СПОСОБ ПРОГНОЗИРОВАНИЯ И УПРАВЛЕНИЯ СОСТОЯНИЕМ БУРОВОЙ ПЛОЩАДКИ, ОСНОВАННЫЙ НА РАСПОЗНАВАНИИ ВИЗУАЛЬНЫХ И ТЕПЛОВЫХ ИЗОБРАЖЕНИЙ

Изобретение относится к прогнозированию и управлению состоянием буровой площадки. Техническим результатом является повышение эффективности прогнозирования и управления состоянием буровой площадки. Способ включает этапы, на которых: осуществляют работу оборудования буровой площадки, создают цифровое изображение и тепловое изображение оборудования буровой площадки, обнаруживают одну или более единицу оборудования на цифровом изображении, накладывают тепловое изображение на одну или более обнаруженных единиц оборудования на цифровом изображении для теплового отображения одной или более обнаруженных единиц оборудования, анализируют температурные условия по меньшей мере первой обнаруженной единицы оборудования и изменяют работу по меньшей мере одного из оборудования буровой площадки на основании проанализированных тепловых условий. 3 н. и 19 з.п. ф-лы, 6 ил.

СПОСОБ ВЫЧИСЛЕНИЯ РАСХОДА РАСХОДОМЕРОМ, ИСПОЛЬЗУЮЩИМ МНОЖЕСТВЕННЫЕ МОДЫ КОЛЕБАНИЙ

Предложенное изобретение относится к средствам для диагностики расходомеров Кориолиса. Данное изобретение позволяет предупредить возможные изменения свойств материала расходомерной трубки, ее жесткости и параметров ее сечения и обеспечить указание на неточность измерений массовых расходов диагностируемым расходомером Кориолиса. Предложенный способ заключается в использовании множественных мод колебаний и содержит следующие этапы: калибровку расходомера для каждой выбранной моды колебаний; определение плотности вещества, протекающего через расходомер при каждой выбранной моде колебаний; определение влияния расхода на значение плотности для каждой выбранной моды колебаний; и вычисление расхода с использованием значений плотности и влияния расхода на значения плотности для каждой выбранной моды колебаний. В частном случае реализации заявленного способа может быть определен период колебаний трубки для каждой выбранной моды колебаний; и произведено вычисление температуры потока вещества при ...

НУЛЕВОЙ РАДИОМЕТР

Изобретение относится к измерительной технике, а именно к микроволновым радиометрам, и может использоваться в дистанционном зондировании Земли, медицине, поиске радиотепловых аномалий и т.д. Заявлен нулевой радиометр, содержащий антенну, первый и второй высокочастотные переключатели, последовательно соединенные импульсный усилитель, фильтр высоких частот, синхронный фильтр низких частот, компаратор, блок управления, первый, второй и третий выходы которого подключены соответственно к управляющим входам синхронного фильтра низких частот, первого и второго высокочастотных переключателей, а четвертый выход является выходной шиной радиометра, общая шина которого соединена со вторым входом компаратора, термостатированную плату, на которой установлен и находится с ней в тепловом контакте первый высокочастотный переключатель. В радиометр дополнительно введены установленная на термостатированной плате и находящаяся с ней в непосредственном тепловом контакте согласованная нагрузка, соединенная с ...

СПОСОБ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ

Изобретение относится к области нанотехнологий и может быть использовано в области измерения локальных слабых температурных полей с микро- и наноразмерным разрешением в микроэлектронике, биотехнологиях и др. Предложен способ измерения температуры, включающий предварительное построение экспериментальной градуировочной кривой зависимости величины магнитного поля в точке кросс-релаксации (КР) уровней энергии спиновых центров с основным квадруплетным спиновым состоянием S=3/2 и спиновых центров с триплетным спиновым состоянием S=1, содержащихся в кристалле карбида кремния гексагонального или ромбического политипа, от температуры. Построение экспериментальной градуировочной кривой осуществляют путем воздействия на упомянутый кристалл карбида кремния сфокусированным лазерным излучением, различным по величине постоянным магнитным полем, переменным магнитным полем низкой частоты. При этом при каждой температуре измеряют интенсивность фотолюминесценции (ФЛ) спиновых центров с основным квадруплетным ...

СПОСОБ И УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ IN SITU КАЛИБРОВКИ ТЕРМОМЕТРА

Изобретение относится к способу in situ калибровки и/или проверки термометра (1) по меньшей мере с одним датчиком (7) температуры и по меньшей мере одним эталонным элементом (8), состоящим по меньшей мере частично из материала, для которого в пределах релевантного для эксплуатации термометра (1) температурного диапазона происходит по меньшей мере один фазовый переход при по меньшей мере одной заданной температуре (T) фазового перехода, при котором материал пребывает в твердой фазе, а также к устройству для осуществления способа. Способ включает в себя следующие этапы: обнаружение и/или запись по меньшей мере одного полученного от датчика (7) температуры измеренного значения (T), в частности в качестве функции (T(t)) времени, обнаружение и/или запись по меньшей мере одной характеристической физической или химической эталонной величины (G) эталонного элемента (8), в частности в качестве функции (G(t)) времени, обнаружение произошедшего фазового перехода с помощью, в частности, скачкообразного ...

Способ определения температуры стеклования

Изобретение относится к области измерений и может быть использовано для исследования теплофизических характеристик электроизоляционных материалов. Согласно предложенному способу определения температуры стеклования проводят серии испытаний вдавливанием индентора в поверхность испытуемого материала при плавно изменяющейся температуре. Вдавливание проводят шаровым индентором с регистрацией в процессе испытания диаграммы вдавливания в координатах «нагрузка - глубина отпечатка», с использованием которой рассчитывают значения твердости по Бринеллю НВ, для каждой из температур испытания. Строят график зависимости твердости по Бринеллю НВ, от температуры испытания. Аппроксимируют полученный график двумя прямыми линиями, соответствующими температурным интервалам до и после стеклования. Температуру стеклования определяют по точке пересечения полученных прямых линий на графике зависимости твердости НВ, от температуры. Технический результат – повышение производительности и точности определения температуры ...

ИММЕРСИОННОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ВОЛОКОННОГО СВЕТОВОДА ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ РАСПЛАВА

Wasserfahrzeug und Druckluftverteileinrichtung

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Wasserfahrzeug mit einem Rumpf (10), einer daran angeordneten Einbringeinrichtung (20) für ein im Wasser zu verankernden Gegenstand (70) und zumindest einem Kompressor (30) mit zumindest in das Wasser führenden Druckluftleitung (40), die mit zumindest einer Druckluftverteileinrichtung (45) gekoppelt ist, die eine horizontale Erstreckung und eine Vielzahl von zueinander beabstandeten Ausströmöffnungen (46) zur Erzeugung eines Blasenschleiers (50) unterhalb des Rumpfes (10) aufweist, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass der Rumpf (10) zumindest zwei Teilrümpfe (11, 12) aufweist, die zueinander beabstandet angeordnet und miteinander verbunden sind und sich zwischen den Teilrümpfen (11, 12) ein Freiraum (15) befindet, der von dem Blasenschleier (50) zumindest teilweise umgeben ist.

Gaseous or fluid medium`s temperature determining method for use in e.g. fluid thermometer, involves connecting oscillating body with frequency meter, and determining temperature of medium from determined frequency of body

The method involves providing an oscillating body in a pipeline, where the body is activated by a gaseous or fluid medium. The body is connected with a frequency meter, which measures the frequency of the body. The temperature of the medium is determined from the determined frequency by using an evaluation unit, where the frequency meter and the oscillating body are combined in a device. An independent claim is also included for a device for determining a temperature of a gaseous or fluid medium flowing through a pipeline.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR INDICATING TEMPERATURE VARIATIONS IN A PRODUCT PREFERABLY A FOOD PRODUCT

... 1350174 Temperature indicators K G ERIKSSON S E WAHLGREN and C A MANGEN 21 April 1972 [22 April 1971] 18688/72 Heading G1D A device for indicating visually if a product stored at low temperature has been subject to damaging temperature rise comprises an indicating system including at least one component which is solid at the intended storage temperature, a dissolving agent for said component, and an indicator located in the solid component or the dissolving agent, the solid component being embedded in or coated with a substance which delays the dissolving process, the system being activated to a non-reversible indicating state by the action over a certain period of a temperature exceeding the storage temperature. The system may comprise an unstable emulsion of paraffin oil in a thickened outer component. When the outer component melts the oil drops mix together to give a changed appearance, the rate of the reaction depending on the viscosity of the outer component. In one example the solid ...

Method and system for determining water vapor profile using global positioning system (GPS) signals

>An> actuator including a shape memory material

An actuator 12 comprises: a first portion 14 having shape memory properties, and a second portion 16 formed of substantially the same material as the first portion 14 and having reduced shape memory properties relative to the first portion 14. The first portion 14 is movable from a first position to a second position at a temperature above the phase transition temperature of the shape memory material. The second portion 16 is arranged to urge the first portion 14 from the second position to the first position at a temperature below the phase transition temperature of the shape memory material. The actuator 12 may be used for controlling gas flow in a gas turbine engine.

ELECTRICAL CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS

SENSING TECHNIQUES USING PHASE MODULATION

Distributed optical fiber identification system and method for seepage conditions of hydraulic structure and base thereof

Fluid diagnostic technique

TEMPERATURE MONITORING DEVICES

Interferometric sensor and its use in a device interférométriqqapteur-that.

ARRANGEMENT FOR THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL DIMENSION AND MATERIAL CONCENTRATIONS

INTERFEROMETRIC SENSOR AND ITS APPLICATION IN AN INTERFEROMETRIC DEVICE.

FIBRE OPTIC COUPLER DISPLACEMENT TRANSDUCER

Immersion device for an optical fiber for measuring the temperature of a melt

IMMERSION DEVICE FOR AN OPTICAL FIBER FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF A MELT The invention refers to an immersion device (1) for measuring the temperature with an optical fiber, preferably a metal coated optical fiber in a metallurgical vessel. An immersion device according to the present invention comprises a feeding channel (26) and feeding means (20, 21, 22, 27, 106, 108) for feeding an optical fiber into a disposable guiding tube (31) and for feeding the disposable guiding tube together with the optical fiber into a melt. The immersion device comprises control means (102, 103, 104, 105, 107) for monitoring the position of an end of the fiber relative to an end of the guiding tube. It was found that said relative position determines the quality of a temperature measurement. Consequently, to monitor said relative position makes it possible to determine the quality of a temperature measurement and thus to improve the temperature measurements.

A method for monitoring performance of an incubator module, said incubator module being comprised in an automated system for assaying multiple samples and a kit suitable for use in said method

SULFONIC ACID COMPOSITION FOR FORMING THERMOPARTICULATING COATING

A composition is disclosed of a sulfonic acid or amine salt thereof, a resinous carrier, and a solvent. The composition is applied to a portion of an electrical apparatus which is exposed to a gas stream. The solvent in the composition is evaporated to produce a thermoparticulating coating. When the electrical apparatus overheats the sulfonic acid or amine sulfonate in the coating forms particles in the gas stream which are detected by a monitor.

TEMPERATURE INDICATOR

THERMOGRAPHIC AREAMETER

DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR A CORIOLIS FLOW METER

A system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes is provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes comprises a means for calibrating the flow meter for a number of desired modes. The system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes includes a means for determining a density of a material flowing through the flow meter associated with each mode. The system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes further includes a means for determining the flow rate effect on density for each desired mode. The system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes a means for calculating a flow rate based on the density and flow rate effect on density values for each desired mode.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REMOTE SENSING OF AMOUNT OF INGREDIENTS AND TEMPERATURE OF GASES

Aspects of the invention are directed to a device and method for detecting characteristics of a gas. The gas includes an exhausted plume from a vehicle or factory plant, leaked gas from an oil well or gas resource, or unidentified gas from an unknown source. The method includes sweepingly directing a beam of light through the gas to a target surface on which the beam of light is scattered, acquiring the scattered light scattered from the target surface, and processing the acquired scattered light to determine the characteristics of the gas, where the characteristics of the gas comprise at least one of a temperature of the gas and an amount of at least one ingredient of the gas.

IMMERSION DEVICE FOR AN OPTICAL FIBER FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF A MELT

The invention refers to an immersion device for measuring the temperature with an optical fiber, preferably a metal coated optical fiber in a metallurgical vessel. An immersion device according to the present invention comprises a feeding channel and feeding means for feeding an optical fiber into a disposable guiding tube and for feeding the disposable guiding tube together with the optical fiber into a melt. The immersion device comprises control means for monitoring the position of an end of the fiber relative to an end of the guiding tube. It was found that said relative position determines the quality of a temperature measurement. Consequently, to monitor said relative position makes it possible to determine the quality of a temperature measurement and thus to improve the temperature measurements.

A METHOD OF GENERATING A DRIVE SIGNAL FOR A VIBRATORY SENSOR

A method of generating a drive signal for a vibratory sensor is provided. The method includes vibrating a vibratory clement configured to provide a vibration signal, receiving the vibration signal from the vibratory element with a receiver circuit, generating a drive signal that vibrates the vibratory element with a driver circuit coupled to the receiver circuit and the vibratory element, and comparing a phase of the generated drive signal with a phase of the vibration signal, wherein the drive signal is generated by an open-loop drive in the driver circuit.

APPARATUS, SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR REAL-TIME WAFER TEMPERATUREMEASUREMENT BASED ON LIGHT SCATTERING

A sensor for measuring semiconductor wafer temperature in semiconductor processing equipment, comprising a first laser to provide a first laser beam at a first wavelength and a second laser to provide a second laser beam at a second wavelength. The sensor also includes laser driver and oscillator to modulate the wavelength of the first and second laser beams as the laser beams are directed to and reflected from the wafer, and detector module to measure the change in specular reflectance of the wafer resulting from the modulation of the wavelength of the first and second laser beams. The sensor system also includes signal processing circuitry to determine rms surface roughness of wafer at a known reference temperature from the change in reflectance of wafer resulting from modulation of the wavelengths of the first and second laser beams, and to determine the temperature of wafer from the change in specular reflectance of wafer resulting from modulation of the wavelengths of the first and ...

Als Temperaturindikator ausgebildetes Dispersionsfilter

Verfahren zur Überwachung von Temperaturänderungen strahlendurchlässiger Unterlagen für bei Unterdruck aufzubringende dünne Schichten

Als Temperaturindikator ausgebildetes Dispersionsfilter und Verfahren zu dessen Herstellung

Method of producing a predetermined temperature in the central region of a metal foil situated in a pyrolysis chamber

Device for optically measuring physical quantities or matter concentrations

To prevent washing away of tracer and/or reactor substances from a space closed off by a membrane, the tracer substance or the reagents are covalently immobilised by means of a membrane.

METHOD OF MEASURING TEMPERATURE OPTICALLY AND DEVICE FOR IMPLEMENTING SAID METHOD.

Optical sensor element for gas temp. measurement - uses interference chamber optical resonator prointerference spectrum dependent on temp.

The sensor has an interference chamber (20) with at least two approximately parallel walls (21, 22) made of a reflective, dielectric, multi-layer material, exhibiting a light interference spectrum which is dependent on the temp. At least one light conductor extends between a light source, e.g. a laser diode, and the resonator provided by the interference chamber, with a light sensor and an associated evaluation circuit detecting the intensity and/or phase of the light received from the resonator. The latter pref. comprises a Fabry Perot resonator (20, 21, 22, 23). USE - Detecting temp. in combustion space or exhaust gas system of IC engine or gas turbine.

Integrated accoustic phase array

A system includes a processor and a phased array, coupled to the processor, having an arrayed waveguide for acoustic waves to enable directional sound communication.

2D plasma temperature field measuring device and method for different element objects

DISPOSITIF DE CONTROLE DU MAINTIEN DE LA CHAINE DU FROID POUR UN PRODUIT SURGELE

L'INVENTION A POUR OBJET UN DISPOSITIF DE CONTROLE DU MAINTIEN DE LA CHAINE DU FROID A UNE TEMPERATURE INFERIEURE A 0C POUR UN PRODUIT SURGELE, NOTAMMENT ALIMENTAIRE, CARACTERISE EN CE QU'IL EST ESSENTIELLEMENT CONSTITUE D'UNE MATIERE HYDROPHILE COMPATIBLE AVEC L'APPLICATION ENVISAGEE, MUNIE D'UNE SUBSTANCE OU D'UNE ASSOCIATION DE SUBSTANCES COMPATIBLE AVEC L'APPLICATION ENVISAGEE ET CAPABLE DE SE TRANSFORMER DE FACON VISIBLE ET IRREVERSIBLE EN PRESENCE D'HUMIDITE. DE PREFERENCE, CE DISPOSITIF EST REALISE EN PAIN AZYME MUNI D'UN GRAPHISME CONSTITUE D'AU MOINS DEUX COLORANTS ALIMENTAIRES ET QUI, EN PRESENCE D'HUMIDITE, SE TRANSFORME, NOTAMMENT AVEC UNE COLORATION DIFFERENTE. APPLICATION AU CONTROLE DU MAINTIEN DE LA CHAINE DU FROID POUR LES PRODUITS SURGELES.

PROCESS OF MEASUREMENT TEMPERATURE ON COMPONENTS UNDER OPERATION ETDISPOSITIF OF MEASUREMENT

Dispositif capteur délivrant des indications de pression et de température

L'invention concerne un dispositif ayant un capteur qui délivre un signal de sortie représentant à la fois la pression et la température régnant à l'emplacement du capteur. Une sonde 4 comprenant un élément capteur optique 3 est plongée dans un écoulement de gaz. Un rayonnement optique à large bande, délivré par une source 1, est transmis par le capteur 3 à trois photodiodes 11 à 13 répondant à des longueurs d'ondes différentes. Les signaux des photodiodes sont utilisés comme adresses dans une mémoire 200 contenant des valeurs de température et de pression en fonction des intensités du rayonnement aux différentes longueurs d'ondes. Applications à l'aéronautique et aux moteurs à turbine.

FUSION

L'invention concerne la mesure de la température d'un bain de métal en fusion. On utilise un élément sensible à la température qui comprend une matière électriquement isolante apte à être détruite par combustion au contact du bain et on mesure la durée de combustion d'une longueur définie de cette matière isolante. Sur la figure, cette longueur correspond à la différence de niveau entre les électrodes 2 et 4. L'invention s'applique notamment à la détermination de la température d'un bain d'acier fondu.

Device for checking that the cold chain for a frozen product is maintained

Temperature overshoot detector for e.g. blood bag, has stop placed on defined path of movable part of thermo-sensitive mechanical unit and movable reversibly towards lower temperature when stop is driven by movable part

Détecteur de dépassement d'une température destiné à surveiller l'évolution de la température d'un produit. Il comprend un support (2) portant un élément mécanique thermosensible (4) sensible à une plage de températures autour de la température limite (TL) entre les températures autorisées et les températures non autorisées. L'élément thermosensible (4) a une partie mobile (41) dans cette plage de températures suivant une trajectoire définie (44). Une butée (7) est placée sur la trajectoire (44) de la partie mobile (41) de l'élément thermosensible (4). Cette butée est mobile de manière irréversible en direction de la zone non autorisée, le déplacement de la butée étant uniquement produit par la partie mobile (41) de l'élément mécanique thermosensible.

Washing indicator label for textile articles e.g. garments has areas of different materials for temperature, degradation and color run

Etiquette témoin d'entretien pour articles textiles comprenant un ou plusieurs indicateurs de lavage, permettant de mettre en évidence de manière irréversible un ou plusieurs paramètres de lavage, caractérisée en ce que le ou les moyens indicateurs de lavage sont tissés. Les indicateurs de lavage détectent de préférence le dépassement de température, et/ ou la dégradation et/ ou le dégorgement.

DEVICE SENSOR DELIVERING OF THE INDICATIONS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

SENSOR DEVICE DELIVERING INDICATIONS OF PRESSURE AND TEMPERATURE

INTERFEROMETER OF MICHELSON HAS FIBEROPTICS AND ITS APPLICATION IN PARTICULAR TO THE MEASUREMENT OF THE TEMPERATURES

DEVICE HAS FIBEROPTICS FOR the Remote SENSING Of a PHYSICAL SIZE, IN PARTICULAR OF the TEMPERATURE

INTERFEROMETRIC SENSOR AND ITS USE IN AN INTERFEROMETRIC DEVICE

열 차단 지수의 생성 방법

... 열 차단 지수의 생성 방법은, 열 차단 물질이 도포된 제1 영역 및 상기 열 차단 물질이 도포되지 않은 제2 영역에 각각 열을 가하는 단계; 상기 제1 영역 및 제2 영역 각각의 포화 온도를 측정하는 단계; 상기 제1 영역에 가해진 열에 대응되는 에너지를 상기 제1 영역의 포화 온도로 나누어 제1 에너지를 산출하는 단계; 상기 제2 영역에 가해진 열에 대응되는 에너지를 상기 제2 영역의 포화 온도로 나누어 제2 에너지를 산출하는 단계; 및 상기 제1 에너지를 상기 제2 에너지로 나누거나, 또는 상기 제1 에너지 및 상기 제2 에너지의 차를 상기 제1 에너지로 나누어 상기 열 차단 물질의 열 차단 지수를 산출하는 단계를 포함할 수 있다.

온-보드 진단을 수행하는 LED 기반 조명 모듈

... 발광다이오드(LED) 기반 조명 모듈은 온-보드 진단을 수행한다. 예를 들면, 진단은 경과된 수명의 추정, 형광체의 열화, 열적 결함, LED의 결함, 또는 측정된 플럭스 또는 온도에 기초한 LED 전류의 조정을 포함한다. 경과된 수명은 온도, 전류, 및 상대습도와 같은 실제 동작 조건으로부터 도출된 가속 인자에 의해 누적된 동작 시간의 경과를 크기조정(scaling) 함으로써 추정될 수 있다. 형광체의 열화는 LED로부터의 펄스 광에 대한 형광체의 측정된 응답을 기초로 추정될 수 있다. 열적 결함은 기동 조건으로부터 모듈의 과도 응답을 사용하여 진단될 수 있다. LED의 결함은 측정된 순방향 전압에 기초하여 진단될 수 있다. LED를 위한 전류는 측정된 플럭스 값 및 전류 값과 플럭스 값들의 원하는 비율을 사용하여 조정될 수 있다. 또한, LED 전류는 측정된 온도에 기초하여 크기조정될 수 있다.

고온 부재의 온도 추정 방법, 준안정 정방상의 함유량 측정 방법, 열화 판정 방법

... 온도 추정 방법은, 고온 부재의 표면에 형성된 코팅층에 포함되는 준안정 정방상의 함유량을 X선 회절법이나 리트벨트 해석, 라만 분광법 등을 이용하여 측정하고, 측정한 상기 준안정 정방상의 함유량에 근거하여, 상기 고온 부재의 표면 온도를 추정한다.

방사선 검출기 및 신틸레이터 패널

... 본 발명의 방사선 검출기(1)는 복수의 수광소자가 배열된 광전변환기판(21)과, 상기 광전변환기판상에 형성되고 방사선을 광으로 변환하는 형광체층을 구비한다. 상기 형광체층의 발광 스펙트럼은 510~550㎚의 파장영역에 주피크를 갖고, 또한 이 주피크보다 장파장 영역에 부피크를 갖는다.

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR REMOTE SENSING OF AMOUNT OF INGREDIENTS AND TEMPERATURE OF GASES

TEMPERATURE MONITORING SYSTEM AND TEMPERATURE MONITORING METHOD

A temperature monitoring system and temperature monitoring method; the temperature monitoring system being used for monitoring the temperature of at least one temperature monitoring object (4), the temperature monitoring system comprising: a light source (401) for emitting incident light; at least one thermo-optic sheet (402) formed of a thermo-optic material and respectively disposed abutting against each temperature monitoring object (4), each thermo-optic sheet (402) being used for receiving the incident light and generating an optical signal; at least one detector (403) respectively disposed corresponding to the thermo-optic sheet (402), and used to detect the optical signal generated by the corresponding thermo-optic sheet (402) and conduct photoelectric conversion for the detected optical signal so as to acquire an electrical signal; a controller (404) for respectively calculating the temperature of each temperature monitoring object (4) according to the electrical signal, the temperature ...

INSTRUMENT FOR MEASURING THE ABSOLUTE TEMPERATURE OF SOLIDS, LIQ UIDS OR GASES

The instrument proposed includes a device with which the speed distribution of gas-phase particles of a material can be determined, the mass of the gas-phase particles also being determined either simultaneously or with a given time lag. Given the particle mass and speed distribution, the absolute temperature can then be calculated using Maxwell's speed-distribution curve.

APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURES OF A WAFER USING SPECULAR REFLECTION SPECTROSCOPY

An apparatus (295) using specular reflection spectroscopy to measure a temperature of a substrate (135). By reflecting light (100) from a substrate, the temperature of the substrate can be determined using the band-edge characteristics of the substrate. This in situ apparatus can be used as a feedback control in combination with a variable temperature substrate holder to more accurately control the processing conditions of the substrate. By utilizing a multiplicity of measurement sites, the variation of the temperature across the substrate can also be measured.

Passivated diamond film temperature sensing probe and measuring system employing same

A high temperature sensing probe includes an optical fiber or rod having a distal end and a proximal end. The optical fiber or rod has a coating secured to the distal end thereof, wherein the coating is capable of producing a Raman spectrum when exposed to an exciting radiation source.

Brake temperature detection device and electric parking brake control device

A brake temperature detection device is configured detect brake temperature more accurately. In a situation in which the temperature in the vicinity of the brake has risen above the atmospheric temperature, indicated by a value read off of the detection signal of the temperature sensor, for example when traveling in congested traffic, a value to correct atmospheric temperature is determined, and atmospheric temperature is corrected on the basis of that atmospheric temperature correction value. Subsequently, brake temperature is calculated on the basis of the corrected air temperature. As a result of this configuration, it is possible to have the calculated brake temperature approach the actual brake temperature. This makes it possible to detect brake temperature more accurately.

APPARATUS FOR DETERMINING A TEMPERATURE OF A SUBSTRATE AND METHODS THEREFOR

An apparatus for measuring a temperature of a substrate is disclosed. The apparatus includes a phosphor material in direct contact with the substrate and in thermal contact with the substrate, the phosphor material producing a fluorescent response in a first wavelength range when exposed to a electromagnetic radiation in a second wavelength range, the fluorescent response decaying at a decay rate that is related to a temperature of the phosphor material, and the phosphor material producing a first set of non volatile byproducts when exposed to a plasma.

УСТРОЙСТВО НЕПРЕРЫВНОГО ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ТЕМПЕРАТУРЫ И УСТАНОВКА RH, СОДЕРЖАЩАЯ ЭТО УСТРОЙСТВО

Изобретение относится к области термометрии и может использовано для измерения температуры внутри вакууматора. Предложено устройство непрерывного измерения температуры, используемое в процессе Ruhrstahl-Heraeus (RH) для выполнения вакуумной дегазации между процессами изготовления стали в черной металлургии, и установка RH, включающая в себя устройство непрерывного измерения температуры. Установка RH включает в себя отверстие для датчика, сформированное в нижней камере вакууматора, устройство непрерывного измерения температуры, установленное в отверстии для датчика и включающее в себя преобразователь света в температуру, измеряющий температуру на основе принятого света, светонаправляющий стержень, принимающий свет от исследуемого объекта измерения, оптическое волокно, передающее свет, принимаемый светонаправляющим стержнем, к преобразователю света в температуру, разъем, соединяющий оптическое волокно со светонаправляющим стержнем, одновременно поддерживающий прямолинейность оптического волокна ...

ДЕТЕКТОР МИКРОВОЛНОВОГО ИЗЛУЧЕНИЯ И СОДЕРЖАЩЕЕ ЕГО УСТРОЙСТВО ТЕПЛОВОЙ ОБРАБОТКИ

Настоящее изобретение относится к детектору микроволнового излучения для измерения внутренней температуры образца белковосодержащего вещества, например мяса. Заявлено устройство тепловой обработки, предназначенное для тепловой обработки белковосодержащих пищевых продуктов (3) и включающее детектор (1) микроволнового излучения для измерения внутренней температуры белковосодержащего пищевого продукта (3), средство перемещения для транспортировки продуктов (3) через устройство в направлении перемещения (y-направление), так что продукты (3) проходят под неподвижным детектором (1), и средства воздействия на тепловую обработку, управляемые по сигналу детектора (1). Детектор (1) имеет чувствительную поверхность размером 0,1-180 мм, воспринимающую микроволновое излучение, испускаемое продуктом, и обращенную к средству перемещения. Детектор способен измерять внутреннюю температуру продукта на длине измерения, которая меньше протяженности продукта в горизонтальном направлении (x-направление), перпендикулярном ...

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ УСТРОЙСТВО МИЛЛИМЕТРОВОГО ДИАПАЗОНА

Использование: для контроля человеческого тела посредством волн миллиметрового диапазона. Сущность изобретения заключается в том, что устройство обнаружения миллиметровых волн включает в себя оптические устройства (30, 50, 60), используемые для приема излучения миллиметровых волн от обнаруживаемого объекта и сбора принимаемых миллиметровых волн; радиометрическое приемное устройство (80), используемое для приема энергии собранных миллиметровых волн и преобразования энергии миллиметровых волн в электрический сигнал; и устройство формирования изображения, используемое для формирования температурного изображения обнаруживаемого объекта в соответствии с электрическим сигналом. Технический результат: обеспечение возможности безопасного контроля человека посредством устройства, имеющего простую и компактную конструкцию. 18 з.п. ф-лы, 9 ил.

УСТРОЙСТВО ДЛЯ ИЗМЕРЕНИЯ ПАРАМЕТРОВ ФИЗИЧЕСКИХ ПОЛЕЙ

Устройство относится к технике оптических измерений, в частности к устройствам для измерения параметров физических полей (температура, давление, натяжение и т.д.) с помощью оптических датчиков. В заявленном устройстве для измерения параметров физических полей последовательно соединены источник четырехчастотного сигнала, первый волоконно-оптический кабель, оптический датчик, второй волоконно-оптический кабель; а также первый фотоприемник, первый амплитудный детектор, второй амплитудный детектор, контроллер определения параметра физического поля. При этом первый амплитудный детектор подключен к первому входу контроллера определения параметра физического поля, а второй амплитудный детектор подключен к его второму входу. При этом в устройство введены оптический разветвитель сигнала, два оптических избирательных фильтра, второй фотоприемник, два полосовых фильтра, при этом выход второго волоконно-оптического кабеля подключен к оптическому разветвителю сигнала, а первый выход оптического разветвителя ...

УСТРОЙСТВО МЕДИЦИНСКОЕ ДИАГНОСТИЧЕСКОЕ ДЛЯ РАДИОТЕРМОМЕТРИИ

Полезная модель относится к устройствам, которые могут быть использованы в области медицины для регистрации собственного электромагнитного излучения человека сверхмалой интенсивности в миллиметровом диапазоне длин волн. Заявленный технический результат - повышение качества, получаемого в ходе диагностики, изображения, при использовании устройства для радиотермометрии, достигается за счет того, что устройство медицинское диагностическоедля радиотермометрии характеризуется тем, что выполнено в едином корпусе, с передней стороны которого смонтированы дальномер с лазерным указателем, видеокамера и антенна, при этом антенна соединена с аналоговым фильтром, выход которого соединен с формирователем промежуточной частоты, выход которого соединен с входом аналого-цифрового преобразователя, выход которого соединен с входом цифрового фильтра, выход цифрового фильтра, выход дальномера и выход видеокамеры соединены с элементом, обеспечивающим обмен информацией с электронным вычислительным устройством ...

Temperaturschätzungsvorrichtung und Temperaturschätzungsverfahren

Bei einem Temperaturschätzungsverfahren wird eine Drehzahl (S) einer Spindel (12) erfasst. Des Weiteren werden eine Temperaturanstiegstabelle (32) und eine Temperaturabfalltabelle (34) verwendet, um eine Temperatur (T) eines Lagers (14) aus der Drehzahl (S) der Spindel (12) jedes Mal, wenn eine festgelegte Zeit (ΔTd) abläuft, zu berechnen. Die Temperaturanstiegstabelle (32) speichert auf verknüpfte Art und Weise die Drehzahl (S) der Spindel (12) und einen Temperaturanstieg (ΔTp) des Lagers (14) auf Grund der Drehung der Spindel (12) in einer vorbestimmten festgelegten Zeit (ΔTd). Die Temperaturabfalltabelle (34) speichert auf verknüpfte Art und Weise die Temperatur (T) des Lagers (14) und einen Temperaturabfall (ΔTm) des Lagers (14) auf Grund von Wärmeableitung in der festgelegten Zeit (ΔTd).

Temperaturmeßgerät

Servicegerät für Klimaanlagen

Messung der Aufheizung von mikrowellengeheizten Körpern.

Device and method for temperature detection and measurement

Device and method for temperature detection and measurement using integrated computational elements

LAMINAR FLOW TEMPERATURE SENSORS

... 1504244 Measuring temperature; measuring viscosity NORMALAIR-GARRETT (HOLDINGS) Ltd 18 March 1977 [24 March 1976] 11861/76 Headings G1D and G1S Temperature, e.g. within a furnace 27, is measured by passing a constant mass-flow of gas through a non-circular cross-section capillary heat exchanger 12 and monitoring the pressure drop 26 across the capillary which results from the viscosity-temperature dependence of the gas; the capillary may be of metal or ceramic.

IMPROVEMENTS IN OR RELATING TO TEMPERATURE SENSORS

... 1,246,432. Polarizing apparatus. MULLARD Ltd. March 24, 1970, No. 14212/70. Heading G2J. [Also in Division G1] A temperature indicating device comprises a body 1 of birefringent material the birefringence of which varies with temperature, the body having both a polarizing layer 2 and a reflective surface 3 disposed on opposite surfaces thereof. In use, the body 1 which may be a single crystal of barium strontium niobate in the form of a thin film is located in an environment the temperature of which is required and a parallel beam of white light 4 is directed to the body through a window defined on one side of the body. The colour of the output beam 6 from the device is observed and such colour is indicative of the temperature of the environment in which the device is located. The polarizing layers 2 which may be provided with or separate from the reflective surfaces 3 may be of plastics material.

Hydraulic structure and system and method for indentifying distributed optical fiber for base seepage condition thereof

AND OTHERS TEMPERATURE MEASURING DEVICE

OPTO-ELECTRONIC DEVICE FOR DETECTING PHYSICAL DIMENSION FROM THE DISTANCE.

Solid temperature indicator

ARRANGEMENT FOR THE OPTICAL MEASUREMENT OF PHYSICAL DIMENSION AND MATERIAL CONCENTRATIONS

Ladegerät und Verfahren zum Laden eines Akkumulators

In order not to use a charged battery too soon after charging, a detection unit (9) is proposed that detects the temperature T of the rechargeable battery (2), wherein the charger device (1) is configured to indicate on a status indicator (4) that the temperature T has fallen below a predefined temperature threshold.

VERFAHREN ZUR MESSUNG DER TEMPERATUR IM BRENNRAUM EINER BRENNKRAFTMASCHINE

The temperature measuring method uses a spectral evaluation device, with an optical fibre leading from the engine combustion chamber, for detecting at least one spectral band of a radical of the combustion flame or the combustion gases, during each working stroke of the engine. The band spectrum of the flame or combustion gases is represented as a Boltzmann distribution, which is interpolated using the measured spectral lines, with temperature levels assigned to the emission bands.

ANORDNUNG ZUR OPTISCHEN MESSUNG VON PHYSIKALISCHEN GROESSEN UND STOFFKONZENTRATIONEN

AN IMPROVED METHOD AND COMPOSITION

DETECTING TEMPERATURE BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

DETECTING TEMPERATURE BY NUCLEAR MAGNETIC RESONANCE

Method and device for remote sensing of amount of ingredients and temperature of gases

Aspects of the invention are directed to a device and method for detecting characteristics of a gas. The gas includes an exhausted plume from a vehicle or factory plant, leaked gas from an oil well or gas resource, or unidentified gas from an unknown source. The method includes sweepingly directing a beam of light through the gas to a target surface on which the beam of light is scattered, acquiring the scattered light scattered from the target surface, and processing the acquired scattered light to determine the characteristics of the gas, where the characteristics of the gas comprise at least one of a temperature of the gas and an amount of at least one ingredient of the gas.

Heat-treatment device comprising a shielded microwave-radiometry-antenna

Immersion device for an optical fiber for measuring the temperature of a melt

IMMERSION DEVICE FOR AN OPTICAL FIBER FOR MEASURING THE TEMPERATURE OF A MELT The invention refers to an immersion device (1) for measuring the temperature with an optical fiber, preferably a metal coated optical fiber in a metallurgical vessel. An immersion device according to the present invention comprises a feeding channel (26) and feeding means (20, 21, 22, 27, 106, 108) for feeding an optical fiber into a disposable guiding tube (31) and for feeding the disposable guiding tube together with the optical fiber into a melt. The immersion device comprises control means (102, 103, 104, 105, 107) for monitoring the position of an end of the fiber relative to an end of the guiding tube. It was found that said relative position determines the quality of a temperature measurement. Consequently, to monitor said relative position makes it possible to determine the quality of a temperature measurement and thus to improve the temperature measurements.

Heat-treatment device comprising a shielded microwave-radiometry-antenna

The present invention relates to a heat-treatment-device for protein containing products, which are transported by a transportation means through the device and past at least one microwave radiometer antenna, wherein the microwave radiometer (1) is located within a shielding means (6) which extends at least partially around the cross section of the transportation means (5) and isolates at least partially the microwave radiometer antenna (2) from external sources of electromagnetic radiation.

ORGANO-SULFUR COMPOSITION FOR FORMING THERMOPARTICULATING COATING

DIAGNOSTIC APPARATUS AND METHODS FOR A CORIOLIS FLOW METER

... ²²²A system for calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes is ²provided according to an embodiment of the invention. The system for ²calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes comprises a means ²for calibrating the flow meter for a number of desired modes. The system for ²calculating a flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes includes a means ²for determining a density of a material flowing through the flow meter ²associated with each mode. The system for calculating a flow rate of a flow ²meter using multiple modes further includes a means for determining the flow ²rate effect on density for each desired mode. The system for calculating a ²flow rate of a flow meter using multiple modes a means for calculating a flow ²rate based on the density and flow rate effect on density values for each ²desired mode.² ...

Passive millimeter wave differential interference contrast polarimetry

Differential polarization imaging systems include an axicon configured to provide a displacement of ray bundles associated with different image patches. The displaced ray bundles are directed to antenna horns and orthomode transducers so as to provide outputs correspond to orthogonal linear states of polarization (SOPs). The outputs are directed to a differential radiometer so that Stokes parameter differences between image patches can be obtained. The ray bundle displacements can be selected to correspond to a mechanical spacing of antenna horns. In some examples, ray bundle displacement corresponds to a displacement less than the diffraction limit.

Method and arrangement for determining the heating condition of a mirror in an optical system

The invention concerns a method of and an arrangement for determining the heating condition of a mirror in an optical system, in particular in a microlithographic projection exposure apparatus. In an embodiment the mirror is an EUV mirror and a method according to the invention comprises the following steps: deflecting at least one input measuring beam on to the mirror; ascertaining at least one optical parameter of at least one output measuring beam produced from the input measuring beam after interaction with the mirror; and determining the heating condition of the mirror on the basis of the parameter. 127.-. (canceled)28. A method , comprising:deflecting an input beam off an EUV mirror in a micro lithographic projection exposure apparatus;determining an optical parameter of an output beam produced by an interaction of the input beam with the EUV mirror; anddetermining a heating condition of the EUV mirror based on the optical parameter.29. The method of claim 28 , wherein the EUV mirror comprises a mirror material having a refractive index claim 28 , and the optical parameter depends on the refractive index of the mirror material.30. The method of claim 28 , wherein the optical parameter comprises an optical path length change.31. The method of claim 28 , further comprising determining a reflectivity of the EUV mirror at a predetermined wavelength.32. The method of claim 28 , wherein the optical parameter comprises a beam deflection of the output beam relative to the input beam.33. The method of claim 28 , wherein the optical parameter comprises a wavelength of the output beam.34. The method of claim 28 , wherein deflecting the input beam off the EUV mirror comprises deflecting a plurality of input beams off the EUV mirror.35. The method of claim 28 , wherein deflecting the input beam off the EUV mirror comprises deflecting a plurality of input beams off the EUV mirror at different azimuth angles with respect to an optical axis of the optical system.36. The ...

Augmentation of Fans With Synthetic Jet Ejectors

A computing device is provided which comprises (a) a chassis having an array of printed circuit boards (PCBs) disposed therein, wherein said chassis has a first wall with a first opening therein, and a second wall with a second opening therein, wherein each PCB is equipped with a microprocessor and a heat sink, and wherein each heat sink comprises a plurality of heat fins that define a plurality of longitudinal channels; (b) a fan which creates a fluidic flow that enters through said first opening and exits through said second opening, said fluidic flow being essentially parallel the longitudinal axes of said plurality of longitudinal channels; and (c) a synthetic jet ejector which directs at least one synthetic jet through at least one of said plurality of channels. 1. A computing device , comprising:a chassis having an array of printed circuit boards (PCBs) disposed therein, wherein said chassis has a first wall with a first opening therein, and a second wall with a second opening therein, wherein each PCB is equipped with a microprocessor and a heat sink, and wherein each heat sink comprises a plurality of heat fins that define a plurality of longitudinal channels;a fan which creates a fluidic flow that enters through said first opening and exits through said second opening, said fluidic flow being essentially parallel the longitudinal axes of said plurality of longitudinal channels; anda synthetic jet ejector which directs at least one synthetic jet through at least one of said plurality of channels.2. The computing device of claim 1 , wherein said computing device is a server.3. The computing device of claim 1 , wherein said first wall has a first plurality of openings therein.4. The computing device of claim 1 , wherein said second wall has a second plurality of openings therein.5. The computing device of claim 1 , wherein said fan is disposed adjacent to said second opening.6. The computing device of claim 1 , wherein said fan is disposed over said second ...

Fast response thermopile power sensor

A power measuring sensor for an optical beam which utilizes the temperature difference across a thin layer of heat insulating material, generated by the axial flow of the absorbed beam, from an absorber layer on which the beam impinges, to a cooled heat sink which dissipates the heat after passage through the sensor. The axial heat flow is measured by means of a continuous matrix of adjacent thermocouple junctions over the heat flow region of the sensor disc, with the thermal insulating layer, which generates the temperature drop, having thicker and thinner regions at alternate junctions. The junctions on the thicker regions of the insulator thus become the hot junctions, and those on the thinner regions of the insulating layer become the cold junctions, and the sum of the voltages generated by the thermocouples is proportional to the flow of heat, and thus to the incident optical power.

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR COMBINED MICROWAVE HEATING AND RADIOMETRY FOR CHARACTERIZING BIOLOGICAL TISSUES

Systems and methods are provided for characterizing biological tissues through their thermal signatures that include directing microwave energy into a biological tissue using a first slot antenna, detecting microwave radiation emitted by the biological tissue using a second slot antenna, generating output signals corresponding to the microwave radiation, processing the output signals to characterize a temperature of the biological tissue as a function of time to yield temperature characteristics, and characterizing a biological function of the biological tissue based on the temperature characteristics. The first and second slot antennas can be defined using a dual mode antenna and the generating can include alternatively collecting signals from the second slot antenna through a first low noise amplifier (LNA) and a reference load through a second LNA that the two LNAs are substantially identical. 1. A system , comprising:a dual mode antenna defining a first slot antenna and a second slot antenna;a microwave radiometer coupled to the first slot antenna;a microwave source coupled to the second slot antenna; anda controller coupled to the microwave radiometer and the microwave source,wherein the controller operates the dual mode antenna in a heating mode via operation of the microwave source and in a temperature measurement mode via operation of the microwave radiometer.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the dual mode antenna comprises a first feed coupled to the first slot antenna claim 1 , a second feed coupled to the second slot antenna claim 1 , and a metallization layer claim 1 , the metallization layer comprising a first slot for defining the first slot antenna and a second slot for defining the second slot antenna.3. The system of claim 2 , wherein the dual mode antenna further comprises a substrate layer supporting the metallization layer claim 2 , a superstrate layer disposed on the metallization layer.4. The system of claim 2 , wherein each of the first feed ...

METHOD AND DEVICE FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE OF SUBSTRATE IN VACUUM PROCESSING APPARATUS

A method and device for determining temperature of a substrate in a vacuum processing apparatus during a process of the substrate are disclosed, the substrate to be measured is placed on a susceptor in the vacuum processing apparatus for a manufacture process, and the method includes: selecting i wavelengths from radiance emitted from the susceptor through a substrate, where i is a natural number greater than 1; obtaining at least i pieces of radiance corresponding to the selected i wavelengths; and calculating the temperature of the substrate based on the i pieces of radiance and the i wavelengths, by using a mathematical equation: E(λ)=T(d)×M(λ,T), where E(λ) is the ith radiant quantity corresponding to the ith wavelength λ, T(d) is transmittance of the substrate, which is a function of thickness d of a film grown on the substrate, and M(λ,T) is blackbody radiation equation, which is a function of the ith wavelength λand the substrate temperature T. 1. A method for determining temperature of a substrate in a vacuum processing apparatus , the substrate to be measured being placed on a susceptor in the vacuum processing apparatus for a manufacture process , wherein the method comprises:selecting i wavelengths from radiance emitted from the susceptor through a substrate, wherein i is a natural number greater than 1;obtaining at least i pieces of radiance corresponding to the selected i wavelengths; and {'br': None, 'i': E', 'T', 'd', 'M', ',T, 'sub': i', 'i, '(λ)=()×(λ),'}, 'calculating the temperature of the substrate based on the i pieces of radiance and the i wavelengths, by using a mathematical equation{'sub': i', 'i', 'i', 'i', 'i, 'wherein λis the ith wavelength, T is the temperature of the substrate, E(λ) is the ith radiant quantity corresponding to the ith wavelength λ, T(d) is transmittance of the substrate, which is a function of thickness d of a film grown on the substrate, and M(λ,T) is blackbody radiation equation, which is a function of the ith ...

Use of a Coordination Complex or Compound for the Measurement of Temperature

Use for measuring temperatures of a coordination complex presenting formula I, wherein M, M, M, M, Mare chosen, each independently of the others, in the group consisting of: Cu, Ag, Au, Pd; n is equal to the sum of the oxidation states of M, M, M, M, Mminus 3; II represents a respective portion of each tridentate ligand having the formula III in which Ris chosen in the group consisting of: Ph, C-Calkyl, halo-alkyl C-Csubstituted phenyl; Ris chosen in the group consisting of: Ph, C-Calkyl, C-Chalo-alkyl-, substituted phenyl; Ris chosen in the group consisting of: C-Calkyl, benzyl, substituted benzyl, C-Chydroxy-alkyl, C-Calkoxy silane. 1. A method for measuring temperatures using a coordination complex , the coordination complex comprising at least two metal atoms bonded to one another , at least one ligand , and at least two heteroatoms , which form respective coordination bonds with at least one respective metal atom; the complex having a LUMO with a density computed by Löwdin population analysis on the metal atoms and on the heteroatoms higher than 48% and a LUMO+1 with a density computed by Löwdin population analysis on the metal atoms and heteroatoms lower than 20%; the coordination complex having at least one excited state on the LUMO , and at least one excited state on the LUMO+1; the coordination complex emitting at a determined wavelength when it passes from the excited state on the LUMO to the ground state.2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein a sum of the oscillator strengths (f) of the excited states on the LUMO is at least 20 times more than a sum of the oscillator strengths (f) of the excited states on the LUMO+1.4. The method according to claim 3 , wherein Ris selected from the group consisting of: Ph claim 3 , C-Calkyl claim 3 , C-Chaloalkyl.5. The method according to claim 3 , wherein Ris selected from the group consisting of: Ph claim 3 , CH claim 3 , CF claim 3 , (CH)CH— claim 3 , (CF)CH— claim 3 , (CH)(CF)CH— claim 3 , p-Me(CH)— claim 3 , p ...

LED-BASED ILLUMINATION MODULE ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS

A light emitting diode (LED) based illumination module performs on-board diagnostics. For example, diagnostics may include estimating elapsed lifetime, degradation of phosphor, thermal failure, failure of LEDs, or LED current adjustment based on measured flux or temperature. The elapsed lifetime may be estimated by scaling accumulated elapsed time of operation by an acceleration factor derived from actual operating conditions, such as temperature, current and relative humidity. The degradation of phosphor may be estimated based on a measured response of the phosphor to pulsed light from the LEDs. A thermal failure may be diagnosed using a transient response of the module from a start up condition. The failure of LEDs may be diagnosed based on measured forward voltage. The current for LEDs may adjusted using measured flux values and current values and a desired ratio of flux values. Additionally, the LED current may be scaled based on a measured temperature. 1. A method comprising:measuring a transient response of an LED based illumination module to illuminating the module from a start up condition; andestimating a thermal failure of the module based on the measured transient response before an actual thermal failure occurs.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured transient response is taken from the group consisting of: a temperature of the module and an output flux of the module.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring and the estimating are performed by the LED based illumination module.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves a temperature sensor mounted within a light mixing cavity of the module.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves a flux sensor mounted within view of an output window of the module.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the estimating involves a processor of the module.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves measuring a temperature of the module a period of time after ...

Temporal Thermal Imaging Method For Detecting Subsurface Objects and Voids

A temporal thermal survey method to locate at a given area whether or not there is a subsurface object or void site. The method uses thermal inertia change detection. It locates temporal heat flows from naturally heated subsurface objects or faulty structures such as corrosion damage. The added value over earlier methods is the use of empirical methods to specify the optimum times for locating subsurface objects or voids amidst clutter and undisturbed host materials. Thermal inertia, or thermal effusivity, is the bulk material resistance to temperature change. Surface temperature highs and lows are shifted in time at the subsurface object or void site relative to the undisturbed host material sites. The Dual-band Infra-Red Effusivity Computed Tomography (DIRECT) method verifies the optimum two times to detect thermal inertia outliers at the subsurface object or void border with undisturbed host materials.

METHOD FOR CALCULATING A THERMAL PROTECTION FACTOR

The present invention relates to a method for calculating a thermal protection factor, wherein the method comprises the steps of: applying heat to a first area coated with a thermal protection material, and a second area not coated with the thermal protection material; measuring the respective saturation temperatures of the first area and second area; calculating a first energy by dividing the energy corresponding to the heat applied to the first area by the saturation temperature of the first area; calculating a second energy by dividing the energy corresponding to the heat applied to the second area by the saturation temperature of the second area; and calculating the thermal protection factor of a thermal protection material by dividing the first energy by the second energy or dividing the difference between the first energy and the second energy by the first energy. 1. A method for generating a thermal protection factor , comprising:applying heat to a first area coated with a thermal protection material and to a second area not coated with the thermal protection material;measuring a saturation temperature of the first area;measuring a saturation temperature of the second area;calculating a first energy by dividing the energy corresponding to the heat applied to the first area by the saturation temperature of the first area;calculating a second energy by dividing the energy corresponding to the heat applied to the second area by the saturation temperature of the second area; andcalculating a thermal protection factor of the thermal protection material using the first energy and the second energy.2. The method for generating a thermal protection factor according to claim 1 , wherein said calculating the thermal protection factor comprises calculating the thermal protection factor by dividing the first energy by the second energy.3. The method for generating a thermal protection factor according to claim 1 , wherein said calculating the thermal protection factor ...

Microwave thermometry for microwave ablation systems

A microwave ablation system incorporates a microwave thermometer that couples to a microwave transmission network connecting a microwave generator to a microwave applicator to measure noise temperature. The noise temperature is processed to separate out components the noise temperature including the noise temperature of the tissue being treated and the noise temperature of the microwave transmission network. The noise temperature may be measured by a radiometer while the microwave generator is generating the microwave signal or during a period when the microwave signal is turned off. The microwave ablation system may be configured as a modular system having one or more thermometry network modules that are connectable between a microwave applicator and a microwave generator. Alternatively, the modular system includes a microwave generator, a microwave applicator, and a microwave cable that incorporate a microwave thermometry network module.

MICROWAVE THERMOMETRY FOR MICROWAVE ABLATION SYSTEMS

A microwave ablation system incorporates a microwave thermometer that couples to a microwave transmission network connecting a microwave generator to a microwave applicator to measure noise temperature. The noise temperature is processed to separate out components the noise temperature including the noise temperature of the tissue being treated and the noise temperature of the microwave transmission network. The noise temperature may be measured by a radiometer while the microwave generator is generating the microwave signal or during a period when the microwave signal is turned off. The microwave ablation system may be configured as a modular system having one or more thermometry network modules that are connectable between a microwave applicator and a microwave generator. Alternatively, the modular system includes a microwave generator, a microwave applicator, and a microwave cable that incorporate a microwave thermometry network module. 1. A microwave thermometry network module comprising:a housing;a first connector assembly coupled to a first end of the housing and a second connector assembly coupled to a second end of the housing;a microwave transmission line coupled between the first connector assembly and the second connector assembly; anda coupling network and a radiometer disposed within the housing, the coupling network configured to couple a portion of the signals propagating through the microwave transmission line to the radiometer, the radiometer being configured to process the portion of the signals to obtain a noise temperature signal.2. The microwave thermometry network module according to claim 1 , further comprising a controller coupled to the radiometer and configured to determine a temperature value based on the noise temperature signal.3. The microwave thermometry network module according to claim 2 , further comprising a data bus coupled between the first and second connector assemblies claim 2 ,wherein the controller is coupled to the data bus ...

Highly accurate calibration of microwave radiometry devices

Systems and methods are disclosed for highly accurate calibration of microwave radiometry devices by defeating reflections from a cryogenic blackbody calibration target and, further, defeating a standing wave established between reflecting features at the device and at the blackbody calibration target. The preferred disclosed system includes adaptations for effective Brewster angle presentation of radiation emanating from the target to the radiometry device. Other embodiments are taught for substantially eliminating or randomizing the standing wave in both wavelength dependent and independent applications.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD

A temperature measurement apparatus includes a light source; a first splitter that splits a light beam into a measurement beam and a reference beam; a reference beam reflector that reflects the reference beam; an optical path length adjustor; a second splitter that splits the reflected reference beam into a first reflected reference beam and a second reflected reference beam; a first photodetector that measures an interference between the first reflected reference beam and a reflected measurement beam obtained by the measurement beam reflected from a target object; a second photodetector that measures an intensity of the second reflected reference beam; and a temperature calculation unit. The temperature calculation unit calculates a location of the interference by subtracting an output signal of the second photodetector from an output signal of the first photodetector, and calculates a temperature of the target object from the calculated location of the interference. 1. A temperature measurement method , comprising:splitting a low coherence light beam into a reference beam and a measurement beam;radiating the reference beam onto a reference beam reflector while radiating the measurement beam onto a target object;measuring an interference between the reference beam reflected from the reference beam reflector and the measurement beam reflected from the target object while changing an optical path length of the reflected reference beam by moving the reference beam reflector in one direction; andsubtracting a signal, obtained when only the reflected reference beam is detected while the optical path length of the reflected reference beam is changed, from a signal obtained from the interference measurement, calculating a location of the interference by the subtraction, and calculating a temperature of the target object from the calculated location of the interference.2. The temperature measurement method of claim 1 , wherein a center wavelength of the low coherence light ...

Electronic thermometry in tunable tunnel junction

A tunable tunnel junction thermometry circuit includes a variable width tunnel junction between a test object and a probe. The junction width is varied and a change in thermovoltage across the junction with respect to the change in distance across the junction is determined. Also, a change in biased current with respect to a change in distance across the junction is determined. A temperature gradient across the junction is determined based on a mathematical relationship between the temperature gradient, the change in thermovoltage with respect to distance and the change in biased current with respect to distance. Thermovoltage may be measured by nullifying a thermoelectric tunneling current with an applied voltage supply level. A piezoelectric actuator may modulate the probe, and thus the junction width, to vary thermovoltage and biased current across the junction. Lock-in amplifiers measure the derivatives of the thermovoltage and biased current modulated by varying junction width.

LAYER-BASED DEFECT DETECTION USING NORMALIZED SENSOR DATA

The disclosed embodiments relate to the monitoring and control of additive manufacturing. In particular, a method is shown for removing errors inherent in thermal measurement equipment so that the presence of errors in a product build operation can be identified and acted upon with greater precision. Instead of monitoring a grid of discrete locations on the build plane with a temperature sensor, the intensity, duration and in some cases position of each scan is recorded in order to characterize one or more build operations. 1. (canceled)2. A method comprising:generating an energy beam;directing the energy beam across a work piece along a plurality of scan lines to fuse a layer of powder to the work piece, wherein each scan line of the plurality of scan lines includes a respective scan length;acquiring data from an optical sensor arranged to receive optical emissions from the layer while the energy beam is directed across the work piece; andgenerating, using the acquired data, a baseline characteristic curve of a variation of optical emission intensity for the plurality of scan lines.3. The method of wherein a unique baseline characteristic curve is generated for each respective layer that is fused to the work piece.4. The method of further comprising comparing the baseline characteristic curve to a characteristic curve of a same layer of a different work piece to detect a defect in the different work piece.5. The method of wherein the baseline characteristic curve is corrected for a variation in the scan length of each of the plurality of scan lines.6. The method of wherein the baseline characteristic curve is corrected for a variation in a distance between the optical sensor and each respective scan line.7. The method of wherein the data comprises an intensity of the optical emissions from the layer for each scan line of the plurality of scan lines.8. The method of wherein the data from the optical sensor indicates a temperature at the layer.9. The method of ...

A high resolution, nanomembrane-based, thermal diffusivity biosensor for living cells

A method for measuring thermal diffusivity/conductivity of a microscale sample includes placing a metallic disk atop the sample, and disposing a nanomembrane over the sample and over the metallic disk so that the nanomembrane, so that the metallic disk, the nanomembrane and the sample are in thermal equilibrium with one another. A laser beam is directed to fall onto the nanomembrane over the sample, while a radiation sensor is operated to detect photoluminescent radiation emitted by the nanomembrane in response to the laser beam. A spectral shift in the detected photoluminescent radiation emitted by the nanomembrane is determined, and thermal diffusivity/conductivity is calculated from the determined spectral shift of the photoluminescence.

MICROWAVE THERMOMETRY FOR MICROWAVE ABLATION SYSTEMS

A microwave ablation system incorporates a microwave thermometer that couples to a microwave transmission network connecting a microwave generator to a microwave applicator to measure noise temperature. The noise temperature is processed to separate out components the noise temperature including the noise temperature of the tissue being treated and the noise temperature of the microwave transmission network. The noise temperature may be measured by a radiometer while the microwave generator is generating the microwave signal or during a period when the microwave signal is turned off. The microwave ablation system may be configured as a modular system having one or more thermometry network modules that are connectable between a microwave applicator and a microwave generator. Alternatively, the modular system includes a microwave generator, a microwave applicator, and a microwave cable that incorporate a microwave thermometry network module. 17-. (canceled)8. A microwave ablation system comprising:a microwave generator configured to generate microwave energy;a microwave applicator coupled to the microwave generator and configured to deliver the microwave energy to ablate tissue; anda microwave thermometry module having a connector configured to connect to another component of the microwave ablation system between the microwave generator and the microwave applicator, the microwave thermometry module including a radiometer configured to measure a noise temperature signal propagating from the microwave applicator to the microwave generator.9. The microwave ablation system according to claim 8 , wherein the microwave applicator includes an antenna claim 8 , a handle assembly coupled to the antenna claim 8 , and a connector assembly coupled to the handle assembly claim 8 , andwherein the microwave thermometry module is integrated into the connector assembly of the microwave applicator.10. The microwave ablation system according to claim 8 , wherein the microwave ...

ELECTRICALLY-DRIVEN ORGANIC COLOR-CENTER-BASED SINGLE-PHOTON SOURCES AND SENSORS

An electrically-driven single-photon source for producing single-photon emission. The invention also provides a method for electrically generating single photons employing the principles, materials, device configurations and devices herein. The single-photon source can contain a color center introduced into a carbon nanostructured materials, such as a carbon nanotube or a graphene nanoribbon. The color center can be an organic color center. Also provide are optoelectronic chemical sensors useful for detection of selected analytes, or measurement of local pH, local redox potential or local temperature. The sensors can contain the carbon nanostructured color center host and color center as described for sources herein. Sensors can be operated using the conditions of single-photon sources as described herein. 1. A single-photon source for producing single-photon emission wherein the single-photon is characterized by a photon energy , which source comprises:a. a color center host which is a semiconducting carbon nanotube or graphene nanoribbon that includes a color center chemically introduced by covalently bonding into the carbon nanotube or graphene ribbon through formation of C—C bonds, or introduced by substitution of one or more carbon atom in the carbon nanotube or graphene nanoribbon with one or more boron or nitrogen atoms;b. a source and drain electrode in electrical contact with the semiconducting color center host configured to separately inject electrons or holes into the semiconducting color center host and the color center; andc. at least two gate electrodes, not electrically connected to the color center host, configured with respect to the carbon nanotube or graphene ribbon and the color center therein for application of a positive or negative potential to control the injection of a selected relative number of electrons or holes into the color center;wherein the electrons and holes are separately injected into the color center.2. The source of claim 1 , ...

PHOTONIC ARTICLE, PROCESS FOR MAKING AND USING SAME

An article to determine a sample condition includes a substrate; a reference optical cavity disposed on the substrate and comprising a reference cavity, the reference optical cavity being configured to support a reference optical resonance and to maintain an axial length of the reference cavity; and a sample optical cavity disposed on the substrate and comprising a sample cavity, the sample optical cavity being configured to support a sample optical resonance and to maintain an axial length of the sample cavity.

WEARABLE DEVICE INCORPORATING A DEVICE FOR MEASURING AMBIENT TEMPERATURE

The wearable device incorporates a device for measuring the ambient temperature, which comprises an infrared sensor. In an ambient temperature measurement mode a control circuit activates the infrared sensor several times so that it can supply a plurality of measurement signals over a certain period of time. A circuit for processing measurement signals is then arranged in order to supply temperature values corresponding to at least a portion of the measurement signals and to take a mean for at least a portion of these temperature values to obtain an average temperature value that is considered to be representative of the ambient temperature. The invention also relates to a method for measuring the ambient temperature that can be implemented by means of this wearable device.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT USING ETALONS

A method includes exposing a sample etalon-object to sample incident radiation, resulting in a sample transmitted radiation and sample reflected radiation; exposing a reference etalon-object to reference incident radiation, resulting in a reference transmitted radiation and reference reflected radiation; and analyzing resultant radiation for a heterodyned spectrum. The sample transmitted radiation may become the reference incident radiation, and the reference transmitted radiation may become the resultant radiation. The reference transmitted radiation may become the sample incident radiation, and the sample transmitted radiation may become the resultant radiation. The sample transmitted radiation may become the reference incident radiation, and the reference reflected radiation may become the resultant radiation. The reference transmitted radiation may become the sample incident radiation, and the sample reflected radiation may become the resultant radiation. 1. A method comprising:exposing a sample etalon-object to a sample incident radiation, resulting in a sample transmitted radiation, wherein the sample etalon-object is disposed in a processing chamber;exposing a reference etalon-object to a reference incident radiation, resulting in a reference transmitted radiation; andanalyzing a resultant radiation for a heterodyned spectrum, wherein the sample transmitted radiation becomes the reference incident radiation, and the reference transmitted radiation becomes the resultant radiation.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reference etalon-object is disposed in the processing chamber.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein each of the etalon-objects comprises a semiconductor wafer.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the etalon-objects are closely matched in at least one of physical thickness claim 1 , optical thickness claim 1 , index of refraction claim 1 , and relative orientation.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , the etalon-objects are at least partially ...

GAS ANALYSIS DEVICE, CONTROL SYSTEM AND CONTROL ASSISTANCE SYSTEM FOR COMBUSTION FACILITY, AND GAS ANALYSIS METHOD

A gas analysis device includes: a measurement part configured to measure an absorption amount of a laser light including an absorption wavelength corresponding to at least two electronic level transitions having the same component contained in the combustion gas, by emitting the laser light on a plurality of measurement paths disposed to pass through the combustion gas; a standard setting part configured to set a standard gas concentration distribution and a standard temperature distribution on the basis of a measurement result of the measurement part; and an analysis part configured to obtain the gas concentration distribution and the temperature distribution by solving a function including the gas concentration distribution and the temperature distribution as variables so as to minimize a difference between the absorption amount measured by the measurement part and a standard absorption amount obtained on the basis of the standard gas concentration distribution and the standard temperature distribution. 1. A gas analysis device for analyzing a concentration distribution of a combustion gas in a furnace and a temperature distribution inside the furnace , the gas analysis device comprising:a measurement part configured to measure an absorption amount of a laser light including an absorption wavelength corresponding to at least two electronic level transitions having the same component contained in the combustion gas, by emitting the laser light on a plurality of measurement paths disposed so as to pass through the combustion gas;a standard setting part configured to set a standard gas concentration distribution and a standard temperature distribution on the basis of a measurement result of the measurement part; andan analysis part configured to define the gas concentration distribution and the temperature distribution defined as a function including a common variable parameter and to obtain the gas concentration distribution and the temperature distribution by ...

MULTI-CONDITION SENSOR SYSTEMS

A multi-condition sensor, comprising a housing defining a component cavity, a pressure input tube disposed through the housing, a fault actuator disposed within the component cavity of the housing and in pressure communication with the pressure input tube through the housing, wherein the fault actuator is configured to extend and contract as a function of pressure from the pressure input tube, an alarm actuator disposed within the component cavity of the housing opposite the fault actuator and configured to be actuated by the fault actuator and to extend to a maximum fault position, and an adjustable alarm contact disposed on an opposite side of the alarm actuator within the component cavity and configured to be adjusted to a predetermined extension length from the housing to provide a predetermined alarm contact position. 1. A multi-condition sensor , comprising:a housing defining a component cavity;a pressure input tube disposed through the housing;a fault actuator disposed within the component cavity of the housing and in pressure communication with the pressure input tube through the housing, wherein the fault actuator is configured to extend and contract as a function of pressure from the pressure input tube;an alarm actuator disposed within the component cavity of the housing opposite the fault actuator and configured to be actuated by the fault actuator and to extend to a maximum fault position; andan adjustable alarm contact disposed on an opposite side of the alarm actuator within the component cavity and configured to be adjusted to a predetermined extension length from the housing to provide a predetermined alarm contact position;wherein each of the fault actuator, the alarm actuator, and the adjustable alarm contact are conductive,wherein, in a normal operating condition, the fault actuator and the alarm actuator are in contact such that extension of the fault actuator due to pressure increase in the pressure input tube moves the alarm actuator toward ...

METHOD FOR DETECTING THERMAL EMISSIONS OF THE NEW MOON

The invention provides a method for detecting thermal emissions from the new moon, wherein the new moon is positioned at an angle of less than about 5 degrees from the Sun. The invention utilizes a radio telescope, wherein a side-lobe level of the radio telescope is less than about −20 dB, wherein an effective telescope diameter of the radio telescope depends on a wavelength of operation. Further, a FWHM beamwidth of the radio telescope is less than about 0.5 degree. The method comprises setting one or more of the operating frequency of the radio telescope to a value selected from the range of about 1 GHz and about 100 GHz, and the operating bandwidth of the radio telescope to a value selected from the range of about 1 GHz and about 10 GHz. In addition, the method comprises collecting at least one observation from the radio telescope. 1. A method for detecting thermal emissions from the new moon , wherein the new moon is positioned at an angle of less than about 5 degrees from the Sun , wherein the thermal emissions are detected using a radio telescope , wherein an effective telescope diameter of the radio telescope depends on a wavelength of operation and wherein a Full Width at Half Maximum (FWHM) beamwidth of the radio telescope is less than about 0.5 degree , the method comprising:setting the operating frequency of the radio telescope to a value selected from the range of about 1 GHz and about 100 GHz;setting the operating bandwidth of the radio telescope to a value selected from the range of about 1 GHz and about 10 GHz; andcollecting at least one observation from the radio telescope to detect the thermal emissions from the new moon.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein a side-lobe level of the radio telescope is less than about −20 dB.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the side-lobe level is −20 dB.4. The method of further comprising setting the Azimuth drive speed of the radio telescope to a value greater than or equal to about 0.5 degrees per second.3. The ...

Sensorelement, Thermometer sowie Verfahren zur Bestimmung einer Temperatur

A sensor element comprising a measuring path, which is isolated by a dielectric from a reference element, which is composed of a material, which at a predetermined temperature experiences a phase transition, which changes the electrical conductivity of the material. 122-. (canceled)23. A sensor element comprising:a dialetric;a reference element;a measuring path, which is isolated by said dielectric from said reference element, which is composed of a material, which at a predetermined temperature experiences a phase transition, which changes the electrical conductivity of the material.24. The sensor element as claimed in claim 23 , wherein:said reference element is arranged in such a manner relative to said measuring path that in the case of a phase transition of said reference element said reference element capacitively couples with said measuring path, respectively a part of said measuring path.25. The sensor element as claimed in claim 24 , wherein:said measuring path has, at least sectionally, a meander-shaped course.26. The sensor element as claimed in claim 25 , wherein:said measuring path is composed of a metal material, preferably platinum.27. The sensor element as claimed in claim 26 , further comprising:a substrate, wherein said measuring path and said reference element are arranged on said same substrate.28. The sensor element as claimed in claim 27 , further comprising:a layer isolating said measuring path from said reference element and serves as said dielectric.29. The sensor element as claimed in claim 28 , wherein:the material is composed of a transition metal, preferably vanadium or a vanadium oxide, respectively a transition metal containing material, preferably a vanadium or a vanadium oxide containing material.30. The sensor element as claimed in claim 29 , wherein:said measuring path, said dielectric and/or said reference element are/is a thin film, respectively thick film.31. The sensor element as claimed in claim 30 , wherein:the phase ...

DEVICES, SYSTEMS AND METHODS UTILIZING AN IMPROVED OPTICAL ABSORPTION MODEL FOR DIRECT-GAP SEMICONDUCTORS

A method for determining a characteristic of a direct-gap semiconductor comprises measuring at least one optical constant of a first sample of a direct-gap semiconductor with an optical spectrometer, calculating an estimated value of an optical parameter of the first sample of the direct-gap semiconductor based on fitting the model α(ln(1+e)/ln(2))to an optical absorption curve based on the at least one optical constant, obtaining at least one second value of the optical parameter, and calculating an estimated characteristic of the direct-gap semiconductor from the estimated value of the optical parameter and the obtained second value of the optical parameter. A method for determining a temperature of a direct-gap semiconductor and a system for determining a characteristic of a direct-gap semiconductor are also disclosed. 1. A method for determining a characteristic of a direct-gap semiconductor , comprising:measuring at least one optical constant of a first sample of a direct-gap semiconductor with an optical spectrometer;{'sub': 'g', 'sup': (hν-E', {'sub2': 'g'}, ')/pE', {'sub2': 'u'}, ')', 'p, 'calculating an estimated value of an optical parameter of the first sample of the direct-gap semiconductor based on fitting the model α(ln(1+e/ln(2))to an optical absorption curve based on the at least one optical constant;'}obtaining at least one second value of the optical parameter; andcalculating an estimated characteristic of the direct-gap semiconductor from the estimated value of the optical parameter and the obtained second value of the optical parameter.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:obtaining at least one predetermined absorption characteristic of at least one known material as the second value of the optical parameter;wherein the characteristic of the direct-gap semiconductor is a composition of the direct-gap semiconductor; andwherein the optical parameter is an absorption characteristic.3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the model is fit using a ...

MICROWAVE RADIOMETER

Radiometer for non-invasive measurement of internal tissue temperature of biological objects. The radiometer comprises, connected in series, antenna, SPDT switch, circulator, receiver including amplifier with bandpass filters, amplitude detector, narrowband low-frequency amplifier and synchronous detector, integrator, direct current power amplifier, reference voltage generator connected to the SPDT switch and synchronous detector. A Peltier element is connected to the receiver output. First and second microwave loads are installed on the Peltier element and have thermal contact with it. There is at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of microwave loads. The first microwave load is adapted for connection to the SPDT switch. The SPDT switch is adapted to connect either, to a first arm of the circulator, the antenna, or the first microwave load. A second arm of the circulator is connected to the receiver, and a third arm of the circulator is connected to the second microwave load. 1. A radiometer comprising connected in seriesan antenna for contact with a biological subject,a SPDT switch,a circulator, an amplifier with bandpass filters,', 'an amplitude detector,', 'a narrowband low-frequency amplifier', 'an synchronous detector,', 'an integrator,', 'a direct current (dc) power amplifier, and', 'a reference voltage generator which is connected to the SPDT switch and to the synchronous detector,, 'a receiver includinga Peltier element, which is connected to an output of the receivera first microwave load and a second microwave load mounted on the Peltier element and in thermal contact therewith,at least one temperature sensor for measuring the temperature of said microwave loads, whereinthe first microwave load is adapted for connection to the SPDT switch,the SPDT switch is adapted to connect either the antenna or the first microwave load to a first arm of the circulator,a second arm of the circulator is connected to the receiver, anda third arm of ...

THERMOCHROMIC CONTAINER FOR ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION PROTECTION

A container is disclosed which may be used with fluids sensitive to light of one or more known wavelengths. The container may be formed of a thermochromic material or including a thermochromic coating. The properties of the thermochromic material or coating may be selected so as to be transparent to light of the wavelength to which the fluid is sensitive at a first temperature and to be opaque to that wavelength of light at a second temperature. While a technician is handling the container, the container is controlled to be at the first temperature. When the technician is finished, the container is controlled to move to the second temperature to protect the fluid within the container. 1. A container for holding a fluid , the container comprising:a wall comprising a thermochromic material transmitting a wavelength of light to which the fluid is sensitive when the container is at a first temperature, and the thermochromic material blocking the wavelength of light when the container is at a second temperature.2. The container of claim 1 , wherein the wall is formed with the thermochromic material.3. The container of claim 1 , wherein the thermochromic material is applied as a film or ink onto the wall of the container.4. The container of claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the container changes from the second temperature to the first temperature upon being manipulated in a human hand.5. The container of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is the temperature of a human hand.6. The container of claim 1 , wherein a temperature of the container changes from the second temperature to the first temperature upon being placed in a room which is at room temperature.7. The container of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is room temperature.8. The container of claim 1 , wherein the entire container is at the first temperature claim 1 , transmitting the wavelength of light claim 1 , or at the second temperature claim 1 , blocking the wavelength of light.9. The container ...

METHOD FOR THE IN-SITU CALIBRATION OF A THERMOMETER

The present disclosure relates to a method and apparatus for in-situ calibration and/or validation of a thermometer having a temperature sensor and a reference element composed at least partially of a material that undergoes a phase transformation at a phase transformation temperature, wherein the material remains in the solid phase in the phase transformation, the method including detecting and/or registering a measured value from the temperature sensor; detecting and/or registering a reference variable of the reference element; detecting the occurrence of the phase transformation based on a change of the reference variable; ascertaining a phase transformation time at which the phase transformation occurs; determining a sensor temperature using the temperature sensor at a measurement time that has the shortest time separation from the phase transformation time; and comparing the sensor temperature with the phase transformation temperature and/or determining a difference between the sensor temperature and the phase transformation temperature. 110-. (canceled)11. A method for in-situ calibration and/or validation of a thermometer , the method comprising:providing a thermometer having a temperature sensor and a reference element composed at least partially of a material that undergoes a phase transformation at least one phase transformation temperature within a temperature range of operation of the thermometer, wherein the material remains in the solid phase in the phase transformation;detecting and/or registering a measured value as a function of time using the temperature sensor;detecting and/or registering a characteristic physical or chemical reference variable as a function of time from the reference element;detecting the occurrence of the phase transformation based on a change of the reference variable;ascertaining a phase transformation time at which the phase transformation occurs;determining a sensor temperature from the measured value obtained using the ...

Scanning tunneling thermometer

Various examples are provided related to scanning tunneling thermometers and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. In one example, a method includes simultaneously measuring conductance and thermopower of a nanostructure by toggling between: applying a time modulated voltage to a nanostructure disposed on an interconnect structure, the time modulated voltage applied at a probe tip positioned over the nanostructure, while measuring a resulting current at a contact of the interconnect structure; and applying a time modulated temperature signal to the nanostructure at the probe tip, while measuring current through a calibrated thermoresistor in series with the probe tip. In another example, a device includes an interconnect structure with connections to a first reservoir and a second reservoir; and a scanning tunneling probe in contact with a probe reservoir. Electrical measurements are simultaneously obtained for temperature and voltage applied to a nanostructure between the reservoirs.

Low Cost Container Condition Monitor

Low-cost techniques for sensing ambient temperatures in a container or package using phase change materials are provided. In one aspect, a temperature sensor is provided. The temperature sensor includes: at least one phase change material configured to transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state upon exposure to temperatures above a predetermined threshold temperature for a given duration. A method of monitoring temperature exposure of a consumer good using the temperature sensor is also provided. 1. A temperature sensor , comprising:at least one phase change material configured to transition from an amorphous state to a crystalline state upon exposure to temperatures above a predetermined threshold temperature for a given duration.2. The temperature sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one phase change material comprises tellurium in combination with an element selected from the group consisting of:antimony and germanium.3. The temperature sensor of claim 2 , wherein the at least one PCM comprises antimony telluride.4. The temperature sensor of claim 1 , comprising multiple phase change materials each having a different predetermined threshold temperature.5. The temperature sensor of claim 1 , wherein the at least one phase change material is configured to change reflectivity upon exposure to temperatures above the predetermined threshold temperature.6. The temperature sensor of claim 5 , wherein the at least one phase change material is present in a shape of a message that is only visible to a user when the at least one phase change material is in a crystalline state.7. The temperature sensor of claim 6 , wherein the at least one phase change material is set against a background that has a same color as the at least one phase change material when the at least one phase change material is in an amorphous state such that the message is not visible to the user when the at least one phase change material is in an amorphous state.8. The temperature ...

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR TEMPERATURE DETECTION AND MEASUREMENT USING INTEGRATED COMPUTATIONAL ELEMENTS

An optical computing device and method for determining and/or monitoring temperature and temperature variation data in real-time by deriving the data from the output of an optical element. 1. A method utilizing an optical computing device to determine temperature of a sample , the method comprising:deploying an optical computing device into an environment, the optical computing device comprising an optical element and a detector;optically interacting electromagnetic radiation with a sample to produce sample-interacted light;optically interacting the optical element with the sample-interacted light to generate optically-interacted light which corresponds to a characteristic of the sample;generating a signal that corresponds to the optically-interacted light through utilization of the detector; anddetermining a temperature of the sample using the signal.2. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the environment is a wellbore.3. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the optical element is an Integrated Computational Element.4. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the sample is determined in real-time.5. A method as defined in claim 1 , further comprising generating the electromagnetic radiation using an electromagnetic radiation source.6. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein the electromagnetic radiation emanates from the sample.7. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein determining the temperature of the sample is achieved using a signal processor communicably coupled to the detector.8. A method as defined in claim 1 , wherein deploying the optical computing device further comprises deploying the optical computing device as part of a downhole tool or casing extending along a wellbore.9. A method as defined in claim 1 , further comprising generating an alert signal in response to the temperature of the sample.10. An optical computing device to determine temperature of a sample claim 1 , comprising:electromagnetic radiation that optically ...

APPARATUSES FOR NON-INVASIVELY SENSING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE

A transducer for noninvasively determining an internal temperature of a location of interest in a body of a subject may be configured to receive native temperature signals originating from the location of interest without substantially receiving interfering signals. Such a transducer may include one or more shielding features for preventing interference. In addition, such a transducer may include a dielectric cavity configured or positioned to increase the native temperature signals sensed, or received, by the antenna. A transducer may be configured to multiplex signals that are indicative of a temperature of a location of interest within the body of a subject and reference temperature signals. Such a transducer may include a connector that facilitates the communication of a multiplexed signal, such as a connector for a coaxial cable. The connector of a transducer may be configured to swivel relative to an end of a cable that has been coupled thereto. Systems including such a transducer are also disclosed. 1. A transducer for noninvasively measuring temperature within a body of a subject , comprising:a circuit board including a front side and a back side opposite from the front side, the circuit board defining an antenna for receiving at least one native temperature signal from a location of interest within a body of a subject;a receiving aperture adjacent to the front side of the circuit board;an adhesive material adjacent to the front side of the circuit board and configured to secure the circuit board to the subject;a dielectric cavity adjacent to the back side of the circuit board, the dielectric cavity including an inner extent adjacent to the back side of the circuit board and an outer extent opposite from the inner extent, the dielectric cavity configured to conduct radiofrequency currents to the receiving aperture; andat least one shielding feature positioned adjacent to an outer extent of the dielectric cavity to prevent interfering signals from impinging ...

CALIBRATION OF AIRCRAFT INSTRUMENTS USING A LASER SENSOR

A method for correcting an ambient pressure measurement, a method for calculating a temperature, and an apparatus for affecting the same for an aircraft measuring system are provided. The methods include the steps of receiving an airspeed measurement from a laser sensor, receiving a total pressure measurement, and calculating an ambient pressure correction. A corrected ambient pressure or a calculated temperature may be calculated. The apparatus includes a laser sensor configured to provide an airspeed measurement, an aircraft instrument configured to provide a total pressure measurement, and a processing system. 1. A method for correcting an ambient pressure measurement outside an aircraft , comprising the steps of:receiving an airspeed measurement from a laser sensor;receiving a total pressure measurement; andcalculating an ambient pressure correction using the airspeed measurement and the total pressure measurement.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:calculating a corrected ambient pressure using the ambient pressure measured with the aircraft instrument and the ambient pressure correction.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the total pressure measurement is determined using a pitot probe and a transducer.4. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the steps of:receiving a plurality of airspeed measurements corresponding to a plurality of total pressure measurements;calculating a plurality of ambient pressure corrections using the plurality of airspeed measurements and the plurality of total pressure measurements; andgenerating a numerical fit to the plurality of ambient pressure corrections.5. The method of claim 4 , further comprising the step of:calculating an interpolated ambient pressure correction using the numerical fit.6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:correcting the airspeed measurement from the laser sensor to determine a longitudinal airspeed measurement corrected for at least one of a flow angle and a ...

FARADAY CURRENT AND TEMPERATURE SENSORS

This patent application discloses techniques and devices for sensing or measuring electric currents and/or temperature based on photonic sensing techniques. An optical current sensor head is located near or at a current-carrying conductor so that a magnetic field associated with the current is present at a Faraday material and the optical detection unit detects the light from the Faraday material to determine a magnitude of the current. An optical temperature sensor head is located near or at a location so that the temperature at a temperature-sensing Faraday material is reflected by the optical polarization rotation which is detected to determine the temperature. 1. A current sensor based on optical sensing , comprising:a sensor base station including a light source that produces probe light and an optical detection unit;an output fiber line having a first fiber line terminal coupled to the sensor base station to receive the probe light from the light source and to direct the received probe light to a second fiber line terminal of the output fiber line away from the sensor base station;an optical current sensor head coupled to the second fiber line terminal of the output fiber line to receive the probe light and configured to include an input optical polarizer to filter the probe light to produce a polarized input beam, a Faraday material located to receive and transmit the polarized input beam as a modified optical beam, and an optical polarization separation device that receives the modified optical beam from the Faraday material and splits the modified optical beam into first and second beams in two different polarizations along first and second optical paths, respectively;a first return fiber line having a first fiber line terminal coupled to the optical current sensor head to receive the first beam and a second fiber line terminal coupled to the optical detection unit of the sensor base station to deliver the first beam from the optical current sensor to the ...

OPTICAL WRITING DEVICE, IMAGE FORMING APPARATUS, AND TEMPERATURE CALCULATION METHOD

An optical writing device having; a plurality of light-emitting points; a photodiode configured to output a signal which represents a quantity of incident light from a predetermined light-emitting point selected from the plurality of light-emitting points; and a calculation section for calculating a temperature of the photodiode based on a magnitude of a photodiode dark current included in the signal output from the photodiode while the predetermined light-emitting point is OFF. 1. An optical writing device comprising:a plurality of light-emitting points;a photodiode configured to output a signal which represents a quantity of incident light from a predetermined light-emitting point selected from the plurality of light-emitting points; anda calculation section for calculating a temperature of the photodiode based on a magnitude of a photodiode dark current included in the signal output from the photodiode while the predetermined light-emitting point is OFF.2. The optical writing device according to claim 1 , wherein the calculation section includesan integrating circuit for integrating an output of the photodiode, the integrating circuit including a resettable capacitor,a S/H circuit capable of recording a first output value obtained at a start of integration in the integrating circuit while the predetermined light-emitting point is OFF and a second output value obtained after a predetermined time period has passed since the start of integration in the integrating circuit,a subtracting circuit for subtracting the first output value from the second output value to output a third output value, anda controller configured to determine the magnitude of the photodiode dark current based on the third output value.3. The optical writing device according to claim 2 , whereinthe calculation section further includes an averaging circuit configured to output an average of plural ones of the third output value output from the subtracting circuit, andthe controller accepts the ...

Method for determining a local hot gas temperature in a hot gas duct, and devices for carrying out the method

A method is disclosed for determining a local hot gas temperature in a hot gas duct downstream a combustion device. The method comprises extracting at least one flue gas sample at least one specific cross-sectional location of the hot gas duct downstream the combustion device, determining at least one flue gas species concentration in the sample, and determining the local flue gas total temperature based upon the at least one flue gas species concentration In an embodiment, the method is conducted at the entry to an expansion turbine of a gas turbine engine. At least one vane member is provided in the guide vane row which comprises an airfoil, wherein at least one sample extraction orifice is provided on an outer surface of the airfoil, and a sample duct is provided in fluid communication with the sample extraction orifice and running inside the airfoil. The flue gas samples are extracted through the sample extraction orifices.

RF OR MICROWAVE ABLATION CATHETER WITH REMOTE DICKE SWITCH

The invention provides devices and systems, as well as associated methods of using them, that employ a remote Dicke switching element—i.e., distal to a radiometer. The devices, systems, and methods are suitable for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications in a wide variety of tissues. 1. An ablation system comprising:a) a coaxial cable having a first end and a second end;b) a microwave antenna coupled to the first end of the coaxial cable;c) a Dicke switch proximate to the antenna, the Dicke switch coupled to and between, the antenna and coaxial cable; andd) a multiplexer coupled to the second end of the coaxial cable, the multiplexer being between, and coupled to, the coaxial cable and: an ablation energy generator, a switch bias source, and radiometer, the radiometer being configured to measure temperature from the antenna, the radiometer coupled to a control of the ablation energy generator.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ablation energy generator is a radiofrequency generator claim 1 , the antenna further comprising a radiofrequency electrode claim 1 , and a capacitive coupling between the electrode and coaxial outer conductor.3. The system of claim 2 , further comprising a path for cooling fluid passing from and through the coaxial cable and the microwave antenna claim 2 , the antenna comprising one or more outlets for the cooling fluid.4. The system of claim 3 , further comprising a control of an irrigation means coupled to the multiplexer claim 3 , distal to the coaxial cable claim 3 , the control of the irrigation means coupled to the radiometer.5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the ablation energy generator is a microwave frequency generator.6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the microwave frequency generator is operating at about 2.5 GHz.7. The system of claim 1 , wherein the system further comprises circuitry for measuring impedance mismatch claim 1 , the circuitry coupled to a control of the ablation energy generator.8. The system of claim 1 ...

METHOD OF ESTIMATING A TEMPERATURE OF A PERMANENT MAGNET IN A MOTOR

A method of estimating a temperature of a permanent magnet in a motor that is capable of precisely estimating the temperature of a permanent magnet included in a motor and of preventing demagnetization of the magnet is provided. Specifically, the method of estimating a temperature of a permanent magnet in a motor is capable of deriving heat transfer coefficients through an analysis of an interrelation between a variation of permanent magnet temperature and a rotor loss per motor operating condition based on an actually measured value and constructing a heat model of the permanent magnet using the same to estimate the temperature of the permanent magnet, and accordingly, it is possible to precisely estimate real-time temperature of the permanent magnet based on the operational condition of the motor. 1. A method of estimating temperature of a permanent magnet in a motor , the method comprising:substituting motor torque/speed into a rotor ion loss map to acquire a rotor ion loss based on the motor torque/speed; andestimating the temperature of the permanent magnet using the acquired rotor ion loss and heat transfer coefficients differently derived based on a change of the motor speed.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the rotor ion loss map is constructed based on efficiency map data per voltage based on the motor torque/speed after actually measuring the rotor ion loss per motor speed/torque.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein claim 1 , in the acquiring of the rotor ion loss claim 1 , the motor torque/speed based on driving of the motor is substituted into the rotor ion loss map in order to acquire the rotor ion loss based on the motor torque/speed through map interpolation per voltage.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the heat transfer coefficients are derived by analyzing an interrelation between an actually measured rotor ion loss and an increase value of the temperature of the permanent magnet.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the temperature of the permanent ...

TIRE SIDEWALL TEMPERATURE SENSING SYSTEMS AND METHODS

Systems and methods for sensing a tire parameter from a rotating wheel are disclosed. In some embodiments, a system includes: a rotatable component configured to rotate; a piezoelectric transducer disposed along a circumference of the rotatable component, where the piezoelectric transducer is configured to generate an offload voltage based on a mechanical deformation of the piezoelectric transducer; and at least one processor in communication with the piezoelectric transducer, the at least one processor configured to determine a temperature value based on the offload voltage. 1. A system , comprising:a rotatable component configured to rotate;a piezoelectric transducer disposed along a circumference of the rotatable component, wherein the piezoelectric transducer is configured to generate an offload voltage based on a mechanical deformation of the piezoelectric transducer; andat least one processor in communication with the piezoelectric transducer, the at least one processor configured to determine a temperature value based on the offload voltage.2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the temperature value is associated with a flexible sidewall that contacts the piezoelectric transducer.3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the rotatable component is part of a wheel and the piezoelectric transducer directly contacts a flexible sidewall of the wheel.4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one processor is disposed within a vehicle body to which the rotatable component is mounted.5. The system of claim 1 , further comprising:a voltage sensor in communication with the piezoelectric transducer, the voltage sensor configured to determine an offload voltage value of the offload voltage, wherein the at least one processor is configured to determine the temperature value based on the offload voltage value.6. The system of claim 5 , wherein the rotatable component comprises a rim claim 5 , wherein the rim comprises an outer facing surface opposite an inner facing surface ...

TEMPERATURE DETECTION DEVICE AND HEAT TREATMENT DEVICE

The present invention relates to a temperature detection device for measuring the core temperature of a food product, wherein the device comprises a microwave detecting array antenna, in particular a phased array antenna, as well as to a heat-treatment device, in particular oven, for a food product, wherein the heat-treatment device comprises a heating means for applying heat to the food product and a temperature detection device. 1. A heat-treatment device comprising:a heating means for applying heat to a food produce; anda temperature detection device for measuring a core temperature of the food productwherein the temperature detection device comprises a microwave detecting arraywhich is a phased array antenna, andwherein the heat-treatment device is an oven.2. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein the array antenna is configured such that it is operated as a Dicke radiometer.3. The heat-treatment device according to wherein the array antenna comprises an open waveguide in particular a leaky wave type open waveguide.4. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein a measurement time of the array antenna is adjustable between 0.5 s and 10 s.5. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein the array antenna comprises a passive radiator and/or in that the array antenna is a passive antenna.6. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein the array antenna is most sensitive between 1.5 and 4 GHz claim 1 , or between 2.8 and 3.6 GHz claim 1 , or around 3.2 GHz and/or between 1.2 and 2.0 GHz claim 1 , or around 1.575 GHz.7. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein a measuring bandwidth of the array antenna comprises approximately 80 MHz or is adjustable between 40 MHz and 120 MHz or between 60 MHz and 100 MHz.8. The heat-treatment device according to claim 1 , wherein a first detection area of the array antenna at a predetermined distance from a receiving aperture of the array antenna is smaller than 10 ...

HIGH REPETITION RATE THERMOMETRY SYSTEM AND METHOD

A system and method for rapid thermometry using intrapulse spectroscopy can include a laser for propagating pulses of electromagnetic radiation to a region. Each of the pulses can be chirped. The pulses from the region can be detected. An intrapulse absorbance spectrum can be determined from the pulses. An instantaneous temperature of the region based on the intrapulse absorbance spectrum can be determined. 1. A sensor system , comprising:a laser configured to produce chirped pulses; andat least one detector configured to receive a measurement beam from the laser;wherein the sensor system is configured to record an intrapulse absorption spectrum and to determine a temperature based on the intrapulse absorption spectrum.2. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the laser is a quantum cascade laser and wherein each of the at least one detector comprises a photodiode.3. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the laser is a distributed feedback quantum cascade laser and wherein each of the at least one detector comprises a photodiode.4. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein the at least one detector comprises a second detector configured to receive a reference beam from the laser.5. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein each of the chirped pulses are less than 10 microseconds in duration.6. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein each of the chirped pulses are less than 1 microsecond in duration.7. The sensor system of claim 6 , wherein the laser is a distributed laser comprising a temperature controller and a voltage controller claim 6 , and wherein the photodiode comprises a high bandwidth photodiode claim 6 , wherein the sensor system is configured to determine a temperature based on the intrapulse absorption spectrum.8. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein each of the chirped pulses are less than 500 nanoseconds in duration.9. The sensor system of claim 1 , wherein each of the chirped pulses are less than 100 nanoseconds in duration.10. A method of measuring a ...

METHOD FOR DETERMINING MATERIAL AND/OR SUBSURFACE TEMPERATURES

Disclosed is a method of determining subsurface temperatures of a surveyed region. The method comprises using a transmitter to transmit a pulsed electromagnetic signal into the ground; using a receiver to detect a return signal following interaction of said transmitted signal with features of the subsurface and determining one or more temperatures within the subsurface from the return signal. The temperature may be determined from a dielectric constant of a subsurface region, as determined from the received signal. 1. A method of determining subsurface temperatures of a surveyed region comprising:using a transmitter to transmit a pulsed electromagnetic signal into the ground;using a receiver to detect a return signal following interaction of the transmitted signal with features of the subsurface; anddetermining one or more temperatures within the subsurface from the return signal.2. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of determining one or more temperatures comprises determining the temperature from a dielectric constant of a subsurface region claim 1 , as determined from the received signal.3. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of determining one or more temperatures comprises obtaining a first temperature estimate from the power of the signal and the cross sectional area of the signal claim 1 , as determined from the return signal.4. The method as claimed in claim 3 , comprising obtaining a second temperature estimate by multiplying the first temperature estimate by the ratio of a beam diameter parameter and a wavelength parameter of the return signal.5. The method as claimed in claim 4 , comprising obtaining a third temperature estimate comprising a function of the second temperature estimate and a ratio of energy density and signal frequency.6. The method as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the step of determining one or more temperatures comprises obtaining a fourth temperature estimate from a ratio of a frequency parameter and a ...

CORIOLIS FLOW METER FOR MEASURING PROPERTIES OF A FLUID AND METHOD THEREFOR

A Coriolis flow meter for measuring one or more properties of a fluid is described herein which involves a modular configuration, and includes a fluid flow sub-system and a mechanical oscillator sub-system, both functionally separate, and are coupled in a closed loop arrangement, such that the flow conduit is not directly vibrated, and instead receives induced oscillations from the mechanical oscillator sub-system. The Coriolis flow meter is useful for high purity applications, as well as for the bioprocessing applications. Bioprocessing systems incorporating the Coriolis flow meter are also described herein. Method for measuring one or more properties of a fluid using the disclosed Coriolis flow meter are also described herein. 134-. (canceled)35. A Coriolis flow meter for measuring one or more properties of a fluid , the Coriolis flow meter comprising: a flow conduit configured to provide a flow path for the fluid,', 'one or more actuators configured for generating oscillations in the fluid through the flow conduit, and', 'one or more sensors configured for receiving a Coriolis response from the fluid through the flow conduit,, 'a disposable-part sub-system comprisingwherein at least one the flow conduit, the one or more actuators, or the one or more sensors is configured as a disposable part; andan electronics circuitry coupled to the disposable-part sub-system, and configured to trigger the one or more actuators and the one or more sensors, and configured to process the Coriolis response received from the one or more sensors to generate one or more measurements representative of the one or more properties of the fluid.36. The Coriolis flow meter of wherein the flow conduit is the disposable part.37. The Coriolis flow meter of wherein a combination of the one or more actuators and the one or more sensors is the disposable part.38. The Coriolis flow meter of wherein a combination of the flow conduit claim 35 , the one or more actuators and the one or more sensors ...

METHOD FOR MEASURING TEMPERATURE BY REFRACTION AND CHANGE IN VELOCITY OF WAVES WITH MAGNETIC SUSCEPTIBILITY

Methods and apparatuses for determining in-situ a temperature of a substrate with a thermal sensor in a vacuum chamber are described herein. In one embodiment a thermal sensor has a transmitter configured to transmit electromagnetic waves, a receiver configured to receive electromagnetic waves, and a controller configured to control the transmitter and receiver, wherein the controller determines a temperature from a difference between the transmitted electromagnetic wave and the received electromagnetic wave. 1. A thermal sensor , comprising:a transmitter configured to transmit electromagnetic waves;a receiver configured to receive electromagnetic waves; anda controller configured to control the transmitter and receiver, wherein the controller is operable to determine a temperature from a difference between the transmitted electromagnetic wave and the received electromagnetic wave.2. A processing chamber , comprising:a chamber body;a substrate support disposed in an internal volume of the chamber body;a transmitter oriented to transmit electromagnetic waves through a substrate disposed on the substrate support;a receiver oriented to receive electromagnetic waves emitted by the transmitter; anda controller configured to control the transmitter and receiver, wherein the controller is operable to determine a temperature from a magnetic fielded variation of the transmitted electromagnetic wave and the received electromagnetic wave.3. A method for non-contact measurement of a temperature of a substrate disposed in a processing chamber , the method comprising:transferring a substrate into a processing chamber;directing an electromagnetic wave through the substrate disposed in the processing chamber;receiving the electromagnetic wave after having passed through the substrate; anddetermining a temperature of the substrate based on a metric indicative of a change between the directed electromagnetic wave and the received electromagnetic wave. Embodiments of the invention ...

SYSTEMS AND METHODS FOR PRECISION OPTICAL IMAGING OF ELECTRICAL CURRENTS AND TEMPERATURE IN INTEGRATED CIRCUITS

Systems and methods for precision optical imaging of electrical currents and temperature in integrated circuits are disclosed herein. In one aspect of the disclosed subject matter, a method for detecting a characteristic of an integrated circuit can include depositing at least one diamond structure, having at least one color center therein, onto a side of the integrated circuit. 1. A method for detecting a characteristic of an integrated circuit , comprising:depositing at least one diamond structure, having at least one color center therein, onto a side of the integrated circuit;applying an electromagnetic pump field to the at least one diamond structure;monitoring a spin state of the at least one color center by measuring an emission of photons from the at least one color center resulting from the electromagnetic pump field and an electromagnetic radiation of the integrated circuit; anddetecting the characteristic of the integrated circuit based on a correlation between the emission of photons and the characteristic.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising applying a direct current magnetic field to the at least one color center.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic comprises one of a current or a temperature.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the color center comprises a nitrogen vacancy (NV) center claim 1 , the monitoring comprising monitoring a positive spin state of the NV center claim 1 , a ground spin state of the NV center claim 1 , and a negative spin state of the NV center.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic comprises a current claim 1 , the method further comprising modulating the current at a frequency corresponding to an inverse of an electron spin phase coherence time of the color center.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the characteristic comprises a current claim 1 , the method further comprising:applying a direct current magnetic field to the at least one color center; andsweeping the direct current magnetic ...

TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION METHOD

A temperature estimation method estimating a temperature of a heat generating site in an oil-immersed electric appliance immersed in insulating oil, the insulating oil being silicone oil or ester oil. The temperature estimation method includes measuring concentrations of two types of thermal decomposition products in the insulating oil and calculating a temperature of the heat generating site in the oil-immersed electric appliance based on a concentration ratio between the two types of thermal decomposition products and a relational expression between the temperature of the heat generating site and the concentration ratio prepared in advance. When the silicone oil is adopted as the insulating oil, at least one of the two types of thermal decomposition products is straight-chain siloxane, alcohol containing silicon, or benzene. When the ester oil is adopted as the insulating oil, the two types of thermal decomposition products are fatty acids. 1. A temperature estimation method of estimating a temperature of a heat generating site in an oil-immersed electric appliance immersed in insulating oil , the insulating oil being silicone oil or ester oil , the temperature estimation method comprising:a measurement step of measuring concentrations of two types of thermal decomposition products in the insulating oil; anda calculation step of calculating a temperature of the heat generating site in the oil-immersed electric appliance based on a concentration ratio between the two types of thermal decomposition products and a relational expression between the temperature of the heat generating site and the concentration ratio prepared in advance,at least one of the two types of thermal decomposition products being straight-chain siloxane, alcohol containing silicon, or benzene when the silicone oil is adopted as the insulating oil, andthe two types of thermal decomposition products being fatty acids when the ester oil is adopted as the insulating oil.2. (canceled)3. The ...

CONSTANT VOLUME TEMPERATURE TO PRESSURE TRANSDUCER FOR USE WITH RETRIEVABLE PRESSURE SENSOR ASSEMBLIES

A temperature sensor for measuring a temperature within a subsea installation includes a fixture portion coupled to the subsea installation and a retrievable portion that is selectively operable to couple to the fixture portion. The fixture portion includes a constant volume of a fluid disposed at a measurement point within the subsea installation. The retrievable portion includes a pressure sensing element operable to measure a pressure associated with the constant volume of fluid such that a temperature at the measurement point is determinable. 1. A temperature sensor assembly for monitoring a temperature at a measurement point within a subsea installation , the temperature sensor assembly comprising: a constant volume container operable to be positioned at the measurement point, the constant volume container filled with a fixed volume of a temperature responsive fluid such that an increase in a temperature at the measurement point induces an increase in a pressure of the temperature responsive fluid; and', 'a fixture connector operable to be positioned at an accessible location on the subsea installation, the fixture connector including a fixture connector reservoir bounded by a first ambient diaphragm and a first seating surface, the fixture connector reservoir hydraulically coupled to the constant volume container such that an increase in a pressure of the temperature responsive fluid urges the first ambient diaphragm away from the first seating surface; and, 'a fixture portion operable to be installed within the subsea installation, the fixture portion comprising a retrievable connector operable to couple the retrievable portion to the fixture portion, the retrievable connector including a retrievable connector reservoir bounded by a second ambient diaphragm, the second ambient diaphragm operably engaged with the first ambient diaphragm such that the second ambient diaphragm is urged away from the first seating surface by the first ambient diaphragm when the ...

Method for measuring temperature, molecular number density, and/or pressure of a gaseous compound from a thermal device, and a thermal system

A method for measuring, from a thermal device, temperature, molecular number density, and/or pressure of a gaseous compound as function of distance, the gaseous compound absorbing at least some light. The method comprises generating, for a first wavelength band and a second wavelength band, a pulse sequence comprising a light pulse or light pulses, guiding the pulse sequence into the thermal device, and measuring, as function of time, the intensity of the scattered light at the first wavelength band and at the second wavelength band. The method further comprises determining information indicative of the differential absorption between the two wavelengths bands using measured intensities and determining the temperature, the molecular number density, and/or the pressure of the gaseous compound using the information indicative of the differential absorption between the two wavelengths bands. A thermal system arranged to carry out the method.

Temperature sensor

A temperature sensor includes a sensing member, a retention member configured to secure the sensing member, an optical fiber configured to irradiate the sensing member with light and guide the light reflected from the sensing member, and a cylindrical sleeve configured to accommodate the optical fiber. The retention member is a plate-shaped component and has a cut-out portion formed on at least one of a peripheral portion of a non-retention surface of the retention member opposite to a retention surface to which the sensing member is secured and a side surface of the retention member. The retention member is secured to a tip of the sleeve so that the non-retention surface is exposed to the outside, and the tip of the sleeve is engaged with the cut-out portion.

METHOD FOR MEASURING INTERNAL TEMPERATURE OF FREEZING TARGET OBJECT AND INTERNAL TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT DEVICE FOR FREEZING TARGET OBJECT

A method for measuring an internal temperature of a freezing target object includes: a placing step of placing the freezing target object in a microwave resonating magnetic field generated by a microwave resonator; a state detection step of detecting a resonant state of the freezing target object in a frozen state by using the microwave resonator and detecting an internal temperature of the freezing target object by using a temperature meter; a calibration curve calculation step of calculating a calibration curve by performing a regression analysis by using the resonant state as an explanatory variable and by using the internal temperature of the freezing target object as a response variable; and a temperature calculation step of calculating the internal temperature of the freezing target object in the frozen state by applying the resonant state detected in the detection step to the calibration curve calculated in the calibration curve calculation step. 1. A method for measuring an internal temperature of a freezing target object , the method comprising:a placing step of placing the freezing target object in a microwave resonating magnetic field generated by a microwave resonator;a state detection step of detecting a resonant state of the freezing target object in a frozen state by using the microwave resonator and detecting an internal temperature of the freezing target object by using a temperature meter;a calibration curve calculation step of calculating a calibration curve by performing a regression analysis by using the resonant state detected in the state detection step as an explanatory variable and by using the internal temperature of the freezing target object detected by the temperature meter as a response variable; anda temperature calculation step of calculating the internal temperature of the freezing target object in the frozen state by applying the resonant state detected in the detection step to the calibration curve calculated in the calibration ...

GAS TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT METHOD AND GAS INTRODUCTION SYSTEM

There is provided a method of measuring a temperature of a gas in a line connected to a gas supply source and a decompressor, the line being divided by a first, a second and a third valve into a first line between the first valve and the second valve and a second line between the second valve and the third valve. A first pressure rise rate of a gas in the first line is measured when introducing a gas at a predetermined flow rate into the first and the second line. A second pressure rise rate of a gas in the first line is measured when introducing a gas at a predetermined flow rate only into the first line. A gas temperature in the first line is calculated based on known inner volume of the second line, the first pressure rise rate, and the second pressure rise rate. 1. A method of measuring a temperature of a gas in a line having one end connected to a gas supply source and the other end connected to a decompressor , the line being divided , by a first , a second and a third valve disposed in that order from the gas supply source , into a first line between the first valve and the second valve and a second line between the second valve and the third valve , the second line having a known inner volume , the method comprising:measuring a first pressure rise rate of a gas in the first line in case of introducing a gas at a predetermined flow rate into the first and the second line;measuring a second pressure rise rate of a gas in the first line in case of introducing a gas at a predetermined flow rate only into the first line; andcalculating a gas temperature in the first line based on the inner volume of the second line, the first pressure rise rate, and the second pressure rise rate.3. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:heating the gas such that a difference between a room temperature and a temperature of the gas is set to be greater than or equal to a predetermined value before measuring the first and the second pressure rise rate.4. The method of claim 1 , ...

Photonic crystal sensor structure and a method for manufacturing the same

A sensor and methods of making a sensor are disclosed. The sensor may include a substrate, an optical source, an optical detector, a plurality of optical cavities in the substrate or in a layer structure over the substrate, where the plurality of optical cavities may be arranged in an optical path between the optical source and the optical detector, and a processing circuit coupled to the optical detector and configured to receive a signal representing an optical signal received by the optical detector.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR NON-CONTACT TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT OF A FOOD ITEM

A method and apparatus for temperature processing a food item. It should be noted that the description provided herein will primarily focus on cooking temperature processing, but cooking is referred to, the process for determining core temperature can also be used for chilling and/or freezing a food item. One implementation of the technology as disclosed and claimed, utilizes a combination of 3D profile scanning camera, mid-range infrared camera, high-resolution encoder-based positioning device, and cook profile settings in order to measure the physical attributes of the product related to the fully cooked state. The system is measuring at least two aspects that determine the temperature change within an object during the cook process and they are geometry and thermodynamic properties. 1. An apparatus for thermal processing of a food item comprising:a historical reference database including a plurality of sample heat maps for one or more different sample food items each having an associated sample outer geometry correlated to a sample physically measured core temperature in a core area for each of the one or more different sample food items, where each of the heat maps and correlated measured core temperatures are associated with a time/temperature profile for the one or more different food items;a controller computing system analyzing the historical reference database by processing a learning algorithm to thereby adjust the time/temperature profiles and a position of the core area and provide a predictive multifactor, multinomial relational model utilizing a regression algorithm to thereby predict an actual core temperature based on an actual heat map;a conveyor communicably linked to controlled by a controller computing system to convey one or more actual food items through a temperature processing chamber and controlling the temperature processing chamber to perform a time/temperature profile as the one or more actual food items are conveyed through the ...

MICROELECTROMECHANICAL SYSTEM AND METHODS OF USE

Methods of measuring displacement of a movable mass in a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) include driving the mass against two displacement-stopping surfaces and measuring corresponding differential capacitances of sensing capacitors such as combs. A MEMS device having displacement-stopping surfaces is described. Such a MEMS device can be used in a method of measuring properties of an atomic force microscope (AFM) having a cantilever and a deflection sensor, or in a temperature sensor having a displacement-sensing unit for sensing a movable mass permitted to vibrate along a displacement axis. A motion-measuring device can include pairs of accelerometers and gyroscopes driven 90° out of phase. 1. A method of measuring displacement of a movable mass in a microelectromechanical system (MEMS) , the method comprising:moving the movable mass into a first position in which the movable mass is substantially in stationary contact with a first displacement-stopping surface;using a controller, automatically measuring a first difference between the respective capacitances of two spaced-apart sensing capacitors while the movable mass is in the first position, wherein each of the two sensing capacitors includes a respective first plate attached to and movable with the movable mass and a respective second plate substantially fixed in position;moving the movable mass into a second position in which the movable mass is substantially in stationary contact with a second displacement-stopping surface spaced apart from the first displacement-stopping surface;using the controller, automatically measuring a second difference between the respective capacitances while the movable mass is in the second position;moving the movable mass into a reference position in which the movable mass is substantially spaced apart from the first and the second displacement-stopping surfaces, wherein a first distance between the first position and the reference position is different from a second ...

Microwave Radiometry Using Two Antennas

A microwave thermometer for accurate and non-invasive measurement of subsurface temperature is described. The microwave radiometer measures the brightness temperature of the specimen. In one example, the system is calibrated using an antenna aimed at the air with another antenna aimed at a subject. This approach dynamically compensates for variable drift of hardware components. An accuracy of 2° F. in 61% of cases may be achieved testing the device on phantoms. 1. A microwave radiometer comprising:a first antenna facing in a direction toward a subject;a second antenna facing in a direction away from the subject;an amplifier configured to selectively receive a signal from the first antenna and a signal from the second antenna;a band pass filter configured to receive an output from the amplifier;a signal processor configured to receive the output of the band pass filter;a switch being controlled to selectively couple one of the first antenna and the second antenna to the amplifier.2. The microwave radiometer according to claim 1 ,wherein the band pass filter includes at least one low pass filter and at least one high pass filter.3. The microwave radiometer according to claim 1 , wherein the microwave radiometer further comprises:one of a power sensor and a power meter located between the band pass filter and the signal processor.4. The microwave radiometer according to claim 1 ,wherein the switch is controlled based on an output of the processing system.5. The microwave radiometer according to claim 1 ,wherein the switch is controlled based on an output of the processing system or the output of the one of the power sensor and a power meter. This application claims priority to U.S. provisional application Ser. No. 61/922,220 filed on Dec. 31, 2013, whose contents are expressly incorporated herein by reference.Aspects of the invention relate generally to animal safety, wellness, and health monitoring. More particularly, some aspects of the invention relate to a viewing ...

Noninvasive microwave radiometric sensing of a tympanic membrane

A microwave radiometric sensor probe module configured to fit within at least an external portion of an auditory or ear canal of a patient encloses a microwave integrated circuit and associated waveguide printed probe. The probe is configured to receive microwave radiation from a dielectric rod antenna of the module oriented into the auditory canal towards a tympanic membrane. Radiation from the tympanic membrane is coupled into the rod antenna, projected towards the printed probe, and received at the integrated circuit. A communications interface connects the integrated circuit to a temperature monitor and control unit for receiving the sensor output and for deriving at least a measure of patient brain temperature from the sensor output. The temperature monitor and control unit may be connected to a targeted temperature management system for controlling the temperature of a patient on the basis of the derived brain temperature.

PHOTONIC CRYSTAL SENSOR STRUCTURE AND A METHOD FOR MANUFACTURING THE SAME

A sensor and methods of making a sensor are disclosed. The sensor may include a substrate including an opening, an optical source disposed in the substrate and configured to generate an optical source signal, an optical detector disposed in the substrate so that the opening is disposed between the optical source and the optical detector, a plurality of optical cavity structures disposed in the opening wherein each of the plurality of optical cavity structures contains an enclosed cavity so that the respective enclosed cavities are not in gas communication with each other, wherein the plurality of optical cavity structures are arranged in an optical path between the optical source and the optical detector, and a processing circuit coupled to the optical detector and configured to process an optical signal received by the optical detector. 1. A sensor , comprising:a substrate comprising an opening;an optical source disposed in the substrate and configured to generate an optical source signal;an optical detector disposed in the substrate so that the opening is disposed between the optical source and the optical detector;a plurality of optical cavity structures disposed in the opening wherein each of the plurality of optical cavity structures comprises an enclosed cavity, wherein the plurality of optical cavity structures are arranged spaced apart from each other in an optical path between the optical source and the optical detector; anda processing circuit coupled to the optical detector and configured to process an optical signal received by the optical detector.2. The sensor of claim 1 ,wherein the enclosed cavity within each optical cavity structure is pressurizable.3. The sensor of claim 2 ,wherein each of the plurality of optical cavity structures comprises a divider of a series of dividers that partition the opening into a series of sub-openings.4. The sensor of claim 2 ,wherein each of the plurality of optical cavity structures comprises a first surface and a ...

Component measuring apparatus and moving body

A component measuring apparatus includes a plurality of light sources having different wavelengths, an irradiation unit that applies lights emitted from the plural light sources to a measurement object, a light receiving unit that receives at least one of light having transmitted through the measurement object and light having been scattered from the measurement object, and a measuring unit that measures intensity of the light received by the light receiving unit per wavelength.

Millimeter And Sub-Millimeter Wave Radar-Radiometric Imaging

An antenna is provided that is configured to implement a combined radar and radiometric imaging method. The antenna comprises: a bearing device on which is rigidly mounted: rotating waveguide adapter which provides the output, tor the antenna; an electromechanical drive, the output shaft of which is defined as the main axis of rotation for the antenna and a position sensor. The antenna further comprises an antenna rotor; the rotation of which is configured to be controlled by the output shaft of the electromechanical drive of the bearing device. The antenna rotor comprises: at least one 2D diffraction grating; planar dielectric waveguide connected over a diffraction field to the 2D diffraction grating; a linear waveguide turn; and a feed adapter.

TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT APPARATUS AND METHOD

A temperature measurement apparatus includes a light source; a first splitter that splits a light beam into a measurement beam and a reference beam; a reference beam reflector that reflects the reference beam; an optical path length adjustor; a second splitter that splits the reflected reference beam into a first reflected reference beam and a second reflected reference beam; a first photodetector that measures an interference between the first reflected reference beam and a reflected measurement beam obtained by the measurement beam reflected from a target object; a second photodetector that measures an intensity of the second reflected reference beam; and a temperature calculation unit. The temperature calculation unit calculates a location of the interference by subtracting an output signal of the second photodetector from an output signal of the first photodetector, and calculates a temperature of the target object from the calculated location of the interference. 1a light source;a splitter that splits a light beam emanated from the light source into a measurement beam and a reference beam;a reference beam reflector that reflects the reference beam;an optical path length adjustor that adjusts an optical path length of the reference beam reflected from the reference beam reflector;a photodetector that measures an interference between the reflected reference beam and a reflected measurement beam obtained by the measurement beam reflected from a target object;a shutter unit that selectively blocks incidence of the reflected measurement beam onto the photodetector; anda temperature calculation unit that stores as a reference signal an intensity change of the reflected reference beam when the reflected measurement beam is not incident onto the photodetector by closing the shutter unit, calculates a location of the interference from a signal obtained by subtracting the reference signal from an output signal of the photodetector when the reflected measurement beam is ...

Fabry-Perot Based Temperature Sensing

Fabry-Perot based optical computing devices and temperature sensors are disclosed for a number of applications including, for example, in-situ downhole fluid analysis and temperature detection. 1. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor , comprising: a first reflective plate; and', 'a second reflective plate having a temperature sensitive layer positioned thereon,', 'wherein the temperature sensitive layer is positioned to optically interact with electromagnetic radiation to produce a first reflected light,', 'wherein the second reflective plate is positioned to optically interact with the electromagnetic radiation to produce a second reflected light; and, 'a Fabry-Perot cavity, comprisinga detector positioned to measure the first and second reflected lights and generated a first and second signal utilized to determine temperature.2. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first and second reflective plates are positioned in a step-like fashion relative to one another claim 1 , such that portions of the first reflective plate are separated from the second reflective plate by different distances.3. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a bandpass filter positioned to optically interact with the first and second reflected lights to thereby generate spectrally filtered first and second reflected lights.4. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 1 , further comprising a signal processor communicably coupled to the detector to determine the temperature.5. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 4 , wherein the temperature is determined based upon a phase difference between the first and second signals.6. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 1 , wherein the first reflective plate further comprises one or more micro-electromechanical system (“MEMS”) building blocks.7. A Fabry-Perot based temperature sensor as defined in claim 6 , further ...

Constant volume temperature to pressure transducer for use with retrievable pressure sensor assemblies

A temperature sensor for measuring a temperature within a subsea installation includes a fixture portion coupled to the subsea installation and a retrievable portion that is selectively operable to couple to the fixture portion. The fixture portion includes a constant volume of a fluid disposed at a measurement point within the subsea installation. The retrievable portion includes a pressure sensing element operable to measure a pressure associated with the constant volume of fluid such that a temperature at the measurement point is determinable.

APPARATUS AND METHOD OF NON-INVASIVELY DETERMINING DEEP TISSUE TEMPERATURE USING MICROWAVE RADIOMETRY

An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature is provided. The sensor antenna may include an outside and a contact side. A sensor antenna measurement aperture may be disposed on the contact side. The sensor antenna measurement aperture may be configured to generate a first signal. A skin temperature sensor may be disposed on the contact side and configured to generate a second signal. A radiometer may be configured to receive the first signal and the second signal. 1. An apparatus for measuring a target tissue temperature comprising:a sensor antenna including an outside and a contact side;a sensor antenna measurement aperture disposed on the contact side, the sensor antenna measurement aperture configured to generate a first signal;a skin temperature sensor disposed on the contact side, the skin temperature sensor configured to generate a second signal; and [{'sub': target', 'skin', 'average', 'skin, 'wherein the target tissue temperature is calculated via the equation: T=T+(T−T)*c,'}, {'sub': target', 'skin', 'average, "wherein Tis the target tissue temperature, Tis the patient's skin temperature, Tis the average temperature as measured by the radiometer, and c is a constant."}], 'a radiometer, configured to receive the first signal and the second signal, in electrical communication with the sensor antenna, the sensor antenna measurement aperture, and the skin temperature sensor,'}2. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising a remote switch module disposed between the sensor antenna and the radiometer.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the constant (c) is determined experimentally based on a preexisting dataset.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the average temperature is a weighted average temperature.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the weighted average temperature is proportional to the summation of T*A*efrom the patient's skin to the target tissue claim 4 , where d is the variable depth of a tissue claim 4 , Tis the temperature at a ...

MEASUREMENT DATA PROCESSING DEVICE

To provide a measurement data processing device that can improve resolution by applying a correction operation to low-resolution microwave radiometer output data. 1a plurality of multipliers that multiply together measurement values, which are the signal intensity of the microwave output by the microwave radiometer, and weighting coefficients to be an element of a weighted vector a and output multiplication results; andan integrator that integrates the multiplication results of the plurality of multipliers, wherein{'sub': 0', '0', '0', 'i, 'when a sensitivity distribution of the antenna on the two-dimensional plane is represented as a measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) (where, x and y are coordinate information on the two-dimensional plane), a sensitivity distribution of the antenna having a sensitivity center different from a sensitivity center of the measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) and crossing a sensitivity distribution on the two-dimensional plane of the measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) is represented as a measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) (where, i=1 or more and N−1 or less, N is a natural number larger than 1),'}{'sub': 0', '0, 'a sensitivity distribution narrower than the sensitivity distribution on the two-dimensional plane of the measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) and having a sensitivity center equal to the sensitivity center of the measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) is represented as a target antenna sensitivity distribution function F(x,y), and'}{'sub': '0', 'a sensitivity distribution obtained by multiplying together and integrating the measured antenna sensitivity distribution function G(x,y) and the weighted vector is represented as a corrected sensitivity function Φ(x,y),'}{'sub': 0', '0, 'the weighted vector a is derived by performing arithmetic processing of an inverse problem of the measured antenna ...

LED-BASED ILLUMINATION MODULE ON-BOARD DIAGNOSTICS

A light emitting diode (LED) based illumination module performs on-board diagnostics. For example, diagnostics may include estimating elapsed lifetime, degradation of phosphor, thermal failure, failure of LEDs, or LED current adjustment based on measured flux or temperature. The elapsed lifetime may be estimated by scaling accumulated elapsed time of operation by an acceleration factor derived from actual operating conditions, such as temperature, current and relative humidity. The degradation of phosphor may be estimated based on a measured response of the phosphor to pulsed light from the LEDs. A thermal failure may be diagnosed using a transient response of the module from a start up condition. The failure of LEDs may be diagnosed based on measured forward voltage. The current for LEDs may adjusted using measured flux values and current values and a desired ratio of flux values. Additionally, the LED current may be scaled based on a measured temperature. 1. A method comprising:measuring a transient response of an LED based illumination module to illuminating the module from a start up condition; andestimating a thermal failure of the module based on the measured transient response before an actual thermal failure occurs.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measured transient response is taken from the group consisting of a temperature of the module and an output flux of the module.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring and the estimating are performed by the LED based illumination module.4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves a temperature sensor mounted within a light mixing cavity of the module.5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves a flux sensor mounted within view of an output window of the module.6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the estimating involves a processor of the module.7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the measuring involves measuring a temperature of the module a period of time after illuminating ...

METHOD FOR CALIBRATING MICROWAVE RADIOMETER

Provided is a method of calibrating a microwave radiometer, which eliminates use of liquid nitrogen as a calibration source. The method is applied to a microwave radiometer configured to receive, by a receiver having a primary radiator connected thereto, a radio wave emitted from an object to be measured depending on a temperature of the object to be measured and to measure a brightness temperature of the object to be measured from an output signal of the receiver. In the method, the method a noise temperature Tof the receiver appearing on an output side of the receiver is calibrated by observing a plurality of calibration sources having known brightness temperatures. The method includes using a radio wave reflector configured to totally reflect noise radiated from an input side of the receiver as one of the plurality of calibration sources. 16-. (canceled)7. A method of calibrating a microwave radiometer , a primary radiator configured to receive a radio wave emitted from an object to be measured depending on a temperature of the object to be measured;', 'a receiver, which is connected to the primary radiator, and is configured to amplify a signal input from the primary radiator and to output the amplified signal;', 'a power measurement unit configured to measure a power density of the output signal of the receiver; and', 'a result output unit configured to output the power density measured by the power measurement unit as a brightness temperature of the object to be measured,, 'the method being applied to a microwave radiometer includingin which a noise temperature of the receiver appearing on an output side of the receiver is calibrated by observing a plurality of calibration sources provided at a preceding stage of an input side of the receiver,the method comprising using a calibration source having a known brightness temperature and a radio wave reflector configured to totally reflect noise radiated from the receiver to the input side of the receiver in ...

BRAKE TEMPERATURE DETECTION DEVICE AND ELECTRIC PARKING BRAKE CONTROL DEVICE

A brake temperature detection device is configured detect brake temperature more accurately. In a situation in which the temperature in the vicinity of the brake has risen above the atmospheric temperature, indicated by a value read off of the detection signal of the temperature sensor, for example when traveling in congested traffic, a value to correct atmospheric temperature is determined, and atmospheric temperature is corrected on the basis of that atmospheric temperature correction value. Subsequently, brake temperature is calculated on the basis of the corrected air temperature. As a result of this configuration, it is possible to have the calculated brake temperature approach the actual brake temperature. This makes it possible to detect brake temperature more accurately. 1. A brake temperature detection device for detecting a brake temperature in each control cycle comprising:means that calculates the amount of increase in brake temperature when a vehicle is braked;cooling temperature calculation means that calculates a brake cooling temperature in accordance with a difference between an atmospheric temperature indicated by a readings indicative of a detection signal of a temperature sensor provided in the vehicle and a brake temperature detected in the previous control cycle when the vehicle is not braked, the brake cooling temperature being a temperature of the brake cooled by natural cooling;brake temperature calculation means that detects a brake temperature in the present control cycle by adding the amount of increase in brake temperature to the brake cooling temperature; andtemperature rise judgment means that judges whether a temperature in a wheel house in the vehicle has risen above the atmospheric temperature indicated by the readings indicative of the detection signal of the temperature sensor,wherein when the temperature rise judgment means judges that the temperature in the wheel house has risen above the atmospheric temperature indicated by the ...

THERMOMETER AND MEASURING DEVICE FOR FLUIDS

A thermometer has at least one temperature sensor, having a physical variable which changes in a characteristic manner depending on temperature, at least one electrical output for emitting a signal which is a measure for the value of the variable, a transmitter for a sound wave or an electromagnetic wave, which transmitter can be coupled to the temperature sensor and controlled thereby depending on the variable's value, or can radiate the wave at least in part towards the temperature sensor, the wave-temperature sensor interaction depending on the variable's value, and either a wave receiver, which reconverts the wave into an electrical signal, or another unit for converting the wave-temperature sensor interaction into an electrical signal, connected to the electrical output. 1. A thermometer , comprising:a temperature sensor including a physical variable which changes in a characteristic manner depending on temperature;an electrical output configured to emit a signal which is a measure for a value of the physical variable;a transmitter for a sound wave or an electromagnetic wave; anda receiver for the wave, connected to the electrical output,wherein the transmitter is either coupled to the temperature sensor and is controlled thereby depending on the value of the physical variable, orwherein the transmitter radiates the wave at least in part towards the temperature sensor, an interaction between the wave and the temperature sensor depending on the value of the physical variable, and/orwherein the transmitter operates as a transmitter/receiver combination communicating with the receiver also operating as a transmitter/receiver combination, characteristics of this communicating depending on the physical variable, andwherein the receiver configured to reconvert the wave into an electrical signal, or a further unit configured to convert the interaction between the wave and the temperature sensor into an electrical signal.2. The thermometer of claim 1 , wherein the ...

WHISPERING GALLERY MODE BASED RANGE-RESOLVED AIR DATA SYSTEM

A system for obtaining air data for a vehicle comprises a laser device that emits laser light pulses, and transmit optics that transmits the light pulses into an external air volume adjacent to the vehicle. The system also includes receive optics that collects scattered portions of the light pulses from the external air volume, and a whispering gallery mode (WGM) frequency discriminator that receives the scattered portions of the light pulses from the receive optics. The WGM frequency discriminator includes at least one WGM resonator that outputs a selected portion of the light pulses at one or more optical signal frequencies via tuning the WGM resonator other than by an electro-optic effect. An optical detector samples the selected portion of the light pulses from the WGM frequency discriminator, and converts the sampled light pulses to scalar values. A processing unit receives and records the scalar values from the optical detector. 1. A system for obtaining air data , the system comprising:a laser device on a vehicle that emits laser light pulses;a set of transmit optics configured to transmit the laser light pulses from the laser device into an external air volume adjacent to the vehicle;a set of receive optics configured to collect scattered portions of the laser light pulses from the external air volume;a whispering gallery mode (WGM) frequency discriminator configured to receive the scattered portions of the laser light pulses from the receive optics, the WGM frequency discriminator including at least one WGM resonator configured to output a selected portion of the laser light pulses at one or more optical signal frequencies via tuning the WGM resonator other than by an electro-optic effect;an optical detector configured to sample the selected portion of the laser light pulses from the WGM frequency discriminator, the optical detector configured to convert the sampled laser light pulses to one or more scalar values; anda processing unit operative to receive ...

OPTICAL TEMPERATURE SENSOR AND USE OF SAME

A thermometer includes a substrate; an optical resonator disposed on the substrate and including an optical resonance, the optical resonator being configured to receive a resonant frequency corresponding to the optical resonance; and a waveguide disposed on the substrate proximate to the optical resonator to receive input light, to communicate the resonant frequency to the optical resonator, and to transmit output light; wherein an aperture is interposed between: the substrate and the optical resonator, the substrate and the waveguide, or a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, and the thermometer is configured to change the optical resonance in response to a change in temperature of the optical resonator. 1. A thermometer comprising:a substrate;an optical resonator disposed on the substrate and comprising an optical resonance, the optical resonator being configured to receive a resonant frequency corresponding to the optical resonance; anda waveguide disposed on the substrate proximate to the optical resonator to receive input light, to communicate the resonant frequency to the optical resonator, and to transmit output light; the substrate and the optical resonator,', 'the substrate and the waveguide, or', 'a combination comprising at least one of the foregoing, and, 'wherein an aperture is interposed betweenthe thermometer is configured to change the optical resonance in response to a change in temperature of the optical resonator.2. The thermometer of claim 1 , further comprising a thermal member disposed on the substrate to change the optical resonance.3. The thermometer of claim 1 , further comprising an auxiliary waveguide disposed on the substrate opposing the waveguide claim 1 , wherein the optical resonator is interposed between the waveguide and the auxiliary waveguide.4. The thermometer of claim 1 , wherein an aperture is disposed in the waveguide proximate to the resonator.5. The thermometer of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide comprises a ...

Service device for air-conditioning systems

A service or maintenance device is provided by which the maintenance work to be done on air-conditioning systems is made easier. An internal measuring system for the evaluation and display of measured data may have a display control means configured to optionally show measured values in a dynamic analog scale type in parallel to a numerical value, and to allow a comparison with a set memory marking.

MAGNETO-MECHANICAL RESONATOR SENSOR WITH ABSORPTION MATERIAL

Some aspects of the present disclosure feature a sensing device comprising a magnetic bias layer, a resonator, a spacer, and a housing. The spacer includes an environmental change receptor. The thickness of the environmental change receptor rapidly increases in response to a change to an environment variable. 1. A sensing device , comprising:a magnetic bias layer having a first magnetic surface and an opposing second magnetic surface, the magnetic layer comprising a first electromagnetic material,a resonator having a first resonator major surface and an opposing second resonator major surface, the resonator comprising a second magnetic material, the second resonator major surface facing toward the first magnetic surface,a spacer, anda housing containing the magnetic bias layer, the resonator, and the spacer,wherein the spacer comprises an environmental change receptor,wherein the thickness of the environmental change receptor rapidly increases in response to a change to an environment variable.2. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein at least part of the spacer is disposed between the resonator and the magnetic bias layer.3. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein at least part of the spacer is disposed on top of the resonator.4. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein resonant frequency of the resonator shifts in response to the thickness change to the environmental change receptor.5. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the resonator is damped in response to the thickness change to the environmental change receptor.6. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the environmental change receptor comprises a porous material.7. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the environmental change receptor comprises an absorption material.8. The sensing device of claim 1 , wherein the environmental change receptor includes a plurality of receptor elements.9. The sensing device of claim 8 , wherein at least one of the plurality of receptor elements is disposed between the ...

Dynamic wide-area earth thermal properties and earth ambient temperature determination system

Techniques are described for generating earth sub-surface thermal characteristics over an area include collecting real-time weather data and earth data for a plurality of locations associated with an underground electrical cable and calculating earth thermal properties at the plurality of locations based on the real-time weather data and the measured earth data by an iterative process. The calculated earth thermal properties at two or more of the plurality of locations are interpolated to determine interpolated earth thermal properties at another location associated with the underground electrical cable and a wide-area thermal property map created from at least some of the calculated earth thermal properties and the interpolated earth thermal properties.

SYSTEM, METHOD AND COMPUTER-ACCESSIBLE MEDIUM FOR DETERMINING SPECIFIC ABSORPTION RATE OBTAINED BASED ON MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING AND TEMPERATURE PROPERTY MEASUREMENTS

Systems, methods and computer-accessible mediums for determining a specific absorption rate (SAR) of a radio frequency (RF) radiation on an object(s) can be provided, which can, for example hardware arrangement configured to receive thermal information for a portion(s) of the at least one object, and determine the SAR based on the thermal information. 1. A non-transitory computer-accessible medium having stored thereon computer-executable instructions for determining a specific absorption rate (SAR) of a radio frequency (RF) radiation on at least one object , wherein , when a computer hardware arrangement executes the instructions , the computer arrangement is configured to perform procedures comprising:receiving thermal information in space and time for at least one portion of the at least one object based on the RF radiation; anddetermining the SAR based on the thermal information.2. The computer-accessible medium of claim 1 , wherein the thermal information includes thermal properties of the at least one object.3. The computer-accessible medium of claim 2 , wherein the computer hardware arrangement is further configured to determine the thermal properties using further information received from a thermal property analyzer.4. The computer-accessible medium of claim 1 , wherein the thermal information includes at least one temperature difference map of the at least one object.5. The computer-accessible medium of claim 4 , wherein the computer hardware arrangement is further configured to inject noise into the at least one temperature difference map.6. The computer-accessible medium of claim 4 , wherein the computer hardware arrangement is further configured to generate the at least one temperature difference map based on further information received from a magnetic resonance imaging apparatus.7. The computer-accessible medium of claim 1 , wherein the thermal information includes thermal properties of the at least one portion and at least one temperature difference ...

HIGH-RESOLUTION TEMPERATURE SENSOR BASED ON EXTERNAL SAC AND FIXED-WAVELENGTH LIGHT SIGNAL

A high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed wavelength includes an external sac, a metal block, two waveguides, two metal films and a signal light; the external sac is connected with the first waveguide, the metal block is disposed in the first waveguide, and is movable; the first waveguide is connected with a second waveguide; and the signal light has a fixed wavelength. 1. A high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal includes an external sac , a metal block , two waveguides , two metal films and a signal light; the external sac is connected with the first waveguide; the metal block is disposed in the first waveguide , and is movable; the first waveguide is connected with a second waveguide; and the signal light has a fixed wavelength.2. The high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 1 , wherein inside the external sac is a high thermal-expansion-coefficient material.3. The high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 1 , wherein inside the external sac is ethanol claim 1 , or mercury.4. The high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 1 , wherein a shape of cross section of the external sac is a rectangle claim 1 , a square claim 1 , a circle claim 1 , or an ellipse.5. The high resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 1 , wherein the metal block is gold claim 1 , or silver.6. The high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 5 , wherein the metal block is silver.7. The high-resolution temperature sensor based on an external sac and a fixed-wavelength light signal according to claim 1 , wherein the metal block has an initial position of 116 ...

MEASUREMENT APPARATUS APPLICABLE TO TWO-DIMENSIONAL RECONSTRUCTION OF GAS IN COMBUSTION FLOW FIELD

The present invention discloses a multi-lightpath and multi-angle measurement apparatus, including an electrically controlled rotary table, electronically controlled translation tables, a laser transmitting/receiving end face, laser couplers, a multipath data acquisition card, a laser controller, a translation controller, an etalon, a laser, detectors, and a computer. The measurement apparatus uses an all-fiber coupling structure, and two ends of the laser transmitting/receiving end face are respectively fixed on two electronically controlled translation tables. Therefore, a maximum area measured by the apparatus is 350 mm×350 mm, and an adjustable minimum translation distance is 1 mm. Bottoms of the translation tables are fixed on the electrically controlled rotary table. Featuring an ingenious design and a compact structure, the whole apparatus is easy to disassemble and easy to operate. The apparatus has high universality, and can implement two-dimensional measurement in a high-temperature combustion flow field. 1123456789101112132201202203204205206207208201202120520620720820120220520620720820320433013023033013021630330120320455015025039901902901902501502503302502676887303810101311120120212901902. A measurement apparatus applicable to two-dimensional reconstruction of gas parameters in a combustion flow field , wherein the apparatus comprises an electrically controlled rotary table () , an electronically controlled translation table combination () , a laser transmitting/receiving end face () , a measured area () , a laser coupler combination () , a laser transmitter () , an etalon () , a detector array () , a laser () , a multipath data acquisition card () , a translation controller () , a laser controller () , and a computer () , wherein: the electronically controlled translation table combination () comprises two electronically controlled translation tables ( and ) , two fixing plates ( and ) , and four fixing supports ( , , , and ); bases of the electronically ...

METHOD OF MONITORING THE PRESSURE OF AN AIRCRAFT TIRE

A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft, the method including: taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold. 1. A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft by a computer system , the method comprising:taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; andcalculating, by the computer system, an estimated deflation rate of the tire based on the two or more pressure readings.2. The method of further comprising comparing the estimated deflation rate with a threshold and providing a warning if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.3. The method of further comprising calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate.4. The method of further comprising displaying the time for the tire to deflate to the reference pressure level.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the time for the tire to deflate to the reference pressure level is calculated by reducing a selected one of the pressure readings with respect to a lower temperature to obtain a temperature-adjusted pressure level claim 3 , and calculating a time for the tire to deflate from the temperature-adjusted pressure level to the reference pressure level ...

APPARATUS FOR ESTIMATING TEMPERATURES OF VEHICLE

An apparatus for estimating temperatures of a vehicle includes an acquirer to acquire an engine correlated temperature correlated with the temperature of an engine when the engine is stopping. The apparatus further includes an estimator to estimate a catalyst temperature of a catalyst disposed in an exhaust system of the engine, based on an inlet gas temperature estimated through a first-order lag operation with an exhaust-manifold temperature at a stop of the engine as an initial temperature and the engine correlated temperature as a target temperature. 1. An apparatus for estimating temperatures of a vehicle , the apparatus comprising:an acquirer to acquire an engine correlated temperature correlated with a temperature of an engine when the engine is stopping; andan estimator to estimate a catalyst temperature of a catalyst based on an inlet gas temperature, the inlet gas temperature being estimated through a first-order lag operation with an exhaust-manifold temperature at a stop of the engine as an initial temperature and the engine correlated temperature as a target temperature, the catalyst being disposed in an exhaust system of the engine.2. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the estimator estimates the catalyst temperature through a first-order lag operation with the inlet gas temperature as a target temperature.3. The apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein the estimator estimates the catalyst temperature through a first-order lag operation with a first time constant determined based on a speed of the vehicle.4. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the first time constant increases with an increase in the speed.5. The apparatus according to claim 3 , wherein the estimator estimates the inlet gas temperature through the first-order lag operation with a second time constant determined based on the speed.6. The apparatus according to claim 5 , wherein the second time constant decreases with an increase in the speed.7. The apparatus according ...

SELF-CALIBRATION OF A RADIOMETRIC IMAGER

A method for internal calibration of a detector comprising using one or more hardware processors for the following actions. The method comprises an action of receiving a request for internal calibration of a detector comprising a switchable termination resistor (Dicke switch) and connecting electronically one or more internal calibration circuits to the termination resistor. The method comprises an action of applying two or more input voltage signals to the detector from the calibration circuit and measuring two or more output readings from the detector, each output reading corresponding to one of the input voltage signals. The method comprises an action of computing internal calibration coefficients based on the input voltage signals and the output readings. The method comprises an action of storing the internal calibration coefficients on a non-transitory computer-readable storage medium connected to the hardware processor(s) for subsequent calibration of output values from the detector. 1. A method for internal calibration of a detector:receiving a request for internal calibration of a detector comprising a switchable termination resistor;connecting electronically at least one internal calibration circuit to the switchable termination resistor;applying a plurality of input voltage signals to the detector from the at least one internal calibration circuit;measuring a plurality of output readings from the detector, each output reading corresponding to one of the plurality of input voltage signals; andcomputing internal calibration coefficients based on the plurality of input voltage signals and the plurality of output readings.2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising calibrating output values of the detector based on the internal calibration coefficients.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the calibrating comprises a correction for detector drifts resulting from gain fluctuations.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the at least one ...

METHOD OF MONITORING THE PRESSURE OF AN AIRCRAFT TIRE

A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft, the method including: taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; calculating an estimated deflation rate based on the pressure readings; and calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate. Two or more temperature readings are each associated with one of the pressure readings, and the estimated deflation rate is calculated by normalising each pressure reading based on its associated temperature reading and a common reference temperature to obtain a temperature-normalised pressure reading, and calculating the estimated deflation rate based on the temperature-normalised pressure readings. The estimated deflation rate is compared with a threshold, and a warning provided if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold. 1. A method of monitoring the pressure of a tire of an aircraft , the method comprising:taking two or more pressure readings from the tire at different times; andcalculating an estimated deflation rate of the tire based on the two or more pressure readings.2. The method of further comprising comparing the estimated deflation rate with a threshold and providing a warning if the estimated deflation rate exceeds the threshold.3. The method of further comprising calculating a time for the tire to deflate to a reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate.4. The method of further comprising displaying the time for the tire to deflate to the reference pressure level.5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the time for the tire to deflate to the reference pressure level is calculated by reducing a selected one of the pressure readings with respect to a lower temperature to obtain a temperature-adjusted pressure level claim 3 , and calculating a time for the tire to deflate from the temperature-adjusted pressure level to the reference pressure level based on the estimated deflation rate.6. The ...

FUEL TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION DEVICE

A fuel temperature estimation device that can improve the estimation accuracy of a fuel temperature in each part of a fuel channel, is provided. In the invention, the fuel temperature estimation device estimates the fuel temperature of each part of the fuel channel in a vehicle (for example, an injection nozzle, a pressure accumulator, a high-pressure pump), and includes a flow rate measuring device that measures a fuel flow rate of a fuel return system of the fuel channel and a controller. The controller includes a fuel temperature correction unit that corrects an estimated fuel temperature in a fuel injection system based on the fuel flow rate of the fuel return system, and has a function of estimating the fuel temperature using the fuel flow rate of the fuel return system as a parameter. 1. A fuel temperature estimation device that estimates a fuel temperature of each part of a fuel channel in a vehicle , comprising:a flow rate meter that measures a fuel flow rate of a fuel return system of the fuel channel; anda controller,wherein the controller includes a fuel temperature correction unit that corrects an estimated fuel temperature in a fuel injection system based on the fuel flow rate of the fuel return system, and is configured to estimate the fuel temperature using the fuel flow rate of the fuel return system as a parameter.2. The fuel temperature estimation device according to claim 1 , further comprising:a return fuel temperature determination unit that determines the fuel temperature of the fuel return system of the fuel channel,wherein the fuel temperature correction unit corrects the estimated fuel temperature in the fuel injection system based on the fuel flow rate and the fuel temperature of the fuel return system, andwherein the controller is configured to estimate the fuel temperature using the fuel flow rate and the fuel temperature of the fuel return system as parameters.3. The fuel temperature estimation device according to claim 1 , further ...

LAYER-BASED DEFECT DETECTION USING NORMALIZED SENSOR DATA

The disclosed embodiments relate to the monitoring and control of additive manufacturing. In particular, a method is shown for removing errors inherent in thermal measurement equipment so that the presence of errors in a product build operation can be identified and acted upon with greater precision. Instead of monitoring a grid of discrete locations on the build plane with a temperature sensor, the intensity, duration and in some cases position of each scan is recorded in order to characterize one or more build operations.

System and method for providing magnetic resonance temperature measurement for radiative heating applications

Exemplary embodiments of an apparatus according to the present disclosure comprise a radiative heating system with a radiation source configured to generate radiation for absorption by an object. A magnetic resonance system is provided with one or more coils configured to transmit and receive radio frequency energy to and from the object. A processor is configured to determine at least one of a temperature of the object and a change in the temperature of the object, based on the radio frequency energy received. A magnetic field source can be configured to generate a magnetic field within the object, and the radio frequency of the energy can be selected for magnetic resonance interactions in the object, based on a strength of the magnetic field.

TEMPERATURE ESTIMATION DEVICE ESTIMATING TEMPERATURE OF POWER SEMICONDUCTOR CHIP, AND MOTOR CONTROL DEVICE INCLUDING THE SAME

A temperature calculation unit calculates a temperature T of one power semiconductor chip as a temperature estimating target, from a reference temperature, a temperature difference ΔT, and a temperature difference ΔT. The temperature difference ΔT is calculated based on an electric power loss Q generated in all power semiconductor chips of a power semiconductor module containing one power semiconductor chip as the temperature estimating target. The temperature difference ΔT is calculated based on the electric power loss Q and an electric power loss Q generated in all power semiconductor chips of a power semiconductor module other than the power semiconductor module containing one power semiconductor chip as the temperature estimating target. 1. A temperature estimation device estimating a temperature of one power semiconductor chip that is a temperature estimating target and that is included in one or more power semiconductor chips contained in one power semiconductor module out of power semiconductor modules whose number is equal to or larger than the number of a plurality of motors and that are arranged in the same heat radiator for driving the plurality of motors , respectively , the temperature estimation device comprising:a first electric power loss calculation unit calculating a first electric power loss corresponding to an electric power loss generated in all power semiconductor chips of the power semiconductor module containing the one power semiconductor chip that is the temperature estimating target;a first temperature difference calculation unit calculating, on the basis of the first electric power loss, a first temperature difference corresponding to a temperature difference between the heat radiator and the power semiconductor module containing the one power semiconductor chip that is the temperature estimating target;a second temperature difference calculation unit calculating, on the basis of the first electric power loss and a second electric power ...

Cooking apparatus and method for controlling same

Disclosed is a cooking apparatus for heating a substance to be cooked. A cooking apparatus according to one embodiment of the present invention comprises: a transmission antenna for irradiating the substance to be cooked with beamformed electromagnetic waves; a reception antenna for receiving reflected waves reflected from the substance to be cooked; and a controller for determining the temperature of the substance to be cooked corresponding to the received reflected waves on the basis of the property in which the electromagnetic waves, with which the substance to be cooked is irradiated, are reflected differently in accordance with the temperature of the substance to be cooked.

ERROR REDUCTION IN RADIATION-BASED TEMPERATURE MEASUREMENT SYSTEMS

Apparatuses and systems for determining a temperature of a targeted subject are disclosed. A temperature sensing system may include an antenna for sensing electromagnetic radiation (e.g., microwaves, etc.) emanating from the source. Based on that electromagnetic radiation, the antenna generates a temperature signal. A switch, which is located at or adjacent to an output of the antenna, receives the temperature signal, as well as a reference signal from a termination. The temperature signal and the reference signal are conveyed along a cable to a signal converter. Signal-altering events that affect the temperature signal as it is conveyed also affect the reference signal. Thus, any error caused by a signal-altering event automatically cancels out. The signal converter measures or otherwise processes the temperature signal and, since there is no need to correct for errors in the temperature signal, the reference signal, and accurately calculates the temperature of the source. 1. An apparatus for establishing communication between a transducer for noninvasively measuring temperature within a body of a subject and a signal converter , comprising:a cable for communicating signals received by an antenna of a transducer from the transducer to a signal converter that includes a radiometer, the cable having a transducer end and an opposite, receiver end; anda switch for the signal converter configured for association with the transducer end of the cable.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the switch includes an input connector configured to be removably coupled with an output connector of the transducer.3. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the switch includes an output connector configured to be removably coupled with a connector at the transducer end of the cable.4. The apparatus of claim 2 , wherein the switch comprises a part of the cable claim 2 , and the input connector of the switch comprises a transducer connector at the transducer end of the cable.5. The apparatus ...

A sensor for measurements using johnson noise in materials

A method of making measurements includes providing a sensor with at least one solid state electronic spin; irradiating the sensor with radiation from an electromagnetic radiation source that manipulates the solid state electronic spins to produce spin-dependent fluorescence, wherein the spin-dependent fluorescence decays as a function of relaxation time; providing a target material in the proximity of the sensor, wherein, thermally induced currents (Johnson noise) present in the target material alters the fluorescence decay of the solid state electronic spins as a function of relaxation time; and determining a difference in the solid state spins spin-dependent fluorescence decay in the presence and absence of the target material and correlating the difference with a property of the sensor and/or target material.

CAPILLARY-BASED PRESSURE THRESHOLD SENSOR FOR LIQUIDS AND METHODS AND APPARATUSES USING SAME

Capillary-based pressure threshold sensors are provided for liquids that exploit the properties of hydrophobic, superhydrophobic, oleophobic and amphiphobic porous membranes to detect when fluid passes through the membrane in the event of the pressure across the membrane rising above the breakthrough pressure of a fluid. Example implementations are provided of different configurations for a capillary-based pressure threshold sensor, and of how a capillary-based pressure threshold sensor is used in a medication delivery device or other fluid delivery devices to detect occlusion or other fluid flow condition. 1. A method of making a capillary-based pressure threshold sensor comprising:selecting a first porous medium with a porous property that allows fluid to leak from a first side thereof, through the medium to an opposite second side thereof, the leak happening when fluid pressure exceeds the porous medium fluid breakthrough pressure threshold; andproviding a fluid detection element disposed at least proximally to the second side of the porous medium and configured to detect the presence of at least the target fluid on said second side of the porous medium.2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid detection element is chosen from a passive fluid detection element and an active fluid detection element claim 1 ,wherein a passive fluid detection element is not activated until the target fluid leaks through the porous medium reaching the opposite second side of the porous medium; andwherein an active fluid detection element provides different outputs that distinguish a first state wherein the target fluid has not yet leaked through the porous medium from a second state wherein the target fluid has leaked through the porous medium.3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the fluid detection element comprises an indicator element that is configured to change state when the target fluid has leaked through the porous medium to the second side thereof claim 1 , and changing ...

TIMING SYSTEM AND DEVICE AND METHOD FOR MAKING THE SAME

A timing device that includes an anode layer, a cathode layer and an electrolyte attached to a base layer. The anode layer and the cathode layer are placed adjacent to one another along an axis of the timing device. Upon activation of the timing device the anode layer is depleted away from the cathode layer until the timing device is fully expired. Once the timing device is expired, a change is seen indicating that the timing device has expired. In some embodiments, a color change indicates that the timing device has expired. In some embodiments, as the timing device expires electronically readable information is uncovered. 1. A timing device comprising:a. a first timing component; andb. a second timing component,wherein the first timing component and the second timing component are independently activated and wherein the second timing component is automatically activated by the ambient temperature reaching a predefined temperature.2. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first timing component and the second timing component are an electrochemical timing device and comprise;a. an anode layer;b. a cathode layer;c. a base layer;d. an electrolyte attached to the base layer; ande. a means for activating the timing device.3. The timing device of claim 2 , wherein the anode layer comprises Al and the cathode layer comprises Cu.4. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the first timing component is temperature independent.5. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the second timing component is sensitive to temperature.6. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the second timing component is not activated until a certain temperature is reached.7. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the second timing component undergoes a change in appearance when the predefined temperature is reached.8. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the first timing component undergoes a chance in appearance as the timing device expires.9. The timing device of claim 1 , wherein the ...

PRESSURE SENSOR

a pressure sensor according to the first aspect of the invention includes: a substrate ; and a functional element which is laid on the substrate and is composed of functional titanium oxide including crystal grains of at least one of β-phase trititanium pentoxide (β-TiO) and λ-phase trititanium pentoxide (λ-TiO) and having the property that at least a portion of crystal grains of at least one of β-phase trititanium pentoxide (β-TiO) and λ-phase trititanium pentoxide (λ-TiO) change into crystal grains of titanium dioxide (TiO) when the functional titanium oxide is heated to 350° C. or higher. The substrate includes a substrate thin-film section having a thin film form in which the thickness in the stacking direction of the substrate and the functional element is smaller than that in the other directions. 1. A pressure sensor , comprising:a substrate; and{'sub': 3', '5', '3', '5', '3', '5', '3', '5', '2, 'a functional element which is laid on the substrate and is composed of functional titanium oxide including crystal grains of at least one of (β-phase trititanium pentoxide (β-TiO) and λ-phase trititanium pentoxide (λ-TiO) and having the property that at least a portion of crystal grains of at least one of β-phase trititanium pentoxide (β-TiO) and λ-phase trititanium pentoxide (λ-TiO) change into crystal grains of titanium dioxide (TiO) when the functional titanium oxide is heated to 350° C. or higher, wherein'}the substrate includes a substrate thin-film section having a thin film form in which the thickness in the stacking direction of the substrate and the functional element is smaller than that in the other directions.2. The pressure sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising at least an electrode claim 1 , whereinthe at least an electrode includes two or more electrodes provided on the surface of the functional element.3. The pressure sensor according to claim 1 , further comprising at least an electrode claim 1 , whereinthe at least an electrode includes ...

Scanning Tunneling Thermometer

Various examples are provided related to scanning tunneling thermometers and scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) techniques. In one example, a method includes simultaneously measuring conductance and thermopower of a nanostructure by toggling between: applying a time modulated voltage to a nanostructure disposed on an interconnect structure, the time modulated voltage applied at a probe tip positioned over the nanostructure, while measuring a resulting current at a contact of the interconnect structure; and applying a time modulated temperature signal to the nanostructure at the probe tip, while measuring current through a calibrated thermoresistor in series with the probe tip. In another example, a device includes an interconnect structure with connections to a first reservoir and a second reservoir; and a scanning tunneling probe in contact with a probe reservoir. Electrical measurements are simultaneously obtained for temperature and voltage applied to a nanostructure between the reservoirs. 1. A device comprising:an interconnect structure comprising connections to a first reservoir and a second reservoir, the interconnect structure configured to support a nanostructure between the connections to the first and second reservoirs; anda scanning tunneling probe comprising a probe tip in series with a calibrated thermoresistor, the scanning tunneling probe in contact with a probe reservoir, wherein electrical measurements are simultaneously obtained for temperature and voltage applied to the nanostructure.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein the scanning tunneling probe scans the surface at a constant height and is not in contact with the nanostructure surface.3. The device of claim 1 , wherein the first reservoir or the second reservoir is biased to form a system in which the nanostructure is out of equilibrium.4. The device of claim 1 , further comprising a switch connected to each of the first and second reservoirs claim 1 , wherein the switch connects or ...

CRYOGENIC MICROWAVE ANALYZER

A detector of microwave radiation comprises a signal input and a detector output. An absorber element of ohmic conductivity is coupled to said signal input through a first length of superconductor. A variable impedance element, the impedance of which is configured to change as a function of temperature, is coupled to the detector output through a second length of superconductor. There is also a heating input and a heating element coupled to the heating input through a third length of superconductor. The absorber element, the variable impedance element, and the heating element are coupled to each other through superconductor sections of lengths shorter than any of said first, second, and third lengths of superconductor. 113-. (canceled)14. A detector of microwave radiation , comprising:a signal input and a detector output;an absorber element of ohmic conductivity, coupled to said signal input through a first length of superconductor; anda variable impedance element, the impedance of which is configured to change as a function of temperature, coupled to said detector output through a second length of superconductor, the detector comprises a heating input,', 'the detector comprises a heating element coupled to said heating input through a third length of superconductor, and', 'said absorber element, said variable impedance element, and said heating element are coupled to each other through superconductor sections of lengths shorter than any of said first, second, and third lengths of superconductor to allow hot electron diffusion between said absorber element, said variable impedance element, and said heating element while blocking quasiparticle thermal transport of heat through said first, second, and third lengths of superconductor., 'wherein15. The detector according to claim 14 , further comprising microwave filters along at least one of said first and third lengths of superconductor.16. The detector according to claim 15 , further comprising a low-pass or band- ...

MICROWAVE THERMOMETRY FOR MICROWAVE ABLATION SYSTEMS

A microwave ablation system incorporates a microwave thermometer that couples to a microwave transmission network connecting a microwave generator to a microwave applicator to measure noise temperature. The noise temperature is processed to separate out components of the noise temperature including the noise temperature of the tissue being treated and the noise temperature of the microwave transmission network. The noise temperature may be measured by a radiometer while the microwave generator is generating the microwave signal or during a period when the microwave signal is turned off. The microwave ablation system may be configured as a modular system having one or more thermometry network modules that are connectable between a microwave applicator and a microwave generator. Alternatively, the modular system includes a microwave generator, a microwave applicator, and a microwave cable that incorporate a microwave thermometry network module. 116-. (canceled)17. A cable comprising:a microwave transmission line;a first cable connector assembly coupled to a first end of the microwave transmission line and a second cable connector assembly coupled to a second end of the microwave transmission line; anda thermometry network module disposed within the first cable connector assembly and coupled to the first end of the microwave transmission line, the thermometry network module including a radiometer and a microwave coupling network configured to couple a portion of a microwave signal propagating through the microwave transmission line to the radiometer, the radiometer being configured to process the portion of the microwave signal to determine a noise temperature signal.18. The cable according to claim 17 , further comprising a data bus coupled between the first and second cable connector assemblies claim 17 ,wherein the thermometry network module further includes a controller coupled to the data bus and configured to determine a temperature value based on the noise ...

STEAM PHYSICAL PROPERTY MEASUREMENT USING GUIDED WAVE RADAR

A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring steam pressure includes transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system having a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) providing an impedance discontinuity. The transmitting the first microwave pulse signal is with water and steam in the steam boiler tank. An echo emanating from the RR is received responsive to the first microwave pulse signal generates that respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data. A refractive index value for the steam is determined from the TOF measurement data and a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without the steam in the steam boiler tank. A physical property of the steam is determined from the refractive index value, such as the pressure. 1. A guided wave radar (GWR)-based method of measuring a steam physical property , comprising:transmitting at least a first microwave pulse signal from a GWR sensor system comprising a pulsed radar gauge (PRG) including a processor implementing a steam measurement algorithm coupled to a transceiver that is coupled to a GWR probe in a steam boiler tank having a reference reflector (RR) along its length providing an impedance discontinuity with water and steam in said steam boiler tank;receiving an echo emanating from said RR responsive to said first microwave pulse signal to generate respective time of flight (TOF) measurement data;determining at least one said steam physical property of said steam from said TOF measurement data together with a reference TOF value representing a TOF measurement without said steam in said steam boiler tank.2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining a refractive index value of said steam from said TOF measurement data together with said reference TOF claim 1 , wherein said determining said physical property is ...

Fiber optic dielectric waveguide structure for modal mutliplexed communication and method of manufacture

A novel optical fiber end structure and method for creating same in which an optical fiber end structure may comprise a cylindrical wedge having a planar surface angled with respect to the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber and a flat surface that is generally perpendicular with the longitudinal axis of the optical fiber. The device and method of the invention may employ a single or plurality of mechanically polished wedges on the end or ends of an optical fiber, which may, in a best mode, be a few mode fiber. The method and device of the invention may be used to independently modulate standing waves or linearly polarized waves, or both, allowing for a modal multiplexed system. The invention radiates independent standing wave modes and/or linearly polarized modes from the dielectric waveguide structure, and may be employed in single, few mode or multimode optical fibers.

USE OF PENTA-SUBSTITUTED TETRAHYDROPYRIMIDINES IN PREPARATION OF THERMO-SENSITIVE FLUORESCENT MATERIALS

The present invention provides use of penta-substituted tetrahydropyrimidines in preparation of thermo-sensitive fluorescent materials. Said penta-substituted tetrahydropyrimidine compounds have linear temperature dependence of red-edge excitation wavelength (LTDREEW). When different excitation wavelengths are chosen, such compounds present fluorescence color and/or fluorescence intensity on-off switching in different temperature ranges. Also their fluorescence intensity ratios or fluorescence intensities exhibit good linear relation or power function relation to temperature, which can be used as the thermo-sensitive fluorescent materials with high sensitivity and wide temperature range (0-450 K). 2. The use of claim 1 , wherein the use of said penta-substituted tetrahydropyrimidine is in preparation of chemical and/or biological temperature fluorescent sensors or probes.3. The use of claim 1 , wherein Ris Calkyls.4. The use of claim 1 , wherein Ris selected from a group consisting of Clinear or branched alkyls claim 1 , substituted Calkyls claim 1 , Ccycloalkyls claim 1 , Caryls and substituted Caryls.5. The use of claim 1 , wherein Ris Caryls or substituted Caryls.6. The use of claim 1 , wherein Ris selected from a group consisting of Clinear or branched alkyls claim 1 , substituted Calkyls claim 1 , Ccycloalkyls claim 1 , Caryls and substituted Caryls.7. The use of claim 1 , wherein substituents are selected from a group consisting of halogens claim 1 , Cperhalogenated alkyls claim 1 , Chalogenated alkyls claim 1 , hydroxyl claim 1 , Clinear or branched alkoxys claim 1 , nitryl claim 1 , cyano claim 1 , amino claim 1 , Cmonoalkyl aminos claim 1 , Cdialkyl aminos claim 1 , Cmonocycloalkyl aminos claim 1 , Cmonoheterocycloalkyl aminos claim 1 , Cmonoaryl aminos claim 1 , Calkyl acylaminos claim 1 , Caryl acylaminos claim 1 , amino carbonyls claim 1 , Cmonoalkyl amino carbonyls claim 1 , Cdialkyl amino carbonyls claim 1 , Calkyl acyls claim 1 , Caryl acyls claim 1 , ...

Method For Formation Of Radiometric Images And An Antenna For Implementation of The Method

A method of radiometric image generation is provided using a series of isochronous revolutions of a multi-beam antenna with a dispersion characteristic. The antenna is combined with a multi-channel receiver with frequency channel separation to form an imaging unit. The method comprising cyclically executing the following phases: two separate calibration phase; using first and second standards; external radiation reception phase; data processing phase and data transformation phase. 1. A method of radiometric image generation using a series of isochronous revolutions of a multi-beam scanning antenna with a dispersion characteristic , wherein the antenna is combined with a multi-channel receiver with frequency channel separation to form an imaging unit , the method comprising cyclically executing the following phases:{'sub': cs1', 'cs2, 'two separate calibration phases Δt, Δtusing first and second standards;'}{'sub': 'ex', 'external radiation reception phase Δt,'}{'sub': 'pr', 'data processing phase Δt, and'}{'sub': 'tr', 'data transformation phase Δt.'}2. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the reception phase of the external radiation Δtis executed consecutively P (P≧1) times forming an accumulation cycle Δtwith a duration P·Δt.3. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the total duration of the calibration phase by the first calibration standard Δt claim 2 , the calibration phase by the second calibration standard Δt claim 2 , the accumulation cycle Δt claim 2 , processing phase Δtand coordinate transformation phase Δt claim 2 , executed consecutively is equal to the rotation time period Tof the antenna.4. The method according to claim 2 , wherein the total duration of the calibration phase by the first calibration standard Δt claim 2 , the calibration phase by the second calibration standard Δt claim 2 , the accumulation cycle Δtexecuted consecutively is equal to the rotation time period Tof the antenna.5. The method according to claim 1 , wherein the ...

MEASURING APPARATUS, ROBOT APPARATUS, ROBOT SYSTEM, MEASURING METHOD, CONTROL METHOD, AND ARTICLE MANUFACTURING METHOD

A measuring apparatus that performs measurement of position and posture of an object, the apparatus comprising: a measuring head for performing the measurement; a detector configured to detect a temperature; and a processor configured to output information of an offset amount of a position of the measuring head, based on the detected temperature. 1. A measuring apparatus that performs measurement of a position and a posture of an object , the apparatus comprising:a measuring head for performing the measurement;a detector configured to detect a temperature; anda processor configured to output information of an offset amount of a position of the measuring head, based on the detected temperature.2. The measuring apparatus according to further comprising:a projection device configured to project a pattern onto the object;an imaging device configured to image the object onto which the pattern is projected; anda housing that contains the projection device and the imaging device,wherein the detector is configured to detect a temperature inside the housing.3. The measuring apparatus according to claim 2 , further comprising: another detector configured to detect a temperature outside the housing.4. The measuring apparatus according to further comprising a storage configured to store information for obtaining the offset amount corresponding to the detected temperature claim 1 ,wherein the processor is configured to obtain the offset amount based on the detected temperature and the stored information.5. A robot apparatus comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a robot configured to hold and move a measuring head included in a measuring apparatus defined in ; and'}a controller configured to perform control of movement of the robot based on information of the offset amount received from the measuring apparatus.6. A system comprising:{'claim-ref': {'@idref': 'CLM-00001', 'claim 1'}, 'a measuring apparatus defined in ;'}a robot apparatus including a robot ...