A process for the preparation of natural salt formulations for sseawater substitution, mineral fortification

Externally heated microwave plasma gasifier and synthesis gas production method

Algae growth for biofuels

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

SOLAR WATER HEATING AUXILIARY HEAT STORAGE DEVICE AND POWER PLANT BOILER SOLAR WATER HEATING SUPPLY SYSTEM FORMED THEREOF

Biogas generator

Externally heated microwave plasma gasifier and synthesis gas production method

A process for the preparation of natural salt formulations for sseawater substitution, mineral fortification

A process for the preparation of natural salt formulations for sseawater substitution, mineral fortification

Algae growth for biofuels.

Solar power equipment for the industrial processing of various materials through the utilization of solar energy

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

Biogas generator

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

Solar power equipment for the industrial processing of various materials through the utilization of solar energy

Algae growth for biofuels

Solar power equipment for the industrial processing of various materials through the utilization of solar energy

Externally heated microwave plasma gasifier and synthesis gas production method

Algae growth for biofuels

Biogas generator

SOLAR WATER HEATING AUXILIARY HEAT STORAGE DEVICE AND POWER PLANT BOILER SOLAR WATER HEATING SUPPLY SYSTEM FORMED THEREOF

PROCEDURE AND DEVICE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF METHANOL USING THE BIOMASS MATERIAL

CATALYTIC GROWTH OF EINWANDIGEN CARBON NANO-TUBES FROM METAL PARTICLES

PHOTOCHEMICAL DIODES

METHOD FOR THE ELECTROCHEMICAL CONVERSION OF A QUADRICYCLANE TO A NORBORNADIENE

... of the Invention A method based on a cyclic single electron transfer mechanism has been developed for the electrochemical initiation and interruption of the exothermic quadricyclane to norbornadiene conversion. The method includes the following steps: (a) forming an electroconductive solution comprising said quadricyclane and a neutral carrier oxidant compound in a solvent; (b) oxidizing said carrier oxidant compound to the corresponding cation radical of the oxidant compound by the application of an anodic potential to said solution; (c) oxidizing said quadricyclane to the corresponding quadricyclane cation radical by means of a single electron transfer from said quadricyclane to the cation radical of the oxidant compound, wherein the quadricyclane cation radical spontaneously isomerizes to the norbornadiene cation radical with the liberation of thermal energy; and (d) reducing the norbornadiene cation radical to the corresponding norbornadiene with the liberation of thermal energy, the ...

HYDROGEN GAS GENERATION UTILIZING A BROMIDE ELECTROLYTE AND RADIANT ENERGY

LIQUID JUNCTION PHOTOELECTRODES USING AMORPHOUS SILICON-BASED THIN FILM SEMICONDUCTOR

PHOTOELECTROLYSIS OF WATER BY SOLAR RADIATION

HYDROGEN PRODUCTION MICROELECTRODE OPTICAL FIBER, OPTICAL CABLE, AND HYDROGEN PRODUCTION DEVICE FOR LIGHT SUPPLEMENTARY ELECTROLYSIS OF WATER

A hydrogen production microelectrode optical fiber (1), optical cable (11), and hydrogen production device for light supplementary electrolysis of water. The microelectrode optical fiber (1) comprises a light guide core (2). The light guide core (2) has at least a first light guide section (A) and a second light guide section (B); in the first light guide section (A), the light guide core (2) is sequentially provided with a light absorption layer (3), an inner electrode layer (4), an insulating layer (5), a void layer (6), a proton exchange membrane (8) and an outer electrode layer (9) from inside to outside; and in the second light guide section (B), the light guide core (2) is provided with a conductive layer (10) that is connected with the inner electrode layer (4). The hydrogen production optical cable (11) comprises a protective casing (12) and microelectrode optical fibers (1) that are encapsulated and bundled therein. The hydrogen production device comprises an electrolyte bath ( ...

DIODE FUER THE TRANSFORMATION OF PHOTON ENERGY INTO ELECTRO-CHEMICAL ENERGY AND USES OF SUCH IN DEVICES FOR ENERGY CONVERSION.

PROCEDURE FOR the ACCUMULATION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY WITH STOCCAGGIO OF ALKALINE METALS IN ORDER TO PRODUCE to THERMAL ELECTRIC POWER OR BY MEANS OF RECONVERSION.

PRODUCT TO BE USED AS A PHOTOCATALYST, PROCESS FOR THE PREPARATION OF THE PRODUCT AND ITS USAGE.

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN GAS USING BROMIDE ELECTROLYTES AND OF RADIATION ENERGY.

Solar energy utilisation device - has polygonal shell body with inner body above reflector trough formed out of same polygon with solar energy converters inside

The device has at least one outer shell body (11) and at least one inner body (40) held in this, which are formed from a regular polygon. The shell body has at least one opening (12,13) for the entry of solar radiation. The shell body is located above a reflector trough (20) directed towards the sun and this trough is formed out of the same polygon as the shell body and the inner body. Devices are present which convert solar energy concentrated in the shell body and pass it further on to a consumer. At least one further hollow body is located between the shell body and the inner body. It is designed to be concentric to, and spaced away from, the bodies and has the same polygon shape as them.

Systemic plant protection procedure as a check of Mykosen, Bakteriosen and Virosen by means of injector technology and neutral elektrolysiertem mineral water as biocide.

Die Erfindung betrifft ein neues systemisches Pflanzenschutz-Verfahren, mit in mineralsalzhaltigem, Pflanzennährstoff-reichem Wasser, elektrolytisch erzeugten, oxidativen Radikalen als systemisches Biozid, abgefüllt in einer unter Druck stehenden Spritzampulle oder in einem Handinjektions-Apparat, oder in andere Spritzentypen integrierte speziell angewandte Technologie zur Durchführung des Injektions-Verfahrens ins Phloem einer Pflanze, Strauch oder Baum. Das systemisch wirkende Pflanzenschutzverfahren zur Elimination von Bakterien, Viren, Pilzen und Hefen beinhaltet folgende Applikations-Schritte: 1. Herstellung der bioziden oxidativen Radikale und Trennung der Wasser-Molekül-Cluster auf 23 Moleküle in wässeriger, mineralsalzhaltiger Nährlösung mittels Elektrolyse. 2. Druck-AbfülIen der Injektions-Ampullen, Handinjektoren etc. mit elektrolysierter pflanzenphysiologischer Nährlösung und bioziden Oxidativen Radikalen mit Druckgasen, Stickstoff, CO 2 und/oder Argon auf Abfüll-Station. 3.

METHOD FOR SYNTHESIS OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS FROM CARBON DIOXIDE

COUNTERCURRENT GASIFICATION USING SYNTHESIS GAS AS THE WORKING MEDIUM

CULTIVATION OF SEAWEEDS FOR

Oxygen-doped II-VI semiconductor material, thin-film and prepared solar energy battery

The invention provides an oxygen-doped II-VI semiconductor material, thin-film and prepared solar energy battery. The invention validates that: the II-VI semiconductor material, such as ZnTe, ZnSe or ZnTel-xSex(0 Подробнее

Cultivation method of hotbed chives

Solar hydrogen supply system

Device for solar heating boiling process salt separation of water

Solar energy decomposition water hydrogen plant

Control system based on solar photovoltaic water electrolysis hydrogen

Integrated solar energy high-pressure hydrogen and battery charging system

Device for improving baysalt yield by solar energy and wind energy and application thereof

The invention belongs to the technical field of ecological engineering, in particular to a device for improving the baysalt yield by solar energy and wind energy and application thereof. The device of the invention consists of three parts: a hanging system of a brine spreading distribution system, a brine spreading distribution and evaporation system and a timing brine conveying system. When the invention is used, the effective evaporation area of a brine tank can be greatly improved, the utilization rate of the wind energy and the solar energy can be improved, and the salt preparation and brine preparation efficiency can be improved. The invention can be used in brine preparation and salt preparation industry.

Method for promoting root growth of Radix Astragali

Auricularia polytricha culture medium and preparation method thereof

Selenium fertilization method and cultivation method of fructus cannabis

Preparation method of CuInSe2 with a chalcopyrite structure and CuIn1-xGazSe2 nano particles

Based on oxygen permeable film comprehensive utilization of solar energy utilization system

Seawater desalination salt collecting device

Fuel manufacturing system

A coupling CO

Er<3+>:Yb0.20Y2.80Al5N0.10F0.10O11.80/Pt-TiO2 photocatalyst and application thereof to preparation of hydrogen by splitting water under photocatalysis

PROCESS AND INSTALLATION OF DISSOCIATION Of WATER BY THERMOLYSIS

PHOTOCATALYTIC CONVERSION METHOD BY TRANSFORMING SOLAR RADIATION IRRADIATION ADAPTED FOR THE ACTIVATION OF THE PHOTOCATALYST.

SYSTEMS FOR ON-DEMAND PRODUCTION OF POWER AS A SINGLE SOURCE OR SUPPORTING OTHER ENERGY SOURCES IN THE FIELD OF TRANSPORT AND HOUSING.

PROCESS AND DEVICE OF PHOTOELECTROLYSE OF WATER BY THE SOLAR RADIATION

Hydrogen and oxygen prodn. as energy sources - includes mfr. of calcium hydride and sodium peroxide at tropical solar sites

Process of reprocessing of the waste sulphuric acid

L'invention concerne un procédé de retraitement de l'acide sulfurique résiduaire. Selon ce procédé pour le retraitement d'acide sulfurique résiduaire par décomposition d'impuretés organiques au moyen d'une énergie lumineuse d'une source de lumière (1), on fait agir, sur l'acide sulfurique résiduaire, un rayonnement intense possédant une intensité d'irradiation située dans la gamme de 0,01 à 100 MW/m2 à une température accrue dans la gamme de 200 à 1500degré C, dans une chambre de réaction (4) agencée sous la forme d'un récepteur réalisant une absorption directe, éventuellement moyennant une dissociation de la molécule d'acide sulfurique en bioxyde de soufre, oxygène et eau. Application notamment dans l'industrie chimique et dans le domaine du raffinage d'huiles minérales.

PROCEEDED OF CARBONACEOUS MATTER CONVERSION INCLUDING/UNDERSTANDING TWO STAGES OF LIQUEFACTION INTO BED BUBBLING IN THE PRESENCE OF HYDROGEN RESULTING FROM NONFOSSIL RESOURCES

Un procédé de conversion de matière carbonée en bases carburants comportant deux étapes de liquéfaction en présence d'hydrogène dans un réacteur à lit bouillonnant contenant un catalyseur supporté et intégrant une étape de production d'hydrogène issu de ressources non fossiles, non émettrices de CO2. L'étape de production d'hydrogène comprend la gazéification de la biomasse et/ou la décomposition de l'eau, de l'acide chlorhydrique, du chlorure d'hydrogène ou de l'hydrogène sulfuré par des procédés thermiques, électrolytiques, chimiques ou biologiques. L'hydrogène ainsi produit est envoyé dans au moins une des étapes de liquéfaction.

A METHOD FOR REMOVING IMPURITIES OF LITHIUM TRANSTION METAL OXIDE

METHOD USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS TO PRODUCE A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM BIOMASS OR FOSSIL COAL

DEVICE FOR CONVERSION OF SOLAR ENERGY; E COMBINATION OF SOLAR PANEL

SEMICONDUCTOR PHOTOCELL HAVING FUNCTION OF FUEL CELL

PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM SOLAR RADIATION WITH HIGH EFFICIENCY

IMPROVED PYROLI CONVERSION OF ORGANIC EMPLOYMENT AND WASTE

PROCEDURE FOR THE CONVERSION OF CARBON CONTAINING MATERIAL, PROCEDURE FOR THE ENTERPRISE OF A GAS CELL PILE AND GAS CELL

PROCEDURE FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN UNDER STORAGE OF SOLAR ENERGY

MODULAR, NET-FREE POWER STATION

ELECTROLYSIS APPARATUS FOR THE PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN

Producing fuels and biofertilizers from biomass

An IBTL system having a low GHG footprint for converting biomass to liquid fuels in which a biomass feed is converted to liquids by direct liquefaction and the liquids are upgraded to produce premium fuels. Biomass residues from the direct liquefaction, and optionally additional biomass is pyrolyzed to produce structured biochar, hydrogen for the liquefaction and upgrading, and CO ...

Concentrated sunlight heat receiver, reactor, and heater

Provided are a heat receiver, a reactor, and a heater that can use sunlight heat obtained by concentrating sunlight, such that the thermolysis and/or chemical reaction of coal, etc., can be efficiently carried out. The heat receiver includes: a side portion (11) forming a substantially cylindrical side surface; a substantially circular bottom portion (12) forming a bottom surface connected to the lower edge of the side portion (11); and a ceiling portion (13) forming a ceiling surface connected to the upper edge of the side portion (11). A substantially circular opening portion (14) is formed at the center of the ceiling portion (13). The heat receiver has a substantially cylindrical cavity (15) while the opening portion (14) is open. When the cavity (15) has a diameter of D and a length of L and the opening portion (14) has a diameter of d, d = D/2 or less and L = 2D or more. Concentrated sunlight that has come into the heat receiver (1) is contained in the heat receiver (1), so that the ...

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

An aircraft comprising a hydrogen-containing envelope, a water-collection system for collecting water from the envelope, an electrolyser to convert the water collected using the water-collection system into hydrogen, and a hydrogen- replenishment system for replenishing the envelope with hydrogen generated using the electrolyser. In one embodiment, generated hydrogen is also supplied to a hydrogen-fuelled propulsion system for propulsion of the aircraft.

PHOTOCHEMICAL PRODUCTION OF HYDROGEN FROM HYDROGEN SULFIDE

METHOD USING SOLAR ENERGY, MICROWAVES AND PLASMAS FOR PRODUCING A LIQUID FUEL AND HYDROGEN FROM A BIOMASS OR FOSSIL COAL

Cette invention consiste en un système permettant d'utiliser l'énergie thermique (calorifique) d'origine solaire couplée à des micro-ondes et des plasmas pour produire principalement du monoxyde de carbone (CO), du dihydrogène H2 à partir de composés carbonés (biomasse, ordures ménagères, boues provenant des eaux usées, charbon fossile), le mélange gazeux obtenu permet entre autres de produire des carburants de types hydrocarbures (oléfines paraffines), esters, alcools par une synthèse Fischer-Tropsch. L'invention permet dans une première étape la torréfaction et la pyrolyse de composés carbonés, afin de produire d'une part, du char ou du charbon sec et un mélange de gaz surchauffés contenant principalement du CO2, de la vapeur eau, des goudrons et des matières volatiles incondensables; dans une deuxième étape, à partir des produits de la pyrolyse (char ou charbon, mélange de gaz), le procédé permet de produire un syngaz,composé principalement d'un mélange de monoxyde de carbone et de dihydrogène ...

PLANT FOR ELECTROLYSIS OF

METHOD OF PREPARING SILICON CARBIDE OF HIGH PURITY FROM HYDROCARBONS AND SILICON OXIDE WITH THE HELP OF CALCINATION

PROCESS FOR THE EXTRACTION OF HYDROCARBONS FROM OIL SANDS AND OIL SHALE

HETEROMETALLIC COMPLEX (H3O)2[Co(H2O)5(β-HAla)]2[V10O28]?2H2O (β-HAla IS ALANINE) AND ITS APPLICATION AS A WATER OXIDATION CATALYST

METHOD AND SYSTEM OF ALGAE GROWTH FOR BIOFUELS

PHOTOELECTRIC SYSTEM GENERATION OF ELECTRIC POWER AND RELATED TO THE METHODS IT

Method for recycling aluminum and silver from waste crystalline silicon solar cell

Novel electrolysis ammonia production device

Solar auxiliary heating high-temperature rapid fermentation system

Novel solar airconditioning device

Solar energy humidification adds oxygen device and building

Solar energy fermentation canopy

Vehicle-mounted solar oxygen supply device

Ganoderma culture medium and preparation method thereof

Fermentation method of flammulina velutiper residues

Solar energy storage method and device for biomass gasification energy storage

A quaternity methane fermentation device and method

Upconversion UV (ultraviolet) luminescent material of broadband spectral adsorption and application thereof

STEAM REFORMERS, MODULES, AND METHODS OF USE

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate. 1. A reactor module , comprising: a catalyst bed disposed within the cavity to receive heat conducted by the thermally conductive shell, the catalyst bed comprising at least one reforming catalyst;', 'a first channel configured to provide a reactant stream to at least a portion of the catalyst bed;', 'a second channel configured to receive a product stream from at least a portion of the catalyst bed, and', 'a partition wall interposed between at least a portion of the first channel and at least a portion of the second channel through which heat is exchanged between at least a portion of the product stream and at least a portion of the reactant stream;, 'a thermally conductive shell having a ...

Systems and methods for converting biomass to biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction

Systems and processes of providing novel thermal energy sources for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reactors are described herein. According to various implementations, the systems and processes use concentrated solar thermal energy from a focused high-energy beam to provide sufficient energy for driving the HTL biomass-to-biocrude process. In addition, other implementations convert biowaste, such as municipal biosolids and grease and food waste, to biocrude using anaerobic digesters, and a portion of the biogas generated by the digesters is used to produce the thermal and/or electrical energy used in the HTL reactor for the biomass-to-biocrude process. Furthermore, alternative implementations may include a hybrid system that uses biogas and solar radiation to provide sufficient thermal energy for the HTL reactor.

METHODS FOR FUEL CONVERSION

In one embodiment described herein, fuel may be converted into syngas by a method comprising feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another, reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides, transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor, regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor, and recycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas. The composite metal oxides may be solid particles comprising a primary metal oxide and a secondary metal oxide. 1. A method for converting carbonaceous fuel into syngas , the method comprising:feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor having a top and a bottom, wherein the fuel and the composite metal oxides are fed into the top of the reduction reactor, whereupon the composite metal oxides form a packed bed and the composite metal oxides and the fuel flow downward through the reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another;reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel in the reduction reactor to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides;removing the syngas and the reduced composite metal oxides from the bottom of the reduction reactor wherein the syngas comprises hydrogen and carbon monoxide;transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor;regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor; andrecycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas in the reduction reactor;{'sub': 2', '2', '3, 'wherein the composite metal oxides comprise iron, titanium and oxygen and the reduced metal ...

BROMINE-SENSITIZED SOLAR PHOTOLYSIS OF CARBON DIOXIDE

There is described a process for depositing carbon on a surface, comprising, while contacting a mixture of COand Brwith a polar substrate presenting apposed surfaces, exposing a sufficient area of said mixture in the region of said apposed surfaces to light of sufficient intensity and frequency to result in deposition of carbon on at least some of said apposed surfaces. Other embodiments are also described. 146-. (canceled)47. A composition of matter comprising a chemical compound of the formula COBr.48. The composition of matter of claim 47 , wherein said chemical compound of formula COBris a substituted 1 claim 47 ,3-dioxetane.49. The composition of matter of claim 48 , where the substituted 1 claim 48 ,3-dioxetane is 2 claim 48 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 48 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 48 ,3-dioxetane.50. The composition of matter of claim 49 , where the 2 claim 49 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 49 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 49 ,3-dioxetane has the two hypobromo groups in a trans configuration.51. The composition of matter of claim 49 , where the 2 claim 49 ,4-dibromo-2 claim 49 ,4-dihypobromo-1 claim 49 ,3-dioxetane has the two hypobromo groups in a cis configuration.52. The composition of matter according to claim 47 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.53. The composition of matter according to claim 48 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.54. The composition of matter according to claim 49 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.55. The composition of matter according to claim 50 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.56. The composition of matter according to claim 51 , wherein the composition of matter consists essentially of said compound.57. A chemical compound of the formula COBr.58. The chemical compound of claim 57 , wherein said chemical compound is a substituted 1 claim 57 ,3-dioxetane.59. The chemical compound of claim 58 , where the ...

PROCESS FOR THE CONVERSION OF BIOMASS OF PLANT ORIGIN, AND A COMBUSTION PROCESS

The invention provides a process for the conversion of biomass into a biomass product which is suitable for use as a fuel. The biomass is of plant origin and comprises microorganisms naturally occurring in the biomass. The process comprises—preparing a slurry by dispersing the biomass comprising the naturally occurring microorganisms in an aqueous liquid, maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for aerobic digestion by the microorganisms to obtain a slurry comprising the biomass product as a dispersed solid phase, and—recovering the biomass product. The recovering comprises washing and drying the biomass product. The invention also provides a combustion process. 1. A process for the conversion of biomass into a biomass product , wherein the biomass is of plant origin and comprises microorganisms naturally occurring in the biomass , the process comprising:(i) preparing a slurry by dispersing the biomass comprising the naturally occurring microorganisms in an aqueous liquid,(ii) maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for aerobic digestion by the microorganisms to obtain a slurry comprising the biomass product as a dispersed solid phase, and(iii) recovering the biomass product, which recovering comprises washing using water as a washing liquid and drying the biomass product.2. The process as claimed in claim 1 , further comprising (iv) recovering from the slurry a liquid phase to yield a biomass extract.3. The process as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the aqueous liquid is water.4. The process as claimed in claim 3 , wherein the water has a pH measured at 20° C. which is in a range of from 6.5 to 8.5 claim 3 , and wherein step (ii) comprises maintaining the slurry at conditions suitable for digestion by the microorganisms for a time in a range of from 100 hours to 500 hours.5. The process as claimed in claim 4 , wherein the pH is in the range of from 7 to 8 claim 4 , and wherein the time is in the range of from 150 hours to 300 hours.6. The process as ...

RENEWABLE ELECTRICITY CONVERSION OF LIQUID FUELS FROM HYDROCARBON FEEDSTOCKS

The present invention includes a method for converting renewable energy source electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel. 1generating oxygen in an oxygen separation unit utilizing electricity from wind or solar power;supplying the oxygen from the oxygen separation unit to a synthesis gas generation unit;supplying steam to the synthesis gas generation unit;producing synthesis gas in the synthesis gas generation unit using a combination of steam reformation and partial oxidation of a hydrocarbon feedstock in the synthesis gas generation unit; andconverting the synthesis gas into a fuel.. A method, comprising: This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 15/267,021 filed Sep. 15, 2016, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 14/077,094 filed Nov. 11, 2013, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 9,469,533 on Oct. 18, 2016 which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 12/575,305, filed on Oct. 7, 2009, issued as U.S. Pat. No. 8,614,364 on Dec. 24, 2013 which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 11/177,152, filed Jul. 6, 2005, now abandoned, which further claims priority to U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/103,397, filed Oct. 7, 2008, and U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/107,563, filed Oct. 22, 2008. These patents and applications are incorporated herein by this reference in their entirety and for any purpose.This invention relates to a system for optimal use of variable electricity from a renewable energy source, such as from wind ...

ECOLOGICAL SEQUESTRATION OF CARBON DIOXIDE/INCREASE OF BIO-ENERGY OBTAINABLE THROUGH BIOMASS

According to known methods, biomass is broken down under the action of water vapour via a carbon monoxide-hydrogen mixture (called synthesis gas) as an intermediate stage into hydrogen and carbon dioxide instead of being combusted directly to generate energy. Carbon dioxide is stored/sequestered and the hydrogen is used to generate energy. The transfer of bio-activity can also be effected within the same process by breaking down a mixture of biomass and fossil fuel (e.g. wood and coal) into carbon dioxide and hydrogen. The hydrogen is then reacted with half of the formed carbon dioxide to form methane and the remaining carbon dioxide is stored. The stored carbon dioxide and generated methane respectively comprise one half each of biological and fossil carbon. If the bio-activity of the stored biocarbon dioxide is transferred to the fossil carbon in methane, a corresponding mixture of wood and coal produces 100% biomethane. Here, too, up to 100% biomethane can be obtained from coal-wood mixtures. By adding the hydrogen obtained from excess electrical energy to the biocarbon, the bio-energy based on the biomass used is even quadrupled. For a traceable eco-balance with such mixtures, it is important to quantify the bio-proportion in the two “end products” stored carbon dioxide and generated methane. For this purpose, use is made e.g. of the radiocarbon (C14) method. 1. A process for transporting and steadying or storing renewable energy , the process comprising:converting biomass to bio carbon dioxide and bio hydrogen;reacting the bio hydrogen with synthesis gas obtained from biomass to form bio methane;supplying the bio methane into a network of natural gas; andtransporting or storing and consuming the bio methane together with the natural gas.2. The process according to claim 1 , wherein the bio carbon dioxide is stored and reacted with hydrogen claim 1 , made from electric power by water-electrolysis claim 1 , to form methane claim 1 , and the methane is supplied to ...

STEAM REFORMERS, MODULES, AND METHODS OF USE

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate. 1. A steam reformer for the production of a hydrogen reformate , comprising:a cylindrical shell defining a cavity having a bottom portion comprising an opening;a heat source configured to heat a fluid supplied to the cavity;a silicon carbide hollow conduit comprising openings at both ends, a first end of the conduit is disposed within the cavity and opens into the cavity and a second end of the conduit is attached to the bottom portion of the shell and opens to the shell exterior, wherein the heat source is in fluid communication with the second end, and the silicon carbide hollow conduit guides the heated fluid from the heat source to the cavity;a plurality of cylindrical reactor modules as ...

METHOD FOR THE GENERATION OF POWER

Disclosed herein is a method comprising heating a strontium-containing compound using radiation in a first reactor; decomposing the strontium-containing compound into an oxide and carbon dioxide as a result of heat generated by the exposure to the radiation; reacting the oxide and the carbon dioxide in a second reactor; where the oxide and carbon dioxide react to produce heat; heating a working fluid using the heat produced in the second reactor; and driving a turbine with the heated working fluid to generate energy. Disclosed herein too is a composition comprising strontium carbonate; and strontium zirconate; where the mass ratio of strontium carbonate to strontium zirconate 2:8 to 8:2. 116.-. (canceled)17. A composition comprising:strontium carbonate; andstrontium zirconate;where the mass ratio of strontium carbonate to strontium zirconate is 2:8 to 8:2.18. The composition of claim 17 , where the composition further comprises a metal oxide claim 17 , a ceramic claim 17 , silicon dioxide claim 17 , aluminum oxide claim 17 , zirconium oxide claim 17 , silicon oxide claim 17 , calcium oxide claim 17 , magnesium oxide claim 17 , titanium oxide claim 17 , or a combination thereof.19. The composition of claim 17 , where the composition is used for energy generation.2021-. (canceled)22. The composition of claim 17 , further comprising strontium oxide.23. The composition of claim 22 , wherein the strontium carbonate and strontium oxide result from the reaction:{'br': None, 'sub': 3', '2, 'SrCO↔SrO+CO'}24. The composition of claim 22 , wherein during one SrO/SrCOcarbonation/de-carbonation cycle the composition has an energy density of greater than about 1000 MJ/m.25. The composition of claim 22 , wherein during fifteen consecutive SrO/SrCOcarbonation/de-carbonation cycles claim 22 , the composition has an energy density of greater than about 1000 MJ/m.26. A composition comprising: strontium oxide; strontium carbonate; and one or more of strontium zirconate claim 22 , a ...

PROCESS FOR PRODUCING CYANOBACTERIA CONTAINING BIOFERTILIZER

A method for producing a biofertilizer in which a cyanobacteria and other photosynthetic microorganisms naturally occurring in the type of soil to which the biofertilizer is to be applied are reproduced in a closed photobioreactor using byproduct CO, and the reproduced microorganisms are incorporated in the biofertilizer. 1. A method for producing a biofertilizer comprising the steps of:a. inoculating a photobioreactor (PBR) with inoculant including a nitrogen fixing cyanobacteria naturally occurring in the type of soil to which the biofertilizer is to be applied;{'sub': '2', 'b. supplying COto said PBR for reproducing the inoculated cyanobacteria therein; and'}c. ncorporating the reproduced cyanobacteria in the biofertilizer.2. The method of wherein the inoculant further includes one or more additional microorganisms selected from the groups comprising free-living nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria claim 1 , actinomycetes claim 1 , photosynthetic bacteria claim 1 , mycorrhizal or lichenizing fungi claim 1 , and combinations thereof.3. The method of wherein said inoculant is obtained from the soil to which said biofertilizer is to be applied.4Azotobacter, FrankiaArthrobacter.. The method of wherein the nitrogen-fixing heterotropic bacteria are selected from the Azobacteriaceae or Frankiaceae groups comprising claim 2 , or5RhodopseudomonasRhodobacter.. The method of claim 2 , wherein the photosynthetic bacteria are selected from the Rhodospirillales group comprising Rhodospirillium claim 2 , claim 2 , and6CollemaHeppia. The method of claim 2 , wherein the mycorrhizal fungi belong to the Glomales claim 2 , and the lichenizing fungi belong to the groups including one or more of claim 2 , Peltigera claim 2 , Psora claim 2 , claim 2 , and Fulgensia.7. The method of claim 1 , further including transforming the biofertilizer into a dormant state by a technique selected from the group consisting of spray drying claim 1 , refractance-window drying claim 1 , solar drying ...

COMPOSITION, USE THEREOF, AND METHODS OF MANUFACTURING

A composition that includes at least two of: echinochrome A (2-ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone); spinochrome A (2-acetyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); spinochrome B (2,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); spinochrome C (2-acetyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); spinochrome D (2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); and spinochrome E (hexahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione). The composition can include one or more additional active ingredients (e.g., vitamin, tretinoin (alltrans retinoic acid or ATRA), a glycosaminoglycan (GAG), dermal filler, Botulinum toxin, etc.) and/or one or more inactive ingredients (e.g., solvent, carrier, gelling agent, coloring agent, etc.). The composition can be in a dry, solid form (e.g., powder), or in a liquid form. Additionally, each of the above components above can independently be present in the composition in either the naturally derived form, or in a synthetically prepared form. 1. A topical composition comprising:{'i': S. franciscanus', 'S. purpuratus', 'S. franciscanus', 'S. purpuratus, 'at least one of and particles and and extract particles;'}{'i': S. franciscanus', 'S. purpuratus', 'S. franciscanus', 'S. purpuratus, 'wherein the and particles and and extract particles comprise at least two compounds chosen from(a) echinochrome A (2-ethyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthoquinone);(b) spinochrome A (2-acetyl-3,5,6,8-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione);(c) spinochrome B (2,3,5,7-tetrahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); and(d) spinochrome C (2-acetyl-3,5,6,7,8-pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione.2. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one of:(e) spinochrome D (2,3,5,6,8-Pentahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione); and(f) spinochrome E (hexahydroxy-1,4-naphthalenedione).3. The composition of claim 1 , wherein the topical composition is in the form of a dry powder.4. The composition of claim 1 , further comprising at least one preservative.5. The composition of claim 2 , wherein ...

Solar Thermochemical Processing System and Method

A solar thermochemical processing system is disclosed. The system includes a first unit operation for receiving concentrated solar energy. Heat from the solar energy is used to drive the first unit operation. The first unit operation also receives a first set of reactants and produces a first set of products. A second unit operation receives the first set of products from the first unit operation and produces a second set of products. A third unit operation receives heat from the second unit operation to produce a portion of the first set of reactants. 166-. (canceled)67. A method of providing a solar energy augment to the chemical energy content of a reactant stream , the method comprising:heating a solar reforming reactor from a solar concentrator, the reactor comprising reactor channels and product return flow channels separated by a middle plate, the middle plate providing both a wall of the reactor channels and wall of the product return flow channels;reacting the reactants in the presence of a catalyst in the reaction channels of the reactor to generate a product stream; andconveying the product stream from the reaction channels to the product return channels while maintaining thermal contact across the middle plate and between the product stream and the reactants in the reaction zone,68. The method of further comprising combusting the product stream in order to provide heat to a power system or for other unit operations requiring heat.69. The method of wherein the power system or the unit operations requiring heat is a combined cycle claim 67 , fuel cell or power plant claim 67 , or a factory or chemical process facility requiring heat for steam generation.70. The method of further comprising providing the reactants to a centerpoint of the reactor and conveying the reactants through the reaction channels to a perimeter of the reactor.71. The method of further comprising exchanging the heat from the product stream with the reactants prior to the reactants ...

MEMBRANE MODULE MOLD

A membrane module and method of making are provided, including a mold therefor. Exemplarily, the module, which comprises a membrane around which is formed a frame, is adapted for use with an electrochemical apparatus. The membrane comprises a fabric made from a synthetic fiber such as nylon, where the nylon is woven into ripstop nylon fabric. The frame, which comprises, exemplarily, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene, includes a wedge-shaped portion to facilitate collection of evolved gases and which provides support to the membrane as well as support to internal electrodes. The mold is adapted to suspend and secure the membrane during formation of the module and to provide a module which secures the membrane within the frame after formation of the module. 1. A manufacture , the manufacture comprising:a first portion mold section; anda second portion mold section; wherein: at least one membrane hanger; and', 'at least one mold section comprises at least one pinch hole protrusion; and, 'at least one mold section compriseswherein the first portion mold section and the second portion mold section are adapted to mate and form a mold cavity.2. The manufacture of claim 1 , wherein at least one mold section comprises at least one curtain protrusion indent.3. The manufacture of claim 1 , wherein the first portion mold section and the second portion mold section are formed to define a frame claim 1 , the frame comprising:a frame outer edge, the frame outer edge comprising a frame outer edge top portion;a ledge, the ledge in a spaced-apart relation to the frame outer edge, the ledge comprising a ledge inner edge, the ledge inner edge comprising a ledge inner edge top portion; a curtain top portion, the curtain top portion beginning at the ledge inner edge top portion; and', 'a curtain lower edge; and, 'a wedge-shaped curtain, the curtain extending from the ledge inner edge top portion and extending away from the frame outer edge top portion, the curtain ...

ELECTROCHEMICAL ACTIVATION OF WATER

An apparatus includes a reservoir for an aqueous salt solution, at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other integrated into the reservoir, a control module electrically coupled to the at least two electrodes, wherein the control module controls application of electricity to cause a first one of the at least two electrodes to be positively charged and a second one of the at least two electrodes to be negatively charged, and an impeller disposed in the reservoir for mixing the aqueous salt solution in the reservoir. 1. An apparatus , comprising:a reservoir for an aqueous salt solution;at least two electrodes spaced apart from each other integrated into the reservoir;a controller configured to provide electricity to the at least two electrodes, wherein the controller controls a provision of electricity to cause a first one of the at least two electrodes to be positively charged and a second one of the at least two electrodes to be negatively charged; andan impeller disposed in the reservoir for mixing the aqueous salt solution in the reservoir.2. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the impeller is disposed on an inner surface of the reservoir.3. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the at least two electrodes are iridium-coated.4. The apparatus of claim 1 , further comprising claim 1 , a means for determining an amount of at least one of a product or a by-product of at least one of an electrochemical activation (ECA) product solution of the apparatus or the aqueous salt solution.5. The apparatus of claim 4 , wherein the means for determining comprises at least one sensor selected from the sensors consisting of: a free available chlorine (FAC) sensor claim 4 , a pH sensor claim 4 , an electrode temperature sensor claim 4 , and an aqueous salt solution resistance sensor.6. The apparatus of claim 1 , wherein the apparatus is configured to produce air bubbles during application of electricity claim 1 , wherein the air bubbles cause agitation and mixing of the aqueous ...

PROCESSES FOR MAKING SALT SYSTEMS INCLUDING BERYLLIUM FLUORIDE

Processes for producing beryllium fluoride salt systems containing beryllium fluoride, such as lithium beryllium fluoride salts, are disclosed herein. The processes include mixing ammonium beryllium fluoride with a lithium compound, melting the mixture to form a molten phase, purging the molten phase, and cooling the molten phase. This reduces the number of manufacturing steps needed to obtain the beryllium fluoride containing salt. 1. A process for producing a lithium beryllium fluoride salt , comprising:mixing ammonium beryllium fluoride with a lithium compound to form a reaction mixture;melting the reaction mixture to produce a molten phase;purging the molten phase; andcooling the molten phase to obtain the lithium beryllium fluoride salt;wherein the process does not require the intermediate steps of producing lithium fluoride and beryllium fluoride separately prior to producing the beryllium fluoride salt.2. The process of claim 1 , wherein the melting occurs at a temperature of from about 100° C. to about 1000° C.3. The process of claim 1 , wherein the melting occurs at a temperature of from about 300° C. to about 1000° C.4. The process of claim 1 , wherein the melting occurs at a temperature of from about 350° C. to about 1000° C.5. The process of claim 1 , wherein gases produced during the melting are withdrawn.6. The process of claim 1 , wherein the lithium compound comprises an enriched lithium-6 compound and a natural lithium compound.7. The process of claim 1 , wherein the purging is performed with a combination of hydrogen and hydrogen fluoride gas.8. The process of claim 1 , wherein a sodium salt is also included in the reaction mixture claim 1 , so that the resulting salt is a lithium sodium beryllium fluoride (FLiNaBe) salt9. The process of claim 1 , wherein a potassium salt is also included in the reaction mixture claim 1 , and the resulting salt is a lithium potassium beryllium fluoride (FLiKBe) salt.10. The process of claim 1 , wherein the molten ...

Mobile transport platforms for producing hydrogen and structural materials, and associated systems and methods

Mobile transport platforms for producing hydrogen and structural materials, and associated systems and methods are disclosed. A system in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a mobile transport platform and a chemical reactor carried by the mobile transport platform. The chemical reactor is configured to dissociate a donor into first and second constituents in a non-combustion reaction. The reactor has a donor entrance port, a first constituent exit port, and a second constituent exit port. A donor supply is carried by the mobile transport platform and is coupled to the donor entrance port to deliver the donor to the reactor. A first collector is coupled to the first constituent exit port to receive the first constituent from the reactor. A second collector is coupled to the second constituent exit port to receive the second constituent.

Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods

Chemical reactors with annularly positioned delivery and removal devices, and associated systems and methods. A reactor in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a reactor vessel having a light-transmissible surface proximate to a reaction zone, and a movable reactant delivery system positioned within the reactor vessel. The reactor can further include a product removal system positioned within the reactor vessel and positioned annularly inwardly or outwardly from the delivery system. A solar concentrator is positioned to direct solar radiation through the light-transmissible surface to the reaction zone.

Electrical power generation systems and methods regarding same

A solid or liquid fuel to plasma to electricity power source that provides at leas; one of electrical and thermal power comprising (i) at least one reaction cell for the catalysis of atomic hydrogen to form hydrinos, (ii) a chemical feel mixture comprising at least two components chosen from: a source of H 2 O catalyst or H 2 O catalyst; a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; reactants to form the source of H 2 O catalyst or H 2 O catalyst and a source of atomic hydrogen or atomic hydrogen; one or more reactants to initiate the catalysis of atomic hydrogen; and a material to cause the feel to be highly conductive, (iii) a fuel injection system such as a railgun shot injector, (iv) at least one set of electrodes that confine the fuel and an electrical power source that provides repetitive short bursts of low-voltage, high-current electrical energy to initiate rapid kinetics of the hydrino reaction and an energy gain due to forming hydrinos to torn! a brilliant-light emitting plasma, (v) a product recovery system such as at least one of an augmented plasma railgun recovery system and a gravity recovery system (vi) a fuel pelletizer or shot maker comprising a s me Her. a source or hydrogen and a source of H 2 O, a dripper and a water bath to form fuel pellets or shot, and an agitator to teed shot into the injector, and (vii) a power converter capable of converting the high-power light output of the cell into electricity such as a concentrated solar power device comprising a plurality of ultraviolet (UV) photoelectric cells or a plurality of photoelectric cells, and a UV window.

Methods for fuel conversion

In one embodiment described herein, fuel may be converted into syngas by a method comprising feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another, reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides, transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor, regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor, and recycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas. The composite metal oxides may be solid particles comprising a primary metal oxide and a secondary metal oxide.

Method using plasma-coupled solar thermal energy and related device

A microwave thermosolar method and device used in a tubular reactor (110) includes a conveyor for substrates defined as materials thus conveyed. According to this method, a step is provided for circulating an electric current in the conveyor in order to produce heat in this conveyor by Joule effect and optionally to cause, in the substrates, at least some of the following: curing, pyrolyses, gasifications, fusions and chemical reactions including oxidation-reduction reactions, under the action of the electric current.

Process for electrosynthesis of energetic molecules

A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Methods for fuel conversion

In one embodiment described herein, fuel may be converted into syngas by a method comprising feeding the fuel and composite metal oxides into a reduction reactor in a co-current flow pattern relative to one another, reducing the composite metal oxides with the fuel to form syngas and reduced composite metal oxides, transporting the reduced composite metal oxides to an oxidation reactor, regenerating the composite metal oxides by oxidizing the reduced composite metal oxides with an oxidizing reactant in the oxidation reactor, and recycling the regenerated composite metal oxides to the reduction reactor for subsequent reduction reactions to produce syngas. The composite metal oxides may be solid particles comprising a primary metal oxide and a secondary metal oxide.

Zero-emission, closed-loop hybrid solar-syngas OTR power cycle

A zero-emission, closed-loop and hybrid solar-produced syngas power cycle is introduced utilizing an oxygen transport reactor (OTR). The fuel is syngas produced within the cycle. The separated oxygen inside the OTR through the ion transport membrane (ITM) is used in the syngas-oxygen combustion process in the permeate side of the OTR. The combustion products in the permeate side of the OTR are CO 2 and H 2 O. The combustion gases are used in a turbine for power production and energy utilization then a condenser is used to separate H 2 O from CO 2 . CO 2 is compressed to the feed side of the OTR. H 2 O is evaporated after separation from CO 2 and fed to the feed side of the OTR.

Method and system for the production of hydrogen

Disclosed is a process for the production of hydrogen in a reactor system comprising a steam reforming reaction zone comprising a reforming catalyst and a membrane separation zone comprising a hydrogen-selective membrane. The process involves a reaction system of so-called open architecture, wherein the reforming zone and the membrane separation zone operate independently of each other. The invention provides the heat for the reforming reaction through heat exchange from liquid molten salts, preferably heated by solar energy.

Lead selenide capped with a benzoate ligand

Semiconductor materials offer several potential benefits as active elements in the development of harvesting-energy conversion technologies. In particular, lead selenide (PbSe) semiconductors have been used and proposed to design solar energy harvesting devices, IR sensors, FET devices, amongst others. The present disclosure provides a lead selenide capped with an aromatic ligand. The use of an aromatic ligand, and more specifically benzoic acid, provides robustness and more durability to the lead selenide, and therefore prevents the lead selenide from breaking or cracking easily. Also the aromatic ligand prevents the degradation and oxidation of the lead selenide, without affecting any of the lead selenide electronic and chemical characteristics.

Method for dissociating water using photosystem II (PSII)

The invention relates to a method for dissociating an aqueous solution which includes electrochemical oxidation of the aqueous solution in the presence of pulsed light, said pulsed light being generated from a first source of light energy with a predetermined pulse frequency value, using an enzyme composition based on a first enzyme complex PSII, isolated from a second enzyme complex PSI, with production of oxygen, free electrons and free protons in the aqueous solution, characterised in that said light energy has a variable energy value over time, said method also including a step of modulating said predetermined pulse frequency value of said pulsed light.

Solar thermochemical processing system and method

A solar thermochemical processing system is disclosed. The system includes a first unit operation for receiving concentrated solar energy. Heat from the solar energy is used to drive the first unit operation. The first unit operation also receives a first set of reactants and produces a first set of products. A second unit operation receives the first set of products from the first unit operation and produces a second set of products. A third unit operation receives heat from the second unit operation to produce a portion of the first set of reactants.

Sludge recycling treatment system of urban sewage plant

A sludge recycling treatment system of an urban sewage plant includes solar sludge drying and sludge roasting and activated carbon manufacturing devices. The solar sludge drying device has a sealing box, flat plate conveyor belts, and a conveyor belt traction device. The sludge roasting and activated carbon manufacturing device has a rotary kiln and feeding, conveyor, discharging, and flue gas recycling apparatuses. The flat plate conveyor belts are stepped and concave-convex manufactured from stainless or anti-corrosion carbon steel. Sludge roasting and activated carbon manufacturing is implemented mainly by a rotary kiln to heat a rotary drum wall therein to heat materials. The kiln has automatic feeding and discharging apparatuses. Harmless treatment and resource utilization of urban sludge converts the sludge from waste to wealth, and fully utilizes solar energy to reduce energy consumption during sludge treatment. During production and operation, no reagent is needed, and no secondary pollution is caused.

Energy conversion system

An energy conversion system includes a water-containing vessel with a transparent sidewall. Energized carbon rods are fed into the vessel such that the carbon rods are immersed in the water. The carbon rods are juxtaposed sufficiently that electrical arcing occurs between them, causing decomposition of some water molecules into constituent hydrogen and oxygen gas. Photon emissions resulting from the arcing are collected by photovoltaic cells placed around the sidewall of the vessel. The hydrogen gas is cooled by passing it through a water reservoir which also provides a source for water in the vessel. The cooled hydrogen gas may be used to fuel an internal combustion engine. Byproduct heat from the arcing reaction may be utilized in a Stirling engine or radiated from the system. As the carbon rods become depleted during arcing, additional rods are fed through conductive sleeves into the vessel by linear actuators.

Method and system for managing energy on board a vehicle

A system and a method for managing power on board a vehicle is described herein, that allows power to be provided to electrical equipment of the vehicle in an optimized manner from a plurality of power sources without the charge of the equipment disrupting the electrical network of the vehicle.

Ammonia synthesis method

According to the present invention there is provided an ammonia synthesis method using solar thermal energy, whereby it is possible to minimize the load of collecting solar thermal energy, and especially high-temperature solar thermal energy. The method of the present invention for synthesis of ammonia using solar thermal energy includes the following steps (a) to (c): (a) conducting ammonia synthesis reaction in which nitrogen and hydrogen are reacted to synthesize ammonia, (b) heating a heating medium by solar thermal energy and the reaction heat energy of the ammonia synthesis reaction, and (c) conducting at least part of the water splitting reaction in which water is split into hydrogen and oxygen, using the thermal energy of the heated heating medium, to obtain the hydrogen.

Catalysts for thermochemical fuel production and method of producing fuel using thermochemical fuel production

To provide a catalyst, which is formed from a perovskite oxide, for thermochemical fuel production, and a method of producing fuel using thermochemical fuel production that is capable of allowing a fuel to be produced in a thermochemical manner. Provided is a catalyst for thermochemical fuel production, which is used for producing the fuel from thermal energy by using a two-step thermochemical cycle of a first temperature and a second temperature that is equal to or lower than the first temperature, wherein the catalyst is formed from a perovskite oxide having a compositional formula of AXO 3±δ (provided that, 0≦δ≦1). Here, A represents one or more of a rare-earth element (excluding Ce), an alkaline earth metal element, and an alkali metal element, X represents one or more of a transition metal element and a metalloid element, and O represents oxygen.

Systems and methods for converting biomass to biocrude via hydrothermal liquefaction

Systems and processes of providing novel thermal energy sources for hydrothermal liquefaction (HTL) reactors are described herein. According to various implementations, the systems and processes use concentrated solar thermal energy from a focused high-energy beam to provide sufficient energy for driving the HTL biomass-to-biocrude process. In addition, other implementations convert biowaste, such as municipal biosolids and grease and food waste, to biocrude using anaerobic digesters, and a portion of the biogas generated by the digesters is used to produce the thermal and/or electrical energy used in the HTL reactor for the biomass-to-biocrude process. Furthermore, alternative implementations may include a hybrid system that uses biogas and solar radiation to provide sufficient thermal energy for the HTL reactor.

Enzyme promoted CO2 capture integrated with algae production and apparatus therefor

The disclosure relates to the field of reduction of CO 2 emission, more in particular to CO 2 capture and conversion. The disclosure further relates to the culturing of algae and an apparatus for use thereof. One object of the disclosure is to provide an alternative method for capturing and conversion of CO 2 from a gaseous stream.

Processes for making salt systems including beryllium fluoride

Processes for producing beryllium fluoride salt systems containing beryllium fluoride, such as lithium beryllium fluoride salts, are disclosed herein. The processes include mixing ammonium beryllium fluoride with a lithium compound, melting the mixture to form a molten phase, purging the molten phase, and cooling the molten phase. This reduces the number of manufacturing steps needed to obtain the beryllium fluoride containing salt.

Multifunctional materials and composites

Forming multifunctional materials and composites thereof includes contacting a first material having a plurality of oxygen-containing functional groups with a chalcogenide compound, and initiating a chemical reaction between the first material and the chalcogenide compound, thereby replacing oxygen in some of the oxygen-containing functional groups with chalcogen from the chalcogen-containing compound to yield a second material having chalcogen-containing functional groups and oxygen-containing functional groups. The first material is a carbonaceous material or a macromolecular material. A product including the second material is collected and may be processed further to yield a modified product or a composite.

Photocatalytic polyoxometalate compositions of tungstovanadates and uses as water oxidation catalysts

This disclosure relates to photocatalytic polyoxometalate compositions of tungstovanadates and uses as water oxidation catalysts. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to compositions comprising water, a complex of a tetra-metal oxide cluster and VW 9 O 34 ligands, and a photosensitizer. Typically, the metal oxide cluster is Co. In certain embodiments, the disclosure relates to electrodes and other devices comprising water oxidation catalysts disclosed herein and uses in generating fuels and electrical power from solar energy.

Steam reformers, modules, and methods of use

The present disclosure is directed to steam reformers for the production of a hydrogen rich reformate, comprising a shell having a first end, a second end, and a passage extending generally between the first end and the second end of the shell, and at least one heat source disposed about the second end of the shell. The shell comprises at least one conduit member comprising at least one thermally emissive and high radiant emissivity material, at least partially disposed within the shell cavity. The shell further comprises at least one reactor module at least a portion of which is disposed within the shell cavity and about the at least one conduit member and comprises at least one reforming catalyst. The disclosure is also directed to methods of producing a hydrogen reformate utilizing the steam reformers, comprising the steps of combusting a combustible mixture in a burner to produce a combustion exhaust that interacts with the steam reactor module(s) through surface to surface radiation and convection heat transfer, and reforming a hydrocarbon fuel mixed with steam in the steam reformers to produce a hydrogen-containing reformate. The present disclosure is further directed to reactor modules for use with the above steam reformers and methods of producing a hydrogen reformate.

Mobile energy carrier and energy store

A mobile energy carrier with which energy in the form of materials from zones distributed widely throughout the world, for example with a large amount of solar energy, wind energy or other CO 2 -neutral energy, for example the equator, can be transported to zones where there is a high energy requirement, for example Europe.

Isotopically-enriched boron-containing compounds, and methods of making and using same

An isotopically-enriched, boron-containing compound comprising two or more boron atoms and at least one fluorine atom, wherein at least one of the boron atoms contains a desired isotope of boron in a concentration or ratio greater than a natural abundance concentration or ratio thereof. The compound may have a chemical formula of B 2 F 4 . Synthesis methods for such compounds, and ion implantation methods using such compounds, are described, as well as storage and dispensing vessels in which the isotopically-enriched, boron-containing compound is advantageously contained for subsequent dispensing use.

Apparatus for molten salt electrolysis with solar photovoltaic electricity supply and solar thermal heating of molten salt electrolyte

A process for the production of energetically rich compounds comprising: using externally supplied thermal energy to heat an electrolyzable compound to a temperature greater than the ambient temperature; generating electricity from a solar electrical photovoltaic component; subjecting the heated electrolyzable compound to electrolysis with the solar generated electricity to generate an energetically rich electrolytic product.

Method and facility system for providing an energy carrier by application of carbon dioxide as a carbon supplier of electric energy

The invention relates to methods and facility systems ( 100 ) for providing storable and transportable carbon-based energy carriers ( 108 ) by application of carbon dioxide ( 101 ) as a carbon supplier and by application of electric energy (E 1 , E 2 ). The facility system ( 100 ) comprises a plant ( 300, 301; 400 ) for providing a first portion of energy in the form of direct current energy (E 1 ) from renewable energy sources. In addition, a power supplies facility ( 501 ) is provided for tying the facility system ( 100 ) to a mixed network ( 500 ), wherein the power supplies facility ( 501 ) produces a second portion of energy in the form of direct current energy (E 2 ) from an alternating current voltage of the mixed network ( 500 ). A device ( 102, 105 ) is adapted to provide hydrogen ( 103 ), wherein a part of the energy requirement of this device ( 102, 105 ) is covered by said first portion of energy and another part is covered by said second portion of energy. A carbon dioxide supply serves for introducing carbon dioxide ( 101 ) and a reaction area ( 106 ) is provided for producing a hydrocarbon, preferably methanol ( 108 ).

Process and apparatus for converting greenhouse gases into synthetic fuels

Embodiments of the present invention are directed to apparatus and methods for converting carbon dioxide and/or methane into higher alkanes and hydrogen gas in a single reaction chamber using a catalyst and microwave radiation.

Microbial nanowires and methods of making and using

Electrically conductive nanowires, and genetically or chemically modified production and use of such nanowires with altered conductive, adhesive, coupling or other properties are described. The disclosed nanowires are used as device or device components or may be adapted for soluble metal remediation.

Membrane module

A membrane module and method of making are provided. Exemplarily, the membrane module is adapted for use with an electrochemical apparatus. The membrane comprises a fabric made from a synthetic fiber such as nylon, where the nylon is woven into ripstop nylon fabric. The membrane module includes the membrane around which is formed a frame, comprising exemplarily, high-density polyethylene (HDPE) or polypropylene, which frame provides support to the membrane as well as support and structure to internal electrodes.

Hybrid metal oxide cycle water splitting

Hybrid thermochemical water splitting systems are disclosed that thermally reduces metal oxides particles to displace some but not all of the electrical requirements in a water splitting electrolytic cell. In these hybrid systems, the thermal reduction temperature is significantly reduced compared to two-step metal-oxide thermochemical cycles in which only thermal energy is required to produce hydrogen from water. Also, unlike conventional higher temperature systems where the reduction step must be carried out under reduced oxygen pressure, the reduction step in the proposed hybrid systems can be carried out in air, allowing for thermal input by a solar power tower with a windowless, cavity receiver.

Hydrogen-regenerating solar-powered aircraft

An aircraft comprising a hydrogen-containing envelope, a water-collection system for collecting water from the envelope, an electrolyzer to convert the water collected using the water-collection system into hydrogen, and a hydrogen-replenishment system for replenishing the envelope with hydrogen generated using the electrolyzer. In one embodiment, generated hydrogen is also supplied to a hydrogen-fuelled propulsion system for propulsion of the aircraft.

Heat transfer medium, use thereof, and method for operating a solar thermal power plant

A heat transfer medium is used in solar thermal power plants. The heat transfer medium can reversibly absorb and release water. The heat transfer medium releases water during heating and releases heat during re-absorption of the water.

Synthesis and characterization of lead selenide capped with a benzoate ligand

Semiconductor materials offer several potential benefits as active elements in the development of harvesting-energy conversion technologies. In particular, lead selenide (PbSe) semiconductors have been used and proposed to design solar energy harvesting devices, IR sensors, FET devices, amongst others. The present disclosure provides a simple, low cost synthesis of lead selenide using benzoic acid as the capping ligand in an opened environment. The use of an aromatic ligand, and mores specifically benzoic acid, provides robustness and more durability to the lead selenide, and therefore prevents the lead selenide from breaking or cracking easily. Also the aromatic ligand prevents the degradation and oxidation of the lead selenide, without affecting any of the lead selenide electronic and chemical characteristics.

Electro-autotrophic synthesis of higher alcohols

The disclosure provides a process that converts CO 2 to higher alcohols (e.g. isobutanol) using electricity as the energy source. This process stores electricity (e.g. from solar energy, nuclear energy, and the like) in liquid fuels that can be used as high octane number gasoline substitutes. Instead of deriving reducing power from photosynthesis, this process derives reducing power from electrically generated mediators, either H 2 or formate. H 2 can be derived from electrolysis of water. Formate can be generated by electrochemical reduction of CO 2 . After delivering the reducing power in the cell, formate becomes CO 2 and recycles back. Therefore, the biological CO 2 fixation process can occur in the dark.

Method and system for recycling carbon dioxide from biomass gasification

A method for recycling carbon dioxide from biomass gasification. The method includes: 1) employing carbon dioxide as a gasifying agent, allowing the carbon dioxide to gasify biomass to yield syngas; 2) cooling the syngas; 3) introduced cooled syngas to a cyclone separator and a gas scrubber for dust removal and purification; 4) allowing purified syngas in 3) to react with the vapor to modify a ratio of hydrogen to carbon monoxide of the syngas; 5) desulfurizing modified syngas to remove H 2 S and COS therein; 6) decarburizing desulfurized syngas to separate carbon dioxide therein; 7) introducing desulfurized and decarburized syngas to a synthesizing tower to yield oil products and exhaust gas including carbon dioxide; 8) decarburizing the exhaust gas including carbon dioxide and separating the carbon dioxide; and 9) introducing the carbon dioxide separated in 6) and 8) to 1) as the gasifying agent for gasification.

Renewable electricity conversion of liquid fuels from hydrocarbon feedstocks

A method for converting renewable energy source-electricity and a hydrocarbon feedstock into a liquid fuel by providing a source of renewable-electrical energy in communication with a synthesis gas generation unit and an air separation-unit. Oxygen from the air separation unit and a hydrocarbon feedstock is provided to the-synthesis gas generation unit, thereby causing partial oxidation reactions in the synthesis gas-generation unit in a process that converts the hydrocarbon feedstock into synthesis gas. The synthesis gas is then converted into a liquid fuel.

Hydrogen supplemental system for on-demand hydrogen generation for internal combustion engines

A portable on-demand hydrogen supplemental system is provided for producing hydrogen gas and injecting the hydrogen gas into the air intake of internal combustion engines. Hydrogen and oxygen is produced by an electrolyzer from nonelectrolyte water in a nonelectrolyte water tank. The hydrogen gas is passed through a hydrogen gas collector. Nonelectrolyte water mixed with the hydrogen gas in the hydrogen gas collector is passed back thru the tank for distribution and water preservation. The system can be powered by the vehicles alternator, a standalone battery, waste heat or solar energy. The system utilizes an onboard diagnostic (OBD) interface in communication with the vehicle's OBD terminal, to regulate power to the system so that hydrogen production for the engine only occurs when the engine is running. The hydrogen gas is produced it is immediately consumed by the engine. No hydrogen is stored on, in or around the vehicle.

System and method for renewable resource production, for example, hydrogen production by microbial, electrolysis, fermentation, and/or photosynthesis

System and method for sustainable economic development which includes hydrogen extracted from substances, for example, sea water, industrial waste water, agricultural waste water, sewage, and landfill waste water. The hydrogen extraction is accomplished by thermal dissociation, electrical dissociation, optical dissociation, and magnetic dissociation. The hydrogen extraction further includes operation in conjunction with energy addition from renewable resources, for example, solar, wind, moving water, geothermal, or biomass resources.

Methods and apparatus for gas-phase reduction/oxidation processes

A method and apparatus for gas-phase reduction/oxidation is disclosed. The apparatus includes a reactor including at least one reactor tube or containment vessel with active redox material within the reactor tube or containment vessel, a first reactant gas or vacuum for reducing the active redox material, and a second reactant gas for oxidizing the active redox material. The method may be run under substantially isothermal conditions and/or energy supplied to the apparatus may include solar energy, which may be concentrated.

Reactor vessels with pressure and heat transfer features for producing hydrogen-based fuels and structural elements, and associated systems and methods

Reactor vessels with pressure and heat transfer features for producing hydrogen-based fuels and structural elements, and associated systems and methods. A representative reactor system includes a first reaction zone and a heat path, a reactant source coupled to the first reaction zone, and a first actuator coupled to cyclically pressurize the first reaction zone. A second reaction zone is in fluid communication with the first, a valve is coupled between the first and second reaction zones to control a flow rate therebetween, and a second actuator is coupled in fluid communication with the second reaction zone to cyclically pressurize the second reaction zone. First and second heat exchangers direct heat from products to reactants in the reaction zones. A controller controls the first and second actuators in a coordinated manner based at least in part on a flow rate of the second product from the second reaction zone.