Диодный детектор мощности сигналов сверхвысоких частот

FIELD: physics.SUBSTANCE: use of microwave electromagnetic signals for detecting power. Essence of the invention is that a diode power detector of ultrahigh frequency signals, including a metal housing, connected to input and output coaxial connectors, between which there is a dielectric plate with a matching circuit arranged thereon, made using thin-film passive elements, which output is connected to first output of semiconductor low-barrier diode, made on gallium arsenide substrate, which second output is connected to low-pass filter formed by capacitor and first resistor, second output of which is connected to central conductor of output coaxial connector, at that, sealed lead-in is introduced, which is connected between input coaxial connector and matching circuit, into which two connected in parallel connected circuits in microstrip version, containing second resistor and adjustable inductance closed on housing, and third resistor connected in series before diode, wherein the diode has a negative voltage piercing of not less than 4 V, a junction capacitance of not more than 50 fF and a video resistance in range of 0.7 to 2.5 kOhm, a forward loss resistance of not more than 40 Ohm.EFFECT: high accuracy of detecting signals at frequencies of up to 50 GHz.3 cl, 4 dwg РОССИЙСКАЯ ФЕДЕРАЦИЯ (19) RU (11) (13) 2 693 868 C1 (51) МПК G01R 21/12 (2006.01) ФЕДЕРАЛЬНАЯ СЛУЖБА ПО ИНТЕЛЛЕКТУАЛЬНОЙ СОБСТВЕННОСТИ (12) ОПИСАНИЕ ИЗОБРЕТЕНИЯ К ПАТЕНТУ (52) СПК G01R 21/12 (2019.05) (21)(22) Заявка: 2018143412, 07.12.2018 (24) Дата начала отсчета срока действия патента: Дата регистрации: 05.07.2019 (45) Опубликовано: 05.07.2019 Бюл. № 19 2 6 9 3 8 6 8 R U (56) Список документов, цитированных в отчете о поиске: RU 147272 U1, 27.10.2014. RU 2457588 C1, 27.07.2012. EP 1947464 A1, 23.07.2008. US 4358759 A1, 09.11.1982. RU 2345450 C1, 27.01.2009. (54) Диодный детектор мощности сигналов сверхвысоких частот (57) Реферат: Использование: для детектирования мощности коаксиального соединителя, ...

Power sensing module with directional couplers

A module 200 incorporates at least one power sensor 211, 229 coupled to a through line through at least one directional coupler 221, 227, all of which are mounted on a board 207, which may be contained within a housing 203, for measuring the transmitted and received power of a system under test 201. The power sensor may be diode-based. The module may further comprises at least one analog-to-digital converter 231, 233, and output port 239, 241 to output a digital signal to an external device. The through path and the coupler may be etched onto the board. The module may be calibrated at manufacture as a single unit. This avoids the multiple calibration actions required of prior art systems.

THRU-LINE DIRECTIONAL POWER SENSOR HAVING MICROSTRIP COUPLER

Disclosed is a directional coupler having a coupler, a forward resistive attenuator, a reflected resistive attenuator, a forward compensation capacitor, and a reflected compensation capacitor. A forward coupler side arm and reflected coupler side arm of the coupler are configured to obtain a sample of forward energy and a sample of reflected energy from the coupler transmission line section. The forward resistive attenuator and reflected resistive attenuator are configured to attenuate the sample of forward energy and the sample of reflected energy. The forward compensation capacitor and the reflected compensation capacitor are configured to receive the attenuated sample of forward energy and the attenuated sample of reflected energy and produce a frequency-compensated sample of forward energy and a frequency-compensated sample of reflected energy.

Guide d'ondes comprenant un dispositif de mesure de la puissance transmise dans ce guide

Electrostatic encoder

This invention is related to an electrostatic encoder for detecting angles of rotation of a rotor with a high precision according to changes of electrostatic capacity disposed between electrodes of stator (41) and rotor (42). In the electrostatic encoder of the subject invention, detection electrodes (44 to 44d) and transfer electrodes (45a to 45d) which are provided in the stator (41), are alternately disposed in a circumferential direction. By way of alternate disposition of the transfer electrodes and the detection electrodes, detection signals (A phase, B phase) being amplitude modulated according to rotations of rotor (42) and having 90 DEG phase difference can be output from adjacent detection electrodes. The detection signals are amplitude modulated to generate modulated signals (V1, V2). A resolver-to-digital (RD) conversion process is applied to the modulated signals to calculate rotation angles of a rotor. Owing to alternate disposition of the transfer electrodes and the detection ...

RF/mm-Wave Peak Detector with High-Dynamic Range Calibration

An integrated circuit (IC) is provided with a plurality of diode based mm-wave peak voltage detectors (PVD)s. During a testing phase, a multi-point low frequency calibration test is performed on one or more of the PVDs to determine and store a set of alternating current (AC) coefficients. During operation of the IC, a current-voltage sweep is performed on a selected one of the PVDs to determine a process and temperature direct current (DC) coefficient. A peak voltage produced by the PVD in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal is measured to produce a first measured voltage. An approximate power of the RF signal is calculated by adjusting the first measured voltage using the DC coefficient and the AC coefficient. 1. A method comprising:performing a current-voltage sweep on the peak voltage detector to determine a first coefficient;measuring a peak voltage produced by the peak voltage detector in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal to obtain a first measured voltage;determine a second coefficient using calibration data, wherein the calibration data is produced by performing an alternating current (AC) calibration with a test signal on the peak voltage detector; andcalculating an approximate power of the RF signal by adjusting the first measured voltage using the first and second coefficients.2. The method of claim 1 , further including:measuring a second peak voltage produced by the peak voltage detector in response to a quiescent input to produce a second measured voltage;subtracting the second measured voltage from the first measured voltage to produce a double sampled measured voltage; andin which the double sampled measured voltage is used in place of the first measured voltage to calculate the approximate power of the RF signal.3. The method of claim 2 , in which measuring the second peak voltage is only performed when the first measured voltage is below a threshold value.4. The method of claim 1 , further including ...

Leistungssensor

... the invention relates to a power sensor for measuring the average power of modulated or non-modulated high-frequency or microwave signals across a wide dynamic range. According to the invention, a combination of the following measures, which are known per se, are used: a) the signal power to be measured is delivered to a first sensor branch for measuring said signal power in a lower power measuring range (-70 to -16 dBm), b) said sensor branch having several spatially separate measuring points on a connecting line between the input and a power splitter connected downstream; c) at the same time, the signal power to be measured is delivered to at least two other sensor branches by means of the power splitter with a largely load-independent synchronous output, via attenuators, in order to measure the signal power in at least two other power measuring ranges (-22 to +4 dBm or. -2 to +20 dBm).

ACHIEVEMENT DETECTOR FOR USE IN AN ACHIEVEMENT AMPLIFIER

Micromechanical Microwave Power Meter

A micromechanical sensor for measuring millimetric wave or microwave power, which sensor comprises a wave line for conducting the millimetric or microwave power and a part arranged to move and a fixed electrode, in such a way that the capacitance (C) between the part that is arranged to move and the fixed electrode couples to the wave power advancing in the wave line. According to the invention, the capacitance (C) between the part that is arranged to move and the fixed electrode is divided into at least two portions (C/n), which are located at a distance from each other, in such a way that the wave power advancing in the wave line couples to the portions (C/n) of the capacitance (C) consecutively and experiences the inductive load between the portions (C/n) of the capacitance (C). Thus the frequency band of the sensor can be substantially broadened and the reflective coefficient can be kept reasonably small.

DIRECTIONAL POWER DETECTION BY QUADRATURE SAMPLING

Power measurement and control in transmission systems are effected by changes in load conditions. A method and system are provided for detecting and controlling power levels independent of such load conditions.

Mehrpfad-Leistungsmesser mit Verstärker

Ein Leistungsmesser (1) verfügt über zumindest zwei Messpfade (2, 4) und eine Verteileinrichtung (41). Ein erster Messpfad (2) beinhaltet zumindest einen Vorverstärker (13) und einen ersten Detektor (20). Ein zweiter Messpfad (3) beinhaltet zumindest eine Direktverbindung (14) und einen zweiten Detektor (21). Ein zu dem zweiten Pfad (3) alternativer oder optional zusätzlicher dritter Pfad (4) beinhaltet zumindest ein Dämpfungsglied (15) und einen zweiten bzw. dritten Detektor (22). Die Verteileinrichtung (41) verteilt ein Messsignal auf die Messpfade (2, 3, 4).

TRANSMITTER POWER MONITOR

The invention provides an in-line power monitor for an RF transmission line that is capable of being calibrated in-line during live conditions at the exact power level and frequency where it is used. This device uses forward and reflected directional couplers and a non-directional coupler to sample the RF voltage on the transmission line. The RF voltage of the forward and reflected channels are each split into two paths, one going to a test port and the other leading to additional circuitry which prepares the signals of the forward and reflected channels for output to power displays. Additionally, the monitor allows the user to compensate for any voltage offsets introduced by various circuitry components. Further, the monitor also allows to user to individually calibrate the output of the forward and reflected channels by applying an adjustable gain ratio correction to each channel.

Logarithmic mean-square power detector

Electrostatic encoder

This invention is related to an electrostatic encoder for detecting angles of rotation of a rotor with a high precision according to changes of electrostatic capacity disposed between electrodes of stator (41) and rotor (42). In the electrostatic encoder of the subject invention, detection electrodes (44 to 44d) and transfer electrodes (45a to 45d) which are provided in the stator (41), are alternately disposed in a circumferential direction. By way of alternate disposition of the transfer electrodes and the detection electrodes, detection signals (A phase, B phase) being amplitude modulated according to rotations of rotor (42) and having 90 DEG phase difference can be output from adjacent detection electrodes. The detection signals are amplitude modulated to generate modulated signals (V1, V2). A resolver-to-digital (RD) conversion process is applied to the modulated signals to calculate rotation angles of a rotor. Owing to alternate disposition of the transfer electrodes and the detection ...

APPARATUS FOR MONITORING PULSED HIGH-FREQUENCY POWER AND SUBSTRATE PROCESSING APPARATUS INCLUDING THE SAME

Disclosed are an apparatus for monitoring pulsed high-frequency power and a substrate processing apparatus including the same. The apparatus includes an attenuation module configured to attenuate a pulsed high-frequency power signal; a rectifier module configured to convert the pulsed high-frequency power signal into a direct current signal; and a detection module configured to detect a pulse parameter based on the direct current signal. 1. An apparatus for processing a substrate , the apparatus comprising:a chamber;a substrate support assembly within the chamber, the substrate support assembly including a lower electrode;a lower impedance matching unit connected to the lower electrode;a first RF power source connected to the lower impedance matching unit, the first RF power source configured to generate a first pulsed power signal according to a first ON/OFF pulse;a second RF power source connected to the lower impedance matching unit, the second RF power source configured to generate a second pulsed power signal according to a second ON/OFF pulse;a pulse input unit configured to apply the first ON/OFF pulse to the first RF power source and apply the second ON/OFF pulse to the second RF power source; and a rectifier module configured to convert the first pulsed power signal into a first direct current signal and convert the second pulsed power signal into a second direct current signal, and', 'a detection module configured to detect a first pulse parameter including at least one of a pulse frequency of the first direct current signal, a pulse duty ratio of the first direct current signal, and a pulse phase difference of the first direct current signal and the second direct current signal., 'a monitoring unit including'}2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the monitoring unit further includes an attenuation module configured to attenuate the first pulsed power signal and attenuate the second pulsed power signal claim 1 , andwherein the rectifier module is further ...

Embedded directional power sensing

DEVICE OF BROAD BAND DETECTION ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY

Power measurement circuit including harmonic filter

A shorting element, preferably a resonant inductor-capacitor circuit, is inserted in parallel with a sense transistor, which itself is in parallel with a power transistor. The use of the shorting element in combination with the sense transistor, provides a technique to have a monotonic power detection. The shorting element eliminates extraneous currents caused by inherent collector-base and collector-substrate diodes of sense transistor, and also eliminates the extraneous collector voltage swing of the sense transistor caused by mutual coupling between inductors connected to the power and sense transistors.

True average wide dynamic range power sensor

Breitband-Mikrowellenleistungsdetektor, der Dioden oberhalb ihrer Resonanzfrequenz verwendet

Detector circuit

TRANSMITTER POWER MONITOR

POWER DETECTOR WITH CONSTANT VOLTAGE DECOUPLING

The invention relates to a power detector (1) for measuring the average power, without constant voltage, of modulated or unmodulated high frequency or microwave signals. Said power detector comprises a signal line (3) which is connected to a high frequency input (2). A detection line (20) is capacitively and/or inductively coupled to the signal line (3) and, seen in the longitudinal direction (L), is connected to the signal line (3) at only one contact position (21), otherwise being galvanically separated from said signal line (3). The signal is tapped from the detection line (20) at at least two detection positions (13, 14) which are staggered in the longitudinal direction (L).

DEVICE AND METHOD FOR INCREASING DYNAMIC RANGE FOR RADIO FREQUENCY DIODE DETECTOR

A radio frequency detector for detecting a power in a transmission line between a source signaland a load. The radio frequency detector includes a coupler device configured to extract a signal from the transmission line, an attenuator network device connected to the coupler device and configured to reduce a power of the extracted signal, where the attenuator network includes a shunt circuit connectedto ground, the shunt circuit including at least a first diodeof a limiter type; anda diode block connected to the attenuator network and configured to determine the power in the transmission line.

MEASUREMENT OF MICROWAVE FREQUENCY POWER

MICROMECHANICAL MICROWAVE POWER METER

Improvements in or relating to high frequency apparatus

... 773,988. High-frequency discharge apparatus. ELECTRIC & MUSICAL INDUSTRIES, Ltd. April 12, 1955 [April 22, 1954], No. 11598/54. Class 39(1). Apparatus in which a high frequency field is set up contains within the field a discharge tube in which the anode is large compared with the cathode, although subtending an angle of substantially less than 360 degrees ; the disposition is such that the h.f. field becomes progressively weaker from cathode to anode, so that it is too weak to affect electrons when the field is reversed. As shown, the tube is a cylindrical diode, having a filamentary cathode 4 and an arcuate anode 5, placed at the centre of a rectangular waveguide 1 excited to set up a field of H10 type. The tube leads 9, 10 are bent at right angles to the electric field to support the tube in the guide. Suitable dimensions are given. Such an arrangement is convenient for measuring the power propagated along the guide, by measuring the anode potential, and also for signal detection, mixing ...

WIDE BAND FLAT POWER DETECTOR

A wideband detector having a substantially flat response is made by using the sigval at the isolation port of a coupler. As the response or transfer characteristic at the isolation port is substantially linear, a matching network having the inverse of opposite transfer characteristic with respect to frequency may be connected to the coupler. The addition of the matching network transfer characteristic to the transfer characteristic of the coupler in the isolation port produces a superposition. The matching network transfer characteristic compensates for the linear varying transfer characteristic at the coupler isolation port to produce a substantially flat output of the matching network. The detector connected to the matching network output will then produce a detector signal which is substantially flat over the frequency range of the bandspread of interest.

BROADBAND MICROWAVE DETECTING DEVICE

La présente invention concerne un module de détection hyperfréquence. Elle concerne également un dispositif de détection hyperfréquence large bande composé d'un ou plusieurs modules de détection. Le module de détection comporte : • un amplificateur distribué (50) comportant N transistors à effet de champ (55), une ligne de drains commune (56), une ligne de grilles commune (54), l'amplificateur distribué ayant une entrée (52) sur sa ligne de grilles commune (54) et une sortie (53) sur la ligne de drains commune (56), • un circuit de détection à base de semi-conducteur (51), le circuit de détection (51) étant connecté à une extrémité (59) de la ligne de grilles (54) de l'amplificateur distribué (50). L'invention s'applique notamment à la fabrication de détecteurs en circuits monolithiques hyperfréquence.

POWER SENSOR

... the invention relates to a power sensor for measuring the average power of modulated or non-modulated high-frequency or microwave signals across a wide dynamic range. According to the invention, a combination of the following measures, which are known per se, are used: a) the signal power to be measured is delivered to a first sensor branch for measuring said signal power in a lower power measuring range (-70 to -16 dBm), b) said sensor branch having several spatially separate measuring points on a connecting line between the input and a power splitter connected downstream; c) at the same time, the signal power to be measured is delivered to at least two other sensor branches by means of the power splitter with a largely load-independent synchronous output, via attenuators, in order to measure the signal power in at least two other power measuring ranges (-22 to +4 dBm or. -2 to +20 dBm).

Wave detector circuit

A wave detector circuit includes: a first transistor having its base and collector connected together, the first transistor receiving an AC signal and a reference voltage at its base and collector; a second transistor having its base connected to the base of the first transistor through a resistor, the second transistor outputting a detected voltage at its collector; and a diode-connected temperature compensation transistor connected between ground potential and the base and the collector of the first transistor.

Detector circuit

A detector circuit, has a first diode, to an anode of which an AC signal is input and to which a constant voltage is supplied, a second diode, to an anode of which the constant voltage is supplied, and a difference current generation circuit, which generates the difference current between a first current flowing in the first diode and a second current flowing in the second diode.

True average wide dynamic range power sensor

The present invention provides a true average wide dynamic range (TA-WDR) power sensor that can be used to make accurate power measurements from -70 dBm to + 20 dBm or more (wide dynamic range), regardless of the format of the signal (true average). In one preferred embodiment, the present invention provides a true average wide dynamic range power sensor comprising means for receiving RF signals having wide dynamic power ranges; a first RF path including a low power diode sensor for measuring RF signals having low power ranges; a second RF path including an attenuator high power sensor for measuring RF signals having high power ranges; and means for isolating the first RF path when the high power RF signals exceeds the square law region of the diode sensor.

Wave guide detector with integrated HF antenna element feeding detector diode

The rectangular wave guide (1) has a conducting structure (2). The surface of the structure projects from its perimeter (8) and is formed from a metal layer deposited on a dielectric substrate, with two slot conductors (4,5), a detector diode (3), a separating slot (12) and a conductor (14). The slot conductors each have an open and a closed end or short circuited end (6,7), and the open end is bridged by the detector diode. The diode is integrated into the conductor structure near the foot of the maximum field strength vector (9) of the adjoining electric field.

WIDE BAND FLAT POWER DETECTOR

A wideband detector having a substantially flat response is made by using the sigval at the isolation port of a coupler. As the response or transfer characteristic at the isolation port is substantially linear, a matching network having the inverse of opposite transfer characteristic with respect to frequency may be connected to the coupler. The addition of the matching network transfer characteristic to the transfer characteristic of the coupler in the isolation port produces a superposition. The matching network transfer characteristic compensates for the linear varying transfer characteristic at the coupler isolation port to produce a substantially flat output of the matching network. The detector connected to the matching network output will then produce a detector signal which is substantially flat over the frequency range of the bandspread of interest.

TRANSMITTER POWER MONITOR

The invention provides an in-line power monitor for an RF transmission line that is capable of being calibrated in-line during live conditions at the exact power level and frequency where it is used. This device uses forward and reflected directional couplers and a non-directional coupler to sample the RF voltage on the transmission line. The RF voltage of the forward and reflected channels are each split into two paths, one going to a test port and the other leading to additional circuitry which prepares the signals of the forward and reflected channels for output to power displays. Additionally, the monitor allows the user to compensate for any voltage offsets introduced by various circuitry components. Further, the monitor also allows to user to individually calibrate the output of the forward and reflected channels by applying an adjustable gain ratio correction to each channel.

Power sensor for integrated circuits

An on-chip power sensor and a millimeter-wave communication device (e.g. transmitter or transceiver) on a chip including the on-chip power sensor are described. The millimeter-wave communication device can also include a coupler disposed on a transmit path, the coupler being configured to receive a transmit signal and to provide the transmit signal to an antenna connection (e.g. pad). The on-chip power sensor can be configured to receive a coupled portion of the transmit signal from the coupler, and measure a transmit power of the transmit signal based on the coupled portion of the transmit signal.

Zero Bias Power Detector

A zero bias power detector comprising a zero bias diode and an output boost circuit is provided. The output boost circuit comprises a zero bias transistor. The zero bias diode is not biased but outputs a rectifying signal according to a wireless signal. The zero bias transistor, not biased but coupled to the zero bias diode, is used for enhancing the rectifying signal.

Leistungssensor mit grossem Dynamikbereich für die wahre mittlere Leistung

LOGARITHMIC MEAN-SQUARE POWER DETECTOR

A mean square power detector in accordance with one or more embodiments includes a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal. The mean square power detector also includes a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit. Each of the mean square detectors receives a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal. Each of the plurality of mean square detectors generates an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range. A summing element is coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal.

True average wide dynamic range microwave power sensor using diode stack attenuator-diode stack

The invention provides a true average, wide dynamic range microwave power sensor using a diode-stack-attenuator diode stack technology. The invention provides a diode stack microwave power sensor which includes an RF signals receiver having wide dynamic power ranges; a low power sensor path connected between the receiver and ground for sensing relatively low power RF input signals. The low power sensor path includes one or more stacked RF diodes in which a number of diode pairs may be coupled to ground through respective capacitors. An impedance network including attenuating resistors R1 and R2 are connected in series between the receiver and ground. A high power sensor path is connected in parallel between the attenuating resistors R1 and R2 and ground for sensing attenuated relatively high power RF input signals. The high sensor path includes a second stacked RF diode in which a second number of stacked diode pairs are coupled to ground through a respective capacitor, and in which the ...

Super-regenerative microwave detector

A resonant tunneling diode or diode array oscillator (10) including a resonant diode (11) is coupled to a millimeter-wave source (14) and a quench generator (16) for periodically quenching the oscillations so that the average oscillation time of the oscillator is proportional to signal strength of the source (14). The signal source can be from an antenna such as a dipole or tapered slot line antenna.

Sensor mit grossem Dynamikbereich für die wahre mittlere Mikrowellenleistung mit Diodenstapel-Dämpfungsglied

POWER MEASUREMENT VIA BOND WIRE COUPLING

POWER DETECTION CIRCUIT

POWER DETECTION CIRCUIT FOR USE IN A POWER AMPLIFIER

A shorting element, preferably a resonant inductor-capacitor circuit, is inserted in parallel with a sense transistor, which itself is in parallel with a power transistor. The use of the shorting element in combination with the sense transistor, provides a technique to have a monotonic power detection. The shorting element eliminates extraneous currents caused by inherent collector-base and collector-substrate diodes of sense transistor, and also eliminates the extraneous collector voltage swing of the sense transistor caused by mutual coupling between inductors connected to the power and sense transistors. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Directional power detection by quadrature sampling

Power measurement and control in transmission systems are affected by changes in load conditions. A method and system are provided for detecting and controlling power levels independent of such load conditions.

Micromechanical microwave power meter

A micromechanical sensor for measuring millimetric wave or microwave power, which sensor comprises a wave line for conducting the millimetric or microwave power and a part arranged to move and a fixed electrode, in such a way that the capacitance (C) between the part that is arranged to move and the fixed electrode couples to the wave power advancing in the wave line. According to the invention, the capacitance (C) between the part that is arranged to move and the fixed electrode is divided into at least two portions (C/n), which are located at a distance from each other, in such a way that the wave power advancing in the wave line couples to the portions (C/n) of the capacitance (C) consecutively and experiences the inductive load between the portions (C/n) of the capacitance (C). Thus the frequency band of the sensor can be substantially broadened and the reflective coefficient can be kept reasonably small.

POWER SENSOR

... the invention relates to a power sensor for measuring the average power of modulated or non-modulated high-frequency or microwave signals across a wide dynamic range. According to the invention, a combination of the following measures, which are known per se, are used: a) the signal power to be measured is delivered to a first sensor branch for measuring said signal power in a lower power measuring range (-70 to -16 dBm), b) said sensor branch having several spatially separate measuring points on a connecting line between the input and a power splitter connected downstream; c) at the same time, the signal power to be measured is delivered to at least two other sensor branches by means of the power splitter with a largely load-independent synchronous output, via attenuators, in order to measure the signal power in at least two other power measuring ranges (-22 to +4 dBm or. -2 to +20 dBm).

Directional power detection by quadrature sampling

Power measurement and control in transmission systems are affected by changes in load conditions. A method and system are provided for detecting and controlling power levels independent of such load conditions.

Breitbandig flacher Leistungsdetektor

유입 변압기 진단 방법

본 발명은 유입 변압기 내에서 발생하는 유중 가스를 분석하여 유입 변압기의 상태를 추정하는 것이다. 즉, 본 발명은 유중 가스 분석을 토대로 스트레이 개싱 현상을 판별하는 유입 변압기 진단 방법에 관한 것이다. 본 발명의 유입 변압기 진단 방법은 유중 가스 측정부에서 유입 변압기 내의 유중 가스를 측정하는 유중 가스 측정 단계, 유중 가스 측정 단계에서 측정한 유중 가스의 함량을 분석하는 유중 가스 분석 단계, 유중 가스의 함량을 분석한 결과로 스트레이 개싱 포함 여부를 판별하는 스트레이 개싱(stray gassing) 판별 조건 확인 단계, 스트레이 개싱이 포함되지 않을 경우 변압기의 내부 결함을 진단하는 제 1 유중 가스 판별 단계, 및 스트레이 개싱이 포함될 경우 스트레이 개싱을 판별하고 유입 변압기의 내부 결함을 진단하는 제 2 유중 가스 판별 단계를 포함한다. The present invention is to estimate the state of an input transformer by analyzing the oil gas generated in the input transformer. That is, the present invention relates to a method of diagnosing an influent transformer that discriminates a staging phenomenon based on analysis of gas in the gas. The method for diagnosing an influent transformer of the present invention comprises the steps of measuring a gas in a gas in a flowing gas measuring unit, measuring a gas in the gas in the inlet transformer, analyzing a gas in the gas, As a result of the analysis, a stray gassing discrimination condition check step for determining whether or not the stray gauging is included, a first oil gas discrimination step for diagnosing an internal fault of the transformer when the stray gauging is not included, And a second flow-in gas discrimination step of discriminating gas combustion and diagnosing an internal defect of the influent transformer.

WIDEBAND HYPERFREQUENCY DETECTION DEVICE

The present invention relates to a hyperfrequency detection module. It also relates to a wideband hyperfrequency detection device comprising one or more detection modules. The detection module comprises includes: a distributed amplifier ( 50 ) having N field-effect transistors ( 55 ), and a common drain line ( 56 ), a common gate line ( 54 ). The distributed amplifier has an input ( 52 ) on its common gate line ( 54 ) and an output ( 53 ) on the common drain line ( 56 ). A semiconductor-based detection circuit ( 51 ) and the detection circuit ( 51 ) are connected to one end ( 59 ) of the gate line ( 54 ) of the distributed amplifier ( 50 ). The invention applies in particular to the production of hyperfrequency monolithic circuit detectors.

Sensor mit grossem Dynamikbereich für die wahre mittlere Mikrowellenleistung mit Diodenstapel-Dämpfungsglied

VORRICHTUNG ZUR MESSUNG VON MIKROWELLEN-FREQUENZLEISTUNG

POWER DETECTOR AND METHOD FOR DETECTING POWER

A circuit and method are provided for detecting a power of a signal amplified in a power amplifier. A diode and a voltage bias source are used to shift a voltage of the signal taken at a base of an amplifying transistor of the power amplifier, to generate a positive signal. The positive signal is provided to a base input of an emitter follower exhibiting high input impedance to generate a power detector output which follows the positive signal.

Leistungssensor mit grossem Dynamikbereich für die wahre mittlere Leistung

Power detection circuit and radio frequency circuit using the same

LOGARITHMIC MEAN-SQUARE POWER DETECTOR

A mean square power detector in accordance with one or more embodiments includes a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal. The mean square power detector also includes a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit. Each of the mean square detectors receives a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal. Each of the plurality of mean square detectors generates an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range. A summing element is coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal.

Circuit for measuring the output power from an amplifier

The object of the invention is a circuit for monitoring the power of a transmitter amplifier. In the solution according to the invention, the detected DC voltage level (Vdet) corresponding to the output power is compressed at high output levels by using as the coupling capacitance a capacitance diode (7) such that the capacitance of this component, and thereby the tightness of the coupling, diminishes as the detected voltage level increases. The invention can be employed, for example, in the power control of a mobile phone's transmitter.

Wellendetektorschaltung

Wellendetektorschaltung mit einem ersten Transistor (Tr1), dessen Basis und Kollektor miteinander verbunden sind, wobei der erste Transistor (Tr1) so beschaltet ist, dass er ein AC-Signal (Vin) und eine Referenzspannung (Vref1) an der Basis und dem Kollektor empfangen kann, einem zweiten Transistor (Tr2), dessen Basis über einen ersten Widerstand (Rbb1) mit der Basis des ersten Transistors (Tr1) verbunden ist, wobei der zweite Transistor (Tr2) so beschaltet ist, dass er an seinem Kollektor eine detektierte Spannung (Vdet) ausgeben kann, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass sie weiter einen als Diode geschalteten Temperaturkompensationstransistor (Trb1, Trb2, Trb3) enthält, der zwischen Masse und die Basis und somit den Kollektor des ersten Transistors (Tr1) geschaltet ist, wobei der erste und zweite Transistor (Tr1, Tr2) einen Stromspiegel mit einer Verstärkungsrate von weniger als 1 bilden.

MICROMECHANICAL MICROWAVE POWER METER

L'invention concerne un détecteur micromécanique permettant de mesurer une puissance d'onde millimétrique ou d'hyperfréquence. Ce détecteur comprend une ligne d'onde servant à conduire la puissance millimétrique ou d'hyperfréquence, une partie conçue pour se déplacer et une électrode fixe, de telle manière que la capacité (C) entre ladite partie et l'électrode fixe se couple à la puissance d'onde avançant dans la ligne d'onde. Selon cette invention, la capacité (C) entre la partie mobile et l'électrode fixe est divisée en au moins deux parties (C/n) qui sont situées à une certaine distance l'une de l'autre, ainsi la puissance d'onde avançant dans la ligne d'ondes se couple, par conséquent, aux parties (C/n) de la capacité (C) et expérimente la charge d'induction entre les parties (C/n) de la capacité (C). De ce fait, la bande de fréquences du détecteur peut être sensiblement élargie et le coefficient réflecteur peut être maintenu à une taille raisonnable.

TRANSMITTER POWER MONITOR

The invention provides an in-line power monitor for an RF transmission line that is capable of being calibrated in-line during live conditions at the exact power level and frequency where it is used. This device uses forward and reflected directional couplers and a non-directional coupler to sample the RF voltage on the transmission line. The RF voltage of the forward and reflected channels are each split into two paths, one going to a test port and the other leading to additional circuitry which prepares the signals of the forward and reflected channels for output to power displays. Additionally, the monitor allows the user to compensate for any voltage offsets introduced by various circuitry components. Further, the monitor also allows to user to individually calibrate the output of the forward and reflected channels by applying an adjustable gain ratio correction to each channel.

RF POWER MEASUREMENT WITH BI-DIRECTIONAL BRIDGE

A bi-directional bridge includes a forward bridge portion, and reverse bridge portion and a shared portion that enables the simultaneous measurement of power flowing in both directions while reducing insertion losses, providing better impedance matching and/or providing improved directionality. In some embodiments, additional attenuation is provided to reduce the common mode rejection requirements of detectors used with the bridge. In other embodiments, multi-tap attenuators and steering circuits may be integrated into the forward and/or reverse bridge portions to reduce common mode signal levels while still maintaining high levels of sensitivity for measuring small input signals.

Broad-band microwave power sensor using diodes above their resonant frequency

Logarithmic mean-square power detector

A mean square power detector in accordance with one or more embodiments includes a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal. The mean square power detector also includes a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit. Each of the mean square detectors receives a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal. Each of the plurality of mean square detectors generates an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range. A summing element is coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal.

Electrostatic encoder

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TRUE TRANSMITTED POWER USING A BROADBAND DUAL DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

A dual-directional coupler (100) for measuring true RF power (104) apparent at a radiating element. Incident and reflected power are detected by a pair of detectors (201, 202). The difference between the two detected voltages (201, 202) is amplified by a differential amplifier (203) to generate a voltage proportional to the true transmitted power.

TRANSMITTER POWER MONITOR

... 본 발명은 자신이 사용되고 있는 정확한 전력 레벨 및 주파수로 동작 중인 상태 동안 라인 내 교정될 수 있는 RF 전송선을 위한 라인-내 전력 모니터를 제공한다. 상기 디바이스는 순방향 및 반사 지향성 결합기들 및 무지향성 결합기를 사용하여 전송선 상의 RF 전압을 샘플링한다. 순방향 및 반사 채널들의 RF 전압은 각각 두 경로들로 분할되고, 하나는 테스트 포트로 진행하고 다른 하나는 전력 디스플레이로의 출력을 위해 순방향 및 반사 채널들의 신호들을 준비하는 추가 회로로 이어진다. 추가적으로, 모니터는 사용자로 하여금 다양한 회로 구성요소들에 의해 유도되는 임의의 전압 오프셋들을 보상한다. 게다가, 모니터는 또한 조정 가능한 이득비 정정을 각각의 채널에 적용함으로써 사용자로 하여금 순방향 및 반사 채널들의 출력을 각각 교정하도록 한다.

INTEGRATED POWER DETECTOR WITH TEMPERATURE COMPENSATION FOR FULLY-CLOSED LOOP CONTROL

An amplifier circuit comprises a detection power input circuit for receiving an RF signal, and a bias circuit that includes an output for generating a bias signal in response to a reference control voltage. The power detector further comprises a detection circuit for generating a power control voltage having a voltage characteristic that offsets temperature characteristics of the received RF signal. The amplifier circuit further comprises a power amplifier coupled to the bias circuit. The power amplifier includes a driver stage providing the RF signal. The detection circuit compensates temperature variation of the inputted detection voltage of the received RF signal.

Method and apparatus for measuring true transmitted power using a broadband dual directional coupler

A dual-directional coupler for measuring true RF power apparent at a radiating element. Incident and reflected power are detected by a pair of detectors. The difference between the two detected voltages is amplified by a differential amplifier to generate a voltage proportional to the true transmitted power.

BROAD-BAND MICROWAVE POWER SENSOR USING DIODES ABOVE THEIR RESONANT FREQUENCY

Leistungssensor mit grossem Dynamikbereich für die wahre mittlere Leistung

検波回路

Dioden-Mikrowellenleistungssensor mit geschaltetem Dämpfungsglied

Radio frequency power measurement system

A control system for RF (radio frequency) power measurements eliminates calibration requirements and compensates errors due to nonlinear detector characteristics and temperature drifts by using feedback to automatically adjust the power of a fixed frequency temperature stable reference signal to equal the power of the unknown incoming signal. Since the power of the reference can be precisely known, the power of the unknown signal is determined. The reference signal path has an identical electrical transfer function as the measurement input signal path so that nonlinearities and temperature variation in the measurement path are exactly offset by the corresponding variations in the feedback reference path.

Power sensor

A power sensor for measuring the average power of modulated or non-modulated high-frequency or microwave signals across a wide dynamic range is disclosed, in which a combination of the following features are used: a) the signal power to be measured is delivered to a first sensor branch for measuring said signal power in a lower power measuring range (-70 to -16 dBm), b) the sensor branch has several spatially separate measuring points on a connecting line between the input and a power splitter connected downstream; and, c) at the same time, the signal power to be measured is delivered to at least two other sensor branches by means of the power splitter with a largely load-independent synchronous output, via attenuators, in order to measure the signal power in at least two other power measuring ranges (-22 to +4 dBm or -2 to +20 dBm).

RMS power sensor with 84 dB dynamic range

A power meter includes components to measure RMS power over an 84 dB range or greater using the I-V square-law relation of a diode for measurements. The power meter includes multiple diodes along with a power distribution manifold which includes power dividers to distribute an input signal to the diodes. In one embodiment, a first power divider (202) distributes power to a first one of the diodes (203), and to the second power divider (204) which distributes power to the second (210) and third (212) diodes. The first power divider (202) is connected without attenuation to the first diode (203). The second power divider (204) is connected to the second diode (210) through a 11 dB attenuator (206), and to the third diode (212) through a 28 dB attenuator (208). With such attenuation, the first diode can operate in its square law range for measurements of signals with power from -64 dBm to -14 dBm, while the second diode can operate in its square law range for signals with power from -14 dBm ...

MICROMECHANICAL MICROWAVE POWER METER

Directional power detection by quadrature sampling

Power measurement and control in transmission systems are affected by changes in load conditions. A method and system are provided for detecting and controlling power levels independent of such load conditions.

RF POWER MEASUREMENT WITH BI-DIRECTIONAL BRIDGE

A bi-directional bridge includes a forward bridge portion, and reverse bridge portion and a shared portion that enables the simultaneous measurement of power flowing in both directions while reducing insertion losses, providing better impedance matching and/or providing improved directionality. In some embodiments, additional attenuation is provided to reduce the common mode rejection requirements of detectors used with the bridge. In other embodiments, multi-tap attenuators and steering circuits may be integrated into the forward and/or reverse bridge portions to reduce common mode signal levels while still maintaining high levels of sensitivity for measuring small input signals.

Dual mode diode power sensor with square law and linear operating regions

A dual mode power meter provides a first operation mode in the square law operating range of the diode, and a second mode in the square law region as well as the transition and linear operating ranges of the diode. The power meter includes multiple diodes. A manifold made up of power dividers distributes a signal input to the power meter to the diodes. A different attenuation is provided to each diode so that the square law operating range for each diode covers a different power range. By selecting the appropriate diode output for power measurements in the first mode, the overall square law operating range for the power meter will be greater than a power meter using a single diode. The power meter further includes a memory map of voltage vs. power in the square law, transition and linear regions of a diode measured for an unmodulated CW input for the second operation mode. The map of voltage vs. power enables power to be measured faster in the second mode for unmodulated CW signals provided ...

Power detector

A power detector comprising a first and a second bipolar junction/FET transistor. The first transistor is arranged as a common base/gate transistor with its base/gate being biased by a bias voltage and the second transistor is arranged as a common emitter/source transistor with its emitter/source being grounded. The power detector also comprises a diode or current source connected to ground from the emitter/source of the first transistor, in which power detector an input port is connected to the emitter of the first transistor and to the base/gate of the second transistor, and an output port is connected to the collectors/drains of the first and second transistor, said collectors/drains also being connected to a DC supply via a first resistor.

Broad-band microwave power sensor using diodes above their resonant frequency

BROAD DYNAMIC RANGE POWER SENSOR

PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To make an accurate measurement of power over a broad dynamic range irrespective of a format of a signal to be measured. SOLUTION: This power sensor includes a detector 44 with a diode sensor for measurement in a low-power range and a detector 48 with a diode sensor for measurement in a high-power range, and each diode sensor operates in a square-law range. When input signal power becomes so high as to exceed the square-law range of the diode sensor on the low-power range side, the input signal is attenuated by potential dividing circuits R1, R2 to operate in the square-law range the diode sensor on the high-power range side, so that it is measured thereon. The diode sensor on the low-power range side is then isolated by a switch 50 provided in a DC path 40 to generate no electric current therein, so that it is maintained at a high impedance. COPYRIGHT: (C)2000,JPO ...

Breitband-Mikrowellenleistungsdetektor, der Dioden oberhalb ihrer Resonanzfrequenz verwendet

DIRECTIONAL POWER DETECTION BY QUADRATURE SAMPLING

Power measurement and control in transmission systems are effected by changes in load conditions. A method and system are provided for detecting and controlling power levels independent of such load conditions.

WIDEBAND HYPERFREQUENCY DETECTION DEVICE

The present invention relates to a hyperfrequency detection module. It also relates to a wideband hyperfrequency detection device comprising one or more detection modules. The detection module comprises includes: a distributed amplifier (50) having N field-effect transistors (55), and a common drain line (56), a common gate line (54). The distributed amplifier has an input (52) on its common gate line (54) and an output (53) on the common drain line (56). A semiconductor-based detection circuit (51) and the detection circuit (51) are connected to one end (59) of the gate line (54) of the distributed amplifier (50). The invention applies in particular to the production of hyperfrequency monolithic circuit detectors.

Wide band flat power detector

Switched attenuator diode microwave power sensor

The present invention relates to a switched attenuator diode microwave power sensor and more particularly to a true average, wide dynamic range microwave power sensor utilizing a switched step attenuator on the sensor input. The present invention provides a sensor that uses a switched attenuator to always keep the signal to the sensor diodes in their “square law” region of operation has significant advantages over the prior art. Staying in the valid “square law” operating region will enable accurate measurements to be made on arbitrarily modulated signals of high peak to average ratio

RF/mm-Wave Peak Detector with High-Dynamic Range Calibration

An integrated circuit (IC) is provided with a plurality of diode based mm-wave peak voltage detectors (PVD)s. During a testing phase, a multi-point low frequency calibration test is performed on one or more of the PVDs to determine and store a set of alternating current (AC) coefficients. During operation of the IC, a current-voltage sweep is performed on a selected one of the PVDs to determine a process and temperature direct current (DC) coefficient. A peak voltage produced by the PVD in response to a high frequency radio frequency (RF) signal is measured to produce a first measured voltage. An approximate power of the RF signal is calculated by adjusting the first measured voltage using the DC coefficient and the AC coefficient.

METHOD AND APPARATUS FOR MEASURING TRUE TRANSMITTED POWER USING A BROADBAND DUAL DIRECTIONAL COUPLER

A dual-directional coupler (100) for measuring true RF power (104) apparent at a radiating element. Incident and reflected power are detected by a pair of detectors (201, 202). The difference between the two detected voltages (201, 202) is amplified by a differential amplifier (203) to generate a voltage proportional to the true transmitted power. © KIPO & WIPO 2007 ...

Over-the-air testing of millimeter wave integrated circuits with integrated antennas

Testing devices such as integrated circuits (IC) with integrated antennas configured for millimeter wave (mmW) transmission and/or reception. A DUT may be mounted to an interface in a measurement fixture (e.g., a socket, anechoic chamber, etc.). Power and data connections of the DUT may be tested over the interface, which may also provide connections (e.g., wired) for input/output signals, power, and control and may also provide positioning. Radio frequency (RF) characteristics of the DUT may be tested over-the-air using an array of antennas or probes in the radiating Fresnel zone of the DUT's antennas. Each of the antennas or probes of the array may incorporate a power detector (e.g., a diode) so that the RF radiating pattern may be measured using DC voltage measurements. Measured voltage measurements may be compared to an ideal signature, e.g., voltage measurements expected from an ideal or model DUT.

Power measurement via bond wire coupling

A device includes an output circuit that includes an input port at which a signal is received, an output port at which an impedance-adjusted representation of the signal is provided, and a set of bond wires connecting the input and output ports. The device further includes first and second couplers, each including a respective coupling bond wire along the set of bond wires for inductive coupling with the set of bond wires. The first coupler is oriented relative to the distributed-element output circuit to measure forward power provided by the impedance-adjusted representation of the signal via the output port. The second coupler is oriented relative to the output circuit to measure reflected power received via the output port.

DETECTOR CIRCUIT

A detector circuit, has a first diode, to an anode of which an AC signal is input and to which a constant voltage is supplied, a second diode, to an anode of which the constant voltage is supplied, and a difference current generation circuit, which generates the difference current between a first current flowing in the first diode and a second current flowing in the second diode.

Thru-line directional power sensor having microstrip coupler

Disclosed is a directional coupler having a coupler, a forward resistive attenuator, a reflected resistive attenuator, a forward compensation capacitor, and a reflected compensation capacitor. A forward coupler side arm and reflected coupler side arm of the coupler are configured to obtain a sample of forward energy and a sample of reflected energy from the coupler transmission line section. The forward resistive attenuator and reflected resistive attenuator are configured to attenuate the sample of forward energy and the sample of reflected energy. The forward compensation capacitor and the reflected compensation capacitor are configured to receive the attenuated sample of forward energy and the attenuated sample of reflected energy and produce a frequency-compensated sample of forward energy and a frequency-compensated sample of reflected energy.

Air conditioning wiring system

A wiring system for use in an air conditioning system comprising a printed circuit board having wiring receptacles and wiring connectors. In one aspect, at least some of the wiring receptacles comprise two or more wiring sub-receptacles, and each of the wiring sub-receptacles includes a slotted sub-receptacle connection pattern. Furthermore, the slotted sub-receptacle connection pattern of each of the wiring sub-receptacles is different from every other sub-receptacle connection pattern. Each of the wiring connectors includes a ridged connection pattern that is different from every other ridged connection pattern of the wiring connectors, such that a given wiring connector is receivable within only one of the wiring sub-receptacles. An air conditioning system and a method of manufacturing is also provided.

On-chip millimeter-wave power detection circuit

An on-chip millimeter wave power detection circuit comprises a high resistive probe for voltage sensing of millimeter wave signals, the probe comprises a metal line perpendicularly connected to a transmission line, at one end, and further connected to a power root mean square (RMS) detector at the other end; and the RMS detector for measuring a RMS voltage value of the sensed millimeter wave signals, wherein the RMS detector is characterized by a known impedance.

RF Power Measurement With Bi-Directional Bridge

A bi-directional bridge includes a forward bridge portion, and reverse bridge portion and a shared portion that enables the simultaneous measurement of power flowing in both directions while reducing insertion losses, providing better impedance matching and/or providing improved directionality. In some embodiments, additional attenuation is provided to reduce the common mode rejection requirements of detectors used with the bridge. In other embodiments, multi-tap attenuators and steering circuits may be integrated into the forward and/or reverse bridge portions to reduce common mode signal levels while still maintaining high levels of sensitivity for measuring small input signals.

Detector circuit

A detector circuit, has a first diode, to an anode of which an AC signal is input and to which a constant voltage is supplied, a second diode, to an anode of which the constant voltage is supplied, and a difference current generation circuit, which generates the difference current between a first current flowing in the first diode and a second current flowing in the second diode.

Tracking energy consumption using a buck-boosting technique

The invention relates to an apparatus and method for tracking energy consumption. An energy tracking system comprises at least one switching element, at least one inductor and a control block to keep the output voltage at a pre-selected level. The switching elements are configured to apply the source of energy to the inductors. The control block compares the output voltage of the energy tracking system to a reference value and controls the switching of the switched elements in order to transfer energy for the primary voltage into a secondary voltage at the output of the energy tracking system. The electronic device further comprises an ON-time and OFF-time generator and an accumulator wherein the control block is coupled to receive a signal from the ON-time and OFF-time generator and generates switching signals for the at least one switching element in the form of ON-time pulses with a constant width ON-time.

Sensor-based energy management enclosure and distributed energy resource management based on sensor data

A power system of a consumer premises includes a circuit breaker to provide power to an electrical circuit and a current sensor mounted proximate a connection of the circuit breaker. The current sensor generates data that a controller uses to compute current draw for the circuit fed by the circuit breaker. Based on the current draw information, the controller can determine how much real and reactive power is being drawn by individual circuits. The controller can use that information to trigger a power converter to adjust operation to change the quadrant of operation of the current vector.

SIGNAL GENERATION DEVICE AND SIGNAL GENERATION METHOD

A signal generation device and a signal generation method may measure leakage currents, such as an input current value I and phase-shifted current values I cos θ and I sin θ in a short period of time and automatically output the detected values without calculating a vector of a phase difference. The signal generation device generates logical signals from a voltage waveform and a current waveform of a measured power line through first and second comparators, sets parameters, full-wave rectifies the current waveform, and performs quantization transform on the full-wave rectified current waveform using a successive ΔΣADC. 1. A signal generation device comprising:a first comparator for receiving a voltage waveform detected from a measured power line and generating a first logical signal according to a positive or negative polarity of the voltage waveform;a second comparator for receiving a current waveform detected from the measured power line and generating a second logical signal according to a positive or negative polarity of the current waveform;a first operation unit for outputting a third logical signal according to exclusive-OR of the first logical signal and the second logical signal;a phase shift unit for generating a phase shift signal by shifting a phase of the first logical signal, after creating a zero cross point by a zero cross creation unit when the first logical signal is changed, memorizing a time between the created zero cross points, and inverting the first logical signal during a period where a time from a next zero cross point is less than the memorized time;a second operation unit for outputting a fourth logical signal according to exclusive-OR of the phase-shifted logical signal and the second logical signal;a full-wave rectifier for performing full-wave rectification on the detected current wave form; anda transform unit for outputting a quantization value, which corresponds to an average value of a current waveform in a certain period of a ...

Transmitter power monitor

The invention provides an in-line power monitor for an RF transmission line that is capable of being calibrated in-line during live conditions at the exact power level and frequency where it is used. This device uses forward and reflected directional couplers and a non-directional coupler to sample the RF voltage on the transmission line. The RF voltage of the forward and reflected channels are each split into two paths, one going to a test port and the other leading to additional circuitry which prepares the signals of the forward and reflected channels for output to power displays. Additionally, the monitor allows the user to compensate for any voltage offsets introduced by various circuitry components. Further, the monitor also allows to user to individually calibrate the output of the forward and reflected channels by applying an adjustable gain ratio correction to each channel.

LOGARITHMIC MEAN-SQUARE POWER DETECTOR

A mean square power detector in accordance with one or more embodiments includes a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal. The mean square power detector also includes a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit. Each of the mean square detectors receives a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal. Each of the plurality of mean square detectors generates an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range. A summing element is coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal. 1a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal;a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit, each of the mean square detectors receiving a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal, each of said plurality of mean square detectors generating an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range; anda summing element coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal.. A mean square power detector, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/951,654, filed on Nov. 22, 2010, entitled Logarithmic Mean-Square Power ...

Power sensor for integrated circuits

An on-chip power sensor and a millimeter-wave communication device (e.g. transmitter or transceiver) on a chip including the on-chip power sensor are described. The millimeter-wave communication device can also include a coupler disposed on a transmit path, the coupler being configured to receive a transmit signal and to provide the transmit signal to an antenna connection (e.g. pad). The on-chip power sensor can be configured to receive a coupled portion of the transmit signal from the coupler, and measure a transmit power of the transmit signal based on the coupled portion of the transmit signal.

Method and Apparatus for Monitoring Energy Consumption

An energy consumption monitor for use in an electronic system comprising an integrated circuit such as a microcontroller. The monitor comprises a counter adapted to accumulate pulses developed by a charge source, each pulse indicative of the delivery of one unit of charge to a load circuit. A monitoring facility monitors the counter to develop an energy consumption record over time. 1. A method for measuring energy consumption by a load comprising the steps of:developing a pulse for each of a plurality of predetermined units of charge delivered to the load; anddeveloping a measure of energy consumption as a function of the predetermined units of charge and a count of the pulses over a selected period of time.2. The method of wherein step is further characterized as comprising the steps of:developing a pulse; andin response to the pulse, developing from an input voltage a unit of charge at an output voltage.3. The method of wherein step is further characterized as:developing a pulse as a function of a first voltage; andin response to the pulse, developing from a second voltage a unit of charge at the first voltage.4. The method of wherein step is further characterized as comprising the steps of:developing from an input voltage a unit of charge at an output voltage; andin response to developing each unit of charge, developing a pulse.5. The method of any of to further comprising the steps of:collecting a plurality of the measures developed over a selected period of time; andanalyzing the collected measures to determine a pattern of energy consumption by the load over the selected period of time.6. An energy consumption measurement facility configured to perform the method of any preceding claim.7. An electronic system comprising an energy consumption measurement facility according to .8. A computer readable medium including executable instructions which claim 6 , when executed in a processing system claim 6 , causes the processing system to perform the steps of a ...

TRACKING ENERGY CONSUMPTION USING A BUCK-BOOSTING TECHNIQUE

The invention relates to an apparatus and method for tracking energy consumption. An energy tracking system comprises at least one switching element, at least one inductor and a control block to keep the output voltage at a pre-selected level. The switching elements are configured to apply the source of energy to the inductors. The control block compares the output voltage of the energy tracking system to a reference value and controls the switching of the switched elements in order to transfer energy for the primary voltage into a secondary voltage at the output of the energy tracking system. The electronic device further comprises an ON-time and OFF-time generator and an accumulator wherein the control block is coupled to receive a signal from the ON-time and OFF-time generator and generates switching signals for the at least one switching element in the form of ON-time pulses with a constant width ON-time. 1. A circuit device comprising: first and second inputs configured to couple to a power supply;', 'first and second outputs, wherein the second input of the first energy transfer block is coupled to the second output of the first energy transfer block;', 'a first inductor that includes a first terminal and a second terminal, wherein the second terminal is coupled to the first output of the first energy transfer block;', 'a first switch coupled between the first input of the first energy transfer block and the first terminal of the first inductor;', 'a second switch coupled between the second input of the first energy transfer block and the first terminal of the first inductor; and', 'a capacitor coupled between the second terminal of the first inductor and the second input of the first energy transfer block;, 'a first energy transfer block that includes third and fourth inputs, wherein the third input is coupled to the first output of the first energy transfer block and wherein the fourth input is coupled to the second output of the first energy transfer block ...

APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR DETECTING FREQUENCY

There are provided an apparatus and a method for detecting a frequency, the apparatus including a signal converting unit removing a high frequency component from an input signal and then converting the input signal into a digital signal, an edge detecting unit detecting an edge of the digital to thereby generate an edge detection signal having a predetermined magnitude, and a frequency estimating unit generating a pulse signal based on the edge detection signal and averaging the pulse signal at a predetermined interval to thereby estimate a frequency of the input signal. 1. An apparatus for detecting a frequency , the apparatus comprising:a signal converting unit removing a high frequency component from an input signal and then converting the input signal into a digital signal;an edge detecting unit detecting an edge of the digital signal to thereby generate an edge detection signal having a predetermined magnitude; anda frequency estimating unit generating a pulse signal based on the edge detection signal and averaging the pulse signal at a predetermined interval to thereby estimate a frequency of the input signal.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the signal converting unit includes:a low pass filter removing the high frequency component from the input signal; andan analog-to-digital converter converting an output signal of the low pass filter into the digital signal.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the edge detecting unit detects rising and falling edges of the digital signal to thereby generate rising and falling edge detection signals.4. The apparatus of claim 3 , wherein the rising and falling edge detection signals have positive and negative values claim 3 , respectively claim 3 , and have the same magnitude as each other.5. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the frequency estimating unit averages the pulse signal at a predetermined interval to calculate an average value claim 1 , and then compares the average value with a preset data table to ...

SYSTEM AND METHOD FOR CALCULATING SUBSTRATE SUPPORT TEMPERTURE

A temperature controller for a substrate support in a substrate processing system includes a power parameter module configured to calculate a power parameter indicative of power supplied to the substrate support. A coolant temperature parameter module configured to calculate a coolant temperature parameter indicative of a temperature of a coolant supplied to the substrate support. A heat transfer gas parameter module is configured to calculate a heat transfer gas parameter indicative of flow rates of a heat transfer gas supplied to the substrate support. A temperature calculation module is configured to calculate a temperature of the substrate support using the power parameter, the coolant temperature parameter, and the heat transfer gas parameter. 1. A temperature controller for a substrate support in a substrate processing system , the temperature controller comprising:a power parameter module configured to calculate a power parameter indicative of power supplied to the substrate support;a coolant temperature parameter module configured to calculate a coolant temperature parameter indicative of a temperature of a coolant supplied to the substrate support;a heat transfer gas parameter module configured to calculate a heat transfer gas parameter indicative of flow rates of a heat transfer gas supplied to the substrate support; anda temperature calculation module configured to calculate a temperature of the substrate support using the power parameter, the coolant temperature parameter, and the heat transfer gas parameter.2. The temperature controller of claim 1 , wherein the power parameter corresponds to an average power supplied to the substrate support by a plurality of power sources.3. The temperature controller of claim 2 , wherein the power parameter module is configured to calculate the power parameter based on a first power supplied by a first power source claim 2 , a second power supplied by a second power source claim 2 , and a duty cycle.4. The temperature ...

Tracking energy consumption using a buck-boosting technique

The invention relates to an apparatus and method for tracking energy consumption. An energy tracking system comprises at least one switching element, at least one inductor and a control block to keep the output voltage at a pre-selected level. The switching elements are configured to apply the source of energy to the inductors. The control block compares the output voltage of the energy tracking system to a reference value and controls the switching of the switched elements in order to transfer energy for the primary voltage into a secondary voltage at the output of the energy tracking system. The electronic device further comprises an ON-time and OFF-time generator and an accumulator wherein the control block is coupled to receive a signal from the ON-time and OFF-time generator and generates switching signals for the at least one switching element in the form of ON-time pulses with a constant width ON-time.

Weakly-Bistable Signal Detectors having One or an Even-number of Stages

A method of detecting a relatively weak signal includes providing an oscillatory loop that can sustain oscillations, wherein the oscillatory loop has no more than one or an even-number of stages. The loop includes a first weakly bistable differential amplifier and a second weakly bistable differential amplifier. At least one of the first and second weakly bistable differential amplifiers is connected to a behavior perturbing coupling which is operative to introduce into the connected-to amplifier a behavior tipping signal where, even if the behavior tipping signal is much weaker than an oscillation of the one or multistage oscillatory loop, the relatively weak behavior tipping signal can nonetheless alter the oscillatory behavior of the multistage oscillatory loop in a distinguishable way. The system may be used for detecting outside a patient's body weak manifestations of internal nerve firings.

LOW JITTER PULSE OUTPUT FOR POWER METER

There is provided an energy consumption meter device () comprising the processor () arranged to receive input data from the sampling unit. The processor calculates at a calculation step [n] an energy contribution value using ΔE using a sampled voltage value and a sampled current value. The processor will calculate an energy value E[n] using a reminder value which was calculated at a previous calculation step [n−1]. The processor will then calculate a relative delay Td′ using the threshold value, the reminder value and the energy value, and generate an output pulse at an output time twhich is delayed for the relative delay Td′ with respect to the calculation time step[n]. By delaying the output pulse with a value which is a closest proximity of Td, the cycle-by-cycle jitter is less or equal to the clock frequency of the timer t. 1. An energy consumption meter device , said device comprising a sampling unit arranged to sample , at a sampling frequency fout , a measured voltage value and a measured current value , said device further comprising a processor arranged to repeatedly perform on each of a plurality of calculation steps [ . . . , n−1 , n , n+1 , . . . ] and with a time period Tc equal to 1/fout , the following actions:receive a sampled voltage value UAC and a sampled current value IL from said sampling unit; {'br': None, 'i': E=UAC*IL*', 'Tc;, 'Δ1/'}, 'calculate an energy contribution value ΔE using formula {'br': None, 'i': E[n]=E[n−', 'E,, '1]+Δ'}, 'calculate an energy value E[n] using formulawith E[n−1] being a reminder value which was calculated at a previous calculation step; calculate a relative delay Td′ using said threshold value, said reminder value and said energy value, and', 'generate an output pulse at an output time tpulse which is delayed for said relative delay Td′ with respect to a present calculation step [n], and', [{'br': None, 'i': E[n−', 'E[n]+Th', 'E[n]<−', 'Th, '1]=, if 1*, or\u2003\u2003a)'}, {'br': None, 'i': E[n−', 'E[n]−Th', 'E[n ...

Multiplier circuit, corresponding device and method

A voltage-to-time converter circuit receives a first voltage signal and produces a PWM-modulated signal having a duty-cycle proportional to the first voltage signal. A current integrator circuit receives the PWM-modulated signal from the voltage-to-time converter circuit block and produces an output signal by integrating a current signal from a current source over integration time intervals having a duration which is a function of the duty-cycle of the PWM-modulated signal. The current signal is proportional to a second voltage signal. The output signal is accordingly proportional to a product of the first voltage signal and the current signal, which is furthermore proportional to a product of the first voltage signal and the second voltage signal.

POWER DETECTION AND TRANSMISSION CIRCUIT COUPLING ANALOG INPUT SIGNAL ON PRIMARY SIDE TO SECONDARY SIDE FOR POWER INFORMATION CALCULATION AND RELATED POWER SUPPLY APPARATUS

A power detection and transmission circuit is provided. The power detection and transmission circuit includes a first conversion circuit, a second conversion circuit and a signal coupling circuit. The first conversion circuit is electrically connected to a power supply module to receive an analog input signal, and is arranged for converting the analog input signal to a first pulse width modulation (PWM) signal. The second conversion circuit is arranged for converting a second PWM signal to an analog regenerated signal, and transmitting the analog regenerated signal to a microcontroller, wherein the microcontroller calculates power information of the power supply module according to the analog regenerated signal. The signal coupling circuit is coupled between the first conversion circuit and the second conversion circuit, and is arranged for coupling the first PWM signal to the second conversion circuit and accordingly generating the second PWM signal. 1. A power detection and transmission circuit , comprising:a first conversion circuit, electrically connected to a power supply module to receive an analog input signal, the first conversion circuit arranged for converting the analog input signal to a first pulse width modulation (PWM) signal;a second conversion circuit, for converting a second PWM signal to an analog regenerated signal, and transmitting the analog regenerated signal to a microcontroller, wherein the microcontroller calculates power information of the power supply module according to the analog regenerated signal; anda signal coupling circuit, coupled between the first conversion circuit and the second conversion circuit, the signal coupling circuit arranged for coupling the first PWM signal to the second conversion circuit and accordingly generating the second PWM signal.2. The power detection and transmission circuit of claim 1 , wherein the first conversion circuit comprises:a signal processing circuit, for processing the analog input signal to ...

POWER MEASUREMENT VIA BOND WIRE COUPLING

A device includes an output circuit that includes an input port at which a signal is received, an output port at which an impedance-adjusted representation of the signal is provided, and a set of bond wires connecting the input and output ports. The device further includes first and second couplers, each including a respective coupling bond wire along the set of bond wires for inductive coupling with the set of bond wires. The first coupler is oriented relative to the distributed-element output circuit to measure forward power provided by the impedance-adjusted representation of the signal via the output port. The second coupler is oriented relative to the output circuit to measure reflected power received via the output port. 1. A device comprising: an input port at which a signal is received;', 'an output port at which an impedance-adjusted representation of the signal is provided; and', 'a set of bond wires connecting the input and output ports; and, 'an output circuit comprisingfirst and second couplers, each comprising a respective coupling bond wire along the set of bond wires for inductive coupling with the set of bond wires;wherein the first coupler is oriented relative to the output circuit to measure forward power provided by the impedance-adjusted representation of the signal via the output port, andwherein the second coupler is oriented relative to the output circuit to measure reflected power received via the output port.2. The device of claim 1 , wherein each of the first and second couplers further comprises:a respective measurement port connected to a first end of the respective coupling bond wire; anda respective termination connected at a second end of the respective coupling bond wire.3. The device of claim 2 , wherein each measurement port comprises a lead that extends laterally in a direction perpendicular to an orientation of the respective coupling bond wire.4. The device of claim 1 , wherein the output port comprises an output packaging lead. ...

Decoupling Synchrophasor Based Control System for Distributed Energy Resources

Attributes of a power system having one or more distributed energy resources are characterized by continuously receiving data comprising a power data stream having at least two components and derived from at least one distributed energy resource. A control data stream comprising at least two components is generated. An error data stream is determined based on a difference between respective components of the power data stream to components of a reference data stream comprising at least two components. The error data stream and the reference data stream are processed to generate the control data stream. The control data stream is continuously output to enable control and/or monitoring of the power flow of at least one distributed energy resource. 1. A method for characterizing attributes of a power system having one or more distributed energy resources , the method being implemented by one or more data processors forming one or more computing devices and comprising:continuously receiving, by at least one data processor, data comprising a power data stream having at least two components and derived from at least one distributed energy resource; determining, by at least one data processor, an error data stream based on a difference between respective components of the power data stream to components of a reference data stream comprising at least two components; and', 'processing, by at least one data processor, the error data stream and the reference data stream to generate the control data stream; and, 'continuously generating, by at least one data processor, a control data stream comprising at least two components bycontinuously outputting, by at least one data processor, the control data stream to enable control and/or monitoring of the power flow of at least one distributed energy resource.2. The method according to claim 1 , further comprising synchronizing claim 1 , by at least one data processor claim 1 , the at least two components of the power data stream ...

Current to pulse-sequence transducer

A current to pulse-sequence transducer for transforming a current to be measured into a sequence of pulses which has a certain mark-to-space ratio, includes a first transforming device for transforming the current to be measured into a measurement magnetic field, a second transforming device for generating a reference magnetic field, and magnetic field comparison device including a magnetoresistive thin film comparator normally providing a zero output when the fields are equal, but generating an impulse when the strength of one magnetic field exceeds that of the other, and an impulse processing device. The impulse processing device includes a differentiator amplifier connected to the output of the magnetoresistive thin film comparator and a Schmitt trigger circuit postcoupled to the differentiator amplifier. Thus there will be generated the sequence of pulses which have the mark-to-space ratio in dependence of the current to be measured; this will minimize the influence of any imbalance from the zero output when the fields are equal, and the influence of any external electromagnetic disturbance picked up by the transducer, which has a magnitude below the threshold value of the Schmitt trigger circuit.

Static kilowatt-hour meter

In a static KWh meter, a pulse width-pulse height multiplicator which forms a pulse width-pulse height-modulated signal proportional to the product of measuring signals proportional to voltage and current intensity, said signal being supplied to a voltage/frequency converter (5), from which is obtained a frequency signal (f) proportional to the power and which controls a counting device (7) indicating the energy consumed. The pulse width-pulse height multiplicator has been carried out without any operator amplifiers in that it contains summing members (R1, R2) for adding together a signal (Uu) proportional to the voltage and a triangle wave (Uo), and an analog switch (10) controlled by the summed signal (Uo+Uu) and which takes samples from a signal (Ui) proportional to the current intensity.

Static kWh meter

Detector circuit

本发明涉及检测器电路。一种检测器电路具有：第一二极管，AC信号输入到第一二极管的正极并且恒定电压被提供到第一二极管；第二二极管，所述恒定电压被提供到第二二极管；以及差值电流生成电路，生成第一二极管中流动的第一电流与第二二极管中流动的第二电流之间的差值电流。

An electronic watt-hour meter with power line communication means

본 고안은 전자식 전력량 계에 관한 것으로, 특히 전력선 통신을 통해 원격검침 가능하고 별도의 전력선 통신수단을 불요하도록 전력선 통신수단이 일체로 내장되는 전자식 전력량 계를 제공하려는 것으로, 본 고안에 따라서 저압 상용 교류 전원에 데이터 신호를 반송하는 변조와 상기 상용 교류 전원에 포함된 데이터 신호를 분리하는 복조가 가능한 전력선 모뎀과; 상기 저압 상용 교류 전원을 정류 및 강압하여 소정의 직류전원을 공급하거나, 상기 전력선 모뎀에 반송된 데이터 신호를 포함한 수신한 저압 상용 교류 전원을 제공하거나, 상기 전력선 모뎀으로부터의 상기 변조된 저압 상용 교류 전원을 저압 상용 교류 전력선에 출력하기 위한 전원 공급 회로부와; 상기 저압 상용 교류 전원의 전압을 검출하여 제공하는 전압 센싱 회로부와; 상기 저압 상용 교류 전원의 전류를 검출하여 제공하는 전류 센싱 회로부와; 상기 전압 센싱 회로부 및 전류 센싱 회로부로부터 검출된 전압과 전류를 적산하여 전력량을 산출하고, 산출된 전력량에 대응되도록 펄스신호를 발생시켜 출력하는 전력량 계측 회로부와; 상기 전력량 계측 회로부와 상기 전력선 모뎀에 접속되어, 상기 전력량 계측 회로부로부터 상기 펄스신호를 시간별로 적산하고 적산한 결과 값의 데이터를 표시하도록 출력하는 동시에 상기 전력선 모뎀에 상기 저압 상용 교류 전원에 변조하여 출력하도록 상기 적산한 결과 값의 데이터를 제공하는 마이크로 프로세서와; 상기 마이크로 프로세서에 접속되어, 상기 마이크로 프로세서로부터 상기 적산한 결과 값의 데이터를 수신하고 이를 표시하는 표시부와;를 포함하여 구성되는 전자식 전력량 계가 제공된다. 전자식 전력량 계, 전력선 통신, 전력선 모뎀, 원격검침

Circuit and voltage-time converter circuit

本公开的实施例涉及电路以及电压‑时间转换器电路。一种电压‑时间转换器电路接收第一电压信号，并且产生PWM调制信号，该PWM调制信号具有与第一电压信号成比例的占空比。电流积分器电路接收来自电压‑时间转换器电路块的PWM调制信号，并且通过在积分时间间隔上对来自电流源的电流信号积分而产生输出信号，该积分时间间隔具有根据PWM调制信号的占空比变化的持续时间。电流信号与第二电压信号成比例。相应地，输出信号与第一电压信号和电流信号的乘积成比例，其进一步与第一电压信号和第二电压信号的乘积成比例。

Electronic electricity meter

내용 없음

Estimation system of detecting the deterioration of switchgear by using a heat image camera

PURPOSE: An estimation system of detecting the deterioration of a switchgear by using a heat image camera is provided to prevent an accident in advance by using image data which is taken by a thermal image camera. CONSTITUTION: A thermal image camera(10) takes a picture of temperature, deterioration, and overload in different colors. A thermal image camera manager(40) controls the angle and sensitivity of the thermal image camera. An image analyzer obtains the average pixel difference of a thermal detected area and adjacent area thereof. When the difference is over a predetermined value, a data processor determines the situation is abnormal.

Control system for detecting a electric power chain in wide area

본 발명은 전력제어 기술을 개시한다. 즉, 본 발명의 실시예에 따른 광역 전력계통 감시 제어시스템은 PMU 데이터와 EMS 상태추정 데이터를 Hybrid 상태추정 기법에 적용시킴에 따라, EMS(Energy Management System)에 설치된 RTU(Remote Terminal Unit)에서 전송된 전압, 전류, 유/무효전력인 Scalar 데이터와 Network Topology 기반으로 상태추정 알고리즘을 수행하여 전력계통 전체 모선에 대한 전압의 크기와 위상각을 구하고, 주요 발/변전소에 PMU(Phasor Measurment Unit)을 설치하여 취득 데이터를 RTU 데이터 대신 사용하면 전압 위상각을 구하기 위해 비선형 방정식을 풀어야하는 방식을 PMU의 위상각 정보를 이용할 경우 선형 방정식으로 풀이가 가능하여 정밀도가 개선된다. 또한, 본 발명은 주요 발/변전소의 데이터를 정밀한 PMU 데이터를 이용하여 전체계통의 상태추정 결과를 개선하여 전력계통의 Visibility 확보가 가능하며, 계통운영을 개선하기 위함이다.

Device and method for computing the effective values of plant protection relays using variable window sizes

According to an embodiment of the present invention, a device for computing an effective value of a plant protection relay using a window value of a variable sample number comprises: a voltage/current signal sample input unit for receiving a voltage/current signal sample; a zero point update number determination unit for determining whether a voltage/current waveform of the voltage/current signal sample sequentially input to the voltage/current input unit updates a zero point twice or more; an input signal sign determination unit for determining a sign, as either positive or negative, of an input signal of the voltage/current signal sample with the zero point updated twice or more by the zero point update number determination unit; a window number determination unit for determining the number of windows based on the estimated number of samples per one cycle at the present time by applying the voltage/current signal sample having any one of the positive and negative signs determined by the input signal sign determination unit to a preset condition logic; and an effective value calculation unit which calculates a voltage/current effective value by applying the voltage/current signal sample in which the voltage/current waveform of the voltage/current signal sample updates the zero point less than twice to Equation 1 below, and calculates the voltage/current effective value by applying the voltage/current signal sample for the estimated number of samples per one cycle at the current time point determined by the window number determination unit to Equation 2 below.

ANALOGUE MULTIPLICATION ERROR CORRECTION DEVICE, ESPECIALLY FOR PRECISION WATTMETER

Static measuring instrument - measures power or work in AC network using voltage by current multiplier

A wattmeter forms a product of network a.c. voltage and network a.c. current. It has at least one magnetic core, to whose first winding the a.c. current is applied, or d.c. voltage through a resistor. Its second winding so controls the multiplier mark/space modulator, that it delivers a pulse voltage in which the ratio of the difference to the sum of pulse width and pulse spacing is proportional to the instantaneous value of the network a.c. current or voltage. An oscillator has a frequency much higher than the network frequency. It saturates the magnetic core whose second winding is connected through a differentiating element to a threshold switch generating the pulse voltage.

ELECTRONIC WATTHEMETER

Electronic meter for polyphase electrical energy measurement - uses operational circuit to integrate pulses to sum power

The electronic polyphase electrical energy measuring meter has an operational circuit. This circuit is designed to produce from the current and voltage of each phase, an output current proportional to the sum of the electrical power in each phase. This output current is transformed into pulses by a current pulse converter. The pulses formed are fed into a counter which integrates them. The number of pulses counted by the counter during a determined period of time represents a value corresponding to the electrical energy.

EQUIPMENT FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL ENERGY

Patent FR2341164B1

Patent FR2245952A1

SWITCHING DEVICE FOR MONITORING A STATIC ELECTRICITY METER

LE COMPTEUR D'ELECTRICITE A SURVEILLER EST CONSTITUE PAR UN CIRCUIT DE MESURE DE TENSION 1, PAR UN CIRCUIT DE MESURE DE COURANT 5, PAR UN MODULATEUR TOUT OU RIEN 4, PAR UN MODULATEUR D'AMPLITUDE 6, PAR UN CONVERTISSEUR COURANT-FREQUENCE 7 ET PAR UN COMPTEUR D'IMPULSIONS 10. UN PREMIER CIRCUIT DE COMMUTATION DE SURVEILLANCE 11, SURVEILLANT LE MODULATEUR TOUT OU RIEN 4, ET UN SECOND CIRCUIT DE COMMUTATION DE SURVEILLANCE 12, SURVEILLANT LE CONVERTISSEUR COURANT-FREQUENCE 7 ET UN INVERSEUR DE POLARITE DU MODULATEUR D'AMPLITUDE 6 SONT CONNECTES A UN ELEMENT INDICATEUR DE DEFAILLANCE 13. EN CAS D'ARRET DES OSCILLATIONS DU MODULATEUR TOUT OU RIEN 4, D'ERREUR DE LINEARITE DE CELUI-CI, OU D'ERREUR DE LINEARITE DU CONVERTISSEUR COURANT-FREQUENCE 7, UNE ALARME EST DECLENCHEE. THE ELECTRICITY METER TO BE MONITORED IS CONSTITUTED BY A VOLTAGE MEASURING CIRCUIT 1, BY A CURRENT MEASURING CIRCUIT 5, BY AN ALL OR NOTHING MODULATOR 4, BY AN AMPLITUDE MODULATOR 6, BY A CURRENT-FREQUENCY CONVERTER 7 AND BY A PULSE COUNTER 10. A FIRST SURVEILLANCE SWITCHING CIRCUIT 11, MONITORING THE ALL OR NOTHING MODULATOR 4, AND A SECOND MONITORING SWITCHING CIRCUIT 12, MONITORING CURRENT-FREQUENCY CONVERTER 7 AND A MODULATOR POLARITY INVERTER OF AMPLITUDE 6 ARE CONNECTED TO A FAILURE INDICATOR ELEMENT 13. IN THE EVENT OF THE OSCILLATIONS OF THE ALL OR NOTHING MODULATOR 4 STOPPING, OF A LINEARITY ERROR OF THIS ONE, OR OF A CURRENT-FREQUENCY CONVERTER LINEARITY ERROR 7 , AN ALARM IS TRIGGERED.

Patent FR2229975B1

DEVICE FOR MEASURING ELECTRICAL POWER OR WORK IN AN ALTERNATIVE CURRENT NETWORK

Dispositif pour la mesure de la puissance électrique ou du travail dans un réseau de courant alternatif. Les valeurs proportionnelles au courant d'utilisation IR et les valeurs proportionnelles à la tension d'utilisation UR dérivent du courant et de la tension d'utilisation et le courant d'utilisation passe par une dérivation 2 et est utilisé comme valeur, proportionnelle au courant d'utilisation IR , de la chute de tension sur cette dérivation, la chute de tension étant amplifiée par un amplificateur opérationnel 3 et amenée à l'entrée inverseuse d'un amplificateur opérationnel 9 monté en multivibrateur astable 8 de sorte que le rapport durée-intervalle des impulsions des signaux délivrés par le multivibrateur 8 change en fonction de la valeur du courant d'utilisation IR . Device for measuring electrical power or work in an alternating current network. The values proportional to the operating current IR and the values proportional to the operating voltage UR derive from the current and the operating voltage and the operating current goes through a shunt 2 and is used as a value, proportional to the current use IR, the voltage drop on this branch, the voltage drop being amplified by an operational amplifier 3 and brought to the inverting input of an operational amplifier 9 mounted as an astable multivibrator 8 so that the duration- pulse interval of the signals delivered by the multivibrator 8 changes as a function of the value of the operating current IR.

ELECTRONIC DEVICES

Dispositif électronique pour le branchement dans des circuits de distribution d'électricite produisant un signal fonction de la puissance distribuée. Il peut comprendre des bornes 14, 16 pour le branchement en serie dans un fil actif L d'un shunt détecteur du courant, une borne 18 pour le branchement à un fil de neutre d'un diviseur de tension dont l'autre extrémité est reliée au fil L, un circuit électronique effectuant la multiplication des signaux de sortie du shunt et du diviseur de tension, et une alimentation du circuit électronique également branchée entre les bornes 14 et 18, l'ensemble étant agencé pour << flotter >> électriquement avec le fil actif L et atténuer l'incidence de hautes tensions transitoires sur le circuit électronique. Application aux compteurs d'énergie électronique. Electronic device for connection to electricity distribution circuits producing a signal according to the power distributed. It can include terminals 14, 16 for connection in series in an active wire L of a current detector shunt, a terminal 18 for connection to a neutral wire of a voltage divider, the other end of which is connected. to wire L, an electronic circuit carrying out the multiplication of the output signals of the shunt and of the voltage divider, and a power supply of the electronic circuit also connected between the terminals 14 and 18, the assembly being arranged to "float" electrically with the active wire L and attenuate the incidence of high transient voltages on the electronic circuit. Application to electronic energy meters.

ELECTRONIC ELECTRICAL ENERGY METER

MARK-SPACE AMPLITUDE MODULATOR FOR DETERMINING REACTIVE POWER CONSUMPTION OR REACTIVE ENERGY

LE MODULATEUR D'AMPLITUDE MARK-SPACE CONTIENT UN MODULATEUR MARK-SPACE 1, QUI EST CONNECTE PAR L'INTERMEDIAIRE D'UN TEMPORISATEUR 2, A UNE ENTREE D'IMPULSION 10 D'UN PREMIER MODULATEUR D'IMPULSIONS EN AMPLITUDE 3 ET UN REGULATEUR 4, DONT LA PREMIERE ENTREE DE SIGNAL 11 EST CONNECTEE A LA SORTIE DU TEMPORISATEUR 2, TANDIS QUE SA DEUXIEME ENTREE DE SIGNAL 17 EST RACCORDEE A UNE DES DEUX BORNES DU MODULATEUR MARK-SPACE 1 ET QUE SA SORTIE 12 EST RACCORDEE A L'ENTREE D'HORLOGE 13 DU TEMPORISATEUR 2. CE DERNIER ET LE REGULATEUR 4 FORMENT ENSEMBLE UNE BOUCLE DE REGULATION PRODUISANT UN DEPHASAGE DE 90. THE MARK-SPACE AMPLITUDE MODULATOR CONTAINS A MARK-SPACE 1 MODULATOR, WHICH IS CONNECTED THROUGH TIMER 2, TO A 10 PULSE INPUT OF A FIRST AMPLITUDE 3 PULSE MODULATOR AND A REGULATOR 4, WHOSE FIRST SIGNAL INPUT 11 IS CONNECTED TO THE OUTPUT OF TIMER 2, WHILE ITS SECOND SIGNAL INPUT 17 IS CONNECTED TO ONE OF THE TWO TERMINALS OF THE MARK-SPACE 1 MODULATOR AND THAT ITS OUTPUT 12 IS CONNECTED TO THE INPUT CLOCK 13 OF THE TIMER 2. THE TIMER AND THE REGULATOR 4 TOGETHER FORM A REGULATION LOOP PRODUCING A PHASE OF 90.

CURRENT / PULSE CONVERTER

CONVERTISSEUR COURANTIMPULSIONS PERMETTANT LA CONVERSION SANS POTENTIEL D'UN COURANT DE MESURE I EN UN TRAIN D'IMPULSIONS PAR TRANSFORMATION LINEAIRE, DANS UN PREMIER CONVERTISSEUR COURANTCHAMP MAGNETIQUE 1, DU COURANT DE MESURE I EN UN CHAMP MAGNETIQUE DE MESURE H ET PAR COMPARAISON DU CHAMP MAGNETIQUE DE MESURE H AVEC UN CHAMP MAGNETIQUE DE REFERENCE H DANS UN COMPARATEUR DE CHAMPS MAGNETIQUES 12 EXPOSE AUX DEUX CHAMPS MAGNETIQUES, COMPARATEUR QUI EST CONSTITUE PAR UNE SOURCE DE TENSION 2, PAR UN CIRCUIT A COUCHE MINCE MAGNETORESISTIF 3 ET PAR UN CIRCUIT D'EVALUATION 11 COMPRENANT UN AMPLIFICATEUR DIFFERENTIEL 4 ET UNE BASCULE DE SCHMITT 5. L'AMPLIFICATEUR DIFFERENTIEL 4 EST COMPOSE D'UN AMPLIFICATEUR OPERATIONNEL 8, D'UNE RESISTANCE DE REACTION 9 CONNECTEE RETROACTIVEMENT A L'ENTREE D'INVERSION DE L'AMPLIFICATEUR OPERATIONNEL 8 ET D'UN CONDENSATEUR 10 ALIMENTANT LADITE ENTREE D'INVERSION. UNE SOURCE DE COURANT DE REFERENCE 7 ENGENDRE AU MOYEN D'UN COURANT DE REFERENCE I ET D'UN SECOND CONVERTISSEUR COURANTCHAMP MAGNETIQUE 6 LE CHAMP MAGNETIQUE DE REFERENCE H QUI PRESENTE, PAR EXEMPLE, UNE EVOLUTION DANS LE TEMPS DE FORME TRIANGULAIRE. APPLICATION AUX COMPTEURS ELECTRONIQUES D'ELECTRICITE. PULSE CURRENT CONVERTER ALLOWING THE CONVERSION WITHOUT POTENTIAL OF A MEASURING CURRENT I INTO A PULSE TRAIN BY LINEAR TRANSFORMATION, IN A FIRST CURRENT CONVERTER MAGNETIC FIELD 1, OF THE MEASURING CURRENT I INTO A MAGNETIC MEASUREMENT FIELD HAMP AND BY COMPARISON OF THE MAGNETIC FIELD OF MEASUREMENT H WITH A REFERENCE MAGNETIC FIELD H IN A MAGNETIC FIELD COMPARATOR 12 EXPOSED TO TWO MAGNETIC FIELDS, COMPARATOR WHICH IS CONSTITUTED BY A VOLTAGE SOURCE 2, BY A THIN-FILM MAGNETORESISTIVE CIRCUIT 3 AND BY AN EVALUATION CIRCUIT 11 INCLUDING A DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 4 AND A SCHMITT ROCKER 5. DIFFERENTIAL AMPLIFIER 4 CONSISTS OF AN OPERATING AMPLIFIER 8, A REACTION RESISTOR 9 CONNECTED RETROACTIVELY TO THE REVERSING INPUT OF ...

Patent DK466874A

Solid state watt and var transducer

A SOLID STATE WATT AND VAR TRANSDUCER ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE This application discloses a solid state high output watt transducer which utilizes the pulse width-pulse height multiplication principle and comprises digital integrated circuits for obtaining a direct current output which is pro-portioned to watts.

Measurement circuit for measurement apparatuses intended for measurements of energy in a three-phase network

ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT CONSUMPTION CONTROL DEVICE

L'invention concerne le contrôle de la consommation de plusieurs appareils électriques fonctionnant dans les mêmes conditions d'alimentation et de charge. Pour contrôler automatiquement la consommation d'un certain nombre d'appareils électriques 10 branchés en parallèle à une source d'énergie électrique 11, chaque appareil 10 est associé à un circuit comprenant un générateur d'impulsions 12, un transformateur de courant 13 et un intégrateur 14. Les signaux de sortie des intégrateurs, représentant la consommation de l'appareil associé, sont appliqués à un comparateur/enregistreur 27. Application au contrôle du fonctionnement de moteurs électriques. The invention relates to the control of the consumption of several electrical devices operating under the same supply and load conditions. To automatically control the consumption of a certain number of electrical devices 10 connected in parallel to a source of electrical energy 11, each device 10 is associated with a circuit comprising a pulse generator 12, a current transformer 13 and a integrator 14. The output signals of the integrators, representing the consumption of the associated device, are applied to a comparator / recorder 27. Application to the control of the operation of electric motors.

ELECTRONIC WATTHEUREMETER

WATTHEUREMETRE ELECTRONIQUE. L'INVENTION DECRIT UN WATTHEUREMETRE ELECTRONIQUE QUI COMPORTE UN CIRCUIT DE DETECTION QUI DETERMINE LA DIRECTION DANS LAQUELLE L'ENERGIE ELECTRIQUE CIRCULE ET UN CIRCUIT DE MODULATION DE LARGEUR D'IMPULSIONS POUR CONVERTIR UN SIGNAL ELECTRIQUE PROPORTIONNEL A LA TENSION DE CHARGE. CONFORMEMENT AU SIGNAL DE SORTIE DU CIRCUIT DETERMINANT LA DIRECTION DE CIRCULATION DE L'ENERGIE ELECTRIQUE, LA POLARITE DU SIGNAL DE SORTIE DU CIRCUIT DE MODULATION DE LARGEUR D'IMPULSIONS EST INVERSEE OU N'EST PAS INVERSEE. UN CIRCUIT DE MULTIPLICATION PRODUIT UN SIGNAL DE SORTIE REPRESENTANT LE PRODUIT DU SIGNAL ELECTRIQUE PROPORTIONNEL A LA TENSION DE CHARGE ET UN SIGNAL ELECTRIQUE PROPORTIONNEL AU COURANT DE CHARGE SOUS LA COMMANDE DU SIGNAL DE SORTIE DU CIRCUIT DE MODULATION. ELECTRONIC WATTHEUREMETER. THE INVENTION DESCRIBES AN ELECTRONIC WATTHEUREMETER WHICH INCLUDES A DETECTION CIRCUIT WHICH DETERMINES THE DIRECTION IN WHICH THE ELECTRIC ENERGY CIRCULATES AND A PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CIRCUIT FOR CONVERTING AN ELECTRIC SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOAD VOLTAGE. IN ACCORDANCE WITH THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE CIRCUIT DETERMINING THE DIRECTION OF ELECTRIC ENERGY CIRCULATION, THE POLARITY OF THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE PULSE WIDTH MODULATION CIRCUIT IS REVERSE OR NOT REVERSE. A MULTIPLICATION CIRCUIT PRODUCES AN OUTPUT SIGNAL REPRESENTING THE PRODUCT OF THE ELECTRIC SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOAD VOLTAGE AND AN ELECTRIC SIGNAL PROPORTIONAL TO THE LOAD CURRENT UNDER CONTROL OF THE OUTPUT SIGNAL OF THE MODULATION CIRCUIT.

Electronic monitoring circuit for detecting the variation in the power or current absorbed by at least one electronic circuit under test and electronic system for testing the operation of the at least one electronic circuit

It is disclosed an electronic monitoring circuit (4) for detecting a variation in the power or current absorbed by an electronic circuit (2) under test. The circuit comprises an input terminal adapted to receive a pulse-width modulation control signal (S_pwm_ctrl), a resistor (4-3) having a first terminal connected to the input terminal, and a capacitor (4-1) having a first terminal connected to a second terminal of the resistor (4-3). The output terminal is adapted to generate an output signal (S_∆T) as a function of the value of the voltage drop at the ends of the capacitor, said output signal (S_∆T) being representative of a variation (ΔT+, ΔT-) of the pulse width of the pulse-width modulation control signal (S_pwm_ctrl), wherein said variation of the pulse width is a function of the power or current absorbed by the electronic circuit under test.

C-MOS electronic kWh meter and method for metering electrical energy

Metering kWh in an electrical system is accomplished by generating pairs of analog signals, representing current and voltage variables. Each pair of analog signals is multiplied together in a direct pulse-width conversion in a time-division multiplier network. A constant amplitude triangular generator is associated with the multiplier and the multiplier is implemented using C-MOS technology. A separate direct pulse-width multiplier network is provided for multiplying without introducing any phase shift each of the pairs of analog signals to form a series of width and amplitude-modulated pulse signals. The series of modulated pulse signals is converted in, for example, a low-pass filter to a signal having an amplitude representative of average power. For polyphase systems, the signals delivered from each of the multiplier channels are summed at the low-pass filter. An analog-to-pulse rate converter is used for converting the signal representing average power to another series of output pulse signals having a variable signal repetition rate proportional to average power, each output pulse signal representing a quantized amount of electrical energy. A stepping switch and register perform conventional accumulation, storage and display functions in response to the series of output pulse signals delivered thereto.

Patent CH677037A5

Patent FR2186649B1

Method and apparatus for measuring true transmitted power using a broadband dual directional coupler

A dual-directional coupler for measuring true RF power apparent at a radiating element. Incident and reflected power are detected by a pair of detectors. The difference between the two detected voltages is amplified by a differential amplifier to generate a voltage proportional to the true transmitted power.

Electronic wattmeter

An electronic wattmeter (transducer) to measure the average power to a load or on an electric power line includes a current transformer, a voltage transformer and a power transformer, the primary coil of each transformer being connected to the power line. The secondary coil of the current transformer is connected to a modulator so that changes in current vary the duty cycle, i.e., zero crossings, of a duty cycle modulator-oscillator. The modulator and the secondary of the voltage transformer are connected to an electronic switch whose switchings are controlled by the zero crossings of the oscllator's pulses whose output is a pulse train in which the pulses vary in width dependent upon current and vary in amplitude dependent upon voltage. The switch is connected to a filter whose output is a d.c. voltage which is proportional to the average electric power on the line.

Power detector and method for detecting power

A circuit and method are provided for detecting a power of a signal amplified in a power amplifier. A diode and a voltage bias source are used to shift a voltage of the signal taken at a base of an amplifying transistor of the power amplifier, to generate a positive signal. The positive signal is provided to a base input of an emitter follower exhibiting high input impedance to generate a power detector output which follows the positive signal.

HVAC system with automated blower capacity dehumidification, a HVAC controller therefor and a method of operation thereof

An HVAC controller, a method of operating a HVAC unit and a HVAC system are disclosed herein. In one embodiment, the HVAC controller includes: (1) an interface configured to receive both a latent cooling demand and a sensible cooling demand and (2) a processor configured to direct both a dehumidification function and a cooling function when simultaneously processing both the latent cooling demand and the sensible cooling demand, the dehumidification function based on an operating capacity of an indoor air blower system.

Electronic watt-hour meter

An electronic watthour meter for connection in a two-wire power distribution circuit comprises a shunt connected in one of the wires and an electronic circuit comprising a transconductance multiplier, a V to F converter and a reversible counter. The DC power supply of the electronic circuit is referred to the wire containing the shunt, which wire is always live, so that the electronic circuit "floats" electrically on this live wire. The first input of the multiplier can therefore be directly connected across the shunt, and the second input is connected via a high value resistance to the other wire so as to receive an input current representative of the voltage between the wires. To eliminate the effects of drift in the multiplier, the polarity of the input current to the multiplier and the direction of counting of the counter are periodically and simultaneously reversed by a square wave signal of 1:1 mark space ratio. The electronic circuit is implemented using LSI techniques.

Multiplier, divider and wattmeter using a switching circuit and a pulse-width and frequency modulator

In the switching circuit, the output signal from a high-gain differential amplifier is caused to reverse polarity by means of the switching of a pair of field-effect transistors. A resistor is connected in series with the inverting lead of the differential amplifier, and a signal source is connected to the resistor at an input terminal. The field-effect transistors are used to connect the non-inverting lead of the differential amplifier alternately between the input terminal and ground. This causes the amplifier output to reverse polarity, and thus provides a very accurate, low-offset means of switching the output of the amplifier. The switching circuit is used in a modulator which permits output pulses to be modulated in width and/or frequency. The reversible output signals of the switching circuit are added to the modulating input signal and the sum is integrated. A level detector changes the polarity of its output voltage whenever the output of the integrator reaches either of two fixed levels. The output of the level detector is used to drive the field-effect transistors to control the switching of the output of the differential amplifier. Such a pulse-width modulator is used to drive a pulse-height modulator so as to form a multiplier. The multiplier can be used to great advantage as a wattmeter by supplying load current and voltage signals to the pulse-width and pulse-height modulators so as to multiply the load current and voltage by one another. The same device can be used as a divider by holding either one input to the pulse-width modulator or the input to the pulse-height modulator constant, while allowing the other of those inputs to be variable and the input to the switching circuit to be the other variable.

System, method, and article of manufacture for determining parameter values associated with an electrical grid

A system, method, and article of manufacture for determining parameter values associated with an electrical grid in accordance with an exemplary embodiment is provided. The electrical grid has a point of interconnection where the electrical grid is electrically coupled to a power source. The method includes measuring real power at the point of interconnection of the electrical grid to obtain a plurality of real power values. The method further includes measuring reactive power at the point of interconnection of the electrical grid to obtain a plurality of reactive power values. The method further includes measuring a voltage at the point of interconnection of the electrical grid to obtain a plurality of voltage values. The method further includes estimating at least one parameter value associated with the electrical grid utilizing the plurality of real power values, the plurality of reactive power values, and the plurality of voltage values, and a mathematical estimation technique.

Signal generating device, measuring device, electric leakage detecting device and signal generating method

本发明提供信号生成装置、测定装置、漏电检测装置及信号生成方法，其不进行相位差的矢量计算，同时容易地且短时间地测定并自动地输出输入电流值I、经过相位转换的电流值Icosθ及Isinθ以及稳定的泄漏电流。本发明的实施方式涉及的信号生成装置的特征在于，通过第1及第2比较器对被测定电路的电压波形及电流波形各自生成逻辑信号，并设定参数，同时全波整流电流波形，利用连续型ΔΣADC对经全波整流后的所述电流波形进行量子化转换。

Power measurement device

A power measurement device for sampling current or voltage signals of a power system to produce a 1-bit delta-sigma bitstream. The power measurement device includes a frequency locked loop for determining the power system frequency directly from the -bit delta-sigma bitstream. The frequency locked loop includes a 1-bit rotate CORDIC that is configured to produce difference signals having a multi-bit word for each bit of the 1-bit delta-sigma bitstream, and a phase error calculator that determines the difference between the phase of the power system frequency and a phase ramp generated from a frequency measurement value in a frequency register. The phase error calculator feeds back a phase correction signal to the frequency register to lock the frequency measurement value to the power system frequency.

RF power measurement with bi-directional bridge

A bi-directional bridge includes a forward bridge portion, and reverse bridge portion and a shared portion that enables the simultaneous measurement of power flowing in both directions while reducing insertion losses, providing better impedance matching and/or providing improved directionality. In some embodiments, additional attenuation is provided to reduce the common mode rejection requirements of detectors used with the bridge. In other embodiments, multi-tap attenuators and steering circuits may be integrated into the forward and/or reverse bridge portions to reduce common mode signal levels while still maintaining high levels of sensitivity for measuring small input signals.

Patent JPS6037005Y2

Patent FR2356151B1

Outdoor fan and indoor blower controller for heating, ventilation and air conditioning system and method of operation thereof

An HVAC controller, a method of operating an HVAC controller and an HVAC system employing the controller or the method. In one embodiment, the HVAC controller includes: (1) a processor couplable to at least two refrigerant pressure sensors via separate data paths to receive input signals therefrom and further couplable to a compressor stage and a condenser fan to provide output signals thereto and (2) memory coupled to the processor and configured to store a software program capable of causing the processor to command the compressor stage and the condenser fan to turn on irrespective of a state of an input signal generated by either of the at least two refrigerant pressure sensors and generate alternative error messages at least partially depending upon whether or not a high pressure shutdown occurs after the processor commands the compressor stage and the fan to turn on.

Electrostatic encoder

提供根据配置于定子(41)及转子(42)的电极间的静电电容的变化来高精度检测转子的旋转角的静电编码器(40)。本发明所涉及的静电编码器使配置于定子(41)的检测电极(44a～44d)及发送电极(45a～45d)沿着圆周方向交替配置。通过交替配置发送电极及检测电极，从相邻的检测电极输出根据转子(42)的旋转而进行振幅调制并具有90°的相位差的检测信号(A相，B相)。将这些具有90°的相位差的检测信号解调，生成调制信号(V1，V2)。对这些调制信号应用旋转变压器数字(RD)转换处理，求出转子的旋转角。由于发送电极及检测电极交替配置，因此，能够抑制调制信号的位移的偏离，并且减少检测电极的数目，实现静电编码器的小型化。

Power demand computer

Outdoor fan and indoor blower controller for heating, ventilation and air conditioning system and method of operation thereof

An HVAC controller, a method of operating an HVAC controller and an HVAC system employing the controller or the method. In one embodiment, the HVAC controller includes: (1) a processor couplable to at least two refrigerant pressure sensors via separate data paths to receive input signals therefrom and further couplable to a compressor stage and a condenser fan to provide output signals thereto, and (2) memory coupled to the processor and storing a software program having program instructions capable of causing the processor to command the compressor stage or the condenser fan to turn on irrespective of a state of an input signal generated by either of the at least two refrigerant pressure sensors, and generate an error message at least partially depending upon whether or not a high pressure shutdown occurs after the processor commands the compressor stage or the fan to turn on.

Electronic kwh meter having internal power supply and error correction system

ABSTRACT OF THE DISCLOSURE Metering kWh is an electrical system is accomplished by generating pairs of analog signals representing current and voltage variables. A comparator compares an analog signal which is proportional to the voltage in the system with a relatively high frequency triangular waveform. The Output of the comparator, which is a pulse-width modulated signal having a pulse duration proportional to the ampli-tude of the voltage in the system, is multiplied by a signal which is proportional to the current in the system. The output of the multiplier is integrated to thereby provide a signal which is proportional to the energy consumed in the system. The output of the integrator is converted to a pulse train having each pulse proportional to the kilowatt hours consumed in the electrical system. A mechanical accumulation and display means records the total energy consumed and is driven in response to the output of the analog-to-pulse rate converter. The pulse output of the converter closes a switch which couples a relatively large amount of current to a motor winding which advances the mechanical display. Power for the active elements in the system, including the drive for the mechanical display, is derived from the system being measured by means of an internally provided power supply. Error correction is provided by means of a switching means which reverses the phase of the triangular wave-form and the first analog signal by reversing the con-nections of these signals to the comparator.

ANALOG MULTIPLICATION DEVICE

Electronic watt hour meter

A method of measuring a selected unit of energy such as a watt hour comprising the steps of measuring the current flowing through a load, measuring the voltage across the load, generating a first series of periodic pulses related in width to the rms value of the current measured and related in amplitude to the rms value of the voltage measured, integrating the first series of pulses, and generating a second series of pulses related in number to the integral by generating a pulse each time that a capacitor is charged from the integrated signal to a predetermined voltage. The range of measurement is extended by modifying the method so that the first series of pulses are not directly integrated but rather are first converted to a second series of pulses from a constant current source which second series of pulses are integrated. The invention also relates to the electronic circuitry of a watt hour meter including means for generating a series of pulses having a width directly related to the measured current, means for multiplying the series of pulses representing the measured current and the unknown voltage, means for integrating the multiplied signal, and means for developing a series of pulses related in number to the integral by generating a pulse each time that a capacitor is charged from the integrated signal to a predetermined value.

Electronic watt-hour meter with up and down integration for error correction

An electronic watthour meter employs a first analog signal representing either a load current or voltage to pulse-width-modulate a second analog signal representing the other of the load current or voltage. The resulting signal contains a DC component proportional to the product of current and voltage. AC components are removed from the product signal in an integrator before applying the DC component to a threshold circuit. The threshold circuit alternates its output between positive and negative values each time the DC component of the product signal passes through a predetermined positive and negative value. This pulsed signal is transmitted to a register for integrating the energy usage. A pulse-width modulator produces a constant-frequency pulsed output whose positive and negative alternations have lengths which are proportional to the line signal it receives. At each alternation of the pulsed signal, the output of the pulse-width modulator alternates between a direct and an inverted signal. Thus, integration is driven in alternate directions, whereby offset signals of active circuits are balanced out.

Air transmission power detector and method

本发明提供空中传输OTA功率探测器(1,20,50)，其用于测量具有至少两种不同极化的无线信号(2,21)的功率，其包括：用于每种极化的第一功率探测器(3,4,22,23,51,52)，每个功率探测器包括用于检测无线信号(2,21)的信号检测器(5,6,25,26,27)，其中信号检测器(5,6,25,26,27)是单极化的，并且信号检测器(5,6,25,26,27)的极化面(7,8,28–30)设置为彼此成大于0°的角度，信号检测器(5,6,25,26,27)的主辐射矢量(9,10,31–33)彼此平行，第一功率探测器(3,4,22,23,51,52)各自包括功率测量装置(11,12,43–45)，功率测量装置(11,12,43–45)被配置为测量所检测到的无线信号(2,21)的功率并输出相应的测量信号(13,14,46–48,55–58)。此外，本发明提供了一种相应的方法。

ELECTRONIC ENERGY METER.

Watthour meter with temperature compensation for wye connected systems

A watthour meter, preferably for a wye connected load, includes a current transformer for sensing the load current, a resistive voltage divider network for sensing the line voltage, and a measuring circuit for calculating the AC electrical energy consumption of the load based on the sensed load current and line voltage. The load consumption calculations are performed using a Mark-Space oscillator and amplitude modulator in the watt transducer chip. Reduced voltage from the resistive voltage divider network is fed into the input junction of the Mark-Space oscillator. A feedback resistor is connected from the output junction to the input junction of the oscillator. The feedback resistor and the voltage divider network are mounted on the same thermally conductive substrate so that each are subject to the same thermal effects. Thus, any change, due to thermal effects, in the current through the voltage divider network seen at the input junction to the Mark-Space oscillator are compensated by a current change through the feedback line due to thermal effects on the feedback resistor. The watthour meter also includes a electronic register that receives the load consumption information from the watt transducer chip. The register is electrically isolated from the watt transducer chip and, therefore, from the voltage divider network, by an opto-isolator to reduce the possibility of electrical shock at the register. Power is provided to the watt transducer chip and the electronic register from the split secondary coils of a power transformer.

Transformerless kilowatthour meter for an electrical power line

This invention is an electronic kilowatthour meter with a time-division multiplier, wherein a proportional first current is derived from the load voltage without a voltage transformer and a proportional second current is derived by means of an inverting amplifier, with a polarity opposite to that of the first current and instantaneous values halved as compared to the first current, and that the first current is added to the second current in one of two switching conditions by means of a switch which is operated by a pulse width-frequency modulator controlled by the load current, so that the average value of the sum current is proportional to the product of the load current and the load voltage.

Electrical power measurement method, e.g. for use in a power calculation engine for measuring three phase power outputs, employs delta signal modulators, low pass digital filters, multiplication and summation steps

Method for determining electrical power values using an analogue to digital converter, whereby a first measurement value (a) from a first delta signal modulator (MA) is converted into a bit-stream (Ba) that is filtered through a digital low pass filter to form a value sequence. A second measurement value (b) is passed through a similar processing path, while being delayed by a filter time characteristic before being multiplied by a filter value and summed in an accumulator (S). An independent claim is made for a method for determining electrical effective values using an analogue to digital converter. The invention also relates to a corresponding device.

Electronic device

A circuit for measuring the power supplied by a voltage source supplying a sine-shaped voltage by averaging the multiplication of the instantaneous value of the current supplied by the voltage source and a square-wave that is synchronized with the sine-shaped voltage, and by multiplying the result by the actual value of the voltage.

Power consumption meter

ELECTRONIC KILOWATURE METER.

Zero bias power detector

Logarithmic mean-square power detector

A mean square power detector in accordance with one or more embodiments includes a gain or attenuation circuit comprising a plurality of gain or attenuation elements arranged for generating a plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of a radio frequency (RF) input signal. The mean square power detector also includes a plurality of mean square detectors coupled to the gain or attenuation circuit. Each of the mean square detectors receives a different one of the plurality of amplified or attenuated versions of the RF input signal. Each of the plurality of mean square detectors generates an output signal representative of the mean square power of the RF input signal for a different input signal level range. A summing element is coupled to the plurality of mean square detectors for combining the output signals of the plurality of mean square detectors to generate a signal representative of the mean square or root mean square of the RF input signal.

Electronic circuit for measuring electrical energy

21 50,874 ABSTRACT OF THE INVENTION A shift register is utilized to provide a 90° delay in a pulse width modulated current signal, to deter-mine volt-amperes reactive. The shift register is asso-ciated with a clock that provides a preselected frequency that, in combination with the number of stages in the shift register, delays the pulse width modulated current signal by an amount equivalent to one-quarter period of the current waveform in the metered circuit. After delaying the pulse width modulated signal by 90°, the shifted signal is multiplied by a voltage signal that represents the voltage in the metered circuit and the resulting product signal is input to a voltage-to-frequency converter.

Electrical activity sensor device for detecting electrical activity and electrical activity monitoring apparatus

전기 디바이스의 전기적 상태를 모니터링하기 위한 전기적 활동 센서 디바이스는 전력 공급 네트워크로부터 전기 디바이스에 전력을 공급하기 위한 전력 케이블을 포함하고, 전력 케이블에는 전기 디바이스가 전력 상태들 사이에서 스위칭되는 것을 가능하게 하는 인라인 스위치가 설비되어 있으며, 안테나 소자는 식별 데이터를 전력 케이블에 전달하도록 동작 가능하며, 전력 케이블은 전기 디바이스가 스위칭 온될 때 식별 데이터를 케이블에 부착된 센서 디바이스로부터 판독기 디바이스에 무선으로 전송하기 위한 안테나로서 동작하도록 동작가능하다.

Electric power to dc signal converter

Patent CH618519A5

Patent JPS5017682A

Electronic watt-hour meter with combined multiplier/integrator circuit

Abstract of the Disclosure An electronic watt-hour meter includes multiplier/integrator circuit which performs "pulse height-pulse widths" multiplication of current and voltage and simultaneously integrates the product of this multiplication to generate packets of electrical charge representative of the electrical energy consumed. A first set of switches alternately, at one-half the frequency of a pulse width modulated (PWM) signal having a duty cycle proportional to the current, connects one of a pair of capacitors to be charged by the voltage signal, and the other capacitor to dump charge into an accumulator. When charge in the accumulator reaches a preset value, a pulse is generated representing a predetermined unit of energy. When the first capacitor is connected to the voltage signal by the first set of switches, a second set of switches applies the voltage to the first capacitor in one sense when the PWM signal has one value and in the opposite sense when the PWM signal has a second value. Similarly, a third set of switches alternates the polarity in which the voltage signal is applied to the second capacitor as a function of the value of the PWM signal. The second and third sets of switches also determine the polarity of charge transferred to the accumulating means from the first and second capacitors respectively in response to a polarity signal which indicates the direction of integration of charge by the accumulating means.

ELECTRONIC ELECTRICAL ENERGY COUNTER

L'INVENTION CONCERNE UN COMPTEUR ELECTRONIQUE D'ENERGIE ELECTRIQUE. CELUI-CI COMPREND UN TRANSFORMATEUR DE TENSION 30, UN TRANSFORMATEUR DE COURANT 40, UN CIRCUIT 32 DE MODULATION EN LARGEUR D'IMPULSION, UN CIRCUIT RETARDATEUR 36, UN CIRCUIT 42 DE FIXATION DE RETARD, UN CIRCUIT 48 DE MULTIPLICATION, UN CIRCUIT D'INTEGRATION 52, UN CIRCUIT DE TRAITEMENT 62 ET UN CIRCUIT D'AFFICHAGE 38. SELON LA FIXATION DU RETARD, LE COMPTEUR MESURE L'ENERGIE APPARENTE, L'ENERGIE EFFICACE OU L'ENERGIE REACTIVE.