Method of activating a catalyst, reactor, and method of obtaining hydrocarbons in the fischer-tropsch process

The invention relates to Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in its compact form. A compact reactor comprises a housing having rectangular reaction channels accommodated therein and filled with a cobalt catalyst, nozzles for injecting synthesis gas in an amount determined by the ratio of the number of channels to the number of synthesis gas injection nozzles, and a nozzle for injecting and withdrawing a heat-transfer agent, on which nozzle a pressure regulator and an assembly for the withdrawal of synthetic hydrocarbons is arranged. The cobalt catalyst is activated by passing oxygen through the same. Synthetic hydrocarbons are obtained when synthesis gas is passed through the reaction channels of the reactor, which are filled with activated cobalt catalyst. Every 300-500 hours, the flow rate of the synthesis gas is increased, and then there is a return to the initial process conditions. This allows high-molecular hydrocarbon output per unit mass of the reactor to be achieved.

Process for producing one or more hydrocarbon products

A process for producing hydrocarbon products comprising: (a) producing charcoal from vegetal feedstock in the absence of oxygen; (b) producing hydrogen and carbon monoxide from the charcoal in the presence of steam; and (c) producing one or more hydrocarbon products from the mixture of step (b) using the Fischer-Tropsch process; wherein steam is raised as a reactant in step (b) and as a heat source in step (c) by electrically heating water using renewable energy; wherein a portion of the hydrocarbon products is burnt to produce heat and an oxygen-free environment for step (a); and wherein waste heat from step (a) is used to raise steam to maintain operating temperatures for steps (b) and (c) when the source of renewable energy is unavailable or unable to raise steam to at least maintain operating temperatures. The process is preferably carbon-neutral, fossil fuels are not used as feedstock or to produce the electricity for the process. Preferably a portion of the hydrocarbon products is ...

Method of activating a catalyst, reactor, and method of obtaining hydrocarbons in the fischer-tropsch process

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstocks

Fuels and fuel additives that have high biogenic content derived from renewable organic feedstock

Process and system for generating synthesis gas

Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Fischer-tropsch process in a microchannel reactor

METHOD AND PLANT FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROCESS

Method for producing hydrocarbon oil, fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction device, and hydrocarbon oilproduction system

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROCESS

Process and system for generating synthesis gas

Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Fischer-tropsch process in a microchannel reactor

Method for producing hydrocarbon oil, fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction device, and hydrocarbon oilproduction system

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROCESS

Fischer-tropsch process in a microchannel reactor

Process and system for conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide

Process and system for generating synthesis gas

Method for producing hydrocarbon oil, fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction device, and hydrocarbon oilproduction system

Fischer-tropsch process in a microchannel reactor

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROCESS

FROM MODULES OF EXISTENCES HORIZONTAL REACTOR

Transport and erection of very large vessels

Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO ...

Unit for hydrocarbon compound synthesis reaction and method of operating same

Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO ...

FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES THAT HAVE HIGH BIOGENIC CONTENT DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE ORGANIC FEEDSTOCK

Abstract A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock sources comprising at least one of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) and diesel derived from Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the renewable organic feedstock to the Fischer-Tropsch process that creates the Fischer-Tropsch liquids, wherein the high biogenic concentration is up to 100% biogenic carbons in both the feedstock and the FT liquids, as confirmable by radiocarbon dating and as opposed to non biogenic carbons derived from fossil sources of carbon WO 2017/039741 PCT/US2015/067950 (O < 0L Lu zu 0:Q 0U CLi a0 H 0 0: H LL 0 z :E HDO A HD 0D 0_ zw (f Подробнее

REACTOR SYSTEM FOR SEVERAL REACTOR UNITS IN PARALLEL

The invention concerns a reactor system suitable for carrying out chemical reactions, comprising one or more common reactant feed lines, two or more single unit operated reactor sections and one or more common product discharge lines. The reactor system is especially suitable for the production of hydrocarbons from synthesis gas over a catalyst.

SOLID-LIQUID SEPARATION SYSTEM

Methods and apparatus for separating liquid products and catalyst fines from a slurry used in a Fischer-Tropsch reactor. A settling system continuously or intermittently removes catalyst fines from the slurry and is coupled with catalyst-liquid separation system that separates liquid products from the slurry. The preferred separation system produces a sub-particle rich stream and a catalyst-lean stream that are removed from the system. The systems of the present invention act to reduce the concentration of catalyst fines in the reactor, thereby increasing the effectiveness of a catalyst-liquid separation system.

LIQUID FUEL PRODUCTION SYSTEM HAVING PARALLEL PRODUCT GAS GENERATION

A liquid fuel product system is configured to produce liquid fuels from carbonaceous materials. The liquid fuel product system includes a plurality of feedstock delivery systems, a plurality of first stage product gas generation systems, a plurality of second stage product gas generation systems, a plurality of third stage product gas generation systems, a primary gas clean-up system, a compression system, a secondary gas clean-up system, and a synthesis system that includes one or more from the group consisting of ethanol, mixed alcohols, methanol, dimethyl ether, and Fischer-Tropsch products.

INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION AND CARBON CAPTURE USING FUEL CELLS

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). At least a portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as part of anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells can be operated.

CHLORALKALI METHOD AND FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS INTEGRATED UTILIZATION ADJUSTMENT PROCESS AND EQUIPMENT THEREFOR

Provided are a chloralkali method and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis integrated utilization adjustment process and an equipment therefor. The process includes: 1) gasifying a gasification feedstock for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis to obtain a crude synthesis gas with the main components being H2, CO and CO2; 2) electrolyzing a saturated NaCl solution by using a conventional industrial chloralkali method to obtain a NaOH solution, Cl2 and H2; and 3) using the NaOH solution and H2 prepared by the chloralkali method for removing CO2 in the crude synthesis gas to obtain a pure synthesis gas and adjusting the molar ratio of carbon to hydrogen in the pure synthesis gas, respectively, so that the pure synthesis gas reaches the requirements for a feeding gas of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The equipment includes a gasification apparatus, a chloralkali method electrolyzer, a gas-washing apparatus and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor. By organically combining the chloralkali method and the Fischer-Tropsch ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

The invention relates to a method for producing synthetic hydrocarbons, wherein synthesis gas is produced in that, in a step a), carbon is brought in contact with water or a mixture of carbon and hydrogen is brought in contact with water, namely at a temperature of 800 - 1700 °C. Thereafter, in a step b), the synthesis gas is converted into synthetic, functionalized, and/or non-functionalized hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer-Tropsch process, wherein the synthesis gas is brought in contact with a suitable catalyst, and wherein water arises as a by-product, in which water a part of the synthetic hydrocarbons is dissolved. Then, in a step c), at least a part of the water produced as a by-product is fed to step a). The hydrocarbons dissolved in the water decompose into particulate carbon and hydrogen at the high temperature in step a). The carbon is converted into CO in the presence of water and at high temperature in step a). In this way, expensive purification of half of the water produced ...

INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION AND CARBON CAPTURE USING FUEL CELLS

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). The fuel cells are operated to have a reduced anode fuel utilization. Optionally, at least a portion of the anode exhaust is recycled for use as a fuel for the combustion source. Optionally, a second portion of the anode exhaust is recycled for use as part of an anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells are operated.

INTEGRATED POWER GENERATION AND CARBON CAPTURE USING FUEL CELLS

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). At least a portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as part of anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells can be operated.

COBALT-CONTAINING FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS, METHODS OF MAKING, AND METHODS OF CONDUCTING FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS

Catalyst compositions, methods of making catalysts, and methods of conducting Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactions are described. It has been discovered that a combination of large crystallite size and high porosity results in catalysts and FT catalyst systems with high stability and low methane selectivity.

METHODS FOR PRODUCING COMBUSTIBLE GAS FROM THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER (HTE) OR CO-ELECTROLYSIS WITH H2O/CO2 IN THE SAME CHAMBER, AND ASSOCIATED CATALYTIC REACTOR AND SYSTEM

L'invention concerne une nouvelle conception de réacteur dont l'enceinte sous pression loge à la fois un réacteur d'électrolyse à haute température (EHT), à empilement de cellules d'électrolyse élémentaires pour produire soit de l'hydrogène, soit un gaz de synthèse ("syngas" en anglais pour un mélange H2 + CO) à partir de vapeur d'eau H2Oet de dioxyde de carbone C02 et au moins un catalyseur agencé à distance et en aval de la sortie de l'électrolyseur pour convertir par catalyse hétérogène en gaz combustible souhaité, le gaz de synthèse obtenu préalablement, soit directement du réacteur d'électrolyse soit indirectement par mélange de l'hydrogène produit avec du dioxyde de carbone C02 injecté dans l'enceinte.

GASIFIER FLUIDIZATION

A method of producing synthesis gas by introducing a feed material to be gasified into a gasification apparatus comprising at least one fluidized component operable as a fluidized bed, wherein the gasification apparatus is configured to convert at least a portion of the feed material into a gasifier product gas comprising synthesis gas; and maintaining fluidization of the at least one fluidized component by introducing a fluidization gas thereto, wherein the fluidization gas comprises at least one component other than steam. A system for producing synthesis gas is also provided.

CATALYSTS, CONNECTED METHODS AND REACTION PRODUCTS

PROCESSES OF GASIFICATION OF CARBON-CONTAINING MATERIALS AND PROCESSING OF GAS INTO LIQUID FUEL

PROCESS FISCHER - TROPSCH

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ РЕАКЦИИ СИНТЕЗА УГЛЕВОДОРОДНОГО СОЕДИНЕНИЯ И СПОСОБ ЕГО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

Устройство для проведения реакции синтеза углеводородного соединения, которое синтезирует углеводородное соединение посредством химической реакции синтез-газа, включающего водород и монооксид углерода в качестве основных компонентов, и суспензии, содержащей твердотельный катализатор, суспендированный в жидких углеводородах, данное устройство для проведения реакции синтеза углеводородного соединения снабжено реактором, который содержит внутри суспензию, в который вводится синтез-газ, и из которого газ после реакции выпускается из его верхней части; внутренним узлом для разделения, размещенным внутри реактора, чтобы разделять катализатор и синтезированные жидкие углеводороды в суспензии; и внешним узлом для разделения, размещенным снаружи реактора, чтобы разделять катализатор и жидкие углеводороды в суспензии, которая извлекается из реактора.

CATALYTIC REACTOR

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ РЕАКЦИИ СИНТЕЗА УГЛЕВОДОРОДНОГО СОЕДИНЕНИЯ И СПОСОБ ЕГО ЭКСПЛУАТАЦИИ

Устройство для проведения реакции синтеза углеводородного соединения, которое синтезирует углеводородное соединение посредством химической реакции синтез-газа, включающего водород и монооксид углерода в качестве основных компонентов, и суспензии, содержащей твердотельный катализатор, суспендированный в жидких углеводородах, данное устройство для проведения реакции синтеза углеводородного соединения снабжено реактором, который содержит внутри суспензию, в который вводится синтез-газ и из которого газ после реакции выпускается из его верхней части; внутренним узлом для разделения, размещенным внутри реактора, чтобы разделять катализатор и синтезированные жидкие углеводороды в суспензии; и внешним узлом для разделения, размещенным снаружи реактора, чтобы разделять катализатор и жидкие углеводороды в суспензии, которая извлекается из реактора.

КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕАКТОР

Компактный каталитический реактор для синтеза Фишера-Тропша (50) содержит реакторный блок (70), задающий множество первых и вторых проточных каналов, расположенных поочередно, для переноса газовой смеси и охладителя соответственно. Заменяемая газопроницаемая каталитическая конструкция (82) с подложкой, например, из металлической фольги, обеспечивается в каждом проточном канале, в котором протекает реакция синтеза. Реакторный блок (70) заключен внутри сосуда под давлением (90), причем давление внутри сосуда под давлением делают, по существу, равным высокому давлению реагирующей газовой смеси. В результате все проточные каналы в блоке находятся либо при давлении их окружения, либо под сжатием; никакая часть не находится под растяжением. Это упрощает конструкцию блока и увеличивает долю объема реактора, которая может быть занята катализатором.

КАТАЛИТИЧЕСКИЙ РЕАКТОР

Изобретение относится к реакторному модулю для синтеза Фишера-Тропша, который, в общем, состоит из прямоугольного реакторного блока (10), содержащего пакет пластин (12), определяющих проточные каналы (15) для хладагента и проточные каналы (17, 117) для реакции синтеза, организованные поочередно в блок. Проточные каналы синтеза (17, 117) расположены, как правило, в вертикальном направлении между верхней и нижней внешними поверхностями реакторного блока (10) и определены пластинами (12) в комбинации либо с перегородками (18), либо с пластинами (119) так, что каждый канал имеет ширину не более чем 200 мм. Проточные каналы хладагента (15) ориентируют в том же направлении и приводят в сообщение посредством распределительных камер (26) с впускными и выпускными каналами на боковых сторонах реакторного блока. Установка может содержать множество таких реакторных модулей, работающих параллельно, модулей, являющихся равнозначными и взаимозаменяемыми. Усиливается управление температуры, позволяющее ...

CONTROL OF CHEMICAL REACTORS

CATALYTIC REACTOR

СПОСОБ АДАПТАЦИИ СИСТЕМЫ ИЗ НЕСКОЛЬКИХ РЕАКТОРОВ К УМЕНЬШЕНИЮ СЫРЬЕВОГО ПОТОКА СИНТЕЗ-ГАЗА

Изобретение относится к способу приспосабливания системы из нескольких реакторов к уменьшению производственной мощности одного или нескольких реакторов системы, которая предназначена для производства углеводородных продуктов из синтез-газа, поставляемого заводом по производству синтез-газа, причем синтез-газ направляют в систему входного потока, которая поставляет синтез-газ в каждый реактор; указанная система содержит систему выходного потока, забирающую, по меньшей мере, углеводородные продукты из реакторов, при этом указанный способ содержит стадии, на которых перераспределяют синтез-газ от одного или нескольких указанных реакторов в один или несколько других реакторов и увеличивают температуру в одном или нескольких других указанных реакторах для того, чтобы, по меньшей мере, частично компенсировать уменьшение производственной мощности одного или нескольких реакторов.

PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATING SYNTHESIS GAS

PROCESS AND SYSTEM FOR CONVERSION OF CARBON DIOXIDE TO CARBON MONOXIDE

METHODS FOR PRODUCING COMBUSTIBLE GAS FROM ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER (HTE) OR CO-ELECTROLYSIS WITH H2O/CO2 WITHIN A SAME ENCLOSURE, CATALYTIC REACTOR AND SYSTEM THEREFOR

CONVERSION OF GAS OF SYNTHESIS INTO HYDROCARBONS IN THE PRESENCE OF A LIQUID PHASE

L'invention concerne un procédé de synthèse d'hydrocarbures essentiellement linéaires et saturés C5 **+ à partir d'une phase gazeuse comprenant du gaz de synthèse, comprenant la circulation dans une zone réactionnelle d'une phase liquide inerte et de ladite phase gazeuse, tel que la zone réactionnelle est munie d'au moins un moyen d'introduction des phases gazeuses et liquide, d'au moins un moyen de soutirage de la phase hydrocarbonée formée par réaction Fischer-Tropsch, et caractérisé en ce que la zone réactionnelle comprend au moins un moyen de mélange. De préférence au moins un moyen de mélange est un mélangeur statique. L'invention concerne aussi un dispositif pour la mise en oeuvre du procédé décrit précédemment.

IMPROVEMENT OF THE PROCESS OF FISCHERTROPSCH FOR THE HYDROCARBON FUEL FORMULATION

La presente solicitud se relaciona con un proceso de Fischer-Tropsch mejorado para la síntesis de combustibles de hidrocarburos libres de azufre, de combustión limpia, crudos, ejemplos de los cuales incluyen, diesel de síntesis y combustible de aviación. La nafta se destruye en un generador de hidrógeno y se recircula como materia prima a un reactor de gas de síntesis (FT), para mejorar la producción del diesel de síntesis del reactor. Una variación adicional integra un segundo generador de hidrógeno que captura gas de hidrocarburos ligeros para la conversión a hidrogeno y monóxido de carbono, el cual suplementa al reactor de Fischer-Tropsch. El resultado es un aumento considerable en el volumen del diesel de síntesis formulado. También se caracteriza en la especificación, un sistema para efectuar el proceso.

Reator de pasta fluida, e, processo para sìntese de pasta fluida de hidrocarboneto para a formação de hidrocarbonetos

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION DEVICE, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL METHOD

This temperature control system is provided with a lower heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed on the bottom part of a reaction container for producing an exothermic reaction in the interior, and an upper heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed above the lower heat removal part in the reaction container. The temperature control system controls the temperature within the reaction container by absorbing the reaction heat in the reaction container. A liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the lower heat removal part, and a liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a second temperature adjusting unit that is different from the first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the upper heat removal part.

Integration of molten carbonate fuel cells in methanol synthesis

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a methanol synthesis process. The molten carbonate fuel cells can be integrated with a methanol synthesis process in various manners, including providing synthesis gas for use in producing methanol. Additionally, integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a methanol synthesis process can facilitate further processing of vent streams or secondary product streams generated during methanol synthesis.

Fischer-tropsch synthesis using microchannel technology and novel catalyst and microchannel reactor

A process for converting a reactant composition comprising H2 and CO to a product comprising at least one aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms comprises: flowing the reactant composition through a microchannel reactor in contact with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to convert the reactant composition to the product, the microchannel reactor comprising a plurality of process microchannels containing the catalyst; transferring heat from the process microchannels to a heat exchanger; and removing the product from the microchannel reactor; the process producing at least about 0.5 gram of aliphatic hydrocarbon having at least about 5 carbon atoms per gram of catalyst per hour; the selectivity to methane in the product being less than about 25%. A supported catalyst comprises Co, and a microchannel reactor comprises at least one process microchannel and at least one adjacent heat exchange zone.

Catalysts, related methods and reaction products

The present invention generally relates to improved catalysts that provide for reduced product contaminants, related methods and improved reaction products. It more specifically relates to improved direct fuel production and redox catalysts that provide for reduced levels of certain oxygenated contaminants, methods related to the use of those catalysts, and hydrocarbon fuel or fuel-related products that have improved characteristics. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbon liquid fuels. The method includes the steps of: converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas; and, converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons (including liquid fuels) and a water fraction. The water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids.

Conversion of synthesis gas into hydrocarbons in the presence of a liquid phase

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ПРОВЕДЕНИЯ СИНТЕЗА ФИШЕРА-ТРОПША

Изобретение относится к способу и устройству для проведения синтеза Фишера-Тропша. Двухстадийный способ синтеза Фишера-Тропша включает следующие стадии: a) реакцию первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша:введение газового сырья, содержащего СО и H, в реактор (102) первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша для проведения реакции синтеза Фишера-Тропша под действием катализаторов с получением продуктов реакции первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша; при этом степень превращения CO в реакторе (102) первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша поддерживают при 30-70%, b) разделение продуктов реакции первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша: разделение продуктов реакции первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша таким образом, чтобы отделить воду от непрореагировавшего остаточного газа и получить углеводородные продукты и непрореагировавший остаточный газ (4) реакции первой стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша, c) реакцию второй стадии синтеза Фишера-Тропша: введение непрореагировавшего остаточного газа (4), полученного на стадии b), ...

РЕАКТОР С СИСТЕМОЙ РАСПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ ГАЗА В НИЖНЕЙ ЧАСТИ

Изобретение относится к способу осуществления синтеза Фишера-Тропша и реактору с неподвижным слоем катализатора, который содержит систему распределения газа в нижней части реактора. Способ и реактор для осуществления экзотермического процесса, содержащий кожух реактора, входные отверстия для введения реагентов и охлаждающего агента внутрь кожуха реактора, выходные отверстия для удаления продукта и охлаждающего агента из кожуха реактора, по меньшей мере, две реакторные трубки, камеру охлаждающего агента и систему распределения газа, расположенную ниже камеры охлаждающего агента, имеющую выходные отверстия, расположенные в каждой реакторной трубке, в котором две реакторные трубки проходят через камеру охлаждающего агента, чтобы обеспечить сообщение по текучей среде между пространством, ниже камеры охлаждающего агента, и пространством, выше камеры охлаждающего агента, причем указанный реактор содержит один или несколько высокопористых катализаторов, который (которые) имеет размер частиц, по ...

ТОНКОСЛОЙНЫЙ РЕАКТОР С НЕПОДВИЖНЫМ СЛОЕМ ДЛЯ ХИМИЧЕСКОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ ТОНКОИЗМЕЛЬЧЕННОГО ТВЕРДОГО КАТАЛИЗАТОРА

Изобретение относится к неподвижному слойному реактору с тонкими слоями, предназначенному для применения в реакциях химической обработки, в частности для восстановления катализатора синтеза Фишера-Тропша. Тонкослойный реактор с неподвижным слоем толщиной от 10 до 500 мм, предназначенный для обработки твердых частиц размером, составляющим от 30 до 100 микрон, состоит из системы модулей, работающих параллельно, заключенных в общую оболочку, образующую корпус реактора, причем каждый модуль содержит частично пористый корпус, окружающий каждый тонкий слой частиц и имеющий средства сообщения с наружной частью реактора для впуска твердого материала и средства для выпуска материала из корпуса, диффузор газообразного реагента, коллектор выходящих потоков, патрубок для впуска газообразного реагента в диффузор, патрубок для сбора потоков, выходящих с реакции, патрубок для впуска обрабатываемого твердого материала внутрь пористого корпуса и патрубок для выпуска обработанного твердого материала наружу ...

ПРОИЗВОДСТВО УГЛЕВОДОРОДОВ ИЗ КАТАЛИЧЕСКОГО РЕАКТОРА ФИШЕРА-ТРОПША

СИСТЕМА РЕАКТОРОВ С НЕСКОЛЬКИМИ ПАРАЛЛЕЛЬНЫМИ РЕАКТОРНЫМИ БЛОКАМИ

... 1. Система реакторов, подходящая для выполнения химических реакций, содержащая одну или более общих линий подачи реагентов, две или более реакторных секций, работающих как единый блок, и одну или более общих линий выгрузки продукта, при этом каждая реакторная секция содержит один отдельный реактор. 2. Система реакторов по п.1, при этом система содержит 3-8 реакторных секций, работающих как единый блок, предпочтительно 4, при этом каждая реакторная секция является отдельным, индивидуальным химическим реактором. 3. Система реакторов по любому из п.1 или 2, в которой каждая реакторная секция содержит один или более слоев катализатора, предпочтительно такая система реакторов, в которой каждая реакторная секция содержит многотрубную систему с неподвижным слоем катализатора. 4. Система реакторов по любому из п.1 или 2, в которой каждая реакторная секция содержит систему опосредованного теплообмена, при этом системы теплообмена работают совместно, предпочтительно система реакторов, в которой система ...

Cobalt-containing fischer-tropsch catalysts, methods of making, and methods of conducting fischer-tropsch synthesis

Catalyst compositions, methods of making catalysts, and methods of conducting Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactions are described. It has been discovered that a combination of large crystallite size and high porosity results in catalysts and FT catalyst systems with high stability and low methane selectivity.

Treating of catalyst support

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration fischer-tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstocks

SHUT-DOWN PROCESS FOR A FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTOR ,AND SAID REACTOR

A process for the shut-down of a reactor for the preparation of an at least partly liquid hydrocarbonaceous product by a catalytic reaction of carbon monoxide with hydrogen at elevated temperature and pressure and using a catalyst, which reactor is provided with cooling means and with means to recycle gas through the catalyst for temperature equalizing of the catalyst, comprising the steps of: (i) interrupting the feed of synthesis gas; (ii) depressurizing the reactor downstream of the catalyst, and providing the reactor upstream of the catalyst with inert gas; and (iii) cooling the catalyst to ambient conditions. The reactor may have spherical bodies containing a pressurised gas (eg H2) above the catalyst bed, which bodies release the gas when the pressure in the reactor drops.

Process of removing heat

Catalytic Reactor

Gas to liquid plant with consecutive fischer-tropsch reactors and hydrogen make-up

Synthesis gas conversion process

A method is disclosed for restarting a synthesis gas conversion process which has stopped. The method involves flowing synthesis gas into a reactor in contact with a synthesis gas conversion catalyst at a desired reaction temperature and pressure to produce a synthesis gas product and flowing effluent comprising the synthesis conversion product out of the reactor, the method comprising: (A) stopping the flow of the synthesis gas into the reactor, (B) flowing hydrogen or natural gas into the reactor to purge the reactor; and (c) restarting the flow of synthesis gas into the reactor. The synthesis gas conversion process may be conducted in a conventional reactor or a microchannel reactor. The synthesis gas conversion process may comprise a process for converting synthesis gas to methane, methanol or dimethyl ether. The synthesis gas conversion process may be a Fischer-Tropsch process.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstocks

A process for producing high biogenic carbon content Fischer-Tropsch liquids from solid wastes comprising plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials. The high biogenic concentration is between 50% and 100% biogenic carbons. The process comprising a) receiving at a bio-refinery having a gasification island; b) a syngas conditioning unit configured to receive syngas from the gasification island; and c) one or more Fischer-Tropsch reactors which receive syngas from the syngas conditioning unit and convert the syngas to Fischer-Tropsch liquids while maintaining the high concentration of greater than 50% biogenic carbon and the lower concentration of non-biogenic carbon with other non-carbonaceous materials from the solid wastes.

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstocks

A system for producing high biogenic carbon content Fischer-Tropsch liquids from municipal solid wastes (MSW) comprising plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials. The system comprising a) a bio-refinery having a gasification island; b) a syngas conditioning unit configured to receive syngas from the gasification island; and c) one or more Fischer-Tropsch reactors which receive syngas from the syngas conditioning unit and convert the syngas to Fischer-Tropsch liquids.

Liquid fuel production system having parallel product gas generation

A liquid fuel product system configured to produce liquid fuels from carbonaceous materials comprises: a plurality of initial stage product gas generation systems configured to react the carbonaceous material with steam, a plurality of additional stage product gas generation systems configured to exothermically react the product of the first stage product gas generation systems with an oxygen containing gas; a primary gas clean-up system configured to reduce the temperature and remove solids and water from the product of the second stage product gas generation systems; a compression system configured to increase a pressure of the product of the primary gas clean-up system; a secondary gas clean-up system configured to remove carbon dioxide from the compressed gas; and a synthesis system configured to synthesise one or more product from the group consisting of ethanol, mixed alcohols, methanol, dimethyl ether, and Fischer-Tropsch products out of the product of the secondary gas clean-up ...

PROCEDURE AND PLANT FOR THE NATURAL GAS SUBSTITUTION

Fischer-Tropsch process and reactor assembly

Cyclone reactor and associated methods

Cyclone reactor and associated methods

Process for the distillation of Fischer-Tropsch products

Temperature control system, hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus, hydrocarbon synthesis reaction system, and temperature control process

This temperature control system is provided with a lower heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed on the bottom part of a reaction container for producing an exothermic reaction in the interior, and an upper heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed above the lower heat removal part in the reaction container. The temperature control system controls the temperature within the reaction container by absorbing the reaction heat in the reaction container. A liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the lower heat removal part, and a liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a second temperature adjusting unit that is different from the first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the upper heat removal part.

Method for producing hydrocarbon oil, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction device, and hydrocarbon oil production system

This method for producing a hydrocarbon oil uses a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction device provided with a reactor having both a slurry containing catalyst particles and a gas phase portion positioned above said slurry, and obtains a hydrocarbon oil by means of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactions. Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactions are performed after the slurry temperature is adjusted such that the difference T ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID AND, OPTIONALLY, GASEOUS PRODUCTS FROM GASEOUS REACTANTS

A process (10) for producing liquid and, optionally, gaseous products from gaseous reactants includes feeding at a low level gaseous reactants (14) and, optionally, a portion of a recycle gas stream into a vertically extending slurry bed (70) of solid particles suspended in a suspension liquid inside a vessel (12), and feeding, as an additional gas feed (58), at least a portion of the recycle gas stream into the slurry bed (70) above the level at which the gaseous reactants (814) are fed into the slurry bed (70) and above the lower 20 % of the vertical height of the slurry bed (70).

PROCESS AND APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF USEFUL PRODUCTS FROM CARBONACEOUS FEEDSTOCK

A carbonaceous feedstock to alcohol conversion process in which carbon dioxide and a portion of the hydrogen produced are removed from the syngas stream issuing from a feedstock reformer, to yield a reduced hydrogen, carbon monoxide and methane syngas stream. The hydrogen and the carbon dioxide are passed through a Fischer~ Tropsch reactor which is catalyzed to favor the production of methanol. The methanol produced in the Fischer-Tropsch reactor is passed with the reduced hydrogen syngas through a second Fischer-Tropsch reactor which is catalyzed to favor the production of ethanol. Also disclosed, without limitation, are a unique catalyst, a method for controlling the content of the syngas formed in the feedstock reformer, and a feedstock handling system.

CATALYTIC REACTOR

A reactor module for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis consists of a generally rectangular reactor block (10) comprising a stack of plates (12) defining flow channels (15) for coolant and flow channels (17, 117) for the synthesis reaction arranged alternately in the block. The synthesis flow channels (17, 117) extend in a generally vertical direction between upper and lower faces of the reactor block (10) and are defined by plates (12) in combination with either bars (18) or sheets (119) such that each channel is of width no more than 200 mm. The coolant flow channels (15) are oriented in the same direction, and communicate through distributor chambers (26) with inlet and outlet ports at side faces of the reactor block. A plant may contain a multiplicity of such reactor modules operating in parallel, the modules being interchangeable and replaceable. The temperature control is enhanced by allowing the coolant flow to be parallel to the synthesis gas flow.

INTEGRATED OPERATION OF MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating a molten carbonate fuel cell assembly at increased power density. This can be accomplished in part by performing an effective amount of an endothermic reaction within the fuel cell stack in an integrated manner. This can allow for increased power density while still maintaining a desired temperature differential within the fuel cell assembly.

INTEGRATION OF MOLTEN CARBONATE FUEL CELLS IN A REFINERY SETTING

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating molten carbonate fuel cells in a refinery setting. The molten carbonate fuel cells can be used to provide hydrogen to various refinery processes, including providing hydrogen in place of using a carbon-based fuel for various combustion reactions. In a further aspect, CO2 -containing streams generated by refinery processes can also be used as input streams to the molten carbonate fuel cells.

HIGH PERFORMANCE COATED MATERIAL WITH IMPROVED METAL DUSTINGCORROSION RESISTANCE

High performance coated metal compositions resistant to metal dusting cor rosion and methods of providing such compositions are provided by the presen t invention. The coated metal compositions are represented by the structure (PQR), wherein P is an oxide layer at the surface of (PQR), Q is a coating m etal layer interposed between P and R, and R is a base metal. P includes alu mina, chromia, silica, mullite or mixtures thereof. Q includes Ni and Al. R is selected from the group consisting of carbon steels, low chromium steels, ferritic stainless steels, austenetic stainless steels, duplex stainless st eels, Inconel alloys, Incoloy alloys, Fe-Ni based alloys, Ni-based alloys an d Co-based alloys. Advantages exhibited by the disclosed coated metal compos itions include improved metal dusting corrosion resistance at high temperatu res in carbon-supersaturated environments having relatively low oxygen parti al pressures. The coated metal compositions are suitable for use in syngas g eneration ...

CATALYST FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS HAVING EXCELLENT HEAT TRANSFER CAPABILITY

The present invention relates to a catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which has excellent heat transfer capability. The catalyst of the present invention comprises: (1) central core particles made of heat transfer materials (HTM) selected from a group consisting of metal, metal oxides, ceramic, and a mixture thereof; and (2) outer layer particles which wrap around the central core particles and are attached to the surfaces of the central core particles by a binder material layer. The outer particle layer comprises a support, and catalyst particles which are in powder form and which contain metal particles supported above said support. The catalyst having the above-described double particle structure according to the present invention has excellent heat transfer capability, and thus exhibits high selectivity to a target hydrocarbon. Therefore, the catalyst of the present invention may be effectively used in a fixed-bed reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for producing hydrocarbons ...

CATALYST FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS HAVING EXCELLENT HEAT TRANSFER CAPABILITY

The present invention relates to a catalyst for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which has excellent heat transfer capability. The catalyst of the present invention comprises: (1) central core particles made of heat transfer materials (HTM) selected from a group consisting of metal, metal oxides, ceramic, and a mixture thereof; and (2) outer layer particles which wrap around the central core particles and are attached to the surfaces of the central core particles by a binder material layer. The outer particle layer comprises a support, and catalyst particles which are in powder form and which contain metal particles supported above said support. The catalyst having the above-described double particle structure according to the present invention has excellent heat transfer capability, and thus exhibits high selectivity to a target hydrocarbon. Therefore, the catalyst of the present invention may be effectively used in a fixed-bed reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for producing hydrocarbons ...

TEMPERATURE CONTROL SYSTEM, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS, HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION SYSTEM, AND TEMPERATURE CONTROL PROCESS

This temperature control system is provided with a lower heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed on the bottom part of a reaction container for producing an exothermic reaction in the interior, and an upper heat removal part through the interior of which a liquid refrigerant passes and which is disposed above the lower heat removal part in the reaction container. The temperature control system controls the temperature within the reaction container by absorbing the reaction heat in the reaction container. A liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the lower heat removal part, and a liquid refrigerant of which the temperature is adjusted by means of a second temperature adjusting unit that is different from the first temperature adjusting unit is supplied to the upper heat removal part.

СПОСОБ ПРОИЗВОДСТВА ЗАМЕНИТЕЛЯ ПРИРОДНОГО ГАЗА И СЕКЦИЯ МЕТАНИРОВАНИЯ ДЛЯ ЕГО ОСУЩЕСТВЛЕНИЯ

Изобретение относится к отрасли химии, в частности, к производству заменителя природного газа (ЗПГ). Способ производства заменителя природного газа из свежего сырьевого синтез-газа включает стадии реакции свежего синтез-газа (11) в секции (10) метанирования, которая состоит из адиабатических реакторов (101-104), включенных последовательно, причем свежий синтез-газ подается параллельно в указанные адиабатические реакторы, и этап рециркуляции части (22) реакционного газа из первого реактора (101) в качестве входного газа в первый реактор (101). Изобретение позволяет уменьшить потребление энергии, использовать меньшие по размеру агрегаты и уменьшить количество катализатора в каждом реакторе по сравнению с уровнем техники.

METHOD OF PRODUCING HYDROCARBON OIL, REACTION SYNTHESIS DEVICE FISCHER - TROPSCH AND SYSTEM FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBON OIL

PROCESSING OF PRODUCT OIL WELL

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GENERATION OF SYNTHESIS OF - GAS

Method and System for Synthesizing Liquid Hydrocarbon Compounds

Provided is a method for synthesizing liquid hydrocarbon compounds wherein synthesizing liquid hydrocarbon compounds from a synthesis gas by a Fisher-Tropsch synthesis reaction. The method includes a first absorption step of absorbing a carbon dioxide gas, which is contained in gaseous by-products generated in the Fisher-Tropsch synthesis reaction, with an absorbent, and a second absorption step of absorbing a carbon dioxide gas, which is contained in the synthesis gas, with the absorbent which is passed through the first absorption step.

Fischer-tropsch synthesis catalyst, preparation and application thereof

A micro-spherical Fe-based catalyst for a slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis (FTS) comprises Fe as its active component, a transitional metal promoter M, a structure promoter S and a K promoter. The transitional metal promoter M is one or more selected from the group consisting of Mn, Cr and Zn, and the structure promoter S is SiO 2 and/or Al 2 O 3 . The weight ratio of the catalyst components is Fe: transitional metal promoter: structure promoter: K=100:1-50:1-50:0.5-10. Preparation method of the catalyst comprises: adding the structure promoter S into a mixed solution of Fe/M nitrates, then co-precipitating with ammonia water to produce a slurry, filtering and washing the slurry to produce a filter cake, adding the required amount of the K promoter and water to the filter cake, pulping and spray drying, and roasting to produce the micro-spherical Fe-based catalyst for the slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. The catalyst has good abrasion resistance and narrow particle size distribution, furthermore, it has high conversion capability of synthesis gas, good product selectivity and high space time yield, and the catalyst also can be used for the slurry bed Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in a wide temperature range.

Shaped catalyst units

A catalyst unit suitable for loading into a tube in a reactor includes a plurality of catalyst particles incorporated within a removable solid matrix, said unit in the form of an elongate body in which the particles are packed together such that the volume shrinkage upon removal of the removable matrix is ≦20%. The catalyst particles preferably comprise one or more metals selected from the group consisting of Fe and Co in oxidic or reduced form. The units are particularly suitable for loading catalyst into tubes in a Fischer-Tropsch reactor.

Process for increasing the efficiency of heat removal from a fischer-tropsch slurry reactor

The present invention is directed to a cooling system for removing heat from a Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) slurry reactor. The cooling system including a downcomer disposed within the F-T reactor to deliver a coolant downward through the F-T reactor at a predetermined velocity. The downcomer and the pressure of the introduced coolant cooperate to increase the coolant velocity, thereby maintaining the coolant in the substantially liquid phase in the downcomer. The cooling system further includes a plenum connected to the downcomer, wherein the coolant remains in the substantially liquid phase. Additionally, the cooling system includes at least one riser extending upward from the plenum, wherein a portion of the coolant vaporizes to provide a boiling heat transfer surface on the at least one riser.

Method Of Operating A Fluid Bed Reactor

Method of operating a three-phase slurry reactor includes feeding at a low level at least one gaseous reactant into a vertically extending slurry body of solid particles suspended in a suspension liquid, the slurry body being contained in at least two vertically extending shafts housed within a common reactor shell, each shaft being divided into a plurality of vertically extending channels at least some of which are in slurry flow communication and the slurry body being present in at least some of the channels. The gaseous reactant is allowed to react as it passes upwardly through the slurry body present in at least some of the channels of the shafts, thereby to form a non-gaseous and/or a gaseous product. Gaseous product, if present, and/or unreacted gaseous reactant is allowed to disengage from the slurry body in a head space above the slurry body.

Process for producing hydrocarbon oil and system for producing hydrocarbon oil

Hydrocarbon oil obtained by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a slurry bed reactor holding a slurry of a liquid hydrocarbon in which a catalyst is suspended; the hydrocarbon oil is fractionated into a distilled oil and a column bottom oil containing the catalyst fine powder by a rectifying column; at least part of the column bottom oil is transferred to a storage tank, and the catalyst fine powder is sedimented to the bottom of the storage tank to capture the catalyst fine powder; a residue of the column bottom oil is transferred from the rectifying column to a hydrocracker, and/or the supernatant of the column bottom oil from which the catalyst fine powder is captured by the storage tank is transferred from the storage tank to the hydrocracker; and using the hydrocracker, the residue of the column bottom oil and/or the supernatant of the column bottom oil is hydrocracked.

Method for producing hydrocarbon oil and system for producing hydrocarbon oil

Hydrocarbon oil obtained by Fischer-Tropsch (FT) synthesis reaction using a catalyst within a slurry bed reactor is fractionated into a distilled oil and a column bottom oil in a rectifying column, part of the column bottom oil is flowed into a first transfer line that connects a column bottom of the rectifying column to a hydrocracker, at least part of the column bottom oil is flowed into a second transfer line branched from the first transfer line and connected to the first transfer line downstream of the branching point, the amount of the catalyst fine powder to be captured is monitored while the catalyst fine powder in the column bottom oil that flows in the second transfer line are captured by a detachable filter provided in the second transfer line, and the column bottom oil is hydrocracked within the hydrocracker.

System and method for production of fischer-tropsch synthesis products and power

A method for generation of power and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products by producing synthesis gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, producing Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the synthesis gas, and generating power from a second portion of the synthesis gas, from at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or from both. The method may also comprise conditioning at least a portion of the synthesis gas and/or upgrading at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products. A system for carrying out the method is also provided.

Reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas

Disclosed is a reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, in which hydrocarbons, olefins, oxygenates, etc., are produced over a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst by using synthesis gas, so that catalyst particles can easily be from a slurry which is discharged to the outside. That is, the present invention provides a reaction device for producing hydrocarbons from synthesis gas, in which an internal filter system for separating particles enlarged due to a agglomeration phenomenon of a catalyst is installed inside the reactor, and an separating device is separately disposed outside, such that it is possible to recirculate only particles having a size appropriate for performing F-T synthesis in the slurry phase, and additionally, it is possible to effectively discharge and process a catalyst aggregated due to a combination of fine catalyst particles, the catalyst chipped off during the operation, etc., liquid hydrocarbon, resulting water, etc., in the slurry phase reactor.

Catalyst treatment

A method of preparing a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst for handling, storage, transport and deployment, including the steps of impregnating a porous support material with a source of cobalt, calcining the impregnated support material activating the catalyst, and passivating the activated catalyst.

Suspended-slurry reactor

An apparatus for generating a large volume of gas from a liquid stream is disclosed. The apparatus includes a first channel through which the liquid stream passes. The apparatus also includes a layer of catalyst particles suspended in a solid slurry for generating gas from the liquid stream. The apparatus further includes a second channel through which a mixture of converted liquid and generated gas passes. A heat exchange channel heats the liquid stream. A wicking structure located in the second channel separates the gas generated from the converted liquid.

Compact fischer tropsch system with integrated primary and secondary bed temperature control

A Fischer Tropsch (“FT”) reactor includes at least one FT tube. The FT tube may include a catalyst that is designed to catalyze an FT reaction, thereby creating a hydrocarbon from syngas. The FT reactor also includes a primary cooling fluid flow path that extends in a direction that is substantially parallel to the longitudinal length of the FT tube. A secondary cooling fluid flow path extends in a direction that is different than the direction of the primary cooling fluid flow path.

Shell-and-tube reactor for carrying out catalytic gas phase reactions

A tube bundle reactor for carrying out catalytic gas phase reactions, particularly methanation reactions, has a bundle of catalyst-filled reaction tubes through which reaction gas flows and around which heat carrier flows during operation. In the region of the catalyst filling, the reaction tubes run through at least two heat carrier zones which are separated from one another, the first of which heat carrier zones extends over the starting region of the catalyst filling. The reaction tubes each have a first reaction tube portion with a first hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling and, downstream thereof in flow direction of the reaction gas, at least a second reaction tube portion with a second hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling that is greater than the first hydraulic diameter of the catalyst filling.

Conversion of Natural Gas

A process and apparatus for converting a mixture of hydrogen and carbon monoxide to hydrocarbons comprising reacting the hydrogen and carbon monoxide at elevated temperature and pressure in contact with a suitable catalyst in a reactive distillation column is disclosed.

Temperature control system

The temperature control system of the present invention is a temperature control system for recovering reaction heat inside a reactor in which an exothermic reaction takes place, thereby controlling a temperature inside the reactor. The temperature control system is provided with a coolant drum in which a liquid coolant is accommodated in a vapor-liquid equilibrium state, a heat removing unit which is disposed on the reactor to internally circulate the liquid coolant supplied from the coolant drum, a temperature determining unit which determines a temperature inside the reactor, and a pressure controller which controls pressure inside the coolant drum. The pressure controller controls the pressure inside the coolant drum based on a difference between an actual temperature inside the reactor determined by the temperature determining unit and a preset temperature value inside the reactor, thereby controlling the temperature of the liquid coolant inside the coolant drum.

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBONS

A method for producing hydrocarbons includes: a synthesis step of synthesizing hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a slurry bubble column reactor having a slurry containing catalyst particles and liquid hydrocarbons retained inside the reactor, and having a gas phase portion located above the slurry; a discharging step of passing the slurry through a filter positioned inside and/or outside the reactor, thereby separating and discharging the heavy liquid hydrocarbons; a backwash step of flushing liquid hydrocarbons through the filter in the opposite direction to the flow of the slurry, thereby returning the catalyst particles to the reactor; and a cooling and gas-liquid separation step of cooling the hydrocarbons discharged from the gas phase portion, and then separating and collecting the condensed light liquid hydrocarbons. The liquid hydrocarbons flushed through the filter in the backwash step include the light liquid hydrocarbons obtained in the cooling and gas-liquid separation step. 1. A method for producing hydrocarbons , the method comprising:a synthesis step of synthesizing hydrocarbons by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, using a slurry bubble column reactor having a slurry comprising catalyst particles and liquid hydrocarbons retained inside the reactor, and having a gas phase portion located above the slurry,a discharging step of passing the slurry through a filter positioned inside and/or outside the reactor, thereby separating catalyst particles and heavy liquid hydrocarbons, and discharging the heavy liquid hydrocarbons,a backwash step of flushing liquid hydrocarbons through the filter in an opposite direction to a flow direction of the slurry, thereby returning catalyst particles accumulated on the filter to the slurry bed inside the reactor, anda cooling and gas-liquid separation step of cooling hydrocarbons discharged from the gas phase portion of the reactor that are gaseous under conditions inside the reactor, and then ...

METHOD FOR ESTIMATING CONTENT OF FINE PARTICLES IN SLURRY AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBON OIL

A method for estimating a particulate content in a slurry of the present invention is a method for estimating a content of particulates having a predetermined particle size or less in a slurry with solid particles dispersed in hydrocarbons including a wax, the method including, based on a correlation between a visible light transmittance and a content of solid particles having the predetermined particle size or less at a temperature at which hydrocarbons including a wax are liquefied when the solid particles having the predetermined particle size or less are dispersed in the hydrocarbons, estimating a content of particulates having the predetermined particle size or less in the slurry from a visible light transmittance of a supernatant part when the slurry is left to stand at the temperature. 1. A method for estimating a content of particulates having a predetermined particle size or less in a slurry with solid particles dispersed in hydrocarbons including a wax , the method comprising , based on a correlation between a visible light transmittance and a content of solid particles having the predetermined particle size or less at a temperature at which hydrocarbons including a wax are liquefied when the solid particles having the predetermined particle size or less are dispersed in the hydrocarbons , estimating a content of particulates having the predetermined particle size or less in the slurry from a visible light transmittance of a supernatant part when the slurry is left to stand at the temperature.2. The method for estimating a particulate content in a slurry according to claim 1 , wherein the solid particle is a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst in which cobalt and/or ruthenium is supported by an inorganic oxide catalyst support.3. A process for producing a hydrocarbon oil by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a slurry bubble column reactor that retains a slurry containing catalyst particles and liquid hydrocarbons inside thereof and that has a ...

GASIFIER FLUIDIZATION

A system for the production of synthesis gas, including a gasification apparatus configured to convert at least a portion of a gasifier feed material introduced thereto into a gasification product gas comprising synthesis gas having a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide; at least one additional apparatus selected from the group consisting of feed preparation apparatus located upstream of the gasification apparatus, synthesis gas conditioning apparatus, and synthesis gas utilization apparatus; and at least one line fluidly connecting the at least one additional apparatus or an outlet of the gasification apparatus with the at least one vessel of the gasification apparatus, whereby a gas from the at least one additional apparatus or exiting the gasification apparatus may provide at least one non-steam component of a fluidization gas. A method of utilizing the system is also provided. 1. A system for the production of synthesis gas , the system comprising:a gasification apparatus configured to convert at least a portion of a gasifier feed material introduced thereto into a gasification product gas comprising synthesis gas having a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide, wherein the gasification apparatus comprises at least one vessel configured for fluidization of the contents thereof via introduction thereto of a fluidization gas comprising at least one non-steam component;at least one additional apparatus selected from the group consisting of feed preparation apparatus located upstream of the gasification apparatus and configured to prepare a carbonaceous material for introduction into the gasification apparatus; synthesis gas conditioning apparatus configured to produce a conditioned synthesis gas having a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide that is different from the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the gasification product gas, to provide a conditioned synthesis gas having a reduced amount of at least one component relative to the ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR PRODUCTION OF FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS PRODUCTS AND POWER

A gasification system including a gasifier operable to produce, from a carbonaceous feedstock, a gasification product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and a Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the gasification product gas, and power production apparatus configured to generate power from a second portion of the gasification product gas, at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or both. A method for operating the system is also provided. 1. A gasification system comprising:a gasifier operable to produce, from a carbonaceous feedstock, a gasification product gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide;a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to produce Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products and a Fischer-Tropsch tailgas from a first portion of the gasification product gas; andpower production apparatus configured to generate power from a second portion of the gasification product gas, at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch tailgas, or both.2. The system of optionally comprising conditioning apparatus configured to alter the composition of the gasification product gas claim 1 , and further comprising:(a) a fluid connection between the gasifier and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; a fluid connection between the synthesis gas conditioning apparatus and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; or both; and(b) a fluid connection between the gasifier and the power production apparatus; a fluid connection between the synthesis gas conditioning apparatus and the power production apparatus; or both.3. The system of further comprising product upgrading apparatus configured to alter the composition of at least a portion of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products.4. The system of wherein the product upgrading apparatus is configured to provide at least one product selected from the group consisting of primarily naphtha products and primarily diesel ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBONS

An apparatus and method for producing hydrocarbons including aromatic hydrocarbons and lower olefins including propylene from CHand COthrough CO and Hwith high activity and high selectivity. The apparatus is provided with: a synthetic gas production unit to which a gas containing CHand COis supplied from a first supply unit, and which generates a synthetic gas containing CO and Hwhile heating a first catalyst structure; a production unit to which the synthetic gas is supplied and which generates hydrocarbons including aromatic hydrocarbons having 6-10 carbon atoms and lower olefins including propylene while heating a second catalyst structure; and a detection unit which detects propylene and the aromatic hydrocarbons discharged from the production unit, in which the first catalyst structure includes first supports having a porous structure and a first metal fine particle in the first supports, the first supports have a first channels, the first metal fine particle is present in the first channels, the second catalyst structure includes second supports having a porous structure and a second metal fine particle in the second supports, the second supports have a second channels, and a portion of the second channels have an average inner diameter of 0.95 nm or less. 1. An apparatus for producing hydrocarbons including lower olefins including propylene and aromatic hydrocarbons having six or more and ten or less carbon atoms , the apparatus comprising:a first supply unit that supplies a raw material gas comprising methane and carbon dioxide;a synthesis gas production unit that comprises a first catalyst structure, receives supply of the raw material gas from the first supply unit, and produces a synthesis gas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen from methane and carbon dioxide in the raw material gas while heating the first catalyst structure;a second supply unit that supplies the synthesis gas discharged from the synthesis gas production unit;a hydrocarbon production ...

Process of Removing Heat

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system.

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING AT LEAST ONE PRODUCT FROM AT LEAST ONE GASEOUS REACTANT IN A SLURRY BED

A process for producing at least one product from at least one gaseous reactant includes feeding the gaseous reactant, as a gaseous feed or as part of a gaseous feed which is ax an inlet superficial gas velocity of at least 0.5 m/s, into a vessel holding an expanded slurry bed of solid catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid so that the gaseous reactant can bubble upwardly through die slurry bed. The slurry bed has a catalyst loading of less than 14% by volume of degassed slurry. The gaseous reactant is allowed to react catalytically at a pressure above atmospheric pressure as the gaseous reactant bubbles upwardly through the slurry bed to produce at least one product. The product and any unreacted gaseous reactant are withdrawn from the vessel. 1. A process for producing at least one product from at least one gaseous reactant , the process includingfeeding said at least one gaseous reactant, as a gaseous feed or as part of a gaseous feed which is at an inlet superficial gas velocity of at least 0.5 m/s, into a vessel holding an expanded slurry bed of solid catalyst particles suspended in a suspension liquid so that the gaseous reactant can bubble upwardly through the slurry bed, the slurry bed having a catalyst loading of less than 14% by volume of degassed slurry;allowing said at least one gaseous reactant to react catalytically at a pressure above atmospheric pressure as the gaseous reactant bubbles upwardly through the slurry bed to produce said at least one product; andwithdrawing said at least one product and any unreacted gaseous reactant from the vessel.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the gaseous feed includes at least CO and Has gaseous reactants claim 1 , and in which the gaseous feed is fed into the slurry bed to produce liquid and gaseous hydrocarbons claim 1 , with the catalyst being a hydrocarbon synthesis catalyst.3. The process as claimed in claim 1 , in which the inlet superficial gas velocity is at least 0.6 m/s.4. The ...

Gas recycle loops in process for converting municipal solid waste into ethanol

Facilities and processes for generating ethanol from municipal solid waste (MSW) in an economical way via generating a syngas, passing the syngas through a catalytic synthesis reactor, separating fuel grade ethanol, extracting energy at particular strategic points, and recycling undesired byproducts.

Centrifugal fluid ring plasma reactor

The Centrifugal Fluid Ring Plasma Reactor employs a centrifugal impeller and a fluid barrier to mix multi-phase fluids and repeatedly move the mixture through a reaction zone, where the mixture contacts catalysts and/or is subjected to electromagnetic, mechanical, nuclear, and/or sonic energy to create ions, free radicals or activated molecules, which initiate or promote a desired reaction. In one embodiment, high-voltage electromagnetic energy is applied to Cobalt and Tungsten/Thorium electrodes in the reaction zone to create plasma. The Centrifugal Fluid Ring Plasma Reactor is suitable for converting carbon dioxide and methane into useful fuel products and for performing other multi-phase chemical reactions.

SYSTEMS, METHODS, AND APPARATUSES FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTOR CASCADE

Methods, systems and apparatuses are disclosed for a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) operation including a first FT stage comprising at least one FT reactor having a first FT catalyst and a first heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume configured to receive a first feed comprising synthesis gas and to convert a first portion of the synthesis gas in the first feed into first FT products. The disclosure also provides for a separation apparatus configured to separate the first FT products into first liquid FT hydrocarbons and first FT tail gas comprising unreacted syngas and for a second FT stage comprising at least one second FT reactor, having a second FT catalyst and a second heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume different from the first heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume, and configured to receive a second feed comprising the first FT tail gas and to convert at least a portion of the second feed into a second FT products. 1. A Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) reactor system , the system comprising:a. a first FT reactor having a first FT catalyst and a first heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume ratio, the first FT reactor configured to receive a first feed comprising synthesis gas and, operating at first FT conditions, to convert a first portion of the synthesis gas in the first feed into first FT products comprising FT hydrocarbons and leave unconverted a second portion of the synthesis gas;b. a first separation apparatus configured to receive the first FT products as at least part of its feed and to separate the first FT products into first liquid FT hydrocarbons and first FT tail gas stream comprising unreacted syngas; andc. a second FT reactor, having a second FT catalyst and a second heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume ratio that is different from the first heat transfer surface area to catalyst volume ratio, in series with the first FT reactor and configured to receive a second feed comprising the first FT tail gas stream and, ...

MICROCHANNEL REACTORS AND FABRICATION PROCESSES

A method of loading material within a microchannel device, the method comprising: (a) loading particulates into a plurality of microchannels; and, (b) ultrasonically packing the particulates into the plurality of microchannels using a portable, compact ultrasonic densification unit. 135-. (canceled)36. A method of increasing packing density of particulates loaded into a plurality of microchannels in microchannel apparatus , comprising: providing a microchannel apparatus comprising a plurality of microchannels having particulates contained therein; mounting a portable , compact ultrasonic device to a microchannel apparatus , the portable , compact ultrasonic device configured to be repositionable between a first position where the portable , compact ultrasonic device is in acoustic communication with the plurality of microchannels and a second position where the portable , compact ultrasonic device is not in acoustic communication with the plurality of microchannels; and , applying ultrasonic sound to the plurality of microchannels from the portable , compact ultrasonic device to densify the particulates to form a packed bed of particulates within the plurality of microchannels.37. The method of claim 36 , wherein a sonically conductive material is disposed between the portable claim 36 , compact ultrasonic device and the plurality of microchannels.3841-. (canceled)42. The method of claim 36 , wherein the ultrasonic sound is applied in bursts of one to ten seconds.43. The method of claim 36 , wherein each microchannel in the plurality of microchannels has a length of at least 10 cm and at least one dimension of 10 mm or less.44. The method of claim 36 , wherein the microchannel apparatus comprises at least 1000 microchannels and wherein the portable claim 36 , compact ultrasonic device extends over no more than 500 of the at least 1000 microchannels at one time.45. The method of claim 36 , wherein: the microchannel apparatus comprises an insert that extends down the ...

Portable fuel synthesizer

A portable fuel synthesizer, comprising multiple shipping containers, the various modules within one of the multiple shipping containers, a boiler utilizing a hydrocarbon gas as fuel, a cooling system module connected to the boiler, the cooling system adjusts a temperature of the boiler, a syngas reformer, a reactor connected to the syngas reformer and the boiler, the reactor converts the syngas to a hydrocarbon liquid, a hot separator connected to the reactor, a cold separator connected to the hot separator separates liquid hydrocarbons and gaseous hydrocarbons at a lower temperature and pressure than the hot separator, a distillation unit connected to the cold separator performs fractional distillation and separation of hydrocarbon products received from the cold separator, a recycle module connected to the cold separator and distillation unit recycles unreacted gases to the reactor, and a fuel testing and blending unit to receive separated hydrocarbons from the distillation unit.

Catalysts, related methods and reaction products

The present invention generally relates to improved catalysts that provide for reduced product contaminants, related methods and improved reaction products. It more specifically relates to improved direct fuel production and redox catalysts that provide for reduced levels of certain oxygenated contaminants, methods related to the use of those catalysts, and hydrocarbon fuel or fuel-related products that have improved characteristics. In one aspect, the present invention is directed to a method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbon liquid fuels. The method includes the steps of: converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas; and, converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons (including liquid fuels) and a water fraction. The water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids. 1. A method of converting one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into one or more hydrocarbons comprising:a) converting the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks into syngas;b) converting the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons and a water fraction wherein the water fraction comprises less than 500 ppm of one or more carboxylic acids.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more carbon-containing feedstocks are selected from a group consisting of: gas-phase feedstocks; liquid-phase feedstocks; and claim 1 , solid-phase feedstocks.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the one or more carboxylic acids are selected from a group consisting of: methanoic acid; ethanoic acid;propanoic acid; butanoic acid; pentanoic acid; hexanoic acid; and octanoic acid.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a conversion catalyst is used to convert the syngas to one or more hydrocarbons and a water fraction claim 1 , and wherein the conversion catalyst comprises a substrate claim 1 , and wherein the substrate comprises a surface having a pH ranging from about 6.0 to about 8.0.5. The method ...

Fuel-Cell Reactor

A reactor containing one or more spiral paths adapted to facilitate the reaction of feed stock, syn-gas with a catalyst or catalysts, for the purpose of synthesizing multiple longer chains of hydrocarbons where there the reactor is further adapted to manage the inflow of syn-gas feed stock, the outflow of hydrocarbon products the recycling of catalysts to ensure minimal maintenance interruptions, where the solid catalyst nodules are of a geometry and size contusive to fluid like movement through the reactor and through a regenerative catalysts management operation. The unit operates with minimal support infrastructure. 1. A portable system for converting short chain gaseous hydrocarbons to long chain hydrocarbons , comprising:a housing having dimensions that meet intermodal shipping container requirements;a water purification system placed in the housing and configured to provide filtered water within the housing;an air purification system placed in the housing and configured to provide filtered air within the housing;a natural gas intake system configured to provide short chain gaseous hydrocarbon feed stock within the housing;a boiler placed in the housing and configured to produce high pressure steam from the filtered water;a synthesis gas (syn-gas) reformer placed in the housing and configured to receive the high pressure steam from the boiler, receive the short chain gaseous hydrocarbon feed stock from the natural gas intake system, and to produce syn-gas;a Fischer-Tropsch reactor placed in the housing, the Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising i) a cylindrical shell, ii) a central cylinder placed within the cylindrical shell and configured to form a flow path for coolant inside the central cylinder in a direction along a longitudinal axis of the cylindrical shell, and iii) a helix placed inside the cylindrical shell and configured to wrap around the central cylinder so as to create a spiral flow path between the cylindrical shell and the central cylinder, wherein ...

HYDROCARBON-PRODUCING APPARATUS AND HYDRO-CARBON- PRODUCING METHOD

In the hydrocarbon-producing apparatus, a vapor-liquid separation tank of a second vapor-liquid separation unit is provided with a filling material layer. A vapor-liquid separation tank of the first vapor-liquid separation unit has a first return line. The vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit has a second return line. A light component of light oil discharged from a bottom of the vapor-liquid separation tank is returned to a portion between a top side above a return-location from the second return line within the vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit, and a line directly connected with a cooler installed on the first vapor-liquid separation unit through the first return line. A heavy component of light oil discharged from a bottom of the vapor-liquid separation tank of the second vapor-liquid separation unit is returned to the filling material layer through the second return line. 1. A hydrocarbon-producing apparatus for producing hydrocarbons by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction , the hydrocarbon-producing apparatus comprising:a bubble column slurry bed reactor configured to hold a slurry including catalyst particles and liquid hydrocarbons therein; anda vapor-liquid separator having a plurality of vapor-liquid separation units each including a cooler and a vapor-liquid separation tank, which is configured to cool hydrocarbons, which are extracted from a gaseous phase portion at an upper portion of the slurry within the reactor and are gaseous under conditions within the reactor, using the cooler, and which is configured to liquefy a portion of the hydrocarbons in the vapor-liquid separation tank to perform vapor-liquid separation, whereina first vapor-liquid separation unit is positioned at the last stage in the vapor-liquid separator, and a middle portion within a vapor-liquid separation tank of a second vapor-liquid separation unit arranged on the upstream side of the first vapor-liquid ...

HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS REACTION APPARATUS

The hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus according to the present invention includes a reaction vessel that brings a synthesis gas having carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas as main components into contact with a slurry having a solid catalyst suspended in a liquid hydrocarbon compound to synthesize a liquid hydrocarbon compound using a Fischer-Tropsch reaction; a filter that is provided within the reaction vessel and is configured to separate the liquid hydrocarbon compound from the catalyst; and a powdered catalyst particles-discharging device configured to discharge powdered catalyst particles in the solid catalyst in the slurry to the outside of the reaction vessel. 1. A hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus , comprising:a reaction vessel configured to bring a synthesis gas having carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas as main components into contact with a slurry having a solid catalyst suspended in a liquid hydrocarbon compound to synthesize a liquid hydrocarbon compound using a Fischer-Tropsch reaction;a filter that is installed inside the reaction vessel and is configured to separate the liquid hydrocarbon compound from the catalyst; anda powdered catalyst particles-discharging device configured to discharge powdered catalyst particles in the solid catalyst in the slurry to the outside of the reaction vessel.2. The hydrocarbon synthesis reaction apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the powdered catalyst particles-discharging device includes:a first classifier configured to separate the powdered catalyst particles from the solid catalyst in the slurry, using a settling velocity difference of the particles in a liquid;an outflow passage configured that the powdered catalyst particles separated in the first classifier flows to the outside of the first classifier together with the liquid hydrocarbon compound therethrough; anda powdered catalyst particles separator that is provided in the outflow passage and is configured to trap the powdered catalyst ...

METHODS FOR PRODUCING COMBUSTIBLE GAS FROM THE ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER (HTE) OR CO-ELECTROLYSIS WITH H2O/CO2 IN THE SAME CHAMBER, AND ASSOCIATED CATALYTIC REACTOR AND SYSTEM

The invention relates to a novel reactor design, wherein the pressurised chamber contains both a high-temperature electrolysis (HTE) reactor with elementary electrolysis cell stacking for producing either hydrogen or a synthesis gas (“syngas” for a H+CO mixture) from water vapour HO and carbon dioxide C0, and at least one catalyst arranged at a distance and downstream of the outlet of the electrolyser for converting the previously produced synthesis gas into the desired combustible gas, by means of heterogeneous catalysis, the synthesis gas having being produced either directly from the electrolysis reactor or indirectly by mixing the hydrogen produced with carbon dioxide C0injected into the chamber. 130-. (canceled)31. A process for obtaining a combustible gas chosen from methane , methanol , dimethyl ether (DME) and diesel by heterogeneous catalysis , comprising the following steps:{'sub': '2', 'a/ a step of high-temperature electrolysis of steam HO performed in an electrolysis reactor housed in a leaktight chamber maintained at a given pressure, in which step a/ each cathode of the reactor is fed with steam at the given pressure;'}{'sub': 2', '2, 'b/ a step of catalytic conversion performed in at least one reaction zone placed at a distance from and radially to the electrolysis reactor in the same chamber under pressure and containing at least one solid conversion catalyst, step b/ being performed using hydrogen Hproduced during the electrolysis step a/ and carbon dioxide COinjected into the space between the electrolysis reactor and the radial reaction zone;'}c/ a step of recovery of the combustible gas produced and of the steam not converted in step a/ and produced in step b/, in the space between said radial reaction zone and the wall(s) delimiting the chamber.32. The process as claimed in claim 31 , wherein step b/ is performed with the radial reaction zone closed on itself claim 31 , being arranged concentrically around the electrolysis or co-electrolysis ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR PRODUCING SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

A method producing synthetic hydrocarbons includes producing synthesis gas. An initial step, carbon or a mixture of carbon and hydrogen is brought into contact with water at a temperature of 800-1700° C. The synthesis gas is converted into synthetic functionalised and/or non-functionalised hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer Tropsch process wherein it is brought into contact with a suitable catalyst, and wherein water in which a portion of the synthetic hydrocarbons is dissolved results as a by-product. At least a portion of the water that is produced as a by-product is supplied to the initial step. The hydrocarbons that are dissolved in the water decompose into particle-like carbon and hydrogen at the high temperature. The carbon is converted into CO in the presence of water and at a high temperature and forms a portion of the synthesis gas that is produced. In this way, a costly process for cleaning half of the water that is produced as a by-product is avoided. 111-. (canceled)12. A method for producing synthetic hydrocarbons which comprises the following steps:a) producing synthesis gas by bringing carbon or a mixture of carbon and hydrogen into contact with water at a temperature of 800-1700° C.;b) converting the synthesis gas into synthetic functionalised and/or non-functionalised hydrocarbons by means of a Fischer Tropsch process by bringing the synthesis gas into contact with a suitable catalyst, wherein water results as a by-product in which a portion of the synthetic hydrocarbons is dissolved; andc) supplying at least a portion of the water that was produced as a by-product to the step a);wherein a portion of the water that is produced as a by-product is vaporised at a temperature above the decomposing temperature of the synthetic hydrocarbons dissolved in the water; and{'b': '43', 'wherein the vapour is used for propelling a steam turbine ().'}13. The method according to claim 12 , wherein the temperature of the water claim 12 , when being supplied to the ...

REACTOR

In a reactor, a first reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a first open end of the introduction port on the side bent toward the second flow channel and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channels, and a second reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a second open end of the introduction port on the opposite side of the first open end and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channel. At least part of the catalyst body is provided at least either in a region defined between the first reference position and the second reference position, or in a region defined between the second reference position and an inlet position of the first flow channels. 1. A reactor comprising:a first flow channel through which a reaction fluid flows;a second flow channel through which a heat medium flows, the second flow channel being stacked parallel to the first flow channel;an introduction port open in a direction intersecting with the second flow channel to introduce the heat medium; anda catalyst body provided in the first flow channel to promote an exothermic reaction of the reaction fluid,wherein, when a first reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a first open end of the introduction port on a side bent toward the second flow channel and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channel, and a second reference position is presumed to be defined by a straight line in contact with a second open end of the introduction port on an opposite side of the first open end and extending in the direction intersecting with the second flow channel,at least part of the catalyst body is provided at least either in a region defined between the first reference position and the second reference position, or in a region defined between the second reference position and an inlet position of the first flow channel. ...

RENEWABLE ENERGY STORAGE AND ZERO EMISSION POWER SYSTEM

The invention provides an energy system comprising a fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate, an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor, an energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, and a catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel. 1. An energy system , comprisinga fuel processor for receiving a hydrocarbon fuel and for catalytically converting the hydrocarbon fuel into a reformate,an electric heating apparatus coupled to the fuel processor for providing thermal energy to the fuel processor,a renewable energy source coupled to the electric heating apparatus for providing power thereto, anda catalytic reactor for processing the reformate and for converting the reformate into a liquid fuel or a liquid chemical.2. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel processor comprises a reformer.3. The energy system of claim 2 , wherein the reformer is a partial oxidation reformer claim 2 , an autothermal reformer claim 2 , a steam methane reformer claim 2 , or a steam reformer.4. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed within the fuel processor.5. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the electric heating apparatus is disposed external to the fuel processor.6. The energy system of claim 1 , wherein the energy source is a renewable solar or wind energy source.7. The energy system of claim 1 , further comprising a separation unit coupled to the fuel processor for separating hydrogen from the reformate.8. The energy system of claim 7 , further comprisinga compressor coupled to the separation unit for compressing the hydrogen separated from the reformate by the separation unit, anda storage element for storing the hydrogen compressed by the compressor.9. The energy system of claim 1 , ...

Processes For Producing High Biogenic Concentration Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Derived From Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Feedstocks

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock. 1. A transportation fuel or fuel additive derived from biogenic carbon materials , the fuel derived from a process comprising the steps of:a) in a feedstock processing step, removing non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from municipal solid waste that contain materials that are produced from plant derived carbon (biogenic) as well as non-biogenic derived carbon (fossil based) materials, to produce a feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbons along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andb) converting the processed feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids in a bio-refinery while maintaining the relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon and the relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon along with other non-carbonaceous materials from the municipal solid waste; andc) upgrading the Fischer-Tropsch liquids into a transportation fuel or fuel additive.2. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein the feedstock processing step includes at least two processing steps.3. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim 1 , more than about 10% of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials are purposefully removed from the municipal solid waste.4. The transportation fuel or additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING H2-RICH SYNTHESIS GAS

A method for producing ¾-rich synthesis gas comprises the following steps: decomposing a hydrocarbon-containing fluid into an H/C-aerosol in a first hydrocarbon converter by supplying energy which is at least partly provided in the form of heat; introducing at least a first stream of the H/C-aerosol into a first sub-process which comprises the following steps: directing at least a part of the H/C-aerosol from the first hydrocarbon converter into a first C-converter; introducing COinto the first C-converter and mixing the COwith the H/C-aerosol introduced into the first C-converter; converting the mixture of H/C-aerosol and COinto a synthesis gas at a temperature of 800 to 1700° C.; mixing additional Hwith the synthesis gas for the production of H-rich synthesis gas. In a second sub-process running in parallel with the first sub-process, hydrogen Hand carbon dioxide COare produced from a hydrocarbon-containing fluid, wherein at least a portion of the COproduced in the second sub-process is introduced into the first C-converter; and wherein at least a portion of the Hproduced in the second sub-process is mixed with the synthesis gas from the first C-converter. The COwhich is needed for the conversion of C in the first C-converter can thereby be provided independently of an external source, and the entire operational sequence is easily controllable. 117- (canceled)18. A method for producing H-rich synthesis gas comprising the following steps:{'sub': '2', 'b': 9', '9, 'decomposing a hydrocarbon-containing fluid into an H/C-aerosol in a first hydrocarbon converter (, ′) by supplying energy which is at least partly provided in the form of heat;'}{'sub': '2', 'introducing at least a first stream of the H/C aerosol into a first sub-process which comprises the following steps{'sub': '2', 'b': 9', '9', '14, 'directing at least a part of the H/C-aerosol from the first hydrocarbon converter (, ′) into a first C converter ().'}{'sub': 2', '2', '2, 'b': 14', '14, 'introducing ...

FUELS AND FUEL ADDITIVES THAT HAVE HIGH BIOGENIC CONTENT DERIVED FROM RENEWABLE ORGANIC FEEDSTOCK

Fuel and fuel additives can be produced by processes that provide Fischer-Tropsch liquids having high biogenic carbon concentrations of up to about 100% biogenic carbon. The fuels and fuel additive have essentially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids which, in turn, contain the same concentration of biogenic carbon as the feedstock. 1. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock sources comprising:At least one of Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) and diesel derived from Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the renewable organic feedstock to the Fischer-Tropsch process that creates the Fischer-Tropsch liquids, wherein the high biogenic concentration is up to 100% biogenic carbons in both the feedstock and the FT liquids, as confirmable by radiocarbon dating and as opposed to non-biogenic carbons derived from fossil sources of carbon.3. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock , the high biogenic content fuel comprising:at least one of naphtha, diesel fuel and Synthetic Paraffinic Kerosene (SPK) derived from Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic concentration as the Fischer-Tropsch liquids and having substantially the same high biogenic renewable organic concentration as the feedstock to the Fischer-Tropsch process that creates the Fischer-Tropsch liquids, wherein the high biogenic concentration is up to 100% biogenic carbons in both the feedstock and the FT liquids, as confirmable by radiocarbon dating and as opposed to non-biogenic carbons derived from fossil sources of carbons.5. A high biogenic content fuel derived from renewable organic feedstock sources according to wherein the high biogenic concentration is the same percentage biogenic carbon in both the feedstock and the FT liquids.6. A high ...

Feedstock Processing Systems And Methods For Producing Fischer-Tropsch Liquids And Transportation Fuels

A method for processing feedstock is described, characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock. In some embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste, such as municipal solid waste (MSW). In other embodiments the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass. In some instances, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids. The high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids may be upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels. Alternatively, the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover plastic material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% or less. 1. A method for processing feedstock , characterized in that incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is comprised of mixed solid waste.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in the incoming feedstock is comprised of woody biomass.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the mixed solid waste is municipal solid waste (MSW).5. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mixed solid waste is comprised of wet organic waste claim 2 , dry organic waste and inorganic waste that is comingled.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the incoming feedstock is processed to selectively recover biogenic carbon material from the incoming feedstock to produce a processed feedstock having biogenic carbon content of 50% and greater suitable for conversion into biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids.7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the high biogenic carbon Fischer Tropsch liquids are upgraded to biogenic carbon liquid fuels.8. The method of claim 5 ...

Process of Removing Heat

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system. 120-. (canceled)21. A method of starting up an exothermic reaction comprising:(a) providing at least two separate reaction trains each comprising at least one reactor;(b) providing a common coolant circulation system which comprises a single common reservoir comprising a coolant which is fed into each reaction train;(c) starting circulation of the coolant to each reaction train;(d) increasing the pressure the reactors to a desired reaction pressure;(e) feeding a reactant feedstream into each reaction train;(f) increasing the temperature of the single common reservoir while adjusting the GHSV of the reactant feedstreams through each reaction train to obtain the desired extent of exothermic reaction.2226-. (canceled)27. A method of starting up an exothermic reaction in a start-up reactor comprised in a reaction train , said method comprisinga) providing multiple reaction trains each comprising at least one reactor;b) providing a common coolant circulation system which comprises a single common reservoir comprising a first coolant which is fed into each reaction train except the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor in which the exothermic reaction is to be started up;c) providing a second coolant circulation system associated with a second coolant reservoir comprising a second coolant which is fed into the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor;d) increasing the pressure in the start-up reactor to a desired reaction pressure;e) feeding a reactant feedstream into the reaction train comprising the start-up reactor;f) running the process until the operating conditions of the start-up reactor are such that the coolant exiting the start-up reactor may be reintroduced to the common coolant circulation system; andg) ...

Engineered fuel storage, respeciation and transport

Techniques, systems and material are disclosed for thermochemical regeneration of biomass into renewable engineered fuel, storage of the renewable engineered fuel, respeciation of the renewable engineered fuel and transport. In one aspect, a method includes generating low density hydrogen fuel from biomass dissociation at a first location of a low elevation. The low density hydrogen fuel is self-transported in a pipeline to a second location at a higher elevation than the first location by traveling from the first location to the second location without adding energy of pressure. A high density hydrogen carrier is generated at the second location of higher elevation by reacting the low density hydrogen fuel with at least one of a carbon donor, a nitrogen donor and an oxygen donor harvested from industrial waste. The high density hydrogen carrier is delivered to a third location of a lower elevation than the second location while providing pressure or kinetic energy.

Carbon to liquids system and method of operation

A method of operating a carbon to liquids system is provided. The method includes receiving a flow of syngas and reacting, in a reactor, the syngas and a catalyst in a Fischer-Tropsch reaction to produce a product including steam, wherein the reactor includes a polymeric material that is configured to permit the permeation of the steam therethrough. The method also includes recycling the permeated steam to a vessel positioned upstream from the reactor.

PROCESS OF REMOVING HEAT

The present invention provides an improved process for removing heat from an exothermic reaction. In particular, the present invention provides a process wherein heat can be removed from multiple reaction trains using a common coolant system. 1. (canceled)2. (canceled)3. (canceled)4. (canceled)5. (canceled)6. (canceled)7. (canceled)8. (canceled)9. (canceled)10. (canceled)11. (canceled)12. (canceled)13. (canceled)14. (canceled)15. (canceled)16. (canceled)17. (canceled)18. (canceled)19. (canceled)20. (canceled)21. (canceled)22. A method of isolating a reaction train from an exothermic reaction process circuit which comprises multiple reaction trains to which a first coolant is fed from a common first coolant reservoir and wherein each reaction train comprises a reactor to which a reactant substream is fed , comprising:performing the exothermic reaction in the reactor to produce reaction products and first coolant to which heat has been transferred;providing a second coolant circulation system associated with a second coolant reservoir;redirecting the first coolant to which heat has been transferred from the reaction train to be isolated to the second coolant reservoir; and thenstopping the feed of the first coolant to the reaction train to be isolated while simultaneously initiating the feed of the second coolant from the second coolant reservoir to the reaction train to be isolated.23. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the first coolant and the second coolant are the same.24. The method according to claim 22 , wherein the first coolant and the second coolant are different.25. A method of reintroducing a reaction train which has been isolated from an exothermic reaction process circuit which comprises multiple reaction trains to which a first coolant is fed from a common coolant reservoir claim 22 , wherein each reaction train comprises a reactor to which a reactant substream is fed and wherein:an exothermic reaction is performed in the reactor of each ...

INJECTION OF ADDITIVE INTO A UNIT FOR SYNTHESISING HYDROCARBONS STARTING FROM SYNTHESIS GAS ENABLING A HOMOGENOUS CONCENTRATION OF CATALYST TO BE CONTROLLED AND MAINTAINED

The invention relates to a process for synthesising hydrocarbons starting from a feedstock containing synthesis gas. In the process a solid Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is employed in a three-phase reaction section operated so that the catalyst is maintained in suspension in a liquid phase by the circulation of a gaseous phase from the bottom to the top of the reaction section. The process utilizes conditions to control and maintain the homogeneity of the concentration of catalyst particles in the reaction section. 1. Process for synthesising hydrocarbons starting from a feedstock containing synthesis gas , in which a solid Fischer-Tropsch catalyst is employed in a three-phase reaction section operated so that said catalyst is maintained in suspension in a liquid phase by the circulation of a gaseous phase from the bottom to the top of said reaction section , characterised in that the following stages are carried out so as to control and maintain the homogeneity of the concentration of catalyst particles in the reaction section:{'sub': i', 'i', 'i', 'i', 'i, '(a) for all i between 1 and n−1, n representing the number of pressure measuring points disposed along the longitudinal axis of the reactor and being at least equal to 3, the differential pressures ΔPbetween two consecutive pressure measuring points spaced apart by Δhare measured and the pressure drops per metre ΔG=ΔP/Δhare calculated,'}{'sub': j', 'j+1', 'j', 'j+1', 'j, '(b) for each pressure drop per metre in said catalyst suspension in the liquid phase ΔG, a value is calculated corresponding to the difference between two consecutive pressure drops per metre divided by their mean (ΔG−ΔG)/((ΔG+ΔG)/2),'}(C) if at least one of the values calculated in the stage (b) is not less than 20%, at least one additive comprising at least one organosilicon polymer is injected at least at the bottom of said reaction section.2. Process according to claim 1 , such that the stages (a) to (c) are repeated over the course of time.3. ...

Integrated biorefinery for production of liquid fuels

A system including a mixing apparatus configured to produce a reformer feedstock and comprising one or more cylindrical vessel having a conical bottom section, an inlet for superheated steam within the conical bottom section and an inlet for at least one carbonaceous material at or near the top of the cylindrical vessel, wherein the one or more cylindrical vessel is a pressure vessel configured for operation at a pressure in the range of from about 5 psig (34.5 kPa) to about 50 psig (344.7 kPa); a reformer configured to produce, from the reformer feedstock, a reformer product comprising synthesis gas, and also producing a hot flue gas; a synthesis gas conversion apparatus configured to catalytically convert at least a portion of the synthesis gas in the reformer product into synthesis gas conversion product, and to separate, from the synthesis gas conversion product, a spent catalyst stream and a tailgas.

A METHOD FOR START-UP AND OPERATION OF A FISCHER-TROPSCH REACTOR

The invention relates to a method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal; (b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream initially comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration in the range of from 0.1 to 50 ppmv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream; (c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at an initial reaction temperature, wherein the initial reaction temperature is set at a value of at least 200° C. and hydrocarbons are produced at a first yield; (d) maintaining the initial reaction temperature at the set value and maintaining the first yield by decreasing the concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound in the gaseous feed stream supplied to the reactor; (e) optionally increasing the reaction temperature after the concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound in the gaseous feed stream has decreased to a value below 100 ppbv. 1. A method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of:(a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal;(b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream initially comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration in the range of from 0.1 to 50 ppmv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream;(c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at an initial reaction temperature, wherein the initial reaction temperature is set at a value of at least 200° ...

Start-up method of bubble column slurry bed reactor

A start-up method of a bubble column slurry bed reactor for producing hydrocarbons includes: a first step that fills into a reactor a slurry in which a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction catalyst particles are suspended in a slurry preparation oil with a 5% distillation point of 120 to 270° C., a 95% distillation point of 330 to 650° C., and a sulfur component and an aromatic component of 1 mass ppm or less, and a second step that, in a state where synthesis gas that is primarily hydrogen and carbon monoxide is introduced into the slurry filled into the reactor, raises the temperature of the reactor and starts the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. As the slurry preparation oil, one containing predetermined components in preset amounts is used. In the first step, the slurry is filled into the reactor in an amount in which airborne droplets do not flow out.

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF PREPARING SYNTHETIC FUEL USING NATURAL GAS

Disclosed is an apparatus and method of preparing synthetic fuel using natural gas extracted from a standard gas field on land or at sea as a raw material through a compact GTL process or a GTL-FPSO process. A parallel-type gas purification unit for controlling a molar ratio of synthetic gas and a concentration of carbon dioxide in the synthetic gas, in which a COseparation device and a bypass unit are disposed in parallel, is provided and, thus, the gas purification unit may prepare the synthetic gas by a steam carbon dioxide reforming (SCR) reaction using natural gas having different COcontents of various standard gas fields and then supply the synthetic gas having an optimum composition suitable for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction to prepare the synthetic fuel. 1. An apparatus of preparing synthetic fuel using natural gas , comprising:{'sub': '5', 'sup': '+', 'a liquid separator configured to separate C condensate and oil from the natural gas supplied from a standard gas field;'}{'sub': 1', '4', '5, 'sup': '+', 'a desulfurizer configured to remove sulfur from C-Cgas obtained by separating the C condensate and oil from the natural gas by the liquid separator;'}a pre-reformer configured to convert higher hydrocarbons having 2 or more carbon atoms in desulfurized gas, obtained by the desulfurizer, into methane;{'sub': '2', 'a reforming reactor configured to generate synthetic gas comprising hydrogen (H) and carbon monoxide (CO) through a Steam Carbon dioxide Reforming (SCR) reaction to reform methane and carbon dioxide into steam, after a pre-reforming process executed by the pre-reformer;'}a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor configured to generate the synthetic fuel from the synthetic gas generated by the reforming reactor through a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; and{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2, 'a gas purification unit configured to control a H/CO molar ratio of the synthetic gas and a concentration of carbon dioxide in the synthetic gas, and comprising a ...

Direct Synthesis Of Hydrocarbons From Co-Electrolysis Solid Oxide Cell

A hydrocarbon generation system that combines a solid oxide electrolysis cell (SOEC) and a Fischer-Tropsch unit in a single microtubular reactor is described. This system can directly synthesize hydrocarbons from carbon dioxide and water. High temperature co-electrolysis of HO and COand low temperature Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) process are integrated in a single microtubular reactor by designation of a temperature gradient along the axial length of the microtubular reactor. The microtubular reactor can provide direct conversion of COto hydrocarbons for use as feedstock or energy storage. 1. A hydrocarbon generation system comprising: a first region including a cathode and an anode in electrical communication with one another and an oxygen ion conducting electrolyte between the cathode and the anode,', 'a second region including a Fischer-Tropsch reaction catalyst in fluid communication and downstream of the cathode; and, 'a microtubular reactor, the microtubular reactor including'}a temperature control unit configured to provide the first region at a first temperature that is greater than a second temperature of the second region.2. The hydrocarbon generation system of claim 1 , wherein the outer diameter of the microtubular reactor is about 3 millimeters or less.3. The hydrocarbon generation system of claim 1 , wherein the cathode comprises nickel-yttria stabilized zirconia claim 1 , nickel-samaria doped ceria claim 1 , nickel-gadolinium doped ceria claim 1 , perovskites having the general formula of LaM1M2O in which M1 is an alkaline earth element and M2 is a transition metal element claim 1 , SrFeMoMO in which M is a transition metal element claim 1 , and combinations there.4. The hydrocarbon generation system of claim 1 , wherein the anode comprises lanthanum strontium cobalt iron oxide claim 1 , strontium-doped lanthanum manganite claim 1 , strontium-doped lanthanum manganite impregnated with ceria-based catalyst claim 1 , SrFeMoMO in which M is a transition metal ...

PROCESSES AND SYSTEMS FOR PRODUCING LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS

Disclosed in the application include systems and processes for producing a liquid transportation fuel product using a carbon-containing feedstock. Also disclosed include catalysts that can be used in the systems and the processes, and processes of making the catalysts. 1. A system for converting a carbon-containing feedstock into a liquid transportation fuel product , the system comprising{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'an air-blown producer gas reactor operable to convert the carbon-containing feedstock into a producer gas comprising H, CO, CO, and N, with substoichiometeric amounts of Hand CO (less than 2:1 molar ratio of Hto CO);'} wherein the F-T reactor comprises an iron catalyst, wherein the iron catalyst comprises volcanic sand,', 'wherein the F-T reactor is fluidly coupled to a source of feed gas and operable to convert at least a portion of the feed gas into a FTS product, wherein the FTS product comprises the liquid transportation fuel product and a first residue, and', 'wherein the cracker is fluidly coupled to the F-T reactor and operable to catalytically crack at least a portion of the first residue to produce an additional amount of the liquid transportation fuel product and a second residue; and a product upgrading unit, wherein the product upgrading unit is operable to produce an additional amount of the liquid transportation fuel product from a product gas., 'a processing unit, wherein the processing unit comprises a Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactor, and a cracker,'}2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing feedstock comprises at least one feedstock selected from the group consisting of a ligno-cellulosic biomass solid claim 1 , a biomass derived oil claim 1 , a biomass derived gas claim 1 , and a fossil-fuel derived carbonaceous feedstock.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the F-T reactor is fluidly coupled to the air-blown producer gas reactor claim 1 , wherein the feed gas to the F-T reactor comprises the producer gas.4. The system of ...

CARBON DIOXIDE CONVERSION TO HYDROCARBON FUEL VIA SYNGAS PRODUCTION CELL HARNESSED FROM SOLAR RADIATION

A process for converting carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon fuels using solar energy harnessed with a solar thermal power system to create thermal energy and electricity, using the thermal energy to heat a fuel feed stream, the heated fuel feed stream comprising carbon dioxide and water, the carbon dioxide captured from a flue gas stream, converting the carbon dioxide and water in a syngas production cell, the syngas production cell comprising a solid oxide electrolyte, to create carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and converting the carbon monoxide and hydrogen to hydrocarbon fuels in a catalytic reactor. In at least one embodiment, the syngas production cell is a solid oxide fuel cell. In at least one embodiment, the syngas production cell is a solid oxide electrolyzer cell. 1. A system to convert carbon dioxide to hydrocarbon fuels using solar energy , the system comprising:a solar thermal power system configured to convert solar energy to thermal energy and electricity, the solar thermal power system being in thermal communication with a syngas production cell, wherein the syngas production cell is configured to receive thermal energy from the solar thermal power system; wherein the syngas production cell comprises a solid oxide electrolyzer cell,', 'wherein the fuel feed stream comprises carbon dioxide and water,', 'wherein the syngas production cell is configured to convert the carbon dioxide and water into carbon monoxide and hydrogen, the carbon monoxide and hydrogen operable to form the syngas stream; and, 'the syngas production cell comprises a fuel side comprising a fuel inlet configured to receive a fuel feed stream and a fuel outlet configured to receive a syngas stream, and an oxygen side comprising an oxygen outlet configured to receive an oxygen stream,'}a catalytic reactor fluidly connected to the fuel side of the syngas production cell, the catalytic reactor being configured to convert the syngas stream from the fuel side of the syngas production cell to a ...

PROCESS FOR OPERATING A HIGHLY PRODUCTIVE TUBULAR REACTOR

The present technology is directed to processes for conversion of synthesis gas in a tubular reactor to produce a synthetic product that utilizes high activity carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalysts and a heat transfer structure that surprisingly provides for higher per pass conversion with high selectivity for the desired synthetic product without thermal runaway. 114-. (canceled)15. A tubular reactor comprising:one or more reactor tubes including a tube inlet;a tube outlet located downstream of the tube inlet;an inner tube wall defining an interior of the one or more reactor tubes;an outer tube wall defining an exterior of the one or more reactor tubes;a volume of a catalyst provided in at least one section within the interior of the one or more reactor tubes; anda heat transfer structure provided within the interior of the one or more reactor tubes, the heat transfer structure being in conductive thermal contact with a portion of the catalyst and in at least partial conductive thermal contact with the inner tube wall throughout a surface area of the inner tube wall in the at least one section containing the catalyst;a reactor inlet in fluid communication with the one or more reactor tubes; anda reactor outlet located downstream of the reactor inlet and in fluid communication with the one or more reactor tubes,wherein the tubular reactor satisfies at least one of the following conditions:{'sub': eff', 'cat, 'a ratio of an effective thermal conductivity of the heat transfer structure and the catalyst with the inner tube wall to a thermal conductivity of the catalyst (k/k) is at least 50:1, or'}{'sup': 2', '3', '2', '3, 'a total combined surf ace area of the heat transfer structure and inner tube wall containing the catalyst per volume of the catalyst (the “SA/V”) is about 500 m/mto about 4000 m/m.'}16. The tubular reactor of claim 15 , wherein at least about 5% of the surface area of the inner tube wall containing the carbon monoxide hydrogenation catalyst is in ...

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS, ORGANIC WASTE AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

A process and system for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio is disclosed. Organic material is biochemically digested in a two stage biodigester for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and a methane containing biogas in a second stage. The methane containing biogas is reformed in a first reformer to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, which are then combined in a mixer with the hydrogen containing biogas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio. The syngas is reacted with a catalyst in a second reformer, a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, to produce the hydrocarbon. Using a two stage biodigester allows for the generation of separate hydrogen and methane streams, a more economical generation of the FT syngas and reduced fouling of the FT catalyst. 1. A process for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio , comprising the steps ofa) subjecting organic material including biomass and microorganisms for anaerobic digestion to multiple stage anaerobic digestion for separately producing hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and methane containing biogas in a second stage, wherein to minimize growth of hydrogentrophic methanogens in the first stage, a solids retention time is decoupled from a liquid retention time in the first stage by recycling to the first stage solids separated from an effluent of the first stage,b) reforming the methane containing biogas to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, andc) combining the hydrogen containing biogas, the hydrogen gas, and the carbon monoxide gas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio; andd) operating a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by reacting the syngas with a catalyst to produce the synthetic hydrocarbon.2. The process of ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS

A method for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, the method including: 1) gasifying a raw material to obtain a crude syngas including H, CO and CO; 2) electrolyzing a saturated NaCl solution using a chloralkali process to obtain a NaOH solution, Hand H; 3) removing the COin the crude syngas using the NaOH solution obtained in 2) to obtain a pure syngas; and 4) insufflating the Hobtained in 2) to the pure syngas to adjust a mole ratio of CO/Hin the pure syngas, and then introducing the pure syngas for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction. A device for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis includes a gasification device, an electrolyzer, a first gas washing device, and a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor. 1. A method for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis , the method comprising:{'sub': 2', '2, '1) gasifying a raw material to obtain a crude syngas comprising H, CO and CO;'}{'sub': 2', '2, '2) electrolyzing a saturated NaCl solution using a chloralkali process to obtain a NaOH solution, Cland H;'}{'sub': '2', '3) removing the COin the crude syngas using the NaOH solution obtained in 2) to obtain a pure syngas; and'}{'sub': 2', '2, '4) insufflating the Hobtained in 2) into the pure syngas to adjust a mole ratio of CO/Hin the pure syngas, and then using the pure syngas for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction.'}2. The method of claim 1 , wherein in 3) claim 1 , the COin the crude syngas is removed through a direct gas-liquid contact between the NaOH solution and the crude syngas to yield the pure syngas.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein in 3) claim 1 , the COis first separated from the crude syngas to yield the pure syngas claim 1 , and then the COis absorbed using the NaOH solution.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein in 3) claim 1 , a remaining of the NaOH solution after absorbing COin the crude syngas is condensed and crystallized as a by-product.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein in 3) claim 1 , a remaining of the NaOH solution after absorbing COin the crude syngas is used for removing COin an ...

Methods, Systems, And Apparatuses For Recycling Fischer-Tropsch Water And Fischer-Tropsch Tail Gas

A method of producing reformed gas as part of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbon synthesis is disclosed, including the steps of superheating at least a first portion of an FT tail gas produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, and forming a mixed gas by injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream, produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas. The mixed gas is used as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit. The amount of at least a portion of the FT water stream is selected to keep the mixed gas at least mostly and preferably entirely in a vapor phase. In some embodiments, a water-gas shift reactor converts the mixed gas to a converted mixed gas upstream of the front end. Other methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed. 1. A method of producing Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbons via FT synthesis in an FT reactor having an FT synthesis catalyst , the method comprising:a. producing a reformed gas comprising hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a syngas preparation unit having a front end and a feed comprising a carbonaceous feedstock and steam;b. conditioning the reformed gas by removing process condensate therefrom;c. producing liquid FT hydrocarbons, an FT tail gas and an FT water stream using the conditioned reformed gas in the FT reactor, under FT conditions;d. superheating at least a first portion of the FT tail gas;e. injecting at least a first portion of the FT water stream into the at least a first portion of the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas, wherein the amount of the at least a first portion of the FT water stream to be injected into the at least a first portion of the superheated FT tail gas to form the mixed gas is selected to keep the mixed gas in an at least mostly vapor phase; andf. recycling the mixed gas as part of the feed to the front end of the syngas preparation unit.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the superheating step (d) comprises ...

Integrated microchannel synthesis and separation

An integrated microchannel reactor and heat exchanger comprising: (a) a waveform sandwiched between opposing shim sheets and mounted to the shim sheets to form a series of microchannels, where each microchannel includes a pair of substantially straight side walls, and a top wall formed by at least one of the opposing shim sheets, and (b) a first set of microchannels in thermal communication with the waveform, where the waveform has an aspect ratio greater than two.

Methods, Systems, And Apparatuses For Recycling Fischer-Tropsch Water And Fischer-Tropsch Tail Gas

A method of producing reformed gas as part of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) hydrocarbon synthesis is disclosed, including the steps of superheating at least a first portion of an FT tail gas produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, and forming a mixed gas by injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream, produced as a by-product of an FT synthesis process, into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas. The mixed gas is used as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit. The amount of at least a portion of the FT water stream is selected to keep the mixed gas at least mostly and preferably entirely in a vapor phase. In some embodiments, a water-gas shift reactor converts the mixed gas to a converted mixed gas upstream of the front end. Other methods, apparatuses and systems are disclosed. 1. A system for producing a syngas , the system comprising:a. a superheater for superheating a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) tail gas produced by an FT reactor;b. an injector for injecting at least a portion of an FT water stream produced by an FT reactor into the superheated FT tail gas to form a mixed gas for use as a feed to a front end of a syngas preparation unit.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a steam methane reformer.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises an autothermal reformer.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a partial oxidation reformer.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , wherein the syngas preparation unit comprises a hybrid reformer.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the injector is configured to inject a pre-selected amount of the at least a portion of the FT water stream into the superheated FT tail gas to form the mixed gas claim 1 , the pre-selected amount being selected to keep the mixed gas in at least a mostly vapor phase.7. The system of claim 6 , further comprising a separator drum positioned to remove excess water from ...

Method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from synthesis gas via fischer-tropsch synthesis which does not carry out separate reduction pre-treatment for catalyst activation

The present invention relates to a method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis which does not carry out a separate reduction pre-treatment for catalyst activation. The method for producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to the present invention comprises: a first step of applying an iron-based catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis in which the number of iron atoms in the ferrihydrite phase fraction equals 10 to 100% and the number of iron atoms in the hematite phase fraction equals 0 to 90%, with respect to 100% of the number of the number of iron atoms, to a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor; and a second step of activating the catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by a synthesis gas which is a reactant under the conditions of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and carrying out the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by means of the activated catalyst for the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis. As such, the present invention is capable of efficiently producing liquid or solid hydrocarbons from a synthesis gas via Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, even without a separate reduction pre-treatment.

METHODS, SYSTEMS, AND APPARATUSES TO IMPROVE PROCESSES OF INCREASING FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYST ACTIVITY

One or more embodiments of the present disclosure include methods of improving the activity of an at least partially non-active Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) catalyst in a tubular FT reactor, which includes heating a heat transfer fluid (“HTF”) to a vapor state, using the heated HTF in the vapor state to achieve and maintain the at least partially non-active FT catalyst at a predetermined stage temperature; and exposing the at least partially non-active FT catalyst to at least one stage FT catalyst activity-related gas for a stage duration of time to increase the activity of the FT catalyst to a desired level. Other methods, systems and apparatuses are also disclosed. 1. A method of increasing the activity level of a Fischer-Tropsch (“FT”) catalyst in situ , comprising:a. heating a heat transfer fluid (“HTF”) to a vapor state at a predetermined HTF temperature using an HTF vaporizer to create an HTF vapor;b. providing a stream of the HTF vapor to an HTF input of a shell side of an FT reactor, having the shell side and a tube side, to heat the FT reactor to a predetermined reactor temperature, the FT reactor containing an at least partially non-active FT catalyst in a plurality of FT catalyst-filled tubes, the vaporous HTF cooling and at least partially condensing to a liquid HTF;c. passing the liquid HTF through an HTF output of the shell side of the FT reactor;d. returning the liquid HTF to the HTF vaporizer for re-heating into the vaporous HTF; ande. while continuing to provide the stream of HTF vapor into the FT reactor on the shell side sufficient to maintain the predetermined reactor temperature, providing at least one FT catalyst activity-related gas into the FT reactor on the tube side to contact the at least partially non-active FT catalyst.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the step of providing the at least one FT catalyst activity-related gas into the FT reactor on the tube side to contact the at least partially non-active FT catalyst continues until the ...

SLURRY BUBBLE COLUMN REACTOR FOR A FISCHER-TROPSCH PROCESS

The disclosure deals with a slurry bubble column reactor for converting a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons. The slurry bubble column reactor features a slurry bed of catalyst particles, an inlet conduit for feeding the gas mixture into the slurry bed, a filtration zone for separating the liquid hydrocarbons from the catalyst particles and a liquid outlet conduit for withdrawing the separated hydrocarbons from the filtration zone. The filtration zone is situated in the slurry bubble column reactor such that the slurry bed is found in a first and a second heat exchange zone with the filtration zone arranged between the first and the second heat exchange zone. 1. A slurry bubble column reactor for converting a gas mixture comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen into liquid hydrocarbons featuring a slurry bed of catalyst particles , an inlet conduit for feeding the gas mixture into the slurry bed , a filtration zone for separating the liquid hydrocarbons from the catalyst particles and an liquid outlet conduit for withdrawing the separated hydrocarbons from the filtration zone , at wherein the filtration zone is situated in the slurry bubble column reactor such that the slurry bed is found in a first and a second heat exchange zone with the filtration zone arranged between the first and the second heat exchange zone.2. The slurry bubble column reactor according to wherein each heat exchange zone features a separate heat exchanger.3. The slurry bubble column reactor according to wherein the slurry bubble column reactor comprises a bottom zone and the inlet conduit is fluently connected to the bottom zone.4. The slurry bubble column reactor according to claim 3 , wherein the first heat exchange zone is situated next to the bottom zone of the slurry bubble column reactor.5. The slurry bubble column reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the filtration zone comprises at least one hollow and enclosed filter element and at least one ...

SLURRY PHASE APPARATUS

A method of operating a slurry phase apparatus includes feeding one or more gaseous reactants into a slurry body of solid particulate material suspended in a suspension liquid contained inside a vessel. The one or more gaseous reactants are fed into the slurry body through a gas distributor having downward facing gas outlets and are fed towards a fluid impermeable partition spanning across the vessel below the gas distributor. The partition divides the vessel into a slurry volume above the partition and a bottom volume below the partition. A differential pressure is maintained over the partition between predefined limits by manipulating or allowing changes in the pressure in the bottom volume by employing a pressure transfer passage establishing flow or pressure communication between the bottom volume and a head space above the slurry body. 19-. (canceled)10. A slurry phase apparatus which includesa slurry vessel to hold a slurry body comprising a liquid and solid particulate material with a head space volume above the slurry body;a gas distributor in a lower portion of the vessel which defines downwards facing gas outlets;a fluid impermeable partition spanning across the slurry vessel below the gas distributor partitioning the vessel into a slurry volume above the partition and a bottom volume below the partition; anda pressure transfer passage or conduit passing through or around the partition allowing transfer of pressure into and from the bottom volume, the pressure transfer passage in use establishing flow or pressure communication between the bottom volume and the head space volume in the slurry vessel above the slurry volume thereby to maintain a differential pressure over the partition between predefined limits by manipulating or allowing changes in the pressure in the bottom volume.11. The apparatus according to claim 10 , in which the fluid impermeable partition is planar or flat and arranged perpendicular to a longitudinal vertical central axis of the ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING A PRODUCT GAS HAVING COMPONENT GAS RATIO RELATIONSHIPS

A liquid fuel product system is configured to produce liquid fuels from carbonaceous materials. The liquid fuel product system includes a plurality of feedstock delivery systems, a plurality of first stage product gas generation systems, a plurality of second stage product gas generation systems, a plurality of third stage product gas generation systems, a primary gas clean-up system, a compression system, a secondary gas clean-up system, and a synthesis system that includes one or more from the group consisting of ethanol, mixed alcohols, methanol, dimethyl ether, and Fischer-Tropsch products. 1. A method of producing a third reactor product gas , the method comprising:(a) providing a source of carbonaceous material including one or more materials selected from the group consisting of agricultural residues, agro-industrial residues, animal waste, biomass, cardboard, coal, coke, energy crops, farm slurries, fishery waste, food waste, fruit processing waste, lignite, municipal solid waste, paper, paper mill residues, paper mill sludge, paper mill spent liquors, plastic, refuse derived fuel, sewage sludge, tires, urban waste, wood products, wood wastes, and combinations thereof;{'sub': 2', '2, '(b) after step (a), reacting the carbonaceous material with steam to produce a first reactor product gas having a first Hto CO ratio and a first CO to COratio;'}{'sub': 2', '2, '(c) after step (b), substoichiometrically oxidizing at least a portion of the first reactor product gas to form a second reactor product gas having a second Hto CO ratio and a second CO to COratio;'}(d) after step (c), mixing the first reactor product gas and second reactor product gas to form a combined product gas; and{'sub': 2', '2, '(e) after step (d), reacting the combined product gas with an oxygen-containing gas to produce a third reactor product gas having a third Hto CO ratio and a third CO to COratio;'} [{'sub': 2', '2, '(I) the first Hto CO ratio is greater than the second Hto CO ratio;'}, {' ...

NITROGEN EXTRACTION FROM A GASEOUS CARBON DIOXIDE REACTANT STREAM

An input stream of gaseous nitrogen and carbon dioxide is introduced into a first interior volume of a separation vessel that is divided into first and second interior volumes by a separation membrane that includes a metal layer. The metal layer selectively permits movement of nitrogen through the metal layer. An output stream of gaseous nitrogen and carbon dioxide is conveyed out of the first interior volume and into a reaction vessel. The volume fraction of carbon dioxide is greater in the output stream than in the input stream; the volume fraction of nitrogen is reduced in the output stream relative to the input stream. Nitrogen is removed from the second interior volume to maintain a gradient of nitrogen partial pressure across the separation membrane that causes net transport of nitrogen from the first interior volume through the separation membrane into the second interior volume. 1. A method for generating a gaseous reduced-nitrogen carbon dioxide reactant stream , the method comprising:(a) introducing into a first interior volume of a separation vessel a gaseous input stream of a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide, wherein the input stream is characterized by an input volume fraction of nitrogen and an input volume fraction of carbon dioxide, and wherein the separation vessel is divided into the first interior volume and a second interior volume by a separation membrane that includes a metal layer that selectively permits movement of nitrogen through the metal layer;(b) conveying, from the first interior volume of the separation vessel into a reaction vessel, a gaseous output stream of a mixture of nitrogen and carbon dioxide as the gaseous reduced-nitrogen carbon dioxide reactant stream, wherein the reactant stream is characterized by an output volume fraction of nitrogen that is less than the input volume fraction of nitrogen and an output volume fraction of carbon dioxide that is greater than the input volume fraction of carbon dioxide; and(c) ...

GASIFICATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS AND GAS TO LIQUID PROCESSES

Herein disclosed is a system for producing an organic, the system including at least one high shear mixing device having at least one rotor and at least one stator separated by a shear gap, wherein the shear gap is the minimum distance between the at least one rotor and the at least one stator; a pump configured for delivering a fluid stream comprising liquid medium and light gas to the at least one high shear mixing device, wherein the at least one high shear mixing device is configured to form a dispersion of the light gas in the liquid medium; and a reactor comprising at least one inlet and at least one outlet, wherein the at least one inlet of the reactor is fluidly connected to the at least one high shear mixing device, and wherein the at least one outlet is configured for extracting the organic therefrom. 1. A method of producing synthesis gas from carbonaceous material , the method comprising:(a) providing a mixture comprising carbonaceous material and a liquid medium;(b) subjecting the mixture to high shear under gasification conditions whereby a high shear-treated stream comprising synthesis gas is produced; and(c) separating a product comprising synthesis gas from the high shear-treated stream.2. The method of wherein (b) subjecting the mixture to high shear to produce a high shear-treated stream comprising synthesis gas further comprises contacting the mixture with at least one gas or vapor selected from the group consisting of steam claim 1 , hydrogen claim 1 , air claim 1 , oxygen claim 1 , and associated gas.3. The method of further comprising contacting the mixture with a catalyst that promotes the formation of synthesis gas.4. The method of further comprising recycling separated unreacted carbonaceous material claim 1 , separated liquid medium or both from (c) to (a).5. The method of wherein the carbonaceous material comprises coke claim 1 , coal claim 1 , peat claim 1 , natural gas claim 1 , or a combination thereof.6. The method of wherein the coal ...

FISCHER TROPSCH METHOD FOR OFFSHORE PRODUCTION RISERS FOR OIL AND GAS WELLS

A method and an apparatus is disclosed that uses a gas lift tubing arrangement to produce synthetic hydrocarbon related products. Using the Fischer Tropsch process as an example, the tubing is packed with a suitable catalyst and then hydrogen and carbon monoxide are injected into the top of the tubing in a fashion similar to a gas lift process. As the gases travel past the catalyst, synthetic hydrocarbons are formed and heat is rejected. The synthetic hydrocarbons and water flow out of the bottom of the tubing and travel up the annulus to the surface. In some embodiments, this process is carried out in a producing well or a in producing riser. In a producing well or a producing riser, the production from the well which flows up the annulus cools the synthetic hydrocarbon derived products. In additional and alternate embodiments, this process can be used in non-flowing wells. 1. A method for producing synthetic hydrocarbons , comprising the steps of:injecting hydrogen and carbon monoxide into a gas lift apparatus, andforcing synthetic hydrocarbons out of the gas lift apparatus,wherein the gas lift apparatus comprises a tubing and an annulus, wherein the tubing further comprises a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, andwherein the tubing is configured such that hydrogen and carbon monoxide travel past the Fischer-Tropsch catalyst to form synthetic hydrocarbons.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tubing is coated with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and/or packed with a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the apparatus is configured such that the synthetic hydrocarbons and water flow out of the bottom of the tubing and travel up the annulus to the surface.4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the steps of:separating any hydrogen or carbon dioxide from the synthetic hydrocarbons forced out of the gas lift apparatus; andreprocessing and re-injecting any hydrogen or carbon dioxide not converted to synthetic hydrocarbons.5. The method of claim 4 , ...

GTL-FPSO SYSTEM FOR CONVERSION OF STRANDED GAS IN STRANDED GAS FIELDS AND ASSOCIATED GAS IN OIL-GAS FIELDS, AND PROCESS FOR PRODUCTION OF SYNTHETIC FUEL USING THE SAME

Disclosed are a gas to liquids (GTL)—floating production, storage and offloading (FPSO) system that can be used in offshore oil-gas fields or stranded gas fields and a method for producing synthetic fuel using the same. More particularly, the disclosure relates to a GTL-FPSO system capable of producing liquid synthetic fuel from gas extracted from stranded gas fields or associated gas extracted from oil-gas fields, including a reforming reactor and a liquid hydrocarbon producer, and a method for producing the same. 1. A gas to liquids (GTL)-floating , production , storage and offloading (FPSO) system for offshore oil-gas fields , comprising:an FPSO facility comprising a glassy oil separator and an oil/gas separation unit;a reforming reactor;a liquid hydrocarbon producer;an upgrading reactor;a subsea carbon dioxide storage; and wherein a hydrogen separator and a carbon dioxide separation unit are provided between the reforming reactor and the liquid hydrocarbon producer and a water separator is provided between the liquid hydrocarbon producer and the upgrading reactor, such that separated water and carbon dioxide, and water (steam) produced by the internal power generator are recycled to the reforming reactor and surplus carbon dioxide is stored in the subsea carbon dioxide storage,', 'wherein the internal power generator includes a gas turbine or a steam turbine that provides electrical power,', 'wherein liquid hydrocarbons that are upgraded by the upgrading reactor are transferred to a product separator, and compounds with 1 to 4 carbon atoms coming from the product separator are used to operate a gas turbine or a steam turbine or are transferred to a recycle compressor that recycles the compounds to a prereformer or the reforming reactor, or the compounds are transferred to a boiler to produce electric power., 'an internal power generator;'}2. The GTL-FPSO system for offshore oil-gas fields according to claim 1 , wherein the reforming reactor is one or more ...

CATALYTIC REACTORS COMPRISING DISTRIBUTED TEMPERATURE SENSORS

A catalytic reactor is provided comprising a plurality of first flow channels including a catalyst for a first reaction; a plurality of second flow channels arranged alternately with the first flow channels; adjacent first and second flow channels being separated by a divider plate (, ), and a distributed temperature sensor such as an optical fibre cable (). The distributed temperature sensor may be located within the divider plate, or within one or 10 more of the flow channels. 1. A catalytic reactor comprisinga plurality of first flow channels including a catalyst for a first reactiona plurality of second flow channels arranged alternately with the first flow channels;adjacent first and second flow channels being separated by a divider plate; anda distributed temperature sensor provided within the divider plate and/or within one or more first flow channels and/or one or more second flow channels.2. The catalytic reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the distributed temperature sensor is a fibre optic cable.3. The catalytic reactor according to claim 2 , wherein the fibre optic cable follows a tortuous path through the divider plates in order to provide temperature data for all of the adjacent first and second flow channels.4. The catalytic reactor according to claim 2 , wherein a fibre optic cable is provided in each divider plate.5. The catalytic reactor according to claim 2 , wherein the fibre optic cable is provided within one or more first flow channels.6. The catalytic reactor according to claim 2 , wherein the fibre optic cable is provided within one or more second flow channels.7. The catalytic reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the first flow channels include a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst and the second channels carry a heat transfer fluid claim 1 , in use.8. The catalytic reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the first flow channels include a steam methane reforming catalyst and the second channels further include a combustion catalyst.9. A plant for ...

COMBINED PROCESSES FOR UTILIZING SYNTHESIS GAS with LOW CO2 EMISSION AND HIGH ENERGY OUTPUT

A process and system for producing liquid and gas fuels and other useful chemicals from carbon containing source materials comprises cool plasma gasification and/or pyrolysis of a source material to produce synthesis gas using the produced synthesis gas for the production of a hydrocarbon, methanol, ammonia, urea, and other products. The process and system are capable of sequestering carbon dioxide and reducing NOx and SOx. 113-. (canceled)14. A system for the production of a fuel from a carbon containing source material , said system comprising:a cool plasma gasifier configured for receiving a carbon-containing material and converting at least a portion of the source material into synthesis gas;a water gas shift reactor configured for receiving a feed of synthesis gas from the cool plasma gasifier and for converting at least a portion of CO in the synthesis gas into CO2; anda gas to fuel reactor configured for receiving synthesis gas from the water gas shift reactor and synthesizing a hydrocarbon and/or an alcohol from CO and H2 present in the synthesis gas wherein:said water gas shift reactor comprises a catalyst configured for catalyzing the conversion of CO into CO2 andsaid gas to fuel reactor comprises a catalyst configured for catalyzing the synthesis of the hydrocarbon and/or the alcohol.15. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the cool plasma gasifier is fluidically coupled to a combustor and is configured for receiving an exhaust from a combustion process.16. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the water gas shift reactor is fluidically coupled to a combustor and is configured for receiving an exhaust from a combustion process.17. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the catalyst in the water gas shift reactor and the catalyst in the gas to fuel reactor have the same composition.18. The system according to claim 14 , wherein the gas to fuel reactor and catalyst are configured for performing the net reaction nCO+2nH→CH+nHO where n is an ...

Biomass to Transportation Fuels Using a Fischer-Tropsch Process

An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a steam biomass reforming in a multiple stage bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass is discussed. The first stage has a reactor to cause a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of CO, H2, CO2, CH4, tars, chars, and other components into a raw syngas mixture. A second stage performs further reforming of the raw syngas from the first stage into the chemical grade syngas by further applying heat and pressure to chemically crack at least the tars, reform the CH4, or a combination of both, into their corresponding syngas molecules. The second stage feeds the chemical grade syngas derived from the biomass feedstock to the downstream Fischer-Tropsch train to produce the fuel from the biomass. One or more recycle loops supply tail gas or FT product back into the plant. 1. An integrated plant to generate chemical grade syngas from a bio reforming reactor for use with either a high temperature or low temperature Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process to produce fuel from biomass , comprising:an interconnected set of two or more stages forming the bio reforming reactor, where a first stage structurally includes a circulating fluidized bed reactor that circulates a heat absorbing media, where the first stage structurally also includes one or more steam inputs and one or more biomass feedstock supply lines into the circulating fluidized bed reactor of the first stage, where the first stage is structured and configured so that the circulating fluidized bed reactor causes a chemical devolatilization of a biomass feedstock from the biomass feedstock supply lines into its constituent gases of carbon monoxide (CO), hydrogen (H2), carbon dioxide (CO2), methane (CH4), tars, chars and other components into a raw syngas mixture, where the second stage has ...

REACTOR FOR HYDROCARBON SYNTHESIS

The present invention includes a reactor main body () that is formed into a tubular shape having an axis (O) as the center and accumulates a slurry (S); a gas supply line () for incorporating a synthesis gas (G) into the reactor main body (), and a sparger part () that is disposed in a lower portion within the reactor main body (), communicates with the gas supply line (), and sprays the synthesis gas (G). The sparger part () includes a header tube () in which a plurality of openings are formed so as to be separated from each other in a first direction and which sprays the synthesis gas (G) from the openings, and a pair of wall surface parts that protrude from the header tube (), on opposing sides of the plurality of openings and in a direction orthogonal to the first direction. 1. A reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis that brings a synthesis gas including carbon monoxide gas and hydrogen gas as main components into contact with a slurry having a solid catalyst suspended in liquid hydrocarbons to synthesize hydrocarbons by the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction , the reactor comprising:a reactor main body that is formed into a tubular shape having an axis as the center and accumulates the slurry;a gas supply line for incorporating a synthesis gas into the reactor main body; anda sparger part that is disposed at a lower portion within the reactor main body, communicates with the gas supply line, and sprays the synthesis gas;wherein the sparger part includes:a header tube in which a plurality of openings are formed so as to be separated from each other in a first direction and which sprays the synthesis gas from the openings; anda pair of wall surface parts that are provided to protrude from the header tube, on opposing sides of the plurality of openings and in a direction orthogonal to the first direction.2. The reactor for hydrocarbon synthesis according to claim 1 ,wherein a plurality of the header tubes are annularly formed around the axis and are concentrically ...

FISCHER-TROPSCH BASED GAS TO LIQUIDS SYSTEMS AND METHODS

A method for generating hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (Ccompounds) comprises directing a natural gas feed stream from a non-Fischer Tropsch process and comprising methane and Ccompounds to at least one separation unit to separate the methane from the Ccompounds. The separated Ccompounds are directed to a fractionation unit to separate the separated Ccompounds into individual streams. The separated methane is directed to a synthesis gas (syngas) unit to partially oxidize the methane to hydrogen (H) and carbon monoxide (CO), which are subsequently directed to a Fischer-Tropsch unit comprising a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst. In the Fischer-Tropsch unit, the hydrogen and carbon monoxide react to generate Ccompounds in a Fischer-Tropsch process. The Ccompounds are directed to the fractionation unit to separate the generated Ccompounds into streams each comprising a subset of the generated Ccompounds. 140.-. (canceled)41. A method for generating hydrocarbon compounds containing at least two carbon atoms (Ccompounds) , comprising:{'sub': 2+', '2+, '(a) directing a natural gas feed stream comprising methane and Ccompounds to at least one separation unit to separate said methane from said Ccompounds, wherein said natural gas feed stream is from a non-Fischer-Tropsch process;'}{'sub': '2', '(b) directing at least a portion of said methane separated in (a) to a syngas unit, and in said syngas unit partially oxidizing said methane to hydrogen (H) and carbon monoxide (CO);'}{'sub': '2+', '(c) directing said hydrogen and carbon monoxide to a Fischer-Tropsch unit comprising a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst, and in said Fischer-Tropsch unit reacting said hydrogen and carbon monoxide in a Fischer-Tropsch process to generate a product stream comprising Ccompounds; and'}{'sub': 2+', '2+', '2+, '(d) directing said Ccompounds separated in (a) and said product stream comprising said Ccompounds generated in (c) to a fractionation unit, and in said fractionation unit ...

SYSTEM FOR BLENDING SYNTHETIC AND NATURAL CRUDE OILS DERIVED FROM OFFSHORE PRODUCED FLUIDS

A process and system are described for the processing of gas associated with crude oil production, i.e. associated gas. A separation complex is used to separate produced fluids produced from a hydrocarbon reservoir into crude oil, liquefied petroleum gas, water, and natural gas. At least a portion of the natural gas is converted into synthesis gas in a synthesis gas generator. A combination of a synthesis gas conversion catalysts and hydroconversion catalysts are used in a synthesis gas reactor to convert the synthesis gas into a liquid effluent stream containing liquefied petroleum gas and a synthetic crude oil. The liquefied petroleum gas and synthetic crude oil from the synthesis gas reactor is sent to the separation complex. Liquefied petroleum gas is separated both from the synthetic crude oil and a natural crude oil obtained from the produced fluids. The system and process permits synthetic crude oil to be blended with the natural crude oil producing a blended stabilized crude oil having 2 wt % or more of the synthetic crude oil and with a pour point of 60° C. or less. Use of a common facility for separation operations on the natural crude oil and synthetic crude oil thus reduces capital costs and allows converted associated gases to be shipped with the natural crude oil on a conventional crude oil tanker. 1. A system for producing a blended stabilized crude oil from a stream of produced fluids produced from a hydrocarbon containing subterranean reservoir , the system comprising:(a) a separation complex used to separate a stream of produced fluids, including hydrocarbons components and water, received from a hydrocarbon containing subterranean reservoir into water, natural gas, liquefied petroleum gas and crude oil;(b) a synthesis gas generator which converts the natural gas into synthesis gas; and{'sub': '21+', '(c) a conversion reactor which utilizes both a synthesis gas conversion catalyst and a hydroconversion catalyst to convert the synthesis gas into a ...

METHOD FOR PRODUCING HYDROCARBON OIL, FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS REACTION DEVICE, AND HYDROCARBON OIL PRODUCTION SYSTEM

The present invention provides a process for producing a hydrocarbon oil by performing a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction using a reactor for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis including a reaction apparatus having a slurry containing catalyst particles and a gaseous phase located above the slurry to obtain a hydrocarbon oil, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch reaction is performed while controlling a temperature of the slurry so that a difference T−Tbetween the average temperature Tof the slurry and a temperature Tat the liquid level of the slurry in contact with the gaseous phase is 5 to 30° C. 1. A reactor for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis for obtaining a hydrocarbon oil by contacting raw gas containing carbon monoxide and hydrogen with a slurry containing catalyst particles , the reactor comprising:a reaction apparatus having the slurry and a gaseous phase located above the slurry;a raw gas feeder for feeding the raw gas to the slurry; and{'sub': 2', '1', '1', '2, 'temperature control means for controlling a temperature of the slurry so that a difference T−Tbetween the average temperature Tof the slurry and a temperature Tat the liquid level of the slurry in contact with the gaseous phase is 5 to 30° C.'}2. A system for producing a hydrocarbon oil claim 1 , comprising the reactor for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis according to . This application is a Divisional of U.S. application Ser. No. 14/008,033, which is the National Stage of International Application No. PCT/JP2012/057771, filed on Mar. 26, 2012, which claims priority to Japanese Application No. 2011-080611, filed Mar. 31, 2011. The disclosures of each of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/008,033 and PCT/JP2012/057771 are expressly incorporated by reference herein in their entireties.The present invention relates to a reactor for a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, a system for producing a hydrocarbon oil, and a process for producing a hydrocarbon oil.Recently, from the viewpoint of reduction in environmental load, eco- ...

Base Oil Production via Dry Reforming

A system and method for converting (dry reforming) natural gas (methane) and carbon dioxide via reformer catalyst in a dry reformer into syngas including carbon monoxide and hydrogen, and discharging the syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor. Supplemental hydrogen is generated via water electrolysis and added to the syngas in route to the FT reactor to increase the molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the syngas. The syngas may be converted via FT catalyst in the FT reactor into FT waxes. 1. A method of producing base oil , comprising:providing a feed to a dry reformer vessel, the feed comprising carbon dioxide and natural gas comprising methane;converting the methane and the carbon dioxide via reformer catalyst in the dry reformer vessel into syngas comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen, wherein the converting comprises dry reforming and does not comprise autothermal reforming (ATR);discharging the syngas from the dry reformer vessel to a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor vessel;subjecting water to electrolysis to generate supplemental hydrogen;adding the supplemental hydrogen to the syngas in route to the FT reactor vessel to increase a molar ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide in the syngas to at least 1.2; andconverting the syngas via FT catalyst in the FT reactor vessel into intermediate products comprising FT waxes.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reformer catalyst comprises magnesium oxide (MgO) nanoparticles promoted with nickel and molybdenum.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein an operating pressure of the dry reformer vessel is greater than an operating pressure of the FT reactor vessel to give a pressure differential adequate as a motive force for flow of the syngas from the dry reformer vessel to the FT reactor vessel.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the FT waxes are at least 50% of the intermediate products by weight.5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the FT waxes each comprise at least nineteen carbons.6. The method of claim 1 , ...

METHOD AND SYSTEM FOR GTL PRODUCTION IN FPSO

Disclosed herein are a gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method and system for floating production, storage, and offloading (FPSO). The gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for FPSO according to the present invention, which is to produce GTL in FPSO, may include: 1. A gas-to-liquid (GTL) producing method for floating production , storage , and offloading (FPSO) comprising:1) a pre-treating step of pre-treating natural gas produced at an offshore gas field;2) a reforming step of reacting the pre-treated natural gas in a presence of a catalyst to produce syngas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide;3) a synthesis step of supplying the syngas to a Fischer-Tropsch reactor and reacting the syngas to produce liquid hydrocarbon; and4) an upgrading step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon into gas, naphtha, and syncrude and supplying hydrogen to hydrofinish the liquid hydrocarbon.2. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1 , wherein the upgrading step includes:1) a separation step of separating the liquid hydrocarbon produced in the synthesis step into gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms, naphtha, and syncrude; and2) a hydrofinishing step of supplying hydrogen to the separated naphtha to saturate olefin.3. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein a condensate produced in the hydrofinishing step is separated to thereby be mixed with the syncrude separated in the separation step claim 2 , andgum formation and polymerization of olefin contained in at least one of the naphtha and syncrude during storage and transportation are prevented through the hydrofinishing step.4. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein the gas having 1 to 4 carbon atoms separated in the separation step is supplied as fuel for the FPSO.5. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 2 , wherein the hydrofinishing step is performed at a relatively low temperature of 250 to 290° C. and a relatively low pressure of 15 to 30 bars.6. The GTL producing method for FPSO of claim 1 , ...

REGENERATION OF CATALYST

A catalyst is regenerated by an inventive process using a heat exchange fluid such as superheated steam to remove heat during the process relying on efficient heat transfer (e.g., enabled by the microchannel reactor construction) in comparison with prior art heat exchange relying on a phase change, e.g. between water and (partial or complete vaporization) steam, allows simplification of the protocols to enable transition at higher temperatures between steps which translates in reduced duration of the regeneration process and avoids potential water hammering risks. 2. The process according to wherein step a) is initiated upon cool-down of the reactor from synthesis (eg FT synthesis) mode to a transition temperature of approximately 170° C. for an optional nitrogen purge and the introduction of the hydrogen containing gas.3. The process according to or wherein in step a) the temperature of the catalyst bed claim 1 , of the reactor and/or of the dewaxing gas stream is raised to a temperature of 250° C. to 400° C. claim 1 , preferably to 330° C. to 380° C. claim 1 , more preferably 340° C. to 360° C. and kept at or near (preferably within 15° C. of) that holding temperature for a period of one hour to 24 hours claim 1 , preferably 10 to 20 hours claim 1 , more preferably 10 to 15 hours.5. A process in accordance with for the regeneration of a hydrocarbon processing catalyst in situ in a microchannel reactor provided with heat exchange channels.6. The process according to any one of to wherein the heat exchange fluid is steam.7. The process according to any one of to wherein the catalyst is a metal based catalyst claim 4 , for example a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst claim 4 , such as a cobalt or iron-containing catalyst.8. The process according to any one of to wherein the catalyst is disposed on a porous support.9. The process according to any one of to wherein the temperature of each gas stream is controlled by heat exchange fluid flowing through the heat exchange channels ...

Method and apparatus for preparing gasoline and aromatics by using fischer-tropsch synthesis exhaust

The present invention provides a method for preparing gasoline and aromatics by using Fischer-Tropsch synthesis exhaust. The method includes conducting an olefin conversion reaction on Fischer-Tropsch synthesis exhaust under the action of a first molecular sieve catalyst. A first refrigeration or cooling is conducted on an obtained product to obtain ultralow sulfur-containing gasoline and first-stage reaction gas. An alkaline aromatization reaction is conducted on the first-stage reaction gas under the action of a second molecular sieve catalyst. A second refrigeration or cooling is conducted on an obtained product to obtain aromatics. After the olefin conversion reaction, a gasoline component is separated and residual alkanes enter a second-stage fluidized bed reactor for the alkane aromatization reaction to produce aromatics. The present invention implements step conversion of different components in the Fischer-Tropsch exhaust, and has advantages of high reaction yield, easy catalyst regeneration and amplification, and the like.

A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS THROUGH FT BASED SYNTHESIS

The present disclosures and inventions relate to a method that includes the steps of: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising an olefin; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; wherein waste water is produced prior to step d); and d) recovering the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is added to the natural gas prior to being introduced. 1. A method comprising:a) introducing a natural gas;b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas;c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin;wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst;wherein waste water is produced prior to step d); andd) recovering the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is added to the natural gas prior to being introduced.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises recovering carbon dioxide using an acid gas removal process.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein some of the recovered waste water is recycled as steam in step b).4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein some of the recovered waste water further comprises an alcohol or a hydrocarbon claim 1 , or a combination thereof.5. The method according to claim 4 , wherein the alcohol or the hydrocarbon claim 4 , or a combination thereof is reformed in step b) with the natural gas.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises purifying the product mixture by a cryogenic separation process.7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the purifying the product mixture comprises separating methane claim 6 , nitrogen claim 6 , hydrogen claim 6 , or carbon monoxide claim 6 , or a ...

Integration of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells in Cement Processing

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for operating molten carbonate fuel cells with processes for cement production. The systems and methods can provide process improvements including increased efficiency, reduction of carbon emissions per ton of product produced, and simplified capture of the carbon emissions as an integrated part of the system. The number of separate processes and the complexity of the overall production system can be reduced while providing flexibility in fuel feed stock and the various chemical, heat, and electrical outputs needed to power the processes.

Filter assembly and method of use

A filtration element, which includes filtering tubes that are drilled with straight conical holes, and a central supporting tube and connecters/headcaps. The filtering tubes are arranged so that drilled surface portions face outwarded and the remaining undrilled surface portions are positioned adjacent to the central supporting tube. The filtration media can be made of tubular or flat metals or alloys. A plurality of filtration elements can be bundled using specially designed connectors to meet specific requirements for filtering of fine solid particles from liquids or gases or even liquid-gas-solid three phase. These elements can be used for various applications in filtration fields.

A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS THROUGH FT BASED SYNTHESIS

The present disclosures and inventions relate to a method including the steps of: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising an olefin, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting at least some process hydrogen and at least some process and/or external carbon dioxide to syngas by a reverse water gas shift reaction, and recycling such reverse water gas shift reaction produced syngas to before step c). 1. A method comprising:a) introducing a natural gas;b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas;c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin, carbon dioxide, and hydrogen; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; andd) converting at least some process hydrogen and at least some process and/or external carbon dioxide to syngas by a reverse water gas shift reaction, and recycling such reverse water gas shift reaction produced syngas to before step c).2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method produces waste water prior to step d).3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the method recovers the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is used to saturate the natural gas prior to being introduced.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises recovering carbon dioxide using an acid gas removal process.5. The method according to claim 2 , wherein some of the recovered waste water is recycled as steam in step b).6. The method according to claim 2 , wherein some of the recovered waste water comprises one or more alcohols or one or more hydrocarbons claim 2 , or a combination thereof.7. The method according to ...

A PROCESS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF OLEFINS THROUGH FT BASED SYNTHESIS

The present disclosures and inventions relate to a method comprising: a) introducing a natural gas; b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas; c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin and a byproduct comprising a paraffin and a gasoline; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; and d) converting the byproduct to syngas. 1. A method comprising:a) introducing a natural gas;b) reforming the natural gas; wherein the reforming step comprises contacting the natural gas with steam to produce a syngas;c) converting the syngas to a product mixture comprising at least one olefin and a byproduct comprising a paraffin and a gasoline; wherein the converting step comprises contacting the syngas with a Co/Mn catalyst; andd) converting the byproduct to syngas.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method produces waste water prior to step d).3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the method recovers the waste water; wherein some or all of the recovered waste water is used to saturate the natural gas prior to being introduced.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein in step d) claim 1 , the converting the byproduct to syngas comprises partially oxidizing the byproduct and recycling the partially oxidized byproduct to after step b) and before step c).5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein in step d) claim 1 , the converting the byproduct to syngas comprises hydrogenation and pre-reforming of the byproduct and recycling the hydrogenated and pre-reformed byproduct to before step b).6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the method further comprises recovering carbon dioxide using an acid gas removal process.7. The method according to claim 3 , wherein some of the recovered waste water is recycled as steam in step b).8. The method according to claim 3 , wherein some of the recovered waste water ...

CONVERSION OF BIOMASS, ORGANIC WASTE AND CARBON DIOXIDE INTO SYNTHETIC HYDROCARBONS

A process and system for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio is disclosed. Organic material is biochemically digested in a two stage biodigester for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane in a first stage and a methane containing biogas in a second stage. The methane containing biogas is reformed in a first reformer to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, which are then combined in a mixer with the hydrogen containing biogas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio. The syngas is reacted with a catalyst in a second reformer, a Fischer-Tropsch (FT) reactor, to produce the hydrocarbon. Using a two stage biodigester allows for the generation of separate hydrogen and methane streams, a more economical generation of the FT syngas and reduced fouling of the FT catalyst. 1. A process for producing a synthetic hydrocarbon having a desired H/C ratio , comprising the steps ofa) biochemically digesting organic material for separately producing a hydrogen containing biogas substantially free of methane and a methane containing biogas,b) reforming the methane containing biogas to generate hydrogen gas and carbon monoxide gas, andc) combining the hydrogen containing biogas, the hydrogen gas, and the carbon monoxide gas into a syngas in amounts to achieve in the syngas an overall H/C ratio substantially equal to the desired H/C ratio; andd) operating a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis by reacting the syngas with a catalyst to produce the synthetic hydrocarbon.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein in step a) the organic material includes biomass and microorganisms for anaerobic digestion and the biochemically digesting includes subjecting the mixture to multiple stage anaerobic digestion for producing the hydrogen containing biogas in a first stage and the methane containing biogas in a second stage.3. The process of claim 2 , wherein the ...

NANO-NICKEL CATALYST AND HYDROGENATION DEVICE OF CARBON OXIDES

A nano-nickel catalyst and a hydrogenation device of carbon oxides are provided. The hydrogenation device is configured to reduce the carbon oxides to form low carbon hydrocarbons. The nano-nickel catalyst has a metallic nickel body and a plurality of microstructures connecting with at least one surface of the metallic nickel body. The microstructures are sharp, and have a length-diameter ratio ranging from 2 to 5. 1. A nano-nickel catalyst , comprising:a metallic nickel body; anda plurality of microstructures connected to the metallic nickel body on at least one surface of the metallic nickel body;wherein the microstructures are sharp, and have a length-diameter ratio ranging from 2 to 5.2. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the microstructures contain metallic nickel.3. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 2 , wherein the microstructures are made of metallic nickel.4. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic nickel body is spherical.5. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic nickel body is porous.6. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic nickel body is solid.7. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the metallic nickel body is hollow.8. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 5 , wherein the metallic nickel body is porous claim 5 , and has an adsorption pore volume ranging from 0.0024 cm/g to 0.0062 cm/g.9. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the nano-nickel catalyst has a specific surface area ranging from 1.5 m/g to 2.0 m/g.10. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 1 , wherein the nano-nickel catalyst has an ability to reduce carbon dioxide into low-carbon hydrocarbons.11. The nano-nickel catalyst according to claim 10 , wherein the low-carbon hydrocarbons are selected from a group consisting of methane claim 10 , ethane claim 10 , propane claim 10 , and a combination thereof.12. A hydrogenation device ...

Integrated power generation and carbon capture using fuel cells

Systems and methods are provided for capturing CO 2 from a combustion source using molten carbonate fuel cells (MCFCs). At least a portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as a fuel for the combustion source. Optionally, a second portion of the anode exhaust can be recycled for use as part of an anode input stream. This can allow for a reduction in the amount of fuel cell area required for separating CO 2 from the combustion source exhaust and/or modifications in how the fuel cells can be operated.

Integration of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells in Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis

In various aspects, systems and methods are provided for integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process. The molten carbonate fuel cells can be integrated with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process in various manners, including providing synthesis gas for use in producing hydrocarbonaceous carbons. Additionally, integration of molten carbonate fuel cells with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis process can facilitate further processing of vent streams or secondary product streams generated during the synthesis process.

Laminated, Leak-Resistant Chemical Processors, Methods of Making, and Methods of Operating

The invention provides methods of making laminated devices (especially microchannel devices) in which plates are assembled and welded together. Unlike conventional microchannel devices, the inventive laminated devices can be made without brazing or diffusion bonding; thus providing significant advantages for manufacturing. Features such as expansion joints and external welded supports are also described. Laminated devices and methods of conducting unit operations in laminated devices are also described. 15-. (canceled)6. A method of making a laminated device , comprising:providing a first subassembly or a first sheet and a second subassembly or a second sheet; wherein the first subassembly or first sheet comprises a first parallel array of channels and wherein the second subassembly or second sheet comprises a second parallel array of channels and wherein there is no intersection between channels in the first subassembly or first sheet and the second subassembly or second sheet;welding an edge of the first subassembly or first sheet to an edge of the second subassembly or first sheet to form a combined subassembly layer of welded edges of the first and second subassemblies or sheets to form a combined subassembly layer or a welded single sheet; and stacking the combined layer or welded single sheet with one or more layers or sheets, and joining the stacked layers or sheets to form a laminated device.7. The method of wherein the first and second arrays of parallel channels can share a common header or footer.8. The method of wherein the first assembly is welded to the second assembly byspot welding.9. The method of wherein a single sheet or subassembly is cut into plural pieces and subsequently welded together to form an assembly.10. The method of wherein the first subassembly or first sheet has the same length as the second assembly or second sheet.11. The method of further comprising a step of flattening the first subassembly or first sheet prior to welding the ...

Treating of catalyst support

A method for the preparation of a modified catalyst support comprising: (a) treating a catalyst support material with an aqueous solution or dispersion comprising one or more zirconium metal sources, chromium metal sources, manganese metal sources and aluminium metal sources, and one or more polar organic compounds; and (b) drying the treated support, and (c) optionally calcining the treated support. Also provided are catalyst support materials obtainable by the methods, and catalysts prepared from such supports.

COBALT METAL FOAM CATALYST, METHOD OF MAKING SAME, THERMAL-MEDIUM-CIRCULATING HEAT-EXCHANGE REACTOR USING SAME, AND METHOD OF PRODUCING A LIQUID FUEL BY MEANS OF A FISCHER-TROPSCH SYNTHESIS REACTION USING THERMAL-MEDIUM-CIRCULATING HEAT-EXCHANGE REACTOR

A thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor comprises: a tube unit configured such that synthesis gas is supplied to a cobalt catalyst layer filled with the cobalt metal foam catalysts each including a metal foam coated with cobalt catalyst powder to conduct a reaction; a shell unit configured to cover the tube unit such that thermal medium oil having a predetermined temperature is circulated to control reaction heat generated from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; and an electric heater provided at the circumference of the shell unit to heat a cobalt catalyst layer to reduce and pretreat the cobalt catalyst layer. 1. A thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor , comprising:a tube unit configured such that synthesis gas is supplied to a cobalt catalyst layer filled with the cobalt metal foam catalysts each including a metal foam coated with cobalt catalyst powder to conduct a reaction;a shell unit configured to cover the tube unit such that thermal medium oil having a predetermined temperature is circulated to control reaction heat generated from a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction; andan electric heater provided at the circumference of the shell unit to heat a cobalt catalyst layer to reduce and pretreat the cobalt catalyst layer.2. The thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor according to claim 1 , further comprising: a heat exchange pin protruding from an outer surface of the tube unit to accelerate heat exchange between the tube unit and the thermal medium oil.3. The thermal medium-circulated heat exchanger type reactor according to claim 1 , wherein the thermal medium oil is supplied by a thermal medium oil storage tank supplying thermal medium oil to a lower portion of the shell unit through a thermal medium oil supply line and recovering high-temperature thermal medium oil discharged from an upper portion of the shell unit through a thermal medium oil recovery line and then storing the high-temperature thermal medium ...

Method for Start-up And Operation Of A Fischer-Tropsch Reactor

The invention relates to a method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of: (a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal; (b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration, wherein the initial concentration in the range of from 10 to 350 ppbv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream; (c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at a reaction temperature and at a set reactor productivity, whilst maintaining the initial concentration of the nitrogen-containing compound and maintaining the set reactor productivity during a first time period by adjusting the reaction temperature; (d) decreasing the concentration of the nitrogen- containing compound to a second concentration in the range of from 0 to 20 ppbv, wherein the second concentration is at least 5 ppbv below the initial concentration, preferably at least 20 ppbv below the initial concentration, and maintaining the reactor productivity by adjusting the reaction temperature. 1. A method for start-up and operation of a Fischer-Tropsch reactor comprising the steps of:(a) providing a reactor with a fixed bed of reduced Fischer-Tropsch catalyst that comprises cobalt as catalytically active metal;(b) supplying a gaseous feed stream comprising carbon monoxide and hydrogen to the reactor, wherein the gaseous feed stream comprises a nitrogen-containing compound other than molecular nitrogen in an initial concentration, wherein the initial concentration in the range of from 10 to 350 ppbv based on the volume of the gaseous feed stream;(c) converting carbon monoxide and hydrogen supplied with the gaseous feed stream to the reactor into hydrocarbons at a ...

Fischer-Tropsch Catalyst Performance Enhancement Process

The present invention relates to a process for treating a catalyst to improve performance, and more specifically to a process for treating a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst using a high hydrogen syngas to improve catalyst performance. 1. A process for improving performance of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising the steps of:{'sup': −1', '−1, '(a) contacting the catalyst with hydrogen or syngas at a temperature in the range of from about 200° C. to about 450° C., under a pressure in the range of from about 0 barg to about 50 barg, and a GHSV in the range of from about 500 hrto about 5000 hr, for a period of time of at least 1 hour to provide a reduced catalyst;'}{'sub': '2', 'sup': '−1', '(b) contacting the reduced catalyst of step (a) with syngas comprising H:CO in a ratio in the range of from about 1:1 to about 2.1:1, in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor under a pressure in the range of from about 0 barg to about 50 barg and a GHSV of over 1000 hr, at a temperature in the range of from about 100° C. to about 280° C.;'}{'sub': '2', 'sup': −1', '−1, '(c) increasing the ratio of H:CO of the syngas to a ratio of at least 3:1 at a pressure in the range of from about 30 barg to about 42 barg, for a period of time of at least 1 hour at a temperature in the range of from about 160° C. to about 250° C., and a GHSV in the range of from about 1000 hrto about 8000 hr; and'}{'sub': '2', 'sup': '−1', '(d) decreasing the ratio of H:CO of the syngas to a ratio in the range of from about 1:1 to about 2.1:1, at a GHSV in the range of from about 1250 hr, under a pressure in the range of from about 30 barg to about 42 barg, and at a temperature in the range of from about 160° C. to about 280° C.'}2. A process for improving performance of a Fischer-Tropsch catalyst comprising the steps of:{'sup': −1', '−1, '(a) contacting the catalyst with hydrogen or syngas at a temperature in the range of from about 200° C. to about 450° C., under a pressure in the range of from about 0 barg to about 50 ...

Packed-bed tubular reactor for heterogeneous exothermic or endothermic catalytic reactions

A reactor for Fischer-Tropsch reaction effected in a three-phase system essentially consisting of a gaseous reagent phase, a liquid reacted phase and a solid catalytic phase, wherein the solid catalytic phase is composed of packed bodies encaged in at least one open-cell foam structure with a high thermal conductivity.

Processes For Producing High Biogenic Concentration Fischer-Tropsch Liquids Derived From Municipal Solid Wastes (MSW) Feedstocks

Processes for producing high biogenic concentration Fischer-Tropsch liquids derived from the organic fraction of municipal solid wastes (MSW) feedstock that contains a relatively high concentration of biogenic carbon (derived from plants) and a relatively low concentration of non-biogenic carbon (derived from fossil sources) wherein the biogenic content of the Fischer-Tropsch liquids is the same as the biogenic content of the feedstock. 1. A transportation fuel or fuel additive derived from municipal solid wastes (MSW) that contain materials that are produced from biogenic derived carbon materials and non-biogenic derived carbon materials , the transportation fuel or fuel additive derived from a process comprising the steps of:a) in a feedstock processing step, removing some of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials and non-carbonaceous materials from municipal solid wastes to produce a processed MSW feedstock that contains a higher concentration of biogenic carbon materials than non-biogenic carbon materials; andb) converting the processed MSW feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids in a bio-refinery while maintaining a greater concentration of biogenic carbon than non-biogenic carbon; andc) upgrading the Fischer-Tropsch liquids into a transportation fuel or fuel additive while maintaining a greater concentration of biogenic carbon than non-biogenic carbon.2. The transportation fuel or fuel additive derived by the process according to wherein the step of converting the processed MSW feedstock into Fischer-Tropsch liquids in the bio-refinery claim 1 , further comprises: converting the processed MSW feedstock in a gasification island.3. The transportation fuel or fuel additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock processing step claim 1 , more than about 10% of the non-biogenic derived carbon materials are removed.4. The transportation fuel or fuel additive derived by the process according to wherein claim 1 , in the feedstock ...

SYSTEMS AND PROCESSES FOR PRODUCING LIQUID TRANSPORTATION FUELS

Disclosed in the application include systems and processes for producing a liquid transportation fuel product using a carbon-containing feedstock. 1. A system for converting a carbon-containing feedstock into a liquid transportation fuel product , the system comprising{'sub': 2', '2', '2', '2', '2, 'an air-blown producer gas reactor operable to convert the carbon-containing feedstock into a producer gas comprising H, CO, CO, and N, with substoichiometeric amounts of Hand CO (less than 2:1 molar ratio of Hto CO);'} wherein the F-T reactor is fluidly coupled to a source of feed gas and operable to convert at least a portion of the feed gas into a FTS product, wherein the FTS product comprises the liquid transportation fuel product and a first residue, and', 'wherein the cracker is fluidly coupled to the F-T reactor and operable to catalytically crack at least a portion of the first residue to produce an additional amount of the liquid transportation fuel product and a second residue; and, 'a processing unit, wherein the processing unit comprises a Fischer-Tropsch (F-T) reactor, and a cracker,'}a product upgrading unit, wherein the product upgrading unit is operable to produce an additional amount of the liquid transportation fuel product from a product gas.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the carbon-containing feedstock comprises at least one feedstock selected from the group consisting of a ligno-cellulosic biomass solid claim 1 , a biomass derived oil claim 1 , a biomass derived gas claim 1 , and a fossil-fuel derived carbonaceous feedstock.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the F-T reactor is fluidly coupled to the air-blown producer gas reactor claim 1 , wherein the feed gas to the F-T reactor comprises the producer gas.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the product gas comprises at least a portion of the first residue or at least a portion of the second residue.5. The system of comprising a hard-wax trap claim 1 , wherein the hard-wax trap is fluidly coupled to ...

MICROCHANNEL REACTORS AND FABRICATION PROCESSES

A microchannel reactor comprising: (a) a plurality of process microchannels having particulates packed along the length of the microchannels; (b) a plurality of heat transfer microchannels in thermal communication with the plurality of process microchannels; and, (c) a first retainer positioned at a first end of the plurality of process microchannels to inhibit the particulates from exiting the process microchannels via the first end. 178-. (canceled)79. A microchannel device , comprising:a plurality of parallel arrays of microchannel coolant channels;a plurality of reaction microchannels alternating in a circular arrangement with the plurality of parallel arrays of coolant channels to surround an axial core;wherein the microchannel coolant channels extend perpendicularly to the central axis of the axial core; andwherein the reaction microchannels extend in a direction that is parallel to the axis of the axial core and perpendicularly to the arrays of microchannel coolant channels.80. The microchannel device of wherein the reaction microchannels comprise a waveform.81. The microchannel device of wherein the reaction microchannels comprise catalyst.82. The microchannel device of wherein the reaction microchannels comprise a fixed bed Fischer-Tropsch catalyst.83. The microchannel device of having a circular cross-section in a plane perpendicular to the central axis of the axial core.84. The microchannel device of wherein the reaction microchannels have a wedge shape with the thin edge of the each wedge nearest the axial core.85. The microchannel device of wherein the reaction microchannels comprise a waveform having an amplitude that increases as the distance from the central axis increases.86. The microchannel device of comprising a first reaction manifold having a ring shape that connects with inlets of the reaction microchannels.87. The microchannel device of comprising a second reaction manifold having a ring shape that connects with outlets of the reaction ...

Producing Hydrocarbons From Catalytic Fischer-Tropsch Reactor

An integrated plant for the conversion of a hydrocarbon gas such as natural gas to useful hydrocarbon liquid fuels and feed-stocks comprises an H2+CO syngas generation system which provides feed gas to a Fischer-Tropsch catalytic hydrocarbon synthesis system with an associated power and heat energy system. 1. An integrated system for the production of hydrocarbons , comprising:a POX in which hydrocarbon fuel gas is partially oxidized in the presence of oxygen gas to produce a first intermediate synthesis gas product;a GHR in combination with the POX in which hydrocarbon fuel gas is reformed with steam to produce a second intermediate synthesis gas product which is combined with the first intermediate synthesis gas product to form a synthesis gas product stream;a gas turbine in which an oxidant gas is compressed to produce compressed oxidant gas, a combustion fuel gas is combusted in the presence of at least a portion of said compressed oxidant gas to produce combustion product gas and said combustion product gas is expanded to produce power and expanded combustion product gas;heat exchanger for heating a first steam stream against a stream of expanded combustion product gas to produce a heated first steam stream;a first conduit for supplying the stream of expanded combustion product gas from the expanding means to the first heat exchange means;a second conduit for supplying at least a portion of the heated first steam stream from the first heat exchange means to the synthesis gas generation system;an air separation unit (“ASU”);an element for transferring at least a portion of the power produced by the gas turbine to the ASU; and{'sub': 2', '2, 'a Fisher-Tropsch catalytic reactor process with more than one stage of reaction and product liquid hydrocarbon separation including the removal of at least a portion of the COpresent in the separated off-gas from the first stage or second stage using a COseparation process.'}2. The system of claim 1 , wherein Fisher-Tropsch ...

SYSTEM FOR GENERATING FUEL MATERIALS USING FISCHER-TROPSCH CATALYSTS AND PLASMA SOURCES

In a first processing chamber, a feedstock may be combined with plasma from, for example, three plasma torches to form a first fluid mixture. Each torch may have a working gas including water vapor, oxygen, and carbon dioxide. The first fluid mixture may be cooled and may contact a first heat exchange device. The output fluid from the first heat exchange device may be separated into one or more components. A syngas may be derived from the one or more components and have a ratio of carbon monoxide to hydrogen of about 1:2. The syngas may be transferred to a catalyst bed to be converted into one or more fluid fuels. 1. A system for synthesizing a fuel fluid , the system comprising:a first processing chamber;one or more controllable plasma sources, each of the one or more controllable plasma sources configured to deliver a plasma discharge into the first processing chamber;one or more controllable sources of working fluids, each of the one or more controllable sources of working fluids configured to deliver an amount of a working fluid to a corresponding controllable plasma source;a first heat exchange device in fluid communication with the first processing chamber;a coolant addition device in fluid communication with the first processing chamber and the first heat exchange device;a gas separator configured to receive a second fluid mixture from an output port of the first heat exchange device and to separate the second fluid mixture into one or more components;one or more gas holding containers to store the one or more components of the second fluid mixture;a catalyst bed configured to receive a portion of the one or more components of the second fluid mixture and to convert the portion of the one or more components into a fuel fluid;one or more sensors configured to sense at least one process control variable associated with one or more of the first processing chamber, the one or more controllable plasma sources, the one or more of the plurality of controllable ...

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR PRODUCING A HYDROCARBON FRACTION AND A HYDROCARBON FRACTION AND ITS USE

Provided is a method and apparatus for producing a hydrocarbon fraction. The hydrocarbon fraction is formed from biomass based synthesis gas, the synthesis gas is fed through at least two catalyst layer, the first catalyst layer includes Fe-based catalyst, the second catalyst layer includes Co-based catalyst, and the synthesis gas is treated by supplying the synthesis gas through the first and second catalyst layers in order to form a hydrocarbon composition including the hydrocarbon fraction. Further, provided is a hydrocarbon fraction and its use. 1. A method for producing a hydrocarbon fraction , whereinthe hydrocarbon fraction is formed from biomass based synthesis gas,the synthesis gas is fed through at least two catalyst layers,a first catalyst layer includes Fe-based catalyst,a second catalyst layer includes Co-based catalyst,the synthesis gas is treated by supplying the synthesis gas through the first and second catalyst layers forming a hydrocarbon composition including the hydrocarbon fraction, andreaction pressure is between 3 to 10 bar in the first catalyst layer and reaction pressure is between 3 to 10 bar in the second catalyst layer.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the first catalyst layer and the second catalyst layer have been arranged sequentially so that the synthesis gas is first fed through the first catalyst layer and then through the second catalyst layer.3. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reaction pressure is between 4 to 8 bar.4. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a temperature in the first catalyst layer is between 220 to 350° C.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a temperature in the second catalyst layer is between 180 to 250° C.6. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a temperature is independently controllable in both catalyst layers.7. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the hydrocarbon fraction is separated from the hydrocarbon composition.8. The method according to claim 1 , wherein ...

FUEL-CELL REACTOR

A reactor containing one or more spiral paths adapted to facilitate the reaction of feed stock, syn-gas with a catalyst or catalysts, for the purpose of synthesizing multiple longer chains of hydrocarbons where there the reactor is further adapted to manage the inflow of syn-gas feed stock, the outflow of hydrocarbon products the recycling of catalysts to ensure minimal maintenance interruptions, where the solid catalyst nodules are of a geometry and size contusive to fluid like movement through the reactor and through a regenerative catalysts management operation. The unit operates with minimal support infrastructure. 1. A system , comprising:a number of elements including:a Fischer-Tropsch reactor;an integrated power source;filter and processing equipment to extract impurities form air, water and short chain gaseous hydrocarbon feed stock;a boiler to produce high pressure steam;a methane to synthesis gas (syn-gas) reformer;a waste water purification system; anda catalyst management system;wherein the system is portable;wherein the elements are communicably coupled and are contained in a single housing of dimensions meeting intermodal shipping container requirements.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the reactor allows at least one of catalyst removal claim 1 , inspection claim 1 , replacement regeneration claim 1 , or re-activation without reactor shutdown.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst management system removes catalysts from the Fischer-Tropsch reactor while it is in operation claim 1 , and inspects the catalyst for degradation.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst management system utilizes chemical and mechanical techniques to reactivate the catalyst and either reinsert it in the Fischer-Tropsch reactor or replace it from a ready supply.5. The system of claim 4 , wherein the catalyst management system retains any replaced catalyst or chemicals for future use or disposal.6. The system of claim 1 , wherein waste product water is ...

LAMINATED, LEAK-RESISTANT CHEMICAL PROCESSORS, METHODS OF MAKING, AND METHODS OF OPERATING

The invention provides methods of making laminated devices (especially microchannel devices) in which plates are assembled and welded together. Unlike conventional microchannel devices, the inventive laminated devices can be made without brazing or diffusion bonding; thus providing significant advantages for manufacturing. Features such as expansion joints and external welded supports are also described. Laminated devices and methods of conducting unit operations in laminated devices are also described. 121-. (canceled)22. A pressure-resistant substrate assembly , comprising:a welded laminate configured such that, during operation, flow of fluids through the laminate is primarily perpendicular to sheet thickness;wherein the laminate comprises a first layer adjacent to a second layer and a periphery around the first and second layers;wherein the periphery is perpendicular to sheet thickness;wherein the first layer comprises microchannels and wherein the second layer comprises channels and seals along the periphery, wherein the seals hold a differential pressure of more than 100 psig between the first layer and the second layer; andwherein the seals are not diffusion bonded or brazed.23. The pressure-resistant substrate assembly of wherein the seals hold a differential pressure of more than 500 psig between the first layer and the second layer.24. A welded pressure-resistant substrate assembly claim 22 , comprising:a plurality of channels that are sealed welding;wherein the sealing is not the result of polymeric gaskets, brazing, or diffusion bonding;and having a leak rate of less than 10 sccm nitrogen when pressurized with nitrogen gas at 100 psig and room temperature.25. The welded pressure-resistant substrate assembly of having a leak rate of less than 11 sccm nitrogen when pressurized with nitrogen gas at 100 psig and room temperature.25. The welded pressure-resistant substrate assembly of wherein the assembly comprises a plurality of sheets in a stack claim 24 , ...