed by the second photovoltaic cell and having a wavelength equal to the wavelength of the light source passing through the resonant layer allows the stacked photovoltaic cell to maximize the conversion efficiency and provides a direct use of the optimized photovoltaic cell, so as to facilitate design and development, and both sides of the stacked photovoltaic cell can receive light to improve the utilization of the light source.

SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR CELL SYSTEM

A solar cell comprising: a top-cell module that generates power by subjecting incident light to photoelectric conversion, and passes some of the incident light therethrough; and a bottom-cell module stacked on the top-cell module to generate power by subjecting the light that has passed through the top-cell module to photoelectric conversion. The top-cell module includes a plurality of top-cells connected to each other in series, in parallel, or in a series-parallel combination. The bottom-cell module includes a plurality of bottom-cells connected to each other in series, in parallel, or in a series-parallel combination. The manner of connection of the plurality of top-cells and the manner of connection of the plurality of bottom-cells are set to match a current ratio of the top-cell and the bottom-cell.

SOLAR ROOF TILE CONNECTORS

One embodiment can provide a photovoltaic roof tile. The photovoltaic roof tile can include a plurality of photovoltaic structures positioned between a front cover and a back cover, a bridge electrode coupled to a front-side busbar belonging to a photovoltaic structure, and a metallic strip positioned on a back side of the bridge electrode. The bridge electrode can include a substrate and at least one metallization layer positioned on a back surface of the substrate, and the metallization layer is electrically coupled to both the front-side busbar and the metallic strip, thereby enabling electrical coupling between the front-side busbar and the metallic strip.

Process for mounting a protection diode on a vertical multijunction photovoltaic cell structure and photovoltaic cells obtained

In a stack of diodes forming a vertical multijunction photovoltaic cell, an inversely connected diode is firmly secured to this stack with possible insertion of a intermediate wafer made from a conducting material.

Method of producing sheets of crystalline material

A method of producing sheets of crystalline material is disclosed, as well as devices employing such sheets. In the method, a growth mask is formed upon a substrate and crystalline material is grown at areas of the substrate exposed through the mask and laterally over the surface of the mask to form a sheet of crystalline material. This sheet is separated, and the substrate can optionally be reused. The method has particular importance in forming sheets of crystalline semiconductor material for use in solid state devices.

MULTI-JUNCTION ARTIFICIAL PHOTOSYNTHETIC CELL WITH ENHANCED PHOTOVOLTAGES

MULTIJUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

KASKADENSOLARZELLE MIT LEITFAEHIGEN VERBINDUNGEN

Solar cell prodn. - by depositing semiconductor pn junctions in anodised aluminium pores during electron beam irradiation

A solar cell is produced by coating an Al carrier plate in an anodizing process with a porous transparent aluminium oxide layer. Its through pores are then filled out by vapour deposition of a sequence of layers of a p-type semiconductor and a metal layer in a vacuum while irradiating the plate by an electron beam. A final transparent contacting layer forms the counter contact to the Al plate. The electron beam charges the anodized layer to prevent undesirable deposition. The new solar cell has a much better conversion efficiency because use is made of the pores throughout their depth.

CASCADE SOLAR CELL HAVING CONDUCTIVE INTERCONNECTS

Hybrid dense solar cells and interconnects for solar modules and related methods of manufacture

HYBRID DENSE SOLAR CELLS AND INTERCONNECTS FOR SOLAR MODULES AND RELATED METHODS OF MANUFACTURE A solar module (Ml) includes at least one first solar cell (10a) and at least one second solar cell (10b), each solar cell including a top side and bottom side, a bus bar (104), and a plurality of wires (108), disposed on the top side, extending from and electrically connected to the bus bar. The first solar cell overlaps a region of the second solar cell to electrically connect to the second solar cell and to form a shingled arrangement, and in the second solar cell, the plurality of wires connect to the bus bar outside of the region in which the first solar cell overlaps the second solar cell. A method of manufacturing a solar module includes shingling solar cells using ECA to make a hybrid dense solar cell string that includes at least two hybrid dense solar cells (10) in a shingled arrangement. -------------------------------------------------- 10a 10b ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

A photovoltaic cell having a plurality of stages, each stage being adapted to preferentially absorb photons within a different spectral frequency range. In the preferred embodiment, within each stage are a plurality of sequences of layers, each with an altered composition to preferentially absorb photons of a different frequency.

Multi-level photovoltaic component

Stromatolite template of solar photovoltaic board

Tile stacking assembly structure

New energy battery panel with high security

TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

MULTIJUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICES WITH METAL OXYNITRIDE LAYER

A multi-junction photovoltaic device comprising a layer of metal oxynitride between a first sub-cell and a second sub-cell is disclosed, the first sub-cell having a layer comprising a perovskite light absorber material. In addition, a method of manufacturing said multi-junction photovoltaic device is disclosed. The metal oxynitride is preferably titanium oxynitride. Advantageously, the device may be produced in a simple, fast, consistent and inexpensive manner, whilst the properties of the titanium oxynitride layer may be tuned to avoid the occurrence of local shunt paths and to reduce reflection losses.

Hybrid tandem solar cell

A tandem solar cell includes a top solar cell and a bottom solar cell. The top solar cell and the bottom solar cell each have a respective front surface and a rear surface, with the respective front surfaces being adapted for facing a radiation source during use. The top solar cell is arranged with its rear surface overlying the front surface of the bottom solar cell. The top solar cell includes a photovoltaic absorber layer with a bandgap greater than that of crystalline silicon. The bottom solar cell includes a crystalline silicon substrate. On at least a portion of the front surface of the bottom solar cell a passivating layer stack is disposed which includes a thin dielectric film and a secondary layer of either selective carrier extracting material or polysilicon. The thin dielectric film is arranged between the silicon substrate and the secondary layer.

CELL SHEET FOR IMBRICATE ASSEMBLY, IMBRICATE ASSEMBLY, AND METHOD FOR PREPARING CELL SHEET

The present disclosure relates to solar cells for a shingled solar cell module, a shingled solar cell module, and a method of making solar cells for the shingled solar cell module. Said solar cell has a front side and a back side, a plurality of front side busbars being arranged on the front side, a plurality of back side busbars being arranged on the back side, the solar cell comprising a plurality of sections, each section comprising a front side busbar and a back side busbar located at edges thereof, the front side busbar of at least one section of the solar cell having an extension at one end or both ends, the extension extending along another edge of said at least one section intersecting with the above-mentioned edges. The shingled solar cell module is fabricated from solar cell strips split from the solar cell.

MODULAR PHOTOVOLTAIC LIGHT AND POWER CUBE

STAPELHALBLEITERCHIP-RGBZ-SENSOR

Es wird eine Vorrichtung beschrieben, die einen ersten Halbleiterchip mit einer ersten Pixelmatrix umfasst. Die erste Pixelmatrix weist gegenüber sichtbarem Licht empfindliche Pixel auf. Die Vorrichtung umfasst einen zweiten Halbleiterchip mit einer zweiten Pixelmatrix. Der erste Halbleiterchip ist auf dem zweiten Halbleiterchip derart gestapelt, dass sich die zweite Pixelmatrix unter der ersten Pixelmatrix befindet. Die zweite Pixelmatrix weist für IR-Licht empfindliche Pixel für laufzeitbasierte Tiefendetektion auf.

Chamfering-free battery bar, laminated tile battery string and manufacturing method of laminated tile assembly

Solar battery back structure design

MULTILAYER SHEET, SOLAR CELL ELEMENT SEALING MATERIAL AND SOLAR CELL MODULE

MODULAR PHOTOVOLTAIC LIGHT AND POWER CUBE

Submitted is a modular stationary portable photovoltaic solar powered electrical generation, storage and supply device and light tower. The device consists of an elongated cube or rectangular prism shaped support structure with a flat base, flat sides and a flat decked top to form a protective crate shaped module when the various components, such as the solar panel arrays, telescoping mast, and light assembly or outriggers of the device are retracted to where the boundaries may be defined by the perimeters of the cube or prism. This modular design can allow for the modules to be stored, loaded, or shipped quickly, efficiently, and in greater quantities on flatbeds, in shipping containers, in warehouses, and other settings and modes where they can not only be packed end to end and side to side with no unused space, but can also be stacked up to three modules high for significantly higher storage density. The interconnectivity of multiple modules to create incrementally larger power generation ...

Solar cell module

The present invention relates to a solar cell module and, more specifically, to a solar cell module in which solar cells are disposed to partially overlap each other so as to increase a space occupancy ratio of the solar cells and which is capable of solving safety and structural problems caused by the solar cells being disposed to overlap each other. In the solar cell module according to the present invention, the solar cells are disposed to partially overlap each other, thereby reducing a reactive power region and concurrently increasing a space occupancy ratio of the solar cells to increase power generation efficiency. In addition, a gap between portions at which the solar cells overlap each other is reduced to considerably reduce an incidence rate of cracks and damage, thereby improving stability and structural performance.

Micro-scale concentrated photovoltaic module

A photovoltaic (“PV”) module may comprise an array of freeform micro-optics and an array of PV cells. The PV module may be a flat panel with a nominal thickness smaller than the length and width of the flat panel. An array of lenses may be embedded in an array substrate. The lenses may be coupled to light pipes. The lenses may concentrate light through the light pipes to multi-junction cells. Diffuse light may be transferred through the array substrate to a silicon cell. The lenses and light pipes may be manufactured using a molding and drawing process.

Solar generator with electrically conducting hinges

The electrically conducting backsides of solar blankets forming arrays are electrically interconnected by electrically conducting hinges. Tubular hinge elements are connected in an electrically conducting manner to edges of the blankets and an electrically conducting hinge pin extends through the tubular hinge elements.

Verfahren zur Herstellung von Blättern aus kristallinem Material

DEVICE FOR CONVERSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION INTO ELECTRICAL CURRENT

Modular photovoltaic light and power cube

Submitted is a modular stationary portable photovoltaic solar powered electrical generation, storage and supply device and light tower. The device consists of an elongated cube or rectangular prism shaped support structure with a flat base, flat sides and a flat decked top to form a protective crate shaped module when the various components, such as the solar panel arrays, telescoping mast, and light assembly or outriggers of the device are retracted to where the boundaries may be defined by the perimeters of the cube or prism. This modular design can allow for the modules to be stored, loaded, or shipped quickly, efficiently, and in greater quantities on flatbeds, in shipping containers, in warehouses, and other settings and modes where they can not only be packed end to end and side to side with no unused space, but can also be stacked up to three modules high for significantly higher storage density. The interconnectivity of multiple modules to create incrementally larger power generation ...

DEVICE FOR CONVERSION OF ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION INTO ELECTRICAL CURRENT

Electromagnetic energy may be converted directly into electrical energy by a device comprising a sandwich of at least two semiconductor portions, each portion having a p-n junction with a characteristic energy gap, and the portions lattice matched to one another by an intervening superlattice structure. This superlattice acts to block propagation into the next deposited portion of those dislocation defects which can form due to lattice mismatch between adjacent portions.

Shingle assembly and manufacturing method thereof

High conversion efficiency's black silicon battery subassembly

The semiconductor element of the joint method and joint structure

MODULAR ANGLE-ADJUSTABLE AND FOLDABLE PLATE-TYPE PHOTOVOLTAIC ASSEMBLY, AND PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM THEREOF

A modular angle-adjustable and foldable plate-type photovoltaic assembly, and a photovoltaic system thereof. The photovoltaic assembly comprises a front glass member (2), a cell string consisting of multiple connected solar cells (3), and a back panel (4) that are sequentially arranged from top to bottom. The front glass member (2) and the back panel (4) are foldable plate structures that mainly consist of multiple sequentially connected V-shaped units (5). The V-shaped units (5) of the front glass member (2) and the back panel (4) mutually correspond in vertically and form V-shaped units (5) of inclined panels (6, 7) having an interior space for accommodating the solar cells (3), and the solar cells (3) face the inclined panels (6, 7) corresponding thereto. Two inclined panels (6, 7) of a V-shaped unit (5) are hinged, such that each pair of the inclined panels (6, 7) of the front glass member (2) and back panel (4) that correspond vertically and solar cells (3) therebetween form a modular ...

TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

A tandem solar cell. The tandem solar cell includes a bottom cell, a joining layer directly on the bottom cell, and a top cell directly on the joining layer. The bottom cell is a silicon solar cell and the joining layer includes a transparent conductive oxide layer. The transparent conductive layer facilitates the flow of current through the device, and passivates the silicon bottom cell.

PHOTOVOLTAIC TOP MODULE

In accordance with one or more embodiments herein, a method (900) of manufacturing a photovoltaic (PV) top module (120), to be used together with a PV bottom module (110), e.g an SI-based PV bottom module (110), is provided. The method 900 may comprise monolithically interconnecting (910) a plurality of thin film based PV sub-cells, manufactured using a perovskite material and/or a CIGS material as solar absorbing material, in series on a substrate (115) in order to create a PV top module (120) comprising at least one fist PV top sub- module, and arranging 960 metal grid lines (123), 127 on top (124) and bottom (126) contact layers of the PV top module (120). The metal grid lines (123, 127) may be arranged either above or below the top (124) and (bottom (126) contact layers of the PV top module (120).

SEMICONDUCTOR STRUCTURE, METHOD FOR THE PRODUCTION THEREOF AND USE THEREOF

The invention relates to a semiconductor structure that consists of a substrate and a semiconductor layer which are materially bonded together via a thermally and/or chemically curable adhesion promoter. The invention further relates to a method for producing such bonded connections. The invention also relates to the use of such semiconductor structures, in particular in solar cells or solar cell modules.

Solar cell structure and composition and method for forming the same

A semiconductor structure including a bonding layer connecting a first semiconductor wafer layer to a second semiconductor wafer layer, the bonding layer including an electrically conductive carbonaceous component and a binder component.

Micro-scale concentrated photovoltaic module

A photovoltaic (“PV”) module may comprise an array of freeform micro-optics and an array of PV cells. The PV module may be a flat panel with a nominal thickness smaller than the length and width of the flat panel. An array of lenses may be embedded in an array substrate. The lenses may be coupled to light pipes. The lenses may concentrate light through the light pipes to multi junction cells. Diffuse light may be transferred through the array substrate to a silicon cell. The lenses and light pipes may be manufactured using a molding and drawing process.

BONDING USING CONDUCTIVE PARTICLES IN CONDUCTING ADHESIVES

An anisotropic conducting adhesive is improved in conductivity without increasing the density of admixed conductive particles by inducing metallic fusion between the surfaces of the conducting particles and the surfaces being bonded. The metallic fusion may be promoted by physical/chemical interaction characteristic of certain materials at a compressed interface; by compression sufficient to deform the conductive particles in a manner that increases the mechanical contact area; by heating (with or without melting of a material), which may also serve to cure the adhesive matrix; or by acoustic vibration, e.g., ultrasonic vibration. The resulting metallic-fusion joint is stronger, as well as more conductive, than a joint in which the particles and surfaces are held in unfused mechanical contact. 1. A manufactured article comprising:a first component, comprising a first conductive surface portion, formed by a first conductive material;a second component, comprising a second conductive surface portion, formed by a second conductive material; and wherein the adhesive layer comprises an adhesive matrix and one or more conductive particles, each comprising a polymer core and a conductive shell and embedded into the adhesive matrix,', 'wherein the conductive shell of each of the one or more conductive particles is metallically fused with the first conductive surface portion and the second conductive surface portion by diffusing the first conductive material and the second conductive material into the conductive shell thereby establishing a conductive path between the first conductive surface portion and the second conductive surface portion through the conductive shell, and', 'wherein each of the first conductive material and the second conductive material interdiffuses into the conductive shell at a temperature is less than a melting temperature of the conductive shell., 'an adhesive layer, disposed between the first conductive surface portion of the first component and ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

A photovoltaic device comprises at least two sub-cells, at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent sub-cells to one another, each sub-cell comprising: at least one segment; and at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent segments to one another in the event that a sub-cell has more than one segment; each one of the sub-cells having a unique bandgap and being arranged such that bandgaps of the sub-cells are in descending order with respect to a light incident surface of the photovoltaic device, each sub-cell being designed such that all segments of the photovoltaic device produce approximately the same current.

Pyramidal wall sections

Solar panel assemblies and wall sections using such assemblies are described. In one solar panel assembly, there is a mounting post and three or more triangular shaped panels. Each triangular shaped panel is a solar panel responsive to a first spectrum of light and transparent to a second spectrum of light. The solar panel assembly also includes hinges which connect the triangular shaped panels to the mounting post. The at least three triangular shaped panels can move between a flat configuration and an inverted pyramid configuration. In a further embodiment of the solar panel assembly, the triangular shaped panels form a first solar panel layer, and the assembly also includes one or more additional solar panel layers. Each of the additional solar panel layers being responsive to an associated spectrum of light.

SOLAR CELL

PYRAMIDAL WALL SECTIONS

Solar panel assemblies and wall sections using such assemblies are described. In one solar panel assembly, there is a mounting post and three or more triangular shaped panels. Each triangular shaped panel is a solar panel responsive to a first spectrum of light and transparent to a second spectrum of light. The solar panel assembly also includes hinges which connect the triangular shaped panels to the mounting post. The at least three triangular shaped panels can move between a flat configuration and an inverted pyramid configuration. In a further embodiment of the solar panel assembly, the triangular shaped panels form a first solar panel layer, and the assembly also includes one or more additional solar panel layers. Each of the additional solar panel layers being responsive to an associated spectrum of light.

Battery piece, battery string with same, battery unit and photovoltaic assembly

Separated solar energy battery and solar array battery

TANDEM PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

Cascade solar cell having conductive interconnects

Direct ohmic contact between the cells in an epitaxially grown cascade solar cell is obtained by means of conductive interconnects formed through grooves etched intermittently in the upper cell. The base of the upper cell is directly connected by the conductive interconnects to the emitter of the bottom cell. The conductive interconnects preferably terminate on a ledge formed in the base of the upper cell.

Solar panel systems

Embodiments of the disclosure are generally related to solar panel configurations. In some embodiments, the active surface area of the solar panel is increased compared to traditional flat solar cell arrays. The increase in active surface area may increase solar panel efficiency. For example, in some embodiments, a single light ray may have portions reflected onto a plurality of solar cell surfaces to provide further opportunities for light capture and conversion to electricity.

Многоэлементный кремниевый фотодиод

Многоэлементный кремниевый фотодиод относится к области полупроводниковых приборов, чувствительных к излучению с длиной волны от 0,4 мкм до 1,1 мкм, и предназначен для применения в качестве приемников и датчиков инфракрасного излучения в составе оптических датчиков в системах фотоэлектрической автоматики, в устройствах бесконтактного измерения температуры, вычислительной и измерительной техники, программно-управляемом оборудовании. Задачей, решаемой предлагаемой полезной моделью, является измерение освещенности в заданной точке. Техническим результатом является создание фотодиода, принимающего инфракрасное излучение одновременно со всех направлений, что позволяет определить степень освещенности в любой точке с конкретного направления. Новым в предлагаемой полезной модели является конструкция держателя сферической формы с множеством граней, на которых размещены фоточувствительные элементы, залитые прозрачной в заданном спектральном диапазоне сферической оболочкой. За счет применения держателя сферической формы фоточувствительные элементы размещаются по всей поверхности сферы, и инфракрасное излучение принимается одновременно со всех направлений, при этом не требуется перемещение и сканирование конструкции. 1 з.п. ф-лы, 1 ил. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 180 600 U1 (51) МПК H01L 31/042 (2014.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК H01L 31/042 (2018.05) (21)(22) Заявка: 2018108564, 12.03.2018 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 19.06.2018 (45) Опубликовано: 19.06.2018 Бюл. № 17 1 8 0 6 0 0 R U (54) Многоэлементный кремниевый фотодиод (57) Реферат: Многоэлементный кремниевый фотодиод относится к области полупроводниковых приборов, чувствительных к излучению с длиной волны от 0,4 мкм до 1,1 мкм, и предназначен для применения в качестве приемников и датчиков инфракрасного излучения в составе оптических датчиков в системах фотоэлектрической автоматики, в устройствах ...

Двухканальный матричный инфракрасный приемник излучения фасеточного типа

Полезная модель относится к области оптического приборостроения и касается приемника инфракрасного излучения. Приемник включает в себя фотогальванические элементы на основе селенида свинца, снабженные оптическими фильтрами, обладающие чувствительностью в двух различных спектральных диапазонах. Фотогальванические элементы, в количестве не менее 12, выполненные на отдельных подложках в виде прямоугольников и равнобедренных треугольников, скомпонованы в объемную матричную структуру, размещенную на конструкционной основе в форме правильной усеченной пирамиды, на гранях и верхнем основании, таким образом, чтобы максимально заполнить поверхность конструкционной основы, при этом фотогальванические элементы разных спектральных каналов чувствительности чередуются как по окружности вокруг оптической оси, так и в радиальном направлении. Технический результат заключается в увеличении поля зрения и применении селекции источника излучения как по спектральным характеристикам, так и пространственному расположению. 5 ил. РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 181 197 U1 (51) МПК H01L 31/042 (2014.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ПОЛЕЗНОЙ МОДЕЛИ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК H01L 31/042 (2018.05) (21)(22) Заявка: 2017147089, 29.12.2017 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: 05.07.2018 Приоритет(ы): (22) Дата подачи заявки: 29.12.2017 (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: RU 2634805 C2, 03.11.2017. US 1 8 1 1 9 7 Дата регистрации: (73) Патентообладатель(и): Акционерное общество "Научно-исследовательский институт "Гириконд" (RU) R U 29.12.2017 (72) Автор(ы): Кулагов Вадим Борисович (RU) 5714773 A1, 03.02.1998. RU 2296370 C2, 27.03.2007. US 2016123801 A1, 05.05.2016. (45) Опубликовано: 05.07.2018 Бюл. № 19 1 8 1 1 9 7 R U (54) ДВУХКАНАЛЬНЫЙ МАТРИЧНЫЙ ИНФРАКРАСНЫЙ ПРИЕМНИК ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ ФАСЕТОЧНОГО ТИПА (57) Реферат: Полезная модель относится к области на конструкционной основе в форме правильной оптического приборостроения и касается ...

Front side substrate of photovoltaic panel, photovoltaic panel and use of a substrate for a front side of a photovoltaic panel

A photovoltaic panel has an absorbent photovoltaic material, particularly based on cadmium, said panel including a front side substrate, particularly a transparent glass substrate with a transparent electrode coating, where the antireflection coating placed above the metal functional layer opposite the substrate has a single antireflection layer, based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness, or where the antireflection coating placed above the metal functional layer opposite the substrate has at least two antireflection layers including, on the one hand, an antireflection layer which is closer to the functional layer and is based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness and, on the other, an antireflection layer which is further from the functional layer and is not based on mixed zinc tin oxide over its whole thickness.

Apparatus and Method for Hybrid Photovoltaic Device Having Multiple, Stacked, Heterogeneous, Semiconductor Junctions

A photovoltaic (PV) device has at least one lower PV cell on a substrate, the cell having a metallic back contact, and a absorber, and a transparent conductor layer. An upper PV cell is adhered to the lower PV cell, electrically in series to form a stack. The upper PV cell has III-V absorber and junction layers, the cells are adhered by transparent conductive adhesive having filler of conductive nanostructures or low temperature solder. The upper PV cell has no substrate. An embodiment has at least one shape of patterned conductor making contact to both a top of the upper and a back contact of the lower cells to couple them together in series. In an embodiment, a shape of patterned conductor draws current from excess area of the lower cell to the upper cell, in an alternative embodiment shapes of patterned conductor couples I-III-VI cells not underlying upper cells in series strings, a string being in parallel with at least one stack. In an embodiment, the bonding agent is a polymeric adhesive containing conductive nanostructures. In an embodiment the III-V absorber is grown on single crystal, substrate. A method for forming the device is described.

Solar cell device comprising an amorphous diamond like carbon semiconductor and a conventional semiconductor

A device and method of manufacture of a:DLC multi-layer doping growth comprising the steps of: forming at least an a:DLC layer in one process over a conventional semiconductor layer, thereby creating a plurality of successively connected PIN/PN junctions, each PIN/PN junction being a photo diode, starting from a first junction and ending in a last junction, respective PIN/PN junctions having p-type, n-type, and intrinsic layers; varying the sp 3 /sp 2 ratio of at least the respective p-type and n-type layers and doping with at least silver to enhance electron mobility in respective PIN junctions; and connecting the plurality of a:DLC layers between electrodes at the first side and the second side to create a device having optimized spectral response to being oriented to a light source. A device comprises at least any kind of PIN/PN junction and an a:DLC PIN/PN junction, and can be connected as an array of devices.

Rapid Thermal Activation of Flexible Photovoltaic Cells and Modules

A photovoltaic cell includes a polymer window and at least one active semiconductor layer that is conditioned using a cadmium chloride treatment process. The photovoltaic cell is heated, during the cadmium chloride treatment process by a rapid thermal activation process to maintain polymer transparency. A method of producing a photovoltaic cell using the rapid thermal activation process and an apparatus to conduct rapid thermal activation processing are also disclosed. 141.-. (canceled)42. A method of forming a photovoltaic cell comprising the steps of:providing a semiconductor layer on a polymer substrate layer; andexposing the semiconductor layer to a chloride activation process having a chlorine exposure cycle and a rapid thermal activation cycle, the rapid thermal activation cycle having a rate of temperature change causing a strain in the polymer substrate that is greater than a fracture strain limit of glass.43. The method of claim 42 , in which the chlorine exposure cycle includes CdClvapors.44. The method of claim 43 , in which the CdClvapors are provided in a carrier gas comprising one of dry air or a mixture of Oand an inert gas.45. The method of claim 43 , in which the CdClvapors are provided by a solution of CdCland a solvent.46. The method of claim 42 , in which the chlorine exposure cycle includes trichloromethane.47. The method of claim 42 , in which a transparent conductive oxide (TCO) layer is applied to the polymer substrate layer such that the TCO layer forms an electrical contact that is configured to allow light to pass therethrough to the active layers.48. The method of claim 47 , in which a highly resistive transparent (HRT) layer is applied to the TCO layer claim 47 , the HRT layer configured to form a TCO/HRT bilayer providing at least one of an electrical isolation function and a chemical diffusion barrier function.49. The method of claim 48 , wherein an active layer is sputter deposited onto the TCO/HRT bilayer.50. The method of claim 49 , ...

Solar cell with interconnection sheet, solar cell module, and method for manufacturing solar cell with interconnection sheet

There is provided a solar cell with an interconnection sheet, wherein a first wiring of the interconnection sheet is made of a material that is less likely to cause ion migration than a metal material forming a first electrode of the solar cell, and a width of the first wiring is larger than a width of the first electrode. There is also provided a solar cell module including the solar cell with the interconnection sheet, and a method for manufacturing the solar cell with the interconnection sheet.

STACKED PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

A back metal electrode, a bottom cell using microcrystalline silicon for a photoelectric conversion layer, a front cell using amorphous silicon for a photoelectric conversion layer, and a transparent front electrode are formed in this order on a supporting substrate. At least one of the concentration of impurities contained in the front photoelectric conversion layer and the concentration of impurities contained in the bottom photoelectric conversion layer is controlled such that the concentration of impurities in the bottom photoelectric conversion layer is higher than the concentration of impurities in the front photoelectric conversion layer. Impurities do not include a p-type dopant or an n-type dopant but are any one, two, or all of carbon, nitrogen, and oxygen. 1. A stacked photovoltaic device having a light incidence surface , comprisinga plurality of photovoltaic cells stacked and each including a photoelectric conversion layer composed of a substantially intrinsic semiconductor,the photoelectric conversion layer in the one photovoltaic cell closest to the light incidence surface including an amorphous semiconductor, and the photoelectric conversion layer in another photovoltaic cell including a non-single crystalline semiconductor containing crystal grains, andthe concentration of impurities contained in the photoelectric conversion layer in said other photovoltaic cell being higher than the concentration of impurities contained in the photoelectric conversion layer in said one photovoltaic cell.2. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , whereinsaid non-single crystalline semiconductor is a microcrystalline semiconductor containing crystal grains having a diameter of not more than 1 μm.3. The photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , whereinsaid impurities include carbon, the concentration of carbon contained in the photoelectric conversion layer in said other photovoltaic cell being higher than the concentration of carbon contained in the ...

Highly Transparent and Electrically Conductive Substrate

A highly transparent and electrically conductive substrate is made by applying a conductive mesh over a transparent substrate, depositing a UV-curable transparent material over the conductive mesh and the transparent substrate, and exposing the UV-curable transparent material to a directional UV light from a UV light source positioned so that the UV light emitted from the UV light source travels through the transparent substrate before being received by the UV-curable transparent material, wherein the UV-curable transparent material is cured in response to exposure from the UV light except for those portions of the UV-curable transparent material masked from exposure to the UV light by the conductive mesh. Uncured portions of the UV-curable transparent material are removed, and a transparent conductive material layer is deposited over the cured UV-curable transparent material and conductive mesh.

Silicone Junction Box and Assemblies

This invention comprises a silicone junction box comprising a silicone base member comprising a silicone composition for housing an electrical connection and a cover member in sealing operative contact with the silicone base member; and a photovoltaic panel assembly and photovoltaic system comprising the silicone junction box. 1. A silicone junction box comprising a silicone base member comprising a silicone composition for housing an electrical connection and a cover member in sealing operative contact with the silicone base member.2. The silicone junction box of claim 1 , wherein the cover member is a silicone cover member comprising a silicone composition that is the same or different than the silicone composition of the silicone base member.3. The silicone junction box of that is a photovoltaic use-type silicone junction box that is characterizable using UL 1703 and UL 746C by an Outdoor use rating of f2 or better; a Flammability rating of 5VA or better; a Hot Wire Ignition rating of ≦4; a High-current Arc Ignition rating of ≦3; a Comparative tracking index rating of ≦2; and a Relative Thermal Index rating of ≧90 degrees Celsius.4. The silicone junction box of claim 1 , wherein the silicone composition is an at least partially cured claim 1 , hydrosilylation curable silicone composition.5. The silicone junction box of claim 4 , wherein the hydrosilylation curable silicone composition claim 4 , before the at least partial curing claim 4 , comprises ingredients (A) to (C): (A) at least one diorganosilicon compound having an average of at least two unsaturated carbon-carbon bonds per molecule; (B) an organohydrogensilicon compound having an average of at least three Si—H moieties per molecule; and (C) a catalytically effective amount of a hydrosilylation catalyst.6. The silicone junction box of claim 5 , wherein the hydrosilylation curable silicone composition claim 5 , before the at least partial curing claim 5 , further comprises ingredient (D): a reinforcing ...

Method of Localizing Objects Temporarily Shadowing a PV System

A method of localizing stationary objects causing temporary shadowing of light sensitive components of a PV system is disclosed. The method includes analyzing an electrical signal of the light sensitive components with regard to an occurrence of a shadowing event caused by the stationary object, and determining from a solar altitude associated with the shadowing event a direction of the stationary object causing the shadowing event. The analysis of the electrical signal takes into account a shadow movement of the object as a function of the solar altitude. A distance of the object is determined from this analysis. The results of the method may be used to determine an energy loss associated with the stationary object and may support a decision on removal of the object to improve efficiency of the PV system.

Solar cell system manufacturing method

A solar cell system making method includes steps of making a round P-N junction by (a) stacking a P-type silicon layer and a N-type silicon layer on top of each other, and (b) forming a P-N junction near an interface between the P-type silicon layer and the N-type silicon layer; cutting the round P-N junction into a plurality of arc shaped solar cell preforms; forming an arc shaped surface by stacking the plurality of arc shaped solar cell preforms along a first direction and forming an electrode layer between each adjacent two of the plurality of arc shaped solar cell preforms; and forming a first collection electrode and a second collection electrode to form an arc shaped solar cell system having a photoreceptive surface being on the arc shaped surface and being configured to receive incident light beams.

Photoelectric conversion device

A solar cell is provided with: a first conductivity layer comprising a first conductivity type material; a sensitizer layer formed on the first conductivity layer; and a second conductivity layer comprising a second conductivity type material and formed on the sensitizer layer. At least one of the first conductivity layer, the second conductivity layer and the sensitizer layer has a first semiconductor of a first film thickness and a second semiconductor of a second film thickness.

MITIGATING PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE STRESS DAMAGE THROUGH CELL ISOLATION

Described herein is a photovoltaic module and method of manufacturing a photovoltaic module to isolate potentially stress-damaged portions of cells from non-stress-damaged portions thereof. The module has a plurality of columnar photovoltaic cells, and at least one isolation scribe at a first edge of an active area of the photovoltaic module and extending across a photovoltaic cell in a direction perpendicular to a length of the columnar cells, where the at least one isolation scribe is deep enough to electrically isolate portions of the photovoltaic cell on opposite sides of the at least one isolation scribe. 1. A photovoltaic module , comprising:a plurality of columnar photovoltaic cells; andat least one isolation scribe near a first edge of an active area of the photovoltaic module, which extends across at least one photovoltaic cell in a direction perpendicular to a length of the columnar cells, wherein the at least one isolation scribe is deep enough to achieve electric isolation between portions of the at least one photovoltaic cell on opposite sides of the at least one isolation scribe.2. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one isolation scribe is deep enough to scribe through any one of a contact metal layer claim 1 , a semiconductor layer claim 1 , or a transparent conductive oxide layer of the photovoltaic module3. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one isolation scribe is located about 1 mm to about 4 cm from the first edge of the active area.4. The photovoltaic module of claim 3 , wherein the at least one isolation scribe extends an entire length of the photovoltaic module.5. The photovoltaic module of claim 1 , wherein the at least one isolation scribe extends across the at least one photovoltaic cell at locations of the photovoltaic module where a clamp mounts the photovoltaic module to a supporting structure claim 1 , and wherein the at least one isolation scribe further extends across at least one ...

Method For Generating Gridlines On Non-Square Substrates

A solar cell production method involves printing longer central gridlines and one or more pairs of shorter “side” gridlines such that end points of the two gridline sets form step patterns on octagonal (pseudo-square) substrates. A special printhead is used that includes a set of central nozzles which receive ink from a first valve by way of a first flow channel to print the longer central gridlines, and additional sets of side nozzles that receive ink from additional valves by way of additional flow channels to print the shorter “side” gridlines. The central nozzles have outlet orifices that offset in the process direction from side outlet orifices of the side nozzles. A start signal is simultaneously sent to the valves such that ink is substantially simultaneously extruded through both the central and side orifices, whereby the extruded ink produces gridline endpoints having the desired step pattern.

Photoelectric device

A photoelectric device includes first and second substrates facing each other, a separator between the first and second substrates and having a plurality of openings such that opposite first and second surfaces of the separator are fluidly connected to each other, and first and second electrodes on the first and second surfaces of the separator, respectively, wherein the first and second electrodes are fluidly connected to the openings of the separator.

Thin Layer Solar Cell Module and Method for Producing It

A process can be used for producing a thin layer solar cell module with a plurality of segments that are electrically connected in series and arranged on a common substrate. The process has steps for application of layers onto the substrate to form at least one electrode and one photoactive layer sequence and has steps for structuring the applied and/or to be applied layers to form the plurality of segments. At least one electrode and one photoactive layer sequence are applied before structuring steps are carried out. 1. A process for producing a thin layer solar cell module with a plurality of segments that are electrically connected in series and arranged on a common substrate , the process comprising:applying layers to the substrate to form at least one electrode and one photoactive layer sequence;structuring the applied layers to form the plurality of segments,wherein the at least one electrode and the one photoactive layer sequence are applied before the structuring is carried out and wherein structuring the applied layers comprises creating a contact line by directing laser light so that the at least one electrode and the one photoactive layer sequence become locally heated and a material compound is formed that is electrically conductive.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the substrate is already provided with an electrode in which a separating line was already created and the photoactive layer sequence and the at least one electrode are applied to the pre-structured electrode.3. The process according to claim 1 , wherein structuring the applied layers comprises creating a separating line by laser radiation and/or by mechanical scoring and/or by selective etching.4. The process according to claim 3 , wherein laser light is directed so that one or more layers are locally removed.5. The process according to claim 3 , wherein laser light is directed so that one or more layers are locally heated so that a physical property of at least one of the layers ...

PARTIALLY-SPRAYED LAYER ORGANIC SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL USING A SELF-ASSEMBLED MONOLAYER AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURE

The fabrication and characterization of large scale inverted organic solar array fabricated using all-spray process is disclosed. Solar illumination has been demonstrated to improve transparent solar photovoltaic devices. The technology using SAM has potential to revolute current silicon-based photovoltaic technology by providing a complete solution processable manufacturing process. The semi-transparent property of the solar module allows for applications on windows and windshields. The inventive modules are more efficient than silicon solar cells in artificial light environments. This significantly expands their use in indoor applications. Additionally, these modules can be integrated into soft fabric substances such as tents, military back-packs or combat uniforms, providing a highly portable renewable power supply for deployed military forces. 1. A method of manufacturing an organic solar photovoltaic cell; comprising the steps:patterning ITO onto a substrate;applying a Self Assembled Monolayer layer onto the etched ITO glass, wherein the Self Assembled Monolayer layer comprises N-propyl trimethoxysilane or aminopropyl triethoxysilane;annealing the Self Assembled Molecule layer inside a glovebox;spraying an active layer of P3HT and PCBM on the Self Assembled Molecule layer;drying the solar photovoltaic cell in an antechamber under vacuum for at least 12 hours;spraying a layer comprising poly (3,4) ethylenedioxythiophene:poly-styrenesulfonate mixed with 5 vol. % of dimethylsulfoxide on the active layer;placing the solar photovoltaic cell into high vacuum for 1 h;annealing the solar photovoltaic cell; andencapsulating the solar photovoltaic cell with a UV-cured epoxy.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the patterning of the ITO further comprises:obtaining an ITO-coated substrate;patterning the ITO using photolithography;etching the ITO; andcleaning the etched ITO and substrate.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the ITO photolithography pattern is sprayed onto the ...

Modular Structure, Modular Panel To Make Said Modular Structure And Corresponding Method To Make Said Modular Structure

Structure, such as a roof or a wall, comprising a plurality of modular panels (). Each modular panel () has a shell () and a filling element () coupled with each other and defining at least a compartment () for the disposition of a heat-carrying fluid and/or of fluidic and electric connection cables. Connection means are provided between one modular panel () and one or more adjacent modular panels (). 1. A structure , such as a roof or a wall , comprising a plurality of modular panels , each modular panel having a shell and a filling element , said shell and said filling element being coupled with each other and defining at least a compartment for the disposition of a heat-carrying fluid and/or of fluidic and electric connection cables , connection means being provided between one modular panel and one or more adjacent modular panels , wherein at least one of either said shell or said filling element has one or more first apertures , and wherein said connection means comprise at least a connection plate cooperating with at least two of said modular panels and comprising second apertures able to be aligned to one or more of said first apertures , so that , by means of attachment means cooperating with said first apertures and said second apertures , said connection plate renders at least two of said modular panels solid with each other.2. The structure as in claim 1 , wherein said attachment means comprise elongated elements claim 1 , preferably metal claim 1 , and clamping means acting on said elongated elements to clamp them selectively and in the desired positions.3. The structure as in claim 2 , wherein claim 2 , in proximity to each of its corners claim 2 , each modular panel has at least an abutment surface able to be taken claim 2 , at the moment of assembly claim 2 , to abut with at least one surface of said connection plate.4. The structure as in claim 1 , wherein said first apertures and said second apertures are circular holes.5. The structure as in claim ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE AND MODULE ARRAYS

A photovoltaic (PV) module including a PV device and a frame. The PV device has a PV laminate defining a perimeter and a major plane. The frame is assembled to and encases the laminate perimeter, and includes leading, trailing, and side frame members, and an arm that forms a support face opposite the laminate. The support face is adapted for placement against a horizontal installation surface, to support and orient the laminate in a non-parallel or tilted arrangement. Upon final assembly, the laminate and the frame combine to define a unitary structure. The frame can orient the laminate at an angle in the range of 3°-7° from horizontal, and can be entirely formed of a polymeric material. Optionally, the arm incorporates integral feature(s) that facilitate interconnection with corresponding features of a second, identically formed PV module. 1. A photovoltaic module for non-penetrating installation at a substantially flat surface , the photovoltaic module comprising:a photovoltaic device including a photovoltaic laminate having a perimeter and a front face defining a major plane; and opposing, leading and trailing frame members,', 'opposing, first and second side frame members,', 'a first arm projecting from the first side frame member and forming a support face opposite the front face for placement against a separate installation surface, wherein the support face of the first arm extends beyond the trailing frame member in a direction opposite the leading frame member,', 'a second arm projecting from the second side frame member and forming a support face extending beyond the trailing frame member,', 'a third arm projecting from the first side frame member and forming a support face beyond the leading frame member; and', 'a fourth arm projecting from the second side frame member and forming a support face beyond the leading frame member., 'a frame assembled to and encasing the perimeter of the photovoltaic laminate, the frame including2. The photovoltaic module of ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SOLAR CELL MODULE PROVIDED WITH AN EDGE SPACE

The solar cell module having a preferable edge space that prevents characteristics of a solar cell such as conversion efficiency from being deteriorated without making processes complicated is provided. In a method for manufacturing a solar cell module including a substrate glass, a first layer formed on the substrate glass and a second layer formed on the first layer, the method includes a step of forming a first edge space having a first width by removing the first layer and the second layer by the first width from an end part of the glass substrate and a step of forming a second edge space by removing only the second layer by a second width from the end part of the glass substrate, and the width of the second edge space is larger than the width of the first edge space. 1. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module comprising a substrate glass , a first layer formed on the substrate glass and a second layer formed on the first layer , the method comprising:a step of forming a first edge space having a first width by removing the first layer and the second layer by the first width from an end part of the glass substrate, anda step of forming a second edge space by removing only the second layer by a second width from the end part of the glass substrate,wherein the first layer is harder than the second layer,the width of the second edge space is larger than the width of the first edge space,the second layer is divided into a plurality of cells by a plurality of division grooves that divide the second layer,the first edge space is formed so as to be perpendicular to the division grooves, andthe second edge space is formed so as to be perpendicular to the division grooves.2. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to claim 1 , wherein the width of the first edge space is 10 mm or more claim 1 , and the width of the second edge space is larger by 0.1 mm or more than the width of the first edge space.3. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module ...

METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SOLAR CELL MODULE PROVIDED WITH AN EDGE SPACE

The solar cell module having a preferable edge space that prevents characteristics of a solar cell such as conversion efficiency from being deteriorated without making processes complicated is provided. In a method for manufacturing a solar cell module including a substrate glass, a first layer formed on the substrate glass and a second layer formed on the first layer, the method includes a step of forming a first edge space having a first width by removing the first layer and the second layer by the first width from an end part of the glass substrate and a step of forming a second edge space by removing only the second layer by a second width from the end part of the glass substrate, and the width of the second edge space is larger than the width of the first edge space. 1. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module comprising a substrate glass , a first layer formed on the substrate glass and a second layer formed on the first layer , the method comprising:a step of forming a second edge space by removing only the second layer by a second width; anda step of forming a first edge space having a first width by removing the first layer by the first width from an end part of the glass substrate,wherein the first layer is harder than the second layer,the width of the second edge space is larger than the width of the first edge space,the second layer is divided into a plurality of cells by a plurality of division grooves that divide the second layer,the first edge space is farmed so as to be perpendicular to the division grooves,and the second edge space is formed so as to be perpendicular to the division grooves.2. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to claim 1 , wherein the width of the first edge space is 10 mm or more claim 1 , and the width of the second edge space is larger by 0.1 mm or more than the width of the first edge space.3. A method for manufacturing a solar cell module according to claim 1 , wherein the first layer comprises a ...

Method and device for connecting solar cells to form a solar cell string, and a solar cell string

A device for electrically connecting back surface solar cells to form a solar cell string includes an application unit for applying double-sided adhesive insulating strips to the solar cells disposed behind one another along a longitudinal axis, which insulating strips are attached to the solar cells by pressing. The device has an assembly unit for positioning electrical conductor elements on the insulating strips for connecting two adjacent solar cells. The conductor elements are flexible components for creating stress relief structures that are produced in a shaping unit disposed next to the application unit.

DYNAMICALLY RECONFIGURABLE PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEM

A PV system composed of sub-arrays, each having a group of PV cells that are electrically connected to each other. A power management circuit for each sub-array has a communications interface and serves to connect or disconnect the sub-array to a programmable power grid. The power grid has bus rows and bus columns. A bus management circuit is positioned at a respective junction of a bus column and a bus row and is programmable through its communication interface to connect or disconnect a power path in the grid. As a result, selected sub-arrays are connected by selected power paths to be in parallel so as to produce a low system voltage, and, alternately in series so as to produce a high system voltage that is greater than the low voltage by at least a factor of ten. 1. A dynamically reconfigurable energy harvesting photovoltaic (PV) system comprising:a plurality of PV energy harvesting sub-arrays wherein each sub-array comprises a group of photovoltaic cells that are electrically connected to each other to generate a voltage at a respective one of a plurality of pairs of sub-array power nodes;a plurality of power management circuits each having a power input that is coupled to a respective one of the pairs of sub-array power nodes and a communications interface; anda programmable power grid to which a power output of each of the power management circuits is coupled, the power grid having a plurality of bus rows, a plurality of bus columns, a plurality of bus management circuits each being positioned at a respective junction of a bus column and a bus row, and a harvested energy output node,wherein each power management circuit is programmable through its communication interface during in-the-field use of the PV system to one of connect and disconnect its respective sub-array to the grid, and each bus management circuit is programmable through its communication interface to one of connect and disconnect a power path in the grid, so that selected sub-arrays are ...

Photoelectric Device Module and Manufacturing Method Thereof

A solar cell module according to the present invention includes photoelectric converting cells, interconnect wiring, and a bus bar, wherein the interconnect wiring is attached by a conductive adhesive layer, and the bus bar is attached by an insulating adhesive layer. A method for manufacturing the solar cell module includes attaching the interconnect wiring and the bus bar by the conductive adhesive layer and the insulating adhesive layer, and according to the method, a solar cell module with excellent characteristics can be manufactured through a simple and inexpensive method.

Photovoltaic module, photovoltaic system, and light admitting apparatus

Disclosed is a photovoltaic module with a bar-like external shape. The photovoltaic module includes a main body section giving the bar-like external shape, a photovoltaic element provided inside the main body section, and output terminals formed at respective ends of the main body section for output of electric power generated by the photovoltaic element. The main body section is covered with a transparent synthetic resin film.

Alternating Bias Hot Carrier Solar Cells

Designs of extremely high efficiency solar cells are described. A novel alternating bias scheme enhances the photovoltaic power extraction capability above the cell band-gap by enabling the extraction of hot carriers. When applied in conventional solar cells, this alternating bias scheme has the potential of more than doubling their yielded net efficiency. When applied in conjunction with solar cells incorporating quantum wells (QWs) or quantum dots (QDs) based solar cells, the described alternating bias scheme has the potential of extending such solar cell power extraction coverage, possibly across the entire solar spectrum, thus enabling unprecedented solar power extraction efficiency. Within such cells, a novel alternating bias scheme extends the cell energy conversion capability above the cell material band-gap while the quantum confinement structures are used to extend the cell energy conversion capability below the cell band-gap. Light confinement cavities are incorporated into the cell structure in order to allow the absorption of the cell internal photo emission, thus further enhancing the cell efficiency. 1. A method of operating a solar cell comprising:providing a solar cell having first and second contacts and a single junction coupled between the first and second contacts;causing a varying load on the first and second contacts during operation of the solar cell;the varying load causing a voltage difference between the first and second contacts to alternate between minimum and maximum solar cell voltages;the period of alternation of the varying load causing the solar cell voltages to also alternate between the minimum and maximum solar cell voltages with the same period of alternation;the period of alternation being shorter than the hot carrier cooling time for the solar cell to extract from the solar cell, photo-excited carriers across a range of energy levels.2. The method of wherein the solar cell is a bulk material solar cell.3. The method of wherein ...

FRONT-SIDE ILLUMINATED, BACK-SIDE CONTACT DOUBLE-SIDED PN-JUNCTION PHOTODIODE ARRAYS

The present application is a photodiode detector array for use in computerized tomography (CT) and non-CT applications. Specifically, the present application is a high-density photodiode arrays, with low dark current, low capacitance, high signal to noise ratio, high speed, and low crosstalk that can be fabricated on relatively large substrate wafers. More specifically the photodiode array of the present application is fabricated such that the PN-junctions are located on both the front side and back side surfaces of the array, and wherein the front side PN-junction is in electrical communication with the back side PN-junction. Still more specifically, the present application is a photodiode array having PN-junctions that are electrically connected from the front to back surfaces and which can be operated in a fully depleted mode at low reverse bias. 1. A method of detecting light comprising: a substrate with at least a front side and a back side;', 'at least one PN-junction on the front side;', 'at least one PN-junction on the back side; and', 'at least one conduit for forming an electrical connection from a PN-junction on the front side of the substrate to a PN-junction on the back side of the substrate;, 'forming a photodiode array comprising a plurality of photodiodes, wherein each photodiode comprisespositioning said photodiode array such that the front side of each photodiode substrate is configured toward said light; anddetecting signals indicative of the amount of light detected from said back side of each photodiode substrate.2. The method of wherein each of said photodiodes has a crosstalk of approximately 0.1% at 5 volts.3. The method of wherein each of said photodiodes has a dark current of approximately 20 pA.4. The method of wherein each photodiode in said photodiode array comprises a front side region within said front side of the substrate claim 1 , wherein said front side region comprises the at least one PN-junction claim 1 , wherein said PN- ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE CARRIER AND METHODS OF USE

A novel PV module carrier and methods of use provide protection for PV modules during transportation, field handling, and assembly with racking systems. The carrier contains elements of a racking system to allow for quicker installation in the field. The PV module carrier reduces manufacturing costs by eliminating the need for frame elements, while reducing field installation time and labor cost for system installation. 119-. (canceled)20. A method for transporting photovoltaic modules comprising:placing a plurality of modules on a carrier, the carrier including alignment guides;attaching a plurality of photovoltaic modules to the carrier; andattaching a plurality of mounting structure elements to the plurality of modules.21. The method of further comprising stacking multiple carriers together to form a stack of photovoltaic module carriers.22. The method of claim 21 , further comprising strapping the stack of module carriers together for transport.23. A method of installing photovoltaic modules comprising:placing a photovoltaic module carrier on a mounting structure;detaching the carrier from at least one module;removing the module carrier; andattaching the at least one module to the mounting structure.24. The method of claim 23 , wherein the step of placing comprises aligning alignment elements on the carrier and the mounting structure claim 23 , in order to align the at least one module to mounting elements on the mounting structure. 1. Field of the InventionThe present invention relates generally to a photovoltaic laminate module carrier, and more particularly to a photovoltaic module carrier that is optimized for shipping a plurality of modules as a set, and for facilitating quick and easy assembly of the modules to a mounting rack system.2. Description of the Related ArtCurrently, crystalline photovoltaic (PV) laminate modules comprise layers of glass, modular solar cells with their supporting electrical and mechanical connections, and an aluminum frame. The ...

SINGLE CELL PHOTOVOLTAIC MODULE

A photovoltaic module includes a first transparent electrode layer characterized by a first sheet resistance, a second transparent electrode layer, and a photovoltaic material layer. The photovoltaic material layer is located between the first transparent electrode layer and the second transparent electrode layer. The photovoltaic module also includes a first busbar having a second sheet resistance lower than the first sheet resistance. The first transparent electrode layer, the second transparent electrode layer, and the photovoltaic material layer have an aligned region that forms a central transparent area of the photovoltaic module. The central transparent area including a plurality of sides. The first busbar is in contact with the first transparent electrode layer adjacent to at least a portion of each of the plurality of sides of the central transparent area. 1. (canceled)2. A photovoltaic module comprising:a first visibly transparent electrode layer;a second visibly transparent electrode layer;a visibly transparent photovoltaic material layer, the visibly transparent photovoltaic material layer located between the first visibly transparent electrode layer and the second visibly transparent electrode layer, wherein overlapping regions of the first visibly transparent electrode layer, the visibly transparent photovoltaic material layer, and the second visibly transparent electrode layer define a visibly transparent active area of the photovoltaic module;a first set of one or more contact points electrically coupled to the first visibly transparent electrode layer at positions outside the visibly transparent active area; anda second set of one or more contact points electrically coupled to the second visibly transparent electrode layer at positions outside the visibly transparent active area.3. The photovoltaic module of claim 2 , wherein the first visibly transparent electrode layer includes one or more electrode pads extending from a periphery of the visibly ...

MULTI-JUNCTION PHOTOVOLTAIC MICRO-CELL ARCHITECTURES FOR ENERGY HARVESTING AND/OR LASER POWER CONVERSION

An optical power converter device includes a light source configured to emit monochromatic light, and a multi-junction photovoltaic cell including respective photovoltaic cell layers having different bandgaps and/or thicknesses. The respective photovoltaic cell layers are electrically connected to collectively provide an output voltage and are vertically stacked relative to a surface of the multi-junction photovoltaic cell that is arranged for illumination by the monochromatic light from the light source. Responsive to the illumination of the surface by the monochromatic light from the light source, the respective photovoltaic cell layers are configured to generate respective output photocurrents that are substantially equal. Related devices and methods of operation are also discussed. 1. An optical power converter device , comprising:a light source configured to emit monochromatic light; anda multi-junction photovoltaic cell comprising respective photovoltaic cell layers having different bandgaps and/or thicknesses, wherein the respective photovoltaic cell layers are electrically connected to collectively provide an output voltage and are vertically stacked relative to a surface of the multi-junction photovoltaic cell that is arranged for illumination by the monochromatic light from the light source,wherein, responsive to the illumination of the surface by the monochromatic light from the light source, the respective photovoltaic cell layers are configured to generate respective output photocurrents that are substantially equal.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , responsive to the illumination of the surface by the monochromatic light from the light source claim 1 , the respective photovoltaic cell layers are configured to generate respective excess photocurrents that are unequal.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein:one of the respective photovoltaic cell layers is configured to generate the respective excess photocurrent in response to the illumination of ...

SOLAR PANEL

A high efficiency configuration for a solar cell module comprises solar cells arranged in an overlapping shingled manner and conductively bonded to each other in their overlapping regions to form super cells, which may be arranged to efficiently use the area of the solar module. 1. A method for manufacturing a solar module , the method comprising:arranging silicon solar cells in line with sides of adjacent silicon solar cells overlapping in a shingled manner, each silicon solar cell comprising a front surface and an oppositely positioned rear surface including a rear surface metallization pattern;conductively bonding, for pairs of adjacent silicon solar cells, the rear surface of one of the silicon solar cells to a front surface of the other silicon solar cell to electrically and mechanically connect the silicon solar cells in series to form a first super cell comprising a shingled string of solar cells;conductively bonding a first conductive metal ribbon to the rear surface metallization pattern of a first end silicon solar cell located at a first end of the first super cell to provide an electrical output from the first super cell having a first polarity; andconductively bonding a second conductive metal ribbon to the rear surface metallization pattern of a second end silicon solar cell located at a second end of the first super cell to provide an electrical output from the first super cell having a second polarity opposite from the first polarity.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein each silicon solar cell comprises an n-p diode junction disposed between the front surface and the oppositely positioned rear surface of the silicon solar cell.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rear surfaces of the first and second end solar cells are on the n side of the n-p junction in the first and second end solar cells claim 1 , or the rear surfaces of the first and second end solar cells are on the p side of the n-p junctions in the first and second end solar cells.4. The ...

VAPOR DISPENSING APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR SOLAR PANEL

An apparatus includes a manifold coupled to a vapor source, the manifold having a plurality of nozzles, an inner cylinder, and an outer cylinder containing the inner cylinder with a space defined between the inner and outer cylinders. One of the inner cylinder or outer cylinder is rotatable with respect to the other of the inner cylinder or outer cylinder. The outer cylinder has an inlet coupled to the manifold to receive vapor from the nozzles. The outer cylinder has an outlet for dispensing the vapor. 1. Apparatus comprising:a manifold coupled to a vapor source, the manifold having a plurality of nozzles;an inner cylinder; andan outer cylinder containing the inner cylinder with a space defined therebetween, one of the inner cylinder or the outer cylinder being rotatable with respect to the other of the inner cylinder or outer cylinder, the outer cylinder having an inlet coupled to the manifold to receive vapor from the nozzles, the outer cylinder having an outlet for dispensing the vapor.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outlet is an elongated slot.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outlet is an adjustable rectangular window.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a motor coupled to rotate the inner cylinder or outer cylinder.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising at least one heater for heating at least one of the inner cylinder or outer cylinder.6. The apparatus of claim 5 , further comprising a heater controller claim 5 , for maintaining a temperature of the outer cylinder greater than the temperature of the inner cylinder.7. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the outlet is about 270 degrees away from the inlet.8. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the inner cylinder is rotatable claim 1 , and the outer cylinder is stationary.9. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a conveyor for conveying a solar panel substrate past the outlet of the outer cylinder.10. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a rotatable ...

Solar Powered Electric Cigarette

An electric cigarette (EC) is disclosed having an array of solar cells that are mounted directly on an outer surface of the EC. The solar cells are provided to recharge an internal battery for the EC. In more detail, the EC includes a base member for holding a rechargeable battery, a tank section for holding and selectively vaporizing a liquid, and a mouthpiece. For example, the liquid can contain nicotine and/or a flavoring. A heating element is submerged in the liquid. For the electric cigarette, a user depressible switch is mounted on the base member to selectively connect the rechargeable battery with the heating element to heat the liquid. A vaporizer is provided to vaporize the heated liquid and output a vapor. The vapor flows through a passageway in the EC from the vaporizer to the mouthpiece and exits the EC though a hole in the mouthpiece. 1. A solar powered electric cigarette which comprises:an elongated substantially tubular shaped base member having a proximal end and a distal end with a chamber extending therebetween, wherein the base member has an outer surface surrounding the chamber;a plurality of solar cells mounted on the outer surface of the base member to form an array for use in generating electrical energy;a storage battery positioned in the chamber and connected to the array for receiving and storing electrical energy as it is generated by the solar cells;a tank section formed with a liquid compartment for holding a liquid and an air passage passing through the tank section and bypassing the liquid compartment;a heating element inside the liquid compartment for submersion in the liquid; anda switch for selectively interconnecting the storage battery with the heating element when the tank section is joined to the proximal end of the base member, and wherein the switch is operated by a user to heat the liquid in the liquid compartment and create a vapor from the liquid, for mixing the vapor with air from the passageway during an inhalation of ...

SHINGLED SOLAR CELLS OVERLAPPING ALONG NON-LINEAR EDGES

Solar devices and methods for producing solar devices are disclosed. In some examples, a solar device includes solar cells arranged in a shingled manner such that adjacent long edges of adjacent ones of the solar cells overlap. The adjacent long edges have a non-linear shape that has protruding portions. The solar device includes contact pads arranged in the protruding portions of the adjacent long edges such that the contact pads of the adjacent ones of the solar cells are electrically connected. 1. A solar device comprising:a plurality of solar cells arranged in a shingled manner such that adjacent long edges of adjacent ones of the solar cells overlap, wherein the adjacent long edges have a non-linear shape that has protruding portions; andcontact pads arranged in the protruding portions of the adjacent long edges such that the contact pads of the adjacent ones of the solar cells are electrically connected.2. The solar device of claim 1 , wherein the long edges of the solar cells extend between respective ends of opposing short edges of the solar cells.3. The solar device of claim 2 , wherein the non-linear shape is a sinusoidal pattern.4. The solar device of claim 1 , wherein the contact pads are alternatingly disposed between the protruding portions of the adjacent long edges.5. The solar device of claim 1 , wherein the solar device comprises a top solar cell claim 1 , a bottom solar cell claim 1 , and a plurality of interior solar cells claim 1 , and wherein each interior solar cell includes a top non-linear edge following a repeating pattern and a bottom undulated edge following the repeating pattern offset from the top non-linear edge to mirror the first repeating pattern.6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. The solar device of claim 1 , comprising:a sacrificial solar cell overlapping a front surface of an end one of the adjacent solar cells and conductively bonded to the front surface of the end one of the adjacent solar cells to ...

Solar Panel Assembly with a Lighting Pattern

A solar panel assembly with a lighting pattern includes a solar panel and an energy storage device. An electroluminescence layer is disposed on a light receiving face of the solar panel. The electroluminescence layer includes a plurality through-holes. The number and the overall area of the plurality of through-holes are configured to permit incident light rays entering the electroluminescence layer to activate the solar panel to proceed with optical-electrical conversion, providing a light receiving effect and a light emitting effect on the same area of the solar panel. A patterned light-transmittable layer is coated on a face of the electroluminescence layer. 1. A solar panel assembly with a lighting pattern , comprising:a solar panel including a light receiving face;an energy storage device;an electroluminescence layer disposed on the light receiving face of the solar panel, with the electroluminescence layer including a plurality of through-holes, wherein a number and an overall area of the plurality of through-holes permit incident light rays entering the electroluminescence layer to activate the solar panel to proceed with an optical-electrical conversion, providing a light receiving effect and a light emitting effect on a same area of the solar panel; anda patterned light-transmittable layer disposed over a face of the electroluminescence layer, with the patterned light-transmitted layer including a pattern in the form of a figure, color, or word information.2. The solar panel assembly with a lighting pattern as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the electroluminescence layer includes first and second electrical conductors parallel to each other and a dielectric substance sandwiched between the first and second electrical conductors claim 1 , and wherein the electroluminescence layer is cut into a complicated shape.3. The solar panel assembly with a lighting pattern as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the dielectric substance is fluorescent powder claim 2 , and wherein ...

In-Situ Rapid Annealing and Operation of Solar Cells for Extreme Environment Applications

Method and apparatus for annealing micro-scale or macro solar cells that can contain lithium. Heaters, a current that is applied in forward or reverse direction, or open-circuiting the cells are used optionally with a laser or other light source to increase the temperature of the cells to perform periodic anneals to recover energy conversion efficiency lost due to environmental conditions such as radiation damage and maintain desired operational conditions. While a small amount of energy is used for heating up the small thermal mass of the micro-cells and macro cells to the desired annealing temperature, much larger amounts of additional energy is harvested with the improved efficiency of the cells. Maintaining a desired temperature for operation of cells takes very little energy owing to the small thermal mass of the cells and controlled thermal conduction of the materials in contact with the cells. 1. A method of annealing a deployed solar cell array comprising solar cells comprising lithium , the method comprising:orienting the solar cell array toward the sun;open-circuiting a first portion of the array, thereby raising the temperature of the first portion; andannealing the first portion of the array to remove defects in the first portion.2. The method of further comprising operating a second portion of the array during the annealing step.3. The method of further comprising open-circuiting a second portion of the array and annealing the second portion.4. The method of comprising selecting which portion to open-circuit and anneal by a procedure selected from the group consisting of a fixed algorithm claim 3 , a command claim 3 , an embedded artificial intelligence system claim 3 , and an artificial neural network.5. The method of further comprising flowing additional current through the solar cells and/or embedded resistors or heaters in the first portion of the array in order to further increase the temperature of the first portion.6. The method of wherein ...

Solar Cell Wafer Connecting System

A method and apparatus for forming a solar cell structure. A first wafer and a second wafer are positioned relative to each other such that first nanotubes on the first wafer are opposite to second nanotubes on the second wafer. The first nanotubes are connected to the second nanotubes. The first wafer is connected to the second wafer to form the solar cell structure.

MONOLITHIC THIN FILM ELEMENTS AND PERFORMANCE ELECTRONICS, SOLAR POWERED SYSTEMS AND FABRICATION

Methods and devices that monolithically integrate thin film elements/devices, e.g., environmental sensors, batteries and biosensors, with high performance integrated circuits, i.e., integrated circuits formed in a high quality device layer. Preferred embodiments further monolithically integrate a solar cell array. Preferred embodiments provide pin-size and integrated solar powered wearable electronic, ionic, molecular, radiation, etc. sensors and circuits. 1. A monolithically integrated device , comprising a thin film element connected through a dielectric layer to an Si based CMOS circuit formed , wherein the device is less than ˜50 μm thick.2. The device of claim 1 , comprising a sensor device claim 1 , wherein the thin film element comprises a sensor and the circuit comprises a read-out circuit.3. The sensor device of claim 2 , wherein the sensor device is less than ˜20 μm thick.4. The sensor device of claim 3 , wherein the device has a thickness in the range of ˜10.5 to 11 μm.5. The sensor device of claim 4 , being pin-head sized.6. The sensor device of claim 2 , being pin-head sized.7. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a microwire array solar cell opposite said thin film element and connected to the circuit to power the circuit.8. The device of claim 7 , wherein the microwire array solar cell comprises a plurality of individual claim 7 , spaced apart microwires with a shell p-n junction.9. The sensor device of claim 8 , wherein the microwires are in the range of 8.5-10 μm long and about 2-3 μm in diameter.10. The sensor device of claim 8 , wherein the microwires comprise a shallow p-n junction.11. The sensor device of claim 10 , wherein the shallow p-n junction comprises a 60 nm-100 nm junction.12. The sensor device of or claim 10 , wherein the shallow p-n junction is doped to a concentration of 10cm-10cm.13. The sensor device of claim 12 , wherein microwires are doped beyond the shallow junction to about 5×10cm.1414. The sensor device of claim 8 , ...

Photovoltaic structure and method of fabrication

A photovoltaic device includes one or more features that taken alone or in combination enhance its efficiency. Some embodiments may comprise a tandem solar device in which a top PV cell is fabricated upon a front transparent substrate, that also serves as the top encapsulating substance. The top PV cell including the front encapsulating substance is then bonded (e.g., using adhesive) to a bottom PV cell in order to complete the tandem device. Using the same transparent, insulating element as both front encapsulating substance and a substrate for fabricating the top PV cell, obviates to the need to provide a separate structure (with resulting interfaces) to perform the latter role. For tandem and non-tandem PV devices, a Through-Substrate-Via (TSV) structure may extend through an insulating substrate in order to provide contact with an opposite side (e.g., back electrode). Embodiments may find particular use in fabricating shingled perovskite photovoltaic solar cells.

PHOTOVOLTAIC PRODUCT AND METHOD OF MANUFACTURING THE SAME

The present disclosure pertains to a photovoltaic product (), comprising a foil with a photovoltaic layer stack () and an electrically conductive layer stack () that supports the photovoltaic layer stack and that in an operational state provides for a transport of electric energy generated by the photovoltaic layer stack to an external load. The electrically conductive layer stack () comprises a first and a second electrically conductive layer () and an electrically insulating layer () arranged between the first and the second electrically conductive layer, wherein the photovoltaic layer stack () has first electrical contacts (PI, P) of a first polarity that are electrically connected to the first electrically conductive background domain () and has second electrical contacts (N, N) of a second polarity opposite to said first polarity that are electrically connected to the first contact areas (), and wherein the second electrically conductive background domain () and one or more of the second contact areas () serve as electric contacts for the output clamps. 1. Photovoltaic product , comprising:a foil with a photovoltaic layer stack; andan electrically conductive layer stack that supports the photovoltaic layer stack and that, in an operational state, provides for a transport of electric energy generated by the photovoltaic layer stack to an external load, a first electrically conductive layer;', 'a second electrically conductive layer; and', 'an electrically insulating layer arranged between the first electrically conductive layer and the second electrically conductive layer,', 'a first electrically conductive background domain; and', 'wherein the first electrically conductive layer comprises, 'a first plurality of laterally distributed, mutually distinct contact areas that are electrically insulated from the first electrically conductive background domain;', a second electrically conductive background domain; and', 'a second plurality of laterally distributed, ...

SOLAR CELL MODULE AND SOLAR CELL PANEL

A solar cell module comprises: two or more solar cell elements provided at intervals; a first colored layer provided between adjacent solar cell elements; and a diffusion layer and a second colored layer provided, on a side of a light receiving surface of the solar cell module, directly or through another layer in this order from the solar cell element side. A difference in luminance between a color of a region above the solar cell element and a color of a region above a gap between adjacent solar cell elements, in an anterior view of a surface of the diffusion layer of the solar cell module with the second colored layer removed, is up to 2.3. 1. A solar cell module comprising:two or more solar cell elements provided at intervals;a first colored layer provided between adjacent solar cell elements; anda diffusion layer and a second colored layer provided, on a side of a light receiving surface of said solar cell module, directly or through another layer in this order from the solar cell element side,wherein:a difference in luminance between a color of a region above said solar cell element and a color of a region above a gap between adjacent solar cell elements, in an anterior view of a surface of the diffusion layer of the solar cell module with said second colored layer removed, is up to 2.3.2. The solar cell module as claimed in claim 1 , wherein:said second colored layer is provided in a form of dots.3. The solar cell module as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising:a transparent layer provided between said diffusion layer and said second colored layer.4. The solar cell module as claimed in claim 2 , further comprising:a transparent layer provided between said diffusion layer and said second colored layer.5. The solar cell module as claimed in claim 1 , wherein:a color difference ΔE between the color of the region above said solar cell element and the color of the region above the gap between the adjacent solar cell elements, in an anterior view of the surface ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR OPTIMIZING THE CONFIGURATION OF A SOLAR POWER SYSTEM

An optimization engine determines an optimal configuration for a solar power system projected onto a target surface. The optimization engine identifies an alignment axis that passes through a vertex a boundary associated with the target surface and then constructs horizontal or vertical spans that represent contiguous areas where solar modules may be placed. The optimization engine populates each span with solar modules and aligns the solar modules within adjacent spans to one another. The optimization engine then generates a performance estimate for a collection of populated spans. By generating different spans with different solar module types and orientations, the optimization engine is configured to identify an optimal solar power system configuration. 1. A computer-implemented method for determining a configuration of a solar power system projected onto a target surface , the method comprising:constructing an alignment axis across the target surface;projecting a first span and a second span onto the target surface, wherein both the first span and the second span are parallel to the alignment axis;populating the first span with a first set of solar modules;populating the second span with a second set of solar modules; andaligning the second set of solar modules with the first set of solar modules to form a first solar module array.2. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein constructing the alignment axis across the target surface comprises:identifying a vertex of a boundary associated with the target surface; andprojecting the alignment axis across the vertex either horizontally or vertically.3. The computer implemented method of claim 1 , wherein each solar module included in the first set of solar modules and each solar module included in the second set of solar modules is disposed according to a portrait orientation or a landscape orientation.4. The computer-implemented method of claim 1 , wherein aligning the second set of solar modules with the ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR LOW COST, HIGH EFFICIENCY STEP PHOTOVOLTAIC CELLS

A multi-junction solar cell includes a plurality of photovoltaic cell layers that are electrically connected and stacked to define upper and lower subcells having at least one step difference therebetween that exposes portions of the lower subcell such that, responsive to incident illumination, a current density of the exposed portions of the lower subcell is greater than that of portions thereof having the upper subcell thereon. Related devices and fabrication methods are also discussed. 1. A multi-junction solar cell , comprising:a plurality of photovoltaic cell layers electrically connected and stacked to define upper and lower subcells having at least one step difference therebetween that exposes portions of the lower subcell such that, responsive to incident illumination, a current density of the exposed portions of the lower subcell is greater than that of portions thereof having the upper subcell thereon, and respective current densities of the upper and lower subcells are different.2. The multi-junction solar cell of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , responsive to the incident illumination claim 1 , the photovoltaic cell layers are configured to generate respective output currents that are substantially equal.3. The multi-junction solar cell of claim 2 , wherein a surface area of the exposed portions of the lower subcell relative to a surface area of the upper subcell is configured such that the respective output currents thereof are substantially equal responsive to the incident illumination.4. The multi-junction solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the upper subcell comprises a patterned epitaxial photovoltaic cell layer that defines the at least one step difference.5. The multi-junction solar cell of claim 4 , wherein the upper subcell is mechanically bonded to the lower subcell.6. The multi-junction solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the upper subcell comprises pyramid structures claim 1 , cones claim 1 , nano-rods claim 1 , and/or nano-wires that define the at least ...

MULTI-INPUT SINGLE-RESONANT TANK LLC CONVERTER

A multi-input power DC-DC converter includes a first and second bridge circuit for receiving power from a first and second electric power source. The first bridge circuit includes a first power switches with a first switch output node in between, and a second bridge circuit for receiving power from a second electric power source including second power switches with a second switch output node in between. At least one of the first and second electric power source is a photovoltaic (PV) panel. A single LLC resonant tank coupled to both the first and second output node is configured together with a transformer including a secondary winding and a primary winding that provides a magnetizing inductance which provides a second inductance for the single LLC resonant tank. A rectifier is coupled to the secondary winding. 1. A multi-input DC-DC power converter , comprising:a first bridge circuit configured for receiving power from a first electric power source, the first bridge circuit comprising a first pair of power switches with a first switch output node (node A) in between, and a second bridge circuit configured for receiving power from a second electric power source comprising a second pair of power switches with a second switch output node (node B) in between; wherein at least one of the first electric power source and second electric power source comprise a photovoltaic (PV) panel;{'sub': 'r', 'a single LLC resonant tank coupled to both the node A and the node B including a first inductor (L) and a capacitor (Cr) configured together with a transformer comprising a secondary winding and a primary winding that provides a magnetizing inductance which provides a second inductance (Lm) for the single LLC resonant tank,'}{'sub': r', 'r', 'm, 'wherein at least two of the L, the C, and the Lof the single LLC resonant tank are coupled between the node A and the node B, and'}a rectifier coupled to the secondary winding.2. The DC-DC power converter of claim 1 , wherein the Cis ...

SOLAR CELL USING PRINTED CIRCUIT BOARD

A solar cell using a printed circuit board (PCB) includes a substrate that is formed of an insulating material and in and through which a plurality of fixing holes and communication holes are alternately formed; a plurality of photoelectric effect generators that have ball or polyhedral shapes fixed to the substrate to be disposed over the plurality of fixing holes, and generate photoelectric effects by receiving light through light-receiving portions that are exposed to an upper portion of the substrate; a plurality of upper electrodes that are formed on a top surface of the substrate, and are connected to the respective light-receiving portions of the photoelectric effect generators; and a plurality of lower electrodes that are formed on a bottom surface of the substrate to be connected to respective non-light-receiving portions of the photoelectric effect generators, and communicate with the plurality of upper electrodes through the plurality of communication holes. 1. A solar cell using a printed circuit board (PCB) , the solar cell comprising:a substrate that is formed of an insulating material and in and through which a plurality of fixing holes and communication holes are alternately formed;a plurality of photoelectric effect generators that have ball or polyhedral shapes fixed to the substrate to be disposed over the plurality of fixing holes, and generate photoelectric effects by receiving light through light-receiving portions that are exposed to an upper portion of the substrate;a plurality of upper electrodes that are formed on a top surface of the substrate, and are connected to the respective light-receiving portions of the photoelectric effect generators; anda plurality of lower electrodes that are formed on a bottom surface of the substrate to be connected to respective non-light-receiving portions of the photoelectric effect generators, and communicate with the plurality of upper electrodes through the plurality of communication holes.2. The solar ...

CASCADE PHOTOCATALYSIS DEVICE

Described herein are devices and methods utilizing cascade photocatalysis to drive multiple chemical reactions via a series of photoelectrochemical catalysts driven by the conversion of light into current by one or more photovoltaic devices. The described devices and methods are tunable and may be used in conjunction with different reactants and products, including the conversion of carbon dioxide into valuable hydrocarbon products. 1. A device comprising:a photovoltaic device capable of generating current at a plurality of potentials;a first catalyst in electronic communication with the photovoltaic device; anda second catalyst in electronic communication with the photovoltaic device.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device is a multijunction stacked semiconductor device.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the photovoltaic device is a three-terminal tandem (3TT) semiconductor device.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a photoelectrode and a transparent conductive encapsulant (TCE) layer which further comprises a polymer claim 1 , a plurality of microspheres of the first catalyst and a plurality of microspheres of the second catalyst.5. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a plurality of photovoltaic devices positioned on a substrate.6. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a doped interdigitated back contact semiconductor device and the first catalyst is in communication with a first doped region and the second catalyst is in communication with a second doped region.7. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises a semiconductor.8. The device of claim 8 , wherein the semiconductor is selected group consisting of: InGaP claim 8 , GaAs claim 8 , InGaN claim 8 , perovskite and silicon.9. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst comprises silver (Ag) or gold (Au).10. The device of claim 1 , wherein the second catalyst comprises ...

STACKED MONOLITHIC MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELL

A stacked monolithic multi-junction solar cell having at least four subcells, wherein the band gap increases starting from the first subcell in the direction of the fourth subcell, each subcell has an n-doped emitter and a p-doped base, the emitter and the base of the first subcell each have germanium or consist of germanium, all following subcells each have at least one element of main group III and V of the periodic table, a tunnel diode with a p-n junction is placed between each two subcells, all subcells following the first subcell are formed lattice-matched to one another, a semiconductor mirror having a plurality of doped semiconductor layers with alternately different refractive indices is placed between the first and second subcell, and the semiconductor mirror is placed between the first subcell and the first tunnel diode. 1. A stacked monolithic multi-junction solar cell comprising:a first subcell;a second subcell;a third subcell;at least one fourth subcell, the first, second, third and fourth subcell being arranged one after the other in the order mentioned;a tunnel diode with a p-n junction arranged between two subcells in each case;an n-doped semiconductor mirror having a plurality of doped semiconductor layers with alternately different refractive indices is arranged between the first subcell and the following second subcell;an n-doped metamorphic buffer arranged between the first subcell and the semiconductor mirror, the metamorphic buffer having at least four step layers and at least one overshoot layer; anda tunnel diode arranged between the second subcell and the semiconductor mirror so that the metamorphic buffer, the semiconductor mirror, the tunnel diode and the second subcell are formed in the order mentioned,wherein a band gap increases from subcell to subcell starting from the first subcell in the direction of the fourth subcell,wherein the first, second, third and fourth subcell have an n-doped emitter and a p-doped base,wherein the emitter ...

SOLAR PANEL AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING CLEAN ENERGY

A solar panel system is disclosed which provides highly efficient solar conversion which is operable during the day, night, and low level sunlight. The system uses back illuminated electron multiplying charged coupled devices (bi-emccds) to efficiently convert sunlight signals into usable solar power. In an exemplary embodiment, the bi-emccds may be arranged according to a Fibonacci sequence to maximize the available sunlight incident on the panel. 1. A solar conversion system for producing clean energy , comprising:a panel;a plurality of back illuminated electron multiplying charged coupled devices (bi-emccds) in the panel for multiplying received solar energy into converted solar power; andan output for supplying the converted solar power to a load.2. The system of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of LEDs interspersed between the plurality of bi-emccds for supplying an auxiliary light source to the bi-emccds.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of bi-emccds are arranged in a pattern following a Fibonacci sequence.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of bi-emccds are arranged end to end in a plurality of stages.5. A solar conversion system for producing clean energy claim 1 , comprising:a panel;a plurality of back illuminated charged coupled devices (bi-emccds) positioned end to end in an array in the panel for multiplying received solar energy along a string of the bi-emccds into converted solar power; andhydrolysis system coupled to an output of the plurality of back illuminated charged coupled devices (bi-emccds).6. The system of claim 5 , further comprising a plurality of LEDs interspersed between the plurality of bi-emccds for supplying an auxiliary light source to the bi-emccds to power the hydrolysis system at night.7. The system of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of bi-emccds are arranged in a pattern following a Fibonacci sequence.8. The system of claim 5 , wherein the plurality of bi-emccds are arranged end to end in a ...

SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel includes a substrate, plural solar cells, wires, and plural bypass diodes. The substrate includes a bottom area, a middle area, and a top area vertically arranged from bottom to top. The middle area includes a first zone, a second zone and a third zone horizontally arranged from left to right. The solar cells are disposed on the substrate in columns and in rows. The bottom area includes at least two rows of the solar cells. The top area includes at least two rows of the solar cells. The wires serially connect the solar cells. The bypass diodes are disposed on the substrate, in which each of the first zone, the second zone, the third zone, the bottom area and the top area is disposed with at least one of the bypass diodes. 1. A solar panel comprising:a substrate having a bottom area, a central area, and a top area that are sequentially and vertically disposed from bottom to top, wherein the central area comprises a first zone, a second zone, and a third zone that are sequentially and horizontally disposed from left to right;a plurality of solar cells disposed on the substrate in rows and columns, wherein the bottom area comprises at least two rows of the solar cells, and the top area comprises at least two rows of the solar cells;a plurality of conducting wires sequentially connected with the solar cells in series; anda plurality of bypass diodes disposed on the substrate, wherein each of the bottom area, the central area, the top area, the first zone, the second zone, and the third zone comprises at least one of the bypass diodes.2. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein the solar cells are disposed on the substrate in a 10×6 matrix.3. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein the solar cells are disposed on the substrate in a 12×6 matrix.4. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein the bottom area comprises a first row of solar cells claim 1 , a second row of solar cells claim 1 , and a third row of solar cells that are sequentially and vertically connected from ...

SOLAR CELL PANEL AND THE WINDOW COMPRISING THE SAME

A solar cell panel includes a light concentration layer on which sunlight is incident and concentrated; a cladding layer stacked on bottom of the light concentration layer; a light conversion/light guide layer including a light guide layer stacked on bottom of the light concentration layer to guide visible light to a side surface and a light conversion member to convert ultraviolet or infrared light to visible light; and a solar cell array placed along a side surface of the light conversion/light guide layer and having multiple solar cells electrically connected. The solar cell panel and a window comprising the same can increase efficiency of a window-type solar module by converting and concentrating light in a wavelength range not contributing to solar cell efficiency. 1. A solar cell panel , comprising:a light concentration layer on which sunlight is incident and concentrated;a cladding layer stacked on bottom of the light concentration layer;a light conversion/light guide layer comprising a light guide layer stacked on bottom of the cladding layer to guide visible light to a side surface, and a light conversion member to convert ultraviolet or infrared light to visible light; anda solar cell array placed along a side surface of the light conversion/light guide layer, and having multiple solar cells electrically connected.2. The solar cell panel according to claim 1 , wherein the light concentration layer includes any one selected from a convex lens claim 1 , a concave lens claim 1 , and a Fresnel lens.3. The solar cell panel according to claim 1 , wherein the cladding layer has a refractive index n of between 1.0 and 1.3.4. The solar cell panel according to claim 1 , wherein the light conversion member comprises:a first light conversion member to convert ultraviolet light to visible light; anda second light conversion member to convert infrared light to visible light.5. The solar cell panel according to claim 4 , wherein the first light conversion member is ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL AND METHOD OF PRODUCTION THEREOF

The present invention relates to a method of forming a metal layer on the surface of a photovoltaic cell by forming a first layer of a first composition on the surface of a silicon substrate and then forming a second layer of a second composition on the first layer, wherein both layers are in electrical contact with each other, the first composition comprises particles comprising or consisting of (i) B, Al, Ga, In, and/or Tl or (ii) P, As, Sb, and/or Bi, the second composition comprises metal particles, and wherein the particles of the first layer have a mean diameter smaller than the mean diameter of the metal particles of the second composition. Further, the present invention also relates to photovoltaic cells and solar modules obtainable using the method of the present invention. 2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first layer and/or the second layer are formed by screen printing claim 1 , extrusion printing claim 1 , and/or plating deposition the first composition and/or the second composition onto the silicon substrate.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles of the first composition comprise (i) B and/or Al or (ii) P and/or Sb; and/or wherein the particles of the second composition comprise an electrically conductive metal claim 1 , preferably Al.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the particles of the first composition and/or the metal particles of the second composition are substantially monodisperse.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the mean thickness of the first layer is smaller than the mean thickness of the second layer.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first composition and/or the second composition further comprise at least one component selected from the group consisting of solvents claim 1 , dispersing agents claim 1 , additives claim 1 , rheology adjusting agents claim 1 , fillers claim 1 , glasses claim 1 , and mixtures thereof.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

MICRO-GRID PV SYSTEM HYBRID HOT WATER HEATER

Provided herein are systems and methods (i.e., utilities) that allow for the use of non-grid tied renewable energy systems (e.g., PV arrays and/or wind turbines) without requiring battery banks. In various aspects, these utilities permit the efficient use of renewable energy systems to generate electrical power as well as the ability to dynamically direct where such electrical power is applied. 1a water tank having a first heating element and a second heating element; a photovoltaic (PV) array;', 'a first switch electrically connected to the PV array for receiving electrical power from the PV array and selectively applying said electrical power to the first heating element;', 'a first thermostat for monitoring a temperature in the tank that is operatively connected to the switch, wherein power is applied to the first heating element from the PV array in response to an output of the first thermostat;, 'a first power source attached to the first heating element, including;'}a second thermostat for monitoring a temperature in the tank that is operatively connected to the second heating element, wherein the second heating element is connectable to utility power source and said second thermostat is operative to activate and deactivate the second heating element.. A water heating system incorporating at least one heating element connected to a PV system and at least one heating element connected to a utility power source, comprising: This application is a Continuation Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/455,057 having a filing date of Aug. 8, 2014, which is a Divisional Application of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 13/829,320 having a filing date of Mar. 14, 2013, the entire contents of which is incorporated herein by reference.Systems and methods (i.e., utilities) disclosed herein are directed to improvements to PV systems for residential and commercial applications.Photovoltaic systems (PV system) utilize solar panels to convert sunlight into ...

Three-Dimensional Elongated Photovoltaic Cell Assemblies

Three-dimensional photovoltaic assemblies capable of greater electric power output and more consistent power profiles than flat photovoltaic systems of the prior art with the same footprint are disclosed. The assemblies are comprised of a plurality of elongated photovoltaic modules arranged to project radially outward from a central trunk. In some embodiments, elongated photovoltaic modules comprise an elongated prismatic body having a multi-sided polygonal cross-section, wherein the lateral sides of the elongated body define non-parallel rectangular panels and photovoltaic cells are mounted on at least two of the lateral sides or panels of the elongated body. The photovoltaic cells on the plurality of elongated photovoltaic modules can be exposed to the radiant energy of the sun at a plurality of angles of incidence at any given point in time of day. 1. A three-dimensional elongated photovoltaic cell assembly for generating electricity from the radiant energy of the sun comprising:(A) a central trunk, said central trunk comprising:a trunk body having a first trunk end, a second trunk end, and a trunk lateral surface; anda central electric circuit with means of conducting electricity between said first trunk end and said second trunk end;(B) a plurality of elongated photovoltaic modules, each elongated photovoltaic module of said plurality of elongated photovoltaic modules comprising:an elongated body comprising a module basal end and a module distal end, said elongated body further comprising a multi-sided prism having a polygonal cross-section parallel to the said module basal end, wherein the lateral sides of the elongated body define non-parallel elongated panels;a module electric circuit with means of conducting electricity between said module basal end and said module distal end; andphotovoltaic cells with means of being electrically connected to the said module electric circuit mounted along the length of at least two of the said lateral sides or elongated ...

LASER ETCHING A STACK OF THIN LAYERS FOR A CONNECTION OF A PHOTOVOLTAIC CELL

A treatment of thin layers for forming a connection of a photovoltaic cell including the thin layers, which includes a first layer, having photovoltaic properties, deposited on a second layer, and the second layer, which is a metal contact layer, deposited on a substrate, the treatment including etching, in the first layer, at least one first trench having a first width so as to expose the second layer; and etching, in the first trench, a second trench so as to expose the substrate, the second trench having a second width less than the first width. 1. A method of treating thin layers for forming a connection of a photovoltaic cell comprising said thin layers , said thin layers comprising:a first layer, with photovoltaic properties, deposited on a second layer, andsaid second layer, which is a metal contact layer, deposited on a substrate, the method comprising:etching, in said first layer, at least one first trench having a first width so as to expose the second layer; andetching, in said first trench, a second trench so as to expose the substrate, the second trench having a second width less than the first width,the etching of the first and second trenches being carried out by laser impacts, during a single overall etching step,wherein said overall etching step comprises:a fine etching operation close to first and second fronts intended to delimit the first trench, anda rough etching operation between the first and second fronts.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the rough etching operation is carried out using a laser with a beam wider than the beam used for the fine etching.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the fine etching operation is carried out using a femtosecond laser.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein a wavelength of said femtosecond laser is comprised between 400 and 600 nm.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the beam used for the fine etching operation is a circular beam.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein ...

SOLAR PANEL RACK

A solar panel rack may comprise a vertical support, a transverse support, brackets attaching hollow beams to the transverse support, and brackets configured to attach solar panels or solar panel assemblies to the hollow beams. Internal splices may couple collinearly arranged hollow beams in the solar panel rack. Some or all of these components may be formed from folded sheet metal blanks comprising bend lines predefined by bend-inducing features formed in the blanks. Preformed slots, holes, or other openings in the sheet metal blanks may predefine the relative positions of various components in the solar panel rack and predefine the positions of solar panels or solar panel assemblies to be supported by the solar panel rack. Individual components of the solar panel rack may be useful in other structures and applications apart from solar panel racks. 1. A solar panel rack comprising:at least first and second closed hollow sheet metal beams arranged side by side and in parallel with each other to define a plane;a transverse support comprising two or more notches located in its upper edge;two or more first sheet metal brackets, each first sheet metal bracket having an outer cross-sectional shape substantially conforming to an inner cross-sectional shape of a corresponding notch in the transverse support, having an inner cross-sectional shape substantially conforming to the outer-cross sectional shape of a corresponding one of the first and second closed hollow sheet metal beams, positioned in the corresponding notch in the transverse support, and attached to and supporting the corresponding closed hollow sheet metal beam at least partially within the corresponding notch in the transverse support;one or more second sheet metal brackets, each second sheet metal bracket having an inner cross-sectional shape substantially conforming to the outer cross-sectional shape of a corresponding one of the first and second closed hollow sheet metal beams, positioned on and attached ...

SOLID-STATE IMAGING APPARATUS, METHOD OF MANUFACTURING SOLID-STATE IMAGING APPARATUS, AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS

A solid-state imaging apparatus includes a transfer gate electrode formed on a semiconductor substrate; a photoelectric conversion unit including an electric charge storage area that is formed from a surface side of the semiconductor substrate in a depth direction, a transfer auxiliary area formed of a second conductive type impurity area that is formed in such a manner as to partially overlap the transfer gate electrode, and a dark current suppression area that is a first dark current suppression area formed in an upper layer of the transfer auxiliary and formed so as to have positional alignment in such a manner that the end portion of the transfer auxiliary area on the transfer gate electrode side is at the same position as the end portion of the transfer auxiliary area; and a signal processing circuit configured to process an output signal output from the solid-state imaging apparatus. 15-. (canceled)6. A method of manufacturing a solid-state imaging apparatus , comprising: forming an electric charge storage area by ion-implanting an impurity of a first conductive type from the surface side in a depth direction,', 'forming a first dark current suppression area by ion-implanting an impurity of a second conductive type at a first concentration;', 'forming a second dark current suppression area by ion-implanting an impurity of the second conductive type at a second concentration that is higher than the first concentration; and', 'forming a transfer gate electrode that partially overlaps the electric charge storage area, and the first dark current suppression area on the semiconductor substrate., 'forming a photoelectric conversion unit including'}7. The manufacturing method according to claim 6 , wherein the second dark current suppression area is formed on an outermost surface of the semiconductor substrate in an upper layer of the first dark current suppression area after the transfer gate electrode is formed.8. The manufacturing method according to claim 7 , ...

SOLAR MODULE AND PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

A solar module of an embodiment includes: a first solar panel having a plurality of first submodules each including a plurality of first solar cells; and a second solar panel layered with the first solar panel, the second solar panel having a plurality of second submodules each including a plurality of second solar cells. The first solar panel is provided on a side where light is incident. The first solar panel and the second solar panel are electrically connected in parallel. The plurality of first solar cells included in each of the plurality of first submodules is electrically connected in series. The plurality of first submodules is electrically connected in parallel. The plurality of second solar cells included in each of the plurality of second submodules is electrically connected in series. The plurality of second submodules is electrically connected in parallel. 1. A solar module comprising:a first solar panel having a plurality of first submodules each including a plurality of first solar cells; anda second solar panel layered with the first solar panel, the second solar panel having a plurality of second submodules each including a plurality of second solar cells,wherein the first solar panel is provided on a side where light is incident,the first solar panel and the second solar panel are electrically connected in parallel,the plurality of first solar cells included in each of the plurality of first submodules is electrically connected in series,the plurality of first submodules is electrically connected in parallel,the plurality of second solar cells included in each of the plurality of second submodules is electrically connected in series, andthe plurality of second submodules is electrically connected in parallel.2. The module according to claim 1 , wherein the plurality of first solar cells each having a structure in which a longitudinal direction is a first direction claim 1 ,the plurality of first solar cells included in each of the first submodules ...

MINIATURIZED DEVICES FOR COMBINED OPTICAL POWER CONVERSION AND DATA TRANSMISSION

An optical data communication and power converter device includes a receiver circuit comprising an optical receiver. The optical receiver includes a photovoltaic device and a photoconductive device arranged within an area that is configured for illumination by a modulated optical signal emitted from a monochromatic light source of a transmitter circuit. The photovoltaic device is configured to generate electric current responsive to the illumination of the area by the modulated optical signal. The photoconductive device is configured to generate a data signal, distinct from the electric current, responsive to the illumination of the area by the modulated optical signal. A reverse bias voltage may be applied to the photoconductive device by the photovoltaic device, independent of an external voltage source. Related devices and methods of operation are also discussed. 1. An optical data communication and power converter device , comprising:a receiver circuit comprising an optical receiver including a photovoltaic device and a photoconductive device arranged within an area that is configured for illumination by a modulated optical signal emitted from a monochromatic light source of a transmitter circuit,wherein the photovoltaic device is configured to generate electric current responsive to the illumination of the area by the modulated optical signal, andwherein the photoconductive device is configured to generate a data signal distinct from the electric current responsive to the illumination of the area by the modulated optical signal.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device comprises at least one photovoltaic cell having a surface area of about 4 square millimeters or less claim 1 , and the photoconductive device comprises a high bandwidth photodiode that is further configured to generate the data signal in response to application of a reverse bias voltage thereto.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein the at least one photovoltaic cell is configured to ...

BASE SHEET INTEGRATED PHOTOVOLATIC ROOFING ASSEMBLIES

Provided are novel building integrable photovoltaic (BIP) assemblies and methods of installation thereof on building structures. The BIP assembly includes a base sheet or a sheath, which may be a plywood board or an oriented strand (OSB) board, and multiple electrically interconnected photovoltaic inserts, which are attached to and supported by the base sheet. The base sheet is configured to be positioned directly the building structures, such as roof rafters. Various electrical components may be positioned within cavities of the base sheet and/or at the back side of that sheet. Such components are configured to align in between the roof rafters during installation. The spacing between the rafters provides access to the components and allows the components to extend away from the base sheet and into the spacing. Various electrical components may be installed and removed from the BIP assembly during its fabrication and/or installation. 1. A method of installing a building integrable photovoltaic (BIPV) assembly , comprising: a plurality of electrically interconnected photovoltaic inserts, each photovoltaic insert comprising photovoltaic cell;', 'a plurality of sets of electrical leads each extending from a different one of the plurality of electrically interconnected photovoltaic inserts; and', 'a single base sheet comprising a front side supporting the plurality of electrically interconnected photovoltaic inserts and a back side, the base sheet comprising a plurality of through holes, each of the inserts being attached to the front side of the base sheet, wherein at least one of the sets of electrical leads of the plurality of photovoltaic inserts extends into at least one of the plurality of through holes such that the at least one set of electrical leads is electrically connected on the back side of the base sheet to at least one of a) an electrical component and b) another one of the sets of electrical leads of the plurality sets of electrical leads., ' ...

MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELL

According to one embodiment, a multi-junction solar cell includes a first solar cell, a second solar cell, and an insulating layer. The first solar cell includes a first photoelectric conversion element. The second solar cell is connected in parallel with the first solar cell. The second solar cell includes multiple second photoelectric conversion elements connected in series. The insulating layer is provided between the first solar cell and the second solar cell. The second photoelectric conversion element includes a p-electrode and an n-electrode. The p-electrode is connected to a p-region including a surface on a side opposite to a light incident surface. The n-electrode is connected to an n-region including the surface on the side opposite to the light incident surface. The p-electrodes oppose each other or the n-electrodes oppose each other in a region where the multiple second photoelectric conversion elements are adjacent to each other. 1. A multi-junction solar cell , comprising:a first solar cell including a first photoelectric conversion element;a second solar cell connected in parallel with the first solar cell, the second solar cell including a plurality of second photoelectric conversion elements connected in series with each other;an insulating layer provided between the first solar cell and the second solar cell; andan interconnect portion,one of the second photoelectric conversion elements being closest to an other one of the second photoelectric conversion elements among the second photoelectric conversion elements,a direction from the one of the second photoelectric conversion elements toward the other one of the second photoelectric conversion elements being along a first direction, a first region of a first conductivity type,', 'a second region of a second conductivity type,', 'a first electrode connected with the first region, the first electrode including first finger parts extending along a second direction crossing the first direction, and', ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR ELECTRICITY GENERATION, STORAGE, DISTRIBUTION, AND DISPATCH

A property power system can include multiple photovoltaic (PV) panels to generate DC electrical energy from solar energy and a first power conversion module to convert between DC and AC electrical energy and to control aspects of each PV panel. The property power system can have a group of battery blades to store electrical energy and another power conversion module to convert between DC and AC electrical energy and to control aspects of each battery blade. The property power system can have a multiple synchronization interfaces configured to aggregate the AC electrical energy of each of the PV panels/battery blades, respectively, and to control delivery of the aggregated AC electrical energy. The property power system can include a grid circuit disconnector to prevent back-feed of power during grid outage condition while the PV panels or the group of battery blades is powering an electrical load center of the property. 1. A system for distributing , storing , and generating energy , the system comprising:an array of photovoltaic (PV) panels configured to generate DC electrical energy from solar energy radiated toward the array of PV panels, wherein each PV panel of the array comprises a first power conversion module to convert between DC electrical energy and AC electrical energy and to control an operational characteristic of the PV panel;a group of battery blades configured to store electrical energy, wherein each battery blade of the group of battery blades comprises a second power conversion module to convert between DC electrical energy and AC electrical energy and to control an operational characteristic of the battery blade;a first synchronization interface configured to aggregate the AC electrical energy of each of the PV panels, to control delivery of the AC electrical energy of each of the PV panels, as aggregated, to one or more of an electrical outlet or panel, and to implement regulative protection including anti-islanding protection;a second ...

CHAIR WITH SOLAR PANEL

A chair includes: a backrest having an opening or recess in a portion thereof; and a solar panel disposed on a face inside the opening or recess. 1. A chair with a solar panel , the chair comprising:a backrest having an opening or a recess in a portion thereof; anda solar panel disposed on a face inside the opening or the recess.2. The chair according to claim 1 , whereinthe backrest has the recess andthe backrest is provided in a top face of the backrest.3. The chair according to claim 2 , further comprisinga seat connected to the backrest, whereinthe recess is specified by a front internal face of the backrest and a rear internal face of the backrest with a direction of the seat as a front of the chair, andthe solar panel is disposed on the rear internal face.4. The chair according to claim 3 , wherein the rear internal face is inclined such that deeper parts thereof are located closer to the front of the chair.5. The chair according to claim 1 ,a seat connected to the backrest, whereinthe backrest includes: an abutment member configured to come into contact with a user's back while the user is sitting on the seat; and a frame positioning the abutment member, andthe opening or the recess is provided between the frame and the abutment member.6. The chair according to claim 1 , wherein further comprisinga seat connected to the backrest,the backrest has the recess andthe recess is provided in a rear face of the backrest with a direction of the seat as a front of the chair.7. The chair according to claim 6 , whereinthe recess is specified by an upper internal face of the backrest and a lower internal face of the backrest below the upper internal face, andthe solar panel is disposed on the lower internal face.8. The chair according to claim 1 ,a seat connected to the backrest, whereinthe backrest includes: an abutment member configured to come into contact with a user's back while the user is sitting on the seat; and a frame positioning the abutment member,the backrest ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC POWER GENERATION SYSTEM

A photovoltaic (PV) power generation system comprising an array of PV cell modules arranged in strings connected via secondary stage power efficiency optimizers to a central inverter is provided. In at least one of the strings, sunlight receiver assemblies (including the PV cells) of the PV cell modules are provided each with a corresponding primary stage or integrated power efficiency optimizer to adjust the output voltage and current of the PV cell. The PV cell modules can, but need not include optical concentrators. 1. A photovoltaic power generation system comprising:a plurality of photovoltaic strings, at least one of the strings being a string of integrated photovoltaic cell modules, each module comprising a photovoltaic cell and a primary stage power efficiency optimizer in electrical communication with the photovoltaic cell, the primary stage power efficiency optimizer configured to adjust an output voltage and current of the photovoltaic cell to reduce loss of output power of the string resulting from differences in output from the integrated photovoltaic cell modules of the string;a plurality of secondary stage power efficiency optimizers, each secondary stage power efficiency optimizer electrically connected to at least one of the photovoltaic strings and configured to adjust an output voltage and current of the at least one photovoltaic string to reduce loss of output power of the system resulting from differences in output of the strings, and at least one of the secondary stage power efficiency optimizers being electrically connected to at least one of the at least one string of integrated photovoltaic cell modules; anda central inverter electrically connected to the plurality of secondary stage power efficiency optimizers.2. The photovoltaic power generation system of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the strings electrically connected to one of the secondary stage power efficiency optimizers comprises non-concentrated integrated photovoltaic cell ...

Photovoltaic power generation system with photovoltaic cells as bypass diodes

A photovoltaic power generation system that includes a solar panel is described herein. The solar panel includes a photovoltaic sub-module, which includes a group of microsystem enabled photovoltaic cells. The group includes a first string of photovoltaic cells, a second string of photovoltaic cells, and a differing photovoltaic cell. Photovoltaic cells in the first string are electrically connected in series, and photovoltaic cells in the second string are electrically connected in series. Further, the first string of photovoltaic cells, the second string of photovoltaic cells, and the differing photovoltaic cell are electrically connected in parallel. Moreover, the differing photovoltaic cell is used as a bypass diode for the first string of photovoltaic cells and the second string of photovoltaic cells.

CASCADED PHOTOVOLTAIC STRUCTURES WITH INTERDIGITATED BACK CONTACTS

A solar module is provided. The solar module includes a number of photovoltaic structures. Each photovoltaic structure has an interdigitated back contact, and the photovoltaic structures are cascaded, wherein any two adjacent structures are electrically coupled by overlapping their edges. 1. A solar module , comprising:a plurality of photovoltaic structures, each having a front side, a back side, and an interdigitated back contact;wherein each photovoltaic structure comprises a first edge and a second edge opposite to the first edge;wherein the plurality of photovoltaic structures include first, second, and third structures, wherein the second structure is adjacent to and positioned between the first and third structures; first and second front edge busbars positioned on the first and second edges, respectively, of the front side of the structure, and', 'first and second back edge busbars positioned on the first and second edges, respectively, of the back side of the structure; and, 'wherein each of the first and third structures compriseswherein the first and second edges of the second structure are coupled with and positioned above the second edge of the first structure and first edge of the third structure, respectively.2. (canceled)3. The solar module of claim 1 , wherein the first front edge busbar is electrically coupled to the first back edge busbar; andwherein the second front edge busbar is electrically coupled to the second back busbar.4. The solar module of claim 3 , wherein the first front edge busbar is electrically coupled the first back edge busbar using a via or a heavily doped region internal to the first or third structure.5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. The solar module of claim 1 , wherein the first and second structures are electrically and mechanically coupled by a conductive paste.814-. (canceled)15. A solar cell claim 1 , comprising:a semiconductor structure having a front side and a back side; a first plurality of finger lines having a first ...

APPARATUS FOR ALIGNING A SOLAR CELL ELEMENT, SYSTEM FOR USE IN THE MANUFACTURE OF A SOLAR CELL ARRANGEMENT, AND METHOD FOR ALIGNING A SOLAR CELL ELEMENT

The present disclosure provides an apparatus for aligning a solar cell element. The apparatus includes a transfer device configured for moving the solar cell element from a first position on a transport device to a second position on a support device, a detection device configured to detect a first orientation of the solar cell element on the transport device and configured to detect a second orientation of the solar cell element held by the transfer device, and a controller configured to change an orientation of the solar cell element held by the transfer device based on at least one of the first orientation and the second orientation to align the solar cell element. 1. Apparatus for aligning a solar cell element , comprising:a transfer device configured for moving the solar cell element from a first position on a transport device to a second position on a support device;a detection device configured to detect a first orientation of the solar cell element on the transport device and configured to detect a second orientation of the solar cell element held by the transfer device; anda controller configured to change an orientation of the solar cell element held by the transfer device based on at least one of the first orientation and the second orientation to align the solar cell element.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to change an orientation of the transfer device based on the first orientation of the solar cell element on the transport device before picking up the solar cell element from the transport device.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the detection device is configured to detect at least one of one or more edges or corners of the solar cell element and printing features on the solar cell element to detect at least one of the first orientation and the second orientation.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the detection device includes at least one of one or more cameras and one or more light source devices.5. The ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR USING SOLAR CELL

A system for using a solar cell includes a solar cell module configured to convert sunlight into electric energy, an engine operating circuit configured to convert mechanical energy generated by an engine operation of a vehicle into electric energy and provide the electric energy, a solar cell circuit configured to provide the electric energy generated through the solar cell module, a battery configured to be charged by electric energy provided by the solar cell circuit or the engine operating circuit, a load, and a controller of a vehicle. The controller is configured to control a connection of the circuits to the battery or to the load depending on a measured state of charge of the battery, driving of the vehicle, and acceleration of the vehicle. A method for using a solar cell is also disclosed. 1. A system for using a solar cell , comprising:a solar cell module configured to convert sunlight into electric energy;an engine operating circuit configured to convert mechanical energy generated by an engine operation of a vehicle into electric energy and provide the electric energy;a solar cell circuit configured to provide the electric energy generated through the solar cell module;a battery configured to be charged by electric energy provided by the solar cell circuit or the engine operating circuit;a load; anda controller of a vehicle, the controller configured to control a connection of the circuits to the battery or to the load depending on a measured state of charge of the battery, driving of the vehicle, and acceleration of the vehicle.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to control the solar cell circuit to provide the electric energy generated from the solar cell module to the load depending on a driving request of the load when the state of charge of the battery is equal to or greater than a first setting value when the engine of the vehicle stops3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the controller is configured to connect the solar ...

BOOSTER FILMS FOR SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC SYSTEMS

We describe stacked photovoltaic modules, and components thereof, in which at least one booster cell is combined with at least one primary cell in a stacked configuration. The booster cell may be in the form of a polycrystalline film disposed on a transparent substrate, such as a glass substrate, and the film may be patterned to form multiple booster cells. The booster cell includes an n-type layer and a p-type layer; the n-type layer may include polycrystalline zinc sulfide (ZnS), and the p-type layer may include polycrystalline zinc telluride (ZnTe). The n-type layer may have a band gap energy of at least 3.5 eV, and the p-type layer may have a band gap energy of at least 2 or at least 2.2 eV, or in a range from 2.2 to 2.3 eV. An intrinsic layer, also comprising polycrystalline ZnTe, may reside between the n-type and p-type layers. 1. A component for use in a solar module , the component comprising:a transparent glass substrate; anda thin-film photovoltaic booster cell formed on the substrate, the booster cell comprising an n-type layer and a p-type layer, the n-type layer comprising polycrystalline zinc sulfide (ZnS) and having a band gap energy of at least 3.5 eV, and the p-type layer comprising polycrystalline zinc telluride (ZnTe);wherein the booster cell is adapted to generate electricity by absorbing solar radiation in a first wavelength range, the booster cell also being adapted to transmit solar radiation in a second wavelength range greater than the first wavelength range.2. The component of claim 1 , wherein the p-type layer has a band gap energy of at least 2 eV.3. (canceled)4. The component of claim 3 , wherein the p-type layer has a band gap energy in a range from 2. 2 to 2.3 eV.5. The component of claim 1 , wherein in the n-type layer claim 1 , the polycrystalline ZnS is doped with aluminum (Al) or chlorine (Cl) claim 1 , and in the p-type layer claim 1 , the polycrystalline ZnTe is doped with nitrogen (N).6. The component of claim 1 , wherein the ...

MODULAR ROOF SOLAR PANEL FOR CONVENTIONAL ROOF AND ROOFING INTEGRATION

There is provided an improved roof solar panel, embodying a photovoltaic panel mounted on a frame for easy installation onto a conventional sloped roof and integration with conventional roof coverings. Such panel includes a roof covering mounting surface on an outside support of the frame, a photovoltaic panel mounting surface on an inside support of the frame, and when installed on the roof, a retainer trim for securing the roof covering and photovoltaic panel mounted on said supports while mounting to the frame, The frame also serves to provide means for securing the panel onto roof trusses. Integration with the conventional roof covering provides, inter alia, an attractive low profile with improved water shedding, wind resistance, and thermal regulation properties. The invention also relates to a kit comprising, inter alia, said roof solar panel, and to a method of installing said roof solar panel. 1. A modular roof solar panel for installation on a sloped roof , the solar panel comprising:a rigid photovoltaic panel; a width and a lower surface respectively configured for mounting of the solar panel on a plurality of adjacent roof trusses, said trusses having construction industry standard separation;', 'an inside support wherein said photovoltaic panel is mounted on said inside support of the rectangular frame;', 'an outside support configured for when the modular roof solar panel is installed on a sloped roof, for mounting of an overlapping part of a roof covering; and', 'a thickness which is about the same as a combined thickness of a roof sheathing and roof covering of an adjacent part of the roof;, 'a rectangular frame comprisinga retainer trim mounted on top of the frame and overlapping the photovoltaic panel so as to secure said photovoltaic panel on the inside support, and also overlapping the outside support for securing said overlapping part of the roof covering when the modular roof solar panel is installed on a roof.2. The solar panel of claim 1 , ...

GRAPHENE-BASED MULTI-JUNCTIONS FLEXIBLE SOLAR CELL

This disclosure relates to structures for the conversion of light into energy. More specifically, the disclosure describes devices for conversion of light to electricity using photovoltaic cells comprising graphene. 1. A method of making a graphene solar cell comprising:forming a first monoatomic graphene layer on a substrate, the first monoatomic graphene layer comprising a first dopant distributed with the entire first monoatomic graphene layer; andforming a second monoatomic graphene layer on the first monoatomic graphene layer such that the second monoatomic graphene layer is in contact with the first monoatomic graphene layer in a stacked configuration, the second monoatomic graphene layer comprising a second dopant distributed with the entire second monoatomic graphene layer, the second dopant is a p-type dopant if the first dopant is the n-type dopant; and', 'the second dopant is an n-type dopant if the first dopant is the p-type dopant., 'wherein the first dopant is either an n-type dopant or a p-type dopant such that2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first and second monoatomic graphene layers form a first sub-cell of the solar cell claim 1 , the method further comprising forming a second sub-cell above the first sub-cell.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the first and second sub-cells each have a different band gap energy.4. The method of claim 3 , wherein a difference in band gap energy between the first and second sub-cells is about 0.25 eV or more.5. The method of claim 2 , further comprising placing a transparent conductive substrate separating between each sub-cell.6. The method of claim 5 , further comprising forming an anti-reflective coating and a first metal contact in a position where incident solar energy will pass by the anti-reflective coating and the first metal contact prior to reaching the sub-cells.7. The method of claim 6 , further comprising forming a second metal contact on the substrate prior to forming the sub-cells.8. The method ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CURING CONDUCTIVE PASTE USING INDUCTION HEATING

One embodiment can provide a system for curing conductive paste applied on photovoltaic structures using induction heating. The system can include a wafer carrier for carrying a plurality of photovoltaic structures and an induction heater. The wafer carrier can include a surface element that is in direct contact with the photovoltaic structures and is substantially thermally insulating. The induction heater can be positioned above the wafer carrier. The induction heater can include a heating coil and core that do not directly contact the photovoltaic structures. 1. A system for curing conductive paste applied on a plurality photovoltaic structures , comprising:a wafer carrier for carrying the photovoltaic structures on a first side of the wafer carrier, wherein the wafer carrier includes a surface element that is in direct contact with the photovoltaic structures; anda heater positioned on the first side of the wafer carrier, wherein the heater includes an induction coil configured to operate near the photovoltaic structures, thereby providing a localized induce heat for curing the conductive paste.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface element is made of polybenzimidazole (PBI) plastic.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface element is patterned such that a fraction of the surface is in contact with the photovoltaic structures.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the surface element includes a number of components separated by air gaps to allow an individual component to expand when heated.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the conductive paste has an induced temperature between 150 and 300° C.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the heater further includes a core housing element and a power supply providing an alternating current to the induction coil.7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the heater further includes a non-conductive claim 6 , heat resistant claim 6 , low magnetic permeability cooling enclosure enclosing the housing element and the ...

SOLAR CELL MODULE AND METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING SAME

In the solar cell module, a first solar cell and a second solar cell are stacked together with an electroconductive member interposed therebetween, such that a cleaved surface-side periphery on a light-receiving surface of the first solar cell overlaps a periphery on a back surface of the second solar cell. The first solar cell and the second solar cell each have: photoelectric conversion section including a crystalline silicon substrate; collecting electrode; and back electrode. At a section where the first solar cell and the second solar cell are stacked, the collecting electrode of the first solar cell and the back electrode of the second solar cell are electrically connected to each other by coming into contact with the electroconductive member. An insulating member is provided on a part of the cleaved surface-side periphery on the light-receiving surface of the first solar cell, where the collecting electrode is not provided. 1. A solar cell module comprising: a first solar cell; a second solar cell; an electroconductive member; and an insulating member , whereinthe first solar cell and the second solar cell each have: a photoelectric conversion section that includes a crystalline silicon substrate of first conductivity-type; a collecting electrode provided on a light-receiving surface of the photoelectric conversion section; and a back electrode provided on a back surface of the photoelectric conversion section,in the first solar cell, the crystalline silicon substrate of first conductivity-type has a first principal surface on a light-receiving side, a second principal surface on a back side, and a cleaved surface extending from the first principal surface to the second principal surface,the first solar cell and the second solar cell are stacked together with the electroconductive member interposed therebetween in such a manner that a cleaved surface-side periphery on the light-receiving surface of the first solar cell overlaps a periphery on the back surface ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC ASSEMBLY WITH CLEANING MEMBER

A photovoltaic assembly includes a solar plate, a first driving device, and a first cleaning member secured to the first driving device. The solar plate includes a front surface, a first side edge and a second side edge connected to the first side edge. The first cleaning member includes a bottom surface, and is rotatable by the first driving device. The bottom surface contacts with the front surface and is slidable relative to the solar plate between a first position and a second position. In the first position, the bottom surface is aligned with the first side edge. In the second position, the bottom surface is aligned with the second side edge. 1. A photovoltaic assembly comprising:a solar plate comprising a front surface;a first driving device; anda first cleaning member, secured to the first driving device, comprising a bottom surface, a top surface, and a receiving surface located between the bottom surface and the top surface;wherein the first cleaning member is rotatable by the first driving device, and the bottom surface contacts the front surface and is slidable relative to the solar plate, to clean away a covering from the receiving surface.2. The photovoltaic assembly of claim 1 , wherein the receiving surface is substantially arc-shaped.3. The photovoltaic assembly of claim 1 , wherein the solar plate comprises a first side edge and a second side edge connected to the first side edge; the first cleaning member is rotatable relative to the solar plate between a first position claim 1 , where the bottom surface is aligned with the first side edge claim 1 , and a second position claim 1 , where the bottom surface is aligned with the second side edge.4. The photovoltaic assembly of claim 3 , further comprising a second driving device and a second cleaning member secured to the second driving device; wherein when the first cleaning member is located in the first position claim 3 , the second cleaning member is substantially parallel to the first cleaning ...

FABRICATION METHOD FOR PHOTOVOLTAIC ASSEMBLY

Provided is a method for fabricating a photovoltaic module. The method includes: providing a cell sheet having a predetermined thickness, and cutting the cell sheet along a direction parallel to busbars of the cell sheet, to form cutting lines on a surface of the cell sheet; splitting the cell sheet along the cutting lines, to obtain multiple cell pieces; coating, for each of the cell pieces, a conductive adhesive material on a busbar located at an edge of the cell piece; arranging the multiple cell pieces in a preset overlapping manner; curing the conductive adhesive material among the cell pieces, to form a cell string in which the cell pieces are conductively connected; and encapsulating the cell string to obtain the photovoltaic module. 1. A method for fabricating a photovoltaic module , comprising:providing a cell sheet having a predetermined thickness, and cutting the cell sheet along a direction parallel to busbars of the cell sheet, to form cutting lines on a surface of the cell sheet, wherein the surface of the cell sheet is printed with a metal pattern comprising the busbars and fingers;splitting the cell sheet along the cutting lines, to obtain a plurality of cell pieces;coating, for each of the cell pieces, a conductive adhesive material on a busbar located at an edge of the cell piece;arranging the plurality of cell pieces in a preset overlapping manner, wherein according to the preset overlapping manner, a busbar coated with the conductive adhesive material on a first surface of a first cell piece is overlapped with a busbar on a second surface of a second cell piece adjacent to the first cell piece, wherein the first surface is opposite to the second surface;curing the conductive adhesive material among the cell pieces, to form a cell string in which the cell pieces are conductively connected; andencapsulating the cell string to obtain the photovoltaic module.2. The method for fabricating a photovoltaic module according to claim 1 , wherein after the ...

SOLAR CELL ARRAY

A solar cell array includes: a substrate; a plurality of first electrodes on the substrate and separated from each other; a photoactive layer on each of the first electrodes; and a second electrode on each of the photoactive layers. The photoactive layer includes a gap exposing a neighboring one of the first electrodes. The second electrode is electrically coupled to the neighboring one of the first electrodes at the gap. At least two of the plurality of first electrodes have sizes different from each other. 1. A solar cell array comprising:a substrate;a plurality of first electrodes on the substrate and separated from each other;a photoactive layer on each of the plurality of first electrodes, the photoactive layer having a gap exposing a neighboring one of the first electrodes; anda second electrode on each of the photoactive layers, the second electrode being electrically coupled to the neighboring one of the first electrodes at the gap,wherein at least two of the plurality of first electrodes have sizes different from each other.2. The solar cell array of claim 1 , wherein a difference between respective areas of the at least two first electrodes is within 3%.3. The solar cell array of claim 2 , wherein each of the plurality of first electrodes has a rectangular shape having a pair of short sides extending in a direction that crosses the gap claim 2 , and lengths of the short sides of the respective first electrodes are different from each other.4. The solar cell array of claim 3 , wherein the length of each of the short sides of each of the plurality of first electrodes is in a range of 3.5 mm to 6 mm.5. The solar cell array of claim 1 , wherein the second electrodes have thicknesses that are different from each other.6. The solar cell array of claim 5 , wherein a thickness of a second electrode on one of the first electrodes having a relatively large area is less than a thickness of a second electrode on another of the first electrodes having a relatively ...

IDEALIZED SOLAR PANEL

A solar panel is constructed by electrically connecting one or more banks of solar cells in series, wherein each cell in each bank is electrically connected in series. In some aspects the cells are a quarter of typical full size cells in the direction of current flow. A panel may comprise banks of differing cell counts. Bypass diodes are not used. 1. A solar panel , comprising a number of banks of solar cells , wherein each bank comprises solar cells electrically connected in series and further wherein the forward voltage of at least one bank exceeds the reverse breakdown voltage of any given solar cell within the bank when the bank is uniformly illuminated.2. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein the number of banks is two.3. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein the number of banks is more than two.4. The solar panel of claim 1 , wherein at least two banks have a different number of solar cells.5. The solar panel of wherein an electrical bypass device is not connected to any cell within the solar panel.6. The solar panel of wherein the panel is of a rectangular shape claim 1 , the solar cells are of a rectangular shape claim 1 , and further wherein the long axis of the solar cells is parallel to the long axis of the panel.7. The solar panel of wherein the number of banks is two claim 1 , including a first bank comprising eighty percent of the total number of solar cells and a second bank comprising twenty percent of the total number of solar cells. This application is related to commonly-owned U.S. Provisional Patent Application Ser. No. 61/433,350 submitted 17 Jan. 2011 by Kent Kernahan, from which priority is hereby claimed, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. This application is also related to commonly-owned United States Nonprovisional patent application Ser. No. 13/352,330 submitted Jan. 17, 2012 by Kent Kernahan, from which priority is hereby claimed, and which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.Photovoltaic or “ ...

Configurations for Solar Cells, Solar Panels, and Solar Panel Systems

Embodiments of the disclosure are generally related to solar panel configurations. In some embodiments, the active surface area of the solar panel is increased compared to traditional flat solar cell arrays. The increase in active surface area may increase solar panel efficiency. For example, in some embodiments, a single light ray may have portions reflected onto a plurality of solar cell surfaces to provide further opportunities for light capture and conversion to electricity. 1. A solar panel comprising:a solar cell pit comprising a first solar cell forming a first pit side of the solar cell pit, a second solar cell forming a second pit side of the solar cell pit, and a third solar cell forming a third pit side of the solar cell pit, each of the first solar cell, the second solar cell, and the third solar cell configured to convert solar energy to electricity;the first solar cell comprising a first edge and a second edge that converge at a ninety degree angle to form a corner of the first pit side;the second solar cell comprising a first edge and a second edge that converge at a ninety degree angle to form a corner of the second pit side;the third solar cell comprising a first edge and a second edge that converge at a ninety degree angle to form a corner of the third pit side;wherein the corner of the first pit side, the corner of the second pit side, and the corner of the third pit side are joined together such that the first edge of the first solar cell is adjacent to the second edge of the second solar cell, the first edge of the second solar cell is adjacent to the second edge of the third solar cell, the first edge of the third solar cell is adjacent to the second edge of the first solar cell, and such that the first solar cell, the second solar cell, and the third solar cell are orthogonal to one another;wherein a light ray received by the solar cell pit that impinges on the first solar cell is partially captured by the first solar cell to be converted to ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR IMPROVING POWER GENERATION EFFICIENCY OF SOLAR CELL ON UNIT ERECTED AREA

The present invention provides a method for improving power generation efficiency of solar cell on unit erected area, comprising: providing a base solar cell and a set of light transmitting solar cell, the set of light transmitting solar cell is configured on a light receiving surface of the base solar cell; wherein the set of light transmitting solar cell comprises at least one light transmitting solar cell and the light transmitting solar cell has a partial light transmission property. By the technical features of the present invention, we can improve the power generation efficiency 2 times and up. Furthermore, the present invention erects the solar cell in an uneven shape on fixed solar cells erected area, therefore improving power generation efficiency on unit solar cells erected area. 1. A method for improving power generation of solar cell on unit erected area , comprising: providing a base solar cell and a set of light transmitting solar cell , the set of light transmitting solar cell is configured on a light receiving surface of the base solar cell; wherein the set of light transmitting solar cell comprises at least one light transmitting solar cell , and the light transmitting solar cell has a partial light transmission property.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a gap is between the base solar cell and the set of light transmitting solar cell.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the gap is at least 1 cm.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the set of light transmitting solar cell comprises at least two light transmitting solar cells; a gap is between each two light transmitting solar cells.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the gap is at least 1 cm.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the light transmitting solar cell has partial light transparent property claim 1 , thereby having a partial light transmission property.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein one of the at least one light transmitting solar ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING SOLAR BATTERY CELL AND SOLAR BATTERY MODULE

A method for producing a solar battery cell which hardly causes an electric short circuit at the cut end surface of a solar battery element is provided. A method for producing a solar battery cell in which a solar battery cell is obtained from an elongated solar battery element including an elongated flexible base material, a first electrode layer, a light absorbing layer, and a second electrode layer in this order, and the method includes a partial removal step of forming one or more partial removal portion each extending like a belt at a plurality of parts in the surface of the solar battery element by partially removing layers of the second electrode layer through to the light absorbing layer or the second electrode layer through to the first electrode layer, and a cutting step of cutting the solar battery element at the partial removal portion. 1. A method for producing a solar battery cell , comprising the steps of:preparing a solar battery element having an elongated shape and comprising a first electrode layer, a light absorbing layer, and a second electrode layer in this order over an elongated flexible base material;forming in the solar battery element at least one partial removal portion extending in a direction substantially orthogonal to a longer direction of the solar battery element by partially removing the second electrode layer through to the light absorbing layer or the second electrode layer through to the first electrode layer; andcutting the solar battery element at the partial removal portion.2. A method for producing a solar battery cell , comprising the steps of:preparing a solar battery element having an elongated shape and comprising a first electrode layer, a light absorbing layer, and a second electrode layer in this order over an elongated flexible base material;forming in the solar battery element at least two partial removal portions extending in a direction substantially orthogonal to a longer direction of the solar battery element by ...

Photovoltaic Cell, Photovoltaic Panel and Method for the Production of Photovoltaic Cells

A photovoltaic cell (C i ) comprising at least one sub-cell of a first semiconductor ( 1 ) and a sub-cell of a second semiconductor ( 2 ) connected by means of three electrodes (T 1 , T 2 , T 3 ). The second semiconductor is typically silicon, while the first semiconductor is a material with wider band-gap deposited closer to a surface of incidence of electromagnetic radiation. The first electrode (T 1 ) is on the forward face of the photovoltaic cell (C i ), while the second electrode (T 2 ) and the third electrode (T 3 ) are on the rear face of said photovoltaic cell (C i ). Both the second electrode (T 2 ) and the third electrode (T 3 ) are connected to the second semiconductor ( 2 ). The regions on both sides of the area of contact between the first semiconductor and the second semiconductor have the same type of majority carriers. Thus, a photovoltaic cell (C i ) is achieved with a high conversion efficiency that is capable of being integrated into devices with two terminals.

POWER SUPPLY APPARATUS EMPLOYING SOLAR PANELS

A single unit apparatus () for supplying electrical energy to large appliances, electrically operated equipment, and electrically operated systems. A power post () extends vertically upwardly from the ground and supports a plurality of solar panels () for collecting solar energy. A controller () controls the flow of electrical energy from the solar panels to a storage battery (). The stored energy is supplied through a DC-AC inverter () to an electrical outlet () to which the large appliance, electrically operated piece of equipment, or electrically operated system is connected so receive electrical power from the apparatus. All of the components are mounted to or in the power post so that the apparatus does not require the connection of disparate elements in order to function. 1. A single unit apparatus for supplying electrical energy to large appliances , and electrically operated equipment and systems , comprising:a power post extending vertically upwardly from the ground;a plurality of solar panels supported by the post for collecting solar energy;at least one storage battery mounted within the post for storing the solar energy collected by the solar panels; and,at least one electrical outlet installed in the post and to which the stored electrical energy is supplied from the storage battery, a large appliance, an electrically operated piece of equipment, or an electrically operated system being connected to the outlet to receive electrical power from the apparatus.2. The apparatus of in which the solar panels are installed generally horizontally above the top of the post.3. The apparatus of in which the solar panels are installed generally vertically along the sides of the post.4. The apparatus of further including a controller installed within the post for controlling the supply of solar energy collected by the solar panels to the at least one storage battery.5. The apparatus of further including a DC-AC inverter mounted within the post and interposed between ...

Transparent Conductive Adhesive Materials

Transparent and conductive adhesive (TCA) materials that may be incorporated into various devices are provided. According to an aspect of the invention, a device includes a first layer, a second layer, and a third layer including a TCA material. The third layer is arranged between the first layer and the second layer, and is configured to provide electrical conductivity between the first layer and the second layer. The TCA material includes conductive elements dispersed within a transparent adhesive, and the conductive elements are deformable. 1. A device comprising:a first layer;a second layer; anda third layer comprising a transparent and conductive adhesive (TCA) material, wherein:the third layer is arranged between the first layer and the second layer, and is configured to provide electrical conductivity between the first layer and the second layer,the TCA material comprises conductive elements dispersed within a transparent adhesive, andthe conductive elements are deformable.2. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive elements comprise plastic spheres that are coated with metal.3. The device according to claim 2 , wherein the plastic spheres comprise poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA).4. The device according to claim 1 , wherein an area percent coverage of the conductive elements within the transparent adhesive is below 22.5. The device according to claim 1 , wherein a diameter of each of the conductive elements within the transparent adhesive is between 200 nm and 1000 μm.6. The device according to claim 5 , wherein the diameter is between 45 μm and 53 μm.7. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the conductive elements comprise metal spheres with dendrites that connect the metal spheres to the first layer or the second layer.8. The device according to claim 1 , wherein the transparent adhesive comprises ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA).9. The device according to claim 1 , wherein a series resistance of the third layer along a direction ...

STACKED AND INTEGRATED ELECTRIC POWER GENERATING DEVICE CAPTURING MULTIPLE LIGHT SOURCES FOR POWER GENERATION

A stacked and integrated electric power generating device for capturing multiple light sources for power generation has a first concentrating photovoltaic module and a second concentrating photovoltaic module. The first concentrating photovoltaic module 10 has a transparent solar concentrating panel and a thin film solar cell. The second concentrating photovoltaic module is positioned below the first concentrating photovoltaic module with an interval, such that the first and second concentrating photovoltaic modules are in the form of a stacked and integrated structure, and the second concentrating photovoltaic module can absorb the light concentrated by the transparent solar concentrating panel to generate electric power. 1. A stacked and integrated electric power generating device capturing multiple light sources for power generation , comprising:a first concentrating photovoltaic module, said first concentrating photovoltaic module at least including a transparent solar concentrating panel and a thin film solar cell configured on the transparent solar concentrating panel in a transparent style, and said thin film solar cell able to absorb predetermined optical spectrum bands of the light source for electric power generation, and to allow the light source to go through the thin film solar cell and to cause a downward light source beam concentration effect through the transparent solar concentrating panel;a second concentrating photovoltaic module, configured below the first concentrating photovoltaic module with an interval, such that the first and second concentrating photovoltaic module are in the form of a stacked and integrated structure, and the second concentrating photovoltaic module can absorb the light concentrated by the transparent solar concentrating panel to generate electric power;particularly, the spectrum bands absorbed by the second concentrating photovoltaic module must not completely overlap with the spectrum bands absorbed by the first ...

SYSTEM WITH GRADUAL CHANGE OF LIGHT DISTRIBUTION OR SHADOW DISTRIBUTION ON A SURFACE COMPRISING LIGHT ELEMENTS OR PHOTOVOLTAIC ELEMENTS

The present invention refers to a system including light processing elements, arranged in a respective installation area and combined with a respective construction, at least partially above and/or next to an occupational or passage space, whereby said light processing elements or respective constructions produce a general light distribution over said occupational or passage space, that is more favorable in terms of visual performance and comfort, and that may assist and adjust to activities requiring different levels thereof. The inventive system is used for energy and/or information conversion and distribution, as part of one construction or clusters of constructions, for example disposed along traffic ways. 1. A system presenting a plurality of light processing elements arranged in at least one installation area and combined with at least one respective construction at least partially next to and/or enclosing a respective reference space , said light processing elements and/or a respective construction produces a general light distribution presenting a substantially gradual distribution of light intensity and a substantially irregular shadow distribution , in a granular or diverse or blurred shadow-light or dark clear pattern , along at least a substantial part of said respective reference space and/or of an overall length (L) along at least one direction (x) thereof.2. A system according to claim 1 , wherein at least some of said light processing elements and/or a respective construction claim 1 , are differently executed in at least one parameter affecting light intensity or shadow distribution resulting from a respective installation area claim 1 , whereby said execution parameter includes respective dimensions claim 1 , format claim 1 , material claim 1 , surface finishing claim 1 , color and degree of transparency claim 1 , and/or are differently distributed in at least one parameter affecting light intensity or shadow distribution resulting from a ...

SOLAR CELL SILICON WAFER CARRYING DEVICE AND TRANSMISSION SYSTEM

A solar cell silicon wafer carrying device and a transmission system are provided, wherein the solar cell silicon wafer carrying device comprises a tray and an auxiliary mask member, and a side surface of the tray is provided with a spacing slot and a receiving slot. The spacing slot and the receiving slot are arranged in a stepped manner with the spacing slot located below the receiving slot. The auxiliary mask member covers over the receiving slot and is provided with a mask hole in communication with the receiving slot. The mask hole is provided along a perimeter thereof with a shielding portion for shielding an edge of the receiving slot. 1. A solar cell silicon wafer carrying device , comprising:a tray, which is provided at a side surface thereof with a spacing slot and a receiving slot arranged in a stepped manner, the spacing slot being located below the receiving slot; andan auxiliary mask member, which covers over the receiving slot and is provided with a mask hole in communication with the receiving slot, the mask hole being provided along a perimeter thereof with a shielding portion for shielding an edge of the receiving slot.2. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 1 , further comprising a bottom plate for carrying the tray claim 1 , the bottom plate being capable of carrying at least two of the trays.3. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 2 , wherein the tray is fixedly connected to an upper surface of the bottom plate.4. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 2 , wherein an identification code is provided on the bottom plate.5. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 2 , wherein the tray is connected to the bottom plate by a locating pin.6. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 2 , wherein the bottom plate and the tray are integrally formed.7. The solar cell silicon wafer carrying device according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

MULTI-JUNCTION SOLAR CELL

A multi-junction solar cell of an embodiment includes a first solar cell including a first photoelectric conversion device, a second solar cell including a plurality of second photoelectric conversion devices connected in series and having a back contact, and an insulating layer between the first solar cell and the second solar cell. A device isolation region is provided between the second photoelectric conversion devices connected in series. 1. A multi-junction solar cell comprising: 'a second solar cell comprising a plurality of second photoelectric conversion devices connected in series and having a back contact; and', 'a first solar cell comprising a first photoelectric conversion device;'} a device isolation region is provided between the second photoelectric conversion devices connected in series, and', 'each of the plurality of the second photoelectric conversion devices has both of an n+ region and a p+ region on a side of the back contact, wherein, 'an insulating layer between the first solar cell and the second solar cell, wherein'}the device isolation region exists in a part of the insulation layer.2. The solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the device isolation region is a region obtained by insulating 40% or more of a cross-sectional area between the second photoelectric conversion devices claim 1 , the cross-sectional area connecting the second photoelectric conversion devices in series.3. The solar cell according to claim 1 , wherein the first photoelectric conversion device comprises a photoelectric conversion layer containing any of a chalcopyrite-type compound semiconductor claim 1 , a stannite-type compound semiconductor claim 1 , and a kesterite-type compound semiconductor.4. The solar cell according to claim 3 , wherein the second photoelectric conversion devices comprise a photoelectric conversion layer containing single-crystal silicon.5. The solar cell according to claim 3 , wherein the device isolation region is an amorphous region ...

Photovoltaic Device

The invention relates to a tandem PV cell group () having two PV cells () of different cell types. A separate power electronic unit () is assigned to each of the PV cells in such a manner that a voltage generated in the particular PV cell or the corresponding power yield can be supplied to the assigned power electronic unit. The power electronic units can be operated independently of one another with the aid of a control device () in such a manner that each PV subsystem having one of the PV cells in each case and the power electronic unit assigned to the particular PV cell operates at the optimum operating point thereof. For this purpose, the control device can operate in such a manner that, during operation of the power electronic unit of each PV subsystem, a product of the power yield and the cell voltage of the PV cell assigned to the particular power electronic unit is at a maximum. 1. A photovoltaic (PV) device comprising:a multi-PV cell group including at least one first PV cell of a first cell type and one second PV cell of a second cell type, wherein the first cell type and the second cell type differ from one another, and wherein each PV cell of the one first PV cell and the one second PV cell is configured to provide an electric cell voltage under light incidence on the respective PV cell;power electronics including a separate first power electronics unit that is assigned to the one first PV cell and a separate second power electronics unit that is assigned to the one second PV cell, wherein the electric cell voltage generated in the respective PV cell and a corresponding current yield are feedable to a separate power electronics unit of the separate first power electronics unit and the separate second power electronics unit assigned to the respective PV cell; anda controller configured to control the power electronics,wherein the separate first power electronics unit and the separate second power electronics unit are operable independently of one another ...

PHOTOVOLTAIC DEVICE

A photovoltaic device comprises at least two sub-cells, at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent sub-cells to one another, each sub-cell comprising: 1. A photovoltaic device comprising: at least one segment; and', 'at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent segments to one another in the event that a sub-cell has more than one segment;, 'at least two sub-cells, at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent sub-cells to one another, each sub-cell comprisingeach one of the sub-cells having a unique bandgap and being arranged such that bandgaps of the sub-cells are in descending order with respect to a light incident surface of the photovoltaic device, each sub-cell being designed such that all segments of the photovoltaic device produce approximately the same current.2. The photovoltaic device of wherein each segment comprises at least one emitter and base.3. The photovoltaic device of wherein the emitter is one of p-doped and n-doped and the base is the other of p-doped and n-doped.4. The photovoltaic device of wherein a first sub-cell comprises four segments.5. The photovoltaic device of wherein a second sub-cell comprises three segments.6. The photovoltaic device of wherein one of the sub-cells is made of indium gallium phosphide (InGaP) and has a bandgap of approximately 1.8 eV.7. The photovoltaic device of wherein one of the sub-cells is made of gallium arsenide (GaAs) and has a bandgap of approximately 1.4 eV.8. The photovoltaic device of wherein the at least one connecting element electrically connecting adjacent sub-cells to one another is made of a material substantially transparent to light being absorbed by a lower of the adjacent sub-cells with respect to the light incident surface.9. The photovoltaic device of further comprising a layer configured to extract current and voltage from the photovoltaic device.10. The photovoltaic device of further comprising the light incident surface.11. The ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF WAFER BASED SOLAR PANELS

This invention relates to a method for producing solar cells, and photovoltaic panels thereof. The method for producing solar panels comprises employing a number of semiconductor wafers and/or semiconductor sheets of films prefabricated to prepare them for back side metallization, which are placed and attached adjacent to each other and with their front side facing downwards onto the back side of the front glass, before subsequent processing that includes depositing at least one metal layer covering the entire front glass including the back side of the attached wafers/sheets of films. The metallic layer is then patterned/divided into electrically isolated contacts for each solar cell and into interconnections between adjacent solar cells. 1. Solar panel/module comprising:a transparent front glass,a number semiconductor wafers which each are processed to form semi-finished solar cells, and which are attached adjacent to each other onto the back side of the transparent front glass, andwhere the electric contacts of the solar cells and the interconnects connecting adjacent solar cells of the solar panel/module are formed by one patterned metal layer covering the back side of the front glass including the back side of the attached semi-finished solar cells.2. Solar panel/module according towherein the wafers are made of one of either Si, Ge, InP, or GaAs.3. Solar panel/module according to claim 2 ,wherein the wafers are made of monocrystalline Si of thickness of 150 μm or less, preferably from 20 to 80 μm, and which are laid adjacent to each other with a gap between adjacent wafers/sheets of films on the range from 0.1 to 2 mm.4. Solar panel/module according to claim 1 ,wherein the deposited metal layer is made of one or more of nickel, palladium, titanium, silver, gold, aluminium, copper, tungsten, chromium, vanadium, tin, or any combination of these materials.5. Solar panel/module according to claim 1 ,wherein the deposited metal layer is substituted by electric ...

INSERTABLE PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE USING ABSORPTION OF LIGHT PENETRATING SKIN AND ELECTRONIC APPARATUS HAVING SAME PHOTOELECTRIC DEVICE

An implantable photovoltaic device. The implantable photovoltaic device includes: at least two solar microcells configured to absorb sunlight; a thin film wire configured to connecting the at least two solar microcells to each other; a film configured to support the solar microcells; an upper encapsulation layer configured to encapsulate an upper side of the solar microcells and shield the solar microcells from the outside; and a lower encapsulation layer configured to encapsulate a lower side of the film and connect to the encapsulation layer. According to the idea of the present invention, it is possible to obtain a photovoltaic device which stably and harmlessly operates in a living body. 1. An implantable photovoltaic device using absorption of light penetrating a skin , the implantable photovoltaic device comprising:at least two solar microcells configured to absorb sunlight;a thin film wire configured to connecting the at least two solar microcells to each other;a film configured to support the solar microcells;an upper encapsulation layer configured to encapsulate an upper side of the solar microcells and shield the solar microcells from the outside; anda lower encapsulation layer configured to encapsulate a lower side of the film and connect to the encapsulation layer.2. The implantable photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , further comprising an adhesive layer configured to adhering the film and the at least two solar microcells to each other.3. The implantable photovoltaic device according to claim 2 , wherein the adhesive layer is SU-8.4. The implantable photovoltaic device according to claim 1 , wherein the upper encapsulation layer comprises:a first layer coated on the upper side of the solar microcells;a second layer on the first layer; anda third layer on the second layer, andthe first layer is thinner than the second layer, andthe second layer is thinner than the third layer.5. The implantable photovoltaic device according to claim 4 , wherein ...

WATERLESS TOILET AND TEMPORARY TOILET

A waterless toilet includes a urine/feces separation device, a transport conveyor, and a drier drum inside a casing. The urine/feces separation device includes rotary plates and fixed plates. The rotary plates are substantially triangular. Each fixed plate is provided between a pair of adjacent rotary plates. The transport conveyor has an endless belt wound around a driver roller and a driven roller. The drier drum includes drum main bodies and a drum heater. The drum main bodies are constructed like a metal net and supported in such a manner as to be freely rotatable. A first receptacle is provided below the urine/feces separation device to collect urine. The collected urine is heated and vaporized by a heater. Dried, solid waste is collected in a second receptacle below the drier drum and further dried by the heater. 1. A waterless toilet , comprising:a box-like casing with a toilet seat being fixed on top and a heater being attached on bottom;a urine/feces separation device provided inside the casing;a transport conveyor, provided inside the casing, that has an endless belt wound around a driver roller and a driven roller; the drum main bodies being constructed like metal nets, separated by a distance associated with a width of the transport conveyor, and supported in such a manner as to be freely rotatable,', 'the drain pipe covering an outer circumference of substantially a lower half portion between the drum main bodies;, 'a drier drum including drum main bodies, an internal drum heater, and a drain pipe,'}a first receptacle, provided below the urine/feces separation device in such a manner as to be freely insertable/retractable, that collects urine; anda second receptacle, provided below the drier drum in such a manner as to be freely insertable/retractable, that collects solid waste,wherein the rotary plates being polygonal and fixed on rotation shafts at intervals along the rotation shafts, the rotation shafts being separated by a distance in a front/rear ...

SOLAR CLOCK

A solar clock includes a connector member having an adhesive layer formed on one side of a flexible base material, a plurality of solar cells bonded to the adhesive layer, and a wire formed on one or both of a front surface and a rear surface of the connector member and electrically connecting the plurality of solar cells. 1. A solar clock comprising:a planar connector member using a flexible base material;a plurality of solar cells bonded to the connector member; anda wire formed on one or both of a front surface and a rear surface of the connector member and electrically connecting the plurality of solar cells.2. The solar clock according to claim 1 , wherein the flexible base material has transparency claim 1 , andlight reception sides of the respective plurality of solar cells are bonded to the connector member.3. The solar clock according to claim 1 , wherein the respective plurality of solar cells are series-connected by a plurality of the wires.4. The solar clock according to claim 1 , wherein the connector member has an intermediate part front-rear connection region claim 1 , andin a first solar cell of the plurality of solar cells and a second solar cell electrically series-connected to the first solar cell, the wire provided in the intermediate part front-rear connection region electrically connects a rear side in the first solar cell and a front side of a second solar cell.5. The solar clock according to claim 2 , wherein the connector member has an end part front-rear connection region claim 2 ,the wire provided in the end part front-rear connection region has one end electrically connected to one solar cell of the plurality of solar cells and the other end connected to a terminal, andwith the light reception side as a front surface, the terminal is provided on a rear side of the plurality of solar cells.6. The solar clock according to claim 1 , wherein an anisotropic conductive adhesive agent is used for bonding of the connector member and the plurality ...

SOLAR CELL AND SOLAR CELL MODULE USING THE SAME

Disclosed are a solar cell and a solar cell module using the same. The solar cell includes a back electrode on a support substrate; a light absorbing part on a top surface and one side of the back electrode; and a front electrode on a top surface and one side of the light absorbing part and directly making contact with a top surface of the support substrate. 1. A solar cell comprising:a back electrode on a support substrate;a light absorbing part on a top surface and one side of the back electrode; anda front electrode on a top surface and one side of the light absorbing part and directly making contact with a top surface of the support substrate.2. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the front electrode comprises:a first front electrode part on the top surface of the light absorbing part;a second front electrode part connected to one end of the first front electrode part and provided on the one side of the light absorbing part; anda third front electrode part connected to one end of the second front electrode part and horizontally extending with respect to the support substrate.3. The solar cell of claim 2 , wherein the third front electrode part directly makes contact with the top surface of the support substrate.4. The solar cell of claim 2 , wherein the first front electrode part the second front electrode part claim 2 , and the third front electrode part are integrally formed with each other.5. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the one side of the light absorbing part corresponds to the one side of the back electrode claim 1 , and{'b': '20 μm.', 'an interval between the one side of the light absorbing part and the one side of the back electrode is in a range of 5 μm to'}6. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the light absorbing part exposes a part of the back electrode.7. The solar cell of claim 1 , wherein the light absorbing part directly makes contact with the top surface of the support substrate.8. A solar cell module comprising:a first solar cell ...

Photovoltaic devices for switchable windows

The present disclosure relates to a device that includes a switchable photovoltaic (PV) device that includes a first active material and a static PV device that includes a second active material, where the switchable PV device and the static PV device are positioned substantially parallel to one another, the switchable PV device has a first state that is substantially transparent to a first wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, the switchable PV device has a second state this is substantially opaque to a second wavelength of light in the visible spectrum, the switchable PV device can be reversibly switched between the first state and the second state, the static PV device is substantially transparent to the visible spectrum of light, and both the switchable PV device and static PV device are capable of generating power.

Coated Components of Solar Power Systems and Methods of Making the Same

A component includes a substrate and a coating system. The coating system includes a base layer that includes at least one of a (M1)AX phase and a (M2)CrX composition. The coating system also includes a top layer that includes a black pigment embedded in a matrix. The matrix is one of a metal-based matrix and a ceramic-based matrix. 1. A component comprising:a substrate; and a base layer comprising at least one of a (M1)AX phase and a (M2)CrX composition; and', 'a top layer comprising a black pigment embedded in a matrix, wherein said matrix is at least one of a metal-based matrix and a ceramic-based matrix., 'a coating system comprising2. The component of claim 1 , wherein said base layer comprises said (M1)AX phase having a formula (M1)AX claim 1 , whereinn=1, 2 or 3,M1 comprises one of Ti, V, Cr, Zr, Nb, Mo, Hf, Sc, and Ta,A comprises one of Al, Si, P, S, Ga, Ge, As, Cd, In, Sn, Tl, and Pb, andX comprises at least one of C and N.3. The component of claim 1 , wherein said base layer comprises said (M2)CrX composition comprising:M2 comprising at least one of Ni, Co, and Fe; andX comprising at least one of Al, Ti, Si, Ta, Nb, Mo, W, Mn, Y, and B.4. The component of claim 1 , wherein said base layer has a thickness in a range from about 30 μm to about 500 μm.5. The component of claim 1 , wherein an outer surface of said top layer has a maximum roughness profile height Rz and a mean spacing of profile irregularities RSm claim 1 , wherein Rz is in a range from about 10 μm to about 200 μm claim 1 , and wherein Rz is greater than 0.1 multiplied by RSm.6. The component of claim 1 , wherein said top layer has an absorption coefficient of solar radiation of at least 90 percent.7. The component of claim 1 , wherein said base layer comprises an outer surface in contact with said top layer claim 1 , said outer surface configured to mechanically interlock with said top layer.8. The component of claim 1 , wherein said top layer has a thickness in a range of about 2 μm to about ...

Nanoscale solar energy conversion

A system for converting solar energy to electric power and a glass for a layer of solar cells in the system. A solar panel installation comprises a solar panel with at least one solar cell formed with a stack of plural layers of photovoltaic wafer material. Each layer of wafer material has an edge direction from a recipient edge to a back edge, and the solar cell is retained within the solar panel installation with the photovoltaic wafer material disposed with the edge direction aligned with incident solar direction. Reflective material applied to facing surfaces of the photovoltaic wafer material facilitates internal reflection of photons. A glass layer has plural sheets of Graphene layered to form a Graphene Cube constructed to exhibit Multiple Excitation Generation (MEG). A method for assembling the glass fixes a top glass above a bottom glass with photovoltaic wafer material establishing a fixed distance therebetween. 1. A system for the conversion of solar energy to electric power wherein solar light is incident on the system from an incident solar direction , the system comprising:a solar panel installation, the solar panel installation comprising a solar panel;wherein the solar panel comprises at least one solar cell;wherein the solar cell is formed with a layered stack of plural layers of photovoltaic wafer material;wherein each layer of photovoltaic wafer material has a first face surface, a second face surface opposite the first face surface, a recipient edge, a back edge opposite the recipient edge, and an edge direction from the recipient edge to the back edge; andwherein the solar cell is retained within the solar panel installation with the photovoltaic wafer material disposed with the edge direction of the photovoltaic wafer material in an orientation aligned with the incident solar direction.2. The system of further comprising reflective material applied to at least one of the first face surfaces and to at least one of the second face surfaces of one ...

ENGINEERED SUBSTRATE WITH EMBEDDED MIRROR

An engineered substrate comprising: a seed layer made of a first semiconductor material for growth of a solar cell; a first bonding layer on the seed layer; a support substrate made of a second semiconductor material; a second bonding layer on a first side of the support substrate; a bonding interface between the first and second bonding layers; the first and second bonding layers each made of metallic material; wherein doping concentration and thickness of the engineered substrate, in particular, of the seed layer, the support substrate, and both the first and second bonding layers, are selected such that the absorption of the seed layer is less than 20%, preferably less than 10%, as well as total area-normalized series resistance of the engineered substrate is less than 10 mOhm·cm, preferably less than 5 mOhm·cm. 1. An engineered substrate , the engineered substrate comprising:a seed layer made of a first semiconductor material for growth of a solar cell;a first bonding layer on the seed layer;a support substrate made of a second semiconductor material;a second bonding layer on a first side of the support substrate; anda bonding interface between the first and second bonding layers;where each of the first and second bonding layers are made of metallic material; and{'sup': '2', 'wherein doping concentrations of the first and second semiconductor materials and thicknesses of the seed layer, the support substrate, and both the first and second bonding layers, are selected such that the absorption of the seed layer is less than 20%, as well as a total area-normalized series resistance of the engineered substrate is less than 10 mOhm·cm.'}2. The engineered substrate of claim 1 , wherein the doping concentration of the seed layer is less than 5×10at/cm.3. The engineered substrate of claim 2 , wherein the thickness of the seed layer is in a range extending from 150 nm to 1 μm.4. The engineered substrate of claim 3 , wherein the thickness of the support substrate is in a ...

BUILT-IN BYPASS DIODE

A bypass diode can include a first conductive region of a first conductivity type disposed above a substrate of a solar cell and a second conductive region of a second conductivity type disposed above the first conductive region. The bypass diode can include a thin dielectric region disposed directly between the first and second conductive regions. 1. A method of fabricating a bypass diode for a solar cell , the method comprising:forming a first conductive region of a first conductivity type on a first dielectric layer on a substrate of the solar cell;forming a second dielectric layer on the first conductive region;removing a portion of the second dielectric layer;forming a second conductive region of a second conductivity type above a portion of the first conductive region exposed by the removed portion of the second dielectric layer;removing a portion of the second conductive region to separate the second conductive region into first and second portions of the second conductive region; andcoupling metal of the second conductivity type to the first conductive region and metal of the first conductivity type to the first portion of the second conductive region.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said forming the first conductive region includes forming a p-type conductive region claim 1 , and wherein said forming the second conductive region includes forming an n-type conductive region claim 1 , wherein said coupling includes coupling n-metal to the p-type conductive region and p-metal to the first portion of the n-type conductive region.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein said removing a portion of the second conductive region includes laser ablating the portion of the second conductive region.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising prior to said forming the second conductive region claim 1 , forming a third dielectric layer claim 1 , wherein the third dielectric layer provides separation between the first and second conductive regions.5. The method of claim 1 , ...